John Livermore

John Sealy Livermore (April 16, 1918 – February 7, 2013) was an American geologist who discovered or helped to discover four major gold deposits in northern Nevada.
Livermore was born in San Francisco, California, and was descended from a pioneer California family with roots in Maine.
An ancestor, Elijah Livermore, built a grist mill and a saw mill on the Androscoggin River in 1791. The town of Livermore Falls, Maine, is named after him.
His great-grandfather, Horatio Gates Livermore, came to California from Maine during the Gold Rush in 1850, and later became a California State Senator from Eldorado County. His great-grandfather and his grandfather, Horatio Putnam Livermore, who came to California in 1856, used their Maine mill experience to become involved in the earliest days of hydroelectric power, helping to build the original Folsom Dam. His father, Norman Banks Livermore was a founding board member of Pacific Gas and Electric. His mother, Caroline Sealy Livermore, was a conservationist in the San Francisco Bay Area, working on protection of the Marin Headlands and Richardson Bay. Mount Livermore on Angel Island is named after her. He had four brothers, environmentalist and timber executive Norman Livermore (1911-2006), Putnam Livermore, Robert Livermore and George Livermore.
The Carlin deposit, from which the current Nevada gold-mining industry grew, was his first discovery. In 1961, after reading an article by Ralph J. Roberts, "Alignment of Mining Districts in North-Central Nevada", and then hearing a talk by Roberts, Livermore, then a Newmont Mining geologist, pursued Roberts' theory to track down the 4 million ounce gold ore body now known as the Carlin Mine. The entire Carlin Trend has now produced well over 50 million ounces of gold.
Carlin–type gold deposits are characterized by extremely fine-grained gold — gold that cannot be seen by the naked eye, nor concentrated by panning. Nevertheless, several small Carlin-type deposits were discovered in northern Nevada and worked as mines prior to the discovery of the Carlin orebody. John Livermore examined one such deposit at the Standard Mine near Lovelock, Nevada in the late 1940s and believed that other, possibly richer, "invisible gold" deposits remained to be found.
Guided by Ralph Roberts’ ideas, John Livermore and Alan Coope, a fellow Newmont geologist who had a strong background in geochemistry, began an intensive search for “invisible gold.” Success came quickly. In October 1961, they staked the claims that became the Carlin Mine.
Livermore then headed Newmont’s exploration effort in Canada in the 1960s. He returned to Nevada in 1971 to form Cordex Exploration. By 1970, only one other new gold mine, the Cortez mine near Crescent Valley, Nevada, had been discovered and developed in northern Nevada. Exploration had all but stopped. Livermore felt that a return to basic prospecting might lead to further discoveries.
Livermore hired Whit “Dee” DeLaMare, a mining engineer of long experience, to prospect on behalf of Cordex. DeLaMare’s work led to the discovery of the Pinson, Preble, Sterling, and Dee mines and development of the Getchell Trend, second only to the Carlin Trend in Nevada gold production. These successes and higher gold prices fueled a Nevada gold exploration boom during the 1980s. New gold mines were found and developed. Nevada gold production continues to expand.
Livermore remained active in geology, mineral exploration, and public service. He endowed a chair in Geophysics at the Mackay School of Mines, and supported major programs at Stanford University and the University of Nevada, Reno, usually anonymously. He died in Reno, Nevada, aged 94.


Lalmatia Colliery

Lalmatia Colliery was a private, underground coal mine at Lalmatia, District- Santhal Paragana (now in Godda District a breakaway part of Santhal Paragana). After nationalisation of non-coking coal mines in India during 1973, this mine was taken over by the Indian government and came under Eastern Coalfields Limited (ECL, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited).
Until the early 1990s, the mine produced around 100 tons of coal per day. It was located 34 km North of Godda in the Godda district, in the Indian state of Jharkhand. This suburban area was ECL's largest opencast project. Besides Rajmahal Coal Mining Project, which is the main supplier of coal to Farrakka NTPC and Kahalgaon NTPC, Lalmatia Colliery attracted businessmen, politicians, criminals, administrative officials and ECL officials. Lalmatia Collieryhas now been renamed as Rajmahal Opencast Project under Rajmhal Group of Mines of Eastern Coalfields Ltd.
Most people of Lalmatia and surrounding villages (Dakaita, Hijukita, Basdiha, Lohandia, Bhorai, Bara Simra, Neema, Kendua, Telgama, Kusuma, Tetaria, Ballia etc.) are employed with Rajmahal Coal Mining Project. Mining is done on a large scale in this area with the help of may world class companies like Birla, CISC etc. The people around this area enjoy many facilities like free electricity, free water supply and many more things. The major problem faced by the people of this area is dust and pollution which come from the nearby crusher.
Accident in mine.
Ten miners were died and unspecified number of miner trapped, when massive mound of earth came crashing down on them at Lalmatia open cast coal mine of Eastern Coalfields Ltd last night, the worst such disaster in over a decade.


Kalesay mine

The Kalesay mine is one of the largest beryllium mines in Kyrgyzstan. The mine is located in Issyk Kul Province. The mine has reserves amounting to 9.24 million tonnes of ore grading 0.13% beryllium.


The Stars Look Down

The Stars Look Down is a 1935 novel by A. J. Cronin which chronicles various injustices in an English coal mining community. A film version was produced in 1939, and television adaptations include both Italian (1971) and British (1975) versions.
The novel is set in 'Sleescale,' a mining town on the coast of Northumberland, as well as in 'Tynecastle' (Newcastle upon Tyne). While 'Sleescale' is a fictional locale, it is based on an excellent knowledge of similar places and people. Cronin, a Scot, served as Medical Inspector of Mines in the South Wales Valleys during the 1920s.
Beginning before World War I and extending into the 1930s, the story shows the different careers of several persons: principally, a miner's son who aspires to defend his people politically, a miner who becomes a businessman, and the mine owner's son in conflict with his domineering father.
Plot summary.
The novel centres on three very different men:
Reactions to the failure of industrial action on safety issues in the coal mines are crystallised in the characters of Davey and Joe, who take vastly different routes in escaping from the working class. While Davey becomes an MP to fight for nationalisation of the mines, Joe essentially joins the mine owners.
Jenny Sunley is Davey's indifferent wife who craves social status, and other characters have short but distinct tales of their own. Cronin shows a broad sympathy for the workers and a dislike of the bosses, but also allows that at least some of the bosses can be decent at a personal level.
Central to the story is the Neptune coal mine and a catastrophe that occurs there. The Great War is also a factor: do you volunteer to fight, volunteer for non-military duties, use trickery to evade service or openly defy the system by refusing call-up? There is a brief description of one of the tribunals that examined conscientious objectors, often refusing to accept their objection as valid. There is also a clear commitment to the idea of nationalising the mines, replacing the mass of small private owners that existed at the time.
The novel ends with most of the men much changed, and it is an excellent description of working-class life in the North of England during that period.
Memorable quotes.
The cage dropped. It dropped suddenly, swiftly, into the hidden darkness. And the sound of its falling rose out of that darkness like a great sigh which mounted towards the furthermost stars.
Adaptations.
"The Stars Look Down" is a 1940 film adapted from the novel. Co-scripted by Cronin and directed by Carol Reed, the film stars Michael Redgrave as the idealistic Davey Fenwick and Margaret Lockwood as his wife. Their relationship, which is secondary in the novel, is foregrounded in the film. The American release includes narration by Lionel Barrymore. It is a "New York Times" Critics' Pick and is listed in "The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made".
Radiotelevisione Italiana adapted the novel as a miniseries in 1971 under the title "E le stelle stanno a guardare". The dramatisation stars Orso Maria Guerrini as Davey Fenwick, Andrea Checchi as Robert Fenwick, Giancarlo Giannini as Arthur Barras and Anna Maria Guarnieri as Jenny Sunley. This version was written and directed by Anton Giulio Majano.
In 1975, Granada Television produced "The Stars Look Down" as a 13 episode series. This production was written by Alan Plater and directed by Roland Joffé and Alan Grint.
In 2004, North Eastern playwright Alex Ferguson adapted the novel for NTC Theatre Company. An ensemble of five actors played all the parts: Alan Park (Joe Gowlan/Arthur Barras), Ross Waiton (Davie Fenwick), Kim Evans (Jenny Sunley/Hughie Fenwick), Jackie Fielding (Martha Fenwick), and Steve Wedd (Robert Fenwick/Richard Barras). Directed by Gillian Hambleton, the play met with resounding critical success, breathing new life into Cronin's timeless tale.
References in other works.
In Dorothy Sayers' "Busman's Honeymoon", published the same year as Cronin's book, Lord Peter Wimsey's mother starts reading "The Stars Look Down", but finds it "very depressing and preachy, and not what I expected from the title."
The opening song in "Billy Elliot The Musical" is titled "The Stars Look Down"; an homage to Cronin's book.
The 1954 Japanese film "An Inn in Osaka (大阪の宿）" shows the cover of a Japanese translation of the novel.
In William Trevor's story "The Children" contained in the collection "Cheating at Canasata" has the child reading her dead mother's copy of "The Stars Look Down" while her father attempts to remarry.


