European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility

The European Society of Neurogastroenterology & Motility (ESNM) is a professional medical non-profit organization that was founded in 1982. The ESNM has over 3,100 European members, who are involved in the study of neuroscience and the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal function, and more generally in the advancement of neurogastroenterology.
The ESNM is a member of the United European Gastroenterology, a larger organization of European medical societies concerned with gastroenterology and digestive diseases.
Presentation.
History.
The European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility was founded in 1982 in Leuven, Belgium by Gaston Vantrappen, , David Wingate and other scientists.
In 2004, the association had 350 members. Four years later, the membership had reached 1,000 participants coming from 11 different countries. In 2017, the ESNM has more than 3,100 from all over the world.
Mission.
The ESNM's mission is to:
Structure.
The organizational structure of the ESNM consists of :
Steering committee.
The 2016 steering committee officers are:
Steering committee members are :
Members.
The ESNM currently consists of more than 3,100 individual members and 16 affiliated societies and the Gut Microbiota & Health section.
Affiliated national societies and groups.
These national and interest groups are:
Activities.
To achieve its goals, the ESNM:
The ESNM also sponsors and supports educational programs in the field of neurogastroenterology.
Congresses and events.
Joint International Neurogastroenterology and Motility Meeting.
In 2005, the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society (ANMS) and the European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility decided to organize Joint International Neurogastroenterology and Motility meetings.
Federation of Neurogastroenterology and Motility Meeting.
The Federation of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (FNM) Meeting Congress is the follower of the Joint International Neurogastroenterology and Motility Meeting. It is held every two years and is jointly organized by the full members of the International Joint Federation: ANMS (American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society), the ESNM (European Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility) and the ANMA (Asian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association). Associate members and also present in the scientific committee are SLNG (La Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterologia) and ANGMA (Australasian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Association).
The 1st Federation of Neurogastroenterology and Motility Meeting was held in Guangzhou, China, in 2014. It was hosted by the Chinese Society of Gastrointestinal Motility.
The second FNM meeting took take place in San Francisco, California August 26–28, 2016.
ENSM will host the 3rd FNM meeting in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 29-September 1, 2018.
Neurogastroenterology meetings – NeuroGASTRO.
ESNM starts a new series of Europe-based Neurogastroenterology meetings every two years alternating to the Joint international meetings.
NeuroGASTRO meetings bring together experts and emerging young investigators involved in neurogastroenterology, digestive motility and functional gastrointestinal diseases from Europe and from all around the world.
The first edition of NeuroGASTRO was held in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2015.
The program prepared by the scientific committee included the following topics:
The NeuroGASTRO Meeting took place in Cork, Ireland, August 24–26, 2017.
Neurogastroenterology and Motility journal.
"Neurogastroenterology and Motility" is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering neurogastroenterology and gastrointestinal motility. It is the official journal of the ESNM and the American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society (ANMS).
It edits clinical observations, abstracts of congresses and lectures, meeting reports and book and article reviews. The journal publishes papers from scientists worldwide working in the field of gastrointestinal motility, clinical research and treatments.
"Neurogastroenterology and Motility" is published by Wiley-Blackwell.
Scientists can submit their articles to the journal. It accepts or refuses the paper after an editorial and peer review process.
According to the publisher, this process is independent of the societies affiliated with the journal. Neither the ESNM, the ANMS, the FBG nor Wiley-Blackwell have any editorial decision-making power.
In 2016, the editors-in-chief are Drs. Gianrico Farrugia, Magnus Simren and Gary Mawe.
The Gut Microbiota and Health Section.
In 2011, the ESNM launched the Gut Microbiota & Health Section.
It was set up to raise awareness and understanding of the links between gut microbiota and human health, to expand knowledge and to increase interest in the subject of gut flora.
Board of Directors.
In 2012, the president of the Gut Microbiota & Health Section of the ESNM was Professor Fernando Azpiroz.
In 2016, the Gut Microbiota & Health Section's board is composed of: Fernando Azpiroz, chairman (Spain), Qasim Aziz (United Kingdom), Joël Doré (France), Paul Enck (Germany), Francesco Guarner (Spain), Magnus Simrén (Sweden), Giovanni Barbara (Italy), S. Murch (United Kingdom), H. Sokol (France), M. Trauner (Austria).
The Gut Microbiota & Health Section is open to any professional involved in the field of gut microbiota.
Activities.
The section seeks to: provide a forum on new discoveries in gut microbiota and health, to stimulate and encourage research, to share news and information on topics related to gut microbiota, to provide science and educational activities to widely disseminate knowledge in this field.
Gut Microbiota For Health website.
The Gut Microbiota & Health Section has launched a website on gut microbiota in 2012. Gut Microbiota for Health is an online platform dedicated to experts and to the public. One section, named "Gut Microbiota Research and Practice" is aimed at professionals (researchers, MDs, PhDs...), the other "Gut Microbiota News Watch" is dedicated to a wider audience.
Gut Microbiota Research and Practice.
The Gut Microbiota Research and Practice section is aimed at researchers, scientists and health care professionals. It contains papers and reviews, abstracts of congresses and events, and discussions of recent findings on the human digestive system, the immune system, metabolic conditions and gut-brain axis... Thanks to an Internet forum, this section enables scientists from around the world to debate and discuss on gut microbiota issues. Researchers are also allowed to send and submit their scientific articles.
This section gathers 900 online members, which include scientists, clinicians, journalists, institutional representatives... It also brings together 1800 Twitter followers, 1800 LinkedIn members, and 2500 newsletter subscribers with a common interest in gut microbiota.
Gut Microbiota News Watch.
The other section of the Gut Microbiota For Health website is dedicated to a wider audience. It is called "Gut Microbiota News Watch" and gathers the most recent information on gut microbiota. The aim is to spread information to the mass media and the public.
Gut Microbiota News Watch is dedicated to promoting and spreading information on gut microbiota to the mass media and the public. It offers easy-to understand information on gut microbiota, its key role in the human body, its importance for health and its role in the vital functions.
This website is also connected to social media such as Facebook and Twitter, in order to create a gut microbiota-aware community.
Gut Microbiota for Health World Summit.
The ESNM's Gut Microbiota & Health Section organizes the annual Gut Microbiota for Health World Summit. The aim is to gather together leading international gut microbiota experts and to keep them up to date through lectures and workshops on the latest advances in gut microbiota research.
It is organized by the Gut Microbiota & Health Section and the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) with the support of the Danone group.
The first summit was held in Evian-les-Bains, France, in 2012. More than 200 specialists from 30 different countries participated in this event.
The 2nd Gut Microbiota for Health World Summit was held in Madrid, Spain, a year later.
The 3rd Gut Microbiota for Health World Summit took place in Miami, United States, in 2014. Among the topics covered: In what way does gut microbiota influence functional bowel disorders? How is gut microbiota involved in the development of the metabolic syndrome? Can diet and probiotics have a positive effect on mental health?.
The 4th summit was held in Barcelona, Spain. Since 2015, the European Crohn's and Colitis Organization and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition joined the summit as co-partners.
The 5th Gut Microbiota for Health World Summit took place in Miami, Florida, in 2016. During this event, scientists discussed topics ranging from diet switch impact on gut microbiota, to pre and probiotics, including fecal microbiota transplantations...
Other activities.
The Gut Microbiota & Health Section publishes scientific papers on gut flora. Its first paper was published in the "Neurogastroenterology and Motility" journal in 2013. Its theme was: "Gut microbiota and gastrointestinal health: current concepts and future directions".


