Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr.

Technical Sergeant Richard Bernard Fitzgibbon Jr., USAF (June 21, 1920 – June 8, 1956) was the first American to lose his life in the conflict that would later be known as the Vietnam War. He was murdered by another American airman and died of his wounds later on June 8, 1956. Through the efforts of his sister Alice Fitzgibbon Rose DelRossi, a former Stoneham, Massachusetts selectwoman, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam War Memorial on Memorial Day in May 1999.
Following in his father's footsteps, Richard B. Fitzgibbon III joined the United States Marine Corps and also later served in Vietnam, where he, too, was killed in September 1965. The Fitzgibbons' deaths are one of only three amongst all US casualties in which both father and son were killed in the Vietnam War.
Biography.
Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr. was born on June 21, 1920, in Stoneham, Massachusetts. Fitzgibbon was a veteran of the United States Navy having served during World War II. After leaving the Navy, he joined the United States Air Force, rising through the ranks to become a Technical Sergeant. Fitzgibbon was serving as part of the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) (Detachment 1, 1173rd Foreign Mission Squadron), which was involved in training military personnel in South Vietnam.
Fitzgibbon was not killed in action, but rather was murdered by another American airman Staff Sergeant Edward C. Clarke. On the day he was shot, Fitzgibbon had apparently reprimanded Clarke for an incident on a flight that day. When Clarke went off duty, he began drinking heavily at a club at the base. When he exited the club, he saw Fitzgibbon across the street playing with some local children and giving out candy. Clarke drew his sidearm and shot Fitzgibbon several times. Clarke fled the shooting scene and exchanged fire with Vietnamese policemen who were chasing him. During the pursuit, Clarke jumped or fell to his death from a second-story balcony. Fitzgibbon died from his wounds on June 8, 1956.
Recognition.
For 43 years, his death was regarded by the United States government as too early to be classified as a Vietnam War casualty. The DoD department that handled the Vietnam Veterans Memorial originally started its database at Jan. 1, 1961. This was because President Lyndon B. Johnson had declared in a speech that Army Security Agency technician Spec/4 James T. Davis, who died in a Viet Cong ambush near the village of Cau Xang on 22 December 1961, was "the first American killed in the resistance to aggression in Vietnam."
Fitzgibbon's family lobbied to have the date changed, and their cause was taken up by U.S. Representative Ed Markey (D, 7th District, MA) of Malden, Massachusetts. After a high level review by the DoD and through the efforts of Fitzgibbon's family, the start date of the Vietnam War Memorial was changed to November 1, 1955. The November 1955 date was chosen because that was when the Vietnam Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) was created. With this new date, Fitzgibbon became chronologically the first person to be listed on the memorial, replacing Dale R. Buis. Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam Memorial Wall in 1999.
The DoD had previously moved the date of the start of the Vietnam War to include the death of Capt. Harry Griffith Cramer Jr., who was killed at Nha Trang during a training accident on October 21, 1957. His name was added to "The Wall" in 1983, after successful efforts by Captain Cramer's son, Lt. Col. Harry G. Cramer III USAR, then an active duty Army officer, to get DoD to acknowledge his father's death, as well as the presence of MAAG forces in Vietnam years prior to the officially recognized date of 1961. Capt. Cramer's son asked that his father's name simply be added to the center (1E) stone, out of sequence, but it is still clearly listed in the chronological book at "The Wall" as 1957, not 1959. The Army conducted an official ceremony at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, from which Capt. Cramer had graduated, in October 2007 to mark the 50th Anniversary of the first Vietnam casualty. ref.
As part of the ceremony to add his name to the memorial, "The Today Show" host Katie Couric interviewed members of the Fitzgibbon family at their Harwich Port summer residence.
Although not the first American to be killed in Vietnam, Fitzgibbon is chronologically the first casualty on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall. Lieutenant Colonel Albert Peter Dewey was mistakenly shot during an ambush by Viet Minh troops on September 26, 1945. He was the first known American fatality in Vietnam, killed in the early aftermath of World War II.
Family.
One of Fitzgibbon's sons, Marine Lance Corporal Richard B. Fitzgibbon III (March 11, 1944 – September 7, 1965), was also killed in the Vietnam War. Both father and son are interred at Blue Hill Cemetery in Braintree, Massachusetts.
He is survived by his wife Eunice Fitzgibbon Jackson and daughters Trudy McDermott and Linda Compas (whose son is American football player Jonathan Compas). Another son, Robert "Bobby" Fitzgibbon, died in April 2011.
Through Fitzgibbon's great-grandmother, Mary Coston Fitzgibbon, Fitzgibbon was third cousin to South African artist Jeremy Wafer.
Documentary.
A year after his name was added to the Vietnam memorial wall TLC did a three-part documentary called "Vietnam: The Soldier's Story". The second episode, titled "Stories From the Wall" (which aired May 29, 2000), did a segment on the father and son.


Gettysburg Confederate order of battle

The Confederate order of battle during the Battle of Gettysburg includes the American Civil War officers and men of the Army of Northern Virginia (multiple commander names indicate command succession during the three-day battle (July 1–3, 1863).
Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle, the casualty returns and the reports.
Army of Northern Virginia.
General Robert E. Lee, Commanding
General Staff:
General Headquarters:
First Corps.
LTG James Longstreet, Commanding
General Staff:
Second Corps.
LTG Richard S. Ewell, Commanding
General Staff:
Third Corps.
LTG Ambrose P. Hill, Commanding
General Staff:


50th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 50th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army. It was formed during the First World War as part of the New Army, also known as Kitchener's Army. It was assigned to the 17th (Northern) Division and served on the Western Front.


4th Maryland Regiment

The 4th Maryland Regiment was organized on March 27, 1777 as a part of eight companies from Baltimore, Anne Arundel and Somerset Counties. It was assigned to the 2nd Maryland Brigade -- a part of the Main Army -- on May 22, 1777. Assigned 27 December 1776 to the Main Army. Authorized 16 September 1776 in the Continental Army as the 4th Maryland Regiment. Reorganized 12 May 1779 to consist of nine companies. (2d Maryland Brigade relieved 5 April 1780 from the Main Army and assigned to the Southern Department.) Relieved 1 January 1781 from the Maryland Brigade. Assigned 24 September 1781 to Gist's Brigade of the Main Army. (Gist's Brigade relieved 27 October 1781 from the Main Army and assigned to the Southern Department.) Relieved 4 January 1782 from Gist's Brigade and assigned to the Maryland Brigade, an element of the Southern Department. Disbanded 1 January 1783 at Charleston, South Carolina.


Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge

Charles McMahon (May 10, 1953 – April 29, 1975) and Darwin Lee Judge (February 16, 1956 – April 29, 1975) were the last two United States servicemen killed in Vietnam during the Vietnam War. The two men, both U.S. Marines, were killed in a rocket attack one day before the Fall of Saigon.
Charles McMahon, 11 days short of his 22nd birthday, was a Corporal from Woburn, Massachusetts. Darwin Judge was a 19-year-old Lance Corporal and Eagle Scout from Marshalltown, Iowa.
Deaths.
McMahon and Judge were members of the Marine Security Guard (MSG) Battalion at the US Embassy, Saigon and were providing security for the DAO Compound, adjacent to Tân Sơn Nhứt Airport, Saigon. McMahon had arrived in Saigon on 18 April, while Judge had arrived in early March. Both died in a North Vietnamese rocket attack on Tân Sơn Nhứt on the morning of April 29, 1975.
In accordance with procedures for deceased Americans in Vietnam, their bodies were transferred to the Saigon Adventist Hospital, near Tan Son Nhut. In telephone calls to the hospital on the afternoon of April 29, the few remaining staff advised that the bodies had been evacuated; in fact the bodies were left behind. Operation Frequent Wind, the American evacuation of Saigon, was completed the following day, April 30, 1975. Senator Edward M. Kennedy of Massachusetts, through diplomatic channels, secured the return of the bodies the following year.
Judge was buried with full military honors in March 1976 in Marshalltown, Iowa. There was a flag draped coffin, a Marine Honor Guard, and a rifle firing salute. The flag that covered his coffin was folded and presented to his parents. His funeral was so ignored that major and minor media did not attend the event. The lone exception was the "Daily Iowan" (Iowa City, Iowa). A full set of photographs of the event is available. Due to ignorance of his military funeral in March 1976, Judge was given a second Marine burial honors 25 years later through planning by Douglas Potratz, USMC MSG who served with Judge in Saigon and Ken Locke, boyhood friend and fellow Eagle Scout; retired USMC Lieutenant Colonel Jim Kean, the commanding officer of the Marines during the Fall of Saigon, presented a flag to Judge's parents at a ceremony held at the Iowa Veteran's Home Vietnam War Memorial. The Fall of Saigon Marines Association, a California non-profit, public-benefit corporation, was formed to honor the last two Marines to be killed in action in Vietnam. The association sponsors two $500 scholarships for Eagle Scouts attending Marshalltown High School in Marshalltown, Iowa (as a memorial to Eagle Scout Judge).
First and last American casualties in Vietnam.
For over 40 years the first American serviceman who died in Vietnam was in controversy. Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr.'s death in June 1956 was deemed to have taken place before the start of the Vietnam War. However, the family of Fitzgibbon had long lobbied to have the start date changed and their cause was taken up by U.S. Representative Ed Markey (D-MA). After a high level review by the DoD and through the efforts of Fitzgibbon's family, the start date of the Vietnam war was changed to November 1, 1955. The November 1955 date was chosen as the new start date because that was when the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Vietnam was separated out from "MAAG, Indochina". This was a reorganization of the MAAG into the different countries. With this new date Fitzgibbon became the first person to die in the Vietnam War, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam Memorial Wall in 1999. The former first two official casualties were U.S. Army major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Charles Ovnand who were killed on July 8, 1959.
While McMahon and Judge were the last American ground casualties in Vietnam, they are not the last casualties of the Vietnam War (a term which also covers the U.S. involvement in Cambodia and Laos) recorded on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial; those names belong to the 18 Americans killed in the Mayaguez Incident.


Wolfpack Lohs

Lohs was a "wolfpack" of German U-boats that operated from August 1 to September 22, 1942 in World War II. This pack patrolled both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, preying on merchant vessels coming to Europe from the Americas.
U-boats involved.
The U-boats that made up Wolfpack Lohs included:
Raiding career.
"Lohs" was responsible for the sinking of eight ships in the Atlantic Ocean.


