Chih-Kung Jen

Chih-Kung Jen (; August 15 or October 2, 1906 – November 19, 1995) was a Chinese physicist who emigrated to the U.S. and participated in some of the 20th century's major scientific, political and social developments in both the United States and China.
Born in a mud house in a remote and largely illiterate village in China, he was awarded a scholarship funded as a result of the Boxer Rebellion of the late 19th century to attend Beijing's prestigious Tsinghua University. As part of that scholarship, he came to the U.S. in 1926 to study electrical engineering and physics at MIT. He completed his graduate studies first at the University of Pennsylvania, and then in physics at Harvard University. Jen was among the first to provide experimental proof of the existence of the ionosphere. In addition, he obtained the first theoretically calculated value for the electron affinity spectrum of the hydrogen atom, a problem of fundamental significance in quantum mechanics and astrophysics.
In 1937, Jen returned to China, and subsequently joined in the "Academic Long March" to set up a wartime refugee university (the National Southwestern Associated University) in Kunming. His wartime teaching and research contributed to the training of what would become the nucleus of the present-day Chinese scientific intelligentsia.
After the war, Jen returned to the Physics Department at Harvard, and eventually settled at the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University to carry on pioneering research in trapping free radicals and other topics in microwave spectroscopy.
In 1972, following Richard Nixon's visit to China, Jen led a ground-breaking delegation of Chinese American scientists to that country. The delegation conferred with Premier Zhou Enlai, and initiated what was to become a steady stream of scientific exchanges between the U.S. and China. Jen subsequently made numerous visits to China. He continued to work on strengthening U.S.-China scientific relations, and in addition was a leader in improving scientific education in Chinese universities.
Full Biography.
C K Jen was born on October 2, 1906 in Hexi Village on the west bank of the Qin River in Shanxi Province in northern China. Shanxi Province is part of the Yellow River Valley which served as the "cradle of Chinese civilization," but by the time of Jen's birth, was a largely arid region populated by poor farmers struggling with overworked soil and periodic flooding. Jen was the second son in a family with five children. He began his elementary school education at age 11 and two years later entered middle school. At age 15, he was admitted to the prestigious Tsinghua University in Beijing, China. The students at Tsinghua were chosen from each province on the basis of that province's indemnity payment for the Boxer Uprising of 1900. While at Tsinghua, Jen participated in the May Fourth Movement, the first expression of what was to be a lifelong opposition to imperialism and colonialism throughout the world.
In 1926 he came to the US to study at MIT, where his mentors included Norbert Wiener, Vannevar Bush, and others. He received a graduate fellowship to the University of Pennsylvania in 1928, where he published with G. W. Kendrick two papers on the experimental proof of the existence of the ionosphere. The following year he entered Harvard and in 1933 received his PhD in physics. While there, he derived the first theoretically calculated value for the electron affinity of the hydrogen atom (six years later to be improved by HSW Massey).
He returned to Tsinghua in 1934 and continued his research in numerous areas of experimental physics, including the effects of microwave radiation on animate objects, anticipating the microwave oven by some thirty years. His scientific research however inevitably became entwined with the political events of the time. After occupying Manchuria in the early 1930s, Japan invaded Beijing on July 27, 1937 (as luck would have it, the exact day Jen was to wed his wife ). Subsequent to the Japanese invasion, Jen joined many of the remaining faculty and students of the three leading North China universities—Peking University, Tsinghua University, and Nankai University—in what became known as the "Academic Long March." The refugees fled first to Changsha in Hunan Province and then to Kunming in Yunnan Province, a distance of some 3000 km. In Kunming the 800-some faculty and student established the National Southwestern Associated University. Over the next eight years of bombing, deprivation and hardship, Jen persisted in his theoretical and experimental radio research as well as in his physics teaching responsibilities. His students during this period included future Nobel Prize winners C. N. Yang and T. D. Lee, and other distinguished researchers such as Chen-To Tai.
At the end of World War II, he returned to the United States on sabbatical leave at Harvard and turned his research focus to microwave spectroscopy. His work in this area was influenced by senior colleagues at Harvard including John Van Vleck, Charles Townes, Edward Purcell and others. In 1950, he became a senior physicist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (APL), where he continued his research on microwave spectroscopy, and, together with collaborators including Samuel Foner, Edward Cochran, and others, carried out pioneering research on trapping of free radicals. Their paper on electron spin resonance (1958) proved to be one of the most frequently cited APL publications into the 21st century (Berl 1996). As stated in "Physics Today" (Moorjani 2001), the study led by Jen on the trapping of hydrogen atoms in a solid hydrogen matrix at liquid helium temperatures "allowed Norman Ramsey to infer the lifetime of hydrogen atoms bouncing around in the maser chamber and to conclude that the system will not be too lossy. Ramsey could therefore confidently proceed with the building of the hydrogen maser." Jen was the author of numerous entries on microwave physics in the "McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology" and in the "Encyclopedia of Physics".
Through the 1960s and 1970s, Jen became an outspoken political activist and participated in numerous anti-Vietnam War demonstrations. Following President Nixon's successful trip to China in February, 1972, he decided to organize a group of scholars to visit China as well. Overcoming numerous obstacles and objections, he led the first trip by a group of Chinese-American scientists to the People's Republic of China since World War II. The group was received by Premier Chou En-Lai. At the reception, Chou spoke for the first time in public on the fate of Lin Piao and arrangements were made for Jen's youngest daughter, Erica Jen to become the first American student to study in China since 1949.
Jen made eight more visits to China. He devoted the latter part of his life to improving relations between the U.S. and China, and to the modernization of education, especially in physics, in China. He presented a series of lectures on recent advances in physics, including the Hall effect and nonlinear dynamics, to university students throughout China, and also lectured in the U.S. and Canada on developments in China since 1949. In 1981 his contributions were recognized by Deng Xiaoping, who gave a reception in his honor. He was granted honorary professorships by Tsinghua and four other universities.
Jen died on November 19, 1995 at a daughter's home in Needham, Massachusetts.


Kim Chan

Kim Chan (December 28, 1917 – October 5, 2008) was a Chinese–American actor and producer. He was most notable for his roles as Lo Si, a.k.a. The Ancient, in "" and Mr. Kim in "The Fifth Element".
Early life.
Kim Shung Chan was born in Guangdong Province, then under the government of the Republic of China. His father was a restaurant owner, and he emigrated to the United States in 1928. An early role that brought him notice was in the Martin Scorsese classic "The King of Comedy" with Robert De Niro and Jerry Lewis, in which he played Lewis' butler.
Career.
He was a familiar veteran character actor in roles that included Chon Wang's (Jackie Chan) father in "Shanghai Knights", Fuji in Who's the Man? Saki in "High Times' Potluck", Benny Wong in "The Corruptor", "Uncle Benny" Chan in "Lethal Weapon 4", The Master in "Zen Noir", and Mr. Kim in "The Fifth Element". He also played the recurring villain "The Eggman" in the cult science fiction series "Now and Again", and a cameo waiter in Private Parts. Kim also played the character Lo Si aka: "The Ancient" in 52 episodes of "" from 1993 thru 1997. was a revised version of the original 1973 classic, Kung Fu with both series starring David Carradine.
In November 1999, Screen Actors Guild presented Chan with an award for lifetime achievement.
Chan received another award for lifetime achievement in August 2004, at the Rhode Island International Film Festival.
In October 2009, a year after his death, Chan appeared on the cover of "The Gerontologist".