Albert Fear

Albert Fear (25 August 1907 – 26 July 2000) was a Welsh rugby union flanker who played club rugby for Abertillery RFC and Newport and international rugby for Wales.
Rugby career.
Before joining Newport RFC, Fear played for Abertillery where he worked as a coal miner. In 1931 the touring South African national team played a joint Abertillery / Cross Keys side of which Fear was selected. It was an extremely tight game, which the unfancied Welsh team gaining in strength as the match progressed, eventually the Springboks won through 10-9.
It took Fear another three years to gain recognition from the Welsh selectors, when on 3 February 1935 he was capped to face Scotland during the Home Nations Championship. Under the captaincy of Claude Davey Wales were victorious over a fairly inexperienced Scottish side, winning 13-6. Fear was re-selected for the next game of the tournament against Ireland at St Helens, and in a game dominated by Wales, Fear scored his first and only international points when he scored a try for his country. Fear returned for Wales the next year when he played in the same two fixtures against Scotland and Ireland in the 1935 Championship, though these were his last international caps.
International matches played.
Wales


John Parkinson (politician)

John Allen Parkinson (15 October 1870 – 7 December 1941) was a British Labour Party politician and former coal miner. He stood for Parliament seven times and was overwhelmingly elected each time.
Biography.
Parkinson was born in Hindley Green, Lancashire, and worked as a coal miner in the Lancashire Coalfield. He entered politics in 1908, when he was elected as a member of the Urban District Council in Abram, He then served many years on the Lancashire County Council. In 1917, he was appointed miners' agent for the Lancashire and Cheshire Miners' Federation.
Parkinson was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament (MP) for Wigan at the 1918 general election supported by the Miners' Federation of Great Britain, replacing the Conservative MP Reginald Neville. He served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury in Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald's second and third ministries. He stayed active in the mining industry throughout his life, and was a member of a 1930 Parliamentary delegation that traveled to Northern Rhodesia to investigate working conditions in the copper-mining industry.
Parkinson was re-elected at each subsequent general election until his death in Orrell at the age of 71 in 1941, when he became the first of four Wigan MPs to die in office in the 20th century. In the consequent by-election in 1942, the seat was held for Labour by William Foster. Wigan has returned Labour MPs ever since.
Parkinson was twice married; his first wife Alice ("née" Pilkington) died in 1904. He married Ida ("née" Atkinson) the following year.
He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1931 New Year Honours.


Pingdu mine

The Pingdu mine is one of the largest graphite mines in China and in the world. The mine is located in the east of the country in Shandong. The mine has estimated reserves of 100 million tonnes of ore 10% graphite.


Frederick James Hancock

Frederick James Hancock (born 1873) was a British trade union leader.
Hancock was born in Talke in Staffordshire. He attended the Butt Lane National School, and then spent some time studying at Allegheny College in Pennsylvania.
Hancock worked as a coal miner in Staffordshire, and became active in the North Staffordshire Miners' Association, serving as its financial secretary from 1914. This role brought him greater prominence in the movement, and in 1926 and 1927 he served on the executive of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain. In the early 1930s, Samuel Finney, the general secretary of the North Staffordshire Miners, retired, and Hancock won the election to succeed him. He was also elected to succeed Finney as president of the Midland Miners' Federation, to which the North Staffordshire Miners were affiliated. He frequently attended the Trades Union Congress, and in 1937 was its delegate to the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada.
Hancock retired in 1941. In his spare time, he served as a Methodist lay preacher.


Marcopper mining disaster

The Marcopper mining disaster is one of the worst mining and environmental disasters in Philippine history. It occurred on March 24, 1996, on the Philippine island of Marinduque, a province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. The disaster led to drastic reforms in the country's mining policy.
A fracture in the drainage tunnel of a large pit containing leftover mine tailings led to a discharge of toxic mine waste into the Makulapnit-Boac river system and caused flash floods in areas along the river. One village, Barangay Hinapulan, was buried in six feet of muddy floodwater, causing the displacement of 400 families. Twenty other villages had to be evacuated. Drinking water was contaminated killing fish and freshwater shrimp. Large animals such as cows, pigs and sheep were overcome and killed. The flooding caused the destruction of crops and irrigation channels. Following the disaster, the Boac River was declared unusable.
History.
Marcopper Mining was a Canadian corporation that officially started its copper mining operations in 1969 at the Mt. Tapian Ore Deposit on Marinduque Island in the Philippines. When the Mt. Tapian reserve was depleted in 1990, Marcopper moved its operations to the San Antonio copper mine, three kilometers north of the Mt. Tapian site. Mine tailings from the Mt. Tapian site were discharged into Calancan Bay. It is estimated that 84 million metric tons of mine tailings were discharged into the shallow bay between 1975 and 1988. Complaints from local residents led to the Mt. Tapian open-cut mine site being converted to receive mine tailings from the San Antonio mine on a temporary basis. Marcopper plugged up the Mt. Tapian pit with a concrete fixture to allow it to act as a disposal lake for the mining waste. The use of the Tapian Pit as a waste containment system was unconventional. Environmental risk assessment and management had not been carried out by Marcopper.
The Marinduque Mines operated by Marcopper dumped waste into the shallow bay of Calancan for 16 years, totaling 200 million tons of toxic tailings. When exposed to ocean breezes, the tailings, which partially floated, become airborne and landed on rice fields, in open water wells, and on village homes. Local residents called this their "Snow from Canada." This "Snow from Canada," consisting of mine tailings, forced 59 children to undergo lead detoxification in the Philippine capital of Manila. At least three children have died from heavy metal poisoning.
Mining disaster.
This disaster at the Marcopper Mines on Marinduque made headlines around the world. In August 1996, a significant leak was discovered in the pit's drainage tunnel. The leak caused a fracture which discharged tailings into the Makulapnit-Boac river system. This released over 1.6 million cubic meters of tailings along 27 km of the river and coastal areas. The impact on the river and people who depend on it for their livelihoods were severe. The rush of tailings displaced river water which inundated low-lying areas, destroying crops and vegetable gardens and clogged irrigation channels supplying water to rice fields. The release left the Boac River virtually unusable. The effects of the incident were so devastating that a United Nations assessment mission declared the accident to be a major environmental disaster. The Tapian pit contained around 23 million metric tons of mine waste. Officials of the DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) claimed they did not know of the presence of the drainage tunnel that measured 2.6 kilometres long and 1 metre wide which was located underneath the pit, which led to the Makulapnit and Boac river system.
The toxic spill caused flash floods which isolated five villages, with populations of 4,400 people each, along the far side of the Boac river. One village, Barangay Hinapulan, was buried under six feet of muddy floodwater, causing 400 families to flee to higher grounds. Sources of drinking water were contaminated with toxins. Fish, freshwater shrimp and pigs were killed outright. Helicopters had to fly in food, water and medical supplies to the isolated villages. The inhabitants of 20 of the 60 villages in the province were told to evacuate.
Aftermath.
The government estimates this toxic tailings waste killed P1.8 million worth of freshwater and marine life and P5 million milk fish fry. The 27-kilometer Boac river, which was the main source of livelihood for those who did not work for Marcopper, was declared unusable by government officials.
After the disaster, Marcopper and Placer Dome closed all their mines. The government attempted to cover up the fact they had not enforced environmental laws throughout the years. The local residents in Marinduque have claimed they knew about the tunnel for almost 20 years. Evidence came to light that Marcopper knew of the leak in the drainage tunnel in advance of the accident, as there had been a long history of problems regarding the tunnel and pit.
Health issues.
On 17 April 1996, a Department of Health (DOH) report said that residents may already be harboring quantities of zinc and copper beyond tolerable limits. Nine residents were found to have zinc in their blood more than 200% above safe levels. Water samples also revealed dangerous levels of contamination i.e. 1,300% above the human tolerable level of 0.5 micro-gram per 1/1000 litres of water. Residents complained of skin irritations and respiratory problems which could have been caused by poisonous vapors such as hydrogen sulfide and nitrous oxide from mine wastes. Despite the findings, Marcopper claimed the tailings were non-toxic.
In 2016, the DOH regional office called Marinduque a health emergency due to the effects of the Marcopper disaster.
Policy reforms.
A year before the disaster, the Philippine Mining Act was enacted to push for the liberalization of the country's mining industry. The Marcopper mining disaster led to significant changes in the government's mining policies. The disaster prompted government to revise the rules of the Mining Act to focus more on the protection of the environment and address social issues. Higher standards for rehabilitation were set and stronger provisions on no-go areas were put into place. Consultations with local governments and indigenous communities also became a priority.
Investigation and findings.
Oxfam, an international development and humanitarian aid agency with projects in the Philippines was approached by Marinduque community members for help. Oxfam Australia’s Mining Ombudsman took their case and released a report. The report calls on Placer Dome to complete an environmental clean-up, adequately compensate affected communities, and take steps to prevent future disasters. The report updates similar findings made by the United States Geological Survey in July 2004. As of 2005 Placer Dome (which ran the mine at the time of the disaster) was the sixth largest gold mining company in the world and was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, but it has since been acquired and is no longer an independent company. At the time of the incident Marinduque was identified as among the 44 poorest of the 80 provinces in the Philippines.
Inspection of the site has been difficult because the area is off-limits, even to environment and local officials.
Legal action.
On October 4, 2005, the provincial government of Marinduque sued Marcopper's parent company, Placer Dome, for $100 million in damages. Placer Dome was purchased in 2006 by Barrick Gold, who has joined the lawsuit.
As of 2017, the provincial government had been preparing to file a new case against Placer Dome and Barrick Gold for environmental damage in the municipalities of Boac and Mogpog.