2nd Guards Field Artillery

The 2nd Guards Field Artillery Regiment (German: 2. Garde-Feldartillerie-Regiment) was an artillery unit in the Prussian Army prior to and during the First World War. The regiment was part of the 4th Guards Infantry Division.


40th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 40th Brigade was a formation of the British Army. It was one of the new army or Kitchener's Army brigades, and assigned to the 13th (Western) Division and served in the Gallipoli and the Mesopotamian campaign during the First World War.
Formation.
The following units served with the brigade:


Armed Forces Foundation

The Armed Forces Foundation was an American non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., which was founded in 2002 by Jim Gorab, a former Navy Seabee, to promote the morale, welfare and quality of life of the military community with a special emphasis on military families. In 2003, new leadership assumed management of the organization, however, due to issues related to an audit, the operations of the Armed Forces Foundation ceased on October 15, 2016.
Armed Forces Foundation ceases operation.
On October 15, 2016, the Armed Forces Foundation made an announcement that they were ceasing operations after performing an audit of operations as a result of Patricia Driscoll’s resignation on June 14, 2015 and the subsequent indictment of the former President on federal charges stemming from a scheme in which she allegedly stole from the non-profit charity, defrauded donors, and lied to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the public about her salary and benefits.
Programs.
The Honorable C.W Bill Young Financial Assistance Fund, named after former Congressman Bill Young, once provided direct financial assistance to service members and their families facing financial hardship through injury and other service related situations.
The Armed Forces Foundation, in partnership with Southwest Airlines, once paid for the Wounded Warrior Amputee Softball Team's travel expenses during the season. The team consists of 29 veterans and active duty soldiers with a variety of injuries.
Operation Caring Classroom was the foundation's annual Veterans Day education initiative to help increase understanding and support among children for military families across the United States.
Started in 2009, the NASCAR Troops to the Track program (T2T), presented by Bank of America in partnership with the Armed Forces Foundation, is a year-round recreational group therapy program that honors service men and women, veterans, and military families at races throughout the country by taking them to races and behind-the-scenes events.
Starting in 2012, Kurt Busch and the Armed Forces Foundation dedicated races in memory or in honor service members and veterans. On November 7, 2014 the program was suspended due to allegations of assault by Busch against Patricia Driscoll, who at the time was the President of the AFF and his former girlfriend. On March 5, 2015, it was announced by the Delaware District Attorney that no criminal charges would be filed against Busch, citing a lack of evidence.
Controversies.
Misappropriation of funds allegations.
Patricia Driscoll served as President of the Armed Forces Foundation from 2003 to 2015.
According to the ESPN's OTL, Patricia Driscoll, the former girlfriend of NASCAR driver Kurt Busch, resigned as executive director of the Armed Forces Foundation on June 14, 2015 in the wake of allegations that she mishandled foundation money, according to ESPN’s Outside the Lines and Kickin' The Tires


Emperor of Manchukuo


Order of battle of the Battle of Guadalajara

This is the order of battle for the Battle of Guadalajara during the Spanish Civil War.
Nationalists.
Corpo Truppe Volontarie – General de División Mario Roatta
Republicans.
IV Army Corps – Lt. Col. Enrique Jurado Barrio


Chief Executive of Northern Ireland


Crete Cuff Title

The Crete Cuff Title, or Crete Cuff Band, () was a World War II German military decoration awarded to Wehrmacht servicemen who took part in the battle of Crete between 20 and 27 May 1941.
While a number of German units had worn cuff titles as part of their regimental or corps insignia, this was the first World War II operation where a cuff title was awarded as a campaign award.
Eligibility.
As part of Germany's Balkan campaign, the Wehrmacht invaded the island of Crete on 20 May 1941. About 22,000 paratroopers and mountain troops took part, delivered by transport aircraft, gliders and naval vessels and supported by bomber and fighter aircraft. After two weeks of fierce fighting, the defending Greek and British Commonwealth troops had either surrendered or been evacuated.
The cuff title was instituted separately by each of Germany's armed services:
While the conditions of eligibility differed between the three services, the broad qualifying criteria were that, between 20 – 27 May 1941, a member of the German armed forces would have to:
The cuff title was distributed for wear from mid-1943. The deadline for applications was 31 October 1944.
Design and wear.
The cuff title is 32mm wide and consists of a yellow-edged white cloth band, embroidered in yellow silk or cotton thread with the word "KRETA" flanked on both sides by a spray of acanthus leaves. The design was the same for all three armed services.
The band was worn on the lower left sleeve of the uniform, including on greatcoats. Where two or more campaign cuff titles were awarded, the earliest qualified for was correctly worn above later awards, although this regulation was not always followed.
Nazi era decorations were banned after the war. The Crete Cuff Title was among those re-authorised for wear by the Federal Republic of Germany in 1957. While many awards were re-designed to remove the swastika, the original cuff title could be worn unaltered as it did not bear this symbol. Members of the Bundeswehr who were qualifying veterans wore the award on their ribbon bar, represented by a small replica of the cuff design on a yellow-edged white ribbon.


Pionier (rank)


Camp Wildcat Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Camp Wildcat (also known as Wildcat Mountain and Camp Wild Cat) of the American Civil War on October 21, 1861, in Laurel County, Kentucky. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Confederate Army.
BG Felix K. Zollicoffer


3rd Regiment of Riflemen

The 3rd Regiment of Riflemen was a unit of the U.S. Army in the early nineteenth century. It was first activated in 1814 during the War of 1812 when the War Department created three additional rifle regiments based on the success of the Regiment of Riflemen. The regiment never fought and was deactivated in May 1815.
Organization.
The regiment was activated on February 10, 1814. It was consolidated with the other regiments of riflemen on May 17, 1815.
Service.
Regimental depots were placed in Charlotte, North Carolina; Bath Court House, Virginia; and Gallatin, Tennessee.


33rd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 33rd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in World War I and home service in World War II.
First World War.
The 33rd Brigade was formed in the Great War in August 1914 as part of Kitchener's Army, initially made up of volunteer service battalions from a variety of different infantry regiments. For the duration of the war, the brigade was in the 11th (Northern) Division. Between February and September 1917 it was under the command of Brigadier-General Arthur Daly. From September 1917 to the end of the war it was commanded by Brigadier-General Frederick Spring. The brigade served in the Gallipoli Campaign, in Egypt and on the Western Front, and comprised the following units:
Second World War.
The brigade was re-formed on 24 October 1941 during the Second World War as 33rd Infantry Brigade. On 10 November 1942 it was redesignated the 33rd Independent Infantry Brigade (Guards), under the command of Brigadier J. Jefferson. It was part of London District. The brigade was intended for home defence in the event of a German invasion and never left the United Kingdom. It was disbanded on 6 October 1943.


Elmo M. Haney

St Elmo Murray Haney (April 1898 – January 31, 1979) was a master gunnery sergeant in the United States Marine Corps. As a veteran of many early campaigns in the Marine Corps, he was considered the epitome of the "old breed" Marine and a source of inspiration during the tough battles of the Pacific Campaign in World War II. Author and fellow Marine Eugene Sledge described Haney as being "everywhere at once, correcting mistakes and helping out."
Military career.
World War I.
Multiple sources, including Eugene Sledge, claim that Haney saw action in World War I with the 5th Marine Regiment. However, Marine Corps muster rolls show that Haney enlisted on 17 July 1918 and trained at Parris Island, South Carolina and Quantico, Virginia, in preparation for being sent to France. By October 1918, he has been assigned to the 2nd Separate Machine Gun Battalion at Quantico, but the war ended before he reached Europe. On 16 May 1919, he was transferred to Marine Barracks, Boston and was discharged. After teaching school in Arkansas for four years, he re-enlisted in the Marine Corps on 22 October 1927 at San Diego, California.
Inter-war period.
In 1930, between the wars, Haney was stationed in Shanghai and played in the outfield for the Fourth Marine Regiment Baseball Team. He also served in Nicaragua, Iceland and in the Amazon.
World War II.
In World War II, Haney fought in the battles of Guadalcanal, Cape Gloucester and Peleliu with Company K, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, where he was one of the oldest to fight in the regiment. At the Battle of Cape Gloucester, Haney received a Silver Star for heroic actions against the enemy, carrying ammunition to the front lines during the thickest of the fighting for "Walt's Ridge." At Battle of Peleliu, he rallied the Marines as they got bogged down, and kept them moving forward during the fighting.
Haney also served in Nicaragua, China, Tulagi, Florida Island, and New Britain. Haney is featured in several books for his role in World War II, and actor Gary Sweet portrayed him in the HBO miniseries "The Pacific".
Silver Star citation.
Citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Platoon Sergeant St. Elmo M. Haney (MCSN: 131228), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while serving with the FIRST Marine Division in action against enemy Japanese forces on Cape Gloucester, New Britain on January 10, 1944. While our forces were engaged in bitter hand-to-hand combat defending a vital ridge, Platoon Sergeant Haney courageously led an ammunition carrying party through dark jungle undergrowth and driving rain to deliver supplies to our front lines, arriving five minutes before the last desperate counter attack when one platoon was completely out of ammunition and the entire line was low. By his expeditious delivery of the urgently needed supplies, he enabled our units to defend their position successfully. Platoon Sergeant Haney's daring initiative and selfless devotion to duty in the face of grave peril were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.
Personal life.
Haney was born in April 1898 in Magazine, Arkansas, to Albert S. and Mary Haney. He was the grandson of Henry Haney, a Confederate veteran. He attended the Chillicothe Business College. He married Ethel Taletha Tirey in 1949. He died January 31, 1979, in Fayetteville, Arkansas, and was buried in Benton County Memorial Cemetery, Rogers, Arkansas.
Haney's wife Ethel was born in about 1895 in Whitefield, Oklahoma, and died on July 14, 1972, in Bentonville, Arkansas.


Military Stabilisation Support Group

The Military Stabilisation Support Group (MSSG) is a British Army unit tasked with civil-military work in conflict zones or unstable areas. It is a hybrid unit consisting of both regular and reservist soldiers of all branches of the British armed forces. Under the Army 2020 concept, the MSSG has been placed under the command of 77th Brigade (United Kingdom).
The MSSG is led by a colonel and has three detachments and a specialist detachment, each led by a lieutenant colonel.
Operational history.
The MSSG used to be under the Royal Engineers. It has worked in many UK operations most notably Afghanistan, where it won an ward for humanitarian work and helped to win over the population's minds from the Taliban The MSSG has also helped with conflict prevention in Uganda, Sierra Leone and the Philippines


Binary (audio drama)

Binary is a Big Finish Productions audiobook based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". The Companion Chronicles "talking books" are each narrated by one of the Doctor's companions and usually feature a second, guest-star voice along with music and sound effects. Unlike most Companion Chronicles releases, this is, for the most part, a full cast audio story.
Plot.
UNIT discovers a lost alien computer which they can't understand how to work. Liz is asked to look it over, instead of the Third Doctor, as they know he wouldn't want them to take advantage of it.
Critical reception.
"Doctor Who Magazine" reviewer Matt Michael said that the audio "works very well indeed".