Private providers of NHS services

The private provision of NHS services has been controversial since at least 1990. Keep Our NHS Public, NHS Support Federation and other groups have campaigned against the threat of privatisation, largely in England.
The 1997 Labour Party manifesto made a specific commitment to end the Conservatives’ internal market in health care, but in government they retained the split between purchasers and providers of healthcare. In 2000 the Labour Government agreed "A Concordat with the Private and Voluntary Health Care Provider Sector" with the Independent Healthcare Association. The intention was to increase capacity, particularly in elective care, where private provision was used to bring down waiting lists, in critical care, and in intermediate care facilities. This was followed, in April 2002,by the introduction of prospective payment with nationally set prices for acute, elective activity under ‘payment by results’. Under patient choice, patients could opt for treatment by a private provider paid by the NHS. The NHS Plan led to the development of independent sector treatment centres which provide fast, pre-booked surgery and diagnostic tests for NHS funded patients separating scheduled treatment from emergency care. These centres played a role in reducing the price paid for ‘spot purchases’ with private providers. Previously when the NHS had made use of the independent sector on an ad hoc basis, it often paid 40-100% more than the equivalent cost to the NHS. In "The NHS Improvement Plan: Putting people at the heart of public services", published in 2004, there was an expectation that the independent sector would supply up to 15% of NHS services by 2008, but this figure was not reached.
Rules to prohibit NHS consultants from charging "top-up fees" to NHS patients for extra services were clarified in 2008 to make it clearer that paying for chemotherapy treatment not available on the NHS would not prevent patients from subsequently accessing NHS treatments.
When the coalition government introduced what became the Health and Social Care Act 2012 it appeared to pave the way for a bigger role for private companies, but the impact of austerity on NHS budgets meant that take up of private capacity was low. In September 2018 it was said that the private sector in England had the capacity for around 100,000 additional inpatient procedures in the last six months of 2018-19. Although NHS waiting lists had risen significantly there did not appear to be any concrete plans to employ private providers to reduce it. Since early 2017 private provision had been steadily about 6% of the total NHS caseload for elective surgery according to NHS Gooroo.
Expenditure.
The UK has the fifth largest share of healthcare financed through government schemes out of the 36 OECD member states.
According to the Department of Health and Social Care a total of £9.2 billion was paid to private providers in England in 2018-9, or about 7% of the departmental budget (it would be a larger proportion of the NHS budget). This clearly does not include what is spent on primary care, nor spending on medicines or equipment. It was an increase of 14% compared to 2014-15. They report a further £3.43 billion paid to the voluntary and not-for-profit sector and to local councils. These figures are said by the Centre for Health and the Public Interest to be misleading. They calculate the proportion of the NHS budget spent on non-NHS providers as about 26%, about £29 billion. This is managed through 53,000 individual contracts. The official departmental figures distinguish between the ‘independent sector’, the ‘voluntary sector’, the ‘private sector’, and ‘local authorities’. The money paid to local authorities is intended for social care, which is largely privately provided. NHS England spent a further £830 million on social care directly in 2018-9. There is no definition of the ‘independent sector’ or the ‘voluntary sector’. Many private providers are registered charities. Furthermore only services directly commissioned by clinical commissioning groups are included. Services subcontracted by NHS trusts - most commonly elective surgery - are not included. £1.3 billion was spent in this way in 2018-9.
Primary care.
Since the establishment of the NHS in 1948 most primary care - general practice, dentistry, opticians and pharmacy - has been provided by private contractors, whose staff are not NHS employees. General practitioners, like the other contractors, run businesses, but, unlike them, their income is almost entirely derived from the NHS under the General Medical Services Contract, they are covered by the NHS pension scheme and their services are free to registered patients.
Initially the contracts for these private providers were managed by local Executive Councils. In the 1974 reorganisation they were replaced by family practitioner committees. In 1990 these were abolished and they were replaced by family health services authorities. They are now managed by NHS England which spent £14 billion on them in total 2018/19. £2.9 billion was spent on private dentistry in 2018-19, with about £2.5 billion spent on private optometry and pharmaceutical services, although this sum has been declining.
Hospital services.
Campaigning is generally concentrated on hospital services. Large parts of the hospital estate which were previously designated as long-stay geriatric wards were closed in the 1980s and 90s. Such patients were moved to residential care or nursing homes, which are almost entirely privately provided. Previously homes were provided by local authorities but the funding regime was engineered in such a way as to make that unsustainable, Some is regarded as social care, which is means-tested. Continuing healthcare, though paid for by the NHS, is largely privately provided. NHS trusts spot purchasing from private providers, largely to meet NHS targets has risen from £645 million in 2013-14 to £1.3 billion in 2018-19.
If a private hospital is a registered charity it is exempt from business rates although NHS hospitals are not.
Ramsay Health Care UK runs 30 sites providing NHS-funded services. In June 2019 it provided 5,664 inpatient and 6,997 outpatient NHS-funded procedures. It announced in 2019 that NHS referrals had increased by 7.4% and it had benefited from an increase in NHS tariff prices.
Independent providers are represented by the Independent Healthcare Providers Network, which stresses the importance of patient choice.
Ambulance services.
In 2019 the Care Quality Commission reported that ambulance services were relying on private providers because of lack of capacity. Some firms had failed to obtain references or carry out criminal record checks and a lack of staff training was leading to serious patient harm. More than £92 million was spent in 2018/9 on private ambulances and taxis.
Mental health.
According to John Lister 30% of all mental health spending in 2018-9 was in the private sector and in child and adolescent mental health services 44%. The boundary between healthcare, which is free, and social care, which is meanstested, is quite unclear in this area. The process of deinstitutionalisation, which involved the closure of the large asylums, meant the transfer of patients to community care, much of which is regarded as social care. In 2019 13% of inpatient beds in England were provided by American companies. According to the Candesic consultancy around £1.8 billion of the £13.8 billion spent by the NHS on mental healthcare in 2018, including non hospital services, went to the private sector. About 25% of NHS mental healthcare beds in England were provided by the private sector, and 98% of their earnings came from the NHS.
Controversy.
The issue of privatisation of health services was an issue in the 2015 United Kingdom general election. The government's position was that "Use of the private sector in the NHS represents only 6% of the total NHS budget - an increase of just 1% since May 2010". It is unclear what this statement meant. Some NHS services, such as dentistry, optical care and pharmacy, have always been provided by the private sector and, technically, most GP practices are private partnerships. All the drugs, supplies and equipment used by the NHS are privately provided. Taken together this amounts to around 40% of the NHS budget. In addition some NHS organisations subcontract work to private providers. The NHS accounts for 2013/4 show that £10 billion of the total NHS budget of £113 billion was spent on care from non-NHS providers. The main growth in private provision has been in mental health and community health services.
Any Qualified Provider.
Any Qualified Provider was a government policy intended to encourage all NHS, private, third sector or social enterprise health service providers to compete for contracts on an equal footing.
Scotland.
Scottish health boards spent at least £130,866,841 on private providers from 2015 to 2018, about 0.5% of the budget compared to 7.3% in NHS England.


Occupational skin diseases

Occupational skin diseases are ranked among the top five occupational diseases in many countries.
Contact Dermatitis due to irritation is inflammation of the skin which results from a contact with an irritant. It has been observed that this type of dermatitis does not require prior sensitization of the immune system. There have been studies to support that past or present atopic dermatitis is a risk factor for this type of dermatitis. Common irritants include detergents, acids, alkalies, oils, organic solvents and reducing agents.
Clinical manifestations of the contact dermatitis are also modified by external factors such as environmental factors (mechanical pressure, temperature, and humidity) and predisposing characteristics of the individual (age, sex, ethnic origin, preexisting skin disease, atopic skin diathesis, and anatomic region exposed.
Another occupational skin disease is glove-related hand urticaria, believed to be caused by repeated wearing and removal of the gloves. It has been reported as an occupational problem among the health care workers. The reaction is caused by the latex or the nitrile present in the gloves.
Types.
The acute form of this dermatitis develops on exposure of the skin to a strong irritant or caustic chemical. This exposure can occur as a result of accident at a workplace . The irritant reaction starts to increase in its intensity within minutes to hours of exposure to the irritant and reaches its peak quickly. After the reaction has reached its peak level, it starts to heal. This process is known as decrescendo phenomenon. The most frequent potent irritants leading to this type of dermatitis are acids and alkaline solutions. The symptoms include redness and swelling of the skin along with the formation of blisters.
The chronic form occurs as a result of repeated exposure of the skin to weak irritants over long periods of time.
Prevention.
Prevention measures include avoidance of the irritant through its removal from the workplace or through technical shielding by the use of potent irritants in closed systems or automation, irritant replacement or removal and personal protection of the workers. Low quality evidence exists for the effectiveness of certain therapies and their ability to specifically prevent hand skin irritation in the workplace. The limited evidence that does exist suggests that moisturizers used alone or in combination with a barrier cream can result in a clinically beneficial effect in the long or short-term primary prevention of occupational irritant hand dermatitis.


Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals

The Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals were two charitable foundations that were independently put into the charge of the City of London. They were brought under joint administration in 1557.
Bethlehem Hospital.
The Bethlem Royal Hospital was founded in 1247 as the Priory of the New Order of our Lady of Bethlehem in the city of London during the reign of Henry III. It was established by the Bishop-elect of Bethlehem, the Italian Goffredo de Prefetti, following a donation of personal property by the London alderman and former sheriff, Simon FitzMary. The original location was in the parish of St Botolph, Bishopsgate's ward. In 1546 the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Gresham, petitioned the crown to grant Bethlem to the city. This petition was partially successful and Henry VIII reluctantly ceded to the City of London "the custody, order and governance" of the hospital and of its "occupants and revenues". This charter came into effect in 1547. The crown retained possession of the hospital while its administration fell to the city authorities. Following a brief interval when it was placed under the management of the governors of Christ's Hospital, from 1557 Bethlem was administered by the governors of Bridewell.
Bridewell Hospital.
In 1553, Edward VI gave Bridewell Palace to the City of London for the housing of homeless children and for the punishment of "disorderly women". The City took full possession in 1556 and turned the site into a prison, hospital and workrooms.
Joint administration.
In 1557 the administration of Bethlem Royal Hospital became the responsibility of the Bridewell Governors. The post of President was established, with first occupant being Sir Rowland Hill in 1557.


