Alexandre Liautard

Alexandre François Augustin Liautard (February 15, 1835, Paris – April 20, 1918, Bois-Jérôme-Saint-Ouen, Eure, France) was a French veterinarian. After graduating from the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse in 1856, he emigrated to the United States in 1859 to exercise his profession of veterinary practitioner in New York until 1900, when he retired and returned to France. The name of Alexandre Liautard is associated with the beginning of private veterinary education in America. Liautard was the founder and dean of the New York American Veterinary College. He participated in organizing the American Veterinary profession and founded the United States Veterinary Medical Association, now the American Veterinary Medical Association, of which he was for many years a driving force. His name is still cited in the American veterinary press as a dominant figure in the history of the profession for having defined its professional standards and missions, and been a uniting force, and as founder of the American Veterinary Review, now the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (JAVMA).
Alexandre Liautard is honored today, as he was during his lifetime, as the "father of the American veterinary profession".
Biography.
Alexandre François Augustin Liautard was born on 15 February 1835 at 33 rue Neuve-Saint- Augustin, now rue Saint-Augustin, in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Jean-François Liautard, a locksmith contractor, and Charlotte Gabrielle Héloïse Vives, born in Paris, and who died in 1841 when Alexandre Liautard was only five years old. He had two sisters. His maternal uncle Étienne Gabriel Vives was a veterinarian in the military profession.
Veterinary studies.
In 1851, Alexandre Liautard was accepted as pupil at the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort. In 1855, his father died and, five days later, Alexandre was expelled from Alfort « for a very serious breach of discipline » the subject of which is unknown. In addition, he had been unable to take the exams at the end of the first semester, due to illness. After halting his studies for several months he was admitted to the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse where he finished his fourth year and obtained his diploma in 1856.
Veterinary practitioner in New-York.
His activities between 1856 and 1859 remain unknown. His award certificate for the Legion of Honor mentions three years of military service, and although this was initially quoted by Lester Crawford an investigation carried out at the Service historique de l'armée de terre (Army history department) in France did not find any mention of his name. In addition, the military service period was six years at that time, and in accordance with the Gouvion-Saint-Cyr law, admission was by recruitment or by random draw. It is therefore most likely that Liautard drew a "good number" and was not recruited.
He arrived at New York in 1859 where he settled and quickly opened a veterinary clinic. The city was in full expansion at that time, despite the Civil War which began in 1861. Developments were not only economic but also occurring at the university level. Fifteen universities were created during this wartime period, including Cornell, Swarthmore College, and MIT. Minds were also open to the creation of professional colleges.
At the beginning of Liautard's career in New York, very few American veterinarians possessed diplomas and all those who did had received veterinary training in Europe. Many "horse doctors" were simply farriers. It was in this context that Liautard was able to establish himself in New York, despite the inevitable difficulties of acclimatizing to a new culture and working in a language foreign to him. He settled in the centre of New York City, at 215, Lexington Avenue. At the same time, he acquired the diploma of medical doctor (doctor in medicine) at the University Medical College, now the New York University School of Medicine. The intense activity that he deployed as a practitioner during his forty years of professional life in the United States enabled him to become very affluent, even wealthy, judging by his real estate acquisitions on his return to France in 1900. Above all, it provided him with the means to finance his undertakings in veterinary education and publishing in the United States.
To emphasize the extent of the market open to the veterinary profession, Liautard periodically published, in the "American Veterinary Review", statistics on American livestock and meat exports which he compared with those of the main European countries and their imports. Horses were extremely important in towns at that time, due to the use of horse-drawn vehicles.
Importance of the equine population in the United States.
The end of the 19th century marked the heyday of the horse. Long considered as the century of steam and railways, the 19th century was above all an equine century. Rail transport and horse-drawn transport were complementary. During the Gilded Age the equine population in the United States rose from 7 million in 1860 to 25 million in 1900. Although town horses only represented 11 to 12% of this population, their importance in urban development was considerably greater. In 1900, the average density was 426 horses per square mile in the 46 largest cities of the United States, and 500 in New York City and Chicago. In 1900, horses lived and worked in Manhattan, in Chicago, and in Philadelphia. In 1879, "The New York Times" wrote: "New York must move on wheels, the whole population must drive... This is obviously a stable city".
Horse-drawn vehicles in the streets of New York, 1880–1900
Family life and return to France.
In New York, Alexandre Lieutard married Emily Joséphine Stouvenel the daughter of French immigrants to New-York. Their only daughter, Marie-Louise was born in 1864 in New York where she was brought up. In 1890, she married Octave Boyer who had come to New York to set up a branch of the Grande Maison de Blanc, a luxury Brussels store in Opéra district of Paris. The New York store on Fifth avenue was closed down in the 1960s. In 1900, when Octave Boyer was made director of the Grande Maison de Blanc, boulevard des Capucines, in Paris, Alexandre Liautard retired and returned to France with his wife, then confined to a wheelchair due to cerebral infarction, and with his daughter and son-in-law. It seems that Liautard was too attached to his daughter to let her leave without him. They lived in a vast apartment on the fourth floor of a luxury building at 14, avenue de l'Opéra.
Although no longer a practitioner, Liautard continued to develop numerous activities. As honorary dean of New York American Veterinary College, he kept up extensive correspondence from France with his American colleagues and continued to write editorials for his American Veterinary Review. He took part in the meetings of the Central Society of Veterinary Medicine which, in 1928 and thanks to Emmanuel Leclainche, became the Veterinary Academy of France (Académie vétérinaire de France). He became its president in 1911. From 1914 onwards, he provided financial support for the activities of the Commission for Relief in Belgium initiated by Herbert Hoover (who would later become President of the United States), to provide aid to German-occupied Belgium.
In 1911, he purchased a small 19th-century chateau, La Mare aux Cerfs, at Bois-Jérôme-Saint-Ouen, near to Vernon, in the Eure. It was there that he died on April 18, 1918 following a heart attack.
Work and achievements.
Although Alexandre Liautard remains little known in France, he is famous and recognized by the veterinary world of the United States as a dominant figure in the history of the American veterinary profession.
On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), in 2013, an article in the association's journal, the JAVMA, dated January 1, 2013, described him as one of the 12 most famous figures in the history of the American veterinary profession and, during that year, devoted the first of the twelve biographies of founders published by the journal, to him:
"Dr Alexandre Francois Liautard, the father of the American veterinary profession, almost single-handedly transformed the uneducated, disorganized veterinarians of the United States into a learned profession. He founded two veterinary schools that served as the blueprints for veterinary education as it exists today. He also helped establish the AVMA and was the first editor of its Journal."
"Entrepreneur" of veterinary education, founder and dean of the veterinary school.
In the United States (as in Great Britain but unlike France), the first veterinary schools were private enterprises. Like the universities to which they are attached, many still are today. The first American Veterinary colleges, recognized legally as such, were created between 1850 and 1860 at Philadelphia, Boston and New York City. Today, the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1879, the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (PennVet) founded in 1884, the Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine founded in 1885, and the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, founded in 1894, are the four oldest American veterinary establishments still functioning. For the record, the French veterinary schools of Lyon and Alfort were founded in 1761 and 1765, respectively, the École nationale vétérinaire de Toulouse was created in 1825 and inaugurated in 1835 and the Royal Veterinary College of London in 1791. The first Principal of this latter was a French veterinarian, Charles Vial de Saint Bel, who trained at the Veterinary School of Lyon.
The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons.
The first three American veterinary colleges at Philadelphia, Boston and New York were not successful and did not last long. The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, founded in 1857 by Dr John Busteed (1815–1876), a doctor of Irish origin, is considered as the veritable precursor of veterinary teaching in the United States, but the establishment had to close down in 1859, due to lack of pupils. Dr Busteed did not abandon his project and reorganized his school in 1862. Liautard had been in New York since 1860 and had already set up premises at 205 Lexington Avenue. His notoriety must have already been well-established and his position sufficiently secure for him to be able to house this college in his own building, by private arrangement, where it opened in 1864. He was a member of the teaching staff and continued his activity as practitioner on the premises, which remained his property. Doctors formed part of the teaching staff. In 1870, Busteed retired and Liautard succeeded him as president of the teaching body. The establishment was directed by a board of trustees. In 1875, dissension arose within the board of trustees. All the teaching staff resigned and followed Liautard who founded his own school: the American Veterinary College.
The New York College of Veterinary Surgeons continued to function as best it could and finished by merging in 1899 with the American Veterinary College directed by Liautard. He trained a total of 292 graduate veterinary surgeons. In the meantime, some teachers left to create the Columbia Veterinary College which lasted from 1878 to 1884 and trained a total of 82 graduates.
The American Veterinary College.
In April 1875, two months after the closure of the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, the American Veterinary College opened as a private establishment under the direction of Liautard, in a new building that he had purchased at 141 West 54th Street. Both the college and veterinary clinic were owned by Liautard who taught and had a practice there until his retirement and return to France in 1900.
The College rapidly became very famous, mainly due to the personal genius of Liautard on all fronts, not only as a teacher and reputed clinician, but also as manager and remarkable organizer of a professional network of former pupils he had trained, and with whom he corresponded and supported through his journal, the "American Veterinary Review".
In April 1887, Liautard wrote:
The clinical activities of the Hospital Department of the American Veterinary College were published annually; in 1887 he summarized the 12 previous years as follows :
It is remarkable that, throughout this entire period, all these results were obtained by self-financing with hardly any external support. Nevertheless, Liautard's ambitions to develop his school would require such support, if not as aid from the public authorities, at least as private contributions, in accordance with the American culture favoring private initiative, and it was to these that he appealed in 1887. He relied on the results of the American Veterinary College and on a favorable editorial published by the "New York Herald", then the most widely-read newspaper in the United States, from which Liautard reproduced the following extracts in the "American Veterinary Review"ː
 Between 1875 and 1899, the American Veterinary College trained 629 graduates.
Liautard and the creation of new veterinary colleges.
More than his own professional success, which was certainly fundamental but above all provided the means to satisfy his ambitions, Liautard's grand project was to create or encourage the emergence of an organized American veterinary profession, recognized professionally and scientifically like the medical profession. He considered the Union territory sufficiently vast for other initiatives like his to be developed in other States and encouraged all of them provided that the professional standard, which he never ceased to promote, was respected.
His relationship with James Law, another great name in the history of American veterinary medicine, is highly instructive in this respect. James Law, a veterinarian of Scottish origin, was recruited by Ezra Cornell to provide veterinary teaching in the specialized University of Agronomy that he had founded at Ithaca, now Cornell University, in New York State. In 1894, James Law was responsible for creating the College of veterinary medicine within this private university, even though the American Veterinary College existed in the same State, in New York City, in Manhattan. Liautard opened the columns of his Journal to Law and supported his teaching and university projects, provided that they ultimately resulted in a college of veterinary medicine which applied the same statutes and professional standards to train veterinarians as those laid down for the American Veterinary College, and that in no case would it be a question of training empirics ː
To which Law vigorously defended himself in the American Veterinary Review, explaining his vision and project which already corresponded to the demands of Research-linked higher education and received support for this from the public authorities. Many former pupils of Liautard taught at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine and in veterinary colleges in other States of the Union.
James Law was the first veterinary professor of an American university and greatly improved the scientific standard of veterinary training.
« Triumph and Tragedy : The Story of Law and Liautard ».