Captain Peacock

Captain Stephen Peacock is a fictional character from the BBC One comedy show "Are You Being Served?". He was played by Frank Thornton, who went on to take the popular role of Truly in "Last of the Summer Wine".
Role.
Captain Peacock, the somewhat stuffy floorwalker, considers himself above the assistants with both his position and his dubious military record. Allegedly, despite his rank, Peacock began as a sweeper in the stockroom. By 1975 he had been working at Grace Brothers for 20 years.
The question most viewers asked was: in what corps was Peacock a captain? In the pilot episode Mrs. Slocombe mentions annoyance with Peacock's posh "Royal Signals Corps voice". Although Peacock later brags about being in the Royal Engineers and his experiences fighting Rommel in North Africa, Mr. Mash likes to tell the staff that Peacock served in the NAAFI instead, and probably didn't ever leave England. Although Peacock usually talks as if he were a member of an elite Commando unit, on two occasions he admits he was in the Royal Army Service Corps (logistics) - in addition, throughout the series he wears the RASC tie. Mr. Goldberg, who blackmails Peacock into approving him to be hired to replace Mr. Tebbs, confirms that Peacock served in North Africa but seems to prove that Peacock's real rank was corporal. In the episode entitled "Fire Practice", Mr. Lucas states that Captain Peacock served "out East" during the war, which Captain Peacock acknowledges.
Marriage trouble.
Captain Peacock considers himself to be something of a "ladies' man." It is heavily implied in several episodes that Captain Peacock has had dalliances with women outside his marriage, mostly with ladies from the store such as the secretaries working for Mr. Rumbold (in particular Miss Belfridge). He has also been known to cast his eye towards Miss Brahms (who has referenced his attempts at seduction during office parties). He has even been known to flirt with Mrs. Slocombe occasionally (though this is the exception rather than the rule, as usually it is Mrs. Slocombe who uses her charms on him when she wants something). These situations have often got Captain Peacock into both marital and professional trouble (on one occasion the extremely jealous Mrs. Peacock confronts him while he's at work), but due to his quick wit he is usually able to work his way out of both situations.
Relationships.
Captain Peacock generally tends to have a hate-hate relationship with whoever is the junior in the menswear department; Mr. Lucas, Mr. Spooner, and Mr. Humphries have all gotten the sharp end of his tongue (as their more carefree, relaxed attitude towards work clashes with his more professional demeanor). He sometimes clashes with the Senior Assistant of the menswear department, whether that be Mr. Grainger, Mr. Tebbs, Mr. Goldberg, Mr. Grossman, or Mr Klein, usually over a matter that involves the menswear department having to share floor or counter space with the ladies' department. He also irritated them whenever anything involving a promotion or the company boardroom was mentioned; they would become jealous as he had been at the store longer, while Peacock seemed to relish the opportunity to reinforce his senior position.
Originally, Captain Peacock appeared to be just like the Grace Brothers management: old-fashioned, a sense of station, snobbish, upper-class, posh accent, who did everything by the book. However, as the series progressed, Peacock began to side more with the sales staff and go on strike, whenever pay rises did not come or cuts came, and he helped in taking charge of parties and offering comfort, most notably in "Forward Mr Grainger", "A Change Is As Good As A Rest", "Founder's Day", "Goodbye Mr Grainger", "The Club", "Anything You Can Do", "Is It Catching", "A Personal Problem", "Sit Out", "The Erotic Dreams Of Mrs Slocombe", "Monkey Business", "Lost And Found", "Goodbye Mrs Slocombe", "The Hold-Up", "Gambling Fever" and The Night Club". This made him a more likable character.
"Grace and Favour".
Frank Thornton reprised the role of Captain Peacock for the spin-off show, "Grace and Favour", in 1992.
2016 Remake.
In the August 2016 one-off remake, John Challis played Captain Peacock.
"Beanes of Boston" version.
In the 1979 television pilot of a proposed American version of the British series, "Beanes of Boston", John Hillerman plays Mr John Peacock as the floorwalker with no suggestion of him having a military career.


Spyridon Tetenes

Spyridon Tetenes (; 1908 – 24 July 1977) was a Greek diplomat who was Foreign Minister after the coup d'état of November 25, 1973, by Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannidis against the junta of George Papadopoulos.
He resigned his post on July 8, 1974 due to his frustrations that the military regime was bypassing diplomatic channels in what would later be the attempted coup in Cyprus. He died in Geneva, on 24 July 1977. He was survived by his wife, Marika.


Cathy Bao Bean

Cathy Bao Bean () is a Chinese-American writer and educator, and is the author of "The Chopsticks-Fork Principle: A Memoir and Manual" (We Press, 2002). She lives in Frelinghuysen Township, New Jersey, with her husband, artist Bennett Bean.
"The Chopsticks-Fork Principle", a humorous but poignant memoir, recounts Bao Bean's experiences as a Chinese immigrant growing up in the United States. Bao Bean uses the story of her own immigrant experience to explain how to reconcile the expectations of families and society at large. She also explains how to raise a child in a respectful context while also choosing the “path less traveled.”
Early life and education.
Bean was born Kwei-yee Bao in Guilin, China, on August 27, 1942, to parents Sandys and Dora Bao. Her father, Sandys Bao, represented the Republic of China at the International Sugar Council of the United Nations; and he also served as Vice President of the Taiwan Sugar Corporation. Cathy Bao Bean has two sisters, Bette Bao Lord and Jean Bao (also known as Bao Sansan). Bette is author of the autobiographical book "Eighth Moon: The True Story of a Young Girl's Life in Communist China" which recounts part of their childhood.
When Bao Bean's father was sent to New York for a temporary assignment in 1946, he insisted on his family accompanying him. Her mother, however, thought that only the eldest, eight-year-old Bette, would benefit from the trip. When four-year-old Cathy heard of the plans, she packed her doll suitcase and parked in front of the door until her mother relented. The baby of the family, Jean, was left behind in the care of relatives to spare her the ordeal of travel. When Mao's “bamboo curtain” fell in 1949, the four Baos remained in the United States and the youngest finally joined them in 1962.
Bao Bean's first taste of the American educational system was at Public School #8 in Brooklyn, New York. When Bao Bean started school she could speak no English. By 1949, when the Bao family moved to Elmwood Park, New Jersey, Bao Bean started "to think in English and forget in Chinese", as she notes in the memoir book "The Chopsticks-Fork Principle: A Memoir and Manual". The family finally settled in Teaneck, New Jersey, where she graduated in 1960 from Teaneck High School. Bean received her B.A. in 1964 from Jackson College of Tufts University and her M.A. in Philosophy from Claremont Graduate College, Claremont, California in 1969. Bean was also awarded a Kent Fellowship, from the Danforth Foundation, 1965–67 and 1971–72.
Career.
Bean taught philosophy at Montclair State College, Upper Montclair, New Jersey and at East Stroudsburg University, Pennsylvania in the 1980s and early 1990s. From 1968 to 1971, she taught at Jersey City State College. More recently, she has led diversity workshops and spoken on a wide range of issues at colleges and universities throughout the United States.
Following the publication of "The Chopsticks-Fork Principle", Bao Bean was featured on "The Point with Mindy Todd", NPR Cape Cod; "The Smoki Bacon Show", Boston; "Under the Radar with Ron Saxon" NPR NJ & PA; "Many Voices, Many Visions", 13WHAM-TV Rochester. She was also interviewed on CNN, WYPL radio, as well as on NBC, ABC and Fox television affiliates.
Bao Bean is a member of the Board of Advisors of the Claremont Graduate University School of the Arts and Humanities; the Board of the New Jersey Council for the Humanities; and a member of "The Star-Ledger" Scholarship Committee. She is currently Chair of the Society for Values in Higher Education, where she served as president of the organization from 2009 to 2013. Bao Bean has been founding director of The Summer Workshop for Teachers in China since 2011. She is also a founding member of the Ridge and Valley Conservancy.
Bao Bean is the business manager and accountant for her spouse, artist Bennett Bean. In addition, she teaches aerobics as a service to the Frelinghuysen Township Recreation Committee, New Jersey. Bao Bean and her husband Bennett Bean have a son, William Bao Bean.