Nicolas Heurteloup

Nicolas Heurteloup was a French military physician and surgeon. He was born on 26 November 1750 in Tours (Indre-et-Loire ) and died in Paris on 27 March 1812. He succeeded Pierre-François Percy (1754–1825) as chief surgeon of the Grande Armée, and had himself as his successor Dominique-Jean Larrey (1766–1842). He was the father of physician Charles Louis Stanislas Heurteloup (1793–1864).
Biography.
Born in Tours, Nicolas Heurteloup began his medical studies in that city. He finished them in Paris. He then joined the army. Heurteloup made his career under the Ancien Regime, the Revolution, the Consulate and the Empire. He attained the rank of Surgeon in 1790 and of first army surgeon in 1795. In 1804 he was inspector general of the health service and chief surgeon of the Grande Armée in 1808, replacing Percy. His work earned him the esteem of the Emperor Napoleon, who quoted him in the bulletin that followed the Battle of Wagram, and made him an Officer of the Legion of Honor in 1809 and a Baron in 1810.
Gravely ill, he gave way to Larrey in 1812 and died a month later, on 27 March 1812, in Paris.


Jacquelynne Eccles

Jacquelynne Sue Eccles (born 1944) is an American educational psychologist. She is the Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of California, Irvine and formerly the McKeachie/Pintrich Distinguished University Professor of Psychology and Education at the University of Michigan.
Career.
Eccles holds a Ph.D. from University of California, Los Angeles. Her work has focused on topics related to social development, student motivation, and gender roles in education. Among her most noteworthy research contributions are the expectancy-value theory of motivation and the concept of stage-environment fit.
Honors and awards.
She received the Kurt Lewin Memorial Award in 1999, the James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award in 1996 and the E. L. Thorndike Award in 2005. She was awarded the APA Distinguished Scientific Award for the Applications of Psychology from the American Psychological Association in 2017.


Stephen Powis

Professor Stephen H. Powis is national medical director for England, in the National Health Service (NHS), appointed at the start of 2018 to succeed Sir Bruce Keogh. He is also a professor of renal medicine at University College London.
Family and education.
His father was a chaplain at the Christie Hospital, Manchester.
Powis studied medicine at Glasgow University and St John's College, Oxford, matriculating in 1979. He obtained a PhD while working at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund. He also holds an MBA from Warwick University.
Professional career.
Powis joined the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust in 1997 as a consultant, becoming the trust's medical director in 2006 and chief clinical information officer in 2016. He left the Royal Free at the end of 2017 to become medical director of NHS England, a post he took up at the beginning of 2018. During this time, Powis was involved in a partnership for the Royal Free to share information with Google Deepmind. His main clinical interest is renal transplantation.
He is a past non-executive director of North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust (including a period of eight months as acting chairman), chair of the Association of UK Hospitals medical directors' group, and chairman of the Joint Royal Colleges of Physicians Training Board speciality advisory committee for renal medicine. He sat on the board of Medical Education England.
He edited "Nephron Clinical Practice" from 2003 to 2008 and was inaugural editor-in-chief of the "BMJ Leader" from 2017.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in the spring of 2020, he frequently spoke as part of the government's team for daily briefings.


Ear tag (medicine)


SIR-Spheres

SIR-Spheres microspheres are used to treat patients with unresectable liver cancer. These are mostly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), or metastatic neuroendocrine tumours (mNET).
Therapy goals are local disease control, downstaging to resection, bridging to transplantation, and extended survival.
Description.
SIR-Spheres microspheres contain resin based microspheres with an average diameter between 20 and 60 micrometre. The microspheres are impregnated with 90Y, a beta radiating isotope of yttrium with a half-life of 64.1 hours.
Mode of action.
Once injected into the hepatic artery via a catheter by an interventional radiologist the microspheres will preferably lodge in the vasculature of the tumour. The radiation will lead to damage of tumour tissue and, in the best case to a complete elimination of the tumour. Due to the half-life almost all of the radiation is delivered within 2 weeks. After 1 month almost no radioactivity will remain.
The procedure is also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) or radioembolization.


Empatica

Empatica Inc. is an MIT Media Lab spinoff company born in Cambridge, MA operating in Healthcare, providing AI-enabled tools to advance forecasting, monitoring, research, and treatment. Empatica produces medical-grade wearables, software and algorithms for the collection and interpretation of physiological data. Empatica’s wearables, Embrace2 and E4, track physiological signals such as Heart Rate Variability, Electrodermal activity, acceleration and movement, skin temperature, and autonomic arousal. Embrace2 has been cleared by the FDA as a seizure alerting solution for epilepsy patients suffering from generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The E4 is used by researchers for real-time physiological data capture. The company is headquartered in Boston, MA with offices in Milan, Italy, and Seoul, South Korea.
History.
Empatica Inc. was founded in 2013 in Cambridge, MA, by Matteo Lai, Simone Tognetti, Maurizio Garbarino and Rosalind Picard. Picard serves as part-time Chief Scientist and Chairman of the board, while Lai is full-time CEO, Tognetti is CTO, and Garbarino is CSA.
In 2014, in partnership with The Epilepsy Foundation, Empatica launched a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo for the creation of a wrist-worn device for monitoring and alerting to grand mal seizures, and help reduce cases of Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP). This device was called Embrace.
In January 2018 Embrace (both the hardware and its Alert software) received FDA-clearance for adults and became the first medical wristwatch to be cleared by FDA for use in Epilepsy. In November 2018 an updated version of the Embrace, called Embrace2, was released.
In January 2019, Embrace2 received FDA-clearance for children ages 6 and up.
Notable Collaborations.
The NASA-funded Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH) is working with Empatica to develop a smartwatch able to monitor the health of the astronaut crew that will be on board the first manned mission to Mars.
Since 2018, Empatica has been working in partnership with the U.S. Government's BARDA Division of Research, Innovation and Ventures (DRIVe), under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), to collaborate on the development of a new smartwatch which will alert users when they are developing a serious respiratory infection before any symptoms appear.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Empatica is collaborating with the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC) to deploy a wearable and algorithm that enables the early and pre-symptomatic detection of COVID-19.
Empatica also partnered with Japanese multinational information and network technology company NEC in a health study to help Japanese employees measure their stress levels, as a response to the phenomenon of karoshi.
Prescription digital therapeutics company Pear Therapeutics is collaborating with Empatica to use its wearable sensors to evaluate withdrawal symptoms in patients with substance use disorder (SUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), and alcohol use disorder (AUD).
Products.
"Embrace2".
Empatica is best known to the public for Embrace, a smartwatch designed to detect generalized tonic-clonic seizures and alert caregivers in real-time via a companion app Alert. The idea for Embrace was born following a discovery developing sensors to monitor stress. Chief Scientist and co-founder Rosalind Picard and her colleagues at the MIT Media lab were initially working on a wristband to help children on the autism spectrum better communicate their emotional states. One of Picard’s undergraduate students borrowed a couple of devices to bring home over the winter break and test them on his autistic brother. A spike in activity registered by one of the devices during this time, attributed to a grand mal seizure event, tipped Picard off to the technology’s potential for seizure detection.
Embrace is also used by researchers, pharmaceutical businesses, and other healthcare investigators to collect medical quality data for research. In 2017, Sunovion used Embrace in a phase 4 clinical study of Aptiom, a drug meant to reduce seizures in people with epilepsy. In 2018, results were published showing that data collected by Embrace was useful in examining the nausea felt by passengers undergoing zero-gravity flight.
"Alert App".
Alert is a mobile app and subscription service that works with Embrace2 to send out an emergency call and text message to listed caregivers, including their exact GPS location.
"Mate App".
Mate is a mobile app that displays physiological data collected by the Embrace2. It displays sleep time, efficiency, fragmentation, and tosses and turns, as well as levels of physical activity and step count. It can also be used as a digital seizure diary.
"Research Portal".
The Research Portal is a cloud-based software that enables researchers to virtually view and process the raw data collected by Embrace during their studies.
"E4 Wristband".
The E4 collects real-time physiological data, which can be used to conduct in-depth analysis and visualization. The device is equipped with a PPG sensor, EDA sensor, 3-axis accelerometer, and Infrared Thermopile. The E4 is used by researchers to measure arousal in individuals within laboratory and/or naturalistic settings to study, for example, stress or other emotions . Studies conducted using the E4 range from testing wearables for predicting substance addition relapses, to measuring the engagement of students in a classroom, to researching predictions in aggressive meltdowns in autism.
"EmbracePlus".
In November 2019, Empatica announced EmbracePlus, a research smart watch which is built in partnership with the Translational Research Institute for Space Health (TRISH), under NASA’s Human Research Program (HRP) which develops innovative approaches to reduce risks to humans on deep space missions, including NASA’s Journey to Mars.
EmbracePlus is able to continuously and remotely collect and process key physiological signals from the wrist, including pulse rate, pulse rate variability, blood oxygenation, respiratory rate, skin temperature, electrodermal activity, rest, and actigraphy data.
Following a response to the Request for Project Proposals issued in May 2020, Empatica has received funding from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command to deploy EmbracePlus (and the Aura algorithm) to enable the early and pre-symptomatic detection of COVID-19. The device will monitor a person’s vital signs, and check for patterns that suggest the presence of a COVID-19 infection. This can be used to help wearers self-isolate and seek testing without unwittingly infecting others.
In April 2021, EmbracePlus has received the European CE mark as a Class lla medical device.
"Aura".
Aura was developed in response to COVID-19 and in partnership with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ BARDA. It is a wearable AI system with an app and online dashboard, that can help contain an infectious transmission by automatically alerting individuals to the earliest physiological signs of a possible infection, even without any symptoms being present.
In November 2020 Empatica has received funding from the U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command to deploy Aura (and the EmbracePlus smartwatch) to enable the early and pre-symptomatic detection of COVID-19.
In March 2021, Aura has received the European CE mark for early detection of COVID-19.
"Empatica Care".
Empatica Care is an AI-powered platform that enables the continuous, remote monitoring of patients.
The subject’s physiological data are collected by the EmbracePlus smartwatch and communicated to the Care App via Bluetooth. The data transferred to the cloud by the wearable device is automatically gathered inside the Care Portal, an online tool where professionals can visualize in real-time vitals of individuals who may be at work, at home, or in a different ward inside the hospital.
In March 2021, Care has received the European CE mark for early detection of COVID-19.