25th Brigade Royal Field Artillery

The XXV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War.
It was originally formed with 113th, 114th and 115th Batteries, and attached to 1st Infantry Division. In August 1914 it mobilised and was sent to the Continent with the British Expeditionary Force, where it saw service with 1st Division throughout the war.


Governor-General of Uganda


Northwoods battalion

The Northwoods Battalion is an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps battalion that was established in 1968 at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. The battalion is a part of the 3rd Reserve Officers' Training Corps Brigade, the headquarters of which is based at the Great Lakes Naval Training Center, Illinois.
History.
The first officers were produced at UW-Stevens Point in 1970. Lieutenant Colonel Jack E. Mowery, started the ROTC program and was the first professor of Military Science. Women were not allowed to participate as cadets until 1974. UW-Stout partnered with UW-Stevens Point in 2005, and May 2007 commissioned its first officer. UWRF partnered with UWSP in 2007 and in May 2008 commissioned its first officer. UWEC started ROTC in the fall semester of 2009, but did not partner with the UW-Stevens Point until 2010.
Success.
Currently trains approximately 140 cadets, that once finish the requirements go to either a National Guard, Army Reserve, or Active Army unit. The Northwoods Battalion on average produces 16 lieutenants annually. The Northwoods Battalion produces an average of 12 lieutenants annually culminating with both winter and spring commissioning ceremonies. According to the University of Wisconsin-Stout's ROTC Northwoods Battalion website, being a part of the Army ROTC is known as being one of the best leadership courses in America.


Shiloh Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Shiloh of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle.
Army of the Mississippi.
Gen Albert S. Johnston (k)
<br>
Gen Pierre G. T. Beauregard
First Army Corps.
MG Leonidas Polk
Second Army Corps.
MG Braxton Bragg
Escort:
Third Army Corps.
MG William J. Hardee (w)
Reserve Corps.
BG John C. Breckinridge


Jeffrey T. Johnson


LI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

LI Army Corps () was an infantry corps of the German Army during World War II that participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia. It was also present at the Battle of Stalingrad, where it was commanded by General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach. After von Seydlitz-Kurzbach instructed his officers on 25 January 1943 that the question of surrender was their personal choice to make, he was relieved of command.
After most of the Corps was captured or destroyed at Stalingrad, remnants of it were combined with other units to form the LI Mountain Corps in August 1943, under the command of General Valentin Feurstein. The LI Mountain Corps formed part of German forces in Italy for the remainder of the war, participating in the Battle of Monte Cassino and other German defensive actions.


Walter K. Singleton

Walter Keith Singleton (December 7, 1944– March 24, 1967) was a United States Marine Corps sergeant who was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously by President Lyndon B. Johnson, for his actions above and beyond the call of duty in Vietnam on March 24, 1967, during the Vietnam War.
Biography.
Walter Keith Singleton was born on December 7, 1944 in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Mr. and Mrs. George P. Singleton (when he was born during World War II, his father was a U.S. Army POW in Germany). He had two (three) brothers and four sisters. He graduated from Nicholas Blackwell High School (Bartlett High School) in Bartlett, Tennessee, in June 1963; while attending school, he ran track. He liked to hunt and fish with his father and was a member of the Future Farmers of America (FFA).
On August 1, 1963, he and his brother Bobby Jo, enlisted together in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve at Memphis and integrated into the Regular Marine Corps the following September. Ordered to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, he completed recruit training with the 3rd Recruit Training Battalion in February 1964. He was promoted to private first class on March 1. Transferred to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, he was assigned duty as ammo-carrier with Company E, 2nd Battalion, 6th Marines, 2nd Marine Division until November 1965. While stationed at Camp Lejeune, he was promoted to lance corporal on October 1, 1964, and to corporal on August 1, 1965. In November, Corporal Singleton returned to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot at Parris Island and served as an instructor with the Weapons Training Battalion, Recruit Training Regiment, with the additional duty of training marksmanship to midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. While performing this additional duty, he received a letter of appreciation with a trophy for qualifying 100 percent of the officers-to-be.
Corporal Singleton (and his brother) was promoted to sergeant while serving in Okinawa on September 1, 1966. He was assigned to the 1st Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment and on November 13, he was assigned to Company A, 1st Battalion, 9th Marine Regiment, 3rd Marine Division as a supply sergeant. On December 11, he and his unit arrived in South Vietnam from Okinawa (under service regulations, only one brother was allowed to go to Vietnam). On March 24, 1967, the 1st Battalion, 9th Marines began Operation Prairie III; that same day, in the Gio Linh District, Quang Tri Province, Sergeant Singleton's Company A came under intense enemy fire at the village of Phu An. He was mortally wounded after advancing from his relatively safe position in the rear to help his company's lead platoon's medical corpsmen evacuate numerous wounded away from the enemy kill zone. Just before Singleton was killed by enemy fire, he managed to make a single-handed assault with a machine gun on the enemy's position and destroy it, killing eight and driving the remainder away. It was for these acts of bravery, which had saved several more of his comrades' lives, that he was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Singleton's parents, Mr. and Mrs. George P. Singleton, were presented their son's Medal of Honor on September 4, 1968, by the Secretary of the Navy Paul R. Ignatius during ceremonies at the Capital's Marine Corps Barracks, Washington, D.C.
Singleton is buried next to his parents at Memory Hill Gardens (now Memphis Memorial Gardens) at 3700 N Germantown Road in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee.
Military awards.
Singleton's military decorations and awards:
Medal of Honor citation.
Singleton's Medal of Honor Citation reads as follows:
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
SERGEANT WALTER K. SINGLETON
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following
 CITATION:
"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as Supply Sergeant, Company A, First Battalion, Ninth Marines, Third Marine Division on 24 March 1967. Sergeant Singleton's company was conducting combat operations in Gio Linh District, Quang Tri Province, Republic of Vietnam, when the lead platoon received intense small arms, automatic weapons, rocket, and mortar fire from a well entrenched enemy force. As the company fought its way forward, the extremely heavy enemy fire caused numerous friendly casualties. Sensing the need for early treatment of the wounded, Sergeant Singleton quickly moved from his relatively safe position in the rear of the foremost point of the advance and made numerous trips through the enemy killing zone to move the injured men out of the danger area. Noting that a large part of the enemy fire was coming from a hedgerow, he seized a machine gun and assaulted the key enemy location, delivering devastating fire as he advanced. He forced his way through the hedgerow directly into the enemy strong point. Although he was mortally wounded, his fearless attack killed eight of the enemy and drove the remainder from the hedgerow. Sergeant Singleton's bold actions completely disorganized the enemy defense and saved the lives of many of his comrades. His daring initiative, selfless devotion to duty and indomitable fighting spirit reflected great credit upon himself and the Marine Corps, and his performance upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service."
/S/ LYNDON B. JOHNSON
Namings and honors.
The following are namings and honors for Sgt. Walter K. Singleton:


Cedar Mountain Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cedar Mountain of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
Left Wing, Army of Northern Virginia.
MG Thomas J. Jackson


Pea Ridge Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Pea Ridge. The Pea Ridge Confederate order of battle is shown separately.
Army of the Southwest.
Army Headquarters.
BG Samuel R. Curtis
First and Second Divisions.
BG Franz Sigel


Ernest Ivy Thomas Jr.

