SS Ozette

Ozette was a steam cargo ship built in 1918–1919 by Seattle North Pacific Shipbuilding Company of Seattle for the United States Shipping Board as part of the wartime shipbuilding program of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) to restore the nation's Merchant Marine. The vessel was largely employed on the East Coast to Europe routes during her career before she was laid up in and eventually broken up for scrap in 1936.
Design and construction.
After the United States entry into World War I, a large shipbuilding program was undertaken to restore and enhance shipping capabilities both of the United States and their Allies. As part of this program, EFC placed orders with nation's shipyards for a large number of vessels of standard designs. Design 1015 cargo ship was a standard cargo freighter of approximately 9,400 tons deadweight designed by Moore Shipbuilding Co. and adopted by USSB.
"Ozette" was part of the order for ten vessels placed by USSB with Seattle North Pacific Shipbuilding Co. on 5 November 1917 and was laid down on 19 June 1918 and launched on 28 September 1918 (yard number 1), with Mrs. C.J. Erickson, wife of the shipyards's founder, being the sponsor. Just as with many other vessels being built for the Shipping Board, her name was picked by Mrs. Woodrow Wilson who often chose Native American words or local landmarks for naming purposes.
The ship had two main decks as well as forecastle and poop deck and was built on the Isherwood principle of longitudinal framing providing extra strength to the body of the vessel. The freighter had four main holds and also possessed all the modern machinery for quick loading and unloading of cargo from five large hatches, including ten winches and a large number of derricks. She was also equipped with wireless apparatus, had submarine signal system installed and had electrical lights installed along the decks.
As built, the ship was long (between perpendiculars) and abeam, a depth of . "Ozette" was originally assessed at and and had deadweight of approximately 9,519. The vessel had a steel hull with double bottom throughout with exception of her machine compartment, and a single 2,800 shp steam turbine, double-reduction geared to a single screw propeller that moved the ship at up to . The steam for the engine was supplied by three Foster Water Tubes fitted for both coal and oil fuel.
The sea trials were held on 2/3 April 1919 and after their successful completion the ship was turned over to the Shipping Board and officially commissioned three weeks later.
Operational history.
While still under construction, the freighter together with several other vessels was allocated to W.R. Grace & Co. Upon commissioning, "Ozette" proceeded to load a total of 7,900 tons of cargo consisting of flour and Red Cross supplies destined for either Atlantic coast or Europe. The freighter left Seattle on 10 May 1919 bound for Newport News. Shortly after leaving port, a small fire was discovered in one of the holds, and subsequently she also developed problems with her engines. As a result, the ship was forced to put into San Francisco on May 15 to assess and repair the damage. While there it was discovered that her furnace-burning equipment was defective and alterations were ordered by local officials. The fire also caused damage to cargo of flour in her No. 3 hold estimated to be approximately 45,000. On further investigation it was also discovered some of the flour in hold No. 2 was also damaged by smoke due to faulty bulkheads. After undergoing repairs, and restocking of her cargo "Ozette" finally was able to leave San Francisco at the end of June. She reached the Panama Canal on July 10 where she spent about a week undergoing further repairs. The vessel finally reached Newport News on July 28 concluding her maiden voyage.
The vessel was subsequently allocated by the USSB to Daniel Ripley & Co. to serve on their Gulf Coast to Europe route. The ship was scheduled to arrive in Galveston in mid-August to load a large cargo of cotton bound for Bremen, but that allocation was cancelled shortly thereafter. Instead, "Ozette" was allocated to Strachan Shipping Co. to carry general cargo from East Coast to Europe. That trip, however, did not materialize and the vessel remained berthed in Newport News until early December. The ship finally sailed on December 8 with a cargo of fuel for New York, and from there she proceeded to Florida.
After loading a cargo of 4,000 tons of phosphate hard rock at Fernandina "Ozette" continued on to Savannah in early January 1920 where she additionally embarked 12,353 bales of cotton. "Ozette" cleared from Savannah on 28 January 1920 and took course to Bremen. Soon after leaving port the vessel ran aground on a bank of Savannah River and became stranded, but was quickly pulled off by US Coast Guard cutter and was able to resume her voyage. In the early morning of January 30 while about east of Savannah, the freighter encountered a lone lifeboat containing chief officer and seventeen other men from steam tanker SS "Mielero" which broke in two and sank four days earlier. The rescued crew was taken on board the vessel, and was subsequently transferred to "Mielero"s sister ship SS "Sucrosa" who safely landed them ashore at Baltimore on February 3. "Ozette" meanwhile continued her trip and arrived in Germany in mid-February. After unloading her cargo, the ship sailed out and reached East coast in April of the same year.
The vessel made another similar trip in July-September 1920, loading 5,551 tons of phosphates at Jacksonville at the end of July and sailing for Hamburg reaching it in late September. "Ozette" returned to Charleston on November 1 and remained there until the end of January 1921 when she was ordered to Norfolk. After approximately five months of inactivity, the freighter was finally chartered to carry coal and departed on 15 June 1921 from Newport News with cargo of 7,800 tons of coal bound for England. On June 20, while about south of Halifax, the vessel became disabled after developing problems with her boilers. She was picked up and taken in tow by another steamer, SS "Asabeth", who safely brought her to Halifax on June 25. After undergoing quick repairs the vessel was able to sail out a few days later. However, on July 16 her turbines broke down and she was forced to radio for help as the problem could not be fixed at sea. "Ozette" eventually arrived in Portland on July 19 in tow of another American steamer, SS "Henry Clay". Upon unloading her cargo and undergoing repairs, "Ozette" departed Southampton on August 22 and reached Norfolk on September 8 after an uneventful journey. The vessel was subsequently laid up and remained berthed at the Fort Eustis anchorage for the rest of her career.
In early September 1932 the Shipping Board decided to scrap 124 World War I era vessels in its possession, including "Ozette", to alleviate significant tonnage overabundance. As a result, all the vessels were removed from the U.S register of shipping. In October 1932 it was announced the whole lot of these vessels was sold to the Boston Iron and Metal Company of Baltimore for $1.51/ton of recoverable material which was believed at the time to be over 350,000 tons. The disposition was estimated take about three years to complete and "Ozette" was eventually scrapped in April 1936.


