Uranium mining in New Mexico

Uranium mining in New Mexico was a significant industry from the early 1950s until the early 1980s. Although New Mexico has the second largest identified uranium ore reserves of any state in the United States (after Wyoming), no uranium ore has been mined in New Mexico since 1998.
White Signal district.
The first uranium production in New Mexico was a minor amount of autunite and torbernite mined circa 1920 from former silver mines in the White Signal district, about southwest of Silver City in Grant County.
Grants mineral belt.
New Mexico was a significant uranium producer since the discovery of uranium by Navajo sheepherder Paddy Martinez in 1950. Almost all uranium in New Mexico is found in the Grants mineral belt along the south margin of the San Juan Basin in McKinley and Cibola counties in the northwest part of the state. Stretching northwest to southeast, the mineral belt contains the Chuska, Gallup, Ambrosia Lake, and Laguna uranium mining districts. Most of the uranium ore is contained in the Jackpile, Poison Canyon, and Westwater Canyon sandstone members of the Morrison Formation, and in the Todilto limestone, all of Jurassic age.
Several different companies moved into the region in the 1950s, particularly oil companies. They included Anaconda Company, Phillips Petroleum Company, Rio de Oro Uranium Mines, Inc, Kermac Nuclear Fuels Corporation (a cooperative of Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Anderson Development Corporation, and Pacific Uranium Mines, Inc), Homestake Mining Company, Sabre-Pinion Corporation, United Western Minerals Company (of General Patrick Jay Hurley), J H Whitney and Company, White Weld & Co., San Jacinto Petroleum Corporation, Lisbon Uranium Corporation, and Superior Oil Company.
Current activity.
Active uranium mining stopped in New Mexico in 1998, although Rio Algom continued to recover uranium dissolved in water from its flooded underground mine workings at Ambrosia Lake until 2002. Currently (April 7, 2014), there are 12 uranium mines that are either in the process of licensing or actively developing in New Mexico. The state has the second-largest known uranium ore reserves in the US.
General Atomics' subsidiary Rio Grande Resources is currently evaluating its Mt. Taylor Mine for development by in-situ leaching. Uranium is present in coffinite in the Westwater Canyon member of the Morrison Formation at 3,000 feet (900 m) below ground surface. The mine, which operated as an underground uranium mine from 1986 to 1989, has a remaining resource estimated by its owner at more than 45 thousand tonnes of uranium oxide.
Strathmore Minerals Corp. is currently applying for permits to mine their Church Rock and Roca Honda properties in the Grants Mineral Belt. Neutron Energy and URI also reportedly plan to start uranium mining in the Grants belt.
Health and environmental issues.
New Mexico uranium miners from the 1940s and 1950s have had abnormally high rates of lung cancer, from radon gas in poorly ventilated underground mines. The effect was particularly pronounced among Navajo miners, because the incidence of lung cancer is normally low among Navajos. The Navajo tribe, whose reservation contains much of the known ore deposits, declared a moratorium on uranium mining in 2005.
In May 2007, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced that it would join the Navajo Nation EPA in cleaning up radioactive contamination near the Church Rock mine.
In 2017, the US Environmental Protection Agency, the Navajo Nation, and two affiliated subsidiaries of Freeport-McMoRan, Inc., entered into a settlement agreement for the cleanup of 94 abandoned uranium mines on the Navajo Nation. The settlement was valued at over $600 million, with the United States, on behalf of the Department of Interior and Department of Energy, contributing $335 million into a trust account for the cleanup. According to the EPA's announcement of the agreement, “With this settlement, funds are now committed to begin the cleanup process at over 200 abandoned uranium mines (AUM) on the Navajo Nation.”


Fireworks Village

Fireworks village, also known as Govan Colliery Houses, was a company village in Scotland belonging to the Dixon family who ran the Govan Iron Works and Govan Colliery. The inhabitants were chiefly coal miners and their families who worked in the Govan Colliery. The company also built a Methodist church and a school. At the time, its location was a short distance outside the City of Glasgow, the largest town in Scotland; no trace now remains in the 21st century, with the site occupied by the now inner-city neighbourhood of Govanhill (the village was roughly located at Bankhall Street at the Govanhill Picture House.)
History.
The Govan Colliery, also known as the Little Govan Colliery, was worked from at least the 18th Century, William Dixon having started there as colliery manager in the 1770s. The colliery and later the iron works remained in the control of the Dixon family from then until 1873 when it became a limited company, William Dixon Ltd., and was no longer a family firm.
Between 1783 and 1785 the Govan Waggonway was built between the colliery and the River Clyde to the north.
In 1811, Dixons built a waggonway linking the colliery with the Glasgow, Paisley and Johnstone Canal at Port Eglinton, the Glasgow terminus. The canal was opened in 1810.
In 1820, Dixons bought the lands of Govanhill and the colliery. In 1830, an Act of Parliament authorized the construction of the Polloc and Govan Railway(sic) which was completed in 1840. It extended the old tramway past Port Eglinton to Windmill Quay on the Clyde in one direction and to Rutherglen in the other direction. The line now forms part of the West Coast Main Line.
In the 1860s the first tenements were built, which later formed the Burgh of Govanhill. The houses belonging to Fireworks were gradually demolished. In 1906, Garden Square, the last of the old Fireworks Village, was demolished.
Geography.
The village lay about south of Glasgow City Chambers, just to the north of the junction of the turnpike between Glasgow and Carmunnock via Cathcart (now Cathcart Road) and the Rutherglen to Paisley road (now Allison Street). What is now Bankhall Street lies in the middle of the old village, which consisted of Hosie's Land and Garden Square to the west of the turnpike and Engine Row, the Back Close, Carter Row, the Cuddy Row and Graham Square to the east.
There was an outlier to the north called School Square (lying between Calder Street and Govanhill Street on the West side of the main road) after the Govan Colliery School, also built by Dixons, which lay even further North.


Guangxi Non-ferrous Metals

Guangxi Non-ferrous Metals Group Co., Ltd. was a state-owned enterprise of China, based in Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It was managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) of the Government of Guangxi.
On 20 September 2016, Guangxi defaulted on of debt. The company was the first bankrupted interbank bond issuer, according to Hong Kong-based newspaper "South China Morning Post" and Caixin. This and other bankruptcies in the metals sector are widely considered the reason for the Chinese government's push toward reducing production overcapacities in an effort to restructure the economy.


Deidre Willmott

Deidre Willmott is a former Chief Executive Officer of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Western Australia. Prior to becoming Executive Chairman of Cannings Purple Strategic, Wilmott was Communications Director of External Relations for the Fortescue Metals Group.
Early life.
She was born in Bridgetown, Western Australia, and studied law at the University of Western Australia.
Career.
As a student, Willmott elected was President of the University of Western Australia Student Guild, the second female since its founding in 1913.
Willmott was admitted as a legal practitioner in 1986.
After working as a commercial lawyer she was General Manager of the 2006 Commonwealth Games between 2003 and 2006. Willmott was the Executive Director of the Western Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry between 2006 and 2008.
She was the Cabinet Secretary and Chief of Staff for two Western Australian premiers, Richard Court and Colin Barnett between 2008 and 2010. In 2008, she withdrew as the Liberal candidate for Cottesloe in the 2008 state election, after Barnett decided to rescind his earlier resignation. Following that, she initially accepted an offer by Liberal Party figures to succeed retiring Senator Chris Ellison, but that position was eventually filled by Chris Back.
Willmott was the initial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting state director 2011 for Perth.
Personal life.
She married a fellow UWA student Michael Lishman. She is the deputy chairman of St Hilda's Anglican School and board member of the Senses Foundation.


Dresden Green Diamond

The Dresden Green Diamond, also known as "Dresden Green", is a natural green diamond, which probably originated in the Kollur mine in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.
The Dresden Green is a rare Type IIa, with a clarity of VS1 and it is said to be potentially internally flawless, if slightly recut.
It is named after Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, where it has been on display for most of the last two centuries, latterly in the New Green Vault at Dresden Castle. After World War II, it was relocated to Moscow for a decade before being returned to Dresden. In November 2019, it was sent on loan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City so was not involved in the jewel theft of 25 November.
History.
The Dresden Green Diamond has a historical record dating back to 1722, when a London news-sheet carried an article about it in its 25 October-27th edition. It was acquired by Augustus III of Poland from a Dutch merchant in 1742 at the Leipzig Fair. In 1768, the diamond was incorporated into an extremely valuable hat ornament, surrounded by two large and 411 medium-sized and small diamonds. This is the setting that the Dresden Green still appears in today.
In 2000, American jewelry firm Harry Winston arranged to display the Dresden Green at the New York flagship store and then at the Smithsonian in Washington, DC, United States, where it was displayed in the Harry Winston pavilion next to the largest blue diamond in the world, the Hope Diamond.
In 2019, the Dresden Green Diamond narrowly escaped being stolen in the Dresden Green Vault burglary, due to it being loaned to New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Color.
The stone's unique apple green color is due to natural exposure to radioactive materials, as the irradiation of diamonds can produce changes in color. The Dresden Green Diamond has been used to compare natural versus lab-produced green diamonds — it is hoped that it can be used to devise a test to differentiate between naturally green diamonds, which are quite rare, and lab-produced ones.


Kuroko mine

The Kuroko mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in United States. The mine is located in Alaska. The mine has reserves amounting to 37 million tonnes of ore grading 0.8% lead, 5.5% zinc, 0.73 million oz of gold and 55.6 million oz of silver.


Dubova mine

The Dubova mine is a large chromium mine located in western Romania in Mehedinți County, close to Dubova. Dubova represents one of the largest chromium reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 2 million tonnes of ore grading between 38% and 52% chromium metal.