Government Polytechnic, Ambikapur

Government Polytechnic Ambikapur is a Government-run Technical Institute located in Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. Established in 1982, it is one of the oldest technical institute in Chhattisgarh (erstwhile Madhya Pradesh). It is affiliated to Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai.
History.
Established in 1982, it was established as 22nd polytechnic of Madhya Pradesh. Formerly, it was affiliated to Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur. In 2005, it became affiliated to newly formed Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai.
Academics.
The institute offers Diploma in Engineering in various fields.


Thomas Kennedy (unionist)

Thomas (Tom) Kennedy (November 2, 1887 – January 19, 1963) was a miner and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1960 to 1963.
Kennedy was born in 1887 in Lansford, Pennsylvania. He started work in the mines at the age of 12, breaking large chunks of coal into smaller pieces. He joined the Mine Workers in 1900, and was elected secretary of Local 1738 in 1903. He was elected to the District 7 board in 1908, and as District 7 president in 1910; he served until 1925. During this time, he was UMWA's chief negotiator for contracts with anthracite coal mine owners.
In 1925, he was elected UMWA's secretary-treasurer. He left that position when he was elected an international vice president in 1947. During his tenure as a UMWA vice president, he led the battle to convince the American Federation of Labor to embrace social insurance and unemployment insurance.
He was elected lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania in 1934, becoming the first Democrat to hold the office since Chauncey Black left office in 1887. He ran for governor four years later, but was defeated when the state Democratic political machine decided not to support him.
Kennedy was appointed to the National Defense Mediation Board in 1941, but resigned in protest later that year after the board ruled against UMWA in the "captive mines" case. He was re-appointed in 1942, but resigned again when the board issued its "Little Steel" organizing decision.
After Lewis' retirement in 1960, Kennedy was elected president of the union. Although Lewis favored W. A. Boyle as his successor, Kennedy was well liked and well known. Kennedy was in failing health, however, and Boyle took over many of the president's duties. In November 1962, Kennedy became too ill to continue his duties and Boyle was named acting president. Kennedy died on January 19, 1963, in Hazleton, Pennsylvania, and Boyle was elected president as his successor.


Rosemont mine


George Pettibone

George A. Pettibone (May 1862 – August 3, 1908) was an Idaho miner. Pettibone was best known as a defendant in trial of three leaders of the Western Federation of Miners for the 1905 assassination by bombing of Frank Steunenberg, former governor of Idaho.
Biography.
Pettibone was convicted of contempt of court and criminal conspiracy in the Coeur d'Alene labor strike of 1892.
He was later implicated in the 1905 assassination of Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho, by a confession and testimony from Harry Orchard.
Western Federation of Miners (WFM) general secretary Bill Haywood and WFM president Charles Moyer were also implicated. Haywood was represented by Clarence Darrow, the most renowned defense lawyer of the day, who obtained an acquittal. Pettibone was tried after Haywood, and was defended by Orrin N. Hilton of Denver. Pettibone was also acquitted, and charges against Moyer were dropped.
Pettibone fell ill with cancer during his trial.
After his acquittal he returned home to Denver, Colorado. On August 1, 1908, Pettibone underwent surgery for stomach cancer in Denver. Surgeons pronounced Pettibone terminal following the operation and he died in Denver two days later.


John Busby

John Busby (24 March 1765 – 10 May 1857) was an English-born surveyor and civil engineer, active in Australia.
Early life.
Busby was born in Alnwick, Northumberland, England, eldest son of George Busby, a miner and coalmaster of Stamford, and his wife Margaret, "née" Wilson, of Dunstan, Northumberland. Busby became a coal miner and later a mineral surveyor and civil engineer in Scotland, and was employed on various public work projects, including the provision of a water-supply for Leith fort. Busby received two of the Highland Society's awards; firstly for inventing machinery for ascertaining the nature of rock strata by boring, and secondly for developing a method of sinking through quicksands, clay and gravel beds. In 1810 he was employed on the Irish estate of the marquess of Downshire.
He married Sarah Kennedy in 1798 in Scotland. They had six sons and two daughters, all born in Scotland.
Australia.
Busby and his family emigrated to New South Wales, Australia arriving at Sydney on 24 February 1824. He was engaged as mineral surveyor and civil engineer to the colony at a salary of £200 a year for 200 days in each year.
In June 1825 Busby made an interesting report on the state of the water-supply of Sydney, and suggested that a supply could be drawn from "the large lagoon in the vicinity of the paper mill" to a reservoir in Hyde Park from which it would be distributed throughout the city by pipes. The mill referred to was in the neighbourhood of the present corner of Bourke and Elizabeth Streets, Waterloo. In January 1826 he made a second report, in which he suggested expense could be saved by driving a tunnel into Sydney. This was begun, and in February 1829 Governor Darling stated in a dispatch that it was "quite impossible to dispense with Busby so long as the work in which he is employed introducing water into Sydney is in operation".
Busby's salary had in the meantime been increased to £500 a year, and the colonial office had questioned the necessity of retaining his services any longer and demanded a report on the project in 1832. The water-supply scheme was not completed until September 1837. It had involved the excavation of a tunnel about 12,000 feet (3,660 m) long, but the proposed reservoir at Hyde Park with pipes throughout the city was not gone on with. Busby's appointment terminated on the completion of the waterworks, and in August 1838 the payment to him of a sum of £1000 was sanctioned as a gratuity.
Sydney's first efficient water supply became known as "Busby's Bore". In this he was assisted by his son, William.
Late life.
Busby retired to his country property "Kirkton" on the Hunter River which had been granted to him and died there on 10 May 1857. His grave and that of his wife is still preserved as of today at Kirkton (2011).
He was the father of James Busby, who is widely regarded as the "father" of the Australian wine industry.


Charles D. Lane

Charles D. Lane (November 15, 1840 - 1911) was a US millionaire mine owner, who is recognized as a founder of Nome, Alaska. Lane was born in Palmyra, Missouri November 15, 1840. His parents were Virginians of Scottish descent. He moved to California with his father in 1852 and almost immediately took up mining. After an unsuccessful attempt to develop a lode mine in Nevada, he achieved his first success on the Snake River in Idaho, followed some years later by a major strike at the Utica Mine at Angels, California. Lane also developed the Fortuna Mine in Arizona.
Lane was a central figure in the industrial phase of mining on the Seward Peninsula, constructing a number of developments in support of the industry, particularly in the Nome and Council areas. An employee of Lane's, G. W. Price, was present in the Golovin Bay area late in 1898, when the three “lucky Swedes”, Jafet Lindeberg, Erik O. Bloom, and J. J. Brynteson, returned from their discovery of the rich placer deposits on tributaries of the Snake River, near what is now Nome. The three original discoverers formed a second party, including Price and a few others, and returned to the Snake River, organizing the Cape Nome mining district, and staking additional claims.
Lane quickly acquired claims in the Nome area, and in 1899 was listed as co-owner, with Price, of claim. No. 8 Above Discovery on Anvil Creek, which was worked that season. At about this time, Lane joined with capitalists from California and the East Coast to form the Wild Goose Mining & Trading Company. Beginning in 1900, the Wild Goose Company began a series of major developments in support of the early mining industry on the Seward Peninsula. These included construction of the first few miles of railroad connecting Anvil Creek to Nome and a large pumping plant that provided water for mining operations on that Creek. The company acquired large holdings on Ophir Creek in the Council area, and was involved in developments in that district, including building roads, ditches, and another railroad.
As the local representative of the Wild Goose Company, Lane was a primary defendant in the legal proceedings that attempted to invalidate the original claims on Anvil Creek. Despite the machinations of a powerful politician and a corrupt local judge, Lane and the other defendants prevailed.
Lane's tenure on the Seward Peninsula was brief. In 1905 he sold the bulk of his interests in the Wild Goose Company, and by 1911 he was dead in Palo Alto. His influence extended well beyond his lifetime, however, through the activities of the Wild Goose Company, which continued as a major actor in Seward Peninsula mining until the 1920s.
He died in 1911. He headed the Wild Goose Mining & Trading Co.