« "Triumph and Tragedy : The Story of Law and Liautard" » : It is in these terms that Donald Smith, who was dean of Cornell Veterinary College from 1997 to 2007, described the relationship between Liautard and Law, a "triumph" for Law who saw the fruition of his life's work, in the creation of Cornell Veterinary College, which was ranked first of the 30 veterinary schools in the United States, and therefore first in the world, right from the beginning until just a few years ago, before being dethroned by that of Davis, in California. And yet a "tragedy", in the opinion of dean Smith, who considered Liautard's strategic vision to have a major veterinary school in the university world of New York City, rather than in the countryside of Ithaca, was the better one.
Integration of the Veterinary Colleges into the university system.
In 1899, the American Veterinary College merged with the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons to form the New York American Veterinary College, of which Liautard was dean. At the same time the college became part of the University of New York, (a private university), thereby satisfying Liautard's expectations who considered the insertion of veterinary training into the American university systemn, like all American establishments of higher education, self-evident. This attachment was a prerequisite to obtaining the hoped-for aid, as the New York State Veterinary College, from the State of New York, just like the veterinary College of Cornell set up in 1894 within Cornell University, (a private university). According to T.F. Jones, New York University historian, « "the Veterinary School was, from its beginning, hampered by a meagreness of resources that was relieved only by the self-sacrifice of an enthusiastic faculty" ». Accreditation of the New York American Veterinary College as the New York State Veterinary College would have made it possible to hope that "the metropolitan school would receive the same financial support from the Albany Assembly as that of its rural sister college at Ithaca" but Liautard retired and returned to France in 1900. This objective was attained in 1913.
The 50th anniversary of the American Veterinary Medical Association celebrated in 1913 was the occasion to remember Liautard's contribution to American veterinary medicine and to re-deliver the toasting speech made to him by Rush S. Huidekoper during the 25th anniversary of the American Veterinary College ː
Closure of New York University New York State Veterinary College.
In 1923, New York University New York State Veterinary College was closed down, leaving only the New York State Veterinary College of Cornell University. The severe diminution of the horse population, due to rapid expansion of the automobile, and before being supplanted by the dog as a pet animal, together with the enormous correlated reduction in the number of veterinary candidates (between 1914 and 1924, the number of veterinary students fell by 75% throughout the Union), contributed to this closure. The decisive element, after death of the College dean, Horace Hoskins, in 1921, was the discontinuation of financial support from the New York State administration for the year 1921–1922, who concentrated their financial support on Cornell College. Thus there is no longer any veterinary college in New York City today.
The two main veterinary colleges in the United States ceased activity at the same time and for the same reasons: the Chicago Veterinary College (1883–1920) which trained graduates, notably for the army, and the Kansas City Veterinary College (1891–1918) which trained , and also the Mc Killip Veterinary College of Chicago (1892–1920), which trained graduates and was associated with enormous clinical activity ( cases treated in 1899).
These creations and closures of veterinary colleges constitute an essential trait in the history of veterinary teaching in the United States where 41 veterinary schools were closed down.
Organizer of the American veterinary profession: at the origin of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
In 1863, during a local meeting of veterinarians at Philadelphia, Robert Jennings (founder of the first college of veterinary medicine at Philadelphia) proposed that a national congress should be held to improve the level of veterinary practice in the United States and for this invited veterinarians including John Busteed (founder of the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons), A.S. Copeman, A. Liautard, and Charles M. Wood. It was decided to meet in New York City on June 9, 1863. Colonel Charles A. Stetson, friend and supporter of the veterinary profession, lent them a large room in his hotel, Astor House, then the most prestigious hotel in New York. This first congress assembled 40 delegates representing 7 states : New York (state), Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maine, Ohio and Delaware.
The association, entitled the United States Veterinary Medical Association, was created on June 10, 1863. Liautard was elected secretary. Aged 28 at that time, he had been living in America for only three years and was already considered as one of the profession's most prominent figures. He would go on to be the president in 1874–1875, 1875–1876 and 1886–1887.
In 1907, after retiring to France in 1900, Liautard wrote in the American Veterinary Review: Each time that the occasion presented itself, and in terms of encouragement, Liautard never omitted to emphasize the strong points of American veterinary medicine as compared with European veterinary medicine, including that of France.
In 1898, the United States Veterinary Medical Association became the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). In 1913, during the 50th-anniversary meeting of the Association, held at New York, on September 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, at the Hotel Astor, Dr Hoskins rendered a resounding tribute to « "the father of the profession" » who had had to remain in France with his wife: During the inaugural session, the speech that Liautard had sent in was read, in which he retraced the history of the association.
Today the AVMA is a powerful professional organization and has more than members divided between the different professional groups, freelance veterinarians, the Administration, Teaching and Research, Industry, etc. Its headquarters are at Shaumburg in Illinois.
Liautard, journalist and editor ː the American Veterinary Review.
On March 20, 1876, the USMVA, which preceded the American Veterinary Medical Association, launched the publication of the "American Veterinary Review". Alexandre Liautard was made chief writer, a post that he occupied until 1900, he was also the editor. In 1881, the Association donated it to him, in recognition of the work he had accomplished for the Review and for the profession. According to J. Fred Smithcors, the American veterinary profession historian, by taking over control of the Review, he was then able to express his ideas and his professional development program « totally independently » :
Liautard, owner of the Journal, made it a vector for the propositions that he put forward and developed in all fields of activity in the veterinary profession, current or yet to come. He also used it as a weapon, with his concise and potent editorials, in which he was prompt to denounce anything that seemed, to him, an obstacle to the common good, the national interest or professional ethics.
Organizing the profession.
Amongst his numerous and varied professional undertakings, particular mention must be made of those concerning veterinary public health and defense of the veterinary diploma:
Veterinary public health.
As early as 1880, during an outbreak of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Liautard urged the federal government and the States within the Union to set up a health program for the control of infectious diseases. In 1881, he demanded the creation of State veterinarians. This epidemic was so serious that it resulted in an embargo by the British government prohibiting the export of American cattle to Great Britain and Canada. In 1883, this embargo led the federal authorities to create a veterinary service within the USDA, to eradicate the disease, entrusting its direction to Daniel Elmer Salmon who, in 1884, made it the Bureau of Animal Industry. Liautard strongly encouraged his students to become involved or take a position in this newly created public service and would, if necessary, defend them. Thus in 1889, he spoke out vehemently against what he called the « political guillotine » used on public service veterinarians, victims of the spoils system which could result in their dismissal, in response to political changes, without any consideration of their competence.
Regulation of the veterinary diploma.
In 1880, Liautard was the only American representative among the 65 foreign honorary members of the British veterinary evaluation organization, the Council of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
Using this British model as a basis, in January 1882 he devoted an editorial to promote the creation of a College of veterinary surgeons of America in the form of an association of member veterinarians responsible for electing a board of examiners which had the exclusive right to grant a diploma, which would be the only qualification recognized and required to exercise veterinary medicine, and which would require students to take a final exam before this board of examiners.
This project was launched in 1948 with the creation by the AVMA of the National Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners (NBVME), and the commissioning in 1954 of a National Board Examination (NBE). To avoid conflicts of interest, the NBVME is now independent of the AVMA, and has been renamed International Council for Veterinary Assessment (ICVA). In January 1998, a computerized evaluation procedure, the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE®) replaced the NBE
The promotion of scientific advances.
At the same time, the American Veterinary Review served not only for information and professional training but also as a means to diffuse scientific knowledge thanks to contributions by the greatest European scientists working in the field of animal health, such as Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edmond Nocard, Henri Toussaint, Auguste Chauveau, etc., whose articles he translated into English.
Support for Pasteur.
In the very first issues of the American Veterinary Review in 1877, Liautard asserted that he was a « rational Pasteurian », adhering to the germ theory of disease, like Henri Bouley, the most illustrious French veterinarian of the time, teacher and practitioner, publishing the latter's famous lecture at the French Academy of Sciences, May 7, 1877, on the bacterial etiology of anthrax. Through his writings and teaching, he led the entire American veterinary profession to subscribe to this approach, in the same way that the French would do after Bouley, whereas in both the United States and France the medical world would do so much later.
Handover period: the JAVMA.
In 1896, Roscoe R. Bell, former pupil and professor at the American Veterinary College, became co-editor with Liautard. In 1900, Dr Robert W. Ellis became owner of one-third of the Journal and was responsible for its management. Liautard continued as senior editor and Bell as editor. In September 1915, the American Veterinary Medical Association purchased the Review and the publication was renamed "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association", the JAVMA, that we know today as the official periodical of the association of American veterinarians. Liautard, who had retired to France in 1900, continued to contribute to each issue until his death.
Personality.
His exceptional energy and capacity for hard work, the charisma exerted by this teacher on his students and former pupils, and the admiration, respect and affection that they accorded him in return, stand out as one reads the proceedings of the meetings and testimonials reported in the American Veterinary Review and the JAVMA.
The impact of Liautard on his pupils and on the veterinarians of his time.
Smithcors writes
Liautard and American nationality.
In the obituary published in 1918 by the Société Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire of which he had been president in 1911, one reads: Nevertheless, despite his remarkable success and perfect integration into American society, Liautard retained his French nationality. In a letter dated September 28, 1902, written from Paris to Henry MacCracken, chancellor of New York University, who had begged Liautard to return to New York to take up the post of dean of New York University New York American Veterinary College, Liautard replied: "the fact that I kept my nationality could raise objections, as was the case when I lived in New York". Smithcors also mentioned: "Although he lived in the United States for forty years and amassed a small fortune, he never became a citizen. For much of his life here he was referred to affectionately as "Frenchy" by his closest associates – although perhaps not to his face".
An element of mystery.
The reasons for his expulsion as a pupil from the Veterinary School of Alfort at the beginning of his fourth academic year, for "grave misconduct", after he had already received a reprimand in his 3rd year, remain unknown. But one can easily imagine such a forceful and outspoken character getting into conflict with some of his superiors who were not lucky enough to meet his esteem. It is not impossible that he made them aware of this in the same scathing terms that he would later use in America to stigmatize colleagues who hadn't either. If this was the case, and knowing the extremely severe disciplinary regulations in French veterinary schools at this time, one can understand the sanction that followed. Liautard does not seem to have borne any grudge against the School of Alfort, and certainly not against the most illustrious figures that were there at that time, notably the director Eugène Renault, and the clinical professor Henri Bouley, to whom he paid tribute on numerous occasions in his Review.
Nor do we dispose of any financial accounts of his professional activity which enabled him to amass a "small fortune" according to Smithcors, but we can guess that he not only exerted powerful leadership within the school, of which he was the owner, but also had the eminent and lucrative position of being the most prominent veterinary practitioner in New York at this time.
His total investment in both his teaching and professional activities, right to the very end of his life, meant that his return to France not only came as a surprise but also created a vacuum that was difficult to fill, to such an extent that, as indicated above, the chancellor of New York University, Henry MacCracken, asked him to return to exercise his function as dean. It has been suggested that Liautard was too attached to his only daughter to agree to be separated from her when she returned to France. His devotion to the end to his wife, now in a state of profound mental impairment, also shows that, at that moment, he chose what he considered to be his family duty after devoting forty years of his life to his profession, even if he continued to serve this latter until the very end of his life.
Distinctions and tributes.
The only French distinctions that Liautard received were those of Knight of the Order of Agricultural Merit and Knight of the Legion of Honor. His Legion of Honor certificate indicates that this was awarded in recognition of services rendered in facilitating the installation of the Pasteur Institute at New York, he was the veterinary consultant.
The greatest tribute rendered to Alexandre Liautard is to be honored today, as he was when still alive, and as written on the marker at the Père Lachaise cemetery, as the "Father of the American Veterinary Profession".