Diocese of Matabeleland

The Diocese of Matabeleland is in Zimbabwe and is one of 15 dioceses of the Province of Central Africa, a province of the Anglican Communion. The current bishop is Cleophas Lunga.
Mark Wood was bishop in 1974; Robert Mercer CR (born 10 January 1935) was the fourth Bishop of Matabeleland.


List of Zimbabwean provinces by Human Development Index

This is a list of Zimbabwean provinces by Human Development Index as of 2018.


Joe Smith, American

Joe Smith, American is a 1942 American spy film directed by Richard Thorpe and stars Robert Young and Marsha Hunt. The film, loosely based on the story of Herman W. Lang, and the theft of plans of a top-secret bombsight, is the account of a worker at an aviation factory who is kidnapped by enemy spies. The opening credits contained the following written prologue: "This story is about a man who defended his country. His name is Joe Smith. He is an American. This picture is a tribute to all Joe Smiths."
"Joe Smith, American" was the first in a series of B films made at MGM under the supervision of Dore Schary who also wrote the initial treatment, based on "his own yarn". His story was later adapted to a postwar setting and new characters to become "The Big Operator" (1959).
Plot.
In 1942, Joe Smith is a "buck an hour" crew chief on the Lockheed P-38 Lightning assembly line in a Los Angeles defense plant. When plant president Mr. Edgerton and his supervisor Blake McKettrick calls him into his office, Joe is grilled by two men from Washington, Freddie Dunhill and Gus, who later ask him to draw from memory a blueprint put in front of him. When Joe shows he can draw the plans accurately, Edgerton promotes him to head up a new project based on the top secret Norden bombsight.
Unable to tell his wife Mary and fourth-grade son Johnny or even his co-workers, about his new job, Joe is targeted by a group of men who want the secrets of the bombsight. While he leaves the plant late at night, his car is forced off the road and Joe is brought to a deserted house. The four men who have kidnapped him, blindfold Joe and beat him, trying to force him to draw the plans of the bombsight. Remembering that his son also had a secret he was keeping no matter what he and his wife asked, and that Johnny was studying about Nathan Hale, Joe refuses to cooperate and is beaten severely.
When the spies realize they have no option but to kill Joe, he is driven away but takes the opportunity to throw himself out of their car. An elderly couple come upon Joe lying in the street while the four kidnappers make their getaway. In recovery, even though he is blindfolded, he had sneaked some peeks at the men who held him and tried to memorize sounds in their car that would identify where he was. When the police take Joe on a reconstruction of his drive, he slowly puts together the route and takes them back to a house where three men are confronted. Each of them has some identifying feature, but the ringleader is missing.
Finally back home, Joe receives Gus, Freddie, Edgerton and McKettrick who are there to thank him for his bravery. When McKettrick shakes his hand, Joe recognizes the distinctive ring worn by the leader of the kidnappers. The police who are also there, arrest McKettrick before he can escape. One month later, on Father's Day, Mary and Joe have a party with their friends from work and Johnny gives Joe his "secret" gift, a tie. When his friends call Joe a hero, he rebuffs them, saying that there are no heroes in America, just people, "who don't like being pushed around."
Production.
Although considered a war propaganda film, principal photography on "Joe Smith, American" took place from October 20 to November 11, 1941, prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The prewar arrest of a German factory worker who stole the plans of the Norden bombsight was the basis of the story, with stock photography of the Lockheed Aircraft company incorporated to provide a wartime look.
Contemporary sources list both Ava Gardner and John Raitt in the cast. Their appearances are uncredited in the film and likely were extras.
Reception.
In his review of "Joe Smith, American", Theodore Strauss wrote, in "The New York Times","In its own simple and unassuming way, "Joe Smith, American," now at the Criterion, does more to underscore the deep and indelible reasons why this country is at war than most of the recent million-dollar epics with all their bravura patriotism. In this film there is no martial music, there are no displays of armed armadas and no one pins a medal on anybody's chest. Instead, the author and director have simply taken one commonplace American and shown, in one tense and sharply cut event when his country's safety was at stake, how it was the little things, the small remembrances of what his life had been, that pulled him through."
"The New York Times" film critic Bosley Crowther gave "Joe Smith, American" an "honorable mention" in his "Ten Best Films of the Year" list, and several consumer magazines praised the low-budget film for its excellence. According to an article in "The Hollywood Reporter" on October 27, 1942, "Joe Smith, American" was one of 10 films selected by the East and West Association to be sent for exhibition in Asian countries as, "most nearly representative of life in the U.S."
Box office.
According to MGM records, "Joe Smith, American" made $487,000 in the US and Canada and $221,000 elsewhere, making a profit of $222,000.


Casualty recording

Casualty recording is the systematic and continuous process of documenting individual direct deaths from armed conflict or violence. It aims to create a comprehensive account of all deaths within a determined scope, usually bound by time and location. At minimum, casualty recording typically involves documenting the date and location of a violent incident; the number of people killed; the means of violence or category of weapon used; and the party responsible. Casualty recording differs from casualty tracking by military actors to track the effects of their operations on the civilian population for the purpose of improving their procedures and reducing civilian casualties.
A defining feature of casualty recording is that it is victim-centric and seeks to establish the identity of every fatality including name, age, sex, and other relevant demographic details. Where relevant to the conflict context, this may also include ethnicity and religious or political affiliation. However, depending on the aims and resources of the organisation conducting the recording, a particular initiative may record only a specific subset of deaths. Subsets may include, for example, deaths caused by a specific belligerent or weapons type, or deaths of a particular segment of the population, such as children.
Casualty recording focuses on documenting direct deaths from armed violence. It does not normally include deaths caused by the indirect or reverberating effects of conflict. Some casualty recording initiatives document injuries as well as deaths. Casualty records may overlap with, or operate in conjunction with, records of persons who have gone missing during a conflict or period of violence.
Aims and uses.
Practitioners have different aims and motivations for conducting casualty recording. Typically these are grounded in considerations relating to international humanitarian law or human rights law. Casualty records have also been used to support some humanitarian disarmament initiatives.
The purported aims of casualty records include:
History.
The twenty-first century practice of monitoring and publishing detailed online information on the human casualties of armed conflicts is sometimes associated with the Iraq Body Count project that started monitoring Iraqi deaths in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The "Iraq Body Count" estimates, the 2004 and 2006 Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties and the ORB survey of Iraq War casualties led to several years of academic debate over the accuracy of the various surveys of the total casualties of the Iraq War.
Methodology and standards.
Approaches to casualty recording vary depending on the context, purpose and resources of the organisation responsible. In 2016, Standards for Casualty Recording were published by the UK-based NGO Every Casualty Worldwide, in an effort to harmonise approaches across the field and promote best practice.
The data gathered by a casualty recording project will generally be stored in an electronic or paper-based database, but there is no standard format for sharing or publishing the final results. Some casualty recorders, such as Iraq Body Count project and Yemen Data Project, make their records publicly available online and searchable. Casualty recorders have also published books of their records, such as the Kosovo Memory Book and Lost Lives (relating to deaths from the conflict in Northern Ireland). Lost Lives was subsequently reproduced as a documentary film in 2019. Casualty data may also be used to produce digital or physical memorials of those who died, as in the case of Remembering The Ones We Lost, which memorialises individuals who were killed or went missing during the conflict in South Sudan.
Practitioners.
Casualty recording is frequently conducted by civil society organisations in the absence of official recording processes led by state entities. In some armed conflict situations, public services normally involved in recording deaths (including hospitals and other health services, as well as coroners and police forces) are no longer functioning effectively. There may also be political reasons why state authorities do not publish or share information on conflict related deaths. Some internationally mandated entities, including UN peacekeeping missions or commissions of inquiry, conduct casualty recording as part of their broader work.
Examples of organisations which conduct, or have conducted, casualty recording include:
Non-conflict casualty recording.
Although casualty recording typically relates to deaths resulting from armed conflict, specialised casualty recording projects not directly related to armed violence also exist. These include projects focused on recording deaths from gender based violence and deaths or disappearances of migrants, homeless people and other vulnerable groups. Examples of such initiatives include:


Military Vicariate of France


Zhang Siqing

Zhang Siqing (Chinese: 张思卿; Pinyin: Zhāng Sīqīng; born August 1932) is a Chinese politician.
Biography.
Zhang was born in Luoyang, Henan in 1932. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952.
He was the President of Hubei High People's Court and Head of Hubei Public Security Bureau, and the Secretary of the Zhengfa Committee of the CPC Hubei Committee from 1983 to 1985.
Zhang entered the Supreme People's Procuratorate in 1985 and became an Associate Procurator. He was elected by the National People's Congress as the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate in 1993.


Leroy Jethro Gibbs

Leroy Jethro Gibbs is a fictional character of the CBS TV series "NCIS", portrayed by Mark Harmon. He is a former U.S. Marine Corps Scout Sniper turned special agent who commands a team for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Gibbs is the most accomplished marksman on the team and the most skilled at handling violent standoffs; he depends on his other agents heavily for technical forensics and background checks. He is patient but firm with his team and has little patience for bureaucracy; he commands most other main characters—including his current staff Timothy McGee, Ellie Bishop and Nick Torres and previous staff Caitlin Todd (killed in the line of duty), Anthony DiNozzo (left to look after his newly found daughter), Ziva David (presumed as killed after leaving NCIS; later revealed to have gone into hiding), Alexandra Quinn (left to look after her sick mother), Clayton Reeves (killed defending Abby Sciuto) and Jacqueline Sloane (left to pursue humanitarian work in Afghanistan). Leroy Jethro Gibbs was born in 1954 as confirmed in the episode "Date with Destiny", in which he visits Shannon's grave and the date is shown on the headstone.
Development and casting.
Series creator Donald P. Bellisario initially did not think Mark Harmon would fit the role of Gibbs, a "flinty type with a strong sense of honor and respect for the military", but changed his mind after viewing a tape of Harmon's portrayal of a Secret Service agent on "The West Wing". Co-executive producer Charles Floyd Johnson recalls, "We all looked at that work. And everybody said, 'He's Gibbs.' Harmon was cast in 2003, and Bellisario explained, "I said, 'Oh, my God, he's Gibbs.' He had matured. He's good-looking in a totally different way than he was as a young guy." At another point, he said, "I am so lucky to have Mark Harmon as the lead. You have no idea. This cast is gold. Mark Harmon is a Middle American guy, even if he was raised in Southern California. His values are exactly the same as mine."
Harmon said of his character, "I was attracted by [his] flaws. He has lousy taste in women. He's addicted to coffee."
Gibbs was initially written as "not too far removed" from characters like Dr. Robert "Bobby" Caldwell and Dr. Jack McNeil, both previous roles by Harmon. In an early episode, Gibbs "playfully smacked Weatherly's Dinozzo on the back of the head" resulting in the trademark "headslap" that later appeared in many episodes throughout the seasons.
In later years, he is scripted as more stoic, with Bellisario stating, "I thought the best thing to do was to give him a minimum of dialogue." It was not until the third season that the backstory surrounding his first wife and daughter's murder was revealed. His relationships with his coworkers were developed, with him becoming something of a father figure to Special Agent Ziva David and Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto.
Mark Harmon's oldest son Sean has appeared on "NCIS" portraying a younger version of Gibbs in flashbacks.
Background.
In the backstory, Gibbs was born on November 21, 1954, and was shown in the episode "Heartland" to have grown up in Stillwater, Pennsylvania. The town is real, and the scenes in the episode were modeled after Bellisario's hometown of Cokeburg. His father, Jackson Gibbs (played by Ralph Waite), owned and ran the Stillwater General Store. He is named after his father's close friend and partner in the store, Leroy Jethro "LJ" Moore, after they worked together in the coal mines (Winslow Mining Company). In "The Namesake", it is revealed that LJ, a World War II veteran and Montford Point Marine, had influenced the teenaged Gibbs to join the Marines. Gibbs left Stillwater in 1976 to join the Marine Corps and did not return for over thirty years. In a flashback scene in the episode, as a teenager, Gibbs often provoked violence with defiance to his father, who constantly comes to his unwanted aid with a Winchester rifle. He was also known around the area as a delinquent, as said by the new sheriff, one of the other delinquents during his teenage years, stating, "Funny, never expected to find you on the same side of the law." He met his first wife Shannon (portrayed by both Darby Stanchfield and Aviva Baumann) in Stillwater, who worked at the local department store, speaking to each other for the first time while both waiting for a train (Gibbs was leaving to join the Marines). At that first meeting, Shannon mentioned she had thought about creating a set of life rules for herself; Gibbs later incorporated this idea into his own series of around fifty rules that he now uses for his profession (with the rules in the forties and above supposedly used for emergency situations). Gibbs is known by his first name, Leroy, to family and people in his hometown (as well as his ex-wife Diane), whereas at work he is known as Gibbs, Jethro, or simply "Boss".
Gibbs' mother, Ann, is introduced in "Life Before His Eyes", the 200th episode. She was a redhead, like all of Gibbs' wives. While she was dying of cancer, she committed suicide by overdose so her family would not have to watch her suffer ("The Namesake").
Gibbs enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1976 and was a military police non-commissioned officer at Camp Lejeune before becoming a Scout Sniper. He served on tours of duty in Panama (Operation Just Cause) and with the 1st Battalion 1st Marines in the Persian Gulf (Operation Desert Storm). In the season 6 episode "Deliverance", it is revealed that he was also deployed to Colombia on a classified mission. Not long after returning from the Gulf, he retired from the Marine Corps with the rank of Gunnery Sergeant (though in the JAG episode "Ice Queen" he is stated to be a reservist) and joined the Naval Investigative Service (as the Naval Criminal Investigative Service was then called) in August 1991. As a junior agent, Gibbs was mentored by Mike Franks, and the two became close friends; Franks continued calling him "Probie" even after retirement. After Franks retired, Gibbs rose to become head of his own Major Case Response Team. Before the time in which "NCIS" is set, Gibbs was described to have traveled extensively on operations, particularly in Eastern Europe.
Gibbs is a highly skilled marksman with both his agency-issued SIG Sauer P228 pistol (which he replaces with a .45 Colt M1911A1 pistol in Season 15) and a sniper rifle. In the season 7 premiere, "Truth or Consequences", he kills the terrorists holding his team hostage from an exceptionally long distance and in "South by Southwest" he outshoots a professional hit-man in an approaching helicopter. His knowledge of the Marine Corps and training as a sniper often comes into use, as shown in the episodes "Ravenous", "Vanished" and "Twenty Klicks" where he uses his wilderness tracking skills and marksmanship to aid the investigation and/or get the team out of trouble.
Gibbs is a private man of few words who discloses little to nothing about his personal life. He avoids discussing his life or past before he joined NCIS, especially to agents and co-workers under him, which leads to his team members constantly speculating over his private life. Aside from his tendency to use military slang, he rarely mentions or speaks at length about his time in the Marine Corps although he is often referred to as "Gunny" by other Navy and Marine officers, occasionally dons a "USMC" hoodie or T-shirt when off duty and has a replica of the iconic "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" photograph framed and mounted above the fireplace in his home.
In the season 4 episode "Singled Out", McGee asks Gibbs how long he has been a special agent, to which Gibbs responds, "16 years". This contradicts Gibbs' statement in the "JAG" season 8 episode "Ice Queen", when in response to Harmon Rabb's question, "How long have you been doing this, Gibbs?", Gibbs responds, "19 years".