Copper Kings

The Copper Kings were the three industrialists William A. Clark, Marcus Daly, and F. Augustus Heinze. They were known for the epic battles fought in Butte, Montana, and the surrounding region, during the Gilded Age, over control of the local copper mining industry, the fight that had ramifications for not only Montana, but the United States as a whole.
The battles between Clark, Daly, and Heinze, and later between just Heinze and industrialist financiers William Rockefeller and Henry H. Rogers are a large chapter in Montana history. Eventually, Daly’s original company, known as Anaconda Copper emerged as a monopoly, expanding into the fourth largest company in the world by the late 1920s.
History.
While the cost of smelting the complex copper-bearing ore was high, after the American Civil War, investors like William Andrews Clark and Andrew Jackson Davis began to develop Butte's mines and erect mills to extract the silver and gold. The riches in the hills made Davis Montana's first millionaire.
By 1876, Butte had become a prosperous silver camp with over 1,000 inhabitants. Marcus Daly arrived that year representing the Walker brothers, entrepreneurs from Salt Lake City. His mission was to inspect the Alice Mine for possible purchase by the brothers. Daly purchased the mine and successfully managed it for the Walkers. The town of Walkerville, which still overlooks the city of Butte, sprang up around the mine and other mines in the area.
In 1880, Daly sold his interest in the Walkers' properties and bought the Anaconda Mine. He did so with investment money from several San Francisco capitalists, including James Ben Ali Haggin, Lloyd Tevis, and George Hearst (the father of media mogul William Randolph Hearst). The area attracted other investors from Denver and points east. It wasn't long before capitalists from New York City and Boston bought into the huge potential of the area.
During the 1880s, copper mining came into the forefront and Butte became the world's greatest copper producer. The Utah and Northern Railroad came to the area in 1881.
It wasn't long before Butte began to pay a price for the riches. The air filled with toxic sulfurous smoke. Daly responded by building a giant smelter in Anaconda, just 30 miles west of Butte. To this day, the giant smokestack remains a landmark. Shortly after Daly built the smelter, the Boston and Montana Co., with holdings second only to Daly's, built one in Great Falls. After complications with the Great Northern, Daly built his own railroad to transport ore from his mines to the smelter. Trains carried the ore from Butte's mines to both smelters.
Clark also yearned to be a statesman and used his newspaper, the "Butte Miner", to push his political ambitions. He became a hero in Helena, Montana, by campaigning for its election as the state capital instead of Anaconda. Clark's long-standing dream of becoming a United States Senator resulted in scandal in 1899, when it was revealed that he bribed members of the Montana State Legislature in return for their votes. At the time, U.S. Senators were chosen by their respective state legislators. The U.S. Senate refused to seat Clark because of the 1899 bribery scheme, but a later Senate campaign was successful, and he served a single, undistinguished term from 1901 until 1907.
In 1899, Daly teamed up with two principals of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil, William Rockefeller and Henry H. Rogers to create the giant Amalgamated Copper Mining Co., one of the largest trusts of the early Twentieth Century. (Neither Standard Oil nor John D. Rockefeller were directly involved). To stir the mix, another Copper King, F. Augustus Heinze, fought the dominance of Amalgamated, providing excitement to an already interesting chapter in Montana's legal history.
Marcus Daly died in 1900. John D. Ryan, a local banker, became close to Margaret Daly after her husband's death, and finally convinced Heinze to sell out, creating the monopoly Amalgamated sought. By 1910, it had changed its name to the Anaconda Copper Mining Company swallowing several smaller mining companies along the way. The Company dominated Butte for the next 74 years.


Mopani Copper Mines

Mopani Copper Mines PLC ("Mopani") is a Zambian registered company owned by Carlisa Investments Corporation (a joint venture company comprising Glencore International AG (73.1%) and First Quantum Minerals Ltd (16.9%)) and ZCCM-IH (10%). Minority shareholders are spread throughout the world, in various locations.
Mopani Mines produces and sells copper and cobalt to the international market, being one of the biggest mines and exporters in the world.
Overview.
The company has mine sites at Mufulira and Nkana, which are located on the Copperbelt in central Zambia. The Corporate Head Office is established in Kitwe and lies adjacent to the Nkana assets. Nkana has been in operation since 1931 and Mufulira, which has been in operation since 1933 lies north of Kitwe.
The company operates the Mufulira mine, smelter, concentrator and copper refinery and the Nkana mine, concentrator and cobalt plant. The name "Mopani" was chosen by vote amongst employees. The Mopani tree is an indigenous Zambian hard wood with a long life and is extremely resilient.
History.
Mopani Copper Mines Plc was originally part of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited (ZCCM), and was state-owned until its privatisation in 2000.
On 1 April 2000, Mopani purchased the ZCCM assets at Mufulira and Nkana, consisting of the underground mine, concentrator, smelter, refinery and cobalt plant, from the government.
Following privatisation the Zambian Government retained a stake in the mining industry through ZCCM Investments Holdings Plc (ZCCM-IH) which is an investments holdings company, quoted on the Lusaka, London, and Euronext stock exchanges. The majority of its investments are held in the copper mining sector of Zambia.
It was important to find a name that retained the acronym "MCM" after privatization, because MCM is the London Metal Exchange listed name for copper produced at Mufulira Refinery. Mufulira copper is considered amongst the purest copper in the world.
MCM produced of copper and of cobalt in 2003. At that time, MCM invested in a number of oxide copper projects at several of its properties, including an in-situ leaching project at Mufulira and leaching at Nkana, and has achieved significant production increases at its underground mining operations in Kitwe and Mufulira. Copper production from internal sources was supplemented by the purchase of some of copper in high-grade oxide concentrate bought from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 185,325 tonnes of copper concentrate toll treated from Copper-miner Equinox in 2007.
The company installed ISA smelt furnace, Matte Settling Electric Furnace, oxygen plant, at the Mufulira smelter during 2004 and 2005, at a total cost of US$213 million.
The Mopani Copper Mine has generated over $560 million in tax payments to the Zambian government since privatization in 2000 through royalties, import/customs duties and income taxes. However, the fraudulent dissimulation of thousands of million dollars by MCM is under investigation. and the President of the EIB has instructed the services to decline any further financing request from this company or its subsidiaries.
Environmental and health impact.
Serious concerns have been raised by local residents and activists about high levels of air and water pollution directly caused by the mining operations at the Mopani Copper Mine. In the award-winning documentary "Zambia: Good Copper, Bad Copper", by investigative journalists Audrey Gallet and Alice Odiot, the large impact of high emissions of sulfur dioxide and dust into the air and water pollution due to the mining operations is shown. In this documentary local residents complain of frequent breathing problems, chest pain and eye irritation due to exposure to the emissions.
A second serious form of pollution is due to leaks of sulfuric acid, used in the extraction of copper from the ore, into the drinking water. In the documentary a serious incident due to high levels of sulfuric acid in the drinking water in 2008 is reported, which caused numerous hospitalizations of local residents, among whom children. Local officials are seen testifying that measured concentrations of sulfur dioxide frequently reach levels many times higher than recommended values. It was reported that Zambian environment authorities temporarily closed part of the mining operation after health complaints from local residents in March 2012.
However, under investigation is the fraudulent dissimulation of thousands of million dollars by MCM, and the President of the EIB has instructed the services to decline any further financing request from this company or one of its subsidiaries.
Mufulira Mine.
Presently the Mufulira Mine employs about 5,000 people directly. Assets; includes a concentrator, a refinery and a smelter; and produces 35,000 tonnes of contained copper in ore each year through the process of open stoping. The copper is then taken to the concentrator.
There are three types of mining methods currently in use at Mufulira mine site. The first is the original drill and blast underground mining method (MCR – Mechanised Continuous Retreat or modified Sub Level Caving) used in Mufulira main, secondly Room and Pillar with waste rock backfill employed at Mufulira East Portal, and thirdly Insitu Leaching of old stopes.
Mufulira Concentrator.
The Concentrator operates in a conventional manner, and has a capacity of 8,500 tonnes of ore per day. Primary stage crushing of ore is done underground while the secondary and tertiary stage crushing take place at the Concentrator. Ball mills grind the crushed ore for subsequent flotation to produce a copper concentrate grade of 40-43%. Concentrator recovery is approximately 94.5%.
Mufulira Smelter.
The smelter smelts the copper concentrate mixed with silica in the Isasmelt furnace. The product from the ISA furnace is matte and slag which goes to the Matte Settling Electric Furnace. Slag is tapped out and discarded. Matte is tapped out and taken to the PS converters for further processing to blister copper. The blister copper is then further processed in Anode furnaces and, thereafter, the copper is cast into anodes in a twin casting wheel. The anodes are then sent to the refinery for electro-refining.
The Mufulira smelter was first built in 1937. Prior to privatization in 2000, 100% of all SO2 went into the atmosphere, and the latest information confirms that the situation has improved since, including notably through the investment financed by EIB's loan to Mopani copper mine for modernization of the copper smelter. The project has successfully established the capacity to eliminate 170,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide a year, materially contributing to the protection of the environment. This improvement has been strongly contradicted by recent reports on the effects of pollution on local residents.
Mufulira Refinery (including agitation leach, heap leach, SX & EW plants).
In the refinery, copper anodes coming from the smelter are electro-refined to produce cathodes having 99.99% Cu and conforming to LME grade A. This is done by putting anodes and cathodes alternately in a cell, in which copper sulphate electrolyte solution is circulated and current is passed. Copper ions thus generated from anodes move towards cathode and get deposited on starter plates [cathodes]. The cathode plates are taken out from the cells at a certain interval. The cathodes thus produced are bundled and are mostly exported.
During electrolysis precious metals like gold, silver, platinum, selenium, palladium etc. settle down along with other impurities at the bottom of the cells. This is removed and collected at the end of anode cycle. This product known as anode slime is washed, dried packed and exported for recovering precious metals.
At the refinery there are also three SX plants and one electrowinning plant. PLS from the Agitation Leach, Mufulira West heap leach and In-Situ Leach operations are first treated at SX Plants and then taken to the electrowinning plant for the production of copper cathodes.
Mine Collapse.
Overnight on 25 September 1970, the bottom of Tailings Pond #3 failed, causing approximately 1 million tons of tailings and mud to drain into the mine. This facility was positioned directly above the underground workings. 89 mine workers from the night shift were killed, and a sinkhole at the bottom of the drained pond remained, allowing surface water to continue to pour into the workings.
Two years prior to this, a series of sinkholes had started to develop within the #3 Tailings Pond as the result of underground hanging wall collapse, and two instances of mud ingress had been recorded.
Nkana Mine.
Nkana mine is one of the largest in Africa, a copper mine located 1 km south-west of Kitwe.
At Nkana, copper and cobalt ore is produced from five sources: Four underground mines namely: Mindola North Shaft, Mindola Sub Vertical Shaft, Central Shaft, South Ore Body (SOB) Shaft and Open Pits dotted across the Nkana Oxide Cap. Vertical crater retreat (VCR), both caving and post-fill, have been the predominant mining method utilised within the Nkana mine, but is now being converted to a combination of sub-level caving (SLC) and open stoping techniques.
Vertical shafts from the surface provide access to each of the four underground mines. In addition, in the deeper sections of the Mindola mine and Central Shaft, sub vertical shafts extend services to the 5500L and 3580L respectively.
The Nkana mine has been in operation since 1932 and has produced 6,000,000 tonnes of copper ore so far. Its reserves underground include 108,145,000 tonnes of ore at 1.83% copper and 0.12 cobalt.*
Copper and cobalt mineralisation occur within the ore shale. Copper mineralisation in the deposits changes from mostly chalcopyrite in the South Orebody, to chalcopyrite-bornite in the Central area and to bornite-chalcopyrite at Mindola. Cobalt occurs as carrollite and cobaltiferous pyrite in approximately equal proportions. The mine produces copper and cobalt from three sources: Mindola Shaft, Central Shaft and South Orebody Shaft. Vertical crater retreat is the predominant mining method while sublevel open-stopping and sublevel caving methods are also used.
In April 2011 Mopani announced its intentions to sink a new $295 million shaft at Mufulira, this should extend the life of the mine by some twenty-five years. The synclinorium shaft will give access to 115 million tonnes of copper ore. Once commissioned in the first quarter of 2015 it will create about 600 jobs.
Nkana Concentrator.
The Nkana Concentrator is located in Kitwe and treats copper-cobalt sulphide ore using a bulk flotation and segregation flotation flowsheet to produce separate copper and cobalt concentrates. The Nkana Concentrator is one of the most important mineral processing units of Mopani, as it contributes to produce high purity cobalt metal.
Nkana Cobalt Plant.
The cobalt plant treats the cobalt concentrates to produce high purity cobalt metal. The plant is currently on care and maintenance.
Mopani social and community involvement.
According to the company itself, MCM is spending around US$16–20 million per year on social projects which includes: operating two hospitals and seven township clinics, five first-aid centres and public health departments at Nkana and Mufulira. Mopani also runs two schools for 1,850 pupils, HIV and malaria prevention and control programmes, supports local orphanages, charities and sports clubs. Retired miners have also been supplied with opportunities for post-retirement employment at a Mopani supported farm near Mufulira.
This is not verified however, and is only supported by the company itself. Due to serious concerns about Glencore's governance which have been brought to light recently and which go far beyond the Mopani investment, the President of the EIB has instructed the services to decline any further financing request from this company or one of its subsidiaries.