Spike protein


Jack Barchas

Jack David Barchas, M.D. (born November 2, 1935) is the Barklie McKee Henry Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University and the Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic. He was formerly the Nancy Friend Pritzker professor in psychiatry at Stanford University and dean of research and neuroscience at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine.
In 2006 the Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine) gave him their Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Award in Mental Health.
Barchas earned a Bachelor of Arts from Pomona College in 1956 and his medical degree from Yale Medical School in 1961.


Patricia Frazier

Patricia A. Frazier is an American psychology professor who researches the application of social psychological theory and research to problems of concern to counseling psychologists. In particular, coping with stressful or traumatic life events, and developing innovative interventions. She heads the Stress and Trauma Lab at the University of Minnesota.
Educational Background.
Ph.D.: University of Minnesota, 1988.


Deborah Greenspan

Deborah Greenspan is a British-American scholar in dentistry, having been Professor and the Leland and Gladys Barber Distinguished Professor at UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco.


Pulmonary hypoplasia

Pulmonary hypoplasia is incomplete development of the lungs, resulting in an abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli. A congenital malformation, it most often occurs secondary to other fetal abnormalities that interfere with normal development of the lungs. Primary (idiopathic) pulmonary hypoplasia is rare and usually not associated with other maternal or fetal abnormalities.
Incidence of pulmonary hypoplasia ranges from 9–11 per 10,000 live births and 14 per 10,000 births. Pulmonary hypoplasia is a relatively common cause of neonatal death. It also is a common finding in stillbirths, although not regarded as a cause of these.
Causes.
Causes of pulmonary hypoplasia include a wide variety of congenital malformations and other conditions in which pulmonary hypoplasia is a complication. These include congenital diaphragmatic hernia, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, fetal hydronephrosis, caudal regression syndrome, mediastinal tumor, and sacrococcygeal teratoma with a large component inside the fetus. Large masses of the neck (such as cervical teratoma) also can cause pulmonary hypoplasia, presumably by interfering with the fetus's ability to fill its lungs. In the presence of pulmonary hypoplasia, the EXIT procedure to rescue a baby with a neck mass is not likely to succeed.
Fetal hydrops can be a cause, or conversely a complication.
Pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with oligohydramnios through multiple mechanisms. Both conditions can result from blockage of the urinary bladder. Blockage prevents the bladder from emptying, and the bladder becomes very large and full. The large volume of the full bladder interferes with normal development of other organs, including the lungs. Pressure within the bladder becomes abnormally high, causing abnormal function in the kidneys hence abnormally high pressure in the vascular system entering the kidneys. This high pressure also interferes with normal development of other organs. An experiment in rabbits showed that PH also can be caused directly by oligohydramnios.
Pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with dextrocardia of embryonic arrest in that both conditions can result from early errors of development, resulting in Congenital cardiac disorders.
PH is a common direct cause of neonatal death resulting from pregnancy induced hypertension.
Diagnosis.
Medical diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia in utero may use imaging, usually ultrasound or MRI. The extent of hypoplasia is a very important prognostic factor. One study of 147 fetuses (49 normal, 98 with abnormalities) found that a simple measurement, the ratio of chest length to trunk (torso) length, was a useful predictor of postnatal respiratory distress. In a study of 23 fetuses, subtle differences seen on MRIs of the lungs were informative. In a study of 29 fetuses with suspected pulmonary hypoplasia, the group that responded to maternal oxygenation had a more favorable outcome.
Pulmonary hypoplasia is diagnosed also clinically.
Management.
Management has three components: interventions before delivery, timing and place of delivery, and therapy after delivery.
In some cases, fetal therapy is available for the underlying condition; this may help to limit the severity of pulmonary hypoplasia. In exceptional cases, fetal therapy may include fetal surgery.
A 1992 case report of a baby with a sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) reported that the SCT had obstructed the outlet of the urinary bladder causing the bladder to rupture in utero and fill the baby's abdomen with urine (a form of ascites). The outcome was good. The baby had normal kidneys and lungs, leading the authors to conclude that obstruction occurred late in the pregnancy and to suggest that the rupture may have protected the baby from the usual complications of such an obstruction. Subsequent to this report, use of a vesicoamniotic shunting procedure (VASP) has been attempted, with limited success.
Often, a baby with a high risk of pulmonary hypoplasia will have a planned delivery in a specialty hospital such as (in the United States) a tertiary referral hospital with a level 3 neonatal intensive-care unit. The baby may require immediate advanced resuscitation and therapy.
Early delivery may be required in order to rescue the fetus from an underlying condition that is causing pulmonary hypoplasia. However, pulmonary hypoplasia increases the risks associated with preterm birth, because once delivered the baby requires adequate lung capacity to sustain life. The decision whether to deliver early includes a careful assessment of the extent to which delaying delivery may increase or decrease the pulmonary hypoplasia. It is a choice between expectant management and active management. An example is congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation with hydrops; impending heart failure may require a preterm delivery. Severe oligohydramnios of early onset and long duration, as can occur with early preterm rupture of membranes, can cause increasingly severe PH; if delivery is postponed by many weeks, PH can become so severe that it results in neonatal death.
After delivery, most affected babies will require supplemental oxygen. Some severely affected babies may be saved with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Not all specialty hospitals have ECMO, and ECMO is considered the therapy of last resort for pulmonary insufficiency. An alternative to ECMO is high-frequency oscillatory ventilation.
History.
In 1908, Maude Abbott documented pulmonary hypoplasia occurring with certain defects of the heart. In 1915, Abbott and J. C. Meakins showed that pulmonary hypoplasia was part of the differential diagnosis of dextrocardia. In 1920, decades before the advent of prenatal imaging, the presence of pulmonary hypoplasia was taken as evidence that diaphragmatic hernias in babies were congenital, not acquired.


Ischiopubic ramus

The ischiopubic ramus is a compound structure consisting of the following two structures:
It forms the inferior border of the obturator foramen and serves as part of the origin for the obturator internus and externus muscles. Also, most adductors originate at the ischiopubic ramus.
It also marks a vertex of the anal triangle and the urogenital triangle.
The fascia of Colles is attached to its margin.