Gibbs holds service personnel in the armed forces in high esteem and to a higher standard. He becomes particularly indignant when the guilty party is someone in a position of trust and authority, and he has reacted violently on several occasions when apprehending corrupt high-ranking officers who committed crimes for monetary gain.
Relationships.
Family.
In the season 6 episode "Heartland", Gibbs' frosty relationship with his father Jackson and the backstory behind it is revealed. His father had rarely been mentioned up to that point and Jackson had not known that Gibbs was a "boss" until Gibbs and his team visited Stillwater to investigate a case. By the end of the episode, they make amends and the two have become closer ever since.
Through a series of episodes over a few years, it becomes clear that Gibbs killed Pedro Hernandez in revenge for the death of his wife Shannon and his daughter Kelly. In the episode "Borderland" (Season 7, episode 22), an unknown conspirator manipulates events so that Abby ends up investigating the murder as a cold case and finds irrefutable proof that Gibbs is responsible. Hernandez' now-grown children Paloma Reynosa, the head of the Reynosa drug cartel after taking her spouse's place when he was killed, and Alejandro Rivera, a high-ranking official of the Mexican Justice Department appear in the episode "Spider and the Fly". In this episode, Gibbs manipulates Alejandro Rivera into killing Paloma, and Alejandro is subsequently arrested. Shortly thereafter, Director Vance files Abby's report proving that Gibbs killed Hernandez deep in the NCIS evidence room. When Gibbs comes under investigation in the Season 10 finale "Damned If You Do", Vance retrieves the report and shreds it, deciding to permanently bury all leads to the truth so that Gibbs will not be found and convicted of murder.
Marriages.
Gibbs has been married four times, and divorced three (his first wife was killed).
Other romantic relationships.
After Shannon and Kelly's deaths and before he married his second wife, it is suggested that Gibbs had an affair with a woman named Rose Tamayo in Colombia. He was on a classified drug interdiction mission as a Marine Scout Sniper, and was wounded during the mission. In "Deliverance", Rose's now-adult son Tomas is introduced as a person of interest in a case. Gibbs team suspected that he was the boy's father, but Gibbs later reveals to Tomas that Rose was already pregnant when Gibbs came to their village. It is later revealed that the drug lord Gibbs was sent to assassinate was the boy's father.
Gibbs also had a past romantic relationship with the (now deceased) director of NCIS, Jenny Shepard, who was also his partner at the time. Jenny was also a redhead. In the first, second, and third seasons, he was seen in the company of a mysterious (and never-identified) redheaded woman. According to Bellisario, the purpose of "the mysterious redhead" was "to make everyone speculate".
In season four, he has a steady, serious relationship with Army CID agent Lt. Col. Hollis Mann (Susanna Thompson), but their relationship is revealed to be over at the beginning of season five.
In season 7, Gibbs meets lawyer Margaret Allison Hart (Rena Sofer), who worked for an old enemy of Gibbs, Col. Merton Bell. Although Gibbs and Hart oppose each other over several cases, they are also attracted to one another. When it was discovered that Bell was responsible for the death of Lara Macy in connection with the long-ago murder of Pedro Hernandez, Hart turned her back on Bell, showing her allegiance to Gibbs.
In season 9, Gibbs begins a romance with Dr. Samantha Ryan (Jamie Lee Curtis), a psychologist with the DOD PsyOps, who has collaborated with his team in several episodes.
The season 16 episode "Hail and Farewell" revealed that Gibbs was also engaged to a fifth woman, Ellen Wallace, who was thought to have died in the September 11 attacks, but was murdered the night before; Gibbs broke off the engagement about two months before her death.
Since her introduction in the series in season 15 episode 4, forensic psychologist Jack Sloane (Maria Bello) has shared a close bond with Gibbs, to the point that the other team members question if Gibbs and Sloane have "a thing". The two share a kiss in Sloane's final episode (season 18 episode 8).
Personality.
A decorated Marine, Gibbs is portrayed as a consummate organizer, disciplined and demanding. These traits often put him in a stand-off with other authorities when they exert pressure on his team. He is a no-nonsense agent who displays a continuous urgency about the investigation he pursues, specifically when being given technical information about complex subject matter. The typical response to such information is "Give it to me in English", thus forcing the expert to get to the point, as well as making it easy for the audience to understand. It is a well-known fact with his agents that he dislikes any ambiguous references and terms such as "assuming" and "maybe" when discussing a case or dealing with evidence. He also displays elements of sarcasm, particularly in relation to someone in his company stating something obvious. The typical sarcastic answer "Ya think?" is his preferred retort.
Awards and citations.
At the end of the episode "Murder 2.0", Gibbs was awarded his seventh Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Award, but as with the other six times, he did not attend the award ceremony and Tony accepts the medal on his behalf. When Gibbs shows no interest in it, Tony locks it in a box containing several similar presentation cases, all of which were awarded to Gibbs. One of these medals is revealed to have been a Silver Star, which Gibbs bestows on Corporal Damon Werth in the episode "Corporal Punishment". It is revealed in the episode "Hiatus Pt. 1" that Gibbs received the Purple Heart after being injured in Operation Desert Storm during the Gulf War and was in a coma for nineteen days as a result.
Gibbs was shown wearing the following awards and decorations in the episodes "One Shot, One Kill" and "Honor Code".
Note: The Navy Meritorious Civilian Service Medal ribbon is placed as a U.S. non-military personal decoration in the order of precedence.
Reception.
Early reception was primarily positive. During "NCIS" first season on air, Ross Warneke wrote of Gibbs, "He's still wincing from three failed marriages and is a bit of a renegade within the service." He further called Mark Harmon's performance "convincing" and added that the character "has a heart of gold". Two years later, in November 2005, Noel Holston from the "Sun-Sentinel" said, "NCIS special agent, Jethro Gibbs, is one of those hard-shelled, soft-centered guys' guys Bellisario loves to write, a clear-thinking, decisive leader in whose crankiness his subordinates take an almost masochistic pleasure."
William Bradly of "The Huffington Post" wrote an opinion piece in 2011 in response to NCIS being voted America's favorite television show in which he commented, "Gibbs is a hard-ass, but a very nice hard-ass, who usually has all the answers thanks to his well-honed 'gut.' And when he doesn't, the quirky science nerds are there to help him out in their reassuringly civvy ways." In 2012, Kyle Smith from the "New York Post" praised the show's respect for the military and Harmon's portrayal of a Marine.
One reviewer wrote a long analysis:
<poem>Never, have I seen a show portray such an accurate description of leadership. Agent Jethro Gibbs is a very intimidating leader; to his agents, and to his suspects. No one wants to mess with Gibbs, and that is no surprise. He is incredibly strong emotionally, and a very loving person to his family. His top qualities are leadership and fearlessness. Gibbs is also very impatient, and easily angered, which don't serve him well in his relationships.
Leadership is Gibbs' best quality. On the outside, he is tough as nails, seemingly impossible to break. On the inside, he is a compassionate person, who is extremely supportive of his friends and family.</poem>
In 2011, June Thomas from "Slate" magazine wrote, "Team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon) is a coffee-slurping stoic, a former Marine often exasperated by his sometimes-silly underlings." She also discussed the show and its characters' appeal to conservatives: "They're intelligent, hard-working, and devoted...Gibbs is an old-fashioned man: strong and silent, a skilled woodworker who doesn't lock his front door." Alyssa Rosenberg of the "Washington Monthly" also suggested that Gibbs, "a former Marine with a Bush-like faith in his 'gut', appeared as a distinctly conservative figure in the series, in contrast to "liberal stand-ins" McGee and Abby Sciuto.
In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the "NCIS" cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo).