Christian Paradis

Christian Paradis, (born January 1, 1974) is a Canadian politician who was the Conservative Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada for Mégantic—L'Érable from 2006 to 2015. He was first elected in the 2006 federal election and served as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources until January 4, 2007, when he was appointed Secretary of State for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Rural Secretariat. On June 25, 2008, Paradis was appointed Minister of Public Works and Government Services, retaining his position as Secretary of State for Agriculture until October that same year. On October 30, 2008, in a cabinet shuffle following the election, he retained the Public Works portfolio. In addition, he succeeded Lawrence Cannon as Quebec Lieutenant. On January 19, 2010, in a cabinet shuffle, Prime Minister Harper appointed him Minister of Natural Resources. On May 18, 2011, in a cabinet shuffle he was appointed to be the Minister of Industry. On July 15, 2013, in a cabinet shuffle, he was appointed as Minister of International Development and Minister for La Francophonie.
A lawyer by profession, Paradis had a legal practice in Thetford Mines where he also served as president of the chamber of commerce. He is a graduate of the Université de Sherbrooke and has a master's degree in corporate law from Université Laval.
Paradis has been a staunch defender of Canada's asbestos mines, but recently gave in to global pressure to list asbestos as a hazardous chemical.
On April 3, 2015, Paradis announced that he would not seek re-election.
Achievements and positions.
Paradis served as representative of the riding of Megantic-L'Érable from 2006 to 2015. He received nearly 50% of the vote in each federal election.
In March 2011, as Minister of Natural Resources, Minister Paradis in the company of Minister Normandeau announced that the governments of Canada and Quebec reached a historic agreement in principle for the co-management of the Old Harry hydrocarbon reservoir, located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Telecommunications - As Minister of Industry and therefore responsible for telecommunications, Minister Paradis stood up to the telecommunications industry, stressing the need for four national carriers to maintain competition in all regions of the country. He announced in March 2012, the lifting of restrictions on foreign ownership for smaller players in the wireless industry and in March 2013, he announced a new broadband wireless spectrum auction to enable access to new entrants and incumbents.
Information request tampering.
Paradis' aide Sebastien Togneri resigned on September 30, 2010 for meddling in access-to-information requests while working under Paradis at the Public Works ministry. When Paradis was asked whether Togneri was the only person involved in these incidents, he did not directly answer the question. In November 2010 two further aides that had accompanied Paradis from Public Works to Natural Resources were found to also have been involved in the interference with information requests at Public Works. The opposition called for Paradis to resign.


Contura Energy

Contura Energy is a leading coal supplier with underground and surface coal mining complexes across Northern and Central Appalachia. Contura owns large coal basins in Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia which supply both metallurgical coal to produce steel and thermal coal to generate power.
The volatile nature of the coal mining sector in the US bankrupted predecessor Alpha Natural Resources in 2015, seven years removed from Alpha's $7.1 billion takeover of Massey Energy. The majority of its workers are non-unionized.
In 2011 Alpha was America's third largest and world’s fifth largest coal producer. In the 2012 Forbes Global 2000, Alpha Natural Resources was ranked as the 1847th -largest public company in the world.
History.
Contura Energy.
Contura Energy began operations on July 26, 2016, through the purchase of Alpha assets by a consortium lenders. It held nine underground and four surface mines in Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Wyoming’s Powder River Basin. 1.4 billion tons of reserves, 80% thermal coal.
Alpha Natural Resources emergence from bankruptcy.
In November 2018, Contura merged with Alpha Natural Resources to become America’s biggest supplier of metallurgical coal.
Even though the combination let Alpha Natural Resources emerge from bankruptcy, the first year was a difficult one; lower coal prices, and higher production costs at mines where it makes the type of coal burned at power plants. The company's valuation fell nearly 90% from the time of the merger until the end of 2019. Even before the COVID-19 crisis broke, on February 10, 2020 reported lower revenues, lower shipment guidance, and much lower margins for met coal (70% of revenue).
Alpha reorganized under federal Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 2017 by splitting into private firms after selling off many assets.
Collectively, they produced a combined 50-60 million tons of coal in 2017 — much less than the once publicly traded firm produced (over 5 billion).
According to ANR CEO Stetson, Contura's takeover offer gave Alpha "access to the ports in eastern Virginia they have expertise and knowledge in the international market that we don’t currently have in-house and a strong balance sheet and great liquidity. Contura is an invaluable tool and resource to Alpha’s success.”
2011, Massey Energy acquisition.
On January 31, 2011 Alpha Natural Resources acquired coal producer Massey Energy for US$7.1 billion, completed in June 2011, creating the second biggest coal miner by market capitalization. The merged company (54% owned by Alpha Natural Resources) would be the leading producer of metallurgical coal in the US and have the second largest reserves of coal (5.1 billion tons). Merging operations with Massey is estimated to reduce combined operating costs by $150 million. 7,000 of the 14,000 employees are in West Virginia. In 2010, demand for thermal coal rose while metallurgical coal demand was flat; it made up only 14% of coal sales, down from 17% in 2009.
Massey Energy had become a takeover target after suffering large income losses and negative publicity following an explosion at West Virginia's Upper Big Branch mine that killed 29 employees. Direct costs related to the incident amounted to $128.9 million. Federal regulators and the Mine Safety and Health Administration blamed the explosion on Massey's poor practices; however, the company contested the findings, citing a methane leak.


Holdong mine

The Holdong mine is one of the largest gold mines in North Korea and in the world. The mine is located in the south of the country in North Hwanghae Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 63.2 million oz of gold and 149.8 million oz of silver. The mine also has reserves amounting to 520 million tonnes of ore grading 0.35% copper metal and 266 million tonnes of ore grading 26% iron metal.