Tampa Triumph-class container ship

The "Tampa Triumph" class is a series of 5 container ships built for Costamare and operated by Evergreen Marine. The ships have a maximum theoretical capacity of 13,656 TEU. The ships were built by Imabari Shipbuilding at their Hiroshima shipyard in Japan.


USS Cybele

USS "Cybele" (AKS-10) was an commissioned by the U.S. Navy for service in World War II. She was responsible for delivering and disbursing goods and equipment to locations in the Pacific war zone. The vessel was launched on 9 October 1944 by Delta Shipbuilding Co., New Orleans, Louisiana and entered service with the U.S. Navy on 16 April 1945. The vessel was decommissioned on 22 August 1946 and transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 24 April 1947. The vessel was scrapped in 1965.
Construction and career.
"Cybele" was launched as the Liberty ship SS "William Hackett" 9 October 1944 by Delta Shipbuilding Co., New Orleans, Louisiana, under a Maritime Commission contract; sponsored by Mrs. H. McCall; transferred to the Navy 14 November 1944; converted at Tampa Shipbuilding Co., Tampa, Florida; and commissioned in full 16 April 1945, Commander J. H. Church, USNR, in command.
Departing Galveston, Texas, 15 May 1945, "Cybele" loaded general stores at Bayonne, New Jersey, and sailed 4 June for Pearl Harbor, arriving 30 June. She cleared 13 July for San Pedro Bay, Philippine Islands, where she issued stores to ships until 21 August 1945.
Arriving in Tokyo Bay 31 August 1945, "Cybele" provided stores for ships engaged in the occupation of Japan until 12 October when she sailed to Samar to load cargo for Tsingtao, China.
Between 4 December 1945 and 15 January 1946, "Cybele" issued general stores at various Japanese ports. After reloading at Saipan, she issued cargo to support the occupation troops at Tsingtao and Taku, China, and Jinsen, Korea, until 15 April when she stood out for San Francisco, California, arriving 22 May.
"Cybele" was decommissioned 22 August 1946 at Pearl Harbor and after being towed back to San Francisco, was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 24 April 1947. She was scrapped in April 1965.
Military awards and honors.
Her crew members were eligible for the following medals:


MV Resolution Bay

The MV "Resolution Bay" was a container ship owned by Overseas Containers Limited (OCL).
History.
"Resolution Bay" was launched and delivered to OCL in 1977, and was scrapped in 2002. The ship was one of two identical sisters built by Bremer Vulkan shipyard in West Germany, the other being the MV Mairangi Bay.A third ship - the New Zealand Pacific - operated by The New Zealand Shipping Corporation, was save in minor details, identical to the two Bay ships. Owner OCL was to later become P&O Containers Ltd, which itself merged with Nedlloyd Lines to become P&O Nedlloyd. "Resolution Bay" operated for all three entities, mainly on the UK/Europe to Australia/New Zealand route.
Statistics.
"Resolution Bay" had a tonnage of and a top speed of 23 knots. Length was 248.6m, and beam was 32.3m. She was propelled by two 8-cylinder two-stroke slow speed crosshead diesel engines with a total power output of 53,280 BHP. The MAN engines, model KS8Z90/160A, had a 900 mm bore and 1600 mm stroke. They were each directly coupled to one of the two propeller shafts, turning them at a maximum 122 rpm. Auxiliary power was provided by five 1,500 kW MaK medium speed diesel alternators. She could carry worth of containers, 1,223 of them refrigerated (reefer) containers in holds below deck. The reefer capacity was one of the largest of any ship at the time, and the containers when loaded in the holds were connected to the ship's brine circulation system for cooling. The brine was cooled by a large refrigeration plant located in the engine room.


Freedom-class cruise ship

The "Freedom" class is a group of three cruise ships for Royal Caribbean International. The first ship of the class, , was the largest passenger ship in the world, and the largest ever built in terms of passenger capacity and gross tonnage, when it was built in 2006. These two records were then shared by all three ships until the construction of was completed in November 2009.
"Freedom of the Seas" left Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland on 24 April 2006 and started regular sailings out of Miami the next month. The second ship of the class, , sailed on its maiden voyage on 19 May 2007. The third ship of the class, , was delivered and started work out of Southampton in April 2008.
The "Freedom"-class ships are similar in design and layout to the earlier second-generation , including an ice skating rink and a mall named the Royal Promenade, featuring pubs, shops, arcades, bars, and a 24-hour Cafe Promenade. New features added to the "Freedom" class include the FlowRider surf park, cantilevered whirlpools, a full-size boxing ring, and the H2O Zone waterpark.
In March 2008, Aker Yards and Royal Caribbean announced a memorandum of agreement for a fourth ship in the class, subject to board approval and finalization of terms and conditions, but no actual order for the ship was ever announced. In 2011, Royal Caribbean announced that it had ordered two ships from the similarly-sized , making an order for a fourth "Freedom"-class ship unlikely.


SS Naldera

SS "Naldera" was a steam-powered passenger liner owned and operated by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) between 1920 and 1938.
Construction.
P&O placed the order to build the ship with Caird & Company, Greenock in 1913 and although work was well advanced, construction was suspended at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 and it was not until December 1917 that the ship was launched with the intention of fitting it out as a cargo carrying vessel only. In 1918 the Admiralty requisitioned the vessel and it was fitted out with eight guns and two howitzers with the intention of being used as an armed merchant cruiser. Subsequently the Admiralty altered the plan and decided to have the ship converted to a seaplane tender but neither proposed Royal Navy use came to fruition and in 1919 the ship was returned to P&O.
"Naldera" was the last ship ordered by P&O from Caird's before Caird's was taken over by Harland & Wolff in 1916 and was the last coal-powered mail steamer in P&O service.
Service history.
P&O had the vessel fitted out to the original specification of mail and passenger liner and the ship entered service in April 1920 on the London – Bombay – Australia route.
On 1 May 1928 the captain of the ship, T Dayas, died suddenly shortly after the ship left Sydney, Australia and he was buried at sea. The Chief Officer, J W Hartley, taking temporary command. Among the passengers on this voyage were the Australian team en-route to Amsterdam to compete in the 1928 Summer Olympics.
In 1928 P&O transferred the ship from the London – Australia route to the London – Penang – Singapore – Hong Kong – Shanghai – Yokohama route.
After returning from Kobe, in October 1938, the vessel was paid off after a relatively short career of 18 years. The ship was immediately hired to transport the British Legion Volunteer Police Force to continental Europe to police the proposed plebiscite following the Sudeten Crisis. 700 volunteers boarded ship on 12 October 1938 and "Naldera" left Tilbury to anchor off Southend with another 3330 volunteers on board the MS "Dunera". By 14 October changing circumstances meant that the force was no longer required so the two ships returned to Tilbury. On 15 October the volunteers disembarked and the "Naldera" emptied for the final time.
The following month the ship was sold for scrap to P & W MacLellan Ltd and was broken up soon after at the Forth Shipbreaking Yard, Bo'ness.
Apart from the Australian Olympians other passengers carried at various times included Lloyd George on his way to the San Remo conference in 1920, Arthur Conan Doyle who travelled to Australia on the ship in 1920, the Great Britain rugby league team at the start of their 1920 tour to Australia, Rabindranath Tagore who sailed from Bombay on the first leg of a journey to Canada in 1929, and Amy Johnson who returned from her solo flight to Australia by the ship as far as Salonika.