Government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou

The Government of the Republic of China () was the government that led the Second Constitutional Protection Movement. The military junta was replaced by a presidential system.
History.
After Sun Yat-sen left Guangzhou on May 21, 1918, he returned to Guangzhou on November 28, 1920, reorganized the southern military government, and began the Second Constitutional Protection Movement. On January 12, 1921, the Extraordinary Congress resumed its meeting in Guangzhou. On April 2, the Extraordinary Congress met and announced the abolition of the southern military government, claiming to form the government of the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen was elected "Great President" on April 7, and he took office in Guangzhou on May 5.
After his election, Sun Yat-sen issued separate statements at home and abroad, and wrote an open letter to Xu Shichang, President of the Beiyang Government, persuading him to resign voluntarily. At the same time, he published his new government central personnel list:
After Sun Yat-sen took office, the main force was the Northern Expedition to unify China. However, Sun Yat-sen's idea of the Northern Expedition was opposed by Chen Jiongming, who had risen to prominence in Guangzhou through the development of the Guangdong Army. Chen Jiongming advocated joint provincial autonomy - proposed by Hunan warlord Tan Yankai - and a federal system. Chen Jiongming advocated "suspending the military", implementing inter-provincial autonomy to secure territory, "establishing the provincial constitution first," and building Guangdong. But Sun Yat-sen believed that "inter-provincial autonomy" recognized the status quo of the regime of the Beiyang government, and in essence would still be a disguised warlord regime. Sun Yat-sen implemented the strategy of unifying the country by force, and eventually clashed with Chen Jiongming.
In April 1922, Wu Peifu secretly sent someone to Guangdong to contact Chen Jiongming, asking Chen Jiongming to oppose Sun Yat-sen's Northern Expedition. In May, Wu Peifu had a secret appointment with Chen Jiongming. Wu Peifu expelled Xu Shichang in the north, and Chen Jiongming overthrew Sun Yat-sen in the south. The first step was to reinstate Li Yuanhong, and use the abolition of the government to disarm Cao Kun and the warlords of the provinces. If the failure was also the victim of Li Yuanhong, let the Congress urgently elect Wu Peifu and Chen Jiongming as the president and vice president. Wu Tingfang and Cai Yuanpei were the transitional president and vice president. According to the wishes of Cao Kun and Wu Peifu, the northern warlords issued energizations one after another, demanding that the North and South presidents abdicate at the same time. On May 31, 1922, 203 members of the Senate and House of Representatives of the old Congress issued a declaration announcing that they would exercise parliamentary powers on the same day, abolish the North and South governments, and form a united government.
After the end of the First Zhili–Fengtian War, the situation became increasingly sinister. On June 3, 1922, Ye Ju declared martial law in Guangzhou. Wu Peifu and Chen Jiongming used Li Yuanhong's reinstatement as an excuse to say that the purpose of protecting the constitution had been achieved, and they demanded that Sun Yat-sen and Xu Shichang step down at the same time. Since Sun Yat-sen once issued a political declaration during a war to defend the law, he promised that if the Beiyang veteran Xu Shichang and his Beiyang government step down and disband, he will also step down. Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi, Gao Yihan and more than two hundred celebrities from all walks of life who supported the inter-provincial autonomy jointly called Sun Yat-sen and the Guangzhou Extraordinary Congress to fulfill his promise. At the same time, Wu Peifu also separately invited Sun Yat-sen, Wu Tingfang, Li Liejun and others to go north to reconnect with the country and create an atmosphere of "national unity."
Chen Jiongming took the final step on June 13, 1922, convening a meeting with Ye Ju and others in Shilong to discuss the military deployment of the rebellion. In the middle of the night on June 15th, senior generals of the Guangdong Army convened a meeting and decided to launch a military operation to remove Sun from power. On the same day, Ye Ju mobilized troops in Baiyun Mountain to prepare for bombardment of the Guanyin Mountain Presidential Palace and Yuexiu Tower. On June 16, the Cantonese military first called and notified the bombardment of the Guanyin Mountain Presidential Palace. Sun Yat-sen left on the Yongfeng ship under the escorts of Jiang Zhongzheng and Chen Ce, and retired from Guangdong in early August to Shanghai, where Lu Yongxiang held influence. The government of the Republic of China in Guangzhou collapsed. The second constitutional protection movement failed.
After the June 16 Incident, Sun Yat-sen continued to serve as the extraordinary president.
On January 19, 1923, Sun Yat-sen handed over power to Hu Hanmin, Li Liejun, Wei Bangping, Xu Chongzhi, and Zou Lu to collectively take full powers as president. On February 21, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou again and set up the Army and Navy Marshal stronghold.


T. C. Hsu

T.C. Hsu (; 17 April 1917 – 9 July 2003), was a Chinese American cell biologist. He was the 13th president of American Society for Cell Biology, and known as the "Father of Mammalian Cytogenetics".
Life.
Hsu was born Hsu Tao-Chiuh in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China. He did his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in the College of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University. 1948, he went to USA, and obtained PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1951. Hsu worked in the laboratory of Charles Pomerat at the University of Texas Medical Branch during the early 1950s.
Since the turn of the twentieth century, chromosomes prepared on microscope slides formed clumps that made it extremely difficult to distinguish them. Although the preparations made the identification of individual chromosomes difficult, by the 1920s, cytologists consistently reported a diploid number of 48 human chromosomes. In April 1952, Hsu discovered a technique—the hypotonic solution—that separated the clumped chromosomes, thereby allowing him to observe each one individually Even though he now could distinguish human chromosomes to a much greater degree than his predecessors, Hsu still reported a diploid number of 48 human chromosomes (see Figure 14 in his 1952 paper). The correct diploid chromosome number of 46 human chromosomes was first reported three years later by Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan
Bryan Sykes describes Hsu and the diploid chromosome number in his book, ADAM'S CURSE .
Hsu was president of the American Society for Cell Biology and served on the faculty at M.D. Anderson for more than 30 years. He was a UTMB GSBS Distinguished Alumnus Award recipient in 1996. He is also a recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.
His autobiography was published in the "American Journal of Medical Genetics" 59:304-325 (1995).
He died in Houston, Texas, USA.