Ernest Ivy "Boots" Thomas Jr. (March 10, 1924 – March 3, 1945) was a United States Marine Corps platoon sergeant who was killed in action during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. He was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism while fighting for and at the base of Mount Suribachi. Two days later he was a member of the patrol that captured the top of Mount Suribachi where he helped raise the first U.S. flag on Iwo Jima on February 23, 1945. He was killed eight days after that.
The first flag flown over the southern end of Iwo Jima was regarded to be too small to be seen by the thousands of Marines fighting on the other side of the mountain where the Japanese airfields and most of their troops were located, so it was replaced the same day with a larger flag. Although there were photographs taken of the first flag flying on Mount Suribachi and some which include Thomas, there was no photograph taken of Marines raising the first flag. The second flag-raising was photographed by Associated Press combat photographer Joe Rosenthal and became famous after copies of his photograph appeared in the newspapers two days later. Thomas also was photographed near the second flag.
The Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia, is modeled after the historic photograph of six Marines raising the second flag on Iwo Jima.
Early life.
Ernest Thomas was born in Tampa, Florida, the son of Ernest and Martha Thomas. When he was a child, his family moved to Monticello, Florida. He graduated from high school in Monticello and was attending Tri-State University in Angola, Indiana, studying aeronautical engineering, when he decided to enlist in the Marine Corps at Orlando, Florida. "Boots" was color blind and as a result, failed the medical test allowing him to enlist twice. On his third attempt, he memorized the patterns provided by a man sitting next to him in the testing station, and passed.
World War II.
U.S. Marine Corps.
Thomas enlisted in the Marine Corps on May 27, 1942. He completed boot camp at Parris Island, South Carolina, and remained there as an instructor. Afterwards, he was an instructor at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. In March 1944, he was assigned to E Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, 5th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, CA. In September, his company was sent to Camp Tarawa in Hawaii to train with the 5th division for the Battle of Iwo Jima. In January 1945, the 5th division left for Iwo Jima.
Battle of Iwo Jima.
Thomas was a rifle company platoon sergeant with Third Platoon, E Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines. On February 19, his unit landed with the first wave of Marines on the southern beach of Iwo Jima towards Mount Suribachi. On February 21, Thomas took over the command of the Third Platoon from his platoon commander who was wounded. Thomas and his men successfully assaulted a heavily fortified hostile sector at the base of Mount Suribachi. Thomas directed tank fire while under fire during the Marine assaults on the Japanese, and combined with his other actions that day, this would eventually contribute to the capture of the mountain on February 23 by Thomas and his platoon. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism on February 21.
First flag-raising.
On February 23, 1945, Lieutenant Colonel Chandler W. Johnson, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, ordered a platoon-size patrol to climb up 556-foot Mount Suribachi. Captain Dave Severance, E Company's commander, assembled the remainder of his Third Platoon and other members of the battalion headquarters including two Navy corpsmen and stretcher bearers. First Lieutenant Harold Schrier, E Company's executive officer, was handed the Second Battalion's American flag from Lt. Colonel Johnson (or the battalion adjutant) measuring 28 by 54 inches (137 by 71 cm) which had been taken from the attack transport on the way to Iwo Jima by First Lieutenant George G. Wells the Second Battalion's adjutant in charge of the battalion's flags. Lt. Schrier was to it take a patrol with the flag up the mountain and raise the flag if possible at the summit to signal that Mount Suribachi was captured and the top secure. At 8:30 a.m., Lt. Schrier started climbing with the patrol up the mountain. Less than an hour later, the patrol, after receiving occasional Japanese sniper fire, reached the rim of the volcano. After a brief firefight there, Lt. Schrier and his men captured the summit.
A section of a Japanese steel water pipe was found on the mountain and the battalion's flag Lt. Schrier had carried was tied on to it by Lt. Schrier, Sgt. Henry Hansen and Cpl. Lindberg (Platoon Sergeant Ernest Thomas was watching inside the group with a grenade in his hand while Pvt. Phil Ward held the bottom of the pipe horizontally off the ground). The flagstaff was then carried to the highest part on the crater and raised by Lt. Schrier, Platoon Sgt. Thomas, Sgt. Hansen, and Cpl. Lindberg at approximately 10:30 a.m. Seeing the national colors flying caused loud cheering with some gunfire from the Marines, sailors, and Coast Guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near and docked at the beach; ships' whistles and horns sounded too. Due to the strong wind on Mount Suribachi, Sgt. Hansen, Pvt. Ward, and Third Platoon corpsman John Bradley helped make the flagstaff stay in a vertical position. The men at, around, and holding the flagstaff which included Schrier's radioman Raymond Jacobs (assigned to patrol from F Company), were photographed several times by Staff Sgt. Louis R. Lowery, a photographer with "Leatherneck" magazine who accompanied the patrol up the mountain. A firefight with some Japanese soldiers took place, an enemy grenade almost wounded or killed Sgt. Lowery which caused him to fall several feet down the side of the crater, damaging his camera but not his film.
On February 24, Schrier ordered Thomas to report to the flagship the next morning to meet with Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner and Lieutenant General Holland Smith about the flag raising. On February 25, Platoon Sgt. Thomas met with the two commanders and during an interview with a CBS news broadcaster aboard ship, he named Lt. Schrier, Sgt. Hansen, and himself as the actual flag-raisers. Platoon Sgt. Thomas then returned to his platoon, which was still positioned on top of Mount Suribachi.
Platoon Sgt. Thomas was killed on March 3 and Sgt. Hansen was killed on March 1.
Second flag-raising.
On the same day his battalion's flag was raised, Lt. Col. Johnson determined that a larger flag should replace it. The flag was too small to be seen on the north side of Mount Suribachi where thousands of Marines were fighting most of the Japanese. A 96 by 56 inch flag was obtained from a ship docked on shore and brought up to the top of Mount Suribachi by Pfc. Rene Gagnon, the Second Battalion's runner (messenger) for E Company. At the same time, Sgt. Michael Strank, Cpl. Harlon Block, Pfc. Franklin Sousley, and Pfc. Ira Hayes from Second Platoon, E Company, were sent to take communication wire (or supplies) up to Third Platoon and raise the second flag. Once on top, the flag was attached to another Japanese steel pipe. The four Marines and Pfc. Harold Schultz and Pfc. Harold Keller (both members of Lt. Schrier's patrol) raised the larger flag. At the same time the second flag was raised, the original flag was lowered and taken down the mountain to the battalion adjutant by Pfc. Gagnon.
On March 14, an American flag was officially raised up a flagpole by orders of Lieutenant General Holland Smith at the V Amphibious Corps command post on the other side of Mount Suribachi where the 3rd Marine Division troops were located, and the second flag which was raised on February 23 on Mount Suribachi came down. Lt. Col. Johnson was killed on March 2, Sgt. Strank and Cpl. Block were killed on March 1, and Pfc. Sousley was killed on March 21.
Joe Rosenthal's (Associated Press) historic photograph of the second flag-raising on February 23, 1945 appeared in Sunday newspapers on February 25, as the flag-raising on Mount Suribachi. This flag raising was also filmed in color by Marine Sgt. Bill Genaust (killed in action in March) and was used in newsreels. Other combat photographers with and besides Rosenthal ascended the mountain after the first flag was raised and the mountaintop secured. These photographers including Rosenthal and Pfc. George Burns, an army photographer who was assigned to cover Marine amphibious landings for Yank Magazine, took photos of Marines (including Thomas), corpsmen, and themselves, around both of the flags. The second flag-raisers received national recognition. The three survivors (two were found out to be incorrectly identified) of the flag raising were called to Washington, D.C. after the battle by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to participate in a bond tour to raise much needed money to pay for the war. The Marines who captured Mount Suribachi and those who raised the first flag including Platoon Sgt. Thomas, generally did not receive national recognition even though the first flag raising and Thomas had received some public recognition first.
Death and burial.
On March 3, Platoon Sgt. Thomas was killed by enemy sniper rifle fire at the north side of Iwo Jima. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross (for the February 21 action) and the Purple Heart Medal. He was buried at the 5th Marine Division cemetery on Iwo Jima where a service was held on March 26, the morning of the day the battle ended.
In 1948, Thomas's body was returned to Monticello, Florida. He was buried at Roseland Cemetery in Jefferson County, Florida.
Marine Corps War Memorial.
The Marine Corps War Memorial (also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial) in Arlington, Virginia, which was inspired by Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the second flag-raising on Mount Suribachi by six Marines on February 23, 1945, was dedicated on November 10, 1954 (179th anniversary of the Marine Corps). Harold Schrier, Charles Lindberg, and Lou Lowery, from the patrol that raised the first flag on Mount Suribachi, attended the dedication ceremony as guests.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower sat upfront during the dedication ceremony with Vice President Richard Nixon, Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson, Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Anderson, and General Lemuel C. Shepherd, the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Ira Hayes, one of the three surviving flag raisers depicted on the monument, was also seated upfront with John Bradley (incorrectly identified as a flag raiser until 2016), Rene Gagnon (incorrectly identified as a flag raiser until October 16, 2019), Mrs Martha Strank, Mrs. Ada Belle Block, and Mrs. Goldie Price (mother of Franklin Sousley). Those giving remarks at the dedication included Robert Anderson, Chairman of Day; Colonel J.W. Moreau, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired), President, Marine Corps War Memorial Foundation; General Shepherd, who presented the memorial to the American people; Felix de Weldon, sculptor; and Richard Nixon, who gave the dedication address. Inscribed on the memorial are the following words:
Military awards.
Thomas's military decorations and awards include:
Navy Cross citation.
Thomas' Navy Cross citation reads as follows:
Other honors.
A monument on U.S. Highway 90, Monticello, Florida, honors Thomas. It is inscribed with the following words:
Cultural depictions.
In the 2006 film "Flags of Our Fathers", Thomas was played by American actor Brian Kimmet.


Chetniks in the Balkan Wars

The Serbian Chetnik Organization, which had organized a guerilla faction that fought in Ottoman Macedonia between 1903 and 1912, was subsequently put under the supervision of the Serbian Army. During the Balkan Wars (1912–13), there were several Chetnik detachments.
During the First Balkan War, Chetniks were used as a vanguard to soften up the enemy forward of advancing armies, for attacks on communications behind enemy lines, as field gendarmerie and to establish basic administration in occupied areas. They were used in the Second Balkan War as well.
Among notable detachments were:
The Serbian Army used the Chetniks in World War I as they proved valuable in the Balkan Wars.
First Balkan War.
During the Serbian mobilization of the First Balkan War, the Chetnik detachments of the Serbian 3rd Army included: "Medveđa", colon headed by captain Dušan Sekulić, Ljubomir Vulović and Nikodim Racić (Lisica-Prapaštice-Priština), and colon headed by Božin Simić (Svirci-Novo Brdo-Kačanik); "Kuršumlija", under the command of captain and Chetnik vojvoda Vojislav Tankosić and captain Dragutin Nikolić (Kuršumlija-Merdare-Malo Kosovo-Štimlje-Crnoljeva-Prizren-Ljuma); "Lukovo", under the command of captain Pavle Blažarić (Lukovo-Madljika-Drenica); and "Kolašin", under the command of "prota" Vukajlo Božović. Alongside these detachments, were two smaller ones located at the front of the Ibar Army, the first headed by reserve lieutenant Panta Miladinović, the second headed by Chetnik vojvoda Živko Gvozdić. The commander of all these detachments was major Marjanović.


Indian Army during World War I order of battle

Indian Army during World War I order of battle
"see Indian Army during World War I for further details on campaigns and structure"
India based formations.
Southern India.
Internal Security and training
Other locations.
On internal security or as a guard force
Indian Expeditionary Forces.
Indian Expeditionary Force A.
Western Front
Indian Expeditionary Force B.
East Africa Campaign
Indian Expeditionary Force C.
East Africa Campaign
Indian Expeditionary Force D.
Mesopotamia Campaign
Indian Expeditionary Force E.
Sinai and Palestine Campaign
Indian Expeditionary Force F.
Suez Canal
Indian Expeditionary Force G.
Gallipoli Campaign


243 (The Wessex) Field Hospital

243 (The Wessex) Field Hospital is a unit of the Royal Army Medical Corps within the Army Reserve of the British Army.
History.
The hospital was formed in 1999, through the amalgamation of 211th (Wessex) Field Hospital, and 219th (Wessex) Field Hospital, as 243 (The Wessex) Field Hospital. As a consequence of Army 2020, the unit now falls under 2nd Medical Brigade, and is paired with 33 Field Hospital.
Current Structure.
The hospital's current structure is as follows:


Armed Nuclei for Popular Autonomy

Armed Nuclei for Popular Autonomy (), also known as NAPAP, was a French Maoist armed organization formed in december 1976. According to the police, alleged leader of the NAPAP was Christian Harbulot. Members of the NAPAP influenced the Communist Combatant Cells in Belgium.