Michael A. Campion

Michael A. Campion is the Herman C. Krannert Distinguished Professor of Management at Purdue University (since 1986). Previous industrial experience (1978-1986) includes 4 years each at IBM and Weyerhaeuser Company. He has a MS and PhD in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. He has over 140 articles in scientific and professional journals, and has given over 260 presentations at professional meetings, on such topics as employment testing, interviewing, job analysis, work design, teams, turnover, promotion, motivation and machine learning. He is among the 10 most published authors in top journals in his field for the last three decades, and he is the 2nd most cited author in textbooks out of 9,000 authors in both Human Resource Management and Industrial and Organizational Psychology, and he has about 8,000 Web of Science and 24,000 Google Scholar citations. He is past editor of "Personnel Psychology" (a scientific research journal) and past president of the Society for Industrial-Organizational Psychology (SIOP), both of which are roles that only 1% of I/O Psychologists have the opportunity to perform. He was promoted to the Herman C. Krannert Chaired Professorship in 2009 and to Distinguished Professor in 2020 for contributions and productivity in scientific research. He is also the 2010 winner of the Scientific Contribution Award given by SIOP, which is the lifetime scientific contribution award and most prestigious award given by SIOP. He manages a small consulting firm (Campion Consulting Services) that has conducted nearly 1300 projects for over 170 private and public sector organizations during the past 30 years on nearly all human resources topics.


Eugene Nicholas Myers

Eugene Nicholas Myers (born November 27, 1933) is an oncologist and otolaryngologist and a leader in the treatment of head and neck cancer. He has served on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine since 1972, when he became chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology. He is the author or co-author of leading texts in the field of head and neck cancer, and has chaired and served on the boards of the preeminent societies and associations in the field.
Early life.
Eugene Nicholas Myers was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to David and Roslyn Nicholas Myers. His father, maternal grandfather, maternal uncle, and paternal uncles all were doctors. His father was a noted ear, nose and throat specialist in Philadelphia.
Education and training.
Myers attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and in 1954 received a Bachelor of Science in Economics. He earned his Doctor of Medicine degree in 1960 at Temple University.
After medical school, Myers did internships with Dr. Martin Steinberg at Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York, and with Dr. J.J. Byrne at the VA Hospital on Boston. He completed a residency and a NIH Special Fellowship in Otolaryngology at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and then was a Teaching Fellow under Dr. Harold Schuknecht, the Harvard Medical School Chair of Otolaryngology, during the 1964-65 period. He completed his postgraduate training with a Special Fellowship in Head and Neck Surgery with Dr. John Conley at Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center in New York.
Career and accomplishments.
Myers served two years with the United States Army Medical Corps in 1965–67 at the 97th General Hospital in Frankfurt, Germany He then completed a fellowship in head and neck surgery with John J. Conley, MD, at Saint Vincent's Hospital in New York.
Myers served from 1968 to 1972 as an Assistant Professor of Clinical Otolaryngology at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in Philadelphia, then became Professor, Chairman, and the first academic faculty member of the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Pittsburgh in 1972. While serving in that leadership position he increased the size and quality of the school's department of otolaryngology, so that it is widely considered one of the leading programs in the world. In 2006 Dr. Myers was named Distinguished Professor and Emeritus Chair. During his 33-year tenure as chair, he introduced the department to modern head and neck surgery and cultivated a leading
academic department. He estimates that he has performed more than 9,000 operations and mentored more than 150 residents and fellows. Twenty-five of his former trainees are now chairs at academic institutions.
From 1972 to the present he served first as Professor of Clinical Oncology in the Department of Oral Pathology of the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, and then as Professor in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at that school.
He served in various roles including chief of department, consulting staff, active staff, and courtesy staff at a number of major hospitals, including the VA Hospital, University of Pennsylvania Hospital, US Naval Hospital, Children's Hospital, and Presbyterian-University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, all in Philadelphia, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Eye and Ear Hospital, UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, UPMC-Braddock Medical Center, The Rehabilitation Institute, UPMC South Side, Magee-Womens Hospital, and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, all in Pittsburgh.
Myers has been a frequent speaker within the US and around the world. He's delivered over 500 talks before learned medical societies in the U.S. and on six continents between 1964 and 2013, starting with “Management of Otogenic Brain Abscess," at the New England Otolaryngological Society, and more recently on “Parapharyngeal Pleomorphic Adenoma” at the 3rd International Congress on Salivary Gland Diseases" in Geneva, Switzerland. He's also moderated over 200 panels during that time. He's been honored to deliver over 50 eponymous addresses, including the 2nd John Conley Lecture at Columbia University in 1999, and the 1st David Myers Distinguished Lecture (named in memory of Dr. Myers’ father) at the University of Pennsylvania in 2005.
Myers has secured multiple research grants by the U.S. federal government as well as industry organizations, including the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the National Cancer Institute, the American College of Radiology, and the American Cancer Society.
Publications.
Myers is one of the two original editors of Cancer of the Head and Neck, now in its 5th edition, along with Dr. James Suen (and now co-edited with Dr. Michael Smith, Jeffrey Myers, and Ehab Hanna). Dr. Myers also co-edited with Dr. Charles Bluestone, Derald Brackman, and Charles Krause, the twelve volume Advances in Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. In addition, he has edited or co-edited books in the field including Tracheotomy, Plastic Reconstruction in the Head and Neck, Operative Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Tracheotomy: Airway Management, Communication and Swallowing, Decision Making in Ear, Nose & Throat Disorders, Salivary Gland Disorders, Pearls and Pitfalls in Head and Neck Surgery, Practical Tips to Minimize Complications, and the forthcoming Master Techniques in Otolaryngology. He has also contributed almost 150 book chapters to other editors' works.
He has authored over 300 refereed articles on a broad range of topics concerning Head and Neck Cancer, Otolaryngology, Oncology, and Maxillofacial Surgery.
Professional societies.
Myers has played leadership roles in most of the professional and scientific societies in the field of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, including the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, the American Board of Otolaryngology, the American Bronchoesophagology Association, the American College of Surgeons, the American Head and Neck Society, the American Laryngological Association, the American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, the American Medical Association, the American Otological Society, the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, the Association of Academic Departments of Otolaryngology, the Pan American Association of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, the Society of Head and Neck Surgeons, and the Society of University Otolaryngologists.
He is an honorary member of professional societies in Brazil, Mexico, the Czech Republic, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Israel, Japan, Oman, the Philippines, Scotland, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, and Turkey and the Caribbean Association of Otolaryngology. He was also President of the Pan-American Association of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and is an honorary member of more than 20 overseas national societies of otolaryngology. At the 2009 IFOS World Congress, he was awarded a gold medal for his international activities. He currently serves as Honorary President of the Balkan Society of Otolaryngology and is the Regional Advisor to the Balkans for the American Academy of Otolaryngology— Head and Neck Surgery.
Community activity.
Myers has been a member of the Board of Directors of Eye and Ear Hospital, Eye and Ear Foundation, and University of Pittsburgh Physicians. He's served and chaired search committees for departments of Radiology, Dermatology, Medicine, Anesthesiology, Dental Medicine, Diagnostic Services, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Pediatrics, Pathology, and Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh.
Outside of medicine, Dr. Myers has served on the boards of many non-profit organizations, including Pennsylvania Lions Hearing Research Foundation, Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Family House, Opera Theater of Pittsburgh, and Global Pittsburgh.
Personal life.
Dr. Myers married Barbara Labov in 1956. The couple have two children – Marjorie Myers Fulbright of San Francisco, California, and Dr. Jeffrey Nicholas Myers of Houston, Texas (with whom Eugene Myers has collaborated on a number of books and articles) – and also five grandsons. Dr. Myers lives in Pittsburgh, PA and proudly supports the Pittsburgh Penguins.