Branching order of bacterial phyla (Rappe and Giovanoni, 2003)

There are several models of the Branching order of bacterial phyla, the most cited of these was proposed in 1987 paper by Carl Woese. This cladogram was later expanded by Rappé and Giovanoni in 2003 to include newly discovered phyla. Clear names are added in parentheses, see "list of bacterial phyla".


List of veterinarians

Veterinarians and veterinary surgeons are medical professionals who operate exclusively on animals. This is a list of notable veterinarians, both real and fictional.


K. T. Dholakia

Kandarp Tuljashanker Dholakia was an Indian orthopedic surgeon and one of the pioneers of joint replacement surgery in India. Born in Rajkot in the state of Gujarat on 12 August 1920, Dholakia was the president of Indian Orthopaedic Association and the Association of Surgeons of India. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri in 1973. He died on 17 June 2004, at the age of 83, survived by his wife, Saroj.


Angela Byars-Winston

Angela Michelle Byars-Winston is a Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She was the first African American to achieve the rank of tenured Full Professor of medicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She studies the impact of culture on career development, in particular for women and minorities in STEM. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and was one of Barack Obama's Champions of Change.
Early life and education.
Byars-Winston earned her bachelor's (1991) and master's (1992) degree at San Diego State University. She completed a predoctoral clinical fellowship at the University of Maryland, College Park. She attended graduate school at Arizona State University, specialising in counseling psychology. Her 1996 dissertation placed her on the national policy-making stage. She was one of only two black PhD students in the School of Education at Arizona State University in the fall of 1992.
Career.
Byars-Winston joined the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a KL2 scholar in 1997. She joined the School of Medicine in 2011 and became interested in whether people bring their identity to the foreground of their college experience. She was awarded a $1.4 million R01 National Institutes of Health grant to investigate how mentors define diversity and developing ways to measure the impact of mentored research experiences on career outcomes. She is part of a $19 million National Research Mentoring Network (NRMN). She has investigated how to measure mentoring interventions. She has conducted a longitudinal study that monitored how the relationships between undergraduate mentees and their mentors in the biological sciences impact their academic outcomes.
One of the approaches to meet the skills gap in the United States is to engage "A"frican Americans, "L"atino/as, South East "A"sians, and "N"ative "A"mericans ('ALANA') with science and engineering subjects. Byars-Winston used social cognitive career theory to examine how ethnicity influenced academic self-efficacy and outcomes. She has identified several barriers to the progression of ALANA investigators, including the marginalisation of interests, apartheid within academia and microaggressions. Byars-Winston demonstrated that race and ethnicity impact career expectations more than aspirations. She launched the "Training and Education to Advance Minority Scholars in Science" program (TEAM-Science) and Culturally Aware Mentoring (CAM) programs, which look to embed self-reflective dialogue about race and ethnicity in science. She is working with the National Academy to examine the effectiveness of programs that look engage individuals marginalised in STEM fields.
Barack Obama named Byars-Winston as one of the United States' Champions of Change in 2011. The Presidency of Barack Obama established a "Educate to Innovate" campaign, which looked to improve the engagement of young people with science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM). She is a member of the National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity STEM Equity Pipeline National Advisory Board and Wisconsin Career Development Association Executive Committee.
She won the University of Wisconsin–Madison "Outstanding Woman of Color Award" in 2014. In 2016 Byars-Winston was a Visiting Professor at Purdue University, where she ran a series of mentoring workshops. She published the "Promising Practices for Strengthening the Regional STEM Workforce Development Ecosystem". In 2017 Byars-Winston became the first African American to achieve the rank of tenured Full Professor of medicine at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences Board of Higher Education and Workforce (BHEW).


Apscaviroid


List of xanthoma variants associated with hyperlipoproteinemia subtypes

When the cholesterol levels in the body rise above the normal level, a number of skin lesions can occur. Xanthomas are one of types of skin lesions that may occur in this situation.
Other systemic conditions may also occur with increased levels of cholesterol in the blood.


Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University

Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University (Ukrainian: Івано-Франківський національний медичний університет) is an institute of higher medical education in Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine.
The university is situated in Ivano city in the northwest of Ukraine and is a leading higher education establishment in the region, with a higher accreditation level. The university provides continuity of higher medical education: Junior Specialist – a Bachelor – a Medical Specialist – a Master – a post graduate. The university history started in 1945 and is listed in the WHO Directory of Medical Schools and in the US FAIMER International Medical Education Directory (IMED).
The university is one of the few Medical Universities in Ukraine to be designated as a “National Medical University” by the government of Ukraine.
About the university.
IFNMU was established in 1945. It is located in Galytska 2, 76000 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine. The university consists of 12 hospitals and clinics. It is one of the few universities designated as a "National Medical University" by the government of Ukraine.
It is a member of the association of universities, European association of universities, World Health Organization, and other international organizations.
Around 4000 foreign students attend from all over the world, including the US, Western Europe, Australia, Africa, India and parts of Asia. The university contains 48 departments. The IFNMU Library received the prize (2nd degree diploma) for "Library of the year 2009" in the All Ukrainian Contest.
In recent years, many scientific developments and innovations in medical diagnostics made at the university have found practical use in public health. The university holds a number of patents for devices, including one that uses bioindicators to test for radioactive contamination in the environment.
The university provides medical care to patients throughout the city and wider region across 40 specialties, and also serves as a national database of anatomy.
A number of university faculty are members of national and international congresses and symposiums.
The Rector of the University, along with members of the council of the Ukrainian Medical Association, founded the magazine "Galician drug Gazette", which operates alongside the scientific journal "Archives of Clinical Medicine."
The university maintains professional contacts with the World Federation of Ukrainian Medical Associations, including the Ukrainian Medical Association of North America, Lublin Medical Academy, and universities in Germany, Austria, and Poland.
Teaching Staff.
The university holds 443 teaching staff including 77 PhDs, 264 candidates for PhD, and 19 academics.
Rector.
Significant contributions to the development of the university have been made by rectors:


Andron (physician)

Andron () was a physician of ancient Greece who is supposed by André Tiraqueau, and after him by Johann Albert Fabricius, to be the same person as Andreas of Carystus. Other scholars have concluded this to be a mistake which has arisen from earlier writers reading "Andron" in the works of Pliny the Elder instead of "Andreas".
Andron is mentioned by Athenaeus, and several of his medical prescriptions are preserved by Aulus Cornelius Celsus, Galen, Caelius Aurelianus, Oribasius, Aëtius of Amida, Paulus Aegineta, and other ancient writers. None of his works are in existence, nor is anything known of the events of his life; and with respect to his date, it can only be said with certainty that, as Celsus is the earliest author who mentions him, he must have lived some time before the beginning of the Christian era.


Walther Kausch

Walther Kausch (17 July 1867, Königsberg – 24 March 1928, Berlin) was a German surgeon. He was involved in improvements made to the pancreaticoduodenectomy process.
Walther Carl Eduard Kausch was the second of four children. He studied medicine at the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität in Strassburg from 1885 to 1890. He received his doctor's license on July 8, 1890 and obtained his doctorate in 1891. From 1890 to 1892 he worked in the psychiatric-neurologic clinic under Friedrich Jolly (1844-1904) and Karl Fürstner (1848-1906), then from 1892 to 1896 at the medical clinic under Bernhard Naunyn (1839-1935). After being habilitated for internal medicine in 1896, he changed to surgery. From 1896 to 1906 he worked at the university surgical clinic in Breslau, training under professor Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850-1905). The surgical clinic in Breslau was one of the largest in its time.
Kausch was habilitated for surgery in 1899, becoming titular professor in 1902. In 1903, Kausch married Mikulicz' daughter. After the death of his father-in-law in 1905, Kausch became head of the clinic in an acting capacity. In 1905 he was elected medical director and head of the I. surgical department at the Städtisches Augusta-Viktoria-Krankenhaus in Berlin-Schöneberg, then still under construction. He headed the Augusta-Viktoria-Krankenhaus and its surgical department until his death from fulminant pulmonary emboli following perforating appendicitis on March 24, 1928.


Robert Havard

Dr. Robert Emlyn Havard (1901–1985) was the physician of C.S. Lewis, his wife Joy Gresham, and J.R.R. Tolkien. Havard has also been credited as a "skilled and prolific writer".
Interactions with other authors.
In addition to his medical research papers, Havard authored an appendix for C. S. Lewis's "The Problem of Pain" as well as a description of Lewis included in "Remembering C. S. Lewis: Recollections of Those Who Knew Him" and one of J. R. R. Tolkien included in "Mythlore."
Lewis invited Havard to join the Oxford-based Inklings because of the literary interests he shared with that group. Like Tolkien, he was a Roman Catholic. Havard was sometimes referred to by the Inklings as the "Useless Quack," mainly because Warren Lewis once called him so upon being irritated by his tardiness, and his brother, Jack, thought it quite amusing at the time and caused the nickname to continue. The abbreviation "U.Q." was thereafter a common reference to Havard.
Hugo Dyson once called him "Humphrey" when he could not remember his name. After that, Havard was quite frequently known as "Dr. Humphrey Havard," to the extent that when Douglas Gresham came to know him years later and became his patient, it was some time before he discovered Robert Havard's actual name was not really Humphrey.