Siege of Corinth Union order of battle

The following units and commanders of the Union Army fought at the Siege of Corinth (29 Apr-30 May 1862) of the American Civil War. The Union Army had approximately 150,000 present for duty. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the siege.
Department of the Mississippi.
MG Henry W. Halleck
<br>
District of West Tennessee.
MG Ulysses S. Grant
Right Wing (Army of the Tennessee).
MG George H. Thomas
Reserves (Army of the Tennessee).
MG John A. McClernand
Center (Army of the Ohio).
MG Don Carlos Buell
Left Wing (Army of the Mississippi).
MG John Pope
Right Wing.
MG William S. Rosecrans
Left Wing.
BG Schuyler Hamilton


LXXVI Panzer Corps

The LXXVI Panzer Corps ("LXXVI Panzerkorps", 76th Armoured Corps) was a panzer corps of Nazi Germany during World War II. The headquarters were formed in France under Army Group D on 29 June 1943 as LXXVI Army Corps but renamed a month later. In August it shipped to Italy to become part of 10th Army. It spent the rest of the war in Italy fighting in the Italian Campaign mainly under 10th Army but with short periods from February 1944 (Battle of Anzio) and January 1945 (Spring 1945 offensive in Italy) under 14th Army. The Corps was commanded for most of its active fighting by General Traugott Herr.
Order of battle.
In 1943 the corps included:
On 25 August 1944 the composition of the corps was:
Area of operations.
Source: Lexicon der Wehrmacht and Axis History Factbook


Gardes Suisses (France)


Jonathan Winters

Jonathan Harshman Winters III (November 11, 1925 – April 11, 2013) was an American comedian, actor, author, television host, and artist. Beginning in 1960, Winters recorded many classic comedy albums for the Verve Records label. He also had records released every decade for over 50 years, receiving 11 Grammy nominations, including eight for Best Comedy Album, during his career. From these nominations, he won the Grammy Award for Best Album for Children for his contribution to an adaptation of "The Little Prince" in 1975 and the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album for "Crank(y) Calls" in 1996.
With a career spanning more than six decades, Winters also appeared in hundreds of television shows and films, including eccentric characters on "The Steve Allen Show", "The Garry Moore Show", "The Wacky World of Jonathan Winters" (1972–74), "Mork & Mindy", "Hee Haw", and "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World". He also voiced Grandpa Smurf on "The Smurfs" TV series from 1986 to the show's conclusion in 1989. Over twenty years later, Winters was introduced to a new generation through voicing Papa Smurf in "The Smurfs" (2011) and "The Smurfs 2" (2013). Winters died nine days after recording his dialogue for "The Smurfs 2"; the film was dedicated to his memory.
On February 8, 1960, Winters received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1973, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.
In 1991, Winters won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for playing Gunny Davis in the short-lived sitcom "Davis Rules". 1999 saw Winters become the 2nd recipient of the prestigious Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. In 2002, he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his performance as Q.T. Marlens on "Life with Bonnie". Winters was presented with a Pioneer TV Land Award by Robin Williams in 2008.
Winters also spent time painting and presenting his artwork, including silkscreens and sketches, in many gallery shows. He authored several books, with his book of short stories entitled "Winters' Tales" (1988) making several bestseller lists.
Early life.
Winters was born in Bellbrook, Ohio, to Jonathan Harshman Winters II, an insurance agent who later became an investment broker. He was a descendant of Valentine Winters, founder of the Winters National Bank in Dayton, Ohio (now part of JPMorgan Chase). Of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry, Winters had described his father as an alcoholic who had trouble holding a job. His grandfather, a frustrated comedian, owned the Winters National Bank, which failed as the family's fortunes collapsed during the Great Depression.
When he was seven, his parents separated. Winters' mother took him to Springfield, Ohio, to live with his maternal grandmother. "Mother and dad didn't understand me; I didn't understand them," Winters told Jim Lehrer on "The News Hour with Jim Lehrer" in 1999. "So consequently it was a strange kind of arrangement." Alone in his room, he created characters and interviewed himself. A poor student, Winters continued talking to himself and developed a repertoire of strange sound effects. He often entertained his high school friends by imitating a race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
In another television interview, Winters described how deeply he was hurt by his parents' divorce. He fought youthful tormentors who ridiculed him for not having a father in his life. When the tormentors were not around, he would go to a building or tree and weep in despair. Winters said that he learned to laugh at his situation but admitted that his adult life had been a response to sorrow.
During his senior year at Springfield High School, Winters quit school to join the U.S. Marine Corps at the age of seventeen and served two and a half years in the Pacific Theater during World War II. Upon his return, he attended Kenyon College. He later studied cartooning at Dayton Art Institute, where he met Eileen Schauder, whom he married on September 11, 1948. He was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Lambda chapter).
Early career.
Winters' career started as a result of a lost wristwatch, about six or seven months after his marriage to Eileen in 1948. The newlyweds couldn't afford to buy another one. Then Eileen read about a talent contest in which the first prize was a wristwatch, and encouraged Jonathan to "go down and win it." She was certain he could, and he did. His performance led to a disc jockey job, where he was supposed to introduce songs and announce the temperature. Gradually his ad libs, personae, and antics took over the show.
He began comedy routines and acting while studying at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. He was also a local radio personality on WING (mornings, 6 to 8) in Dayton, Ohio, and at WIZE in Springfield, Ohio. He performed as "Johnny Winters" on WBNS-TV in Columbus, Ohio, for two and a half years. Jerome R. "Ted" Reeves, then program director for WBNS-TV, arranged for his first audition with CBS in New York City.
After promising his wife that he would return to Dayton if he did not make it in a year, and with $56.46 in his pocket, he moved to New York City, staying with friends in Greenwich Village. After obtaining Martin Goodman as his agent, he began stand-up routines in various New York nightclubs. His earliest network television appearance was in 1954 on "Chance of a Lifetime" hosted by Dennis James on the DuMont Television Network, where Winters again appeared as "Johnny Winters."
Winters made television history in 1956 when RCA broadcast the first public demonstration of color videotape on "The Jonathan Winters Show". Author David Hajdu wrote in "The New York Times" (2006), "He soon used video technology 'to appear as two characters,' bantering back and forth, seemingly in the studio at the same time. You could say he invented the video stunt."
His big break occurred (with the revised name of Jonathan) when he worked for Alistair Cooke on the CBS Television Sunday morning show "Omnibus". In 1957 he performed in the first color television show, a 15-minute routine sponsored by Tums.
From 1959 to 1964, Winters' voice could be heard in a series of popular television commercials for Utica Club beer. In the ads, he provided the voices of talking beer steins, named Shultz and Dooley. Later, he became a spokesman for Hefty brand trash bags, for whom he appeared as a dapper garbageman known for collecting "gahr-bahj," as well as "Maude Frickert" and other characters.
Winters recorded many classic comedy albums for the Verve Records label, starting in 1960. Probably the best known of his characters from this period is "Maude Frickert", the seemingly sweet old lady with the barbed tongue. He was a favorite of Jack Paar, who hosted "The Tonight Show" from 1957 to 1962, and appeared frequently on his television programs, even going so far as to impersonate then–U.S. president John F. Kennedy over the telephone as a prank on Paar.
Winters had a dramatic role in "The Twilight Zone" episode "A Game of Pool" (episode 3.5 aired on October 13, 1961). He also recorded Ogden Nash's "The Carnival of the Animals" poems to Camille Saint-Saëns's classical opus.
On "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" (1962–92), Winters usually performed in the guise of some character. Carson often did not know what Winters had planned and usually had to tease out the character's backstory during a comedic interview. Carson invented a character called "Aunt Blabby," which was similar to and possibly inspired by "Maude Frickert."
Winters appeared in more than 50 movies and many television shows, including particularly notable roles in the film "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" and in the dual roles of Henry Glenworthy and his dark, scheming brother, the Rev. Wilbur Glenworthy, in the film adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's novel "The Loved One". Fellow comedians who starred with him in "Mad World", such as Arnold Stang, said that in the long periods while they waited between scenes, Winters entertained them for hours in their trailer by becoming any character that they suggested to him.
From December 1967 to June 1969, Winters helmed his own hour-long weekly variety program on CBS (similar to the then-popular Red Skelton and Carol Burnett shows on the same network). "The Jonathan Winters Show" featured guest stars of comedy and music (e.g. The Doors), recurring sketches (often featuring Winters characters such as Maudie Frickert, rural Elwood P. Suggins, drunk Harold Nermlinger, Norwegian Yorny Bjorny); and an audience-request section where Winters did impressions of persons, animals, etc. in various situations (e.g. John Wayne on the moon). Choice bits from the latter were collected and released on a 1969 Columbia LP, "Stuff 'n' Nonsense".
He later participated on ABC's "The American Sportsman", hosted by Grits Gresham, who took celebrities on hunting, fishing, and shooting trips to exotic places around the world.
Winters made memorable appearances on both "The Dean Martin Show" and "The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast", as well as a regular on "The Andy Williams Show". He also performed regularly as a panelist on "The Hollywood Squares". In the mid-1970s, he appeared on ABC's "Good Morning America" doing humorous reviews of films.
During the late 1960s, Winters acted in several film comedies, most prominently "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming" (1966), and "Viva Max!" (1969). Additionally, he was a regular (along with Woody Allen and Jo Anne Worley) on the Saturday morning children's television program, "Hot Dog" in the early 1970s. He also had his own syndicated show called "The Wacky World of Jonathan Winters" from 1972 to 1974, the music director of which, Van Alexander, was nominated for a 1973 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction of a Variety, Musical or Dramatic Program.
1980s and 1990s career.
Jonathan Winters was a guest star on "The Muppet Show" in 1980. That same year, he also appeared in "I Go Pogo" (a.k.a. "Pogo for President"). In 1981 he was a guest on the short-lived comedy series "Aloha Paradise".
In the fourth and final season of the sci-fi-styled TV comedy "Mork & Mindy", Winters (one of Robin Williams's idols) was brought in as Mork & Mindy's child, Mearth. Due to the different Orkan physiology, Mork laid an egg, which grew and hatched into the much older Winters. It had been previously explained that Orkans aged "backwards," thus explaining Mearth's appearance and that of his teacher, Miss Geezba (portrayed by then-11-year-old actress Louanne Sirota). Mork's infant son Mearth in "Mork & Mindy" was created in hopes of improving ratings and as an attempt to capitalize on Williams's comedic talents. Winters had previously guest-starred in Season 3, Episode 18, as Dave McConnell, Mindy's uncle. However, after multiple scheduling and cast changes, "Mork & Mindy"'s fourth season was already quite low in the ratings and ended up being the show's last season.
Winters became a regular on "Hee Haw" during the 1983–1984 season. He was later the voice of Grandpa Smurf from 1986 to 1990 on the television series "The Smurfs". Additionally, he did the voice of Bigelow in the 1985 TV film "Pound Puppies" and voice-acted on "Yogi's Treasure Hunt" in 1985, among other voice roles throughout the 1980s and 1990s.
In 1987, Winters was featured in NFL Films' "The NFL TV Follies". That same year he published "Winters' Tales: Stories and Observations for the Unusual".
In 1991 and 1992, he had a supporting role on "Davis Rules", a sitcom that lasted two seasons (25 episodes), for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series. He played Gunny Davis, an eccentric grandfather who was helping raise his grandchildren after his son lost his wife.
In addition to his live-action roles, he was a guest star on "The New Scooby-Doo Movies" (in an episode where he also voiced an animated version of his "Maude Frickert" character) and as the narrator in "Frosty Returns" which airs annually aired during the Christmas season. Winters also provided the voice for the thief in "The Thief and the Cobbler".
In 1994, Winters appeared as a fired factory worker (credited as "Grizzled Man") in "The Flintstones". In an interesting role reversal, he was the serious-minded secular police chief and uncle of the character Lamont Cranston (played by Alec Baldwin) in "The Shadow". That same year he voiced Stinkbomb D. Basset in the episode "Smell Ya Later" on "Animaniacs".
Winters received eleven Grammy nominations during his career, including eight for the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album; he won the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Comedy Album for "Crank(y) Calls" in 1996.
In 1996, Winters played himself in "Bloopy's Buddies", a children's TV series on PBS designed to teach children about health and nutrition and to encourage them to exercise.
In 1999, he was awarded the Kennedy Center's Mark Twain Prize for American Humor, becoming the second recipient.
Later years.
Winters had various roles and appeared in numerous television features throughout the early to mid-2000s. In 2000, Winters appeared in "The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle". In 2003, he appeared in the film "Swing".
In 2004, "Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-Ups of All Time" ranked Winters as the #18 greatest stand-up comedian. In 2005 and 2006, Winters appeared on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!".
In 2008, Winters was presented with a Pioneer TV Land Award by Robin Williams. That same year, PBS aired "Pioneers of Television", and "Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America" in 2009, both featuring Winters.
Winters was coaxed out of retirement to voice Papa Smurf in "The Smurfs" (2011), the first-ever animated/live-action Smurfs film, and later in "The Smurfs 2" (2013), his final film project. He died only nine days after he finished recording Papa's voice.
Winters was originally cast in "Big Finish" (2014), during pre-production. It is a comedy set in a retirement home. His scheduled role was to appear alongside Jerry Lewis and Bob Newhart.
Personal life.
Jonathan and Eileen Winters had two children, Jonathan Winters IV, and Lucinda; and several grandchildren.
In his interview with the Archive of American Television, Winters reported that he spent eight months in a private psychiatric hospital in 1959 and again in 1961. The comic suffered from nervous breakdowns and bipolar disorder. With an unprecedented frenetic energy, Winters made obscure references to his illness and hospitalization during his stand-up routines, most famously on his 1960 comedy album, "The Wonderful World of Jonathan Winters". During his classic "flying saucer" routine, Winters casually mentions that if he wasn't careful, the authorities might put him back in the "zoo", referring to the institution.
"These voices are always screaming to get out," Winters told the "Fort Worth Star-Telegram". "They follow me around pretty much all day and night." Winters was able to use his talents in voice-over roles as a result. A devotee of Groucho Marx and Laurel and Hardy, Winters once claimed, "I've done for the most part pretty much what I intended." He told "U.S. News", "I ended up doing comedy, writing, and painting... I've had a ball, and as I get older I just become an older kid."
Winters lived near Santa Barbara, California, and was often seen browsing or "hamming" for the crowd at the antique and gun shows on the Ventura County fairgrounds. He often entertained the tellers and other employees whenever he visited his local bank to make a deposit or withdrawal. Additionally, he spent his time painting and attended many gallery showings, even presenting his art in one-man shows.
On January 11, 2009, Winters' wife of more than 60 years, Eileen, died at the age of 84 after a 20-year battle with breast cancer.
Death.
Winters died of natural causes on the evening of April 11, 2013, in Montecito, California, at the age of 87.
He was survived by his two children, Jonathan ("Jay") Winters IV and Lucinda Winters, and five grandchildren. He was cremated and his ashes were given to his family.
Fans of Winters placed flowers on his Hollywood Walk of Fame star on April 12, 2013, at 1:30 p.m.
Many comedians, actors, and friends gave personal tributes about Winters on social media shortly after his death. Robin Williams posted, "First he was my idol, then he was my mentor and amazing friend. I'll miss him huge. He was my Comedy Buddha. Long live the Buddha." In September 2013, at the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Williams again honored the career and life of Winters. The 2013 movie, The Smurfs 2 was dedicated to him.
Comedy style and legacy.
A pioneer of improvisational stand-up comedy with a gift for mimicry, impersonations, various personalities, and a seemingly bottomless reservoir of creative energy, Winters was one of the first celebrities to go public with a personal mental illness issue and felt stigmatized as a result. According to Jack Paar, "If you were to ask me the funniest 25 people I've ever known, I'd say, 'Here they are—Jonathan Winters.' He also said of Winters, "Pound for pound, the funniest man alive."
With his round, rubber-faced mastery of impressions (including ones of John Wayne, Cary Grant, Groucho Marx, James Cagney, and others) and improvisational comedy, Winters became a staple of late-night television with a career spanning more than six decades. With notable honors, many television show, film and comedy circuit appearances, Winters was known to start his stage shows by commanding an applauding audience that had risen to its feet to: "Please remain standing throughout the evening."
Winters performed a wide range of characters: hillbillies, arrogant city slickers, nerve-shattered airline pilots trying to hide their fear, disgruntled westerners, judgmental Martians, little old ladies, nosy gas station attendants, a hungry cat eyeing a mouse, the oldest living airline stewardess, and more. "I was fighting for the fact that you could be funny without telling jokes," he told "The New York Times", adding that he thought of himself foremost as a writer and less as a stand-up comedian. He named James Thurber's sophisticated absurdity as influential and said he idolized writers with a gift for humor.
Two of his most memorable characters, cranky granny "Maude Frickert" and bumpkin farmer "Elwood P. Suggins" ("I think eggs 24 hours a day"), were born from his early television routines. Robin Williams once told "Playboy" why Mr. Winters inspired him. "It was like seeing a guy behind a mask, and you could see that his characters were a great way for him to talk about painful stuff," he said. "I found out later that they are people he knows—his mother, his aunt. He's an artist who also paints with words. He paints these people that he sees."
Onstage and off, Winters was wildly unpredictable. He was often viewed by producers as a liability, and this led to a scattershot, though memorable, film career. On television, his two self-titled variety shows displayed him in dazzling form as a sketch comic and impersonator.
Winters was an inspiration for performers such as Johnny Carson, Billy Crystal, Tracey Ullman, Lily Tomlin, Steve Martin, Jim Carrey, and Jimmy Kimmel. Robin Williams credited Winters as his comedy mentor, and the two co-starred on "Mork & Mindy".
In a 1991 interview with the "Los Angeles Times", Winters likened the entertainment industry to the Olympics, with actors standing on boxes to receive gold, silver, and bronze medals. Winters claimed, "I think my place is inside the box, underneath the guy receiving the gold medal. They're playing the national anthem and I'm fondling a platinum medallion."


