Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology

Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of NAS of Ukraine (BIPH) is a scientific institution dedicated to biomedical research in the fields of physiology, biophysics, pathophysiology, neuroscience. It is a leading research center in Ukraine for neuroscience, electrophysiology and cardiovascular diseases.
History.
Predecessors of BIPH were Institute of clinical physiology of Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR (established May 9, 1934) and Institute of experimental biology and pathology of Ministry of Health of Ukrainian SSR (established 1930). Both institutions were led by Ukrainian and Soviet physiologist Alexander A. Bogomolets, who was also president of Academy of Sciences of Ukrainian SSR.
Institutions were united in 1953 and named after Bogomolets.
BIPH became a world-famous center for cellular physiology under his long-standing director Platon Kostiuk who was in charge in 1966-2010. Kostiuk and his students were first to measure calcium currents through neuron soma, distinguish between low-voltage activated calcium channels and high-voltage ones, discover ATP-receptors and ASIC-mediated currents.
Since 2011 Oleh Kryshtal is the director of BIPH.
Journals.
There are several peer-reviewed journals published by the Institute.
Since 1955 "Fiziologychnyi Zhurnal" (for Ukrainian "Physiological Journal") is published. Its first editor was Ivan Pavlov's student Georgiy Volbort. Abstracts of articles are present in PubMed and MEDLINE databases.
Since 2010 Begell House publisher started to publish "International Journal of Physiology and Pathophysiology" containing the best articles from "Fiziologychnyi Zhurnal".
Since 1969 "Neurophysiology" journal was established by Platon Kostiuk, which was the first scientific journal dedicated to neuroscience in Soviet Union (). It was translated into English by Plenum Publishing Corp. ()


Iniencephaly

Iniencephaly is a rare type of cephalic disorder characterised by three common characteristics: a defect to the occipital bone, spina bifida of the cervical vertebrae and retroflexion (backward bending) of the head on the cervical spine. Stillbirth is the most common outcome, with a few rare examples of live birth, after which death almost invariably occurs within a short time.
The disorder was first described by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1836. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek word ἰνίον "inion", for the occipital bone/nape of the neck.
Classifications.
There are two types of iniencephaly. The more severe group is iniencephaly apertus (open iniencephaly), involving the development of an encephalocele. In the other group, iniencephaly clausus (closed iniencephaly), the encephalocele is absent.
Signs and symptoms.
The affected infant tends to be short, with a disproportionately large head. The fetal head of infants born with iniencephaly are hyperextended while the foramen magnum is enlarged and opens through the widened pedicles. The defective neural arches directly into the upper cervical reach of the spinal canal, causing the formation of a common cavity between most of the spinal cord and the brain. The skin of the anterior chest is connected directly to the face, bypassing the formation of a neck, while the scalp is directly connected to the skin of the back. Because of this, those born with this anomaly either have a highly shortened neck or no neck at all. This causes extreme retroflexion, or backward bending, of the head in a "star-gazing" fashion. The spine is severely distorted as well along with significant shortening due to marked lordosis. The vertebrae, especially cervical, are fused together in abnormal shapes and their numbers are reduced. The spinal cord is almost always defective while the ventricular system is often dilated and the cortex is thinned. Sometimes, in the case of iniencephaly apertus, an encephalocele (sac-like protrusions of the brain through an opening in the cranium) forms.
Additional symptoms.
Additional symptoms include:
Causes.
Though the iniencephaly is not genetic with its cause unknown, studies have shown that there are certain factors that can increase the risk of mothers giving birth to children with these anomalies.
Chromosomal abnormalities.
Abnormalities in chromosomes such as trisomy 18, trisomy 13, and monosomy X have been shown to be tied to this disorder.
Environmental factors.
Mothers with poor socioeconomic conditions, poor nutrition, low parity, and lack of folic acid supplementation, and/or hyperhomocysteinemia have shown to be at larger risk.
Drugs.
Animal studies have shown that administration of the drugs vinblastine, streptonigrin, triparano, sulfonamide, tetracycline, antihistamines, and antitumor agents to pregnant mothers have resulted in offspring born with iniencephaly. The drug clomiphene, a drug commonly used for ovulation stimulation in fertility treatments, has also been seen to be associated with iniencephaly.
Obesity.
Studies have shown that obesity of the mother increases the risk of neural tube disorders such as iniencephaly by 1.7 fold while severe obesity increases the risk by over 3 fold.
History of iniencephaly.
Once a mother has given birth to a child with iniencephaly, risk of reoccurrence increases to 1-5%.
Pathogenesis.
The exact pathogenesis of iniencephaly is still unknown though there are proposed theories, most of which view the neural tube malformation from the primary neural anomaly standpoint.
Marin-Padilla and MarinPadilla have proposed that the cause for the abnormalities has to do with a deficiency in the primary mesoderm. P. Erdinçler, et al. suggests from their findings that the cause of the anomaly is actually a defect in the occipital bone and rachischisis of the posterior vertebral arches leading to herniation of neural tissue through the opening in the bone during gestation.
Diagnosis.
The most accurate method of diagnosis is prenatal screening through real-time fetal images. However, since maternal body habitus leads to diagnostic difficulties using this method, MRI and sonography are the most commonly used technique since there is no exposure to ionizing radiation. At the beginning of the second trimester, the central nervous system (CNS) and anatomic structures of the fetus can be clearly visualized and the characteristic malformations of iniencephaly, such as a shortened trunk, marked lordosis in the cervicothoracic vertebrae, absence or partial absence of the occipital squama, abnormal fusion of vertebrae, closed vertebral arches, formation of an encephalocele (for iniencephaly apertus), and dorsiflexion of the head in respect to the spine, can be precisely diagnosed as well as the severity and location established. Once established, further decisions can be made with regard to terminating the pregnancy or providing a plan of adequate postnatal care.
Differential diagnosis.
Since many of the characteristics of iniencephaly, such as congenital retroflexion of the spine and fusion of the cervical vertebrae, are shared with other disorders, key differences are important to note.
While anencephaly experiences a partial to total lack of the neurocranium, iniencephaly does not. In anencephaly, the retroflexed head is not covered with skin while in iniencephaly, the retroflexed head is covered with skin entirely. Cervical vertebrae are malformed and reduced in iniencephaly while they are almost normal in anencephaly.
Even though KFS does experience malformed cervical vertebra due to failure of segmentation during early fetal development, there is not retroflexion of the head as seen in iniencephaly. While iniencephaly clausus is fatal, KFS is not and can be surgically corrected. Therefore, it is crucial to correctly diagnose KFS and not mistake it for iniencephaly clausus.
Prevention.
Pregnant mothers are advised to take folic acid supplements to reduce risk of iniencephaly by up to 70%. Pregnant mothers are also advised not to take antiepileptic drugs, diuretics, antihistamines, and sulfa drugs, all of which have been associated with increased risk for neural tube defects.
Treatment.
Since newborns with iniencephaly so rarely survive past childbirth, a standard treatment does not exist.
Prognosis.
Iniencephaly of both types carry a lethal prognosis, sometimes even ending in spontaneous abortion or stillborns. Most infants die within hours of childbirth. There are only seven reported cases of relatively long-term survival of those born with iniencephaly.
Epidemiology.
Iniencephaly is thought to make up around 1% of all fetal abnormalities, with an incidence rate estimated at 0.1 to 10 in 10,000 deliveries.
For unknown reasons, this disease seems to occur most often in newborn females (about 90%).


Heavy ion therapy


Silhouette sign

In radiology, the silhouette sign refers to the loss of normal borders between thoracic structures. It is usually caused by an intrathoracic radiopaque mass that touches the border of the heart or aorta. In other words, it is difficult to make out the borders of a particular structure - normal or otherwise - because it is next to another dense structure, both of which will appear white on a standard X-ray. It may occur, for example, in right middle lobe syndrome, where the right heart margin is obscured, and in right lower lobe pneumonia, where the border of the diaphragm on the right side is obscured, while the right heart margin remains distinct.
Silhouette sign is very useful in localizing lung lesions as all structures forming cardiac silhouette are in contact with a specific portion of the lung.


Louis Delasiauve

Louis Jean François Delasiauve (October 14, 1804, Garennes-sur-Eure – June 5, 1893, Paris) was a French psychiatrist.
In 1830 he earned his doctorate in Paris, and for the next eight years practiced medicine in Ivry-la-Bataille. Afterwards he worked at the Bicêtre Hospital, and later became a director at the Salpêtrière, where he worked with epileptic and mentally handicapped patients. One of his better known assistants was Désiré-Magloire Bourneville (1840–1909).
Delasiauve was a pioneer of child psychiatry, and an advocate of education for the mentally handicapped. He is best known for his research of epilepsy, being credited for describing three distinct types of the disease:
His book "Traité de l'épilepsie; histoire, traitement, médecine légale" was translated into German by anatomist Friedrich Wilhelm Theile as "Die Epilepsie" (1855).


Isidor Neumann

Isidor Neumann, Edler von Heilwart (2 March 1832, Mißlitz, Moravia – 31 August 1906) was an Austrian dermatologist.
He was a student at the so-called Vienna School of Dermatology under Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra (1816–1880), earning his doctorate in 1858. In 1863 he received his habilitation, and in 1873 became an associate professor. In 1881 he was appointed professor of dermatology and successor to Carl Ludwig Sigmund (1810–1883) as director of the clinic for syphilis.
In an 1886 publication of "Vierteljahrsschrift für Dermatologie und Syphilis", he described a type of pemphigus vulgaris, which later became known as Pemphigus vegetans of Neumann. He was also the first to publish a detailed study ("Über die senilen Veränderungen der Haut des Menschen") of prematurely aged skin caused by over-exposure to weather conditions. However it wasn't until several years later that Paul Gerson Unna (1850-1929) gave it a name, calling it "seemannshaut" or "sailors' skin".
During the Austrian government's occupation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Neumann was sent to the country to manage the public health problem of syphilis and leprosy.