Nomenclature codes

Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern biological taxonomic nomenclature, each in their own broad field of organisms. To an end-user who only deals with names of species, with some awareness that species are assignable to families, it may not be noticeable that there is more than one code, but beyond this basic level these are rather different in the way they work.
The successful introduction of two-part names for species by Linnaeus was the start for an ever-expanding system of nomenclature. With all naturalists worldwide adopting this approach to thinking up names, there arose several schools of thought about the details. It became ever more apparent that a detailed body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. From the mid-19th century onwards, there were several initiatives to arrive at worldwide-accepted sets of rules. Presently nomenclature codes govern the naming of:
Differences between codes.
Starting point.
The starting point, that is the time from which these codes are in effect (usually retroactively), varies from group to group, and sometimes from rank to rank. In botany and mycology the starting point is often 1 May 1753 (Linnaeus, "Species plantarum"), in zoology 1758 (Linnaeus, "Systema Naturae", 10th Edition). On the other hand, bacteriology started anew, making a clean sweep in 1980 (Skerman et al., "Approved Lists of Bacterial Names"), although maintaining the original authors and dates of publication.
Exceptions in botany:
Exceptions in zoology:
Workings.
There are also differences in the way codes work. For example, the "ICN" (the code for algae, fungi and plants) forbids tautonyms, while the "ICZN", (the animal code) allows them.
Terminology.
These codes differ in terminology, and there is a long-term project to "harmonize" this. For instance, the "ICN" uses "valid" in "valid publication of a name" (= the act of publishing a formal name), with "establishing a name" as the "ICZN" equivalent. The "ICZN" uses "valid" in "valid name" (= "correct name"), with "correct name" as the "ICN" equivalent. Harmonization is making very limited progress.
Types.
There are differences in respect of what kinds of types are used. The bacteriological code prefers living type cultures, but allows other kinds. There has been ongoing debate regarding which kind of type is more useful in a case like cyanobacteria.
Other codes.
BioCode.
A more radical approach was made in 1997 when the IUBS/IUMS International Committee on Bionomenclature (ICB) presented the long debated "Draft BioCode", proposed to replace all existing "Codes" with an harmonization of them. The originally planned implementation date for the BioCode draft was January 1, 2000, but agreement to replace the existing "Codes" was not reached.
In 2011 a revised "BioCode" was proposed that, instead of replacing the existing "Codes", would provide a unified context for them, referring to them when necessary. Changes in the existing codes are slowly being made in the proposed directions.
PhyloCode.
Some authors encountered problems in using the Linnean system in phylogenetic classification. Another "Code" in development since 1998 is the "PhyloCode", which would regulate what their creators called phylogenetic nomenclature instead of the traditional Linnaean nomenclature (that is, it requires phylogenetic definitions as a "type" attached to every name, and does not contain mandatory ranks). The "Code" and the accompanying volume (meant to serve as a list of not-suppressed names and a new starting point, like the 1980s "Approved Lists of Bacterial Names" functions relative to the "Bacteriological Code", much like "Systema naturae" functions relative to the "Zoological Code"), is however still in the draft stage, and it is uncertain when, or even if, the code will see any form of implementation.
Ambiregnal protists.
Some protists, sometimes called ambiregnal protists, have been considered to be both protozoa and algae, or protozoa and fungi, and names for these have been published under either or both of the "ICZN" and the "ICN". The resulting double language throughout protist classification schemes resulted in confusion.
Groups claimed by both protozoologists and phycologists include euglenids, dinoflagellates, cryptomonads, haptophytes, glaucophytes, many heterokonts (e.g., chrysophytes, raphidophytes, silicoflagellates, some xanthophytes, proteromonads), some monadoid green algae (volvocaleans and prasinophytes), choanoflagellates, bicosoecids, ebriids and chlorarachniophytes.
Slime molds, plasmodial forms and other "fungus-like" organisms claimed by both protozoologists and mycologists include mycetozoans, plasmodiophorids, acrasids, and labyrinthulomycetess. Fungi claimed by both protozoologists and mycologists include chytrids, blastoclads, and the gut fungi.
Other problematic groups are the Cyanobacteria (ICNP/ICN) and Microsporidia (ICZN/ICN).
Unregulated taxa.
The zoological code does not regulate names of taxa lower than subspecies or higher than superfamily. There are many attempts to introduce some order on the nomenclature of these taxa, including the PhyloCode, or also of circumscriptional nomenclature.
The botanical code is applied primarily to the ranks of family and below. There are some rules for names above the rank of family, but the principle of priority does not apply to them, and the principle of typification is optional. These names may be either automatically typified names or be descriptive names. In some circumstances, a taxon has two possible names (e.g., Chrysophyceae Pascher, 1914, "nom. descrip."; Hibberd, 1976, "nom. typificatum"). Descriptive names are problematic, once that, if a taxon is split, it is not obvious which new group takes the existing name. Meanwhile, with typified names, the existing name is taken by the new group that still bears the type of this name. However, typified names present special problems for microorganisms.


Yvonne Agazarian

Yvonne M. Agazarian (February 17, 1929 - October 9, 2017) was the principal architect of systems-centered therapy, based on a theory of Living Human Systems that she also developed. Agazarian taught, trained, and supervised systems-centered therapists internationally, was the founder of the Systems-Centered Training & Research Institute, and practiced in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Awards and achievements.
In 1997, the American Psychological Association awarded her Group Psychologist of the Year "for her involvement in research, publication, teaching and training. She exemplifies the finest in scholarship in the discipline of psychology. As a group psychologist, she has contributed to expanding our knowledge of the boundaries between clinical and social psychology with the investigation of living human systems and systems-centered group and individual therapy. Her considerable body of work illustrates the highest blend of creativity and learning".
Her book, "Systems-Centered Therapy for Groups", was also published in 1997.
Origins of theory.
Agazarian had from the sixties been interested in the paradigm clash presented by her training in individual psychotherapy and in group therapy, and in the possibility of overcoming it: from the eighties onwards, she explored the possibility of resolving it through general systems theory.
It was, however, the challenge presented in the following decade by health maintenance organizations and their stress on short-term therapy, that propelled her into devising systems-centered therapy, in order (she stated) to discover "how to think about short-term therapy in a way that maintained the integrity and values of our work".
The influences she credited on her work range from W. R. Bion and John Bowlby to Erwin Schrödinger and Ludwig von Bertalanffy, reflecting both her intellectual range and the trajectory of her movement from psychoanalysis through whole-group therapy to systems-centered therapy.


Hostuviroid

Hostuviroid is a genus of viroids that includes "Hop stunt viroid", a species of viroids that infects many different types of plants, including the common hop plant.