Peachtree Creek Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Peachtree Creek of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Army of Tennessee.
Gen John B. Hood
Stewart’s Corps.
LTG Alexander P. Stewart
Escort
Hardee's Corps.
LTG William J. Hardee


Ranks of the Armed Forces of Uruguay

The Military ranks of Uruguay are the military insignia used by the Armed Forces of Uruguay.
Commissioned officers.
The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army, navy and air force respectively.
Enlisted.
The rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army, navy and air force respectively.


Bill Cahir

William John Cahir (December 20, 1968 – August 13, 2009) was a former newspaper correspondent for Newhouse Newspapers; a Congressional committee staffer for U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy (D-Mass.) and a 2008 Democratic candidate for U.S. Congress in Pennsylvania's 5th District. He was killed by a single enemy gunshot on August 13, 2009, while on active duty in Afghanistan as a U.S. Marines Reservist.
Early life.
William John Cahir was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania and sergeant in the Marine Corps Reserve's 4th Civil Affairs Group, headquartered in Washington, D.C., a unit that specializes in civil-military operations. Former Assistant U.S. Secretary of Defense Paul McHale described Cahir's military job as "a community organizer while carrying a pack and a rifle." In the 1990s, Cahir had worked for the Southampton Press and Education Daily newspapers, as well as for the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions under Sen. Kennedy. He had also previously worked for former Senator Harris Wofford (D-Penn.). In 2005, he was named one of "Pennsylvania's Most Influential Reporters" by the Pennsylvania political news website PoliticsPA. Cahir had previously also deployed to Iraq as a Marine reservist, serving in Ramadi August 2004 - March 2005; and in Fallujah September 2006 - April 2007. In January 2008, Cahir resigned from his journalism job to run for Congress in Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district, which included his hometown of State College. He came in second in the Democratic primary, earning 34.9 percent of the vote. A television campaign commercial humorously depicted the challenge of pronouncing his name “care.” He was deployed to Afghanistan in May 2009. Prior to his deployment, he had been working for consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton. Cahir graduated from Penn State University in 1990 with a degree in English. He married his wife, René E. Browne in 2006. At the time of his death, she was pregnant with twin girls and she was due in December 2009.
Death.
Cahir was killed during Eastern Resolve II, a pre-dawn offensive operation in Helmand Province's Now Zad district. Much of the August 12, 2009 operation focused on controlling the Taliban-held town of Dananeh. Once a city of 30,000, more than three years of fighting had previously reduced the town’s population to an estimated 2,000. Eastern Resolve II involved approximately 400 U.S. Marines and 100 Afghan troops and was intended to cut militant trade and supply lines, and to allow local residents to vote in the August 20 2009 Afghan presidential election. According to a family spokesperson, Cahir was shot in the neck while Marines entering the town encountered machine gun and small arms fire. The Associated Press also reported that fighting in Dananeh lasted more than eight hours, but that, by late morning, Marines prepared to conduct the first-ever NATO patrol in Marine-controlled portions of the town, in order to "reach out to civilians possibly huddled in their homes as sporadic but fierce outbursts of intense gunfire continued ...". Cahir was working as a Washington, D.C.-based correspondent for Newhouse News Service when he notably joined the Marines in November 2003 at age 34—a move that required requesting an exception to the service's age-restrictions. He cited a long-held interest in military service as well as the September 11 attacks as motivations for his enlistment and subsequently wrote a first-person essay regarding his boot camp experience. His military awards included the Bronze Star Medal for his service in Afghanistan, three Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals, and two Combat Action Ribbons. He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart in September 2009. A memorial fund was established to pay for the family’s needs at Bill Cahir Memorial Fund, Box 268, Alexandria, Virginia 22313.