Philip J. Landrigan

Philip John Landrigan (born June 14, 1942), is an American epidemiologist and pediatrician and one of the world's leading advocates of children's health.
His work has been recognized by national non-profit organization Healthy Child Healthy World (Lifetime Achievement Award) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Child Health Champion Award), and he is included in New York Magazine's list of "Best Doctors 2008."
His books include "Raising Healthy Children in a Toxic World: 101 Smart Solutions for Every Family" and, with Herbert Needleman, "Raising Children Toxic Free: How to Keep Your Child Safe From Lead, Asbestos, Pesticides and Other Environmental Hazards". He has published over 500 scientific papers.
He was formerly the Director of the Children's Environmental Health Center and the Ethel Wise Professor and Chair of the Department of Preventive Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City.
In 2018 he became the founding director of Boston College's Global Public Health Program and the Global Pollution Observatory within the Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society.
Biography.
Public health advocate.
Landrigan's reputation rests largely on his role as a highly credible evidence-based advocate for public health, specifically in his focus on reducing the level of children's exposure to lead and pesticides and for his participation in the World Health Organization's global campaign to eradicate smallpox. He was also a central figure in developing the National Children's Study and in the medical and epidemiological studies that followed the destruction of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. Additionally, from 1995 to 1997, Landrigan served on the Presidential Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veteran's Illnesses, and, in 1997 and 1998, served as Senior Advisor on Children's Health to the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, where he helped establish the Office of Children's Health Protection.
He has been awarded the Meritorious Service Medal of the US Public Health Service and is a frequent consultant to the World Health Organization, which called Landrigan's work "instrumental in passing the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996."
In 2005, Landrigan, along with Drs. Ramon Murphy and David Muller, founded the Global Health Center, a division of the Mount Sinai Medical Center dedicated to finding evidence-based solutions to global health problems.
Lead.
In the early 1970s, Landrigan took on ASARCO, a smelting company and one of the largest employers in El Paso, Texas. In testing the blood of children attending schools near ASARCO's El Paso smelting plant, Landrigan concluded that 60% of children living within one mile of the smelter had elevated blood lead levels and that even small amounts of lead exposure lowers a child's IQ. In a later study (2002), Landrigan correlated childhood lead exposure and lifetime earning potential, concluding that current levels of lead exposure in the United States amount to an aggregate income loss of over $40 billion a year.
Landrigan and his studies played a key role in the government mandate phasing out lead components from gasoline, beginning in 1975, and the federal ban on lead paint in 1978 – culminating in an 88% drop in lead levels in American children by 2005.
Pesticides.
Beginning in 1988, at the request of U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont, Landrigan led a 5-year study at the National Academy of Sciences to examine whether the accepted standard for pesticide exposure – aimed to protect a 150-pound adult – was adequate to protect the health of children. In 1993, the Landrigan Committee released a report, "Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children", that was the first to prove that children are uniquely susceptible to adverse effects of pesticides. The report called for standards ten times more stringent than those in effect at publication.
Asbestos.
On February 11, 2002, Landrigan testified before the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on the impacts of the September 11 attacks on the health of children. Landrigan addressed the issue of asbestos particles found in the air:
""Almost no data exist on the possible long-term consequences of low-level asbestos in early childhood. Causes of malignant mesothelioma have, however, been reported in the grown children of asbestos workers who were exposed to take-home asbestos; among non-working women in the asbestos mining townships of Quebec who were exposed in the community; and among long term residents of a community near an asbestos-cement plant in Northern Italy.""
In October 2001, "New York Magazine" noted disagreement between Landrigan and the EPA over the dangers posed by asbestos particles found in the air immediately after the September 11 attacks. While generally agreeing that significant risk was to the rescue workers alone, Landrigan disagreed with the EPA that tiny asbestos particles were too small to be considered dangerous, saying, "It's been substantiated by 30 or 40 years of research that the smaller fibers are the ones that can penetrate most deeply into the lungs."
Education.
Landrigan graduated Boston Latin School in 1959 and Boston College in 1963. He received his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1967 and completed his internship at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital and his residency at Boston Children's Hospital.
His post-graduate education included the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and his completion, with distinction, of a Master of Science in Occupational Medicine at the University of London.
Military service.
From 1996 to 2005, Landrigan served in the Medical Corps of the United States Naval Reserve, retiring at the rank of Captain. He continues to serve as Deputy Command Surgeon General of the New York Naval Militia. From 2000 to 2002, he served on the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board.
He received Navy & Marine Corps Commendation Medals in 2002, 2003, and 2005, the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service in 2002, and the National Defense Service Medal in 2003.


Aspen Healthcare

Aspen Healthcare is a private medical company, established in 1988, based in the City of London. It is not connected with Aspen Pharmacare, the South African pharmaceutical company.
It was a subsidiary of United Surgical Partners International.
In early 2015, Welltower purchased all four of the company's London hospitals for £226 million. The hospitals were then leased back to Aspen which continues to operate them. The deal included Holly House Hospital, Highgate Hospital, Parkside Hospital and Cancer Centre London. They were leased back to Aspen for 25-year terms.
Tenet Healthcare bought the company in 2015. It sold the company to NMC Health in August 2018 for £10 million.
It runs Highgate Private Hospital, Parkside Hospital in Wimbledon, and Claremont Hospital in Sheffield.
About half the company's income comes from orthopaedics and oncology. Less than 30% comes from the NHS.
The company was acquired by NMC Health in August 2018.


Inferior pulvinary vein

The paired (right and left) inferior pulvinary veins () are veins that drain blood from the corresponding halves of inferior part of the pulvinar of the thalamus into the corresponding basal vein.


Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology

The Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology () is a medical school in Northeastern Thailand, located in Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province.
History.
Following a cabinet meeting on 12 September 1992, it was resolved that due to a lack of medical personnel in Thailand, the medical school universities should increase intake of 340 more medical students for the 1993 academic year. In addition, medical schools should also be set up in regional parts of Thailand and this included an Institute of Medicine at Suranaree University of Technology, approved on 15 December 1993. In January 1995, the university set up a Health Science systems project, consisting of the institutes of Medicine, Denistry, Pharmacy, Nursing and a Medical Center. However, due to the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the project was temporarily halted. The first cohort of medical students were accepted in 2006.
References.
Article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Thai wikipedia.


Ponce Health Sciences University

The Ponce Health Sciences University (PHSU), formerly Ponce School of Medicine & Health Sciences, is a private, for-profit university in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It awards graduate degrees in Medicine (MD), Clinical Psychology (PsyD and PhD), Biomedical Sciences (PhD), Medical Sciences (MS), and Public Health (MPH and DrPH). It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". The university has 360 students in its medical school and, as of 11 February 2019, was authorized to increase the student body at the medical school to 600 which, when fully in place, will make it the largest private medical school in Puerto Rico and one of the largest under the American flag.
History.
In January 1980 a group of lay and professional leaders in southern Puerto Rico established the Ponce Medical School Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization, for the purpose of providing continuity to the Medical Education Program (MD Program) originally developed by the Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico in 1977. In July 1980, the Council of Higher Education of Puerto Rico (CHE-PR) authorized the Foundation to operate a medical school under the name Ponce School of Medicine. In 1981, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accredited the school to grant the Doctor of Medicine degree.
In 1983, the institution applied for funds under the Minority Biomedical Research Support Program (MBRS) and the Research Center in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Program. A Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (PhD) was initiated in 1988, and in 1992 the Council of Higher Education of Puerto Rico (CHE-PR) accredited the PhD Program and authorized PHSU to award a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in Biomedical Sciences.
In January 1995, the academic institution moved to a new campus with additional facilities. A Clinical Psychology Doctoral Program (PsyD Program) was begun in 1999 which was later expanded to offer a PhD in Psychology, Professional Certificate in Couples and Family Therapy, and Postgraduate Certificate in Neuroscience of Learning.
In August 2002 a Master's of Public Health (MPH) program was started with specialization in Epidemiology, Environmental Health, and General Public Health. A DrPH in Epidemiology is also offered. On 5 September 2014, the Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences was acquired by Arist Corporation, which itself is an investment of global media, services and education company Bertelsmann.
The university has a campus in St. Louis, Missouri. In March 2020 the school "announced an $80 million investment toward creating a new medical school" near their downtown location and on the former Pruitt-Igoe site.
Research.
The Ponce Research Institute (PRI) at Ponce Health Sciences University (PHSU) performs research in the basic, behavioral, public health, and clinical sciences. Research areas include non-communicable diseases (cancer, women's health, gastrointestinal disorders), health disparities, infectious diseases (HIV, dengue), neurosciences and behavioral sciences, genetics, and community health outreach (obesity, smoking).
In 2002, an academic partnership was established with the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, with involvement of the National Cancer Institute.
A grant awarded to the Oregon Health & Science University Neuro-Oncology Blood Brain Barrier Program has given many PHSU students the opportunity to participate in research and clinical fellowships.
On 4 December 2014, Andreas Charalambous, executive dean of the University of Nicosia Medical School (UNMS), and David Lenihan, president and CEO of PHSU, signed an agreement to promote academic cooperation and collaboration in research.
Licenses and accreditation.
The Ponce Health Sciences University is accredited by the following entities:


Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine

The Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine (styled HKUMed or LKS Faculty of Medicine, formerly the Faculty of Medicine) of the University of Hong Kong is a medical faculty which comprises several schools and departments that provide an array of tertiary programmes in medicine, nursing, pharmacy and chinese medicine. English is the medium of instruction in all of the classes while Chinese is also retained for the teaching of chinese medicine. It is located several kilometres away from the main campus of the university and is near the Queen Mary Hospital which is its main teaching facility and research base. Founded in 1887, it is also one of the oldest western medical schools in the Far East.
HKU Medical Faculty is the older of the two medical faculties in Hong Kong, the other one being the Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Together they are the sole two tertiary institutions offering medical and pharmacy education and research in the city.
History.
HKU Medical Faculty has a long history. Its origins can be traced back to the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese which was founded in 1887 and later renamed the Hong Kong College of Medicine in 1907. Student and faculty numbers were low in the early years. Its first graduates, of which there were two, graduated in 1892, one of whom was Sun Yat-sen, the prominent Chinese revolutionary.
The college was merged to become the medical school of HKU in 1911, one of the university's first faculties. The establishment of the Queen Mary Hospital in 1937 brought the faculty a major clinical teaching and research base. However, the Japanese occupation in the city during the Second World War disrupted teaching and many staff and students were imprisoned. Following the end of the war, it reopened and soon became an important training centre of clinicians in the city with many departments and schools in healthcare and medical sciences opened. Important milestones include being the world's first team that successfully identified the SARS coronavirus, the causative agent of the pandemic SARS on 21 March 2003. This was followed by the visit of Wen Jiabao to the faculty acknowledging the institute's contribution, the first time a Premier of China had visited a university in Hong Kong. Moreover, a State Key laboratory for emerging infectious diseases was established, the first of its kind located outside mainland China. The faculty launched a Bachelor of Pharmacy programme in 2008, being the second and of two institutions in the city offering pharmacy education.
Admission and Programmes.
Currently the Faculty offers six undergraduate degree programmes:
A new interdisciplinary programme, Bachelor of Arts and Sciences in Global Health and Development, is set to receive its first intake in the 2019/20 academic year.
Medical graduates are awarded the M.B., B.S.; the equivalent degree offered by the CUHK Faculty of Medicine is the M.B., Ch.B. Both degrees are based on the United Kingdom's model for medical degrees. Moreover, the Faculty also provides various postgraduate programmes, including postgraduate diplomas, master's and doctoral degrees.
Controversy.
Scandal of former Dean in SARS plague.
In early 2007, the Council of the University of Hong Kong formally accepted the resignation of Professor Lam Shiu-kum (O.B.E.), Dean of the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, with immediate effect. During the 2003 SARS outbreak Lam had been publicly critical of the Prince of Wales Hospital (PWH), the principal teaching hospital of the other medical school in Hong Kong, the Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and blamed some of the difficulties which ensued on the PWH (a statement felt by some others to be unfair and unhelpful). News of a possible problem relating to irregularities in the billing of patients being the underlying reason for Lam's sudden and unheralded departure may serve to weaken the moral force of some of Lam's criticisms. It was acknowledged by the University of Hong Kong that Lam's resignation was a "highly unusual" event.
In September 2009, Lam Shiu-kum was sentenced to 25 months in jail after pleading guilty to misconduct in public office. The misconduct involved inducing 12 patients who were treated at Queen Mary Hospital, to pay what appeared to be medical bills issued by the university and the hospital between 2003 and 2007 but were payable to Gastrointestinal Research, a company wholly owned by Professor Lam. He admitted pocketing almost $4 million in donations. In passing sentence, Judge Li said although the patients' well-being was not compromised and they suffered no financial losses, Lam had seriously breached the trust of both the faculty and his patients. Setting a starting point of five years jail, the judge deducted 35 months for Professor Lam's guilty plea, his good character and the fact that he had repaid all the money. Professor Lam earlier pleaded guilty to one count of misconduct in public office, but denied more than 30 charges of theft and fraud. The prosecution had agreed not to proceed with those charges.
Renaming of the faculty.
As one of the founding faculties of the University of Hong Kong, the Faculty of Medicine changed to its present name after securing a pledge of a HK$ 1 billion donation from businessman and philanthropist Li Ka-shing under the funding of Li Ka Shing Foundation. The renaming was objected to by many students and prominent alumni of the faculty. Despite this, the university officially renamed the faculty on January 1, 2006.