Torneos y Competencias

Torneos y Competencias S.A. (TyC, also referred as Torneos) is an Argentine sports communications firm created by businessman Carlos Ávila, associated with Jose Santoro, and Héctor Dayan. It is an important force in the world of Argentine sports, with interests in publications and radio and TV broadcasting. Its headquarters are in Buenos Aires.
History.
Torneos started its activities in the Argentine media in 1982, with a golf program. Since then it produced and aired successful programs in network television such as "El deporte y el hombre", "Tenis de Primera", "Fútbol de Primera" and "La Magia de la NBA"; the most successful of them being the weekly "Fútbol de Primera", which summarizes each day of competition in the Argentine first division.
In 1994, Torneos launched the channel TyC Sports to broadcast the Argentine Primera Division.
Removal of first division television rights.
In 1992, the company Televisión Satelital Codificada (TSC, a joint venture between TyC and the Clarín group) signed an agreement with the Argentine Football Association (AFA) for the broadcasters exclusive live of Argentine football matches. All the official matches were available on the TyC Sports and TyC Max cable & satellite channels. This agreement will expire in 2014.
In July 2009, due to an economic crisis that affected several Primera División clubs, the AFA tried new ways of financing. The President of the AFA, Julio Grondona, requested TSC authorities to modify the contract for television rights in order for the AFA to receive 720 million Argentine pesos. However, in the last season, TSC paid the AFA 230 million pesos, and the request was rejected by TSC.
Later, Grondona received an offer from the Argentine government in order for the National System of Public Media – the state-owned Channel 7 – to replace TSC for broadcasting the games on TV. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's government has a public confrontation against the Clarín group, a member of TSC.
On August 11, 2009, the AFA broke the contract with TSC, accusing it of not fulfilling the agreement. Then, the AFA sued TSC, but TyC also tried an unsuccessful lawsuit against the AFA for cancelling the contract.
Evertithing Follow producing of the Second and Third Division.
Since August 21, 2009, the television rights for Argentine Primera División belongs to the state-owned TV Pública. The matches are carried by TVP and various stations in interior Argentina; the broadcasts are known as "Fútbol para todos".
Present.
On 30 March 2016 the AFA approved the contract with the company that includes the Argentine Primera División, Argentine Second Division, Primera B Metropolitana, Argentine Cup, Argentina national football team's friendly and qualifiers games, and the international media rights, until 2019.
Management.
Ignacio Galarza has been the CEO of Torneos since 2015.
Shareholders.
Torneos current shareholders are: Vrio (40%), Luis Nofal Sports Holding (20%), the Swiss investment firm DLJ Offshore Partners (20%) and Alejandro Burzaco (20%).
Channels.
Torneos and the 34 South Media Group (before Clarín Group) in Argentina currently operate the domestic pay TV channel TyC Sports, as well as two international pay TV channels TyC Sports Latin America and TyC Sports USA. Torneos also produces most sport shows for Fox Sports Latin America - South Cone, including the airing of Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, Formula One and many others.
Exclusive Rights.
The company’s television rights includes: Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, Recopa Sudamericana, Argentine First Division, Argentine Second Division, Primera B Metropolitana, Argentine Cup, Argentina national football team friendlies and qualifiers games, international media rights and the Summer and Winter Tournaments from Mar del Plata, Salta, Mendoza and Córdoba (vía Fox Sports, Fox Sports Premium, Fox Sports 2, TNT Sports, TNT, TyC Sports and TyC Max).


Joseph von Quarin

Joseph von Quarin (November 19, 1733 – March 19, 1814) was an Austrian physician born in Vienna.
At the age of 15, he obtained his PhD in Vienna, followed by studies of medicine at the University of Freiburg. In 1751 he received his medical doctorate, afterwards returning to Vienna, where in 1754 he attained the title of professor. At Vienna he gave lectures in anatomy and pharmacology, and on six occasions, he served as university rector.
In 1758 he was appointed to the Imperial Council as a medical officer by Maria Theresa. In 1784 he was chosen director of the "Allgemeines Krankenhaus" in Vienna by Joseph II. He is credited for developing the hospital into a model European institution. Also, through his initiative, a "Findelhaus" (foundling hospital) was established in 1788.


Bernard J. Cigrand

Bernard John Cigrand (October 1, 1866 – May 16, 1932), a dentist, has a strong claim to being considered the father of Flag Day in the United States.
Born in Waubeka, Wisconsin, Cigrand practiced dentistry in Chicago, Batavia, and Aurora, and was the third dean of Columbian Dental College, now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, serving in that post from 1903 to 1906.
Working as a grade school teacher in Waubeka, Wisconsin, in 1885, Cigrand held the first recognized formal observance of Flag Day at Stony Hill School in Waubeka. The school has been restored, and a bust of Cigrand also honors him at the National Flag Day Americanism Center in Waubeka.
He moved to Chicago to attend dental school and, in June 1886, first publicly proposed an annual observance of the birth of the United States flag in an article titled "The Fourteenth of June," published in the Chicago "Argus" newspaper. In June 1888, Cigrand advocated establishing the holiday in a speech before the "Sons of America," a Chicago group. The organization founded a magazine, "American Standard", in order to promote reverence for American emblems. Cigrand was appointed editor-in-chief and wrote articles in the magazine as well as in other magazines and newspapers to promote the holiday.
On the third Saturday in June 1894, a public school children’s celebration of Flag Day took place in Chicago at Douglas, Garfield, Humboldt, Lincoln, and Washington Parks. More than 300,000 children participated, and the celebration was repeated the next year.
From the late 1880s on, Cigrand spoke around the country promoting patriotism, respect for the flag, and the need for the annual observance of a flag day on June 14, the day in 1777 that the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes. He became president of the American Flag Day Association and later of the National Flag Day Society, which allowed him to promote his cause with organizational backing. Cigrand once noted he had given 2,188 speeches on patriotism and the flag.
After joining the UIC College of Dentistry's teaching staff in 1899, Cigrand was elected by faculty to the Paris International Congress of Educators in 1900. He also was elected secretary of the faculty before becoming dean. After his deanship, he remained on the faculty well into the 1920s and was a frequent contributor to five Chicago newspapers
Cigrand moved to Batavia, Illinois, in 1913 and built a house at 1184 South Batavia Avenue, which still stands. He practiced dentistry in the lower level of his home until 1920, when he moved his office to Aurora, Illinois. Cigrand continued to live in Batavia until 1932; he died shortly thereafter.
After 30 years of Cigrand's advocacy, President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed June 14 as Flag Day in 1916. (The United States Congress formally made the proclamation law in August 1949).
Cigrand generally is credited with being the "Father of Flag Day," with the "Chicago Tribune" noting that he "almost singlehandedly" established the holiday.


Hormisdas Pilon

Hormisdas Pilon (April 1, 1857 – July 15, 1937) was a Quebec politician. He was the Member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly for 30 years.
Pilon, born in Vaudreuil, Quebec west of Montreal studied in general medicine at Collège Bourget in Rigaud and then studied veterinarian medicine. He practised his profession for several years and later was also a farmer as well as a school commissioner in Vaudreuil for 12 years. He also served as the mayor of the Saint-Michel de Vaudreuil parish from 1900 to 1911.
He was first elected in the Vaudreuil riding as a Quebec Liberal Party member in a by-election in 1901. He was later re-elected for seven other terms until 1931. While he was never a Cabinet Minister, Pilon did serve as Chief Whip of the government.


Congenital auricular fistula


James E. Banta

James E. Banta is an American health scientist and the first to cultivate dengue virus in tissue culture and to demonstrate cytopathogenic effect. He was also the Dean, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine from Tulane University subsequently after being elected as Fellow at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1959.


Houston Aphasia Recovery Center

The Houston Aphasia Recovery Center(HARC) is a non-profit organization dedicated to helping people with aphasia. HARC's mission is to "serve people with aphasia and their families by providing programs, education, advocacy and resources to eliminate the isolation endured when the ability to communicate is impaired."
HARC was founded in 2008 to address the lack of resources available to assist aphasia patients in learning to speak.


Fight for Sight (U.S.)