Jeff Bridges

Jeffrey Leon Bridges (born December 4, 1949) is an American actor, singer, producer, and composer. He comes from a prominent acting family and appeared on the television series "Sea Hunt" (1958–1960) with his father, Lloyd Bridges, and brother, Beau Bridges. One of the most acclaimed actors of his generation, he has won numerous accolades, including the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as an alcoholic singer in the 2009 film "Crazy Heart". Critic Pauline Kael wrote that Bridges "may be the most natural and least self-conscious screen actor that has ever lived".
Bridges earned Academy Award nominations for his roles in "The Last Picture Show" (1971), "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot" (1974), "Starman" (1984), "The Contender" (2000), "True Grit" (2010), and "Hell or High Water" (2016). Bridges has also starred in the critically acclaimed roles in "The Fabulous Baker Boys" (1989), "The Fisher King" (1991), "The Big Lebowski" (1998) along with the commercially successful films such as "King Kong" (1976), "Tron" (1982), "Iron Man" (2008), "Tron Legacy" (2010) and "Bad Times at the El Royale" (2018).
Early life.
Bridges was born on December 4, 1949, in Los Angeles, the son of actor Lloyd Bridges (1913–1998) and actress and writer Dorothy Bridges (née Simpson; 1915–2009). He is one of four children: older brother Beau Bridges (born 1941), who is also an actor; a younger sister Lucinda; and a brother named Garrett, who died of sudden infant death syndrome in 1948. His maternal grandfather was an immigrant from Liverpool, England.
Bridges and his siblings were raised in the Holmby Hills section of Los Angeles. He shared a close relationship with his brother Beau, who acted as a surrogate father when their father was working. He graduated from University High School in 1967. At age 17, he toured with his father in a stage production of "Anniversary Waltz", and then moved to New York City, where he studied acting at the Herbert Berghof Studio. He also served in the United States Coast Guard Reserve as a boatswain's mate from 1967 to 1975 in San Luis Obispo, California, with a terminal rank of petty officer second class.
Career.
Film.
Bridges made his first screen appearance in "The Company She Keeps" (1951); the film was released shortly after his first birthday. In his youth, Bridges and brother Beau made occasional appearances on their father's show "Sea Hunt" (1958–1961) and the CBS anthology series "The Lloyd Bridges Show" (1962–1963). In 1969, he played Job Corps crew member Cal Baker in the "Lassie" TV series episode entitled "Success Story". In 1971, he played the lead role Mike in the TV movie "In Search of America". His first major role came in the 1971 film "The Last Picture Show", for which he garnered a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He next co-starred in the 1972 critically acclaimed gritty boxing film "Fat City", directed by John Huston. In 1973, he starred as Junior Jackson in "The Last American Hero", a film based on the true story of NASCAR driver Junior Johnson. He was again nominated for Best Supporting Actor for his performance opposite Clint Eastwood in the 1974 film "Thunderbolt and Lightfoot". In 1976, he starred as the protagonist Jack Prescott in the first remake of "King Kong", opposite Jessica Lange. This film was a commercial success, earning $90 million worldwide, more than triple its $23 million budget, and also winning an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.
In 1982, Bridges starred in one of his better-known roles in the science fiction film "Tron", in which he played Kevin Flynn, a video game programmer. That same year, he starred in "Kiss Me Goodbye", an American romantic comedy film directed by Robert Mulligan, with Sally Field. In 1984, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for playing an alien in "Starman". He was also acclaimed for his roles in the thriller "Against All Odds" (1984) and the crime drama "Jagged Edge" (1985).
His role in "Fearless" (1993) is thought by some critics to be one of his best performances. One critic dubbed it a masterpiece; Pauline Kael wrote that he "may be the most natural and least self-conscious screen actor that has ever lived". In 1994, he starred as Lt. Jimmy Dove in the action film "Blown Away", opposite Tommy Lee Jones and Forest Whitaker. His real-life father Lloyd Bridges was also featured in the film, playing the uncle of Bridges' character. The film was not a financial success, managing to recoup $30 million of its $50 million budget at the box office, with its release a few weeks after another explosive-themed film, "Speed". On July 11, 1994, Bridges received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion picture industry. The star is located at 7065 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1998, he starred as what is arguably his most iconic role, The Dude, in the Coen brothers' film "The Big Lebowski".
In 2000, he received his fourth Academy Award nomination, for his role in "The Contender". He also starred in the 2005 Terry Gilliam film "Tideland", his second with the director (the first being 1991's "The Fisher King"). He shaved his trademark mane of hair to play the role of Obadiah Stane in the 2008 Marvel comic book adaptation "Iron Man". In July 2008, at the San Diego Comic-Con International, he appeared in a teaser, reprising his 1982 fan favorite role of Kevin Flynn for "", shot as concept footage for director Joseph Kosinski; this developed into a full 3D feature release in 2010.
Bridges is one of the youngest actors ever to be nominated for an Academy Award (1972, age 22, Best Supporting Actor, "The Last Picture Show"), and one of the oldest ever to win (winning the Best Actor in 2010 at age 60 for "Crazy Heart"). "Crazy Heart" also won him the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.
Bridges received his sixth Academy Award nomination for his role in "True Grit", a collaboration with the Coen brothers in which he starred alongside Matt Damon, Josh Brolin, Barry Pepper, and Hailee Steinfeld. Both the film and Bridges' performance as Rooster Cogburn, were critically praised. Bridges lost to Colin Firth, whom he had beaten for the Oscar in the same category the previous year. In 2016, Bridges appeared in the film "Hell or High Water", for which he received his seventh Academy Award nomination. For his contribution to films, he was presented with the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2019.
Music.
Referring to his career as an actor and his passion for music, Bridges says, "I dug what an actor did, but it took me a while to feel it, to truly appreciate the craft and the preparation. Plus, I was still playing music a lot, and I guess I had a hard time choosing: was I an actor or a musician, or could I be both?"
Bridges studied piano at a young age, strongly encouraged by his mother. While working on the 1980 film "Heaven's Gate", he often played guitar with his co-star, singer-songwriter Kris Kristofferson, between takes. His character in "Crazy Heart", Bad Blake, was later based partly on Kristofferson. In 1982, he voiced the character of Prince Lír in the animated film The Last Unicorn, and in that role sang on two songs, including a duet with Mia Farrow. He released his debut album "Be Here Soon" on January 1, 2000. In 2005, Bridges, known as "The Dude" in the film "The Big Lebowski", showed up at a Lebowski Fest in Los Angeles singing and playing the film's theme song written by Bob Dylan, "Man in Me".
On January 15, 2010, Bridges performed the song "I Don't Know" from "Crazy Heart" on "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien". In the film "The Contender", in which he co-starred, Bridges recorded a version of Johnny Cash's standard "Ring of Fire" with Kim Carnes that played over the pivotal opening credits. In February 2010, he was among the nearly 80 musicians to sing on the charity-single remake of "We Are the World". On October 24, 2010, Bridges appeared at Neil Young's annual "Bridge School Benefit" concert and played a set with singer-songwriter Neko Case.
On April 19, 2011, Country Music Television announced that Bridges had signed a recording contract with Blue Note Records/EMI Music Group. He worked with producer T-Bone Burnett and released his second album, "Jeff Bridges," on August 16, 2011. On November 5, 2011, Bridges played Austin City Limits in support of this album.
In 2015, he sang on the album "Strangers Again", performing a duet with Judy Collins of the musical tune "Make Our Garden Grow" from "Candide" by Leonard Bernstein. The same year, he released an ambient/spoken-word album entitled "Sleeping Tapes". All proceeds from the album go directly to Bridges' charity No Kid Hungry.
Bridges plays many guitars, including the Gretsch Chet Atkins Country Gentlemen Model G6122-1959.
Other work.
Author.
In 2013, Bridges wrote "The Dude and the Zen Master" with Bernie Glassman. Bridges found himself at a party with Glassman and Ram Dass and their conversation led to discussing the parallels between "The Dude" from "The Big Lebowski" and Zen Buddhism. The book was formed from what has been described as a "transcript of a five-day "hang" on a Montana ranch."
Photography.
Bridges has been an amateur photographer since high school. He began taking photographs on film sets during "Starman" at the suggestion of co-star Karen Allen in 1984, with his favorite camera, a Widelux F8 that his wife bought him. He published many of these photographs online and in a 2003 book entitled "Pictures: Photographs by Jeff Bridges". In 2013, he received an Infinity Award for his photos from the International Center of Photography in New York. A follow-up book, "Jeff Bridges: Pictures Volume Two", was published in 2019.
Narrator.
Bridges narrated the documentary "Lost in La Mancha" (2002), about the making of a Terry Gilliam retelling of "Don Quixote", tentatively titled "The Man Who Killed Don Quixote", which would have starred Johnny Depp as Sancho Panza and Jean Rochefort as the quixotic hero. Bridges also narrated the documentaries National Geographic's "Lewis & Clark: Great Journey West" (2002, IMAX), Discovery Channel's "Raising the Mammoth" (2000), and ABC's "Heroes of Rock and Roll" (1979). He voiced the character Big Z in the animated picture "Surf's Up". He also hosted VH1's "Top 100 Greatest Albums of Rock and Roll" series in 2001. In 2016, he narrated "Dream Big".
Bridges has performed TV commercial voiceover work as well, including Hyundai's 2007 "Think About It" advertising campaign, and the Duracell advertisements in the "Trusted Everywhere" campaign.
On December 18, 2010, Bridges hosted NBC's "Saturday Night Live"; he had hosted the show before in 1983 with his brother, Beau. With the December 18, 2010, episode Bridges beat Sigourney Weaver's record for longest gap between hosting appearances on "SNL" (Weaver had a 24-year gap between her first time hosting in 1986 and her second time hosting in 2010, while Bridges had a 27-year gap between his first appearance in 1983 and his most recent one, also in 2010).
Personal life.
Bridges married Susan Geston in 1977. They met while filming "Rancho Deluxe", on a ranch where Geston was working as a waitress. They have three daughters: Isabelle Annie (born August 6, 1981), Jessica Lily "Jessie" (born June 14, 1983), Haley Roselouise (born October 17, 1985), and granddaughter Grace (born March 31, 2011) from Isabelle.
Bridges has studied Buddhism. On most days, he meditates for half an hour before beginning work on a film set. He has learned Transcendental Meditation.
On October 19, 2020, Bridges announced that he had been diagnosed with lymphoma and has gone through chemotherapy.
Philanthropy.
In 1984, Bridges and other entertainment industry leaders founded the End Hunger Network aimed at encouraging, stimulating and supporting action to end childhood hunger. He supported President Obama's initiative to End Childhood Hunger by 2015. In November 2010, Bridges became spokesman for the No Kid Hungry campaign of the organization Share our Strength. Its goal is to present and undertake a state-by-state strategy to end childhood hunger in the United States by 2015. Bridges also supports environmental causes and organizations such as the Amazon Conservation Team.