PFA Footcare Association (Canadian Chapter)

PFA Footcare Association (Canadian Chapter) is a self-regulatory body which upholds, monitors and supports the competent and ethical practice of credentialed (Certified Pedorthist) members. Supporting the Canadian Pedorthic profession and improving the foot health of Canadians.
This association is one of 2 associations in Canada which confirm the validity of each member's designation(s) ensuring the members are trained to a common set of standards. Members are held accountable to: their respective governing body, standards of practice, code of ethics, continuing educational requirements as well as the PFA Footcare Association (Canadian Chapter) – Code of Conduct/Professional Responsibility governing this association.
All certified pedorthists holding a membership with this association must have met the pre-requisite requirements and hold a Certified Pedorthist credential (C.Ped/BOCPD/C.Ped (C)/C.Ped(MC)) from either the American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics and Pedorthics (ABC), the Board of Certification/Accreditation (BOC) or the College of Pedorthics of Canada (CPC).
The pedorthic industry in Canada is not government regulated and it is associations like this, that the industry relies on to ensure the professionals serving the industry are properly trained and held accountable to the public.
"PFA" was founded in 1958 and has Certified Pedorthists practicing members in Canada, United States, and around the world.


Viral synapse

Viral synapse (or virological synapse) is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is similar in some aspects to immunological synapses. Many viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) have been shown to instigate the formation of these junctions between the infected ("donor") and uninfected ("target") cell to allow cell-to-cell transmission. As viral synapses allow the virus to spread directly from cell to cell, they also provide a means by which the virus can escape neutralising antibody.
Formation and function.
Formation of these synapses has been shown to involve reorientation of the cytoskeleton, which is triggered by engagement of ICAM-1 on the infected cell's surface and expression of several viral proteins. Viruses use the microtubule cytoskeleton to migrate to the viral synapse. By recruiting the receptors and viral particles at the point of contact, these synaptic structures significantly enhance the likelihood of a productive infection. Viral synapses are thought to explain how cell-to-cell transfer can operate in the HIV infection even when there is a low number of viral particles and a relatively low number of CD4 receptors. Recent study proposes that the primary “killing units” of CD4 T cells leading to CD4 T-cell depletion and progression to AIDS are infected cells (not cell-free viral particles) residing in lymphoid tissues that mediate cell-to-cell spread of the virus via virological synapses. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for the virological synapse in HIV pathogenesis.


Jose Bagan

Jose Vicente Bagan was president of the European Association of Oral Medicine for 2010–12. He is professor of oral medicine and the chairman of the stomatology service at the University of Valencia. He is the author of 10 books.


National electronic Library for Health

The National electronic Library for Health (NeLH) was a digital library service provided by the NHS for healthcare professionals and the public between 1998 and 2006. It briefly became the National Library for Health and elements of it continue to this day as NHS Evidence, managed by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and a range of services provided by Health Education England's Library and Knowledge Service Leads.
Policy origins.
Looking back from the mid 1990s the NHS Library Adviser Margaret Haines observed that during the 1980s NHS libraries had failed to capitalise on opportunities becoming available to them to advance their services and demonstrate their value. The main issues she saw were 'duplication and lack of co-ordination' arising from complex funding and a lack of integration with host organisations. Her concerns echoed those voiced by other senior NHS librarians. Judy Palmer, head librarian for the Oxfordshire region found that 'libraries were becoming increasingly marginalised, librarians were facing competition from other providers, that there were no recognisable national strategies, that there was massive duplication, fragmentation and information hoarding' In response to such concerns the British Library organised a seminar on NHS libraries, which came to be known as the Cumberlege Seminar. This was followed a year later by a second seminar held at the Kings Fund in London. As a result, the role of NHS Library Adviser was established (Margaret Haines being the first incumbent, followed by Veronica Fraser). A Health Service Guideline on NHS libraries was published in 1997, and a number of local initiatives took place, among them the establishment of an innovative project in Oxford to increase the use of the World Wide Web in NHS libraries. The idea of an open access digital library of high quality health related information was suggested by JA Muir Gray to Frank Burns CBE, at the time Chief Executive of Wirral NHS Trust Warrington and leading the development of Information for Health, an IT strategy for the NHS 1998-2005. The strategy stated:
"A National Electronic Library for Health including accredited clinical reference material will be established."
Creating The National Electronic Library for Health.
Implementation of the NeLH began in October 1998. Robert Ward, a senior civil servant at the Department of Health, convened a meeting of interested parties in Leeds. Following from that meeting an implementation plan was developed by Ben Toth and Muir Gray and signed off by the Department of Health. A programme board was established; members included the NHS Library Adviser Veronica Fraser, a senior regional IMT Adviser Jeremy Thorp, and Bob Gann who was leading the development of NHS Direct online. The NeLH programme was included in the first portfolio of the NHS Information Authority; work began on implementation in January 1999, with the appointment of a project manager, Peter Bladen who had developed an electronic library service within the Special Hospitals service, and a project assistant Carol Shanley, based in the NHSIA's temporary offices in Calthorpe Road, Birmingham. The NeLH office later transferred to Aqueous II, Birmingham. Implementation began with the development of a business case and a pilot service to test the concept of the NeLH and provide evidence for the business case.
The Pilot NeLH was launched in November 2000, based around a central website (the core collection already in development via the then NHS Regional Librarians Group) with links to commissioned websites (specialist resources). Resources included a selection of evidence-based resources, some of which were restricted to (Cochrane Library and Clinical Evidence) NHSnet users only, a limitation which would be rectified in later years, and several Specialist (or Virtual Branch) Libraries covering primary care, infectious diseases, and emergency medicine, managed by Anne Brice. Over time the number of services increased, including a specialist medicines library and a federated search engine. Core staff numbered around 6 (later growing to over 30) in the early days of the library, including recruits and secondees from NHS libraries. An early goal was the establishment of a network of librarians across the NHS to promote the library, led by Alison Turner. Nick Rosen joined the team to promote the library, and Ian McKinnell joined later as technical lead.
The pilot website was run from NHSIA servers, first in Bury St Edmunds and later in Exeter. The business case was developed by Peter Bladen with the support of staff seconded to the NHSIA from the Department of Health and HM Treasury, notably Joe Flanagan and went on to be commended by the Blair Government's Public Sector Productivity Panel as a notable use of the Treasury 5 Case model. The business case also became the subject of a chapter in "Making Sense of Public Sector Investments". Following approval of the Full Business Case, procurement began, with the full service live in 2003.
From NeLH to NLH to NHS Evidence.
As part of its response to the Report of the Public Inquiry into children's heart surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary the Department of Health established the National Knowledge Service in 2003, tasking it with closer integration of digital and physical library services. A programme to establish a National Library for Health was established, which included a review from TFPL, a cost analysis by Robert Huggins Associates, and steps towards several NHS wide shared services, including: a business case for a unified NHS document delivery service developed by Bertha Man Low and colleagues; a question answering service; an NHS resolver and underlying enterprise architecture. With the demise of the NHSIA in 2005 the NeLH transferred its staff and operations to Connecting for Health, the body responsible for implementing the NHS National Programme for IT. The operational base remained in Birmingham but increasingly staff worked in the CFH main office in Leeds and also in London, first in Victoria and later at the CFH office in BMA House and a Department of Health office in Sea Containers House overlooking the River Thames. In 2008, with the National Programme for IT in decline, arrangements began to transfer the NeLH to NICE, where aspects of its service continues to operate, as NHS Evidence and with a range of electronic books, databases and electronic journals for use by NHS and other eligible staff procured by the HEE LKS Leads group.
Successes and failures of the NeLH.
The record of the NeLH shows a mixture of success, failure, and worthy experiment.
Successes include: the business case was recognized by HM Treasury as a model of its kind; the project was delivered to time and budget and became a valued service; funding was obtained to make the Cochrane Library available across the UK on a simple open basis; extra funding for Clinical Evidence was secured from the Modernisation Fund; a care pathways database was introduced; obstacles were overcome to make the Athens Access Management System available to the NHS as part of the NLH enterprise architecture; Health Language, a terminology service, was procured as a framework contract; the Children's BNF was introduced, funded by the Department of Health; Hitting the Headlines and Zetoc were procured; the fee paid by the NHS to the Copyright Licensing Agency was halved; co-operation with JISC increased; the PRODIGY programme was cancelled and replaced by Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Funding was found to support for the regional pharmacy information services; an online directory of library service points was funded; an NHS link resolver was implemented.
Among the failures: a z39.50 federated search supplied by Fretwell Downing could not be made to work; attempts to base the CLA licence on actual usage foundered; work with JISC to reduce double-dipping by academic publishers across HE-NHS made little progress; reform of the NHS libraries regional structure was only partly successful and the vision of a unified networked library for the NHS didn't survive; integration with CFH products and services was less than anticipated; a strategic partnership with Map of Medicine fell foul of the CFH commercial directorate; a planned partnership with ISABEL didn't survive the CFH procurement process. Plans to implement an NHS wide deal with BioMed Central were initiated but didn't progress. The plan do develop a database of Care Pathways floundered when the developing clinicians declined to share. Perhaps the key failures were not to embed the vision of NLH in the hearts and minds of senior stakeholders and those it was intended to serve, and to pay too little attention to sustainability.
Experiments included: a pilot of LibQual; the development of an XML standard for representing clinical guidelines; a DSpace implementation hosted by Hewlett Packard Laboratories; an RSS feed manager developed by Microsoft as part of its NHS Common User Interface project; and a browser based calendar and communication tool known as MyWorkPlace - a great idea but technically ahead of the technology available to the NHS at the time.
Legacy.
Seventeen years on from its conception many of the services offered by NeLH is still in place, albeit under the auspices of two different organisations: NICE for access to core digital content and Health Education England Library and Knowledge Service Leads for funding that content, undertaking overarching strategic development of healthcare library and knowledge services (LKS) as a business asset, and for developing the LKS workforce. Some elements of the NeLH infrastructure are still visible, notably OpenAthens, and the single-search engine (Healthcare Databases Advanced Search (HDAS)). The vision of a unified, seamless NHS library service for all staff and service users is now championed by Health Education England's Knowledge for Healthcare: a development framework for NHS Library and Knowledge Services in England. Acknowledging that many issues remain including: complexity of funding (with associated uncertainty of service offer, duplication, and inefficiency); and a lack of integration across the wider NHS and social care systems, local NHS library and knowledge services continue to offer a range of vital services and resources, underpinning decision making from the boardroom to bedside.
Health Education England's proactive strategy.
In 2016 Health Education England published a policy statement on library and knowledge services which replaces the 1997 Health Service Guideline on Library Services HSG(97)47. The policy reminds us that:
"The Secretary of State for Health has a duty, under the "Health and Social Care Act 2012", to ensure “the use in the health service of evidence obtained from research”.
HEE commits to:
· Enabling all NHS workforce members to freely access library and knowledge services so that they can use the right knowledge and evidence to achieve excellent healthcare and health improvement.
· Developing NHS librarians and knowledge specialists to use their expertise to mobilise evidence obtained from research and organisational knowledge to underpin decision-making in the National Health Service in England.
· Developing NHS library and knowledge services into a coherent national service that is proactive and focused on the knowledge needs of the NHS and its workforce.
Further policy statements in the following years provided guidance on:
Key parts of the NeLH and NLH legacy continues into the 21st century.