Type 926 submarine support ship

The Type 926 submarine support ship (NATO reporting name Dalao) is a class of submarine rescue and supply ship developed by China for the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN), as of mid-2014, a total of three are in service. This ship is capable of both replenishing submarines and rescuing submariners in distress.
With a displacement of 9500 tons, the Type 926 carries newly designed rescue chambers that are capable of performing rescue missions to a depth of three hundred meters, being able to rescue a maximum of eighteen submariners each dive. One of these ships carries a deep-submergence rescue vehicle (DSRV) imported from the United Kingdom, the LR7, which is a development of the earlier LR5. The LR7 is also capable of rescuing a total of eighteen submariners each dive and the 25-ton DSRV can perform rescue operations at five hundred meters depth and continuously working under water for four days. The rest of the ships carry the successor of the Type 7103 DSRV designed by Harbin Engineering University.


MSC Daniela

MSC Daniela is the lead ship of her class of container ship operated by the Mediterranean Shipping Company that at is one of the largest container ships of the world, with a twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) cargo capacity of 14,000 containers. The building of "MSC Daniela" was started on 1 July 2006 and finished at the end of 2008; the ship was subsequently crowned as the largest according to cargo capacity. The shipbuilder was Samsung Heavy Industries in Geoje, South Korea.
However, "MSC Daniela" is now neither the longest container ship in the world, nor does it have the largest tonnage.
Design.
"MSC Daniela" has an overall length of , a moulded beam of and draft, when the ship is fully loaded of . The deadweight tonnage (DWT) of the vessel is 165,000 metric tons and the gross tonnage (GT) is 135,000 gross tons. The ship is large and requires a strong and reliable engine. Powered by a MAN SE B&W 12K98MC-C diesel engine with total output of , the vessel is able to realize a maximum speed of , while the cruising speed is .
Operational history.
In April 2017, "MSC Daniela" suffered extensive damage when a container caught fire approximately off Colombo. Firefighting efforts were coordinated by the Sri Lankan Navy and Colombo Port Authority which evacuated her crew and returned the ship safely to port. The ship was repaired jointly by the CIC Changxing Shipyard and COSCO Qidong Offshore and was successfully redelivered to MSC in late August.


Four-funnel liner

A four-funnel liner, also known as a four-stacker is an ocean liner with four funnels.
, launched in 1897, was the first ocean liner to have four funnels and was one of the first of the golden era of ocean liners that became prominent in the 20th century.
Among the most well known four-funnels are , sunk on her maiden voyage on , and , torpedoed on , during the First World War. In all, 15 four-funnel liners were produced; "Great Eastern" in 1858, and the remainder between 1897 and 1922. Four were sunk during the World Wars, and all others besides "Titanic" were scrapped.
 was the fastest of all four-funnelled liners. The last four-funnelled liner ever built was , however, two of her funnels were later removed making the the last four-funnel liner in service and the only one to survive service during both World Wars.
Description.
The primary purpose of funnels on steamships was to allow smoke, heat and excess steam to escape from the boiler rooms. As liners became larger, more boilers were used. The number of funnels became symbolic of speed and safety, so shipping companies sometimes added false funnels—like the —to give an impression of power.
The trend of competing shipping lines building four-funnel liners encompassed a very short time span ranging from the in 1897 to the in 1922.
The Cunard Line record holders, and , were both laid out with four boiler rooms with one funnel to each room.
In keeping with the style and fashion of the early-20th century, the White Star Line opted to fit the three "Olympic"-class ships with a dummy fourth funnel to rival the two Cunard ships. The notion of four funnels representing size and power rapidly diminished soon after the First World War.
Proposed ships.
The United States never operated any four-funnelled ocean liners in commercial service. However, in the late 1910s, William Francis Gibbs began to draft designs for new 1,000-foot liners that could reach a speed of 30 knots. Among the proposals was a pair of four-funnelled ships designed in 1919. The funnel and boiler arrangement would have been similar to the German four stackers, with the four funnels grouped in pairs with a wider gap between the second and third funnels. Possible names for the liners were the SS "Boston" and the SS "Independence", but the ships never made it past the design phase.
In the late 1920s the world's main shipping lines were Britain's Cunard Line and White Star Line and France's Compagnie Générale Transatlantique (CGT). Each of these three were operating ageing vessels and required new larger and more modern long superliners to remain competitive. CGT began construction of the while Cunard placed an order for the .
White Star placed an order to their shipbuilders Harland and Wolff for , a successor to the line's inaugural 1870-liner, . The exact intended design of "Oceanic" III is unknown, although company concept renderings show it to be a three-funnelled liner. However, early plans from Harland and Wolff's archives show a design from 1927 for a four-funnelled liner almost identical to the "Olympic-class", except with a more-modern cruiser stern.
With the onset of the Great Depression the shipping lines were crippled. The completion of Cunard's "Queen Mary" was delayed for four years and to raise the funds to complete her the British government gave Cunard a loan on the condition that Cunard merge with White Star into a single British shipping line.