22nd Landwehr Division (German Empire)

The 22nd Landwehr Division ("22. Landwehr-Division") was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I.


Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors

The Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors (CCCO) was a United States nonprofit organization dedicated to helping people avoid or resist military conscription or seek discharge after voluntary enlistment. It was active in supporting conscientious objectors ("CO's"), war resisters and draft evaders during the Vietnam War. Founded in Philadelphia in 1948 and dissolved in 2011, CCCO emphasized the needs of secular and activist COs, while other organizations supporting COs principally focused on religious objectors and/or legislative reform and government relations.
CCCO's founders including such notable mid-20th Century American pacifists as David Dellinger, A.J. Muste, George Willoughby, James E. Bristol, John Mott, Bayard Rustin, and Harrop Freeman.
At its largest between about 1966 and 1971, CCCO maintained regional offices and staff in Chicago, Atlanta, Denver and San Francisco, in addition to the national office in Philadelphia. It published multiple editions of a "Handbook for Conscientious Objectors", the looseleaf (and frequently updated) "Draft Counselor's Handbook", and "Advice for Conscientious Objectors in the Armed Forces" (by Mike Wittels and CCCO Western Region, 1979, later updated and revised by other staff, including Robert A. Seeley), and distributed long-time Executive Secretary Arlo Tatum's authoritative "Guide to the Draft". CCCO staff trained hundreds of volunteer "draft counselors" throughout the United States to give informed and non-directive advice during the Vietnam era to as many as 10,000 young men exploring their choices in the face of the draft, including such well-known COs as Muhammad Ali and Arlo Guthrie. CCCO also offered counseling to military members opposed to current wars as well as civilians faced with decisions regarding legal requirements for Selective Service registration.
CCCO Western Region, based in San Francisco, was the last regional office to remain open as the organization scaled back after the end of the Vietnam War, and as draft registration without active conscription became the norm in the U.S. after 1980. The Philadelphia office closed in about 1994, having transferred national control of the organization to San Francisco in 1989. In CCCO's final years, the office moved to Oakland, where activities focused on counter-recruitment activism through its "Military Out of Our Schools" program, and production of a youth magazine, "AWOL! Youth for Peace and Revolution," in collaboration with the War Resisters League. CCCO's "Third World Outreach Program" focused on the issue of the "poverty draft," viewing impoverished young people, disproportionately people of color, as effectively coerced into military service by a lack of viable options in the civilian economy.
In 2006, CCCO contributed an article/op-ed to the Congressional Digest as part of a policy debate on compulsory national service.
Before its closure, CCCO served as the clearinghouse of the national GI Rights Network, which includes the operation of GI Rights Hotline. Its former counseling role was inherited by the GI Rights Hotline and by the Center on Conscience & War (formerly NISBCO, the National Interreligious Service Board for Conscientious Objectors). Over the years, CCCO also partnered with other groups in its programmatic work including the Military Law Task Force of the National Lawyers Guild and the American Friends Service Committee.


Brandywine order of battle

At the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777 a colonial American army led by General George Washington fought a British-Hessian army commanded by General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe. Washington drew up his troops in a defensive position behind Brandywine Creek. Howe sent Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen's 5,000 troops to demonstrate against the American front at Chadd's Ford. Meanwhile, Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis took 10,000 troops on a wide flank march that crossed the creek and got in the rear of the American right wing under Major General John Sullivan. The Americans changed front but Howe's attack broke through.
As Howe's wing made progress, Knyphausen converted his feint into a frontal attack on the American center. Washington's army was driven to the rear in disarray, but was saved from rout by Major General Nathanael Greene's rear guard action. Washington's army retreated to Chester, Pennsylvania while Howe occupied Wilmington, Delaware. The engagement took place in Chadds Ford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
British Army order of battle.
General Sir William Howe (18,000)
<br>Quartermaster General: Brigadier General Sir William Erskine, 1st Baronet
"Note: Each brigade had two or four 3-pound or 4-pound cannons attached."
Left Wing.
Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis
Right Wing.
Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen
American Army order of battle.
General and Commander in Chief George Washington (12,000 regulars, 3,000 militia)


Essex County Division

The Essex County Division was a formation of the British Army formed in World War II on 18 February 1941 by the redesignation of the West Sussex County Division. It lasted until 7 October when it was disbanded. It had one commanding officer, Major General J. H. T. Priestman, It was under the command of XI Corps from formation to 22 July and then under GHQ Home Forces.
Organization.
Organization of the Division in June 1941:


Mario Civera

Mario J. Civera, Jr. (born June 19, 1946) is an American politician from Pennsylvania. A Republican, he served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives for the 164th District (1980-2010) and Delaware County Council (2010-2017).
Career.
Prior to his election to the House, Civera served on the Upper Darby Board of Commissioners. While serving on the Upper Darby Township Council, he was also chairman of the Public Safety Committee.
On March 11, 1980, Civera won election to the House in a special election to replace Frank Lynch, who had resigned in January 1980. He has won re-election to each succeeding session of the House.
Civera did not run for reelection in 2010.
Dual office controversy.
In November 2009, Civera was elected to the Delaware County Council and was sworn into office on January 4, 2010. However, controversy arose when Civera would not resign from his state House seat and thus is holding both offices. During his county council campaign, Civera said he would step down from the House, but after the election said he had no plans to leave, saying he wanted to stay in Harrisburg to complete work on a table games bill needed to finalize the 2009 budget and tie up some other loose ends. He also pointed out that he had never given a definitive date for his resignation. Democrats would like Civera to resign by March so a special election could take place in the May primary at the same time a competitive primary race for a state Senate seat is expected to drive up Democratic voter turnout, hence Civera's assertion that Democrats "want to steal the election." Governor Ed Rendell asked Civera to stay to work on the 2010 budget, but has now said he believes Civera should resign, saying, "I thought that Mario Civera might be helpful in this year's budget process, but given his votes on table games where he voted against filling a $250 million hole in the budget, it's pretty apparent that there are other things at play rather than his desire to help the budget, so I think he should just resign, go do the job he was elected to do here locally and then let the speaker of the House, as is his legal power, set the special election."
Personal.
Civera lives with his wife in Delaware County. He has one son, three stepsons, and seven grandchildren.


Charles G. Abrell

Charles Gene Abrell (August 12, 1931 – June 10, 1951) was a United States Marine Corps corporal who was killed in action during the UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive in the Korean War.
Abrell was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life on June 10, 1951 at Hwacheon, Korea while advancing under fire with his platoon against enemy hill positions. After being wounded twice during a single-handed assault against an enemy bunker, he pulled the pin from a hand grenade and hurled himself into the bunker, killing the enemy gun crew and himself in the explosion.
Biography.
Charles Abrell was born in Terre Haute, Indiana in 1931. He attended public schools in Las Vegas, Nevada, and then enlisted in the Marine Corps on August 17, 1948 at age 17.
U.S. Marine Corps.
Following recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina, Abrell was assigned as a rifleman to Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He deployed from San Diego on August 17, 1950 to Kobe, Japan at the beginning of the Korean War aboard the attack transport USS Noble (was previously used for large scale amphibious training exercises with Marines from Camp Lejeune) with the 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, arriving September 2. The USS Noble departed Kobe on September 9 and arrived off South Korea on September 13 for the Inchon Invasion on September 15.
He was in combat at the Battle of Inchon on September 15 to 19, 1950, Seoul, Wonsan, Chosin Reservoir and Hamhung as a fire team leader with Company E, 2nd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division. He died during an assault on an enemy hill position at Hwachon, Korea for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Abrell is buried in the West Lawn Cemetery in Farmersburg, Indiana.
Military awards.
Abrell's decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation.
Abrell's Medal of Honor citation reads:
The President of the United States in the name of the Congress takes pride in presenting the Medal of Honor posthumously to
CORPORAL CHARLES G. ABRELL
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
for service as set forth in the following
CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a fire team leader in Company E, in action against enemy aggressor forces. While advancing with his platoon in an attack against well-concealed and heavily fortified enemy hill positions, Cpl. Abrell voluntarily rushed forward through the assaulting squad which was pinned down by a hail of intense and accurate automatic-weapons fire from a hostile bunker situated on commanding ground. Although previously wounded by enemy hand grenade fragments, he proceeded to carry out a bold, single-handed attack against the bunker, exhorting his comrades to follow him. Sustaining 2 additional wounds as he stormed toward the emplacement, he resolutely pulled the pin from a grenade clutched in his hand and hurled himself bodily into the bunker with the live missile still in his grasp. Fatally wounded in the resulting explosion which killed the entire enemy guncrew within the stronghold, Cpl. Abrell, by his valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of certain death, served to inspire all his comrades and contributed directly to the success of his platoon in attaining its objective. His superb courage and heroic initiative sustain and enhance the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
In memory.
In 1982, the Indiana Historical Bureau placed a historical marker in northern Terre Haute commemorating Abrell; it is one of twelve markers in Vigo County.
In June 2001, a life-sized bronze statue of Charles Abrell on the grounds of the Vigo County Courthouse, Indiana, was dedicated in honor of those who served in Korea.