Squatting in Zimbabwe

Squatting in Zimbabwe is the settlement of land or buildings without the permission of the owner. Squatting began under colonialism. After Zimbabwe was created in 1980, peasant farmers and squatters disputed the distribution of land. Informal settlements have developed on the periphery of cities such as Chitungwiza and the capital Harare. In 2005, Operation Murambatsvina (Operation Drive out filth) evicted an estimated 700,000 people.
History.
Squatting on the territory that would later become Zimbabwe began under colonialism and was governed by laws such as the 1894 Matebeleland Order-in-Council, the 1898 Southern Rhodesia Order-in-Council, the 1930 Land Apportionment Act, and the 1969 Land Tenure Act. Starting in the late 1970s, informal settlements appeared on the periphery of Harare and were routinely demolished, except for Epworth which survived because of its size (about 50,000 people).
When the government purchased land from White farmers as part of land reforms following the creation of Zimbabwe in 1980, a conflict developed between peasant farmers (represented by the National Farmers Association of Zimbabwe) and squatters over who should get the land. Despite being under-represented politically, squatters often gained land, simply by taking it. They were aided by the inefficiency of the government. In 1983, ZANU–PF launched Operation Clean-up and demolished many informal settlements in Harare.
Sometimes squatting is used as a housing tactic by workers who have recently been made unemployed, such as miners from closed down mines or agricultural workers from farms bought up by the government. In cases such as these, the authorities are more lenient and tolerate the squatters, for example at Insiza District near Bulawayo.
By 2015, a housing crisis had developed and informal settlements were booming on the periphery of Harare in districts such as Amsterdam, Borrowdale, Hopley Farm, Mabvuku and Waterfalls, as well as nearby Chitungwiza.
Operation Murambatsvina.
In 2005, the ruling ZANU–PF began Operation Murambatsvina (Operation Drive out filth), which was intended to reduce crime by eradicating the slums of Zimbabwe. Three children died as their homes were demolished. Groups such as Amnesty International condemned the evictions, with US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice calling on the Africa Union to take action. The union refused to take steps concerning the actions of an elected government and South African President Thabo Mbeki questioned why the international community was bothered by the situation in Zimbabwe when three million people had died in civil war in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Opposition leaders in Zimbabwe suggested that the evictions were aimed at punishing slum dwellers for not voting for ZANU-PF. After three weeks of evictions, President Robert Mugabe responded that the operation was a "a vigorous clean-up campaign to restore sanity" in which around 30,000 people had been arrested. The United Nations envoy Anna Tibaijuka estimated that 700,000 people had been evicted and over two million people had been affected. Mugabe's administration blocked aid efforts.
John Vidal wrote in "The Guardian" "the vilification of Mugabe is now out of control". In Bulawayo, squatters returned to their demolished shacks and started rebuilding them.


Nenjiang Province

Nunkiang, () was a province in Northeast China, which was established in 1945. It was c.26,000 sq mi/67,340 km² large and the provincial capital was Qiqihar. The province was abolished in 1950 and incorporated with Heilongjiang province.


Double V campaign

The Double V campaign was a slogan and drive to promote the fight for democracy in overseas campaigns and at the home front in the United States for African Americans during World War II. The Double V refers to the "V for victory" sign prominently displayed by countries fighting "for victory over aggression, slavery, and tyranny," but adopts a second "V" to represent the double victory for African Americans fighting for freedom overseas and at home. The campaign first appeared in the African-American newspaper "Pittsburgh Courier" on February 7, 1942. Being the largest circulated black newspaper with around 350,000 copies circulated during the war; hence other black newspapers followed suit including the Chicago Defender and the Amsterdam Star News in embracing the motto and symbol of Double V. The slogan was prompted by a response to the letter, "Should I Sacrifice to Live 'Half American? written by 26-year-old reader James G. Thompson. It was also in a response to Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraged five editors of the top black newspapers in the United States to reduce their discontent and apathy of the war; to which they did not reduce their discontent but changed to the two pronged approach of the Double V campaign.
Pitched as "Democracy – Double Victory, At Home – Abroad", the campaign highlighted the risks black soldiers and civilians took while participating in America's struggle against the Axis powers while being denied their rights as full American citizens back home. African-American soldiers fighting abroad in the Second World War were still subject to segregation within the armed forces, despite fighting on land that did not hold the same racist ideology which was especially soldiers from the North, as they were denied a part on the front line; instead being subjugated to menial roles due to prejudices about their abilities. It was not until July 28, 1948 when President Harry S. Truman put forth Executive Order 9981 that ordered the integration of the armed forces.
Among African-Americans, the Double V campaign had a 91% approval rating and was supported by various organizations, such as North Carolina A&T State University and United Automobile Workers. Contributing factors to the campaign's success were the discrimination that black soldiers experienced in the military who drew connections between the United States' treatment of blacks to Nazi Germany's treatment of Jews in a case study comparing Georgia to Germany finding similarities, as well as wartime injustices such as the Port Chicago disaster and Agana race riot that underscored the necessity for victory at home. The campaign also played a role at home in encouraging defense industries to hire African-American employees who left the South in large numbers for the urban North and West Coast during the Second Great Migration to help the nation's war effort.
Response to African Americans in the Second World War.
After the Japanese attack at the American naval base in Pearl Harbor, America sent in the 369th Division to defend the territory of Hawaii from air attacks, the response from Hawaiians towards the African American soldiers varied greatly. The territory was a volatile combination of racial tension and extreme state power as it had not yet joined the American union, which wouldn't happen until 1959. Hawaii did not have the engrained segregation found within America at this time and although stereotyping minorities did occur, Hawaii is considered today to have been more progressive on the issue of race than that of mainland America. There was no established place for African Americans as Jim Crow segregation laws within American had kept white and black people in separate social spheres. Racially driven stereotypes towards African Americans did exist on the island and included rumours spread by non-African American soldiers that black soldiers had tails. Within the military racial conflict did exist as white soldiers refused to recognise the higher ranking black officers.The discrimination African Americans experienced within the military in Hawaii fueled their fight to see the "Double V" campaign succeed. However their experience of life within a community that didn't have such established racial ideas demonstrates what a double victory could achieve.
Role of the press.
The African American community had to create their own newspapers to spread information about their community and heritage as white newspapers wouldn't include black issues, and these newspapers and their influence increased during the war as they had to relay information about the war to their readers. The black press emerged as a space for rhetorical expression and a vibrant space for black social, political and cultural activity which was its primary function. It reflected the frustrations of the black community which were often more radical than the press itself. The press had a vital role in spreading and creating the idea of Double V in an effort to get more readers and black men to enroll in the army and support the war effort, as it was not a "white man's war" and if black people did not support the war effort and help America win it could be problematic to win equality back home. Especially as the black press had been criticised for its lack of sufficient patriotism, hence they created the Double V Campaign to counter this and promote patriotism among African Americans; despite the hypocrisy of the US government. However, newspapers such as the Chicago Defender and Pittsburgh Courier also detailed discrimination and racism which African American troops were facing abroad during the war. Difficulty was therefore found in maintaining emphasis on the importance of African American involvement in the war at a time where discrimination was apparent both in conscription and the wartime labour force.
Results of the campaign.
The Double V Campaign had limited success as while it promoted patriotism and support for the war effort among African Americans, especially as the allies won the war, it fostered a narrow appreciation for the complexity of African American wartime situations and did not address or impact the underlying structure of institutional racism of America. The campaign was also not a unifying force as many white, Southern newspapers and journalists criticised the slogan and characterised it as a dangerous revolution hence the government tried to get the black press to cease agitation in an effort for greater rights. However it is also considered to be a turning point within African American history which led to unity among the black population in regards to achieving this double victory in the long run. The slogan and wartime protests marked a key development within black protest movements and aided in laying the groundwork for the future Civil Rights Movement. The campaign naturally died down by 1943 and the Pittsburgh Courier just mentioned the successes of the campaign from that point on; the campaign had not fully achieved its goal as discrimination was still legal after the war in America despite the efforts of African American soldiers. In this regard the White House has also failed to respond to progressive change within the African American population.


Zimbabwe International Book Fair

The Zimbabwe International Book Fair was held for the first time in 1983 in Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe. It was founded by David Martin (late), Phylis Johnson and Charles Mungoshi (late). Until the opening of the Cape Town Book Fair in 2006 it was one of the main book fairs of Africa.
History.
Since 1991 the fair was organized by Trish Mbanga (until at least 1997) and under her leadership grew to be an important meeting point for publishers, writers, poets and translators. The largest book fair of Africa is the Cairo International Book Fair, which focuses on the Arab world and largely on the readers.
In 1997, the Zimbabwe International Book Fair was honoured with the principal Prince Claus Award from the Netherlands. The jury praised the book fair's networking function in combination with its modern and practical approach.
After President Robert Mugabe in August 1995 expressed a virulent attack on homosexuals at the fair, voices arose to move the fair to Johannesburg in South Africa. The Cape Town Book Fair was subsequently established in June 2006, in cooperation with the German Frankfurt Book Fair. Earlier, an "International South African Education, Training, School Supplies and Book Market Exhibition" had also been organized in Johannesburg.