Clorinde-class submarine

The "Clorinde"-class submarines were built for the French Navy prior to World War I. There were two boats in this class, neither of them would be used during World War I, but they operated in the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel until they were stricken in 1926.
Construction.
The "Clorinde-class submarines" were both built at Arsenal de Rochefort in November 1910, they were double-hulled submarines and built under the 1909 programme Project of Julien Hutter on the basis of Labeuf Brumaire. They were launched in 1913 and the first submarine "Clorinde" was completed in October 1916, while her sistership "Cornélie" was finished in September 1917.
When they were completed, the submarine was long, with a beam of and a draft of . The submarine was assessed at . They had 2 MAN-Loire diesels / 2 NANCY-electric motors which were powered by diesel oil and the engine was rated at 800 nhp. Her max. depth was , they could hold 29 crew and they were armed with 2 bow torpedo tubes, 6 single 450 mm Drzewiecki drop collars of which 4 were placed at the aft of the submarine. They each also held a single deck gun which was installed in 1916 when they entered service.


Odin-class submarine

The "Odin"-class submarine (or "O class") was a class of nine submarines developed and built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the 1920s. The prototype, , was followed by two boats originally ordered for the Royal Australian Navy, but transferred to the RN in 1931 because of the poor economic situation in Australia, and six modified boats ordered for the RN. Three modified boats were built for the Chilean Navy as the s in 1929.
Design.
The class was built to replace the ageing L-class submarines which did not have adequate endurance for use in the Pacific Ocean. These boats were theoretically able to dive to , though none were formally tested beyond . Armament consisted of eight torpedo tubes (6 bow, 2 stern) and one gun. The boats were of a saddle tank type with fuel carried in riveted external tanks. These external tanks proved vulnerable to leaking after depth charge damage, thus betraying the position of the submarine. These boats were the first British submarines fitted with Asdic and VLF radio which could be used at periscope depth.
Boats.
"Oxley"-class submarines :
"Odin"-class submarines:


Le Bougainville

Le Bougainville is the third ship of the of cruise ships operated by Ponant. Each member of the class has been allocated the name of a famous French explorer, and "Le Bougainville" is named after Louis Antoine de Bougainville, a French admiral and explorer.
Built by VARD, "Le Bougainville" had her hull constructed in VARD's Tulcea yard in Romania. By October 2018, she was ready to be transferred to the builder's Søviknes facility in Ålesund, Norway, for final outfitting. She was delivered to Ponant in Norway in early April 2019.
On 8 April 2019, "Le Bougainville" departed from Søvik, Norway, for Malaga, Spain, where she began her maiden voyage on 15 April 2019. She was christened on 4 June 2019 in Marseille.