Panguna mine

The Panguna mine is a large copper mine located in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, in the east of Papua New Guinea. Panguna represents one of the largest copper reserves in Papua New Guinea and in the world, having an estimated reserve of 1 billion tonnes of ore copper and 12 million ounces of gold. The mine has been closed since 1989 and has ceased all production.
History.
The discovery of vast copper ore deposits in Bougainville's Crown Prince Range led to the establishment of the copper mine in 1969 by Bougainville Copper Ltd, a subsidiary of the Australian company Conzinc Rio Tinto of Australia. The mine began production in 1972 with the support of the Papua New Guinea National Government as a 20% shareholder. In contrast to this, the Bougainvilleas received 0.5–1.25% share of the total profit. It provided over 45% of Papua New Guinea's national export revenue and was important to the economy.
The mine had caused devastating environmental issues on the island and the company was responsible for poisoning the entire length of the Jaba River, causing birth defects, as well as the extinction of the flying fox on the island. The Bougainville Copper had set up a system of racial segregation on the island, with one set of facilities for white workers and one set for the locals. This led to an uprising in 1988, led by Francis Ona, a Panguna landowner and the Commander of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army. This ended up causing a civil war in Bougainville, which led to the closure of the mine. Mine production was officially halted on May 15 1989, which led to the complete withdrawal of BCL personnel by March 24, 1990.
Current status.
The mine was once the world's largest open pit copper gold mine generating over 40% of PNG's GDP. It has remained closed since 1989. This occurred as a result of the conflict between the forces led by Francis Ona, Supreme Commander of the Bougainville Revolutionary Army (BRA) and the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. The 10 year conflict was brutal and resulted in over 20,000 dead. The dispute was essentially a land owners' revolt over getting none of the massive profits generated by the mine. Many of the BRA leaders are the traditional land owners within the mine's lease. Occupation of the entire mine area is by controlling entry at the Morgan's Crossing Checkpoint, which is manned by armed guards. PNG was supported by Australia and the mines operator, Bougainville Copper Limited ("BCL") () in the conflict which sought Bougainville's secession from PNG and an end to the mining on environmental grounds.
The area of Panguna has also been closed off by Panguna landowners, represented by the Meekamui Tribal Government and remains a 'no go zone'. The mine is controlled by the Me'ekamui Tribal Government of Unity and its leaders, President Philip Miriori and Vice President, Phillip Takaung and Stanley Ona, son of Francis Ona. The area is secured by the Me'ekamui Defence Force (formerly the Bougainville Revolutionary Army - the "BRA"). The MDF is led by Commander Moses Pipero
Both President Miriori and Commander Pipero visited and were acknowledged by a feast and speeches, held as part of the historic visit by the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea on January 29, 2014 to Panguna.


Grimethorpe

Grimethorpe is a large village in the metropolitan borough of Barnsley in South Yorkshire, England. Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it had a population of 4,672 at the 2011 census. Grimethorpe is located to the east of Barnsley and south of Hemsworth; until the local government reorganisation of 1974, it was part of the Hemsworth district and constituency. At the 2011 Census the village was part of the North East ward of Barnsley MBC.
For much of the 20th century Grimethorpe's economy was rooted in coal mining. Since the 1984–85 miners' strike accelerated the downscale of UK coal mining and international cheap open-cast mining provoked closure of its colliery in May 1993.
History.
It is believed that the name Grimethorpe originates from "Grim's Torp", a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Viking names, meaning a torpor hamlet owned by a Viking named Grimey. Grimethorpe is at the foot of the hill upon which is the village of Brierley. In fact, Grimethorpe was likely named such as a Norse farm built close to Brierley village. Following the Norman conquest, the Brierley-Grimethorpe area came under the rule of the De Laceys of Pontefract, with a local Saxon owner. In 1066, this owner was Ernui who was said to have six carucates of land at Brerelia and Hindelia, valued at forty shillings. (A carucate was as much land as could be ploughed in one year by one plough and eight oxen. An acre was as much land as could be ploughed in one day by one plough and a pair of oxen.)
This land was given after the Norman conquest to Airic who was given the whole of Staincross wapentake by Ilbert de Lacey, the Norman of Pontefract. All of Yorkshire was divided into wapentakes, Staincross being the one for Barnsley area. It was about ten miles from north to south and about twenty miles from east to west, its boundaries being in the northeast the high ridge on which Brierley stands and in the southwest, the watershed of the Pennines. A stone cross called Ladycross was erected near Grimethorpe, probably by the monks of Monk Bretton Priory, as a place of sanctuary, there being an old law protecting people on Church lands. The Ladycross figures on many deeds relating to the priory. The Lady referred to in the place names of Ladycross, Ladywell and Ladywood is probably Mary Magdalene to whom Monk Bretton Priory was dedicated.
On a well-hidden site between Brierley and Grimethorpe stood the fortified Manor of Hall Steads (the name means 'hall site'), which belonged to the early Brearley estate. Hall Steads is not mentioned until 1284 in connection with a later Lord of Brierley Manor. Hall Steads was surrounded first by a high, stone wall and then by the moat. The site covered an area of about five acres. The building was mainly of local sandstone and many of the stones can still be seen in the soil. Fragments of 14th and 15th-century pottery have been found amongst these stones.
Mining.
The 1981 census recorded 44% of Grimethorpe workers as miners. The two pits in the village were 'Grimethorpe' and 'Ferrymoor' which merged with 'Riddings' in 1967, which in turn merged with 'South Kirkby' in 1985. Grimethorpe colliery was one of the deepest pits in Britain and, following similar mergers with 'Houghton Main' and 'Dearne Valley', employed 6,000 men at the time of its closure in May 1993. During mid-October of the 1984-85 miners' strike, there was a series of riots in Grimethorpe and local residents complained that the policing was too heavy-handed. Relations between the community and the police remained very cold for the next decade.
St Luke’s Church was built in 1904 after St Paul’s Church, Brierly was deemed insufficient to accommodate the growing mining population.
Deprivation.
After the closure of the mines and other local industries, Grimethorpe entered a period of decline. Unemployment was above 50% for much of the 1990s. Long-term deprivation was identified by local social workers, the public sector, and charities by the 2000s. This sparked a period of regeneration and much of the denser basic housing was demolished and replaced with new housing stock.
Historically Grimethorpe had road links to the major compass points without natural barriers but was distant to major cities and its public transport was represented by long-distance bus routes; comparable ex-mining-centric villages in West Yorkshire such as Fitzwilliam and South Elmsall have rail links to Leeds and a greater population supporting local retail and commerce.
Regeneration projects.
Several regeneration projects have taken place. The Dearne Valley link roads have been constructed and Park Springs Industrial Estate has been developed. This has brought many jobs to the area especially the construction of a huge unit occupied by South Yorkshire-based furniture company Symphony. The village has seen the construction of four private housing estates, a medical centre, dental surgery, and a village hall. Regeneration was praised by former Deputy PM Lord Prescott on his visit in March 2010.
Since this time regeneration work has continued with the opening of the large ASOS distribution centre, and many other industrial units on the Park Springs Industrial Estate.
Education.
Two junior schools, Milefield and Ladywood, are publicly maintained. Willowgarth High School was demolished to be replaced by larger Outwood Academy Shafton, the secondary school with the main catchment area including Grimethorpe, Shafton, Brierley, Cudworth, Monk Bretton, and Lundwood.
Former schools include Springvale Junior and Middle School, which burned down in the 1980s.
Band.
Grimethorpe is known for its past as a mining village, its brass band, the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, and its use as the location for the film "Brassed Off" – a black comedy which tells the plight of the village and the effect on its band. In 2010 Grimethorpe Colliery band recorded a version of the hymn "Jerusalem" which was played when the English team won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in India.
Sport.
Grimethorpe has had two senior football clubs – Grimethorpe Athletic, who played in the FA Cup from 1904 to 1953, and Grimethorpe Miners' Welfare, who competed in the FA Vase.
In 2018 former Barnsley FC player Bruce Dyer opened a branch of his 'love life' football academy in the village.
In the Viz comic strip Billy the Fish, the fictional Grimethorpe City is the arch-rival of Fish's team Fulchester United.


Robert Hallowell Richards

Robert Hallowell Richards (August 26, 1844 – March 27, 1945) was an American mining engineer, metallurgist, and educator, born at Gardiner, Maine.
In 1868, with the first class to leave the institution, he graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and there he taught for 46 years, becoming professor of mineralogy and assaying in 1871, head of the department of mining engineering in 1873, and in 1884 professor also of metallurgy. The laboratories which he established at the Institute were the first of their kind in the world. He retired in 1914.
Richards invented a jet aspirator for chemical and physical laboratories and a prism for stadia surveying. But it was in the field of ore dressing that he became especially distinguished. He determined the curves of material settling in water, thereby establishing the fundamental principles of sorting ore by means of jigs and other machines. He invented separators for Lake Superior copper, Virginia iron, and three for ores of the Western United States. Richards served as president of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in 1886.
He was author of more than 100 monographs and articles, but his most notable work is a monumental treatise, "Ore Dressing" (four volumes, 1903–09). He published also a "Text Book of Ore Dressing" (1909).
Richards married Ellen Swallow Richards, the first woman graduate of MIT, on June 4, 1875. They remained married until her death in 1911. Richards married Lillian Jameson Richards (b.1866) on June 8, 1912, remaining married until her death on Mar. 31, 1924.


John Henry Cordner-James

John Henry Cordner-James (b.1858 Redruth, Cornwall, UK, d.1946 Aldeburgh Suffolk, UK) was a leading English businessman of the early 20th Century and a mining pioneer with global interests.
Born in 1858 as John Henry James, the son of Abraham Trewantha James & Johanna Grey, he changed his name by adding Cordner, ostensibly to differentiate himself from siblings William James and Alfred James in his family firm, James Bros.
He developed a prolific career as a gold mining engineer and consultant, travelling extensively to Russia, Australia, South America and South Africa, and was one of the first owners of a motor car in England. In South Africa, Cordner-James notably formed the Gold Recovery Syndicate to acquire the patent rights to practice the MacArthur-Forrest gold cyanidation mining process in 1922. In Australia he had various business interests with fellow director of the Oroya-Brownhill mining company, future US President Herbert Hoover. In 1912 he was elected to the position of Vice President of the English Council of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.
At the outbreak of World War One, he purchased future "Beatles" recording studio Abbey Road Studios, London, which he retained until 1929.
Cordner-James suffered from arthritis towards the end of his life and in 1934 at the age of 76 built a new home near Aldeburgh, Suffolk, on account of its private location and low rainfall, which he lived in until his death in 1946.


Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (New York)

The Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (New York), probably already founded in 1879, but incorporated on April 22, 1882 in Tompkins County, New York, with a capital of $1,000,000, was a San Francisco Stock and Exchange traded mining company.
The company operated several mining sites, including at Deadwood, Placer County, California, after driving a three thousand foot tunnel, the Golden Fleece Tunnel, and one mine near Georgetown, Clear Creek County, Colorado, The company reportedly also held some interests in gold mining in Cave Creek, Arizona.
In September 1892, George W. Peirce, the company's treasurer, bought the Golden Fleece Mine in Colorado for $50,000. During that year the company seems to have raised its capital basis to finance its expansion. Probably the new capital stock of $600,000 was organized under another company, which was incorporated in Iowa in 1893, under the same name of Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (Iowa).
Management.
""ITHACA IN MOURNING. Death of the Well-Known Merchant, John O. Marsh:"
…. Last April, Mr. Marsh became a member of the Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company, and was at once elected its president. About four weeks ago, he started west on business connected with the affairs of the company, intending to be gone five or six weeks. He went first to Denver, Colorado, and after transacting some business there; continued his journey to Arizona Territory, where the property of the Golden Fleece Company is situated. It is supposed that he went first to Phoenix, Arizona Territory, and from there accompanied by Mr. S. F. Mack, the company's superintendent of mines, to Cave Creek, the location of the company's property. He then returned to Phoenix, having written one letter home meantime. Last Thursday, Mr. D. E. Marsh received a telegram from S. F. Mack, saying that Mr. Marsh was quite sick with fever but not considered dangerous, and that he was having good care. Another telegram the next day stated that the fever was typhoid, and the patient in a critical condition. Saturday morning a still more disheartening message was received, followed by another at three o'clock in the afternoon with the sad tidings that Mr. Marsh commenced sinking at ten o'clock last Friday night and died at midnight. …"
After the death of Mr. Marsh, public concern was expressed on the prospects of the company. Excerpt of "The Daily Democrat", August 9, 1884, reads:
""BACK FROM ARIZONA. Mr. Mack Returns with Particulars of Mr. Marsh's Death:"
Mr. Stephen Mack, superintendent of the Golden Fleece Mining Company, and who was with the late John O. Marsh, when that gentleman died, one week ago to-day, arrived in town last evening. This morning he was immediately besieged by a host of inquiring friends who were anxious to learn further details concerning the death of our lamented fellow citizen. A DEMOCRAT representative called upon Mr. Mack at his residence on Green Street, and learned the following facts from him. When Mr. Marsh arrived in Arizona he was much wearied by the long, tedious journey, and the slight symptoms of illness which he then displayed were attributed to this cause. His sickness, however, increased so long before it developed into typhoid fever, the details and sad result of which have already been published. It is not necessary to give the particulars of the long days and sleepless nights that preceded the termination of the sad affair; it is sufficient to say that Mr. Mack affirms the statement that everything within the power of skillful medical attention and careful nursing was done to relieve the sufferer. In regard to the remains of the deceased, Mr. Mack says that it will be impossible to remove them to Ithaca until cold weather, for the frontier village where Mr. Marsh died is utterly void of those improved undertaking appliances for the preservation of remains so common in the east rapidly that it was not. When asked as to the prospects of the mining company which he represented, and the stock of which is largely owned by Ithaca gentlemen, Mr. Mack did not feel at liberty to talk upon that subject, although he said that he felt satisfied that they had a good claim. Mr. Mack left Arizona Sunday morning."
The fate of the company is not known in detail, but very probably the interests and properties of the company were transferred to the Golden Fleece Mining and Milling Company (Iowa), which was incorporated 1893 under the laws of Iowa. George W. Peirce was the secretary and treasurer of both companies.
Golden Fleece Gold & Silver Mining Company, Nevada.
The company should not be confounded with the Golden Fleece Gold & Silver Mining Company, Nevada, incorporated on February 2, 1875. The Golden Fleece Gold & Silver Mining Company held interest in gold and silver mining at Golden Fleece Mine (Nevada), in Peavine Mining District, near Poeville, Washoe County. The company was listed at San Francisco Stock Exchange, on the Washoe Board list.
Today, this Nevada company is known in connection of legal proceedings against the Cable Consolidated Gold and Silver Mining Co. in relation to some mining claims. The results of this case, held before Supreme Court of the State of Nevada, are considered to be important for prevailing case law in mining in the United States.


Bodie Mine

The Bodie Mine is an inactive, privately owned gold mine in Okanogan County, Washington, United States. It is located within a triangle formed by the town of Wauconda, Washington the original town of Bodie, Washington, and the later ghost town of Bodie, on Toroda Road.
History.
The Bodie Mine played an historically important part of the Okanogan gold rush. Founded by Henry Dewitts after the Northern Colville Reservation was opened for mining in 1896. The Bodie Mine was started in 1897 to mine a block of five patented claims (Bodie, Bodie #2, West Cliff, Crystal Bluff, and Little George). Dewitts sold the claim to his brother Ben who in 1902 sold to the Wrigley family. The Wrigleys, famous for their gum and Chicago baseball team, built the steam-powered mill and established what became The Bodie Mining Company. A stock certificate signed in 1903 by then president L.S. Kurtz indicates the mine's net worth to be US$1,500,000.
Mined continuously until 1916, the claim produced a reported $130,000 of gold at the then-price of $20.67 an ounce. During that period, ownership passed through a series of companies including Bodie Mining and Transportation Co (1907–09), Duluth-Toroda Mining Co (1910–12) and the Toroda Development Co (1915–16). After being shut down until 1934, the Northern Gold Company took over operations and rebuilt the mill in 1935. Employing as many as 40 miners working three shifts a day, an estimated 50,000 short tons of ore were mined, producing another $280,000 (13,500 ozt) in gold. All mining ceased in 1941 during World War II, as extraction of essential wartime metals took priority by Government Order L-208 of the War Production Board.
In 1970 the Geomineral Corporation acquired the five patented claims, including The Bodie Mine and remains the owner. Several lease-option agreements occurred in the late 1970s, and early 1980s during the related spike in gold prices, but no mining or development has transpired on the property since that time.
Geology.
The mine consists of hard rock stopes and tunnels, exploring a mineralized vein which runs the length of the ridge rising from Toroda Creek, experts suspect may be up to a half mile wide, and over a mile deep. Approximately of tunnels and shafts were dug into the hill side at its 100, 200, 250, 400 and levels. Several openings remain but all are extremely hazardous and should not be approached or entered under any circumstances. The Washington State Department of Natural Resources did an in-depth report on The Bodie Mine and other properties in the region. This site was found to be similar to epithermal hot spring type gold deposits found in Stevens and Ferry Counties, and has been compared in magnitude to the newly reopened Buckhorn Mountain mine, near the Canada–US border. The Bodie vein is a series of parallel quartz stringers or veinlets separated by narrow bands of highly altered and pyritized andesite/dacite. The ore consists of microscopic particles of free gold and/or electrum, gold selenide, and gold-bearing sulfides found in a banded quartz vein five to wide. In some places, the quartz is chalcedonic in structure; in others, it is crustiform and contains late-stage calcite. Recent chemical analyses of the Bodie ore indicate that the mineralization is more complex than previously imagined, and assays have shown favorable results of several precious metals throughout the property.
Washington State Geologist Wayne Moen, in his 1980 report, notes:
The Bodie vein is a persistent quartz fissure gold-bearing that has been partially mined. Although gold has been mined for up to a thousand feet along the strike of the vein, the vein has yet to be tested over its total length, which is excess of 6,000 feet. Based on past mining and sampling by mining companies, remaining parts of the vein in existing underground workings will probably average 0.15 ounces per ton in gold and 0.75 ounce in silver, but higher value can be expected in near surface parts of the vein. The Bodie Breccia which may exceed 50 million tons, is mineralized with gold and silver. Assays of the breccia in the upper levels of the mine have run as high as 0.23 ounce per ton in gold.
The potentially large quantity of ore posited by Moen remains unverified beneath fifteen hundred feet.
Surface facilities.
Though once a thriving (relocated) town of 300 people supporting an array of mines, nothing beyond a few ruined upper buildings and block foundations remain on the property of its extensive mill, once a 1962 fire destroyed the mine's working infrastructure. Remnants of its picturesque, eponymous ghost town, including the bunkhouse, school, kitchen and assay office, are bisected by Torada Road. Toroda Creek, which runs through the property, has been tested by the D.O.E. and the water has determined to be of good quality, possessing rare bullhead trout, and rich in micronutrients. Well established cottonwood trees and a thick stands of grass and now cover the of stable tailings. The surrounding area remains sparsely populated, controlled by the B.L.M., the Washington Department of Natural Resources and a few private holdings. The property has two caretakers living on or near the site, and has supported grazing stock for decades.


Joachim John Monteiro

Joachim John Monteiro (1833-1878), also known as Jose Maria Correa Monteiro, was a British mining engineer, colonial administrator, naturalist and explorer.
Monteiro was born in London. He was trained at the Royal College of Mines in that city.
Monteiro went to Angola in 1858 to oversee mining enterprises in the Malachite deposits of Bembe, Angola and also the extraction of copper. While working here he met with Pedro V of Kongo while he was visiting in the Portuguese colony. He remained in Angola until 1876. In Bembe Monteiro discovered that the fibres of the baobab could be used to make paper. Later when he moved to coastal Ambriz he attempted to create a commercial paper making enterprise there. He explored Angola widely making observations and records on its plants, birds and animals. For example, he sent several specimens of plants he recovered at Baía de Namibe to the Kew Gardens.
In 1875 Monteiro published a work entitled "Angola and the River Congo".
In 1876 Monteiro relocated to Lourenco Marques (now Maputo) in Mozambique. Here he worked as a labor recruitment agent for the government of Cape Colony until his untimely death in 1878. After his death his wife Rose Monteiro engaged in many studies as a naturalist in the area where they had been living when he died.