Podiatry

Podiatry () or podiatric medicine () is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle, and lower extremity. The term "podiatry" came into use in the early 20th century in the United States and is now used worldwide, including in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada.
Podiatry is practiced as a specialty in many countries, while in many English-speaking countries, the older title of chiropodist may be used by some clinicians (not to be confused with chiropractics, which is unrelated). In Australia, graduates of recognised academic programs can register through the Podiatry Board of Australia as a "podiatrist", and those with additional recognised training may also receive endorsement to prescribe or administer restricted medications and/or seek specialist registration as a "podiatric surgeon". In many non-English-speaking countries of Europe, the title used may be podologue (French) or podólogo (Spanish and Italian). The level and scope of the practice of podiatry vary among countries.
According to the American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine, a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) (also known as a "podiatric physician" or "podiatric surgeon") is a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats conditions affecting the foot, ankle, and structures of the leg. The US podiatric medical school curriculum (equivalent to US MD and DO pathways) includes lower extremity anatomy, general human anatomy, physiology, general medicine, physical assessment, biochemistry, neurobiology, pathophysiology, genetics and embryology, microbiology, histology, pharmacology, women's health, physical rehabilitation, sports medicine, research, ethics and jurisprudence, biomechanics, general principles of orthopedic surgery, and foot and ankle surgery.
US trained podiatric physicians and surgeons rotate through major areas of medicine during residency, including emergency medicine, orthopedic surgery, general surgery, anesthesia, radiology, pathology, infectious disease, endocrinology, sports medicine, physical therapy, biomechanics, geriatrics, internal medicine, critical care, cardiology, vascular surgery, psychiatric and behavioral health, neurology, pediatrics, dermatology, pain management, wound care, and primary care.
History.
The professional care of feet was in existence in ancient Egypt as evidenced by bas-relief carvings at the entrance to Ankmahor's tomb dating from about 2400 BC where work on hands and feet is depicted.
Corns and calluses were described by Hippocrates who recognized the need to physically reduce hard skin, followed by removal of the cause. He invented skin scrapers for this purpose and these were the original scalpels.
Until the turn of the 20th century, chiropodists—now known as podiatrists—were separate from organized medicine. They were independently licensed physicians who treated the feet, ankles and related leg structures. Lewis Durlacher was one of the first people to call for a protected profession.
There are records of the King of France employing a personal podiatrist, as did Napoleon. In the United States, President Abraham Lincoln suffered greatly with his feet and chose a chiropodist named Isachar Zacharie, who not only cared for the president’s feet, but also was sent by President Lincoln on confidential missions to confer with leaders of the Confederacy during the U.S. Civil War.
The first society of chiropodists, now known as podiatrists, was established in New York in 1895—and still operates there today as NYSPMA. The first school opened in 1911. One year later the British established a society at the London Foot Hospital and a school was added in 1919. In Australia professional associations appeared from 1924 onwards. The first American journal appeared in 1907, followed in 1912 by a UK journal. In 1939, the Australians introduced a training centre as well as a professional journal.
Podiatry is a high paying specialty and was listed by "Forbes" in 2007 as the 15th best paid profession in the United States. The median annual Podiatry salary in the US is $124,830 as of 2016 according to the US Bureau of Labor and Statistics
Podiatric sports medicine.
Sports podiatry covers the following two areas: foot and lower limb chronic overuse injuries and mechanical performance enhancement to minimise injury and to maximise efficiency
Podopaediatrics.
Podopaediatrics is a specialty of podiatric medicine that focuses on the treatment of medical lower limb issues in children.
Specific country practices.
Australia.
In Australia, podiatry is considered as an allied health profession, and is practised by individuals licensed by the Podiatry Board of Australia.
There are eight teaching centres (as well as Auckland University of Technology in New Zealand), with two levels of awards—bachelor's degree (pass and/or honours) such as the Bachelor of Podiatric Medicine offered by Charles Sturt University and University of Western Sydney, and the master-level postgraduate Doctor of Podiatric Medicine offered by the University of Western Australia and the Master of Podiatric Practice by La Trobe University.
In Australia there currently exist two levels of professional accreditation and professional privilege: General Podiatrist and the specialist – Podiatric Surgeon. There is current lobbying for other specialties to be recognised in Australia such as podopediatrics, diabetes, high risk, musculoskeletal and sports podiatry. Australian podiatrists are able to practise abroad with their qualifications recognised in some Commonwealth countries. Many general podiatrists in Australia do routinely use the title Doctor, Dr. compliant with advertising regulations, and appropriate for the professional standing. Dr is not a protected title and therefore its use is unrestricted in Australia, and may be used by any health professional regulated under AHPRA as per advertising guidelines. There are guidelines advertising for regulated health services were jointly developed by the National Boards under section 39 of the National Law. Section 133 of the National Law regulates advertising of regulated health services.
Registration and regulation.
Australian Podiatrists must register with the Podiatry Board of Australia. The Podiatry Board of Australia is responsible for regulation and recognition of Podiatrists and Podiatric Surgeons, and assessing foreign trained registrants in conjunction with the Australian & New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council (ANZPAC).
The Podiatry Board of Australia recognizes 3 pathways to attain specialist registration as a Podiatric Surgeon:
The Board approved until 21 November 2019, the accredited Doctor of Podiatric Surgery program of study offered by the University of Western Australia as providing a qualification for the purpose of specialist registration as a podiatric surgeon
Education and training.
Entry into undergraduate Podiatric Medicine degrees can be done so after the completion of a Year 12 Certificate with an Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR). The cut-off scores from the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) generally range from 70.00 to 95.00 dependent on the popularity and intake of each podiatric medical school. Prospective students can also be of mature age (21 & over) and they apply direct to the university instead of going through UAC. The UWA DPM degree have admission requirements that: completion of a UWA bachelor's degree or equivalent, a minimum GPA of 5.0 from the most recent three years (FTE) of valid study, suitable GAMSAT score, there is no interview for the DPM (Applications are handled via the University), english language competency
Australian podiatrists complete an undergraduate degree ranging from 3 to 4 years of education. The first 2 years of this program are generally focused on various biomedical science subjects including functional anatomy, microbiology, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, evidence-based medicine, sociology and patient psychology, similar to the medical curriculum. The following one years will then be spent focusing on podiatry specific areas such as podiatric anatomy & biomechanics, human gait, podiatric orthopaedics or the non-surgical management of foot abnormalities, podopaediatrics, sports medicine, rheumatology, diabetes, vascular medicine, mental health, wound care, neuroscience & neurology, pharmacology, general medicine, general pathology, local and general anaesthesia, minor & major podiatric surgical procedural techniques such as partial and total nail avulsions, matricectomy, cryotherapy, wound debridement, enucleation, suturing, other cutaneous and electro-surgical procedures and theoretical understanding of procedures performed by orthopaedic and podiatric surgeons.
Australian podiatric surgeons are specialist podiatrists with further training in advanced medicine, advanced pharmacology, and training in foot surgery. Podiatrists wishing to pursue specialisation in podiatric surgery must meet the requirements for Fellowship with the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons. They first complete a degree of 4 years, which includes 2 years of didactic study and 2 years of clinical experience. Following this, a master's degree must be completed with focus on biomechanics, medicine, surgery, general surgery, advanced pharmacology, advanced medical imaging and clinical pathology. They then qualify for the status of Registrar with the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons. Following surgical training with a podiatric surgeon (3–5 years), rotations within other medical and surgeons' disciplines, overseas clinical rotations, and passing oral and written exams, Registrars may qualify for Fellowship status. Fellows are then given Commonwealth accreditation under the Health Insurance Act to be recognised as providers of "professional attention", for the purposes of health insurance rebates.
Australian podiatric medical schools.
There are currently nine universities in Australia (plus one in New Zealand) offering varying degrees of podiatric medicine from a Bachelor of Podiatry/Podiatric Medicine (BPod), a Masters of Podiatric Medicine (MPod) and the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) (DPM is a master-level degree). All podiatry schools are accredited by the Australian and New Zealand Podiatry Accreditation Council (ANZPAC). ANZPAC is an independent body comprising members consisting of the Podiatry Registration Boards in Australia and New Zealand. The Board of Management comprises registered podiatrists (nominated by the Registration Boards), nominees from the professional associations (Australasian Podiatry Council and Podiatry New Zealand), nominees from the educational institutions offering podiatry programs and community representation. ANZPAC has been assigned the accreditation functions for the Podiatry Board of Australia under the National Registration and Accreditation Scheme for Health Professions. There are also two more podiatry schools currently being developed at the Australian Catholic University and the University of Ballarat. The following universities offering podiatry are University of Western Australia, Charles Sturt University, La Trobe University, University of Western Sydney, University of South Australia, University of Newcastle (Australia), Queensland University of Technology, Central Queensland University, Southern Cross University, Auckland University of Technology (New Zealand).
Prescribing of scheduled medicines and referral rights.
There is considerable variation between state laws regarding the prescribing rights of Australian podiatrists. While all registered podiatrists in each state or territory are able to use local anaesthesia for minor surgical techniques, some states allow suitably qualified podiatrists further privileges.
Recent legislative changes, allow registered podiatrists and podiatric surgeons with an endorsement of scheduled medicines in Victoria, Western Australia, Queensland, South Australia and New South Wales to prescribe relevant schedule 4 poisons. In states such as Western Australia and South Australia, podiatrists with Master's degrees in Podiatry, and extensive training in pharmacology are authorised to prescribe Schedule 2, 3, 4 or 8 medicines (Australian Health Practitioner Regulatory Agency). In Queensland, Fellows of the Australasian College of Podiatric Surgeons are authorised to prescribe a range of Schedule 4 and one Schedule 8 drug for the treatment of podiatric conditions. Currently endorsed podiatrists who have the ability to write prescriptions do not have those prescriptions qualify for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. There is also political lobbying for more Chronic Disease Management places from 5 to 12 visits a year to a podiatrist for chronic diseases such as diabetes and for PBS rights.
All podiatrists may refer patients for Medicare rebatable plain x-rays of the foot, leg, knee and femur, as well as ultrasound examination of soft tissue conditions of the foot. Podiatrists may refer patients for other radiology investigations such as CT, MRI or bone scans, however Medicare rebates do not currently exist for these examinations. Similarly, podiatrists may refer patients when needed to specialist medical practitioners, or for pathology testing, however similar exclusions in the Medicare Benefits Schedule prevent rebates being available to patients for these referrals.
Canada.
In Canada, the definition and scope of the practice of podiatry varies provincially. For instance, in some provinces like British Columbia and Alberta, the standards are the same as in the United States where the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) is the accepted qualification.
Quebec has also adopted the DPM level of training, although other academic designations may register. Also, in 2004, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières started the first and only program of Podiatric Medicine in Canada based on the American definition of podiatry. This program enlists 25 students yearly across Canada and leads to a DPM upon obtaining 195 credits. In the prairie and Atlantic provinces, the standard was originally based on the British model now called podiatry (chiropody).
The province of Ontario has been registering chiropodists since 1944, then introduced new legislation in 1991 (when the Ontario Government imposed a cap on Ontario trained chiropodists becoming podiatrists). If a registered podiatrist from outside of Ontario relocates to Ontario they are required to register with the province and practice as a chiropodist. Podiatrists who were practicing in Ontario previous to the imposed provincial cap were 'grandfathered' and allowed to keep the title of podiatrist as a subclass of chiropody. The scope of these 'grandfathered' (mostly American trained) podiatrists includes boney procedures of the forefoot and the ordering of x-rays in addition to the scope of the chiropodist.
In Ontario, podiatrists are required to have a "Doctor of Podiatric Medicine/DPM" degree (a post-baccalaureate, four-year degree), where the majority of chiropodists currently practicing hold a post-secondary advanced diploma in chiropody, requiring a baccalaureate degree in the sciences or in another field as a prerequisite before entering chiropody. Podiatrists may bill OHIP for their services; chiropodists were restricted in 1991 from billing OHIP. Podiatrists may "communicate a diagnosis" to their patients (or to their patients' representatives) and perform surgical procedures on the bones of the forefoot; chiropodists may do neither. Chiropodists in Ontario perform soft tissue surgical procedures.
Chiropodists and podiatrists are regulated by the College of Chiropodists of Ontario, which had 701 chiropodists and 54 podiatrists registered as of December 31, 2019.
The only English-speaking chiropody program in Canada, in which also has a working chiropody clinic on campus for students to treat patients under the supervision of licensed chiropodists is The Michener Institute – affiliated with University Health Network, Toronto. According to The Michener Institute website, chiropody is a branch of medical science that involves the assessment and management of foot and lower limb disorders. This includes the management of a wide variety of disorders, injuries, foot deformities, infections and local manifestations of systemic conditions. A chiropodist is a primary care professional practicing in podiatric medicine in Ontario that specializes in assessment, management and prevention of diseases and disorders of the foot. An essential member of the inter professional healthcare team, the chiropodist is skilled in assessing the needs of their patients and of managing both chronic and acute conditions affecting foot and lower limb function. As a primary care provider capable of independent clinical practice, these skills are often practiced independent of medical referral and medical supervision.
Iran.
There are no podiatric medical schools in Iran. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME) reviews the dossier of podiatric applicants for medical registration according to the "Regulations on the Evaluation of the Educational Credentials of Foreign Graduates", updated on 12 Mordad 1388 AHS (3 August 2009 CE). Section 12-5: "The specific requirements for evaluation of education degrees in podiatry" stipulates that the podiatric degree from the United States will be registered as a professional doctorate in podiatric medicine, provided that the following are met: possession of a bachelor's degree, Successfully passing the MCAT, completion of the podiatric curriculum and obtaining the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) from an accredited school, if required by the home jurisdiction, completion of a one-year postgraduate training, successfully passing of the relevant board examinations, an exception is made for those holding the [3-year undergraduate] Bachelor of Science (Podiatry) degree from accredited schools in the United Kingdom. After successful evaluation by the relevant commission, these degrees will be accepted at the bachelor's level (editorial note: the meaning of this exception is not clearly stated. It appears safe to assume that such bachelor's degrees do not qualify for medical registration and merely allow the holders to enroll in further educational programs).
New Zealand.
Chiropody became a registered profession in New Zealand in 1969 with the requirement that all applicants take a recognized three-year course of training. Soon after the professional title was changed from Chiropody to Podiatry and The New Zealand School of Podiatry was established in 1970 at Petone under the direction of John Gallocher. Later the school moved to the Central Institute of Technology, Upper Hutt, Wellington. In 1976 the profession gained the legal right to use a local anaesthetic and began to introduce minor surgical ingrown toenail procedures as part of the scope of practice.
New Zealand podiatrists were granted the right of direct referral to radiologists for X-rays in 1984. Acknowledgement of podiatric expertise marked improved services to patients and eventually in 1989 suitably trained podiatrists were able to become licensed to take X-rays within their own practice. Diagnostic radiographic training is incorporated into the degree syllabus and on successful completion of the course, graduates register with the New Zealand National Radiation Laboratory.
In 1986, the profession undertook a needs analysis in conjunction with the Central Institute of Technology to identify competencies for podiatry in 2000. A Bachelor of Health Science was introduced in 1993. Auckland University of Technology is now the only provider of podiatry training in New Zealand.
United Kingdom.
The scope of practice of UK podiatrists on registration after obtaining a degree in podiatry includes the use and supply of some prescription only medicines, injection therapy and non-invasive surgery e.g. performing partial or total nail resection and removal, with chemical destruction of the tissues. Podiatrists complete about 1,000 supervised clinical hours in the course of training which enables them to recognise systemic disease as it manifests in the foot and will refer on to the appropriate health care professional. Those in the NHS interface between the patients and multidisciplinary teams. The scope of practice of a podiatrist is varied ranging from simple skin care to invasive bone and joint surgery depending on education and training. In order to perform invasive foot surgery a UK podiatrist must undertake extensive postgraduate education and training, usually taking a minimum of 10 years to complete.
In a similar way to podiatrists in Australasia, UK podiatrists may continue their studies and qualify as podiatric surgeons. Due to recent changes in legislation, the professional titles ‘chiropodist’ and ‘podiatrist’ are now protected by law. In the UK there is no difference between the terms chiropodist and podiatrist. Those using protected titles must be registered with the Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC). Registration is normally only granted to those holding a bachelor's degree from one of 13 recognized schools of podiatry in the UK. Professional bodies recognised by the Health Professions Council are: The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists, The Alliance of Private Sector Practitioners (thealliancepsp.com ), The Institute of Chiropodists and Podiatrists and The British Chiropody and Podiatry Association.
The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that about six and a half million NHS chiropody treatments were provided to just over one and a half million people in Great Britain in 1977, 19% more than three years earlier. Over 90% of patients receiving these treatments were aged 65 or over. At that time there were about 5,000 state registered chiropodists but only about two-thirds worked for the NHS. The Commission agreed with the suggestion of the Association of Chief Chiropody Officers for the introduction of more foot hygienists to undertake, under the direction of a registered chiropodist, "nail cutting and such simple foot-care and hygiene as a fit person should normally carry out for himself."
United States.
In the United States, medical and surgical care of the foot and ankle is mainly provided by two groups of physicians: "podiatric surgeons" (who hold the degree of Doctor of Podiatric Medicine or DPM) and "orthopedic surgeons" (MD or DO).
The first two years of podiatric medical school is equivalent to training that M.D. and D.O. students receive, but with an emphasized scope on foot, ankle, and lower extremity. Being classified as a second entry degree, in order to be considered for admission an applicant must first complete a minimum of 90 semester hours at the university level or more commonly, complete a bachelor's degree with emphasis on general/organic chemistry, biochemistry, biology, etc. In addition, potential students are required to take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). The DPM degree itself takes a minimum of four years to complete.
The four-year podiatric medical school is followed by a surgical based residency, which is hands-on post-doctoral training. As of July 2013, all residency programs in podiatry were required to transition to a minimum three-years of post-doctoral training. Podiatric residents rotate through core areas of medicine and surgery. They work under MD supervision in such rotations as emergency medicine, internal medicine, infectious disease, behavioral medicine, physical medicine & rehabilitation, vascular surgery, general surgery, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, dermatology and of course podiatric surgery and medicine. Fellowship training is available after residency in such fields such as geriatrics, foot and ankle traumatology, infectious disease etc. In reality though, the residency training of most podiatry residencies today are already highly inclusive of these medical areas. In most states, their scope is limited to areas at or below the ankle joint, however, some states include the leg, as well as the hand as within the scope of podiatry.
Upon completion of their residency, podiatrists can decide to become board certified by a number of specialty boards including the more common American Board of Podiatric Medicine and/or the American Board of Podiatric Surgery. The American Board of Podiatric Medical Specialties (ABPMS) has been certifying podiatrists since 1998. Within the American Board of Podiatric Surgery, PM&S 24 graduates can sit for Board Certification in Foot Surgery and those that complete PM&S 36 can sit for Board Certification in Foot Surgery and Board Certification in Reconstructive Rearfoot & Ankle Surgery. Both boards in ABPS are examined as separate tracks. Though the ABPS and ABPM are more common, other boards are equally challenging and confer board qualified/certified status. Many hospitals and insurance plans do not require board eligibility or certification to participate.
Podiatrists certified by the ABPS have successfully completed an intense board certification process comparable to that undertaken by individual MD and DO specialties. There are two surgical certifications under ABPS. They are Foot Surgery and Reconstructive Rearfoot/Ankle (RRA) Surgery. In order to be Board Certified in RRA, the sitting candidate has to have already achieved board certification in Foot Surgery. Certification by ABPS requires initial successful passing of the written examination. Then the candidate is required to submit surgical logs indicating experience and variety. Once accepted, the candidate has to successfully pass oral examination and computer questions of clinical simulation.
Practice characteristics.
While the majority of podiatric physicians are in solo practice, there has been a movement toward larger group practices as well as the use of podiatrists in multi-specialty groups including orthopedic groups, treating diabetes, or in multi-specialty orthopedic surgical groups. Some podiatrists work within clinic practices such as the Indian Health Service (IHS), the Rural Health Centers (RHC) and Community Health Center (FQHC) systems established by the US government to provide services to under-insured and non-insured patients as well as within the United States Department of Veterans Affairs providing care to veterans of military service.
Some podiatrists have primarily surgical practices. Some specialists complete additional fellowship training in reconstruction of the foot and ankle from the effect of diabetes or physical trauma. Other surgeons practice minimally invasive percutaneous surgery for cosmetic correction of hammer toes and bunions. Podiatrists use medical, orthopedic, biomechanical and surgical principles to maintain and correct foot deformities.
Colleges and education.
There are nine colleges of podiatric medicine in the United States. These are governed by the American Association of Colleges of Podiatric Medicine (AACPM). The AACPM describes its mission as to enhance academic podiatric medicine. All podiatric medical schools in the United States are accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education.
Podiatric subspecialities.
Podiatrists treat a wide variety of foot and lower extremity conditions, through nonsurgical and surgical approaches. The American Board of Podiatric Orthopedics and Primary Podiatric Medicine (ABPOPPM) offers a comprehensive board qualification and certification process in podiatric medicine and orthopedics. Podiatric Medicine and Orthopedics is the medical specialty concerned with the comprehensive and continuous foot health care of patients. There are those podiatric physicians who also specialize (i.e., specialists) in such fields of practice of podiatric medical specialties as:
In Australia there is now an option to be a podiatric assistant. The qualification is a Certificate IV in Allied Health Assistance specialising in podiatry. They work as a part of a podiatric medical team in a variety of clinical and non clinical settings. There are currently developing strategies to further use these skilled workers. Worldwide there are common professional accreditation pathways to be a podiatric assistant. There are many fields such as podiatric nurse:


Jean-Jacques Delmas

Jean-Jacques Delmas (4 October 1938 – 8 February 2010) was a French physician.


NAViGO Health and Social Care CIC

NAViGO Health and Social Care CIC is a not for profit social enterprise originating from the North East Lincolnshire mental health services formerly provided by North East Lincolnshire Care Trust Plus.
The organisation was created in April 2011 as part of the Transforming Community Services programme.
Kevin Bond, the Chief Executive Officer, explained at length to the Transition Institute the reasons for the spin out into a social enterprise, for which a large majority of staff and service users voted.
The company was featured by the Health Service Journal in its list of Best Places to Work 2014.
It operates Tukes a service to provide training and employment opportunities to people who have little or no previous training, qualifications or work experience due to their mental health problems. Both are based in Grimsby and were forced to move to new premises in 2014 because of rising rent.


Toll/Interleukin receptor


Oncology Nursing Foundation

The Oncology Nursing Foundation is a national nonprofit, tax-exempt, charitable organization in the United States, established on November 27, 1981, by the Oncology Nursing Society. The Pittsburgh-based organization is dedicated to sustaining and advancing oncology nursing and funded by corporate and private donations.
The Oncology Nursing Foundation awards both oncology nursing academic scholarships and oncology nursing research grants. Funding is also awarded for leadership, academic, lectureships, and career development, as well as cancer public education projects and scholarships to the ONS Congress, Institutes of Learning, and APN Conferences.


Museji Takolia

Museji Ahmed Takolia CBE has served in public and government service. His main business interest is as a strategic adviser to Intellicomm Solutions Private Ltd (India). He was the chairman of Wye Valley NHS Trust from June 2014 until October 2016 when he resigned. He was appointed Chair of the Pensions Advisory Service in February 2016. He was formerly Group Chairman of the Metropolitan Housing Partnership, a non-executive director of the schools regulator Ofsted, and a senior civil servant in the Cabinet Office and a board member of the Commission for Health Improvement. He was appointed a CBE in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to Diversity and to Equal Opportunities.
Early life and education.
Museji was born in 1960 in Coventry. Museji is the son of Indian-immigrant Ahmed Suleman Takolia from the village of Jalalpur near Navsari, Gujarat in 1952. Married in 1987 to Noorjehan Ebrahim (divorced 2006) they have 3 children, Nadiya, Firdaus and Zainudeen. Museji lives in Gloucester.
Public and Government Service.
He has served in diverse fields of public policy; advising on national policy developments in education (national reports on Muslim Education in the UK and Muslim Youth for the British Muslim Research Centre) and thereafter as a Secretary of State (Department of Education) appointee to the Board of the schools regulator OFSTED. In the field of health too he was appointed by the Secretary of State at the Department of Health to the board of the first inspector/regulator of the NHS in England – the Commission for Health Improvement (CHI). He also served as a non-executive director on the Board of his local Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and as Chairman of the Wye Valley NHS Trust which was taken out of Special measure under his leadership. Alongside this he served for five years as Chair of the Consumer/Members' Panel of the National Employment Savings Trust (NEST) Corporation Pension Scheme delivering annual reports to the Secretary of State on the performance of this new intervention through auto-enrolment of workers. The reports of his Panel laid the foundation for stronger consumer focus and protection in auto enrolment. His growing credentials as a consumers' champion were recognised when Ian Duncan Smith MP, Secretary of State at the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) appointed him to Chair of The Pensions Advisory Service (TPAS). A position he held for less than a year, resigning after failing to resolve a personal business matter that led to bankruptcy.
Museji's community work started with the highly innovative community enterprise in Bristol; the St Paul's based Centre for Employment and Enterprise Development (Charity) Limited. He went on to serve on the Advisory Board of 'The Smart Company' later part of Chime Communications and specialising on giving companies advice on corporate social responsibility where he served alongside Sir. Derek Wanless and Harriet Harman MP. In 1993 he was awarded the prestigious Commonwealth Fund Harkness Fellowship.
The NHS: its costs and value.
Having served on the board of the national regulator of the NHS in England and two local NHS Trust boards Museji identifies the NHS in England as a victim of its own success. He was asked to lead the Wye Valley Trust during tough periods of the NHS. With huge cost pressures facing the NHS he entered the national debate about its cost and value by writing about how the NHS could save money. Faced with turning around a failing hospital, these challenges came into sharp focus. In 2015 writing jointly with the local MP for Hereford Jesse Norman he co-authored an article published by the Centre for Policy Studies "How Much Do We Use the NHS?" (Ref). In October 2016 shortly after his resignation, Wye Valley NHS Trust was taken out of "Special Measures" by the Care Quality Commission.
Social Housing and community building.
His Harkness Fellowship had a special focus on American Community Development Corporations (CDCs). This inspired his vision for taking what he had earlier started building with the CEED Charity in Bristol to look to apply a similar model of partnership in the UK. After a period as Special Adviser to the President of the LISC (Local Initiatives Support Corporation) in New York, during which time he was member of a US delegation to No. 10 Downing Street, he moved onto the national stage in the UK when he was appointed Group Chairman of Metropolitan Housing Partnership or MHP in 2003.
Muslim Affairs.
Museji has served as adviser to the Government, including to the Cabinet Secretary as well as to successive Secretaries General of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB). He was as listed in the first 'Muslim Power 100' list published in 2007.
Museji also advised on the implementation of the fledgling peace process in Northern Ireland (writing plans for and evaluating EU spending on rural communities), on urban planning and employment equity legislation in the Cape Metropolitan area of South Africa and finally, helped the FCO as a delegate on its international public diplomacy missions to Libya and India. In this latter context he has been called upon periodically to offer advice periodically on Muslim affairs in the UK. As a relatively widely travelled liberal Muslim he has garnered broad perspectives and insights on developments both at home and abroad.
Expressing concerns about current government policy on British Muslims he has written thought provoking blogs for the UK Huffington Post following the Trojan horse affair in Birmingham, and latterly about the need for more tolerance as intra-ethnic politics from the Indian sub-continent creeps its way into British Asian communities.
Business Affairs.
Since 2009 he was Executive Chairman of Intellicomm Solutions Limited. The business has grown and diversified from IT to travel services in the Indian market where it is operating successfully from Bangalore. He remains a strategic adviser.
Between 2010 and 2016 he held various directionships from which he has now resigned, notably Invest Eq Property Management Partners Ltd, Mill House (General Buildings) LLP and Liver Homes (General Buildings) LLP. Museji was petitioned for bankruptcy following failed property investments.


Complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment

Complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment (CCPDMA) is the preferred method for the removal of certain cancers, especially skin cancers.
There are two forms of CCPDMA surgery: Mohs surgery and surgical excision coupled with margin assessment. Other examples of CCPDMA are found in classical pathology textbooks as techniques of cutting surgical specimens to allow the examination of the inferior and lateral margins of typically elliptical surgical specimens.
Comparison to alternatives.
CCPDMA is superior to standard bread loafing due to very low false negative error rate. Bread loafing extrapolates the margin exam of a few representative slides to the entire surgical margin. CCPDMA allows for the complete examination of the surgical margin without statistical extrapolation and assumptions.
The first advantage of CCPDMA method is that it allows for the complete examination of the entire surgical margin of the specimen. The second advantage of CCPDMA is allowing the surgeon to remove only a very small surgical margin. As the CCPDMA surgery is frequently performed using frozen section pathology, immediate reporting of positive surgical margin is made, and the tumor can be completely removed in the same day. Traditional pathology processing is called "bread loafing", and only allows for the partial examination of the surgical margin. Some surgeons send the specimen out for processing, and the result of the surgical margin assessment may not be made until days later.
CCPDMA is subject to the basic principles of histology sectioning. From a physical standpoint, the true margin is never assessed because a thin face margin has to be cut through in order to make the slide for examination. Therefore, a true and complete assessment of all margins is never achieved. Serial sectioning allows CCPDMA approaches near-complete evaluation of the surgical margin and may be performed by pathologists, dermatologists, and surgeons.


John Deanfield

John Deanfield (born 28 April 1952) is a British professor of cardiology and past Olympic fencer.
Deanfield FRCP FESC is a British professor of cardiology at University College London. He is Director of the National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR) in the UK and a Senior Advisor to Public Health England (PHE) on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention. In his role within NICOR, Deanfield has played a leading role in the use of national data to improve outcomes from heart disease. He has championed the idea of lifetime benefits of sustained management of cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities, introducing the concept of 'investing in your arteries'.
Early life.
Born in London to Polish immigrant parents, Deanfield went to Westminster School, London. At the age of 15, he was accepted to Churchill College, Cambridge to study Medical Sciences and graduated in 1972. Deanfield is married to Melanie (Fulford) who he met at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), London, during his training. They have two children.
Fencing.
A keen fencer, he captained the Cambridge University fencing team and represented Britain at the Munich and Montreal Olympic games, before boycotting the Moscow games. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. In 1969 he won the Junior saber and under-21 national sabre titles, and in 1970 reached the final of the world junior saber championships. In 1975 he won the senior British saber title, but the following year his career was marred by a bad knee injury. He was selected for the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, but along with three other members of the five-strong saber team, elected to boycott the event.
Medical and academic career.
Deanfield's career has focused on the management of heart disease across the lifetime of an individual. He completed his clinical training at the Middlesex Hospital London. He then carried out his postgraduate training at Great Ormond Street Hospital in paediatric cardiology and at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School Hammersmith Hospital, London, in adult cardiology, which allowed him to understand cardiovascular disease in it different stages and progression.
Deanfield was appointed a Consultant Cardiologist at GOSH in 1984. A key contributor to the new speciality of Adult Congenital Heart Disease, he chaired the National and International Practice Guidelines, including the European Society of Cardiology Task Force for Grown Up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH) (2003). At The National Heart Hospital, he developed one of the largest programmes for Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ACHD/GUCH) in the world, which was transferred to create a new unit at the new Barts Heart Centre in 2015. He chaired the Standards Committee for Adults in the UK National ‘Safe and Sustainable’ Review of Congenital Heart Disease services in 2014 and advised on subsequent implementation.
As Director of NICOR since 2011, Deanfield oversees one of the largest longitudinal set of cardiovascular electronic health records in the world, providing UK-wide data for NHS Quality Improvement, research and public engagement. He has actively worked towards improvements to cardiology, working on prevention, clinical care and the evaluation of outcomes.
He has published more than 450 research articles, ranging across the consequences of congenital heart disease to the early onset of acquired cardiovascular disease in adults. Deanfield developed a non-invasive technique to study the factors responsible for early arterial disease and its response to treatment. In 2014, he chaired the JBS3 Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines, introducing the concept of ‘investing in your arteries’ to communicate with patients. This in turn led to the development in 2018 of the Heart Age Calculator to extend this messaging to the general public, in collaboration with PHE and NHS England. Deanfield co-chairs the Expert Scientific and Clinical Advisory Panel (ESCAP) for the Health Check Programme in PHE as well as the Academic Group on Healthy Ageing in PHE.
Awards and international recognition.
Deanfield was awarded a British Heart Foundation Chair to study cardiovascular disease prevention (2003-2018). He became adjunct Professor at Yale University, New Haven USA in 2009 and was given an Einstein Professorship (2018-2021) at the Hospital Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin to study Artificial Intelligence in large scale cardiovascular data. Deanfield was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 2001, and in 2017 he was awarded the British Cardiovascular Society Mackenzie medal in recognition of outstanding service to British Cardiology.
Consulting and charity.
Deanfield sits on the Medical Advisory Committees and Boards of a number of healthcare companies. He is Chief Medical Advisor to the new national Early Disease Detection programme (2020) and Chairs the National Health Check Programme Review (2020). His charity positions include membership of the Medical Advisory Board of the Chain of Hope Charity and Academic Committee Chair of Heart(UK). For many years, Deanfield was medical advisor to the Somerville Foundation for Adult Congenital Heart Disease patients.


Thumbprint sign

In radiology, the thumbprint sign, or thumbprinting, is a radiologic sign found on a radiograph that suggests the diagnosis of either epiglottitis or intestinal ischemia.
In a lateral C-spine radiograph, the sign is caused by a thickened free edge of the epiglottis, which causes it to appear more radiopaque than normal, resembling the distal thumb.
In an abdominal radiography, thumbprinting has an appearance of thumbs protruding into the intestinal lumen, and is caused by thickened edematous mucosal folds. Abdominal thumbprinting is a non-specific finding, though one potential cause is intestinal ischemia.


Dhiren Shah

Dhiren Shah is a cardio-thoracic surgeon. He was the first doctor to have performed a heart transplant in Gujarat, India. He performed a bypass heart surgery on a 90 year old British man in Gujarat, making it the oldest patient to be performed in the state.


Elizabeth Concordia

Elizabeth Concordia is the CEO and President of UCHealth. In her position she manages the University of Colorado Hospital Authority and Poudre Valley Health System.
Previously she was the first female CEO of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian Shadyside Hospital.
Concordia holds a Bachelor of Arts in Economics and German from Duke University and a Master of Administrative Science Management from Johns Hopkins University.


American Board of Medical Specialties

Established in 1933, the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) is a non-profit organization which represent 24 broad areas of specialty medicine. ABMS is the largest physician-led specialty certification organization in the United States.
ABMS Member Boards have maintained a rigorous process for the evaluation and Board certification of medical specialists, though none of the processes have been confirmed by independent third-party review. They certify specialists in more than 150 medical specialties and subspecialties. More than 80 percent of practicing physicians in the United States have achieved Board Certification by one or more of the ABMS Member Boards. The Member Boards support lifelong learning by physicians through the ABMS Maintenance of Certification (ABMS MOC) program. ABMS also collaborates with other professional medical organizations and agencies to set standards for graduate medical school education and accreditation of residency programs. ABMS makes information available to the public about the Board Certification of physicians and their participation in the ABMS MOC program.
Background.
Since 1934, specialty boards were considered for membership in ABMS according to the standards set in the
"Essentials for Approval of Examining Boards in Medical Specialties" created by ABMS and the American Medical Association Council on Medical Education (AMA/CME). In 1948, these efforts were formalized through the establishment of the Liaison Committee for Specialty Boards (LCSB), which is made up of representatives from ABMS and AMA/CME. Broadly stated, a medical specialty examining board must:
Steps toward initial certification and MOC.
Board Certification and the ABMS Program for Maintenance of Certification (ABMS MOC®) are highly-visible indicators that physicians know today's standards of practice. The ABMS Program for MOC activities emphasize ongoing professional development and assessment that is aligned with other professional expectations and requirements within health care.
The information below provides an overview of the requirements for initial Board Certification and MOC. To learn more about the requirements for a specific specialty, contact the particular ABMS Member Board.
Initial certification.
Physicians can demonstrate their expertise in a medical specialty by earning Board Certification through one of the 24 ABMS Member Boards. Before physicians can become Board Certified, however, they must first:
Maintenance of certification.
Once Board Certified, physicians maintain their medical specialty expertise by participating in a robust continuous professional development program called the ABMS Program for MOC. The MOC program provides physicians a structured approach for enhancing patient care and improving patient outcomes through focused assessment and improvement activities.
The ABMS Program for MOC involves ongoing measurement of six core competencies defined by ABMS and ACGME:
These competencies, which are the same ones used in the ACGME's Next Accreditation System, are measured in the ABMS Program for MOC within a four-part framework:
All Programs for MOC implemented by the Member Boards measure the same six competencies within the same four-part framework. While these elements are consistent across all Member Boards, what may vary, according to the specialty, are the specific activities the Member Boards use to measure these competencies. Despite some variation in the activities, they are all built upon evidence-based guidelines, national clinical and quality standards, and specialty best practices.
ABMS Member Boards.
"ABMS was incorporated in 1933. This list shows the year each board was approved as an ABMS Member Board."
Founding Members
1935
1936
1937
1940
1941
1947
1949
1969
1971
1979
1991


James G. Wilson

James G. Wilson (1915–1987) was an embryologist and anatomist, known for his "Six Principles of Teratology". In 1960 he co-founded "The Teratology Society", and was since then one of its most active members.
The "James G. Wilson Publication Award" is annually presented in recognition of the best paper accepted or published in the journal "Birth Defects Research (formerly known as Teratology)."
Wilson's 6 principles
Along with this new awareness of the in utero vulnerability of the developing mammalian embryo came the development and refinement of The Six Principles of Teratology which are still applied today. These principles of teratology were put forth by Jim Wilson in 1959 and in his monograph Environment and Birth Defects.[8] These principles guide the study and understanding of teratogenic agents and their effects on developing organisms:
Susceptibility to teratogenesis depends on the genotype of the conceptus and the manner in which this interacts with adverse environmental factors.
Susceptibility to teratogenesis varies with the developmental stage at the time of exposure to an adverse influence. There are critical periods of susceptibility to agents and organ systems affected by these agents.
Teratogenic agents act in specific ways on developing cells and tissues to initiate sequences of abnormal developmental events.
The access of adverse influences to developing tissues depends on the nature of the influence. Several factors affect the ability of a teratogen to contact a developing conceptus, such as the nature of the agent itself, route and degree of maternal exposure, rate of placental transfer and systemic absorption, and composition of the maternal and embryonic/fetal genotypes.
There are four manifestations of deviant development (Death, Malformation, Growth Retardation and Functional Defect).
Manifestations of deviant development increase in frequency and degree as dosage increases from the No Observable Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to a dose producing 100% Lethality (LD100).


Charis Eng

Charis Eng, M.D., Ph.D., is a Singapore-born physician and geneticist at the Cleveland Clinic, notable for identifying the "PTEN" gene. she is a Fellow of the Ammerican Association for the Advancement of Science.
Education.
Eng was born in Singapore 1962 and grew up in Bristol, England. She started studying at the University of Chicago aged 16. She earned her Ph.D. in Developmental Biology in 1986 and her M.D. in 1988, both from the Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago.
She specialized in internal medicine at Beth Israel Hospital, Boston , trained in medical oncology at Harvard’s Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, trained in clinical cancer genetics at the University of Cambridge and the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, UK, and in laboratory-based human cancer genetics by Bruce Ponder.
Eng returned to the Farber as Assistant Professor of Medicine at the end of 1995, and in January, 1999 joined The Ohio State University as Associate Professor of Medicine and Director of the Clinical Cancer Genetics Program. In 2001, she was appointed to the Davis Professorship and Co-Director of the Division of Human Genetics in the Department of Internal Medicine. In 2002, she was promoted to Professor and Division Director, holding the Klotz Endowed Chair
Career.
Eng joined the Cleveland Clinic in 2005, and was founding director of the Cleveland Clinic's Genomic Medicine Institute and the Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, and professor and vice chair of the Department of Genetics at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.
Outside of the lab, Eng acted as the primary genetics consultant to the Discovery Health Channel documentary "Curse of the Elephant Man", which traced the genetic causes of the Joseph Merrick's disfiguring disorder.
Eng additionally has sat on many boards including a
Research.
The Eng lab currently identifies and characterises genes that are thought to cause susceptibility to inherited cancer syndromes, determining their role in random carcinogenesis and analyses their molecular epidemiology as they relate to clinical applications. This framework allowed her team to elucidate the function of PTEN mutations in Cowden Syndrome, an inherited condition that increases the risk of certain cancers in humans.
Honors.
3-year term on the Board of Directors of the American Society of Human Genetics, a 2-year term as Chair of the Clinical Science Committee of the Personalised Medicine Coalition and a 5-year term on the Board of Scientific Directors of the National Human Genome Research Institute. Eng was appointed to the US Department of Health and Human Services’ Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health and Society (2009–11).  She also was co-chair of their Task Force to examine whole genome sequencing for clinical application, and serves on the Expert Panel of the WHO Grand Challenges Project on Public Health Genomics in Developing Countries.


Georges Hayem

Georges Hayem (25 November 1841 – 28 August 1933) was a physician and hematologist born in Paris.
He studied medicine in Paris, and later became a professor of therapy and materia medica. Beginning in 1878 he practiced medicine at the Hôpital Tenon; later on, he was associated with the Hôpital St. Antoine. From 1893 until 1911 he held the chair of clinical medicine.
Georges Hayem was a pioneer in the field of hematology, and is remembered for his studies on the formation of leukocytes and erythrocytes. He performed the first accurate count of blood platelets, and is credited with developing a solution of mercury bichloride, sodium chloride and sodium sulfate for dilution of blood prior to counting erythrocytes with a hemocytometer.
In 1874 he provided an early description of chronic interstitial hepatitis. With bacteriologist Georges-Fernand Widal (1862–1929), the eponymous "Hayem-Widal syndrome" is named, which is an historical term for acquired hemolytic anemia. Also, he introduced an intravenous solution of saline for treatment of Asiatic cholera.
In 1872 he founded the "Revue des sciences médicales en France et à l’étranger".


University of Central Florida College of Medicine

The University of Central Florida College of Medicine is an academic college of the University of Central Florida located in Orlando, Florida, United States. The VP of Health Affairs and dean of the college is Deborah C. German, M.D.
The college consists of a public medical school and the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences located on the UCF Health Sciences campus in Lake Nona Medical City.
The UCF Lake Nona Medical Center is set to open in early 2021. In December 2018, UCF acquired the former Sanford Burnham Prebys Institute facility nearby which will house the new UCF Lake Nona Cancer Center.
History.
In October 2005, a local Orlando investment company, the Tavistock Group, donated $12.5 million and of land to UCF to help establish the UCF Medical School at Lake Nona, and issued a challenge to the Orlando community to help the university raise an additional $12.5 million to boost the total amount of raised funds to $25 million. This $25 million was eligible for a matching grant from the state; thus giving UCF the needed $50 million to create a new medical college. UCF received well over $100 million in donations, state-matching funds, and land value for the medical college's establishment.
On March 23, 2006, the Florida Board of Governors voted 15–1 in support of UCF's proposal to build a medical college. The College of Medicine would consist of a new UCF medical campus that was constructed at Lake Nona; located on the eastern edge of Orlando near the Orlando International Airport. Upon completion of the first phase, the base of the College of Medicine included a building for the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, and a College of Medicine instructional building and health sciences library.
The new College of Medicine offered an unprecedented full scholarship package to every member of its charter class; 41 students entering in fall 2009. The scholarship, financed by various donors, amounts to $40,000 per year, half going to tuition (out-of-state fees being waived) and the other half for living expenses. Dean German spearheaded the effort to secure these scholarships, having herself received a similar scholarship at Harvard Medical School. The new school received over 4,300 applications, including at least one with a perfect MCAT score, making it the most selective medical school in the United States at that time.
The UCF College of Medicine announced February 11, 2013, that it had received full accreditation from the LCME. On May 17, 2013, 36 students in the College of Medicine Charter Class graduated with their medical degrees.
Campus and facilities.
UCF's College of Medicine is located on the University's Health Sciences Campus in the Lake Nona neighborhood of Orlando. The 50 acre (0.2 km2) campus is located on the eastern edge of Orlando, about 30 minutes from UCF's main campus. The Medical City also currently serves as a home to UCF's Burnett Biomedical Sciences Building, Nemours Children’s Hospital, University of Florida Academic and Research Center, and the Orlando Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VA).
In the future, the campus is slated to house the UCF's College of Nursing allied health professions programs and a teaching hospital.
Academics.
Medical school.
Admissions.
Admission to the medical school is based mainly on GPA, Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) score, admissions essays, an interview, clinical work experience, and volunteering activities, along with research and leadership roles in the applicant's history. Background checks on applicants are required by the Association of Medical Colleges in order to prevent individuals with convictions for serious crimes from matriculating. In 2014, over 4,000 students applied for 120 spots. Matriculates had an average GPA of 3.80, a median MCAT score of 32, and average age of 25 years, with 11% of those admitted previously earning a postbaccalaureate degree.
Curriculum.
The medical school began clinical education in fall 2009 with a charter class of 41. The college's enrollment has increased in subsequent years and will reach 480 at full enrollment. Full accreditation has been granted to the medical school, and the college has accepted applications for the fifth class of 120 students for Fall 2013 enrollment.
The medical school curriculum is four years long. The first two years are composed mainly of classroom basic sciences education, while the last two years primarily include rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand. Clinical education is spread across all four years, with the final years being heavily weighted towards clinical rotations. The four-year medical program capitalizes on UCF's existing strengths in biomedical sciences, modeling and simulation.
Technology initiative.
In December 2010 a local philanthropist, impressed by a demonstration of how iPads could be used to access resources from the library, gifted all 100 College of Medicine students with an iPad. The College of Medicine became one of three schools to give iPads to their students in 2010. The other two schools – Stanford and UC Irvine - only provided iPads to their incoming first-year students; making UCF College of Medicine the first medical school to provide all their students with iPads. In January 2011, all full-time teaching faculty at the College of Medicine also received iPads.
Since 2010, the Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library has deployed iPads to incoming medical students during their orientation week in August. In the most recent deployment in 2013, students were given iPad Minis after studies showed that the Mini would work better with portability issues and would fit in white coat pockets better.
Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences.
The Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences houses the Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, the Biomolecular Science Center, the Medical Laboratory Sciences Program and the Pre-Health Professions Advisement Office. The school offers three undergraduate degrees: a Bachelor of Science in Molecular Biology and Microbiology, a Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology, and a Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Science. Two graduate degrees are also offered: a Master of Science in Molecular Biology and Microbiology and a Ph.D. program in Interdisciplinary Biomedical Science.
The school was named after Al and Nancy Burnett after receiving a $10 million donation from them. In August 2007, the program was converted to a school under the newly formed UCF College of Medicine from being an independent college. The goal of the school is to build a nationally recognized biomedical research and education enterprise. The Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences is housed in a building on the health sciences campus which opened in 2009 and also on the main UCF campus.
Health Sciences Library.
The Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library was created during the 2009 founding of the College of Medicine through a gift from local philanthropist Alan Ginsburg. The library was named in honor of his late wife Harriet, who loved reading.
The library is located on the second floor of the College of Medicine Medical Education building at the Lake Nona UCF Health Sciences Campus. It has study areas, reading spaces, an information commons, and six public computer terminals. The library is 98% electronic with a goal of becoming 100% electronic in 5 years. In keeping with their goal of becoming 100% electronic, the Harriet F. Ginsburg Health Sciences Library has become the center of the College of Medicine’s iPad Initiative and deployment. The library has been honored by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and by the Consortium of Southern Biomedical Libraries (CONBLS) as a leading medical electronic library for its innovative programs.
Degrees.
The college currently offers baccalaureate, graduate, and professional degrees in five distinct programs.


Annapoorna Kini

 Annapoorna Kini is an American cardiologist. She is Professor of Cardiology and Interventional Director of Structural Heart Program at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City.
Education.
Kini completed her pre-university education from Vivekananda College, Puttur (D.K. District, Karnataka) in 1984. She received her MBBS from Kasturba Medical College in 1991, completing residencies at the University of Wales College of Medicine (in 1996). After receiving training in England, she became a member of the Royal College of Physicians of London. She completed three fellowships at Mount Sinai Medical Center – in 1997, 2001, and 2002, respectively.
Career.
Kini serves as a Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Director of Interventional Structural Heart Disease Program, and Director of Interventional Cardiology Fellowship at The Mount Sinai Medical Center, where she was named Zena and Michael A. Wiener Medicine Professor in 2016. She researches on the field of percutaneous coronary intervention and heart valve therapy.
Kini co-established, with Samin K. Sharma, the Live Symposium of Complex Coronary and Vascular Cases in 1998 and has served as Director of the Annual Live Symposium of Complex Coronary & Vascular Cases at The Mount Sinai Medical Center.
Awards.
Kini was awarded the 2011 Dean's Award for Excellence in Clinical Medicine by The Mount Sinai Health System. In 2017 she was given the Ellis Island Medal of Honor to congratulate her on achievements as an Indian immigrant in the US. She was the 2018 recipient of the Heart of Gold award from the American Heart Association and in 2019 Kini was honored by the New York chapter of the Association of Indians in America for her successful career in cardiology.
Publications.
Kini has co-written and had published more than 100 peer-reviewed scientific publications, as well as book chapters in cardiology textbooks.
Books.
She is co-author of "Atlas of Coronary Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography," , "Practical Manual of Interventional Cardiology", , "Percutaneous Interventions in Women, An Issue of Interventional Cardiology Clinics," "," "Advanced Applied Interventional Cardiology, An Issue of Cardiology Clinics", , "Cardiovascular Intensive Care, An Issue of Cardiology Clinics", , "Coronary artherectomy: Contemporary concepts in cardiology" and (with Dr. Valentín Fuster) of "Definitions of acute coronary syndromes" in "Hurst's The Heart".
Peer-reviewed articles.
Partial list:


William Smith Greenfield

Prof. William Smith Greenfield FRSE FRCPE LLD (1846-1919) was a British anatomist. He was an expert on anthrax.
Life.
He was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire on 9 January 1846. He studied Medicine at the University of London graduating MB BS in 1872.
In 1878 he succeeded John Burdon-Sanderson as Professor of Pathology at the Brown Institute. In 1881 he went to Edinburgh to become Professor of Pathology and Clinical Medicine.
In 1884, he was living at 7 Heriot Row, a magnificent Georgian terraced townhouse in Edinburgh's Second New Town.
In 1886, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir William Turner, James Cossar Ewart, Robert Gray and Peter Guthrie Tait.
In 1893, he gave the Bradshaw Lecture to the Royal College of Physicians.
He retired to Elie in Fife in 1912, being succeeded by Prof James Lorrain Smith. He died in Juniper Green south of Edinburgh on 12 August 1919.
Family.
Deeply evangelical, one of his sons became a minister, and two of his daughters became Christian missionaries in India. Sons, Thomas Challen Greenfield BSc, A.M.Inst CE, M. Inst W.E., Water Engineer; Godwin Greenfield, a noted Neuropathologist founding the British Neuropathological Society.
Artistic Recognition.
His sketch portrait of 1884, by William Brassey Hole, is held by the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.


Pilomatrical carcinoma


Branching order of bacterial phyla (Ciccarelli et al., 2006)

There are several models of the Branching order of bacterial phyla, one of these was proposed in 2006 by Ciccarelli "et al." for their iTOL project.
This tree is based on a concatenated set of conserved protein and not 16S rRNA (cf. Branching order of bacterial phyla (Woese, 1987)).
The arrangement of the various phyla differs from that of 16S, but may be due to long branch attraction and due to the limited sampling (many phyla have a sole sequenced representative, whereas the Firmicutes and the Proteobacteria are over-represented). The Proteobacteria is not monophyletic in this phylogram, but this may be erroneous given the large amount of literature in favour of basal Acidobacteria. Contrary to 16S trees, the deepest branching clade is the Firmicutes. Nevertheless, the last common ancestor was between Bacteria and Archaea+Eukarya.