Margaret Thomson (doctor)

Dr Margaret Henderson Thomson MBE born Margaret Hunter (20 August 1902 – 16 June 1982) was a Scottish physician, prisoner of war and war hero.
Biography.
Thomson was born in Leith in 1902. She went to Edinburgh Ladies' College and then to the University of Edinburgh where she qualified as a doctor in 1926. She married a rubber planter named Alexander Thomson and went to live on Carey Island in what was then Malaya.
She was working as a doctor in Singapore when the city fell to the Japanese army in February 1942. She tended to the wounded as they were the last of the evacuates by sea on the "SS Kuala" on 13 February 1942. The medical staff were ordered to evacuate despite having to leave wounded behind. They took to lifeboats when the ship came under attack, but as there were only two lifeboats many staff and patients were in the water, where they were strafed by Japanese planes. Thomson had to swim and she was later pulled into a lifeboat. The lifeboats made it to Kabat Island and they then moved on to Senajang Island. She tended to the wounded and rowed the lifeboat despite a leg wound. They were using wood splints and washing wounds in sea water. She arranged evacuation of the wounded to Singkep Island and this in time included herself with a septic leg wound. She went on to Sumatra where she was imprisoned in Japanese camps. The guards stole the Red Cross supplies and she saw her fellow inmates die.
Her husband had also been mistreated as a slave building the railways. They recovered in Edinburgh before returning to Malaya. However, due to the unrest in the country, they returned to Scotland and bought a farm. Thomson's husband died in 1971.
The BBC consulted Thomson for the television series Tenko which portrayed life in Japanese work camps. She did not like to talk about her experiences and she never watched the programmes.
Thomson died in Huntly in Scotland in 1982.
Awards and honours.
She was awarded an MBE for her efforts in 1943, although at that time she was still a prisoner.


Ilag

Ilag is an abbreviation of the German word "Internierungslager". They were internment camps established by the German Army in World War II to hold Allied civilians, caught in areas that were occupied by the German Army. They included United States citizens caught in Europe by surprise when war was declared in December 1941 and citizens of the British Commonwealth caught in areas engulfed by the Blitzkrieg.
Amongst the internees were British born citizens who were resident in the Channel Islands. In October 1941, Adolf Hitler ordered the internment of 8,000 British, in retaliation for the internment by the British Army of 800 Germans living in Iran. The order was not carried out until it was reissued by Hitler in September 1942. The German commander of the islands, based in Jersey, was ordered to deport to camps in Germany all British citizens not born in the islands. The numbers were reduced, with around 2,200 men, women and children being deported.
Internment camps in France 1940–1944.
There were 219 internment camps in France during the Second World War. Several Ilags were set up in France by the German Army to hold citizens of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth countries that were caught by the rapid advance during the Battle of France. The main camps were:
Besançon.
The camp at Besançon was called "Frontstalag 142", or "Caserne Vauban". At the end of 1940, 2,400 women, mostly British, were interned in the Vauban barracks and another 500 old and sick in the St. Jacques hospital close by. In early 1941 many of them were released; the rest were transferred to Vittel.
Saint-Denis.
The camp was located in the old barracks built in the middle of the 19th century at Saint-Denis, close to Paris. The camp was opened June 1940 and existed until liberated by the United States Army in August 1944. Part of the grounds were surrounded by barbed wire to provide open space for exercise.
In early 1942, there were more than 1,000 male British internees in the camp. The meagre food rations were augmented by the International Red Cross packages, so that, overall, their diet was satisfactory. Life was tolerable because there was a good library and recreation was provided by sports activities and theatre.
Vittel.
Also called "Frontstalag 121", this was one of the more hospitable internment camps as it was located in requisitioned hotels in this spa near Epinal in the Department Vosges. Most of the British families and single women were transferred here from St. Denis and Besançon.
In early 1942, women over 60, men over 75 and children under 16 were released. The overall population was thus reduced to about 2,400. The inmates included a number of American families and women.
Provisions for recreation included a local theatre and a park with seven tennis courts.
A young New Zealander and two British women escaped in August 1941 and made their way to England.
Internment camps in Germany World War II.
Ilag V Liebenau.
A camp in , near Meckenbeuren in Württemberg, on Lake Constance, opened in 1940 and operated until 1945. It was in a castle and four adjacent buildings. Previously it had been a mental hospital run by nuns. On Adolf Hitler's orders about 700 of the patients were exterminated by injection to make room for internees.
The first internees were about 300 British citizens from Poland. More British were brought in 1941 from Belgium, Greece, the Netherlands and other countries. Red Cross packages augmented the food rations. The guards were older German veterans of World War I and treated the internees well. Several had been prisoners of war in British camps where they had been treated well. In January 1943 many of the married women were transferred to Vittel (see above).
Ilag V-B Biberach.
Built in 1939 as barracks, this camp became an Ilag accommodating Channel Island families interned as a reprisal for the deportation of German nationals from the Kingdom of Iran to Camp 10 in Loveday, South Australia. The camp was located on a plateau northwest of Biberach an der Riß in southeastern Baden-Württemberg. It consisted of 23 concrete huts that had previously served as Oflag V-B for officers who were prisoner of war. Initially, the camp was administered by the German Army, but in the spring of 1943 the administration was transferred to the Interior Ministry; this caused a worsening of food rations. Otherwise, the International Red Cross considered conditions in the camp to be satisfactory.
In January 1943, the camp held 1,011 internees: 429 men, 437 women, and 145 children.
20 Channel Island civilians died in Biberach.
Ilag V-C Wurzach.
This camp also held Channel Island families. It was located in the town of Bad Wurzach and southeastern Baden-Württemberg. Previously, it had been used as an oflag housing French officers. Conditions were less satisfactory because it was located in a three-story 18th-century castle that had recently been a monastery, and the rooms were dark and damp. 618 internees arrived at the end of October 1942, all of them families. In late 1944 72 Dutch Jews arrived from Bergen-Belsen. Most appeared to have English grandparents. The deportees now learned first hand about conditions elsewhere.
12 Channel Island civilians died in Wurzach.
Ilag VII Laufen and Tittmoning.
British and American citizens were interned in Laufen and Tittmoning in Bavaria, on the border with Austria. In September 1942, British single men from the Channel Islands were sent here, where they found some Americans in residence. In 1943, the younger men over 16 who had parents in Biberach or Wurzach were moved to Laufen to release space. These two camps were always administered by the German Army.
Frank Stroobant, the camp senior, was invited in April 1943 to attend an inspection in the forest of Katyn in Russia where a massacre of 22,000, mainly Polish army and police officers, by Soviet forces had been uncovered. He was the only civilian witness at the event From June 1943 the camp senior became Ambrose Sherwill.
Boredom was a major problem. Some internees were permitted to undertake paid work outside camp. The moral view of whether work should be done was strongly debated in the camp, but as everyone was a private individual, it was up to each person to make their own decision.
In April 1944, Laufen held 459 British internees (417 Channel Islanders) and 120 Americans, including Josef Nassy. 10 Channel Island internees died in Laufen during internment.


Sun Yat-sen Park (Montreal)

Sun Yat-sen, or Place Sun Yat-sen, is a park in Montreal's Chinatown, in Quebec, Canada. The space, named after Sun Yat-sen, hosts many cultural events and other festivals. It features a bust of Sun Yat-sen.