USS Alderamin

USS Alderamin (AK-116) was a commissioned by the U.S. Navy for service in World War II, named after Alderamin, the alpha star in constellation Cepheus. She was responsible for delivering troops, goods and equipment to locations in the war zone.
Built in Houston, Texas.
"SS J. S. Cullinan" was laid down under a Maritime Commission contract (MCE hull 1963) on 5 October 1943 at Houston, Texas, by the Houston Shipbuilding Co.; launched on 13 November 1943; acquired by the Navy and placed in temporary commission as "Alderamin" (AK-116) on 25 November 1943, Comdr. H. B. Olsen in command; proceeded to Mobile, Alabama, and decommissioned on 29 November 1943 to undergo conversion for naval service as a cargo ship; and recommissioned at Mobile on 3 April 1944, Comdr. Edward Fluhr in command.
World War II Pacific Theatre operations.
Following shakedown training in the Chesapeake Bay, "Alderamin" sailed to New York City to load cargo for transportation to the Pacific Ocean. The vessel made a port call at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, before transiting the Panama Canal and reporting to the U.S. Pacific Fleet on 28 May. She departed the Panama Canal Zone the next day and proceeded independently to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides.
South Pacific interisland transport.
The vessel arrived there on 28 June and began operations with Service Squadron 8, Service Force, Pacific Fleet, as an interisland cargo transport. Among her ports of call were Suva, Fiji Islands; Noumea, New Caledonia; Guadalcanal, Bougainville, Tulagi and Green Island, Solomon Islands; Russell Islands, Treasury Islands; Manus, Admiralty Islands; Wellington, New Zealand; Eniwetok, Marshall Islands; Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands; Guam, Mariana Islands; and Ulithi, Caroline Islands.
End-of-war activity.
"Alderamin" was moored at Okinawa Island at the time of the Japanese capitulation on 15 August 1945. Sailor Nathan Underwood remembered the day the war ended while he was anchored at Okinawa. He said "You could walk on the bullets in the air" during the celebration. She got underway two days later to return to the United States. The vessel made port calls at Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, before arriving at San Francisco, California, on 22 September. She sailed once again on 24 October, bound for Shanghai, China. She touched at Pearl Harbor, Guam, and Samar, Philippine Islands, before reaching Shanghai on 8 December. After taking on military personnel for passage back to the United States, "Alderamin" got underway again on the 11th. On 1 February 1946, she arrived back at San Francisco and debarked her passengers.
Post-war decommissioning.
She then began preparations for deactivation. "Alderamin" was decommissioned on 10 April 1946 and was delivered to the War Shipping Administration for disposal. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 1 May 1946. The ship was later scrapped.


Mackerel-class submarine

The "Mackerel"-class submarines were a pair of experimental prototype submarines built just prior to World War II and launched in 1940 and 1941. The two submarines were similar in size and capability to the S-class submarines built at the end of World War I, and had been ordered to test the feasibility of using mass production techniques to build small submarines. Until at least 1940 it was thought that mass production of fleet submarines would be impractical, and in any case small submarines could provide area defense for submarine bases. Once it became apparent that there would be sufficient production of the more capable s, interest in the design waned and no additional small submarines were ordered. Submarine production standardized during the war on the "Gato" class and its successors, the and submarines. In some references, the "Mackerel"s are called the "M class".
Design.
The "Mackerel"s stemmed from design studies ordered by the Navy's General Board beginning in 1936, when Admiral Thomas C. Hart joined the Board and spearheaded the small submarine effort. At the time it was felt that mass production of large fleet submarines would be impractical. It was also felt necessary to replace the aging S, R, and O-class submarines, to provide area defense for submarine bases and operate in restricted waters. For the "Mackerel"s, two somewhat different designs were produced by the Electric Boat Company and Portsmouth Navy Yard. As prototypes, "Mackerel" and "Marlin" were near-sisters rather than sisters. References agree that "Mackerel" used a direct drive propulsion arrangement, but differ as to whether "Marlin" had direct drive or diesel-electric drive. Both had engine designs not used in other US Navy submarines; "Mackerel" an in-house Electric Boat design, "Marlin" an ALCO locomotive design. By late 1941 it became apparent that fleet submarines could be mass-produced, and interest in small submarines began to wane. Interest in them was revived with the examination of the German "U-570", a Type VII U-boat captured by the British and loaned to the US. Also, Admiral Hart returned to the General Board in late 1942, following a courageous part in the ultimately futile defense of the Philippines and Indonesia in 1941-42. He pointed out that no other navy had abandoned small submarines. However, Admiral Frederick J. Horne, Vice Chief of Naval Operations, felt that small submarines should only be built if there was no interference with fleet submarine production. With all submarine yards capable of building fleet submarines, there was no easy way to avoid impacting their production, so the small submarine was abandoned as a concept.
Service.
Both submarines spent their entire careers operating from Submarine Base New London, Connecticut and Portsmouth Navy Yard in training and research roles, contributing to the development of both submarine and antisubmarine warfare in World War II. On 12 April 1942 "Mackerel" was attacked by a German U-boat while transiting to Norfolk, Virginia, but the torpedoes missed and "Mackerel"'s counter-attack was unsuccessful. "Marlin" appeared as the fictional "Corsair" in the 1943 movie "Crash Dive", filmed at Submarine Base New London. After the war, both boats were decommissioned in November 1945 and scrapped in 1946-47.


SS Alexander S. Clay

SS "W. P. Few" was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Alexander S. Clay, a member of the Georgia House of Representatives and United States Senator from Georgia.
Construction.
"Alexander S. Clay" was laid down on 3 May 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2364, by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia; she was sponsored by Miss Vaida V. Clay, and launched on 30 June 1944.
History.
She was allocated to the South Atlantic Steamship Lines Inc., on 15 July 1944. On 22 September 1948, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in Mobile, Alabama. On 29 August 1969, she was sold, to Southern Scrap Material, Co., Inc., for scrapping. She was removed from the fleet on 26 September 1969.