Gold mining in Virginia

Most gold mining in Virginia was concentrated in the Virginia Gold-Pyrite belt in a line that runs northeast to southwest through the counties of Fairfax, Prince William, Stafford, Fauquier, Culpeper, Spotsylvania, Orange, Louisa, Fluvanna, Goochland, Cumberland, and Buckingham. Some gold was also mined in Halifax, Floyd, and Patrick counties.
History of Virginia gold mining.
The earliest recording of gold mining activity in Virginia began about 1804 as placer mining, followed quickly by lode mining. Mining continued unabated until the onset of the California Gold Rush, at which point most serious speculators moved west. Production continued at a low level until the Civil War, when it virtually ground to a halt.
Near the end of the war, Union troops began a systematic campaign to destroy the economic base of the South. Many gold mines were subsequently damaged beyond repair. Most were, by this time, marginal producers, their ores of such low concentrate as to stretch the limits of the mercury amalgam (chemistry) recovery technology of the day. Many of these mines never reopened.
Other mines did, however, and gold production in Virginia continued until World War II, when, on October 8, 1942, the War Production Board issued Limitation Order L-208, which branded gold production as a non-essential and directed all but the smallest of gold mines to shut down so their labor force could be used elsewhere to support the war effort.
Economic conditions following the war were such that few miners returned to mining, so only a handful of mines reopened. For all practical purposes, commercial gold production in Virginia ceased after 1948.
At its peak, Virginia was the third largest gold producing state, and the heart of the gold production area was at the junction of Spotsylvania, Culpeper, Greene near Wood Dr., and Orange counties near Wilderness.
Modern era.
More than 300 prospects and mines are known to have existed in Virginia, yet very few, if any at all, are commercially active at this time. Amateur and hobby prospecting continues to this day, primarily consisting of individual or small scale placer operations. Many hobbyists simply use a gold pan or a sluice box.
List of gold mines, claims, and prospects.
Since most commercial gold activity ceased in the late 1940s, records are scant. This list is not complete.
quadrangles are USGS 7.5 minute quads and the coordinates are UTM.
Mines in Fauquier County.
Fauquier County's Gold Mining Museum at Monroe Park
Mines in Spotsylvania County.
Location: N 4,240,150 E 262,150 (Zone 18)


Tandwa block

Tandwa is a community development block that forms an administrative division in the Simaria subdivision of the Chatra district, Jharkhand state, India.
Overview.
Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests. The district has a population density of 275 persons per km2. Around two-thirds of the families in the district live below poverty line. In the extreme south of the district some portions of Tandwa CD Block are part of North Karanpura Coalfield.
Maoist activities.
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by Maoist activities. , Chatra was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state. 5 persons were killed in Chatra district in 2012, but Maoist activities, such as arms training camps and organisation of ‘Jan Adalats’ (kangaroo courts) were on the decline.
, Chatra was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.
History.
Cave paintings.
There are interesting pre-historic cave paintings in Saraiya and Thetangi villages in Tandwa CD block.
Geography.
Tandwa is located at . It has an average elevation of .
Tandwa CD block is bounded by Simaria CD block in the north, Keredari CD block, in Hazaribagh district, in the east, Khelari CD block, in Ranchi district, in the south and Balumath CD block, in Latehar district, in the west.
Tandwa CD block has an area of 455.21 km2.Tandwa and Piparwar police stations serve this block. The headquarters of Tandwa CD block is at Tandwa village.
There are 19 panchayats and 96 villages in Tandwa CD block.
Gram panchayats of Tandwa CD block/ panchayat samiti are: Padumpur, Dhangada, Misraul, Nawada alias Teliadih, Kabra, Pokla alias Kasiadih, Koyad, Saradhu, Gadilog, Tandwa, Raham, Bargano, Dahu, Benti, Kalyapur, Bahera, Kichto, Bachara I (North) and Bachara II (South).
Demographics.
Population.
According to the 2011 Census of India, Tandwa CD block had a total population of 126,319, of which 113,350 were rural and 12,969 were urban. There were 65,141 (52%) males and 53,016 (48%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 21,938. Scheduled Castes numbered 30,104 (23.87%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 20,330 (16.12%).
Tandwa village had a population of 6,475 in 2011.
Bachra is a census town in Tandwa CD block with a population of 12,969 in 2011.
Literacy.
 census, the total number of literate persons in Tandwa CD block was 65,367 (62.74% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 39,132 (72.60% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 26,235 (42.89% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 29.71%.
 census, literacy in Chatra district was 60.18%. Literacy in Jharkhand (for population over 7 years) was 66.41% in 2011. Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.
See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate
Language and religion.
According to the "District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011 census," as of 2001, among the different mother tongues (languages mentioned under 8th Schedule of Constitution of India), Hindi was spoken by 703,337 persons forming 88.87% of the population of Chatra district, followed by Urdu 68,301 persons (8.63%), Oraon 11,115 persons (1.40%) and other languages (with no details) 8,681 (1.10%). The population of the Scheduled Tribes in the district of Chatra during 2011 Census was 45,563 constituting 4.36 percent of the total population of the district.
Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language.
According to the "District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011 census," Hindus numbered 903,179 and formed 86.60% of the population of Chatra district, followed by Muslims 116,710 (11.19%).
Rural poverty.
Total number of BPL households in Tandwa CD block in 2002-2007 was 13,127. According to 2011 census, number of households in Tandwa CD block was 23,319. Rural poverty in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.
Economy.
Livelihood.
In Tandwa CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,256 and formed 30.48%, agricultural labourers numbered 18,949 and formed 40.42%, household industry workers numbered 1,241 and formed 2.65% and other workers numbered 12,323 and formed 26.35%. Total workers numbered 46,769 and formed 37.02% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 79,550 and formed 62.98% of the population.
Infrastructure.
There are 91 inhabited villages in Tandwa CD block. In 2011, 22 villages had power supply. 5 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 90 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 91 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 9 villages had post offices, 6 villages had sub post offices, 1 village had telephone (land line), 25 villages had mobile phone coverage. All villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 30 villages had bus service (public/ private), 16 villages had autos/ modified autos, 14 villages had taxi/vans and 38 villages had tractors. 5 villages had bank branches, 2 villages had agricultural credit societies. 40 villages had public distribution system, 16 villages had weekly haat (market) and 48 villages had assembly polling stations.
Agriculture.
Chatra is a predominanty forest district with 65% of the land area being covered with forests. The balance 35% of the area has both rocky and alluvial soil. Aluvial soil is found mostly near river valleys. Rice is the main crop of the district. Other important crops grown are bazra, maize and pulses (mainly arhar and gramme).
North Karanpura Thermal Power Station.
NTPC Limited is constructing the 3 X 660 MW North Karanpura Thermal Power Station at Tandwa at an appraised current (2015) estimated cost of 14,366.58 crore.
Coal mining.
The North Karanpura Coalfield is spread across parts of Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Chatra and Latehar districts of Jharkhand covering an area of 1,230 km2. This coalfield in the upper reaches of the Damodar Valley, has reserves of around 14 billion tonnes of coal, very little of which has been exploited. Karkatta, KD Hesalong, Manki, Churi, Bachara UG, Bachara OC, and Dakara are long established collieries south of the Damodar. North of the Damodar lies comparatively new major mines such as Piparwar Mine and Ashoka Project. 23 mines are planned in the northern sector. Those in an advanced stage of planning are: Dhadu, Purnadih, Magadh, and Amrapali. This happens to be the largest mining sector of Central Coalfields Limited.
See also - Magadh Sanghamitra Area, Amrapali & Chandragupta Area
Backward Regions Grant Fund.
Chatra district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.
Education.
According to the "District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011 census," Tandwa CD block had 27 villages with pre-primary schools, 73 villages with primary schools, 48 villages with middle schools, 5 villages with secondary schools, 3 villages with senior secondary schools, 14 villages with no educational facility.
Vananchal College was established at Tandwa in 1985. It is affiliated with the Vinoba Bhave University.
Healthcare.
According to the "District Census Handbook, Chatra, 2011 census," Tandwa CD block had 6 villages with primary health subcentres, 2 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 3 villages with allopathic hospital, 2 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with family welfare centre, 2 villages with medicine shops.


List of mines in Kyrgyzstan

This list of mines in Kyrgyzstan is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, defunct and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output. For practical purposes stone, marble and other quarries may be included in this list.


T. K. Chand

Dr. Tapan Kumar Chand (born 17 November 1959) is an Indian mining veteran, executive, and author. He was the ex chairman cum managing director of National Aluminium Company. NALCO is the largest integrated aluminium unit in Asia and is also one of the largest aluminium complexes of the world. He has been in the mining and metal sector since 1982, earlier serving as the director commercial of Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited / Visakhapatnam Steel Plant and Director Personnel & Director I/c (Sales & Marketing), of Central Coalfields Limited.
Early life and education.
He holds a Bachelor of Arts in history and a master's degree in arts, public administration and history from Utkal University. He holds a bachelor's degree in law from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, and a diploma in social welfare (labour welfare) from University of Calcutta.
He graduated as a gold medalist from Utkal University, Bhubaneswar.
He was also the former student president at Utkal University in 1981. The Utkal University, awarded him the Honoris Causa D.Litt. for his contributions towards 'nation building', on the occasion of the university's 47th convocation.
Career.
After taking charge as chairman and managing director of National Aluminium Company on 27 July 2015, he asked his team to renegotiate contracts with the aim of reducing procurement costs by 20%, which would save Nalco nearly 100 crores. In addition, he was trying to convince the board to include mining in its vision plan. He also announced investments of $10 billion to be made for a number of projects, including a greenfield aluminium smelter abroad.
During his tenure in Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited, Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant, he had worked for various segments of the company and pioneer initiatives which have changed the way the firm works. Some of his initiatives include the introduction of a productive work culture, organizational restructuring, etc. in the field of HR. He won the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for outstanding performance as an executive for his initiatives and efforts to improve the organization. In 1983 he joined in as a management trainee in Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited, eventually becoming its director in 2010.
In 2007 he joined as the director (P) of Central Coalfields Limited. Here his focus remained in the field of HR and brought a paradigm shift. His efforts and initiatives in the areas of corporate social responsibility and welfare earned the company a good name and the membership of UN Global Compact. Exercising powers as a functional director, he has handled and decided all important matters of sales and marking – e-auction, forward e-auction, road sales, sales realization, coal linkage through LOA, etc. since joining.
Bibliography.
A book titled ‘Aluminium: The Future Metal’, authored by Nalco CMD Dr Tapan Kumar Chand was released by Union Mines Minister Narendra Singh Tomar in Indore on July 2019. The book, focussing on the entire value chain of the aluminium industry is the second one by Dr Chand named ‘Aluminium: The Strategic Metal’, which was highly acclaimed by the industry leaders and policymakers.
This book is aimed at promoting the strategic use of aluminium in all sectors. The author pressurises on the importance of using aluminium for green-cities and smart-cities. The book was also gifted to Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India by the author at Raj Bhavan, Bhubaneswar.