Jimmy Shand

Sir James Shand (28 January 1908 – 23 December 2000) was a Scottish musician who played traditional Scottish dance music on the accordion. His signature tune was "The Bluebell Polka".
Life and career.
James Shand was born in East Wemyss in Fife, Scotland, son of a farm ploughman turned coal miner and one of nine children. The family soon moved to the burgh of Auchtermuchty. The town now boasts a larger than life-sized sculpture of Shand. His father was a skilled melodeon player. Jimmy started with the mouth organ and soon played the fiddle. At the age of 14 he had to leave school and go down the mines. He played at social events and competitions. His enthusiasm for motor-bikes turned into an advantage when he played for events all round Fife. In 1926, he did benefit gigs for striking miners and was consequently prevented from returning to colliery work. One day Shand and a friend were admiring the instruments in the window of a music shop in Dundee. His friend said: "It wouldn't cost you to try one," so Shand walked in and strapped on an accordion. The owner, Charles Forbes, heard Shand play and immediately offered him a job as travelling salesman and debt-collector. He soon acquired a van and drove all over the north of Scotland. He switched to the British chromatic button accordion, an instrument he stuck with for the rest of his life.
Being a keen motorcyclist, Shand was also an enthusiastic supporter and spectator at the annual Isle of Man TT races. He also sponsored a motorcycle road racer from Errol, Perthshire called Jack Gow, a multiple Scottish Motorcycle Racing champion and later a motorcycle dealer in Dundee. Jack Gow was the son of Andy Gow who drove the bus which transported the Shand tour. Shand's interest in motorcycles began when a boyfriend of his sister had problems with his bike, which had broken down. Shand repaired it and was allowed to use it.
He failed an audition for the BBC because he kept time with his foot. At a time when gramophones were very much luxury items he made two records for the Regal Zonophone label in 1933. His career took off when he switched to making 78s for the Beltona label (1935–1940). Most of the Beltona recordings were solo, but he experimented with small bands. This boosted sales. He appeared in a promo film shown in cinemas. While the image showed his fingers moving in a blur, Shand was disappointed to hear the sound track playing a slow air. He was prevented from joining the RAF by a digestive disorder, and spent the war years in the Fire Service. On New Year's Day morning in 1945 he made his first broadcast with "Jimmy Shand and his Band". This was the first of many such BBC radio and television appearances.
Works.
Soon after the war he became a full-time musician, and adopted a punishing life-style later adopted by rock bands. He would play Inverness one night, London the next night and still drive the van back to bed in Dundee. He took his trademark bald head, Buddy Holly spectacles and full kilted regalia, Scottish reels, jigs and strathspeys to Australia, New Zealand and North America, including Carnegie Hall in New York. Now on the EMI/ Parlophone label, he released one single per month in the mid 1950s, including his only top 20 hit in the UK Singles Chart – "The Bluebell Polka" (1955). It was produced by George Martin. He was awarded an MBE in 1962. This period is remembered affectionately by Richard Thompson, who played Shand tunes on his "Henry the Human Fly" and "Strict Tempo!" albums. Thompson's Scottish father had been a keen Shand collector. In 1991, Thompson paid tribute to Shand with an original song, "Don't Sit on My Jimmy Shands", from his 1991 album "Rumor and Sigh".
In 1972, Shand went into semi-retirement. From then he played only small venues in out-of-the-way places for a reduced fee. He was made a freeman of Auchtermuchty in 1974, North East Fife in 1980 and Fife in 1998. He became Sir Jimmy Shand in 1999. His portrait is in the Scottish National Gallery, close to Niel Gow. In 1983, he released a retrospective album with the cheeky title "The First 50 Years". At the age of 88, he recorded an album and video with his son, "Dancing with the Shands".
More than 330 compositions are credited to Jimmy Shand. He recorded more tracks than the Beatles and Elvis Presley combined. In 1985, British Rail named a locomotive "Jimmy Shand". He was dissatisfied with the chromatic button-key accordions available on the market in the 1940s so he designed his own one. The Hohner company manufactured the "Shand Morino" until the 1970s. He is the only artist worldwide to have his name used by the Hohner company as a model name for a musical instrument. There is a biography "The Jimmy Shand Story: The King of Scottish Dance Music" by Ian Cameron (2001). A number of his older recordings have been re-released by Beltona Records.
Since the 1950s the crowd at Dunfermline Athletic F.C. have left the ground after the game to the sound of Shand's "The Bluebell Polka".


Terry Deering

Terry Deering (November 7, 1958 – June 26, 1997) was an American legislator and coal miner who served as a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives from January 1991 until his death in June 1997.
Biographical sketch.
Born in DuQuoin, Illinois, Deering went to Nashville High School in Nashville, Illinois. He was a coal miner and then served as Mayor of Du Bois, Illinois. In the 1990 general election Deering defeated Republican incumbent Charles Wayne Goforth in what was regarded as an upset.
He served in the Illinois House of Representatives, as a Democrat, from 1990 until his death. He died in an auto accident near Du Bois, Illinois. Local Democratic Party leaders appointed Dan Reitz, a County Commissioner in Randolph County, to succeed Deering.


Borska Reka mine

The Borska Reka mine is a large copper mine located in the east of Serbia in Bor District. Borska Reka represents one of the largest copper reserve in Serbia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.53% copper. The mine also has gold reserves amounting to 4.4 million oz and 36.3 million oz of silver.


Mamut Mine

Mamut Mine () is an abandoned open-pit quarry mine located in the Ranau District of Sabah, Malaysia where from 1975 to 1999 various minerals primarily copper including some gold and silver were mined. The mine is known as Malaysia's only copper mine where it is also become the attention of the public due to the immense legacy towards the environment.
Geology.
The source rock for the mine is adamellite porphyry and the plutons were implaced hypabysally into Palaeogene turbiditic rocks in the Trusmadi Formation and Early Cretaceous ophiolite. The average age of porphyry stocks is 9 mega-annum (Late Miocene) with total reserves of deposit about 179 Mt Cu grade. The mine porphyry copper deposite is associated with tertiary granitoid intrusions with mineral reserves of 77 million tonnes of ore, an average grade of 0.608% copper and recoverable amounts of gold and silver.
History.
Established through a consortium between Japanese and Malaysian companies, the mine began its production in 1975 and produced a total minerals valued at $11.5 million which was exported overseas. Towards the end of 1991, the number of workers in the mine increased to 1,191 from only 100 with 99% of those employed are Malaysian. It is estimated that together with their families, the total number of people dependent their livelihood on the mine is over 10,000. The first production of copper mine also showed that Malaysia was rich in natural resources that contributed to the country's output with most copper, silver and gold are produced in East Malaysia. Minerals gathered from the mine was trucked to Kota Belud District before being shipped to Japan for refining.
Since its closure and subsequent abandonment, waters have filled the mine which is toxic to consumption due to its highly acidic nature. In 2001, the government of Sabah through Chief Minister Chong Kah Kiat trying to attract the interest among investors to develop the abandoned mine area for tourism attraction which is ideal for resort development with the highland weather, interesting topography and scenic view of Mount Kinabalu despite no further deal are being realised. Further in 2016, Sabah Deputy Chief Minister Joseph Pairin Kitingan said the local authorities were looking at the possibility of treating the 20.6 million cubic metre of acidic water at the mine pit to overcome water shortage in Sabah caused by drought although this proposal later were considered by local geologist as unfeasible and costly since even if the water could be treated with acid mine drainage (AMD) method to neutralise its acidity, other minerals and heavy metals are still present in the water that made it unfit for human consumption and need more cost to clean the water.


Randgold Resources

Randgold Resources is a gold mining business operating mainly in Mali. Headquartered in Jersey, Channel Islands, it was listed on the London and the NASDAQ stock exchanges until it merged with Barrick Gold in December 2018.
History.
The company was established in 1995 and was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1997. In 2000 it commissioned the Morila mine and in 2005 commissioned the Loulo mine. In September 2018, Randgold announced a share-to-share merger with Canada's Barrick Gold Corp in a deal worth $18.3 billion. According to this deal, Randgold Resources investors will hold 33% of the combined company. The transaction was completed in December 2018.
Operations.
The company's activities are concentrated on the following mines:
Additional projects are Massawa in Senegal but exploration operations are predominantly undertaken in Mali and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Although registered in Saint Helier, Jersey, Mark Bristow, the CEO, operates mainly out of offices in London, England and the administrative functions are based in Johannesburg, South Africa. Bristow has urged caution about investing in South Africa while the present regime there remains in government.


Kef Snoun mine

The Kef Snoun mine is a large mine located in Tébessa Province, Algeria. Kef Snoun represents one of the largest phosphate reserves in the country, having estimated reserves of 520 million tonnes of ore grading 12% P2O5.