Kobben-class submarine

The "Kobben" class (also known as Type 207) is a customized version of the German Type 205 submarine. Fifteen vessels of this class were built for use by the Royal Norwegian Navy in the 1960s. The class later saw service with Denmark and Poland. The boats have since been withdrawn from service in the Norwegian and Danish Navy. Polish Navy still operates two "Kobben"-class submarines ("Bielik", "Sęp") as of 2020.
History.
Along with the rest of the Royal Norwegian Navy, the submarine fleet was to be modernized according to the "Fleet plan of 1960". After the war, Norway needed a navy more suited for coastal operations rather than large, seagoing vessels. This made the choice of a new type of submarines rather slim, not many NATO submarines being suited for this type of operations. A German Type 201 submarine was lent to the Royal Norwegian Navy for evaluation and adaptation. The result was the Type 207, of which 15 vessels were delivered to Norway in the period 1964 – 67. All "Kobben"-class submarines were built by Rheinstahl Nordseewerke GmbH in Emden. Between 1985 – 93, six boats were lengthened by and modernized, most notably with new sonar equipment.
On 24 November 1972, the "Kobben"-class submarine of the Royal Norwegian Navy had "contact" with what they presumed was a , after 14 days of "hunt" in Sognefjord. Military documents released in 2009 confirm this episode.
During that period, four others were sold to the Royal Danish Navy (known there as the "Tumleren" class), three operational (modernized) and one for spare parts. served in the 2003 invasion of Iraq from May 2002 until June 2003.
In 2001, the "Kobben" class was completely phased out in Norwegian service, replaced by the newer . Five modernized vessels were given to the Polish Navy, four as operational units and one for spare parts. Before they were transferred, the Polish crews were trained and the boats were overhauled.
During 2004, all of the operational Danish boats ("Tumleren", "Sælen" and "Springeren") were decommissioned. They were mothballed , waiting to be scrapped or transferred to another nation.


SS Charles T. Yerkes


USNS Dutton (T-AGS-22)

USNS "Dutton" (T-AGS-22) was an oceanographic survey ship for the United States Navy from the late 1950s through the 1980s. She was launched as SS "Tuskegee Victory" in 1945, Maritime Commission hull number MCV 682, a type VC2-S-AP3 Victory ship. In her U.S. Navy service, she was named after Captain Benjamin Dutton, Jr., and was the second U.S. Navy ship named in his honor.
SS "Tuskegee Victory".
SS "Tuskegee Victory" was a Victory ship laid down on 16 February 1945 and delivered to the Maritime Commission on 8 May 1945. After seven years of commercial service, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1952. Five years later she was acquired by the U.S. Navy, renamed "Dutton", and converted to a oceanographic survey ship (AGS) at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard from 8 November 1957 to 16 November 1958.
USNS "Dutton" T-AGS-22.
USNS "Dutton" T-AGS-22 was placed in service on 1 November 1958 and assigned to the Military Sea Transportation Service, manned by a civilian crew.
"Dutton" was operated by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office for the U.S. Navy Office of Special Projects in support of the U.S. Navy Fleet Ballistic Missile Program. Three ships were converted for this purpose: "Dutton", and identical sister ships, and . "Dutton" participated in the recovery effort of the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash from January through April 1966.
Attached aboard "Dutton" was a U.S. Navy Oceanographic Detachment, upgraded ca. May 1966 to an Oceanographic Unit, of approximately 3 officers and 22 enlisted personnel, mostly technicians. Varying numbers of civilian scientists and engineers managed survey operations and maintained certain navigation and sonar equipment, usually about 12 oceanographers from the Naval Oceanographic Office, some personnel from the Naval Applied Sciences Laboratory (NASL, later NSSNF), and about 7 technical representatives from private corporations.
"Dutton" was taken out of service ca. 1989. Contract award by MARAD in September 2007 to All Star Metals Inc. for scrapping in Brownsville, TX with ship fully dismantled on 5 June 2008.