Alexander Morison

Sir Alexander Morison M.D. (1 May 1779 – 14 March 1866) was a Scottish physician and alienist (psychiatrist).
Life.
Morison was born at Anchorfield, near Edinburgh, and was educated at Edinburgh High School and the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. on 12 September 1799. He became a licentiate of the Edinburgh College of Physicians in 1800 and a Fellow in 1801. He would serve as President of the College from 1827 to 1829.
For a time, Morison practised in Edinburgh, but during 1808 he moved to London; on 11 April that year he was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians of London, and 10 July 1841 he was elected a Fellow. He was appointed inspecting physician of lunatic asylums in Surrey in 1810, and from 7 May 1835 physician to Bethlehem Hospital. He was physician to Charlotte, Princess Royal, and was knighted in 1838.
Morison gave an annual course of lectures on mental diseases – commemorated in the "Morisonian Lectures" of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh – and became a recognised authority on this subject. Morison's lecture courses were partly funded by Harriot Coutts (née Mellon), the widow of famous banker Thomas Coutts. Morison served as her in-house physician in 1822-1823 and she bestowed an endowment on him to establish a course of lectures on mental disease in memory of her late husband.
A lifelong restlessness seems to have haunted Morison's career – as a child he repeatedly ran away from school in Edinburgh (on one occasion as far as to the harbour in Arbroath) – and, as an adult, he (like Lord Monboddo) excited astonishment with his regular, exhausting rides between London and Edinburgh, lecturing in both cities. A remarkable portrait of Morison – of almost hallucinatory intensity – was created by the psychotic Victorian artist Richard Dadd in 1852, and it incorporated images of Anchorfield created by Morison's daughter. This picture now hangs in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
Morison died at home, Balerno Hill House, south-west of Edinburgh on 14 March 1866, and was buried at Currie. His grave stands in the eastern wall in the north-east corner of the original churchyard.
His death was marked by an extraordinary tribute from William A.F. Browne, the President of the Medico-Psychological Association, in the course of his 1866 Presidential Address in which he linked Morison's achievements with those of John Conolly, who had died only a few days earlier.
His young wife Grace (1810-1889) is buried in Dean Cemetery in one of the small southern sections.
Works.
Morison's graduation thesis was "De Hydrocephalo Phrenitico", and he became specialist in cerebral diseases and mental illness. He published in 1826 ', and in 1828 '. In 1840 he published "", an important contribution to the literature of physiognomy. It features some remarkable illustrations, including a portrait of Jonathan Martin the arsonist.
Alexander Morison Medal.
Morison endowed lectures through the sale of his property starting in 1864 on subjects connected with the mental disease; later extended to cover diseases connected with the nervous system.


American Academy of Private Physicians

The American Academy of Private Physicians (AAPP) is an association for concierge, or direct care, physicians, in the United States. These doctors are paid directly by patients for their services – they do not work with insurance companies.
AAPP was founded in 2004 as the American Society for Concierge Physicians by John Blanchard, M.D. and Jack Marquis. In 2006, it was renamed the Society for Innovative Medical Practice Design. In 2010, AAPP was reorganized under its current name. Chris Ewin, M.D. was president at that time.


Leonard Landois

Leonard Landois (1 December 1837 – 17 November 1902) was a German physiologist born in Münster.
He studied medicine at the University of Greifswald, and was later a professor and director of the institute of physiology at Greifswald. In 1866 he became a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina. He was a younger brother to zoologist Hermann Landois (1835-1905) and son-in-law to botanist Theodor Marsson (1816-1892).
His earlier work involved research in the field of parasitology, conducting studies of bed bugs, dog fleas and the parasitic worm "Botriocephalus latus". He also conducted studies on the ossification processes that take place in cartilage, tendons and connective tissue. With this instructor, Ludwig Julius Budge (1811-1888), he investigated the phenomena of cardiac arrest during electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve.
Leonard Landois was a pioneer in the study of blood transfusions and the phenomena of agglutination. In 1875, he demonstrated that when red blood cells are taken from one species of animal and are mixed with serum taken from an animal of a different species, the red cells typically clump and sometimes burst (hemolyze).


Sclerema neonatorum

Sclerema neonatorum is a rare and severe skin condition that is characterized by diffuse hardening of the subcutaneous tissue with minimal inflammation. It usually affects premature, ill newborns. Prognosis is poor.
Minimal inflammation helps distinguish sclerema neonaturum from subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.


List of migrating cutaneous conditions

A number of cutaneous conditions can occur on the skin and appear to move or migrate through the skin.


Apollo Hospital, Indraprastha

Indraprastha Apollo Hospital is an Indian hospital owned by Apollo Hospital group, India's largest healthcare chain, and is the second largest money making hospital in Delhi. This hospital was established in 1995. Indraprastha Apollo Hospital has recently been accredited by Joint Commission International (JCI) USA as the first internationally accredited Hospital in India in 2005 and South Asia. In 2011, the hospital got re-accredited by JCI for a fourth time consequently, making it the first hospital in India to do so.
The first successful pediatric and adult liver transplants in India were performed at Apollo Hospitals in November 1998
It is the third super specialty tertiary care hospital set by the Apollo Hospitals Group, jointly with the Government of Delhi, India's capital. It is a 695-bed hospital, with the provision for expansion to 1000 beds in future. The hospital is spread over 15 acres, and has a built-up area of 600,000 square feet.


Viral tegument

A viral tegument or tegument, more commonly known as a viral matrix, is a cluster of proteins that lines the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid of all herpesviruses. The tegument generally contains proteins that aid in viral DNA replication and evasion of the immune response, typically with inhibition of signalling in the immune system and activation of interferons. The tegument is usually released shortly after infection into the cytoplasm. These proteins are usually formed within the late phase of the viral infectious cycle, after viral genes have been replicated. Much information regarding viral teguments has been gathered from studying Herpes simplex virus.
Properties of teguments.
Viral teguments can be symmetrically arranged via structural and scaffolding protein or can also be asymmetrically arranged, depending on the virus. Teguments are rarely haphazardly placed and usually involve scaffolding proteins in their formation around the nucleocapsid. Non-essential proteins included in the tegument may aid in immune response suppression, suppression of host mRNA transcription or suppression of intrinsic or cellular defenses. Essential proteins will include factors that help in trafficking of the viral capsid to the nucleus (for herpesviruses), recruiting host transcription or translation factors, or directly transcribing or translating viral genes. Tegumental contents are released into the cytoplasm upon entrance into the cell upon which many tegumental proteins become active. The tegument may also aid in insertion of the viral genome into host cell cytoplasm or nucleus.