Mainsforth Colliery

Mainsforth Colliery was situated between Ferryhill and the small hamlet of Mainsforth in County Durham, England, United Kingdom. It was adjacent to the former Ferryhill railway station in the Ferryhill Station area of the town.
Mainsforth Colliery operated from 1872 to 1968, mining coal in the UK, deep underground.
Name.
The name ‘Mainsforth’ is thought to mean the ford of someone called Maino (a Germanic name) and the ford probably crossed the boggy land called ‘The Carrs’ to the west.
Operating life.
In 1872 Mainsforth Colliery opened. In 1873 two shafts, the East and the West, were sunk 270 ft to the Five Quarter seam. It was worked until 1876 before being laid in. These workings were abandoned by 1877 and the shafts used as a rubbish dump. 23 years later, in 1900 the Carlton Iron Company re-excavated the abandoned shafts and de-watered the workings. The Colliery reopened in 1904 and the company deepened the shafts to the Harvey seam and to prove the Busty and Brockwell seams.
Ownership.
The Mainsforth Coal Company operated the mine initially. The Carlton iron Company took over in the 1890s. Ownership passed to Dorman and Long of Middlesbrough in the 1920s. In 1947 the National Coal Board took over, following nationalisation of the mines.
Closure.
When the Dean & Chapter Colliery closed on 15 January 1966, it stopped pumping and the water ran to Chilton, Leasingthorne and Mainsforth, reaching Mainsforth in September 1967. This caused Mainsforth Colliery's closure in December 1968. The last shift at Mainsforth Colliery was on December 6, 1968.
Economic importance.
The Dean and Chapter Colliery and Mainsforth Colliery were the main employers in the area.
Coal from the mine kept Ferryhill railway station very busy. The railway station closed in the Beeching cuts. The demolition contractors for the colliery in the 1970s also demolished the residual station building structures. The area has been in economic decline since the mine and the railway station closed.
The mine and local culture.
Mineworkers contributed towards supporting the town band, cricket team, bowls team and many more activities that were associated with the colliery at that time. Without their support so many organisations and activities would never have existed. The legacy lives on with the following:
Welfare institute.
Mainsforth Colliery Welfare Institute, Ferryhill Station, County Durham is a venue for arts music and theatre. It is currently home to the Mainsforth Community Centre.
Art.
Norman Cornish redeployed to Mainsforth Colliery in 1962 from the Dean and Chapter Colliery before its closure. It was in this period that Norman painted the celebrated ‘Durham Miners' Gala Mural’.
Music.
Ferryhill Town Band
The miners of the Mainsforth Colliery formed the Ferryhill Town Band in 1909. (This was initially named the Mainsforth Colliery Brass Band). In the early years the miners contributed 1/2d per week to support the band.
Sport.
Cricket
Miners from the nearby Mainsforth colliery founded the Mainsforth Cricket Club in the early 1900s.
Bowls
Mainsforth Bowling Club was first established in the early 1900s to play lawn bowls, with the majority of players also working at the pit.
Wartime.
War memorial
In 1925, a war memorial that erected to commemorate those men who worked for the Mainsforth Colliery officially opened.
War Memorial Cottage, Lough House Bank/Mainsforth Road, Ferryhill Station (Ferryhill) is Grade II listed and has a polished marble plaque securely attached to the front wall.
The plaque is rectangular grey marble, topped by curved moulded cornice. The centre contains a carved laurel wreath surrounded by the inscription: MAINSFORTH COLLIERY AND FERRYHILL STATION, WAR MEMORIAL, 1914–1919. Below, three columns of text list the names of all those who died and beneath that is inscribed: THEIR NAME LIVETH FOREVER.
Bevin Boys
During the Second World War conscripts worked the mine. The Bevin Boys were based at a camp established off Dean Road at the southern edge of Ferryhill, near the A167.
The colliery area today.
Current land usage.
Much of the former colliery area is now a Durham County Council Wood.
In 1974 land which is part of the former site of Mainsforth Colliery was conveyed to the then Sedgefield District Council before being transferred in 1998 to Ferryhill Town Council, who maintain a park and sports complex on the site.
Mainsforth Sports Complex
The facilities on offer at Mainsforth Sports Complex include:
There is also the opportunity to take countryside walks. A pathway leads to the Durham County Council owned fishing pond which is leased to the Ferryhill and District Angling Club.
More details of the facility are available from
Light Industrial usage
A number of small businesses operate from part of the site.
Potential housing
An area of the former mine site has been granted outline permission for housing development, despite objections from local residents.
Mineral extraction.
Mineral extraction is still a key industry for the area. The nearby Thrislington Quarry provides sand and dolomite (magnesian limestone). The colliery site and the quarry are adjacent to the Thrislington Plantation. The quarry is destined to become a landfill site.
Science.
Flooded mine works
The flooded mine works have been studied and the mine has provided a case study of mine water quality deterioration.
Ecological study
Ecological reports commissioned for planning applications on the site have shown that the area is biodiverse. "link and reference to follow".


Frank Hayes (unionist)

Frank J. Hayes (May 4, 1882 – June 10, 1948) was an American miner and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1917 to 1919. A Democrat, he also served as Lieutenant Governor of Colorado in 1937–39.
He was born in the coal mining town of What Cheer, Iowa, in 1882, but moved with his family as a boy to Illinois. At the age of 13, he began working in the coal mines. His father was active in the unions.
UMWA Involvement 1904-1919.
He joined the United Mine Workers and held a number of local union offices before being elected secretary-treasurer of District 13 in 1904. A socialist, he allied himself with the radical left-wing of the miners' union and agitated for greater militancy and adoption of socialism as the union's only economic and political philosophy.
He was elected an international vice president in 1911. While a vice president, he helped strategize and organize the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike of 1912 in West Virginia and the Colorado Coal Strike of 1913–1914 (during which the Ludlow Massacre occurred).
Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike of 1912.
The Paint Creek Miner's Union with the help of Hayes, serving as the UMWA International Vice President, declared a strike with eight demands. After the demands were known the Cabin Creek Miner's Union joined the striking miners as well. During the first month of the strike the UMWA organizers kept peace, but subsequently the mine operators hired the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to break the strike. After 300 Baldwin-Felts Detectives arrived, the labor organizer Mother Jones also arrived and was subsequently arrested.
The strike lasted from April 18, 1912 through July 1913. After the confrontation, Fred Stanton, a banker, estimated that the strike and ensuing armed conflict cost $100,000,000. The confrontation directly caused perhaps fifty violent deaths, as well as many more deaths caused indirectly by starvation and malnutrition among the striking miners. In the number of casualties, it counts among the worst conflicts in American labor union history.
Ludlow Massacre.
The Ludlow Massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel and Iron Company guards on a tent colony of 1,200 coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado, on April 20, 1914. About two dozen people, including miners' wives and children, were killed. The chief owner of the mine, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., was widely criticized for the incident.
The massacre, the seminal event in the Colorado Coal Wars, resulted in the death of 21 people. The deaths occurred after a daylong fight between militia and camp guards against striking workers. Ludlow was the deadliest single incident in the southern Colorado Coal Strike, which lasted from September 1913 through December 1914. The strike was organized by the miners against coal mining companies in Colorado. The three largest companies involved were the Rockefeller family-owned Colorado Fuel & Iron Company, the Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, and the Victor-American Fuel Company.
In retaliation for Ludlow, the miners armed themselves and attacked dozens of antiunion establishments over the next ten days, destroying property and engaging in several skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg. The entire strike would cost between 69 and 199 lives. Thomas G. Andrews described it as the "deadliest strike in the history of the United States", commonly referred to as the Colorado Coalfield War.
The Ludlow Massacre was a watershed moment in American labor relations. Historian Howard Zinn described the Ludlow Massacre as "the culminating act of perhaps the most violent struggle between corporate power and laboring men in American history". Congress responded to public outcry by directing the House Committee on Mines and Mining to investigate the incident. Its report, published in 1915, was influential in promoting child labor laws and an eight-hour work day.
The Ludlow site, 18 miles northwest of Trinidad, Colorado, is now a ghost town. The massacre site is owned by the United Mine Workers of America, which erected a granite monument in memory of the miners and their families who died that day. The Ludlow Tent Colony Site was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 16, 2009, and dedicated on June 28, 2009.Modern archeological investigation largely supports the strikers' reports of the event.
Hayes Invites, but Baldwin-Felts Answers.
Frank J. Hayes, then international vice-president, twice invited the operators to a joint conference, as did the miners assembled in convention at Trinidad on Sep 15, 1913. But the operators had ignored these invitations.
It is significant that of the miners' six or seven demands, only two were not already guaranteed under severe penalty by the laws of Colorado. Much of the source of irritation, then, might have been eliminated if Governor E. M. Ammons' administration had enforced the laws.
Though winter lay ahead, the mining families were nonetheless evicted from company houses. The United Mine Workers of America immediately built tent colonies for them. The largest, having two hundred tents and a population of nearly a thousand people, was located on the barren plains of Ludlow.
When the strike in southern Colorado finally went into effect on September 23, over eleven thousand mine workers, 95 per cent of the total, left the pits. With company operations halted by this mass work stoppage, the "Big Three" corporations—Colorado Fuel and Iron Company, Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, and the Victor American Fuel Company—imported the Baldwin-Felts industrial detectives of West Virginia.
The Baldwin-Felts organization promptly took over the sheriffs' offices in Las Animas and Huerfano counties ... and staffed them with several hundred barrel-house bums and professional gunmen imported from the cities ... The miners meanwhile had armed themselves in self-defense and in a battle had temporarily succeeded in driving the Baldwins into the hills.
Then came the Colorado National Guard, in command of Adjutant General John Chase. Assured by him and Governor Ammons that they would be let alone, the striking miners voluntarily surrendered their arms. On the last day of October 1913, with banners flying, the singing men, women and children marched behind their band down the road to meet the militia ... [3]
Account of Frank Hayes speech after the Ludlow Massacre.
"Frank J. Hayes, International Vice President of the Union, the man who had charge of the Colorado situation, and colleague of Lawson, was then introduced. Mr. Hayes spoke in clear, ringing voice. His splendid diction and his magnetic personality at once won his hearers, and he held their closest attention.
First paying tribute to Lawson as a splendid man, he declared that he came here as the representative of 500,000 organized coal miners to discuss the so-called "Lawson case." He told how he and Lawson and other leaders went to Colorado in 1913, how they sought a hearing with the mine owners but met with refusal, because the operators had determined to eliminate the union. Then he told of how the strike was called, and how the men had hoped to conduct it peacefully, as no strike could be won by violence.
Then Mr. Hayes told how the mine owners imported 700 gun-men to break the strike, of how they started the trouble by shooting into the tent colonies established by the strikers who had been evicted from company houses. He told dramatically of the shooting or murdering of thirty-eight men, women and children, and not one indictment had been brought against the mine owners.
Lawson was indicted for the killing of John Nimo, a mine guard, who was shot down in an open battle between miners and mine guards. Lawson was not within several miles of the scene, but he was indicted because he was in charge of the Ludlow tent colony, and they trumped up a charge that he was responsible for all the acts of the colony.
He declared that Las Animas county was owned body and soul by the corporations. In proof he showed that although in the past 23 years over 1000 miners had been accidentally killed, not one resulted in a damage suit in favor of the miners' families. All the court officials had been in the pay of the corporations. The sheriff picked the jury. There was no jury box, but he drew a venire of 75 men prejudiced against Lawson, and of these the twelve worst were placed on the trial jury. Then he told of how the jury was coerced to bring in the verdict of guilty.
Mr. Hayes concluded his masterly speech by enumerating the demands of the Colorado miners, all of which were based on Colorado laws that were not being lived up to by the mine owners. He severely arraigned Rockefeller, and recited a poem that he had composed, based on Rockefeller's expression, "My Conscience acquits me." He was given thunderous applause."
UMWA President 1917-1919.
During his tenure on the UMWA executive council, he unsuccessfully ran for governor of Illinois on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America. When UMWA president John P. White resigned in 1917 to take a federal government job, Hayes was elected president to succeed him. Hayes' tenure as UMWA president was not an effective one. He was not a firm leader, and lacked administrative abilities. His health deteriorated quickly during his presidency, probably due to alcoholism. By 1919, he turned most of his duties over to John L. Lewis, who was named the union's acting president. Hayes resigned the office of president in 1920. Although he retained a position and salary as an international field representative, he retired to Colorado.
Labor Songs and Poetry.
During Hayes retirement to Colorado he wrote labor songs and poetry (much of it concerning the Ludlow Massacre).
We're Coming, Colorado by Frank J. Hayes.
Sung to the tune of The Battle Cry of Freedom
Ludlow Massacre Monument Activist.
Frank Hayes sent the following letter about a monument for the Ludlow Massacre to another member of the UMWA leadership upon his retirement. He continued to be a voice for miners throughout the rest of his life. This letter is just one that was featured in the United Mine Workers Journal and the Hellraisers Journal
Death.
Frank J. Hayes died in Denver, Colorado on June 10, 1948 at age 66. Not much has been written about his cause of death but he did suffer from alcoholism during his life.