Colorado Mining District (New Mexico Territory)

Colorado Mining District was primarily a silver and gold mining district organized in El Dorado Canyon, New Mexico Territory on the west shore of the Colorado River in what is now Clark County, Nevada. The Colorado District was part of Arizona Territory from 1863 to 1869. In 1869, the land of Arizona Territory north and west of the Colorado River east to the 114th meridian of longitude, including the Colorado District, was turned over to Nevada.
History.
The Colorado District had been organized by at least June 1, 1862. At a District meeting organized on January 8, 1863, officers were elected including a Mr. Lewis to fill an unexpired term as recorder that had begun on June 1, 1862. There were 611 locations recorded at the end of 1863.
El Dorado City was the site of the El Dorado Mills or Colorado Mills, first stamp mill in the canyon, at the mouth of January Wash at its confluence with El Dorado Canyon, about a mile down the canyon from Huse Spring. Its site was located nearby to the south southeast of the Techatticup Mine the primary source of the ore its mill processed.
In late 1863, the mill made with parts of abandoned or closed mills brought in from California was completed. Col. James Russell Vineyard at the time a State Senator from Los Angeles began the mill, to process the ore of the district mines cut out the cost of shipping the ore down the Colorado River by steamboat, and by sea to San Francisco for processing, thus cutting costs in half for those mine owners.


Walter Judd (footballer)

Walter James Judd (25 October 1926 – 18 December 1964) was an English footballer who played as a centre-forward in the 1940s and 1950s for Southampton.
Playing career.
Judd was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire and as a youth played football for local sides Downton and Nomansland. Before becoming a professional footballer, he had been conscripted as a "Bevin Boy", working at Blackwood Colliery in South Wales.
He was signed by Southampton in August 1949 and spent his first two years at The Dell in the reserves, for whom he scored 27 goals in 34 matches. This form earned him a call to the first team, for whom he made his debut away to Leicester City, when he took the place of Eric Day for a Second Division match on 21 April 1951.
Judd spent the start of the 1951–52 season in the reserves but was recalled to the first team on 22 December 1951, taking the place of Eddy Brown for the match against Barnsley. He scored the Saints' goal in a 1–1 draw and retained his place for the remainder of the season, scoring nine goals in 19 appearances. His form earned him a call-up to the England B team for a match against the British Olympic XI.
Although Judd started the following season as first choice centre-forward, playing the opening 13 games, scoring four goals, he lost his place to Frank Dudley and dropped back to the reserves. On 26 December 1952, in a reserve match against Plymouth Argyle, Judd snapped ligaments in his leg and his professional career was over.
Later career.
Following his retirement, he lived at Nomansland in the New Forest and worked for the Forestry Commission. In 1957, he came out of retirement to play for his local village side.
Judd died at Nomansland on 18 December 1964, aged 38.


Montana Technological University

Montana Technological University is a public university in Butte, Montana. Founded in 1900 as the Montana State School of Mines, the university became affiliated with the University of Montana in 1994. After undergoing several names changes, in 2017 the Montana University System Board of Regents voted to designate Montana Tech as part of Special Focus Four-Year Universities, the only such designation in the Montana University System. To recognize this new designation and the greater independence with it, the name of was officially changed in 2018 from Montana Tech of the University of Montana to Montana Technological University. Montana Tech's focus is on engineering, applied and health science.
In fall 2017, Montana Tech had nearly 2,700 students, 13 campus buildings and offers 45 undergraduate degrees along with 15 minors, 11 certification degrees, and 10 pre-professional career programs. Montana Tech also offers 21 graduate degrees and has Ph.D. programs in Materials Science and Engineering and Earth Science and Engineering.
History.
The Enabling Act of 1889 which brought Montana into the Union, allotted land for the creation of a school of mines as one of the four original Montana University System universities. In 1893 the Montana Legislature provided funding to establish the school in Butte. The cornerstone of Main Hall was laid in 1896, and the university opened its doors in 1900 as the Montana State School of Mines. The first student was a woman, Clara Clark of Butte, and Nathan R. Leonard acted as the first president. Despite enthusiastic local support, even offers of free land for construction, the early history of the school was fraught with poor funding and accusations of fraud, but with the help of former governor John E. Rickards, the school was opened.
In 1919 the Montana Legislature established the Montana State Bureau of Mines and Metallurgy on the campus in keeping with Montana Tech as a school focusing on the development of minerals and industry. Charles H. Clapp of the mining department served as the first president of the Bureau.
The school was renamed the Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology in 1965. The school begins moving beyond purely engineering and applied sciences, adding social science and liberal arts options. Alumni Coliseum opens on campus.
The university became affiliated with the University of Montana in 1994 with a reorganization of the Montana University System. The name was changed to Montana Tech of the University of Montana. The Butte Vocational-Technical Center was put under Montana Tech administration as the College of Technology. In 1998 Frank Gilmore becomes chancellor.
In 2010 the Natural Resource Building (NRB) opened which now accommodates the Bureau of Mines and the Petroleum Engineering Department. In 2011 Don Blackketter becomes chancellor. In 2012 the College of Technology becomes Highlands College, and Frank and Ann Gilmore University Relations Center (URC) building is opened on campus. The first Ph.D. program in Materials Science and Engineering began in 2014 in partnership with University of Montana and Montana State University. The Nursing Department began offering a full bachelor's degree in 2015. In 2016 a full Bachelor's of Mechanical Engineering program was added, and the Natural Resource Research Center opens on campus including a new nano research lab, and additional lab space for existing departments.
In 2017 the Montana Board of Regents designated Montana Tech as part of Special Focus Four-Year Universities, the only such designation in the Montana University System, in recognition of Tech's focus on engineering, applied science and health science. This change gives greater independence by reporting directly to the Board of Regents and handling its own finances instead of through the University of Montana. To recognize this, in the summer of 2018, the school's name was changed to Montana Technological University. Les Cook became chancellor in 2019.
Academics.
Montana Technological University offers approximately 45 undergraduate degrees along with over 15 minors, 11 certification degrees, and 10 pre-professional career programs. Montana Tech also offers 13 graduate degrees including two Ph.D. programs in Materials Science and Engineering and Earth Science and Engineering.
Montana Tech consists of four colleges: the School of Mines & Engineering; the College of Letters, Sciences and Professional Studies; Highlands College; and the Graduate School.
Athletics.
The athletic teams of Montana Tech are nicknamed the Orediggers and are part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Frontier Conference. Men's sports include basketball, football, cross country and golf, while women's sports include basketball, golf, cross country and volleyball. The Orediggers football team is led by head coach Kyle Samson.
Reputation and rankings.
In 2014, Montana Tech was ranked 6th in the nation for graduates earning the highest starting salaries, according to the "Washington Post" article. The following year, "The Wall Street Journal" ranked Montana Tech ninth in the nation for best public universities for return on investment.
Montana Tech has had 2 Rhodes Scholar finalists, 9 Goldwater Scholars and 5 Goldwater honorable mentions.


Tatapani coalfield

The Tatapani is a large coal field located in the east of India in Jharkhand. Tatapani represents one of the largest coal reserve in India having estimated reserves of 2.65 billion tonnes of coal.


Cevizlidere mine

The Cevizlidere mine is a large copper mine located in Tunceli Province in eastern Turkey. Cevizlidere represents one of the largest copper reserves in Turkey, with estimated reserves of 445.7 million tonnes of ore grading 0.38% copper.