Fight for Sight is a nonprofit organization in the United States which funds medical research in vision and ophthalmology. It was formed in 1946 as the National Council to Combat Blindness (NCCB), the first non-profit in the United States to fund vision research; 2011 marked its 65th anniversary.
Based in New York City, Fight for Sight provides funding and acknowledgment to promising scientists early in their eye research careers, before they are eligible for government support from the National Institutes of Health. Grants are made in three main categories: Post-Doctoral Fellowships to those with a Ph.D., M.D., O.D., Dr.PH, or D.V.M.; Grants-in-Aid to junior professors at research universities, and Summer Student Fellowships to medical students, graduate students, and undergraduate students.
Led by its Scientific Review Committee selection process, the organization provides funding for eye and vision diseases and conditions. Fight for Sight has provided support directly or indirectly to major advances in ophthalmology and vision research, including donor cornea preservation, ophthalmic lasers, glaucoma therapies, genetic research, and the Intraocular Lens (IOL).
Early on, Fight for Sight helped create national awareness and funds for vision research outside of its own fundraising when organization founder Mildred Weisenfeld coordinated testimony on eye research to Congress in 1949, leading to the creation of the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness, and in December 1968 the establishment of the National Eye Institute (NEI) in the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Although a modest foundation not exceeding $5 million in annual endowment, Fight for Sight had given out more than $20 million in grants to over 3,000 eye researchers by 2009. Fight for Sight celebrated its 65th anniversary in 2011.
Organizational partnerships with Fight for Sight include The Eye-Bank for Sight Restoration, Streilein Foundation for Ocular Immunology, the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, and WomensEyeHealth.org.
Fight for Sight in the U.S. is unaffiliated with the younger organizations with the same name in the UK or in Ireland.
Notable alumni.
Numerous leaders in eye and vision research and academia received a Fight for Sight grant early in their careers, including Harold Scheie, MD (1950), who founded the Scheie Eye Institute at the University of Pennsylvania, Arthur Jampolsky, MD (1952), whose efforts led to the creation of the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, A. Edward Maumenee, MD (1958) director of the Wilmer Eye Institute, founder of the Eye Bank Association of America and potent force behind the creation of the NEI at the National Institutes of Health, Carl Kupfer, MD (1961), Director of the NEI for 30 years, László Bitó, PhD (1965), who developed the glaucoma drug Xalatan, Robert Machemer, MD (1966) the "father" of modern retinal surgery, Irene H. Maumenee, MD (1973) internationally renowned pediatric ophthalmologist and expert in hereditary eye diseases, David Abramson, MD (1979), renowned for his expertise in treating childhood eye tumors, Paul Sieving, MD, PhD (1980), current Director of the NEI and Jayakrishna Ambati, MD (2002), winner of the ARVO Cogan Award, given for significant scientific accomplishments to a scientist under 40 years old.
Leaders.
The organization's identity has been closely aligned with its founder Mildred Weisenfeld, who lost her vision to retinitis pigmentosa two years before starting the nonprofit. Weisenfeld lead the organization as Executive Director for 50 years, from 1946 to 1996. Among other notable leaders at Fight for Sight were board president Herbert Tenzer, who had been a member of the United States House of Representatives, and comedian Bob Hope who was an honorary chairman from 1960. Other honorary board members included Milton Berle, Ed Sullivan and Sammy Davis, Jr.
Weisenfeld was honored many times for her lifelong work in bringing awareness and funding to eye research. On Fight for Sight's 25th anniversary in 1971, she was recognized by congratulatory letters from President Richard Nixon and Fight for Sight supporter New York City Mayor John Lindsay.
The industry group ARVO (Association of Research in Vision and Ophthalmology) honored Fight for Sight's founder by establishing the Weisenfeld Award for Excellence in Ophthalmology in 1986, to annually recognize individuals for scholarly contributions to clinical ophthalmology.
Long term leaders of the board included Hon. Richard Lane and Kenneth Barasch, M.D.
History.
First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt wrote about the NCCB in its first year of existence, drawing attention to the goal of raising $50,000 for eye clinics and treat retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Experimental treatments funded by NCCB began the first year at New York Hospital and the N.Y. Medical College of Flower-Fifth Avenue on a few hundred people with RP.
Founder Mildred Weisenfeld, along with blind Attorney General William E. Powers, presented a Norman Rockwell painting to President Harry Truman on September 19, 1950, to honor his signing of legislation aiding the blind. In the same year, Weisenfeld and wealthy New York entrepreneur Mary Lasker encouraged adding the word "blindness" to the founding title of The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Blindness (NINDB), now the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
Summer Student Fellowships and Post-Doctoral awards were added by the organization in 1955 to encourage young investigators into ophthalmic research, providing a sort of funding "ladder" leading up to Grants-In-Aid.
The name Fight for Sight was officially adopted by the organization in late 1959, and gradually replaced use of the original name National Council to Combat Blindness.
In 1983-84, Fight for Sight had a one-year moratorium on new awards to assess its giving strategy. For a period from 1983 to 1988, the Fight for Sight Awards Program was then administered in association with ARVO, assisted by Arthur M. Silverstein, PhD, of Johns Hopkins. Then in 1988-2002, Fight for Sight affiliated with National Society to Prevent Blindness (which became Prevent Blindness America after 1992) as a "research division," during which ARVO still assisted with the selection of grant recipients. NSPB/PBA contributed funding. In 2003, Fight for Sight returned to selecting grant recipients though its own independent Scientific Review Committee.
Leagues.
In 1949, Fight for Sight started a "women's division" which later turned into a few dozen local women's auxiliary leagues in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Florida. During their height in the 1980s, they contributed up to $330,000 annually. New York state included one in Manhattan; several in Brooklyn: Park Circle, Bensonhurst, Flatbush, Sheepshead, Shorefront; in Queens: North Shore, Rockaways, Seaside; and others in the Bronx, Westchester, and Long Island (Nassau), there was one for Northern NJ, several in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Greater, Main Line, Mount Airy, Cheltenham, and Northeast) and five in Florida (South Palm Beach, Hollywood, Delray Beach, Deerfield Beach, Greater Miami).
"Lights On" fundraiser, celebrity supporters.
The annual Fight for Sight fundraiser, the "Lights On" variety show, was the organization's signature event and was a who's-who of top singers, comedians, actors and politicians from 1949 into the mid-1990s.
The event launched with the support of Milton Berle, and later led by Bob Hope, with Earl Wilson (columnist) and Harry Helmsley as co-Chairman. Honorary Members included Sammy Davis Junior and New York City Mayors John Lindsay and Abraham Beame, as well as Jacob K. Javits, the United States Senator from New York. Events included Barbra Streisand, Stevie Wonder, Liza Minnelli, Yul Brynner, Earl Wilson, Harry Belafonte, Jackie Mason, Ed Sullivan, Pearl Bailey, Mel Allen, Peter Falk, Paul Anka, Eartha Kitt, Tony Randall, Tommy Smothers, Joe Frazier, Jerry Stiller, Carol Channing, Peggy Lee, Kitty Carlisle, and many others. In the early 1960s, Fannie Hurst served as Honorary Chairman of the Women's Division of "Lights On."
In 1960 Bob Hope led a coast-to-coast telecast for Fight for Sight and donated $100,000 to establish the Bob Hope Fight for Sight Fund.
In 2003, Olympic medalist figure skater Nancy Kerrigan became a Fight for Sight spokeswoman.
Children's Eye Centers and projects abroad.
A network of Fight for Sight Children's Eye Centers was established beginning in 1961 and were supported through the late 1990s, with some as late as 2005. The first was in New York (at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, and with funding in the mid-1990s from billionaire Harry B. and Leona Helmsley another at Mount Sinai Hospital), Miami (Bascom Palmer Eye Institute), one in Pittsburgh (Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh), three in Philadelphia (Wills Eye Hospital, Temple University School of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children), and Newark, NJ (Eye Institute of New Jersey, UMDNJ-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey). The Fight for Sight Children's Eye Center at Columbia is thought to have been the second eye clinic for children in the United States.
Fight for Sight also supported general eye clinics, such as the Harkness Eye Institute at Columbia University, the Philadelphia Geriatric Clinic, and New York–Presbyterian Hospital.
Overseas in the 1960s, Fight for Sight also supported a Mobile Eye Clinic in Jerusalem, Israel, for treatment and eradication of trachoma, and an eye bank at Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College, a corneal research project in Indore, India, and research in Japan, Korea, Turkey, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, The Netherlands, England, Argentina, Mexico, and Uganda.


Recombinant Immunotoxin Collaborative Group

The Recombinant Immunotoxin Collaborative Group (RICG) is a group of scientists specialising in immunology, biochemistry and molecular biology from the United Kingdom and Italy. The group is working toward the development of genetically engineered immunotoxins made from monoclonal antibody fragments genetically fused to either saporin or Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) for the treatment of human hematological malignancies such as leukaemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
Formation.
The RICG was formed in 2005 and originally consisted of Dr Aldo Ceriotti and Dr M. Serena Fabbrini (IBBA, CNR, Milan), Professor Marco Colombatti (University of Verona), Professor Rodolfo Ippoliti (University of L'Aquila), Dr Alessandro Pini (University of Siena) and Drs David Flavell & Sopsamorn Flavell (University of Southampton Medical School & Leukaemia Busters). Dr Alessandro Pini left the group in 2007.
Achievements.
The RICG was successful in producing a range of recombinant immunotoxins based on the monoclonal antibodies 4KB128 and OKT10 targeting CD22 and CD38, respectively on normal and malignant lymphoid cells. This development work was undertaken with funding from the UK-based charity Leukaemia Busters under the direction of Dr David Flavell, the charity’s Scientific Director
Disbanding.
The group disbanded in 2009 due to funding difficulties following the global economic crisis but despite this the former members continue to collaborate in areas of mutual interest. In this respect some of the group members and their respective institutes have recently entered into a collaboration agreement with the Italian pharmaceutical company Dompé based in L’Aquila, central Italy with the intention of developing one of the RICG produced recombinant immunotoxins for investigation in early phase clinical trials for patients with leukaemia and lymphoma.


Arnold Epstein

Arnold Epstein is an American health scholar currently the John H. Foster Professor and Chair of the Department of Health Policy and Management at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. He has had over 20 authored or co-authored papers cited each over 100 and 1,000 times, starting with his currently highest one published in 1991.
Education.
He earned his M.D. at Duke University before joining the Clinton administration in 1993-94 to work on health reform. He also earned degrees at Dartmouth College, University of Rochester and Harvard University.