University College of Engineering, Kakatiya University

The University College of Engineering, Kakatiya University public engineering institute located in kothagudem, India. Formerly known as the Kothagudem School of Mines(KSM). It is the First mining college in Telangana and the second in India.
History.
The first of all UCE, UCE(KU)] erstwhile KSM, started functioning in 1956 with single department Mining Engineering
Established in 1976, the University College of Engineering, Kakatiya University, is the oldest institution for mining in Telangana. It was formerly known as "Kothagudem School of Mines", originally established under osmania University. It was later made a college under Kakatiya University under which many names were changed for the institute now settling with the name University college of engineering.
The college moved to its present permanent building in 1996( except the mining department). Today it is the biggest among the campus colleges of Kakatiya University. There are 103 non teaching staff members, and around 20 regular professors. The college offers undergraduate B.Tech in CSE, EEE, Mining ECE,IT courses.
Academics.
The college admits undergraduate students through the statewide EAMCET exam conducted every year. It offers Bachelor of Engineering (BE) courses in multiple disciplines.
Computer Science and Engineering.
Kakatiya University embarked in 1996 on the Computer Science and Engineering Programme, when the UGC identified the University for its manpower development Programme. The Department offers B.E. and MCA programs.
Placement Cell for Computer Science and Engineering.
Students are placed in companies like CA Inc., Teradata, Infosys, Syntel, Mahindra Satyam, Accenture
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
The department started in 1996 as a part of the Electrical Engineering Department. The department has the following labs.
1. Basic Electrical Lab
2. Electrical Machines
3. Power Systems
4. Digital Electronics
5. Control Systems
Mining Engineering.
The Mining Engineering Department was established in 1957 at Osmania University, Hyderabad, to offer a four-year degree course in Mining Engineering, with an intake of 30 students. This is the only mining department in Telangana. Students of mining will be taken to mine surveys and mine visits .
The department has established the following laboriousness for practical training:
The department faculty members are on National Committees as well as in mining projects in the region. The department has organized eleven National Seminars/Conferences/Workshops/Short-term programs in areas such as CAD/CAM, stress analysis using FEM, Optimization of energy, Recovery systems and metal spinning.


Easington Colliery

Easington Colliery is a town in County Durham, England, known for a history of coal mining. It is situated to the north of Horden, and a short distance to the east of Easington Village. The town suffered a significant mining accident on 29 May 1951, when an explosion in the mine resulted in the deaths of 83 men (including 2 rescue workers).
Easington had a population of 4,959 in 2001, and 5,022 at the 2011 Census.
History.
Easington Colliery began when the pit was sunk in 1899, near the coast; indeed the pylon for the aerial flight that carried tubs of colliery waste from the mine stood just inside the North Sea. Thousands of workers came to the area from all parts of Britain and with the new community came new shops, pubs, clubs, and many rows of terraced "colliery houses" for the mine workers and their families.
On 7 May 1993, the mine was closed, with the loss of 1,400 jobs, causing a decline in the local economy. The pit shaft headgear was demolished the following year.
The town's former infant and junior schools were built in 1911. They are adjacent to Seaside Line but lie derelict. A development company bought the buildings in 2003 and applied for planning permission to build 39 residential units, but a public inquiry gave a ruling that protected the buildings from demolition. They have since been listed.
It was decided in 2009 to create a new unitary authority — Durham County Council — to cover the whole of the county, and most of Easington's staff moved into new offices in Seaham. Easington District Council's office building, which had been the department's home for over eighty years, was demolished in April 2013. The fixtures and fittings, including oak desks, from the council chamber were placed in storage at Beamish Museum.
Victoria Cross.
The youngest soldier to be awarded a Victoria Cross during World War II was Dennis Donnini from Easington. His father, an Italian named Alfred Donnini, had married an Englishwoman named Catherine Brown, and ran an ice cream shop in Easington. Dennis was born on 17 November 1925. He attended Corby Grammar School, Sunderland (later known as St Aidan's Catholic Academy).
In an action on 18 January 1945, Fusilier Donnini (then aged 19) was wounded twice yet still led an assault on the enemy before being killed. His gallantry had enabled his comrades to overcome twice their own number of the enemy. He is buried at the Commonwealth Cemetery in Sittard, The Netherlands.
1951 colliery explosion.
There was a major mine disaster in 1951 sometimes called the Duckbill or Duck Bills Flare or Fire.
Although the shafts for the colliery had started to be sunk in 1899, the first coals were not drawn until 1910 due to passing through water-bearing strata. Two main pits were sunk: the North Shaft (downcast) and the South Shaft (upcast). Both of these reached down to the Hutton seam, at and respectively. The seams worked were Five Quarter, Seven Quarter, Main Coal, Low Main and the Hutton at the bottom. Underground the colliery was split into a number of distinct areas or "districts". The explosion occurred in the West or "Duckbill" district (named after the duckbill excavators used in the district), which lies to the northwest of the shafts and to the north of the village. The village is built over the seams, and to safeguard it from subsidence there is a reserved area under it.
Significantly, one district extends for four miles under the North Sea; ventilation was therefore not simple: enough air was needed to ventilate the extremities of the eastern workings, whilst that for the closer faces did not need such a powerful supply. Too much air in the closer workings would starve the distant ones. Supplementary fans and traps needed to be employed. The Duckbill district was being developed and it appears that the effect of this on the ventilation was overlooked, as admitted by the Assistant Agent (Mr H E Morgan) in cross-examination.
The colliery in 1951.
From the pit bottoms the main roadways extended to the north, where the West Level branched off and ran for west to the junction with the Straight North Headings, which head north via drifts into the Five Quarter seam. The West Level continued into a training area. Around along the Straight North Headings was a further junction where the First West Roads headed west. Some distance further on the second and third roads branched off.
Along the First West roads were a number of headings both north and south. The seat of the explosion was at the far end, down the 3rd south heading.
At the end of the 3rd south heading a cross passage was driven and "long wall" excavation commenced on the retreating wall principle. The cutting machine travels from one end of the long wall to the other, and then back. The cuts are made towards the roads, thus the face retreats from the where it started back towards the start of the headings. Behind the cut is a void (known as "goaf") into which spoil was placed and normally the roof is allowed to collapse upon this spoil as props are withdrawn. In the case of the 3rd south workings this collapse did not occur properly and a void developed above the spoil.
Firedamp and coal dust.
The area above the goaf was inadequately ventilated and acted as a reservoir for firedamp. The origin of the firedamp is debatable: either the fractured roof allowed a sudden outburst from the seams above, or else the firedamp was gradually emitted from the waste into the void. Roberts discusses these possibilities in the report and comes down in favour of the latter.
All collieries are susceptible to the build up of coal dust, not just at the face but along the roadways and conveyors. Coal dust when dispersed in air forms an explosive mixture. Mines therefore adopt three principal means of combating this risk: removal of the dust, spraying with water and diluting the coal dust with stone dust. All three were practised at Easington, but not in a satisfactory manner.
At Easington in 1951 blunt picks from the coal cutter hit a patch of pyrites and generated sparks. The firedamp leaking from the void above the goaf was ignited. The resulting explosion travelled down the south headings to the west roads. The resulting coal dust explosion now travelled along the west roads, down the straight north headings and into the main coal where it reached as far as the training area. Two falls occurred: one in the main coal shortly before the drifts leading to the straight north roads, the other in the Duckbill district shortly before the 3rd south heading.
Men.
At that time Durham mines worked three production shifts and a maintenance shift. The fore-shift was from 03:30 to 11:07, the back-shift from 09:45 to 17:22 and night-shift from 16:00 to 23:37. The maintenance and repair shift was the stone-shift from 22:00 to 05:37. Shift timings related to going underground through to returning to the shaft top, therefore at 04:35 both the stone-shift and the fore-shift were underground at the faces. 38 men from the stone-shift and 43 from the fore-shift were killed, all but one instantly. The man who survived died of his injuries just a few hours later. As a result of the total loss of life in the vicinity there were no eye-witness accounts of the explosion or its immediate aftermath.
The air in the pit was foul with afterdamp. As the rescuers started to move into the affected area, the canaries carried were overcome almost at once. The afterdamp led to the deaths of a further two men, bringing the total deaths to 83. One was wearing breathing apparatus, but post mortem examination revealed emphysema and it was thought that breathlessness caused him to open his mouth and allow atmospheric air to leak in. Three days later another rescuer collapsed in a similar way and died.
Memorial.
A memorial comprising a large carved triangular rock painted white. It bears a tablet of stone removed from the scene of the disaster, and a metal plaque with an inscription. The memorial was inaugurated on 22 March 1952. On the same occasion, Easington Colliery's youngest miner, a boy of 16, planted the first of 83 trees, to line the walkway. Each tree symbolises a life lost in the disaster.
Easington Colliery Brass Band.
Easington Colliery Band was founded in 1915. Players with band experience were encouraged by the management to come from the West of Durham to work at the colliery and play in the band. The band was supported financially and run by the joint board of unions, until the start of World War II. The band played for community activities, such as dances, concerts, and competitions. For the duration of the war the Easington Colliery Youth Band became the National Fire Service Band, which was eventually 'demobbed' in 1945 to become the Easington Public Band.
In 1956 the Public Band and the Colliery Band amalgamated to become the Easington Colliery Band as it is today. April 1993 witnessed the end of an era when Easington Colliery finally closed. The band is now self-supporting and relies on funding from concerts held throughout the year. The band is still based in Easington Colliery in the old colliery pay office opposite the Memorial Gardens, which is on the site of the old colliery. The building is the last remaining evidence of the pit.
In popular culture.
Easington Colliery doubled as the fictitious Everington in the 2000 film "Billy Elliot". About 400 locals were used as extras. Billy Elliot the Musical (2005) is set in Easington and the town is named in song lyrics.
Singer-songwriter Jez Lowe was born and brought up in Easington. His song, "Last of the Widows", was written in 1991 to mark the fortieth anniversary of the pit disaster. Many of his other songs are inspired by life in County Durham and Easington in particular.
Poet, Songwriter and Durham miner Jock Purdon penned and sang the lament "Easington Explosion" regarding the 1951 disaster.
In 1971, members of rock band The Who shot the cover photograph for their album "Who's Next" at a concrete piling protruding from a spoil tip in the area. This cover was named by the VH1 network as one of the Greatest Album Covers.
In 2008, the town was featured in an episode of Channel 4's "The Secret Millionaire", in which advertising mogul Carl Hopkins donated over £30,000 to the community.
Peter Lee Hammond was a miner at Easington pit and a singer-songwriter. Every year Easington held a carnival and in 1989 Hammond was asked by the Easington Carnival Committee to write and sing a song about the community, mining history and the pit disaster of 1951. The A-side song was called "Living in a Mining Town", which included Hammond singing with his band Just Us, and the B-side was an instrumental version of the song and included Thornley & Wheatley Hill Colliery Brass Bands and local school children from Easington Junior school & Shotton Primary school singing harmony. The B-side was conducted and brass arrangement by Gorden Kitto. Local renowned poet and Colliery resident Mary Bell also helped organise the single's release. The song became a big hit with the locals and it was decided to make it into a single, with the proceeds going to a handicapped school in Easington. As the newspapers and radio got involved then quite a few celebrities gave their support and got involved in giving donations and funding the song, including HRH Prince Charles, the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Neil Kinnock M.P. and Sir Paul McCartney, and the song was mixed at Abbey Road Studios. Hammond was quoted as saying in a radio interview:
"Having one of my songs done at Abbey Road Studios was great. What a fantastic place it is, and Paul and Lynda helping was a dream. And to have the local school kids and brass bands on the B-side shows how strong the mining community is in this area and it gave the community a sense of pride when the single came out, I was very proud and honoured to have been asked to do this for the place where I was born and raised."
A copy of the song was requested by Queen Elizabeth II to be sent to her at Buckingham Palace, and a copy of the song was made part of the living history memorabilia exhibition at the Yardy Gallery museum in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear. The song was played on many radio stations and was a major success in the area. Hammond went on to win many awards for his other songs and recording albums abroad and is still writing to this day.
References.
Footnotes
Citations
Bibliography