Karl Brooks Heisey

Karl Brooks Heisey (1895, Markham, Ontario – 7 December 1937, Toronto, Ontario) was a well-known Canadian mining engineer and mining executive in the 1930s. Heisey pioneered the exploration and development of the Sanshaw/Red Lake metal deposits located in northwest Ontario. The Red Lake Mine is one of the richest gold mines in the world, still in production today with annual production of 600,000 ounces gold and over 11 million ounces produced to date.
Early life.
Heisey was the son of farmers, Jacob Heisey (1856-1933) and Ida Lehman (1871-1941) and was raised in the Township of Markham, Ontario. Heisey family members have farmed in various parts of York Region, including Gormley and Markham Village. Heisey (or Heise) and Lehman families were originally from Lebanon County, Pennsylvania and migrated to Upper Canada in the late 1700s.
He enlisted in the Signal Corps of the Canadian Expeditionary Force in 1917, during the First World War. Heisey joined the Royal Flying Corps Canada (the training organisation of the British Royal Flying Corps) as a Cadet, flying out of Camp Borden, Ontario in 1918, and was demobilised at the end of the war as a Royal Air Force Second Lieutenant. Heisey was of Dunkard descent (Brethren in Christ Church a pacifist German Anabaptist sect and did not see combat and was a flight instructor at Camp Borden.
Heisey obtained a bachelor's degree in Applied Science from the College of Applied Science (Mining) at the University of Toronto in 1922. He was married to Alice Isabel Smith (1895–1968) in 1927.
Mining career.
As both a highly experienced pilot and mining engineer Heisey was well positioned to participate in the Red Lake and Kirkland Lake Gold Rushes in northern Ontario in the 1930s. Red Lake was inaccessible by road until 1947 when Ontario Highway 105 was constructed and the only access prior to then was by boat or plane. Kirkland Lake had no road access until 1937.
Heisey engaged in geological surveys for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources between 1919 and 1922 in Kirkland Lake and West Shinintree and conducted magnetic surveys for discovery of gold with pyrrhotite iron.
Following this, Heisey worked as an engineer with Argonaut Mines, Kirkland Lake from 1922 to 1923. In 1924 he was appointed chief engineer of Tough Oakes Gold Mines and the same year he joined the Mond Nickel Company as exploration engineer in the Quebec field. Heisey opened his own office in Kirkland Lake in 1928, coming to Toronto in 1930.
Heisey was affiliated with numerous other mining corporations throughout his career where he held various roles, some of these corporations include: Manitoba and Eastern Mines Ltd., Marquette Long Lac, and Russet Red Lake Syndicate. His appointments with these mines included being in charge of surface work, consulting and direction of a new extensive diamond-drilling program, as well as consulting and analysis leading to recommendation of diamond drilling of a section of the property respectively. Heisey also has authorship on an assessment report on Ossian Mines Ltd. for the Ministry of Northern Development and Mines of Ontario; his assessment outlined analysis of the mine as well as recommendations for future work.
Sanshaw Gold Mine.
Heisey was President of Sanshaw Mines, Limited, incorporated in 1936, which owned claims on White Horse Island, on Red Lake which was first staked by the Sanshaw Mines Syndicate. 15 diamond drill holes were drilled totalling 1160 m in 1936. He was the manager and driving force of the Sanshaw Gold Mine which was developed on White Horse Island during 1936–7. Heisey's crew uncovered a previously unknown well-mineralized shear and gold vein in 1936 which was the most important discovered up until that time in the Red Lake area.
Buildings constructed on the property included a bunk-house, two-storey office and warehouse, ice-house, cookery, directors' lodge, manager's residence, blacksmith
shop, powder magazine, detonator-house and dry-house. A 35-foot shaft was sunk on White Horse Island in 1937.
Operations ceased in September 1937 and Heisey died shortly thereafter in December of that year at the age of 42. Heisey is buried at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto in a family plot, where as his parents are buried in Quantztown Cemetery in Markham, Ontario and earlier members of the Heisey or Heise in Heise Hill Cemetery in northwest Markham.
The Sanshaw Mine name was a pun on the name of John Whitman Shaw, who was a consulting mining engineer operating in the Red Lake area. The mine was proceeding with diamond drilling and sinking a shaft "sans" (i.e. without) Shaw. Shaw's nickname in the mining industry was "turn em down Shaw" referring to his lack of support for many new mine proposals. The White Horse Island discovery was one of the few in the Red Lake area that didn't use John Shaw's services.
Orlac Gold Mines.
Mining at Sanshaw was not restarted until after World War II when it reopened as Orlac Red Lake Mines, Limited ("Orlac"). During the period 1946-47 Orlac deepened the shaft to 139 metres and established levels at 68 and 106 metres (termed the Orlac deposit). During this period, Orlac drilled 701 metres of underground development, 15 surface holes that totaled 1,655 metres, and 523 metres in 54 underground drill holes.


Coalsnaughton

Coalsnaughton or Calibar (Scottish Gaelic: Caolas Neachdainn) is a village in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It is just south of Tillicoultry.


Morelos mine

The Morelos mine is one of the largest gold mines in Mexico. The mine is located in the south of the country in Guerrero. The mine has estimated reserves of 3.07 million oz of gold.


Taryno-Kurdatsky mine

The Taryno-Kurdatsky mine is one of the largest silver mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Sakha Republic. The mine has estimated reserves of 320 million oz of silver.


London Lead Company

The London Lead Company was an 18th and 19th century British lead mining company. It was incorporated by royal charter. Strictly, it was The Company for Smelting Down Lead with Pitcoal.
Origins.
The company was chartered in 1692 to investors who intended to acquire the lead-smelting works (reverberatory furnaces) of Talbot Clerke, the son of Sir Clement Clerke near Bristol. This apparently did not prove a success, and the company returned the works in 1695 to Talbot Clerke (by then Sir Talbot).
Another group of entrepreneurs, of whom Dr Edward Wright was a leading member, obtained leases in Cumberland in 1693. This, known as "Estourt's Copper" or "Mines Royal Copper" was floated as an unincorporated company in 1693. This company, many of whose members were Quakers, is not to be confused with the Society of Mines Royal, which was by then largely moribund. It acquired lead mines in Flintshire from "Lethicullier's Copper Company" (another unincorporated venture) in 1695. This proved more successful. In 1704, the owners acquired the charter of the defunct "The Company for Smelting Down Lead with Pitcoal", and transferred their business to it. The following year, this also took over the "Ryton Company", which had reverberatory furnaces at Ryton on Tyne and lead mines on Alston Moor.
Teesdale.
The London Lead Company started its Teesdale operations in 1753 when it took a lease on a mine at Newbiggin in Teesdale. This gradually expanded to a further 18 miles and a smelting mill at Eggleston.
In 1815 the company moved its headquarters to Middleton-in-Teesdale where it built Middleton House, the impressive headquarters of the company.
The Company had Quaker origins and tried to provide for its workers who suffered appalling conditions underground and working with the ore.
In Middleton they built company houses (Newtown). A contemporary writer described the part of Middleton built by the Company: "Masterman Place or as it is sometimes called, New-Middleton, was erected in 1833 by the London Lead Company from the chaste and appropriate design of Mr. Bonomi, and under the direction of Robert Stagg. It consists of several uniform rows of neat and convenient cottages, situated in a spacious garden, a portion of which was appropriated to each dwelling. The increasing population of Middleton had considerably enhanced the rents of dwelling houses there, and it was to diminish this burden that the Company built Masterman Place, in which, as vacancies occur, they place their most deserving workmen, thus combining general utility with the reward of personal merit. The first occupiers took possession of their new abodes in May 1824, accompanied by bands of music, etc." Temperance was required by the company in their new houses.
By 1890 the company was starting to suffer from competition, both from other materials and imports. From 1895 onwards the Company slowly scaled down its whole mining enterprise, partly due to the age of the main members of the board, or court, but mainly due to the rapidly shrinking lead market at the time. The Company finally wound up in 1905, selling the mines to the Vieille Montagne Company who worked them for zinc up until the Second World War.
Many details about Lead Mining in the NE of England are available from Killhope Mining Museum in Weardale.


Ongilog Lake mine

The Ongilog Lake mine is a large mine located in Mongolia. Ongilog Lake represents one of the largest phosphates reserve in Mongolia having estimated reserves of 1.5 billion tonnes of ore grading 35% P2O5.


James Bryan (mining executive)

James Bryan (1789–1822) was an American mining entrepreneur whose efforts in concert with others brought economic development to Missouri. Bryan operated "Bryan's Mines" on Hazel Run, north of Big River, in SW 1/4 of Sec. 33, T. 37N. 5E. in 1806; this location is also known as "Hazel Run Lead Digging."
Bryan owned significant land in Missouri, including a plantation, and donated land in Missouri to the public for the construction of public buildings there. A transfer of Missouri land to Bryan from his father-in-law, mining entrepreneur Moses Austin, eventually became the subject of the 1885 United States Supreme Court case "Bryan v. Kennett", which has been called the Court's ratification of the Louisiana Purchase. Bryan was also a significant land owner in Arkansas, and was recognized in a book published by the Arkansas History Commission.
Family and Legacy Impact on Development of Texas.
Paternally, James Bryan began a family which had a unique and dramatic impact on the early Anglo development of Texas. James was the first husband of Emily Margaret Brown Austin, brother-in-law of Stephen F. Austin, son-in-law of Moses Austin, and father to several early Anglo settlers of Texas including William Joel Bryan, Moses Austin Bryan. and Guy Morrison Bryan. The Briscoe Center for American History at the University of Texas deems James Bryan historically significant in that they maintain writings as well as communications that pertain to him under the heading "Bryan, James" such as: "Austin Papers, 1676, 1765-1889" and *Bryan (James) Papers, 1799-1822". Moses Austin sent Bryan a memorandum at or about 1819 and this is found in the collection at the University of Texas.
Family and Life Cycle.
James was born October 18, 1789 in Haycock Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. He died on July 16, 1822 in Hazel Run, Missouri. Emily and James married on August 31, 1813, at Durham Hall, in Mine au Breton, Washington County, Missouri. The two lived with Emily’s parents at their home called Durham Hall, in Missouri, from 1813 to 1814. In 1815, they moved to Hazel Run, Missouri, and also later to Herculaneum, Missouri. Emily and James Bryan had five children:
Moses Austin died at Bryan's home in 1821. James Bryan is buried in Hazel Run, Missouri.
Descendants of James Bryan meet each year in Jones Creek, Texas at the Austin-Bryan-Perry reunion in recognition of the achievement of these three families.
There are some historical unknowns about James Bryan including whether he had a middle name, and the names of his parents and where their parents were from. Accordingly, the Bryan name association with Texas begins with James Bryan.