Hugo Villar

Hugo Villar Tejeiro (20 November 1925 – 15 April 2014) was a Uruguayan physician and politician. He is best known for co-founding the left-wing political party Broad Front in 1971. He was born in Montevideo.
Villar died on 15 April 2014 in Montevideo, aged 88.


Public Option Act

The proposed Public Option Act is a bill that was introduced to the United States House of Representatives in 2010. It would permit U.S. citizens (and permanent residents) to buy into Medicare public health insurance by paying premiums. The bill was introduced by Representative Alan Grayson, a Democrat from Florida. As of March 24, 2010 it had eighty cosponsors.
Name.
The bill was introduced as H.R. 4789 on March 9, 2010. It has two official short titles: the Public Option Act and the Medicare You Can Buy Into Act. Its official long title is:


James Begbie

James Begbie (1798, Edinburgh – 26 August 1869, Edinburgh) was a Scottish medical doctor who served as president of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh (1850–2) and as president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1854–6).
He was among the first physicians to give a detailed description of exophthalmic goitre, currently known as Graves disease (previously called Basedow's syndrome or Begbie's disease). He is also related to the study of Dubini's disease, the old name for myoclonic epidemic encephalitis.
His son James Warburton Begbie was also an eminent physician.
Biography.
Begbie was born on 18 December 1798 in Edinburgh, and educated at the High School. Aged 14 he was apprenticed to Dr John Abercrombie (1780–1844) at 19 York Place. Later on, he also became Abercrombie's assistant.
In 1821, Begbie obtained his medical doctorate (MD) from the University of Edinburgh. In 1822, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1827 he is listed as a Governor of the Dean Orphan Hospital At this stage he lived at 30 Abercromby Place.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer was David Maclagan.
In 1847, he also became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and became its president from 1854 up to 1856. For forty years, Begbie was a physician for the Scottish Widows Fund and Life Assurance Society 1837 to 1869.
In 1850 he lived at 3 Charlotte Square.
Begbie's final years were spent living at 10 Charlotte Square one of Edinburgh's most prestigious addresses. His neighbour was James Syme.
For several years he had the honour of being Physician in Ordinary to Queen Victoria in Scotland.
Begbie died in Edinburgh and was interred at the New Calton Cemetery. The grave is in a concealed location on the north face of the north-most vault against the east wall.
Works.
Begbie wrote about important statistical data, the use of arsenic for chronic rheumatism, the use of nitric-hydrochloric acid for oxaluria, and the use of potassium bromide for nervousness.
Family.
He was married to Elizabeth Spear (1805–1874).
Begbie's son was Dr James Warburton Begbie FRSE (1826–1876).


Yemen Red Crescent Society

The Yemen Red Crescent Society (Arabic: جمعية الهلال الأحمر اليمني ) is a Yemeni humanitarian association founded in 1968. The group is a national affiliate of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Main goals.
Speaking in 2018, the Secretary General of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Elhadj As Sy, said that the priorities for the organization in 2019 would be: preparing for the next pandemic; moving to protect vulnerable populations like women, children, displaced persons and disabled persons; and preparing for climate-related issues.
Activities and history.
 Founding
Abdullah Alkhamesi was the founder of the Yemen Red Crescent Society. He stayed on as general secretary until the 2000s. He died in 2017 after being unable to access the necessary medical treatment in Yemen.
Yemeni Civil War
The Yemen Red Crescent Society is one of a small group of humanitarian organizations still providing help to civilians on the ground in Yemen currently. Several aid workers have been hurt or killed in their work in Yemen; four Yemeni Red Crescent workers died alone in 6 months in 2015.


Central nervous system cyst

A central nervous system cyst is a type of cyst that presents and affects part of the central nervous system (CNS). They are usually benign and filled with either cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or tumor cells. CNS cysts are classified into two categories: cysts that originate from non-central nervous system tissue, migrate to, and form on a portion of the CNS, and cysts that originate within central nervous system tissue itself. Within these two categories, there are many types of CNS cysts that have been identified from previous studies.
Classification.
Originating from non-central nervous system tissue.
These classification of cysts are embedded in the endoderm (inner layer) and the ectoderm (outer layer) of the cranial or spinal cord germ layers. They normally take over the neuraxis, the axis of the central nervous system that determines how the nervous system is placed, which allows the cysts to infiltrate the CNS tissues. They are most commonly found in the area near the pineal gland, the chiasmatic cistern, and the cerebellopontine angle space. These common places generally house extensive and continuously growing cysts. Some examples of cysts originating from non-central nervous system tissue include:
Originating from the central nervous system tissue.
This category of cysts takes over areas of necrotic tissue in the brain from injuries, diseases, or abnormalities, which occur due to the central nervous system's nonregenerative nature. These cysts can affect all germ layers of the CNS, but are most common in the arachnoid mater, and the ventricular space, which may block CSF pathways. These cysts can be static (stationary) or progressive. Some examples of cysts originating from the CNS tissue include:
Signs and symptoms.
Symptoms are assessed on a case by case basis. Some cysts in the CNS can be asymptomatic (producing or showing no symptoms), depending on their location in the brain or spinal cord. If the cysts develop in critical areas of the central nervous system, they can present one or more of the following symptoms:
In general, symptoms vary depending on the type of cyst and its location within the CNS.
Causes.
Many CNS cysts form in the womb during the first few weeks of development as a result of congenital defects.  In adults cysts may also form due to a head injury or trauma, resulting in necrotic tissues (dead tissue), and can sometimes be associated with cancerous tumors or infection in the brain. However, the underlying reasons for cyst formation are still unknown.
Diagnosis.
The diagnostic process typically begins with a medical history workup followed by a medical examination by a physician. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRIs, help provide a clearer picture. The physician typically looks for fluid (or other bodily substance) filled sacs to appear in the scans, as is shown in the CT scan of a colloid cyst. A primary health care provider will refer an individual to a neurologist or neurosurgeon for further examination. Other diagnostic methods include radiological examinations and macroscopic examinations. After a diagnosis has been made, immunohistochemistry may be used to differentiate between epithelial cysts and arachnoid cysts. These examinations are useful to get a general idea of possible treatment options, but can be unsatisfactory to diagnose CNS cysts. Professionals still do not fully understand how cysts form; however, analyzing the walls of different cyst types, using electron microscopes and light microscopes, has proven to be the best diagnostic tool. This has led to more accurate cyst classification and correct course of action for treatments that are cyst specific. In the past, before imaging scans or tests were available, medical professionals could only diagnose cysts via exploratory surgery.
Treatment.
Treatment is often largely dependent on the type of cyst. Asymptomatic cysts, termed pseudocysts, normally require active monitoring with periodic scans for future growth. Symptomatic (producing or showing symptoms) cysts may require surgical removal if they are present in areas where brain damage is unavoidable, or if they produce chronic symptoms disruptive to the quality of life of the patient. Some examples of cyst removal procedures include: permanent drainage, fenestration, and endoscopic cyst fenestration.
Permanent drainage.
A neurosurgeon may open a portion of the body and insert a shunt into cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) filled cysts to allow drainage into CSF pathways. The fluid from the cyst is then drained into the abdomen, the body reabsorbs the fluid (reabsorption of fluid does not cause any harm). This type of surgical treatment is often performed to relieve pressure on the brain from a cyst within the cerebral cortex.
Fenestration.
A neurosurgeon performs a craniotomy as a means of entry to access the cyst. The cyst is then opened to release its contents, which are reabsorbed by the brain. This is commonly used with inflammatory cysts located in the ventricles, and can result in increased ventricular fluid flow within the brain.
Endoscopic cyst fenestration.
A neurosurgeon performs a same day surgery to insert an endoscope, which drains the cyst internally.
Epidemiology.
Cysts derived from CNS tissues are very common in America. They are a subtype of cerebrovascular diseases, which are the third leading cause of death in America. Generally, CNS cysts are present in all geographic regions, races, ages, and sexes. However, certain types of CNS cysts are more prevalent in certain types of individuals than others. Some examples of incidence rates in specific types of cysts include:


Balloon pulmonary angioplasty

Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is an emerging minimally invasive procedure to treat chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in people who are not suitable for pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) or still have residual pulmonary hypertension and areas of narrowing in the pulmonary arterial tree following previous PTE.
The procedure uses balloons to open pulmonary arteries that have been narrowed or blocked by webs, bands and fibrous tissue and therefore restores blood flow to the lungs, reduces shortness of breath, and improves exercise tolerance. More data on its safety and effectiveness are still required.
Medical uses.
BPA may be considered in people with symptomatic CTEPH who are not suitable for surgery. PTE is an established treatment for CTEPH but is only performed at a few specialist centres, requires surgical competence and intermittent total circulatory arrest under deep hypothermia. However, co-existing illnesses and inaccessible clots may contraindicate performing the operation. Up to 40% of those diagnosed with CTEPH are considered ineligible for surgery. Selection criteria may vary between centres.
Technique.
BPA is performed by specialists in a catheterization laboratory. Each procedure takes between two and four hours and most people undergo up to six treatments with the first two sessions being performed a fortnight apart and subsequent treatments being individually tailored upon follow-up assessment.
A local anesthetic and moderate sedation are used but a general anaesthetic is not required, hence the person remains awake throughout the procedure. After inserting the catheter into the vein of the neck (right internal jugular vein) or groin (right femoral vein), a hollow tube is introduced through the catheter and passed to the affected blocked lung arteries.
X-rays and pressures in the narrowed arteries are assessed by the specialist team before a thin wire with a deflated balloon is guided through the blood vessels to the site of blockage, where the balloon is then inflated. This mainly disrupts the organised thrombus and to a lesser degree presses it against the walls of the arteries. This increases the size of the lumen of the arteries, thus opening them and allowing the blood flow to be restored. The balloon is then deflated and removed. A number of arteries can be treated during each BPA procedure.
Recovery and follow-up.
One overnight stay in hospital is usually required. This is followed by a check up appointment within three months.
The overall survival has been shown to be comparable with PTE and better than with medication only.
Complications.
The pulmonary arteries have thinner walls than the blood vessels of the heart and therefore injury by rupture or dissection caused by over-dilatation of the balloon or piercing pulmonary arteries by the tip of the guide wire, resulting in haemorrhage, are risks. Injury to the lung including reperfusion oedema is also a possibility and these injuries are less likely with more experienced specialists.
History.
BPA was originally developed and established for treating children with congenital pulmonary stenosis. Subsequently, it was first tried for the treatment of CTEPH in 1988. Initial results of performing BPA in inoperable CTEPH were reported in 2001, but had a high mortality. Since 2012, reports of the effect of BPA has mainly come from the National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center in Japan where the procedure was refined and where smaller balloons were used. In addition, the number of balloon inflations per session were carefully limited to one or two lung vessel segments with targeting only one lung lobe during each session. Intravascular imaging was also introduced.
Research.
More data on its safety and effectiveness are still required. Long-term results on disease recurrence, the requirement for stenting and long-term survival also need to be evaluated. In addition, studies to clarify BPA's comparability with the drug riociguat are needed.


Michel de La Vigne

Michel de La Vigne (1588, Vernon, Eure – 1648) was a French physician.


Gastrophrenic ligament

The postero-superior surface of the stomach is covered by peritoneum, except over a small area close to the cardiac orifice; this area is limited by the lines of attachment of the gastrophrenic ligament, and lies in apposition with the diaphragm, and frequently with the upper portion of the left suprarenal gland.


Pilomatrix carcinoma


Mateusz Grabowski

Mateusz Bronisław Grabowski, known as Grabowski or M.B. Grabowski (15 July 1904 - 16 December 1976), was a Polish-British pharmacist, art collector, owner of the "Grabowski Gallery" in Chelsea and philanthropist. His "M.B. Grabowski Foundation" has endowed Polish Migration and Polish Cultural History studies at University College London, and the Universities of Stirling, Cambridge and at Trinity College, Oxford. He donated his pharmaceutical and art collections to several museums in Poland.
Life.
Mateusz Grabowski was one of three children born to Wojciech and Marianna Grabowski in Wizna near Łomża in the Podlasie Governorate, Congress Poland. As a young man he was involved in the Polish Scouting movement.
He graduated as a Master of Pharmacy at Stefan Batory University in Wilno. His first post was alongside his pharmacist uncle in Piotrków Trybunalski. In 1930 he moved to Warsaw where he married, had two sons and rose to the role of government inspector of pharmacies. With the probability of war increasing in the late 1930s he joined the army reserve and became a member of the Polish Army Medical Corps. He subsequently organised the pharmacy services of the army. During World War II, he escaped from Poland and sought refuge first in France and after its fall in 1940, in the United Kingdom. His family were left behind in Warsaw where his older son, Wojciech, ps "oko", participated in the Warsaw Uprising. Although they survived the war, his wife died in the aftermath. Grabowski was able to bring out his two young sons to join him in London.
After the war in London he set up a small network of pharmacies in Earl's Court and Chelsea and started one of the first mail order chemists in England. He specialised in sending pharmaceutical products to war-ravaged Poland. In 1959 he opened the Grabowski Gallery next to his chemist shop in Sloane Avenue, Chelsea. The gallery specialised in promoting young and diaspora artists, among whom were Pauline Boty, David Hockney and Bridget Riley. It was a non-commercial venture. Rather it was an expression of his passion for art. The gallery held its final show in 1975 before closing.
Grabowski's younger son, Andrzej, an artist, predeceased him in 1969. His other son, Wojciech, also a pharmacist, took over the family business after Grabowski died in London in 1976. Grabowski was buried at North Sheen Cemetery, London.
Grabowski's granddaughter, Marewa, is married to the Greek prime minister (since July 2019), Kyriakos Mitsotakis.


United States National Health Care Act

The Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act, also known as Medicare for All or United States National Health Care Act, is a bill first introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Representative John Conyers (D-MI) in 2003, with 38 cosponsors. In 2019, the original 16 year-old proposal was renumbered and Pramila Jayapal (D-WA) introduced a broadly similar but more detailed bill, HR 1384, in the 116th Congress. , it had 116 cosponsors still in the House at the time, or 49.8% of House Democrats.
The act would establish a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, the rough equivalent of Canada's Medicare and Taiwan's Bureau of National Health Insurance, among other examples. Under a single-payer system, most medical care would be paid for by the federal government, ending the need for private health insurance and premiums, and recasting private insurance companies as providing purely supplemental coverage, to be used when non-essential care is sought. The national system would be paid for in part through taxes replacing insurance premiums, but also by savings realized through the provision of preventive universal healthcare and the elimination of insurance company overhead and hospital billing costs.
On September 13, 2017, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a parallel bill in the United States Senate with 16 cosponsors. The act would establish a universal single-payer healthcare system in the United States.
Provisions.
The laws proposed are not necessarily identical year-over-year.
John Conyers Bill.
The summary of the National Health Care Act as proposed in the 111th Congress (2009–2010) includes the following elements, among others:
Pramilla Jaypal's Bill.
Pramila Jayapal's Medicare for All Act of 2019, introduced in the House is broadly similar but more detailed than the original Conyers proposal, but the "parallel" proposal by Sanders has significant differences, including a "global budget" system for hospitals. Both proposals contain expansive coverage including long-term care and dental care with no cost-sharing such as coinsurance, deductibles, or premiums, which as of 2019 is unprecedented in the world.
Under the House version, funding for institutions such as hospitals would be negotiated with regional directors, while individual providers would be paid a fee-for-service. Value-based pay for performance incentives would not be allowed. HHS would have administrative authority to set various details.
The Senate proposal sets out a four-year transition plan and the House proposal is two years.
As of April 2019, the Senate proposal did not include details on how to completely pay for the plan, but Sanders had released a paper listing ideas.
Analysis.
An analysis of the bill by Physicians for a National Health Program estimated the immediate savings at $350 billion per year. Others have estimated a long-term savings amounting to 40% of all national health expenditures due to the extended preventive healthcare and the elimination of insurance company overhead costs.
A study estimated the 1999 costs of U.S. health care administration at nearly $300 billion, accounting for 30.1% of health care expenses, versus 16.7% in Canada. This study estimated the U.S. per-person administrative cost at $1,059.
Charles Blahouse, who worked as George W. Bush's economic advisor and as a public trustee for medicare and social security, wrote a Mercatus Center study of the 2017 proposal It claims that Sanders' M4A plan will increase federal spending by at least $32 trillion but that the savings on administrative and other costs could save $2 trillion in healthcare costs. However, Blahouse stresses that these savings rely on multiple generous assumptions and that the plan will likely cost significantly more.
A 2019 analysis was critical of Sanders bill for allowing accountable care organizations and failing to include a provision to negotiate budgets with hospitals.
According to a 2020 study in "The Lancet", the Medicare for All Act was estimated to save 13% in national health-care expenditure (equivalent to more than US$450 billion annually), and save more than 68,500 lives every year.


Edward Denis de Vitre

Edward Denis de Vitre (24 March 1806 – 4 October 1878) was an English physician, twice mayor of Lancaster, England, and one of the founders of the Royal Albert Hospital (originally "The Royal Albert Asylum for Idiots and Imbeciles of the Northern Counties") in Lancaster.
He was born at Irthington, near Carlisle and studied at the University of Edinburgh, gaining his MD in 1827. He moved to Lancaster in 1832, and in 1840 became Visiting Physician at the Lancaster County Lunatic Asylum. In 1864 James Brunton offered £2,000 towards a new asylum for "idiots and imbeciles" and asked De Vitre's assistance. De Vitre was the Chairman of the Committee for the new asylum, and oversaw its establishment. The foundation stone was laid in 1868 and it received its first patients on 14 December 1870.
De Vitre died at Elms, Bare, Lancaster, on 4 October 1878.
In September 2012 a community resource centre for the Lancashire Care NHS Trust, in Ashton Road near the former Royal Albert Hospital, was named DeVitre House in his honour, after a competition in which local residents were asked to choose its name. The hospital itself closed in 1996 and the buildings now house an Islamic educational establishment for girls, Jamea Al Kauthar Islamic College.


Pasteur Institute of Tunis

The Pasteur Institute of Tunis (Arabic: معهد باستور بتونس), located in Tunis, Tunisia is one of the main research centers of the International Network of Institutes Pasteur.
History.
Foundation.
Founded in 1893 by Adrien Loir, it was initially made to be a rabies vaccine center. Located in rue des Tanneurs in Tunis, and now the laboratory currently does research on winemaking and diseases of the vine. A large part of the institutions prestige can be contributed to Charles Nicolle, the director between 1902-1936, who discovered the typhus virus during this period of time.
Nobel Prize for Charles Nicolle.
Nicolle is rewarded for his discoveries by the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1928 and the Pasteur Institute is honored on this occasion.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1928 and the Institut Pasteur is honored on this occasion.
Attempt to attach to France.
A few years after the death of Charles Nicolle in 1936, his collaborators compete to take control of the institution. Jean Mons, General Resident of France in Tunisia ended up imposing Lucien Balozet, who was acting director from 1943 to 1949, with the aim of removing from Tunisia an important institution, which must become "dependent on the Pasteur Institute of Paris which agrees to take charge of senior technical management, administration and recruitment of staff of all categories ". Moreover, "the Tunisian government undertakes to pay the annual sum of nine million francs, and the land and buildings currently occupied or under construction will be allocated free of charge to the Pasteur Institute in Paris".Dr. Ahmed Ben Miled then leads a campaign in the Tunisian and French newspapers against this measure.
Directors.
Below is a list of directors:


Debbye Turner

Debbye Turner Bell (born September 19, 1965 in Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American TV anchor, veterinarian, talk show host, former beauty queen and winner of the 1990 Miss America pageant.
Early life and education.
Turner was born in Honolulu, Hawaii and raised in Jonesboro, Arkansas. Turner earned a Bachelor of Science in agriculture from Arkansas State University, and attended the University of Missouri. She is a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Turner also spent a couple of years honing her public service skills working for Safeway Stores.
In 1991, she received her Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from the University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine. She became a spokesperson for Purina and pursued a career in veterinary medicine before going into television.
Pageantry.
Turner was the first runner-up at the Miss Arkansas Pageant, a state preliminary competition for the Miss America program in 1988.
In the summer of 1989, she won the Miss Missouri title and went on to win the 1990 Miss America crown. Turner is a singer, pianist, and skilled percussionist, evidenced by her marimba rendition of '"Flight of the Bumblebee"' in the talent portion of the 1990 Miss America contest. Turner was the third African-American national titleholder and the first—and as of 2019, the only—Miss Missouri to be crowned Miss America.
Career.
Turner's first hosting job came at the St. Louis NBC affiliate KSDK, on a show called "Show Me St. Louis" in 1995.
Six years later, Turner joined CBS News as a feature correspondent then became their "resident veterinarian" and a fill-in anchor. Turner was also a fill-in anchor on the "CBS Morning News". Turner left CBS in 2012. She has appeared on Animal Planet's "Cats 101" and "Dogs 101" series. She is currently the host of "Arise America", on Arise News.
Personal life.
Turner married Gerald Bell in 2008. The couple have a daughter, Lynlee Julia Bell, born February 3, 2010.
Turner's older sister, Suzette, is married to megachurch pastor, Kirbyjon Caldwell.


Shahbudin Rahimtoola

Shahbudin Rahimtoola was a cardiologist based in Los Angeles, United States. He served as Distinguished Professor at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California. Rahimtoola was credited for his contribution to two clinical syndromes namely the hibernating myocardium and 'prosthetic valve-mismatch'.
Early life and education.
Rahimtoola was born in October 1931 to an illustrious family of Bombay. He obtained his initial education from St. Xavier’s School and followed it up with entry to medical college in Bombay. Upon partition of the subcontinent in 1947 his family shifted to Pakistan and he continued his studies from Karachi.
Rahimtoola graduated MBBS from Dow Medical College in 1954. After completing house job at the Civil Hospital for three years he proceeded to United Kingdom for further education. He received the MRCP from the Royal College of Physician of Edinburgh in 1963 and he was awarded the Fellowship [FRCP] in 1972.
Career.
In 1963 Rahimtoola moved to the United States. He was initially associated with the Mayo Clinic there and eventually became Co-Director of Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory. On the clinical and teaching front Rahimtoola remained Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Illinois and Chief of Cardiology, Cook County Hospital from 1969 to 1972. This was followed by being appointed Professor of Medicine at the University of Oregon – a post he held from 1972 to 1980. He then moved to California, where he was chief of the Division of Cardiology at University of Southern California from 1980 till 1992. In 1984 he became the first George C. Griffith Professor of Cardiology. In 1993 he rose to become Distinguished Professor at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California. During the 1990s he also served as Chairman of Council on Clinical Cardiology at the American Heart Association. He was Trustee of the American College of Cardiology during the same period.
Overall Dr Rahimtoola has been best known for his work in valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, results of cardiac surgery, and arrhythmias along with cardio-myopathy and congenital heart disease.
Dr Rahimtoola has remained Editor-in-Chief of Current Topics in Cardiology, a book series dedicated to research and publication for Physicians. He has also served as Editor of Modern Concepts of Cardiovascular Disease [publication of the American Heart Association] and Clinical Cardiology [publication of JAMA].
Rahimtoola also served on the editorial board of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology. His credentials stand at 1420 national and international presentations and lectures - 11 edited textbooks and 513 scientific articles published -these include 120 book chapters, 316 original and other scientific articles along with 67 editorials.
Accolades.
Shahbudin Rahimtoola has been termed as a 'contemporary giant' in field of Muslim contribution to medical research. Rahimtoola has also been labelled as 'Cardiologist of the World' and 'Father of Research' by the European Heart Journal in 2013.
Mayo Clinic's all time top fifty practitioners list includes Shahbudin Rahimtoola.
The Oregon Health Sciences University has Shahbudin Rahimtoola's portrait placed in its Digital Commons section.
Awards.
Professor Rahimtoola has been at the forefront of numerous awards and citations principally from his research and teaching career.
From the National AHA he has received Citations for International Service and Outstanding Service. From the AHA Oregon Affiliate he was awarded ‘Salute to Research’ in 1985. And from the AHA Los Angeles Affiliate the Award of Merit and Special Recognition for Outstanding Contributions to the study and practice of Cardiology.
From the FDA he received the Harvey W. Wiley Medal.
In teaching, Rahimtoola was recipient of the William Osler Award from the University of Miami. He received the Gifted Teacher Award from the American College of Cardiology in 1986. In 1989 Rahimtoola was the recipient of the James B. Herrick Award from the American Heart Association. In 1996 he was awarded the Melvin L. Marcus Memorial Award from the International Society of Heart Failure.
From the Mayo Foundation he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1998. He was conferred the Master of the College from the American College of Cardiology in 1999. The ACC further conferred on him the Distinguished Scientist Award in 2001.
In 2000 Rahimtoola was conferred the Hamdan Award in the Middle East.
In 2002 Rahimtoola was awarded the D.Sc. (Hon) by the University of Karachi in a ceremony held at the Governor House [Sindh].
In 2009 the European society of Cardiology awarded him the Gold Medal for his outstanding contribution to the development of Cardiology.
This was followed by the ACC [American College of Cardiology] honoring Lifetime Achievement status to Shahbudin in 2013.
In 2016 Shahbudin Rahimtoola was conferred the 'Distinguished Fellowship' Award at the World Congress of International Academy of Cardiology in Boston.
Publications.
Shahbudin Rahimtoola has been author of some prominent textbooks used in postgraduate study of Cardiovascular Medicine namely Coronary Bypass Surgery (1977), Infective Endocaritis (1978), Controversies in Coronary Heart Disease (1982) and Valvular Heart Disease (1997).
He has also been co-author of Shock in Mycardial Infarction (1974), Acute Myocardial Infarction, 1st and 2nd editions (1991, 1997), Techniques and Applications of Interventional Cardiology (1991), Heart Failure (1995) and New Ischemic Syndromes (1997).
Marriage.
Shahbudin Rahimtoola married Shameem Virji in 1968. They have one son and two daughters from marriage.
Family.
Professor Shahbudin Rahimtoola's father Hoosenally Rahimtoola was a noted Legislator of the Bombay Presidency who remained Mayor of Bombay during British rule in India.
His brother, Professor Shamsuddin Rahimtoola remained a prominent Physician based out of Karachi. He remained Principal of the Dow Medical College and Medical Superintendent of the Civil Hospital there.
Death.
Dr Shahbudin Rahimtoola passed away on 9 December 2018 aged eighty seven at his residence in Palos Verdes Estates, California.


Maria Rosario Vergeire

Maria Rosario Clarissa Singh-Vergeire is a Filipino physician and government official serving as the spokesperson and Undersecretary of Health since 2015.


Jackie Judd

Jackie Judd is a health media journalist.
Life.
Judd attended Woodlawn High School in Baltimore County, Maryland and received a bachelor of arts degree from American University in 1974. She began her career in radio, eventually working for National Public Radio and CBS News Radio before becoming a television journalist.
From 1987 to 2003 Judd worked in the Washington bureau of ABC News. She left on-camera journalism to join the staff of the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2003.


Gustav Aschaffenburg

Gustav Aschaffenburg (May 23, 1866 – September 2, 1944) was a German psychiatrist born in Zweibrücken.
In 1890 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Strasbourg with a thesis on delirium tremens. Later he worked as an assistant to Emil Kraepelin at the psychiatric university clinic in Heidelberg, with whom he later extensively wrote about Haltlose personality disorder. He then practiced psychiatric medicine at the University of Halle and at the "Akademie für praktische Medizin" in Cologne (from 1919 the University of Cologne).
In the 1930s Aschaffenburg's academic career at Cologne was terminated by the Nazi edict, "Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums", and he eventually emigrated to the United States, working as a professor at the Catholic University of America in Washington D.C. and at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.
He wrote about the distinctions between Haltlose and Gemütlose psychopathy.
Aschaffenburg was a pioneer in the fields of criminology and forensic psychiatry. In 1903 he published an early systematic study on the causes of crime titled "Das Verbrechen und seine Bekämpfung", in which he discusses individual-hereditary and social-environmental factors, and also dismisses Cesare Lombroso's idea of the so-called "born criminal". Later the work was translated into English, and published as "Crime and Its Repression" (1913).