Rocky Mountain Fuel Company

The Rocky Mountain Fuel Company was a coal mining company located in Colorado, operating mines in Louisville, Lafayette, and other locations northwest of Denver. The company also operated mines in Las Animas, Routt, Garfield and Gunnison counties. During the 1930s, the company was the second-largest producer of coal by volume in the state of Colorado. However, the company was severely impacted by the Great Depression, declining productivity of local coal deposits, and the increased popularity of natural gas, and went bankrupt in 1944.
Founded in the 1870s as Goodridge & Marfell by Henry Goodridge (1832 - ?) and Erie, Colorado pioneer Hiram Marfell (1840-1904), both immigrants from England, the coal dealership was incorporated in 1890 as Stewart Coal & Lime Company, located in Denver.
Stewart Coal & Lime Company was purchased in 1893 by the dashing former Nebraska farmer Edgar Edmund Shumway (1862-1914), who launched his coal dealership Shumway & Company in 1891. Shumway's partner in the purchase was Joseph Mitchell Jr. (1847-1921), owner of the New Mitchell mine in Lafayette, Colorado. Mitchell's father, Joseph Sr., was the superintendent at the mine and lived in Lafayette.
In July 1894, Shumway and Mitchell changed the name of the company from Stewart Coal & Lime Company to Rocky Mountain Fuel Company, operating at 1609 Curtis in Denver. Fifteen years later and owning eight Southern Colorado and Western Slope coal mines in Rockvale, Sopris, Trinidad, Maitland and Cardiff, E.E. Shumway — sans Joseph Mitchell Jr. — incorporated under the laws of Wyoming as Rocky Mountain Fuel Company of Wyoming in 1910.
In October 1911, RM Fuel purchased the Northern Coal and Coke Company for $5 million from owners F.F. Struby, G.A. Easterly and C.B. Kountze. At its peak in 1898, Northern Coal Co. executives boasted assets exceeding $30 million. RM Fuel borrowed $1 million and raised another $3.8 million via a bond sale to purchase Northern Coal assets that included 2,500 acres of coal land, nine coal mines, several company stores and Denver coal yards. The mines purchased included the Simpson, Rex, Industrial, Vulcan and Nonpareil mines in Boulder County and the coal rights associated with or formerly held by Empire Coal Company, Aguilar Coal and Mining Company, Louisville Coal Mining Company, Imperial Coal Mining Company and Union Pacific Coal Company. The sale also included 214 residential lots in Louisville, 25 residential lots in Lafayette, 1,150 pit cars, 80 air mining machines, 26 horses, 29 wagons and 140 mules.
Company President E.E. Shumway died in 1914 from injuries sustained while investigating the aftermath of the disastrous 1913 explosion that killed 37 miners at the Coryell Vulcan mine in Garfield County. David W. Brown (1860-1922), who joined RM Fuel in about 1900, succeeded Shumway.
Company financial statements from 1920 show that RM Fuel and its nine-store mercantile division, the Rocky Mountain Stores Company, was managed by D. W. Brown and had over $12 million in assets, $3.5 million in debt and employed 845 people. The company was producing one million tons of coal each year.
John J. Roche (1848-1927), a lawyer and banker by trade, interviewed for a position at Rocky Mountain Fuel Company in 1906, then moved his family from Nebraska to Denver in 1907 to join RM Fuel, replacing company Secretary-Treasurer H.E. Stewart. Roche eventually became Vice-President and Treasurer of the company, and took over management of RM Fuel after the death of D.W. Brown in June 1922. The largest stockholder in the company, Roche died in 1927 and left an $128,000 estate.
The company is notable among the many coal mine operators in the same region at the time for its leadership by Josephine Roche. She inherited a minority stock ownership from her father upon his death in 1927, becoming vice president of the company in 1928 and president by 1929. Roche was a dedicated believer in labor unions, and soon after becoming president she invited the United Mine Workers of America back to Rocky Mountain Fuel Company's mines, offering top pay and taking actions to repair labor-management relations. This was to the great chagrin of fellow mine owners, who broke the unions in 1914 after years of intense and often violent disputes, culminating in events such as the Columbine Mine and Ludlow Massacres. Roche's pro-labor policies, however, were effective - within a few years, the company's productivity per worker was the best in the state. After leaving the company in 1934 to enter politics, Roche returned in 1937, but even with the active support of her workers she was unable to save the company, which folded in 1944. The company was ordered by bankruptcy court to liquidate assets and all mines ceased operation but the liquidation was not completed. Roche continued in control of the reorganized company and the remaining assets and moved to Washington, D.C. Roche became president of Rocky Mountain Fuel Company in 1950 and maintained control of the company's non-liquidated assets until her death in 1976.
John R. Lawson, unionist and United Mine Workers of America leader during the 1903 Cripple Creek strike and 1913-14 Coalfield War, served as Vice President of the company from 1927 to 1939.
Still holding valuable land, water rights and mineral rights, the RM Fuel experienced a resurgence of sorts in the 1970s under direction of Gerald “Jerry” R. Armstrong, who was RM Fuel president from 1973 to 2006.


Listvianskaya coal mine

The Listvianskaya Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Novosibirsk Oblast. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 895 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Russia and the world and has an annual production of 5 million tonnes of coal.


Kavakta mine

The Kavakta mine is a large iron mine located in eastern Russia in the Sakha Republic. Kavakta represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 5 billion tonnes of ore grading 15% iron metal.


Liu Gonghui

Liu Gonghui is currently President of Beijing University of Technology, located in Beijing, China.
Early life.
Liu completed his master's degree in mechanical engineering at China University of Mining and Technology in 1989.
In 1992, he received his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the same university. From 1992–1994, he did his postdoc work
at Beihang University.
Career.
In 1994, Liu joined China University of Petroleum as an assistant professor. He was later promoted to professor and deputy president. In 2007, he was appointed president of Beijing Union University. In 2011, he became president of Beijing Information Science and Technology University. In 2015, he became president of Beijing University of Technology. In 2018, he established a collaboration agreement with University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
Awards.
In 2011, Liu was awarded the honorary doctor of science degree from Anglia Ruskin University, UK.


Cecil Roberts (labor unionist)

Cecil Roberts (born October 31, 1946) is a miner and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA). He is also sits on the AFL–CIO's executive council. Roberts is the great-grandson of Ma Blizzard.
Early life.
Roberts was born on Halloween in 1946. He grew up along Cabin Creek in Kanawha County, West Virginia.
Roberts enlisted in the United States Army and served with the 167th Light Infantry Brigade, Americal Division at Chu Lai during the Vietnam War in 1967-68. After leaving the Army, Roberts went to work as a miner in 1971. He became active in Miners for Democracy, the reform movement in the United Mine Workers which sprung up around miner Arnold Miller. In 1977, he was elected vice president of District 17.
In 1982, Roberts was elected vice president of UMWA. His running mate was Richard Trumka, who became the union's president.
Roberts graduated from the West Virginia Institute of Technology with a bachelor's degree in 1987 and received an honorary Doctorate in Humanities from West Virginia University of Technology in 1997.
In 1989, Roberts was the on-site leader and strategist and chief negotiator in UMWA's 10-month strike against Pittston Coal. For his role in that successful strike, Roberts received the Rainbow Coalition’s Martin Luther King award as well as awards from Citizen Action and the Midwest Academy.
Presidency of UMWA.
When Trumka resigned the presidency of UMWA on December 22, 1995, after being elected secretary-treasurer of the AFL–CIO, Roberts assumed the presidency in his stead.
In 1996, Roberts won an agreement from coal mine operators to re-open UMWA's national coal agreement. It was the first time the contract had been re-opened in the union's history, and Roberts won substantial wage increases.
In 1997, Roberts was elected president of UMWA in his own right to a new five-year term. For the first time in UMWA history, the entire leadership team slate ran unopposed.
In 1998, Roberts negotiated a new national coal agreement.
In 2000, Roberts won re-election a second time. Although his term was not due to expire, delegates to UMWA's March 2000 convention approved a resolution to move the election up so balloting would not coincide with negotiations for a new bituminous coal contract. Again, Roberts and his slate ran unopposed.
In 2001, Roberts bargained a new, five-year national coal agreement. The new agreement included significant pension increases and "30-and-out" language that allowed miners with 30 years of service to retire with full benefits at any age.
In September 2003, Roberts called an International Special Convention to restructure UMWA. Delegates approved proposals to eliminate all International Vice President positions, and combine the International Executive Board Member, District President and District Secretary-Treasurer positions into one office called International District Vice President. Delegates also approved moving the 2005 presidential election up to 2004.
In 2004, Roberts was re-elected a third time as president of UMWA.
In December 2005, Roberts negotiated a new national coal agreement which contained the highest pay raises since 1974. Health benefits were maintained, and coal companies will increase contributions to the UMWA Pension Fund by more than $500 million.
In 2008, Roberts received the Eugene V. Debs Foundation Award.
In 2017 President Roberts secured the healthcare for 22,600 retirees and their families by fighting to pass the Miners Protection Act.
In 2019 he secured the pensions of retired coal miners by lobbying for the Miners Pension Protection Act


Mali Krivelj mine

The Mali Krivelj mine is a large copper mine located in the east of Serbia in Bor District. Mali Krivelj represents one of the largest copper reserve in Serbia and in the world having estimated reserves of 300 million tonnes of ore grading 0.5% copper.


Tuckingmill, Camborne, Cornwall

Tuckingmill (, meaning "hill-brow of a rock") is a village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, which is in the civil parish of Camborne. Tucking Mill (, from the verb "troghya") was the Cornish term for a fulling mill which was where homespun cloth was dipped, cleansed and dressed. There is a mention of a fulling mill in this region as early as 1250. The ecclesiastical parish of Tuckingmill was constituted in 1845, being carved out of a western section of the parish of Illogan and an eastern section of Camborne parish. It covers .
Geography.
Tuckingmill is a post-industrial village on the A3047, between the former mining towns of Camborne and Redruth. Camborne-Redruth is the largest urban area in Cornwall, and is on the northern side of the Carn Brea/Carnmenellis granite upland, which slopes northwards to the coast.
Cutting north-south is the deeply cut valley of the Red River, which has been exploited for minerals and other industrial processes for centuries. Settlements between Camborne and Redruth were on the original country road which was turnpiked in 1839, later becoming the A30 and now the A3047.
History.
Evidence of prehistoric settlement is from the name of nearby Roskear, which refers to a fortified site, probably an Iron Age round (farmstead), and there are records of mills in the Red River valley in the 13th-century.
Mining was probably centuries old, with tin-streaming in the valley, when examples of deep-mined copper were recorded from the late 17th-century. Cook's Kitchen is recorded by 1690, as is Dolcoath, and on a 1748 map, mines are shown at Dolcoath and South Roskear. A copper foundry at Entral was started by Sampson Swaine and other gentlemen of Camborne in 1754, and Long Close, Wheal Crofty and Wheal Susan were mines operating in what is now the built-up area of Tuckingmill. The parish also contained what is said to be the greatest of all Cornish mines, Dolcoath and also the South Crofty Mine, which was at one time the deepest in the world as well as being the last tin mine in Europe, only closing in 1998.
William Bickford took out a patent in 1831 for the safety fuse; a device for igniting gunpowder that saved many lives. With his son-in-law George Smith, he established a factory and in its first year produced of fuse. Bickford died just before the factory opened.
Religion.
The parish church of All Saints was built in 1843–44 in the Norman Revival style, with the north aisle having a heavy granite arcade. The architect was John Hayward of Exeter. The Norman font came from the chapel at Menadarva. The church was renovated in 1878–79 by Piers St Aubyn with the raising and tiling of the chancel, removing the tower gallery, replacing the seats and repairing the walls and windows. A reredos with an ″Irish serpentine″ border, inlaid with marble and also designed by Mr Piers St Aubyn was completed in November 1882. The cross is made of alabaster. A new organ, costing £120, was purchased from Hele and Sons of Plymouth. The church was re-opened on Thursday, 20 February 1879.
Economy and development.
The area consists of terraced miners' cottages and rather barren industrialisation. With the demise of this economic activity, many thousands of jobs were lost and Tuckingmill became a bleak post-industrialisation urban area. However, around the turn of the millennium, regeneration has picked up and improvements are expected over the next few years. Kerrier Council's bid for £23 million from the BIG Lottery Fund was successful - and announced in November 2007. The grant will be used to re-build the Pool area between Redruth and Camborne (Pool sits at the top of East Hill, immediately next to Tuckingmill).
A Cornish property development firm called Porthia acquired a huge site at the centre of Tuckingmill. The site includes the old Fuseworks building and brownfield land previously mined by South Crofty. It was their intention to transform this site into "New Tuckingmill" – a development of over 400 new homes as well as commercial space and community facilities. Porthia's environmental proposal failed to satisfy Kerrier Council, so it stalled.
Tuckingmill Valley Park.
This is a green flag accredited, award-winning restored public space. It was regenerated by Cornwall Council having previously been a derelict space.
The Red river flow through the park, and facilities include a skatepark.
It is designated as a strategic park within Kerrier, and is managed by Cornwall Council.
Notable residents.
William Bickford, inventor of the safety fuse, lived and worked in Tuckingmill.
Ben Salfield (b.1971), lutenist, author, composer and promoter, lives in Tuckingmill.


United Verde Mine

The United Verde mine was one of the largest copper mines in the United States.
The mine was located in the town of Jerome in central Arizona, in the southwestern United States.
The mine produced over 2 billion pounds of copper, silver, and gold.


Roslin, Midlothian

Roslin (formerly spelt Rosslyn or Roslyn; Scottish Gaelic: Riasg Linne) is a village in Midlothian, Scotland, 11 kilometres (7 mi) to the south of the capital city Edinburgh. It stands on high ground, near the northwest bank of the river North Esk.
The name.
The name Roslin (recorded in 1138 as "Roskelyn") appears to derive from Scottish Gaelic. The second element is clearly "linne" usually meaning a pond or a lake, but here probably means a waterfall and refers to the nearby Linn of Roslin. The first element is more obscure, but may derive from "riasg" meaning a peat moor. The theory that it is a corruption of "Roseline", a supposed medieval meridian passing through Paris and Rosslyn Chapel, is fanciful.
Roslin is believed to be the source of the name for the Village of Roslyn, on Long Island, in the U.S. State of New York; its location reminded officials of the hills in Roslin.
History.
Legend has it the village was founded in 203 A.D. by Asterius, a Pict.
In 1303 Roslin was the site of a battle of the First War of Scottish Independence.
In 1446, Rosslyn Chapel was constructed, under the guide of William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness.
Roslin became important as the seat of the St Clair (or Sinclair) family. In 1456 King James II granted it the status of a burgh. Coal mining has been a major occupation from the twelfth to the late twentieth centuries.
From the 19th century onward, the attractions of the Glen, Castle and Chapel developed Roslin as a popular tourist destination. Notable visitors included J. M. W. Turner,William Wordsworth (who wrote a poem in the chapel whilst escaping a storm) and his sister Dorothy, who wrote “'I never passed through a more delicious dell than the glen of Rosslyn”. William Morris visited in March 1887, noting in his Socialist Diary that Roslin was "a beautiful glen-ny landscape much spoiled . . . by the misery of Scotch building and a manufactory or two."
On the north-western side of the village used to be Roslin Institute, a biological research establishment, where in 1996 Dolly the sheep became the first animal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. It moved to Easter Bush in 2011.
Places of interest.
The village sits on the west side of Roslin Glen, now a country park. Overlooking the Glen are
Rosslyn Chapel and Roslin Castle.
The elaborately carved chapel has long been associated with the Knights Templar and the Grail legend, and featured in the best selling book "The Da Vinci Code". The popularity of the book and the use of the chapel as a location in the subsequent film greatly increased the number of visitors to the village.
Rosslyn Castle, owned by the family of the Earl of Rosslyn since the 14th century, is in partial ruins. The habitable parts are let as holiday accommodation.
A monument cairn erected by the Roslin Heritage Society at the end of last century, marks the site of the Battle of Roslin.


Arthur Christie

Arthur Christie (1921-2003) was seconded into Special Operations Executive on 22 April 1940 at Aston House, Stevenage, where he was to become one of the founding members of SOE. He was originally trained as an explosives expert, laying charges at the coalface as a miner. It was this expertise that became the reason he was seconded from the regular army into MI6 (R) based at Aston House; this was the place christened "Churchill’s Toy Box."
He was captured by the Japanese at the fall of Singapore.
His file is now open at the Public Record Office HS 9/313/1.


Tongliao mine

The Tongliao mine is a large mine located in the northern part of China in Inner Mongolia. Tongliao represents one of the largest tantalum reserves in China having estimated reserves of 6.8 million tonnes of ore grading 0.022% tantalum.