USS Jupiter (AK-43)

USS "Jupiter" (AK-43) was an "Aldebaran"-class cargo ship commissioned by the U.S. Navy for service in World War II. She was responsible for delivering necessary goods and equipment to ships and stations in the war zone.
"Jupiter" (AK-43) was built in 1939 as SS "Flying Cloud" by Federal Shipbuilding & Drydock Co., Kearny, New Jersey; she was later renamed SS "Santa Catalina", She was acquired by the Navy 19 June 1941; the next day renamed "Jupiter"; and commissioned 22 August 1942, Lt. CDR. D. S. Baker in command.
World War II Pacific Theatre operations.
"Jupiter" departed San Diego, California, 1 September for operations in the Pacific as the American campaign in the Solomon Islands was getting under way. From September through December she carried supplies and troops to staging areas for the Navy's first great offensive in the Pacific Ocean. She continued to discharge cargo in the Solomon Islands through the early part of 1943, bringing invaluable support to the closing phases of the Guadalcanal Campaign.
Transport of Japanese war materiel.
"Jupiter" departed Espiritu Santo 1 February, commencing a series of three cruises to San Francisco for supplies and personnel. On the first of these voyages she returned captured Japanese equipment, including a "Betty" bomber, a "Tony" fighter, and several "long lance" torpedoes.
Island invasion support.
The cargo ship returned to battle during the Gilbert Islands invasion late November, landing equipment to aid in the successful assault on Tarawa. "Jupiter" then continued cargo operations until she was assigned to the 5th Amphibious Forces in April 1944 for the Marianas campaign. She departed Pearl Harbor 30 May and arrived in the Saipan assault area 15 June. She discharged her cargo despite constant enemy air attack and 10 days later proceeded toward Eniwetok.
Invasion of the Philippines.
Following a summer of amphibious rehearsals, "Jupiter", under Comdr. J. M. Bristol, departed Guadalcanal 8 September to support the invasion of the Palau Islands. She unloaded her cargo without incident and returned to Manus to prepare for the important Philippine invasion. Departing Hollandia 16 October, she arrived at Leyte and commenced unloading cargo 22 October. As other units of the fleet were engaging the Japanese in the famed "Battle of Leyte Gulf", "Jupiter" returned to the Marianas to pick up additional material. She continued reinforcing units in the Philippines until she steamed into Ulithi 23 January 1945 to prepare for the next Campaign.
When continued progress along the "road to Japan" required a stop-over base for B-29 raids on Tokyo, Iwo Jima was selected. "Jupiter" got underway 16 February with cargo and units of the 3rd Marine Division to secure this fortified atoll. After unloading her cargo under most difficult conditions, she remained in the area until Japanese resistance had ceased 16 March.
Supplying troops on Okinawa.
After repairs at Pearl Harbor, "Jupiter" departed Hawaii on 1 May with supplies for American troops fighting for Okinawa.
End-of-war activity.
She returned to San Francisco 27 July for conversion to an aviation supply ship and was redesignated AVS-8, 31 July 1945. Following replenishment-at-sea exercises the following year, she supported outlying bases and ships until decommissioning at San Diego 23 May 1947 and joining the reserve fleet.
Reactivated during Korean War.
In June 1950 a new threat to world peace exploded in Asia-Communist aggression in South Korea. The United States answered this challenge by dispatching troops and supplies to the war-torn peninsula. USS Jupiter (AVS-8) recommissioned 10 October 1950, CDR. Hugh Robert McKibbin in command, and sailed for Yokosuka, Japan, 8 January 1951. Arriving 29 January, she operated out of Japan, replenishing units fighting ashore until returning to San Francisco 11 August 1952. After operations along the U.S. West Coast, the supply ship returned to the war zone in March 1953 to supply troops and replenish carriers engaged in air strikes on the Korean peninsula. Following the cessation of hostilities, "Jupiter" returned to the West Coast 3 October.
Operations in the Formosa Straits.
This active ship was again deployed to the Pacific in 1954 to replenish ships in the tense Formosa area. The U.S. 7th Fleet prevented any major crisis from developing, and "Jupiter" steamed into San Francisco 20 October 1954. She resumed her operations in the Far East March 1955; this time for an extended period. For the next 9 years (1955–63) she operated out of Yokosuka, replenishing units of the 7th Fleet, as it took on greater roles in "keeping the peace". During "Jupiter's" service in the Far Pacific, the 7th Fleet averted major crises in Formosa, Indonesia, and Laos; and played an important part in the Vietnam struggle.
Post-Korean War decommissioning.
She continued to carry vital supplies to the Far East until struck from the Navy List on 1 August 1965. "Jupiter" was then transferred to the Maritime Administration and joined the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Olympia, Washington, where she remained. She was struck from the Naval Register, 1 August 1965. Final disposition: sold for scrapping in March 1971.
Military awards and honors.
"Jupiter" received six battle stars for World War II:
"Jupiter" received seven battle stars for Korean War service:
Her crew members were eligible for the following medals: