Tanawha Trail

The Tanawha Trail, stretching from Julian Price Park to Beacon Heights parallels the Blue Ridge Parkway on Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina, in the United States. Tanawha, the Cherokee word for fabulous hawk or eagle is an appropriate name for this trail that offers hikers views of distant mountains. Completed in 1993, the Tanawha Trail, like the final section of the Parkway it mirrors, is unique in construction. The trail traverses a fragile and ancient ecosystem and leads hikers through a surprising range of biological and geological terrains. Some sections tunnel through thickets of laurel and rhododendron. Others dip down into remote hardwood coves and then ascend into evergreen glens. Boulder fields and cascading streams punctuate the landscape.
Sections above the Linn Cove Viaduct and along Rough Ridge are strenuous, but overall the trail is an easy to moderate walk. The many accesses from the Parkway let hikers choose as long a section as they like. To preserve this delicate area, hikers are encouraged to stay on designated paths, bridges, and boardwalks.
Most of the Tanawha Trail is also incorporated as a part of North Carolina's Mountains-to-Sea Trail (MST), which transverses the state from the Great Smoky Mountains to the Outer Banks.
History.
The Tanawha Trail was completed in 1993, and was explicitly designed to be hiked.
Navigation.
Throughout its length, the Tanawha Trail is blazed with a hawk feather printed on small, metal signs. Most of these signs also display the Mountains-to-Sea Trail's white dot, where the two trails are combined. Junctions with side and connecting trails are signed; however, the other trails might not be blazed.
Camping.
Camping is not permitted on the Tanawha Trail; however, many backpacking opportunities do exist. The north-eastern trail-head is within Price Park's campground, which is open from May to October. The south-western trail-head is close to the Pisgah National Forest, which allows dispersed camping along the MST. The Tanawha Trail also provides the principle access to Grandfather Mountain State Park's eastern trails, which have designated, primitive campsites.
Route.
The south-western trail-head is at the parkway's Beacon Heights Overlook. Shortly past the overlook, the MST joins with the Tanawha Trail, after it ascended Beacon Heights from the Pisgah National Forest. From there, the combined trails follow wooded lands alongside the Blue Ridge Parkway to the Linn Cove Visitor Center.
From the visitor center, the Tanawha Trail passes underneath the Linn Cove Viaduct and ascends steeply up stone steps past an enormous boulder wall. The trail levels off and enters a shady glen thick with birch and beech trees. Beyond the cascading water of Wilson Creek, the trail crosses a clearing filled with huge rock formations. The trail here, accented with flat rocks, is like a flagstone path.
The trail then climbs sharply to Rough Ridge and over a long boardwalk. Here the view into the Piedmont is unobstructed because of the unusual low-growing and fragile mountain-heather ecosystems. It also offers an outstanding glimpse of the Linn Cove Viaduct and several mountains, Grandmother Mountain, Hawksbill and Table Rock.
The trail continues on through a stately spruce and hemlock forest into a wooded glen reminiscent of New England. Its rocky landscape is filled with poplars, yellow birch, and oak.
Past Raven Rock, the trail tunnels through mountain laurel and rhododendron. This sheltered section then gives way to a more open area with a rock garden where large ferns cascade out of immense boulders.
More thickets of rhododendron lead to the junction of the Daniel Boone Scout Trail, one of Grandfather Mountain State Park's many trails. Not much further away, is the junction with Nuwati Trail, another state park trail. Hiking or camping on Grandfather Mountain requires a permit.
The Tanawha Trail passes several small cascades and crosses Boone Fork Creek. Around the creek are junctions with the Asutsi Trail and the Upper Boone Fork Trail. Also, a self-registration, permit box for Grandfather Mountain is located near the Asutsi Trail junction. The trail winds in and out of rhododendron and laurel thickets, joins with an old logging road, and passes through a hardwood forest.
In the last section leading to Price Park, the trail breaks out of the woods into open fields. Here, it parallels and crosses Holloway Mountain Road, passes apple orchards, an old grave site, and pasture land, which in spring, is blanketed with numerous wild-flowers. Finally, the trail briefly joins the Boone Fork Trail and departs with the MST, before ending with a short walk into Price Park's campground.


Colin Clinton

Colin John Clinton is a British civil engineer who has worked as a director of the Arup Group engineering consultancy. He served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 2004–05.
Biography.
Colin Clinton was born in Walsall, Staffordshire, in 1956 or 1957, and holds a bachelor of science degree from Aston University, Birmingham. He spent much of his career with Arup Group, the engineering consultancy and designer. By 1999, he was an associate of the firm and business manager of its Arup Transport division. He became a director by 2005, at which point he was living in Sutton Coldfield and commuting to the firm's Birmingham office. In an interview with "The Times" he commented on his frequent travel by train, noting that his day was ruined if he could not have a bacon butty and a cup of tea.
In July 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctor of engineering science degree by Aston University "in recognition of his work for the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and his promotion of the industry". He is a chartered engineer, a fellow of the ICE, a fellow of the Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors and a fellow of the Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation.
Institution of Civil Engineers.
Clinton has a long association with the Institution of Civil Engineers. He was the ICE Midlands Association honorary secretary from 1989 to 1998 and was chairman by 1999. As chairman he arranged a collaboration with the Birmingham radio station Heart FM to promote the civil engineering profession. Heart representatives attended ICE meetings and dinners and civil engineers were interviewed on air. Heart considered that the collaboration would help increase its advertising revenue and attract listeners from the construction industry.
By 1999, Clinton was a member of the ICE's governing council and by 2004 was a vice-president. He served as president of the ICE for the November 2004 to November 2005 session, at that time the youngest person to have held the role. In December 2004 he worked with future ICE presidents Gordon Masterton and Quentin Leiper to update the ICE's core values. As president he changed the role to be more member-focused. He cut back the ICE events diary, removing historic engagements that clashed with his vision, and made sure the president was able to tour the country and meet members at companies and universities. Clinton held 100 "question time" sessions with workers and directors of engineering firms in 2005. He made around 15 visits abroad in 2005 and toured Africa for the ICE in February.
Clinton was an advocate of mergers between the professional institutions and advocated for a single Institute for the Built Environment to be established by a merger of the ICE, the Institution of Structural Engineers, the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. He was also a keen proponent of greater European integration as a means of addressing the skills shortage in the industry.


Union Square station (Somerville)

Union Square station is an under-construction light rail station on the MBTA Green Line D branch in the Union Square neighborhood of southeastern Somerville, Massachusetts. Union Square will have one island platform that will serve the D branch's two tracks.
In September 2013, the state secured funding to move forward on the Green Line Extension to build three new stations by 2017, signing a 51-month $393 million contract. Construction began in 2014 for Union Square, as well as Washington Street and the relocated Lechmere. After contract cancellations and delays, the station is expected to open in 2021.
History.
Railroad station.
The Charlestown Branch Railroad was extended through Somerville in 1841, opening on January 5, 1842. It was absorbed into the Fitchburg Railroad in 1846. Prospect Street station – which was located off Medford Street (now Webster Street), slightly west of Prospect Street – was opened within several years to serve the Sand Pit Square area. The nearby square became Union Square in the 1860s, but the station was not renamed Union Square until around 1875.
Prospect Street was placed on a bridge over the railroad by 1852, but Webster Street crossed the railroad at grade. Planning to eliminate the eleven remaining grade crossings in Somerville, five of which were on the Fitchburg Route mainline, began in 1900. In 1906, the city engineer proposed to raise of the line between Beacon Street and Somerville Avenue to eliminate the five level crossings, but that scheme was not adopted.
After the Somerville Avenue grade crossing was eliminated in 1908–09, work began in April 1911 to raise Webster Street above the tracks. Webster Street and several adjacent buildings were raised about , while the tracks were slightly lowered. A special bridge on the east side of the road bridge was built for a -diameter water main that weighed . As part of the project, the 67-year-old station building was replaced by a larger building on the south side of the tracks. Work was completed in December 1911.
Horsecar and later electric streetcar service cut ridership at urban stations; by 1917, Union Square and Somerville stations were served by four to five daily Watertown Branch trains plus several off-peak mainline local trains. As passengers volumes dwindled, the station building was reused for manufacturing by 1924. By 1929, the only service to Union Square and Somerville was one outbound and two inbound Watertown Branch trains. Service to the two stations ended on July 9, 1938, along with the end of passenger service on the Watertown Branch. The station building was demolished sometime between 1936 and 1940.
Adding an MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line station at Union Square has been considered; by 2003, a stop was expected to open within five years. The 2004 state Program for Mass Transportation estimated such a station would attract 390 daily riders. A Union Square commuter rail station – either in addition to a Green Line station or in lieu of it – was listed as a possibility in 2012 as an interim air quality mitigation measure in response to delays in building the Green Line Extension. However, such a station would have been costly to build and could not have been completed by the 2015 deadline, and was therefore not supported by MassDOT.
Green Line Extension.
In August 2012, the City of Somerville, MassDOT, and the MBTA reached a memorandum of agreement about the station. Through the Somerville Redevelopment Authority, the City will acquire $8 million worth of land for the station and grant the MBTA a permanent easement, while retaining the rights for transit-oriented development overhead. In return, the MBTA and MassDOT will pay for cleanup costs at the site, begin construction by the spring of 2014, and open the station no later than "late 2016-early 2017".
In October 2012, the Somerville Board of Aldermen approved the Union Square Redevelopment Plan and authorized an $8 million bond, including $6 million to purchase the land and $2 million for cleanup and station planning. In May 2013, the Board of Aldermen announced that the North Prospect block - a mostly industrial area bordered by the railroad tracks, Prospect Street, Somerville Avenue, and the rear of residential properties on Allen Street - had been acquired by the city via eminent domain for $4.5 million. The properties were to be vacated by August. The city also received a $1 million EPA grant to clean up one of the properties. Site cleanup began in September 2014.
After major cost increases due to contractors increasing costs above estimates became public in 2015, MassDOT cancelled contracts and scaled back sections of the project. A new design released in May 2016 removed direct access from the Prospect Street overpass (which required elevators, escalators, and stairs) and platform canopies. In December 2016, the MBTA announced a new planned opening date of 2021 for the extension. , a private developer will fund an elevator connecting the station to the overpass. The elevator may open later than the station.
The station platform was poured by early August 2020, with the canopy constructed later that month. Public artwork at the station will include "Passage" by Matthew Trimble – a sculptural archway over the walkway to the platform – as well as murals on station sign panels. , the station is expected to open in October 2021.
Original plans called for the E Branch to be extended to Union Square. However, in April 2021, the MBTA indicated that Union Square would instead be served by the D Branch.


Dedeline Mibamba Kimbata

Dedeline Mibamba Kimbata (born 5 February 1982) is Congolese Paralympic track and field athlete.
Personal life.
Kimbata was born on 5 February 1982. She was born to a poor family living in Kinshasa, the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).
At the age of 18 she stepped on a landmine whilst crossing the border between the DRC and Angola. As a result, she lost her legs and had to stay in hospital for two years before being provided with prosthetic limbs by the Red Cross.
During her stay in London for the Paralympics she applied for political asylum, since she feared prosecution in the DRC because of her protest against president Joseph Kabila.
Athletics.
Kimbata had played basketball as a teenager and in 2011 decided to take up sport again. With the assistance of religious charities she began wheelchair racing at the Acoshi athletics club. She raced in her everyday wheelchair and despite her government providing funds to sports officials to buy her a racing chair it never arrived. She competes in the T54 Paralympic classification.
The International Paralympic Committee gave Kimbata a wildcard to allow her to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics held in London, United Kingdom, where alongside Levy Kitambala Kizito she made up the DRC's first ever Paralympic team. She came to her training camp at the University of Bedfordshire without a racing wheelchair but had one donated to her by Kenyan Paralympian Anne Wafula Strike after the two were put in contact by The Dream, a charity campaign run by organisations in Britain and Haiti.
At the Paralympics Kimbata carried the DRC flag during the Parade of Nations at the opening ceremony. She initially planned to compete in the F57-58 discus and the 1500 metres, but changed to competing in the discus and the T54 100 metres. Her discus event took place on 4 September and the 100 m event on 8 September, both in the Olympic Stadium in the Olympic Park, London. She finished seventeenth in the discus with a throw of 9.29 metres. In the 100 metres she finished seventh in her heat, in a season's best time of 23.08 seconds, but failed to qualify for the final.


NR 26 mine

The NR 26 is a Dutch circular minimum metal anti-tank blast mine similar to the French M51 MACI. The mine uses an NR 26 friction pressure fuze with a sheer collar designed to give way at a load of 350 kg. Two secondary fuze wells for anti-handling devices are fitted to the side and base of the mine, and carrying handle is fitted to the side of the mine.
The mine is currently in service with the Royal Netherlands Army


Christian Manrique (engineer)

Christian Manrique Valdor (born 1975 in Santander, Spain) is a Spanish civil engineer and the CEO and founder of Soulware Global Development. From 2007-2011 he was the youngest ever Chairman of a Spanish Port Authority, taking this post in Santander.
Port Authority of Santander.
On 24 September 2007 Manrique was appointed Chairman of the Port Authority of Santander by the Spanish minister of Public Works, Magdalena Álvarez, proposed by the Government of Cantabria. With this appointment, at age 31, he became the youngest ever Chairman of a Spanish Port Authority. The Port Authority is the public institution managing the port of Santander in Cantabria within the bay of Santander.
Activities as Chairman of the Port Authority.
Between 2007 and 2011 the Port Authority took different steps to improve its relations with the city, its citizens and its stakeholders.


List of piano manufacturers

This is a partial list of piano manufacturers. Most piano professionals have access to detailed information about these brands using a Piano Atlas to reference serial numbers, which are used to determine a piano's age using the year a piano was built. This information is often used in piano appraisals.


Maclay station

Maclay is a planned light rail station on the Los Angeles County Metro Rail system. The station is part of the East San Fernando Light Rail Project. It is located on North Maclay Avenue near the intersection with Truman Street in San Fernando, California. Metrolink Antelope Valley Line trains pass but will not stop here. It is planned to open as part of the second phase of the project.


482d Aero Squadron


James Carswell

James Carswell (1830–1897) was a Scottish railway engineer largely remembered for his design of glazed roof on Queen Street Station, Glasgow and the huge approaches to the Forth Bridge.
Life.
He was born in Bonhill, Dunbartonshire in 1830 the son of Anne and Thomas P. Carswell. His father was an iron-founder and merchant and it is likely that he was initially apprenticed as an iron-founder. His depth and understanding of iron construction shows both a practical knowledge and a strong design understanding.
In 1851 he moved with his family to 106 South Portland Street in the Gorbals in Glasgow. At this time James is described as a mining and land engineer. Here he began working as Resident Engineer for the Monklands Railways. Through amalgamation this then became the Edinburgh & Glasgow Railway before finally becoming the North British Railway in 1865.
In 1861 he was living with his wife and family in Chapel-en-le-Frith in Derbyshire doing project work in northern England.
In 1879 he became Chief Engineer to the North British Railway. From 1882 he spent most of his time working on the huge engineering task of designing the approach structures to the Forth Rail Bridge. However, unlike the engineers of the bridge itself, he received no knighthood or indeed any other civil recognition.
In later life he lived at 7 Western Terrace in western Edinburgh.
He died aged 66 on 20 January 1897 at his son’s house, Killin House on St Thomas Road in the Grange, Edinburgh. His son James Smith Carswell (1862–1942) is described as a "steel manufacturer".
James senior is buried in the Dean Cemetery on the west side of the city in the northern Victorian extension. His wife and children lie with him. His father lies two plots to the west.
Family.
He was married to Annie Porter (1835–1897) who died a few months after he did.


Hilda Unsworth

Hilda Peace Unsworth (11 November 1918 – 26 November 2015) was a British trade union leader who served as the last president of the Amalgamated Weavers' Association.
Unsworth was born in Bolton on Armistice Day, and as a result was given the middle name "Peace". She worked in a cotton mill for many years and became involved in the Bolton Weavers' Association. The Bolton Weavers were unusual among trade unions in that a woman, Alice Foley, held a prominent position, becoming secretary in 1948. Unsworth became Foley's assistant, and when Foley retired, in 1961, Unsworth succeeded her as the full-time secretary of the union.
Unsworth's period as secretary included the centenary of the founding of the union, and to mark this, she and her assistants visited every mill in the town and gave each member £1.
In 1970, Unsworth was elected as the president of the Amalgamated Weavers' Association (AWA), the first woman to hold the post. This enabled her to take part in numerous trade union delegations overseas, on which she would prioritise investigating equal rights, maternity care and the position of women prisoners.
Unsworth was also the second woman to serve as president of the Bolton Trades Council. The AWA became part of the Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union in 1974, but Unsworth remained leader of the Bolton Weavers until her retirement in 1978. In retirement, she served as a magistrate, and was chair and president of the Queen Street Mission Trust for many years.


Taxpayer (building)

In real estate, urban planning, and especially firefighting, a taxpayer refers to a small one or two story building built to cover the owner's annual property tax assessed for owning a parcel of land. They are usually constructed with the hope that they can soon be redeveloped into a larger building capable of generating more revenue, or simply to hold a parcel of land along a new road or especially a streetcar line while waiting for value to appreciate. The building style was generally replaced with strip malls as the automobile became dominant in the mid 20th Century.
History.
In the wake of the Great Depression, taxpayers proliferated across New York City, ending the period of high-rise buildings; while just 7 percent of building plans filed in 1929 for the busy 3rd, Lexington, and Madison Avenues were for one- to three-story buildings, "every" plan was for such a building by 1933. Despite being intended as temporary buildings, many survived for a half-century or more.
Hazards.
Taxpayer buildings are criticized for being poorly or cheaply built, but allow a developer to stay in business while they wait for more favorable conditions. A fire in a taxpayer is a special hazard in firefighting. The poor quality construction often burns readily, and the architecture tends to encourage backdrafts. Many have been renovated several times over and have concealed or undocumented voids. More modern taxpayers were built with fire-resistant materials and are less of a hazard.


Josef Moriggl

Josef Moriggl (1841–1908) was a master woodcarver and teacher whose work covered both religious and folk themes. Examples of his intricately detailed carvings, sculptures, and furniture can be found today in churches and private collections, mainly in his native Austria but also abroad.
Early years and career.
Josef Moriggl was born in 1841 in Nauders, a village in the Tirolean district of Landeck. His early artistic training began with a high school course in drawing, where his artistic aptitude was first apparent. He went on to study at the Mayersche Kunstanstalt (Art School) in Munich and completed his studies at the Craft Trade Institute in Vienna.
In 1873, Moriggl was hired as an instructor by the woodcarving school in Taufers, where he stayed for seven years. In 1880 he became Director of the woodcarving school in Hall. During that time he not only taught but took on many private commissions. His eminence in the field was recognized in 1893 when he was named Professor at the Staats-Gewerbeschule (Craft School) in Innsbruck. He retained that post until his retirement on February 28, 1907. He died 28 October 1908 in Innsbruck, and was survived by two sons, and Hugo.
Artistic achievements.
Although Moriggl was adept in several media, he is best known as an outstanding carver of wooden sculptures. A prime of example of this work, contained in a private collection in England, is a 60 cm high carving of a Tirolean peasant in the act of releasing a bowling ball. It is carved from a single piece of pearwood, and the wood is stained rather than painted in a variety of muted colours. The exact date of carving is not known, but it is recorded as having been given as a wedding present in 1891. A folkloric "Shoe-slapping Group" is recorded as having been created in 1898. Other notable works had religious themes, including a collection of angels exhibited in Innbruck’s Heimat church (1871), a Virgin (1885), a St. Cecilia (1887), several statues of Christ, and a “Lufterweibchen” created for the Anglers Guild (1903). Also outstanding are a life-sized statue of Mary (and "Immaculata") for a convent in Stams and two angels for the parish church in Nauders.
He also carved wooden tables and cabinet decorations, and created small framed pictures showing coloured Tirolean costumes and folk themes. Many of the latter were made for export to Russia, though these were probably not signed.
Moriggl’s work was presented in exhibitions in Munich in 1876 and in Paris in 1878, where he was awarded a medal and honorary prize.


Claw hammer

A claw hammer is a tool primarily used for driving nails into, or pulling nails from, some other object. Generally, a claw hammer is associated with woodworking but is not limited to use with wood products. It is not suitable for heavy hammering on metal surfaces (such as in machining work), as the steel of its head is somewhat brittle; the ball-peen hammer is more suitable for such metalwork.
An early claw hammer is seen in Albrecht Dürer's etching "Melencolia I," dated 1514, halfway up the left side. There are several nails in the lower right corner.
Design.
A claw hammer can be said to look roughly like the letter "T" with the handle being the long part, and the head being the line across the top which looks like a "t". In actuality, the head of the hammer does not form a straight line, but curves down into the claw of the hammer. One side of the head is flat with either a smooth or textured surface and is used for impacting another surface. The other side of the head curves down and splits in the middle forming a "V" shape. This part is the claw of the hammer and is most commonly used for extracting nails from wood. The rounded end of the claw, in combination with the handle, is used to gain leverage when extracting a nail.
Types.
Claw hammers can be constructed many ways but generally come in one of two forms. The first, and most popular, type of hammer is the two piece hammer. This hammer is constructed from a forged steel head with a hole for fixing a handle. One end is made to fit the hole in the hammer head, then a steel wedge is driven into the wood which forces it to expand and secure the hammer head to the handle. Other handle materials include glass fiber and even carbon fiber.
Another type of claw hammer is single-piece forged heat-treated steel where the head and handle are integral. These hammers often have polymer grips to add to their ergonomics and decrease vibrations when the hammer is used.
Another type of claw hammer is the framing hammer. This is an oversized claw hammer used in framing carpentry. The larger and heavier head can decrease the number of blows required to fully insert the nail. Framing hammers commonly have a "checkered" face, which reduces skip-off of the head if the blow is not precisely struck on the nail. The slight indentations left on the wood by the checkered face are considered unimportant in rough carpentry. Framing hammers also have a much straighter claw than regular claw hammers, as the claw is designed more for prying nailed boards apart, rather than removing nails (though its claw can also be used in that capacity).
The size of this type of hammer is commonly designated by the weight of its head, which may range from .


Crwys Road railway station

Crwys Road is a proposed railway station on the Rhymney line in Cardiff, in Wales. It is planned as part of the South Wales Metro. It is included in Transport for Wales' list of station openings which would see the station completed by December 2023.


Yushuzhuang North station

Yushuzhuang North station () is an infill station under planning on Line 16 of the Beijing Subway.
History.
In April 2020, the Beijing Municipal Commission of Development and Reform decided to build Yushuzhuang North station. This station is currently under planning.
Station Layout.
The station has an underground island platform.


Patsy Brown

Patrick A. 'Patsy' Brown (1872 in Ireland – 1958 in Boston, Massachusetts, United States) was an Irish-American maker of the uilleann pipes. Originally from Killorglin, Co. Kerry, Ireland, he emigrated to the United States in 1892, making his home first in Chicago and then the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. He may have made a living as a bricklayer and/or electrician. He made uilleann pipes on a part-time basis, out of his cellar, so his output was not huge, but his style is very distinctive. He may have made sets from about 1910 until his death in 1958. It is believed that, like many Irish musicians of his time, he played for dancers in the clubs around Dudley Square, Dorchester.
His earlier work was styled after that of the Taylor brothers, with broad rectangular keys along the back of the chanter, operated by small touches that wrapped around to the front of the chanter. The regulator keys at first resembled the Taylors' design, though Brown mounted them in wooden blocks, rather than between metal plates, as the Taylors did. His keywork is generally nickel-plated brass, though some are chromed (some chanters have both nickel- and chrome-plating ).
There is a story that he obtained the ivory used in the mounts from the elephant keepers at Boston's Franklin Park Zoo. They would trim the tip of the tusks, to make the ends blunt for the safety of the keepers and the other elephants. Those ends wound up in Patsy's hands, and ultimately in his pipes.
In later years his style changed to a more hybrid style, with Böhm-style keywork on all the holes at the front of the chanter, but broad, flat, Taylor-style keys on the holes at the back of the chanter. There is some speculation that he may have repaired classical flutes on a part-time basis too, which might have led him to experiment. Another theory is that it was simply an inventive way of dealing with the problems of age: arthritic fingers had an easier time achieving closure with keys. On some chanters, the keys are applied in the same manner as one would find on a flute: all of them pivot about a common rod that runs parallel to the chanter. On others, the style is really unique: each key pivots about its own rod, held in place by its own two posts, mounted above the tone hole, but transverse to the chanter. A number of his chanters are known, and not all of them share this distinctive style.
He is believed to have made only concert-pitch sets. It appears that he always used a popping valve on his chanters.
Other makers in the Boston area, who overlapped with Brown to some degree were Ned White of Roxbury, and Green. White's style was even closer than Brown's to that of the Taylor brothers, which may indicate that he was older and had personal contact with them. He is mentioned in O'Neill's Irish Minstrels. Some of his sets are still extant.
It is reported that Patsy Brown taught Seán McAloon to make reeds, by correspondence.


Zadock Pratt

Zadock Pratt Jr. (October 30, 1790 – April 5, 1871) was a tanner, banker, soldier, and member of the United States House of Representatives. Pratt served in the New York militia from 1819–1826, and was Colonel of the 116th regiment from 1822 until his resignation from the militia on September 4, 1826.
In the Catskill Mountains, Pratt built the largest tannery in the world at its time, and built the town of Prattsville to accommodate the labor force necessary for the tannery, raising the town's population from around 500 to over 2000. Pratt was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1836 and 1842. During his second term, in 1845 he first proposed the transcontinental railroad. In 1848, Pratt tried but failed to receive the Democratic/Hunker nomination for the 1848 New York state gubernatorial election. He was a delegate to the 1852 Democratic National Convention.
In 1843, Pratt established the Prattsville Bank with, which printed its own bills that were kept on par with the US dollar, but he closed the bank nine years later in 1852. Pratt financed multiple smaller tanneries in the Catskills, and also one in Pennsylvania as a joint venture with Jay Gould. In 1860 he retired from active business pursuits, and died in 1871.
Early life and family.
Zadock Pratt was born on October 30, 1790, in Stephentown, New York, to Hannah Pratt (née Pickett) and Zadock Pratt Sr. He was the 5th of 7 children. In 1797, Pratt moved with his father's family to Midleburg, New York. In 1802, at age 12, Pratt moved with his parents to Windham, New York, which soon became Lexington, and is current day Jewett. As a child, he received limited schooling at the public school, and instead worked much on his father's farm and in his tannery. In his father's yard there were "two limes" and eight vats, and the bark was ground with a circular millstone by horse power.
In 1810, at age 20, Pratt became an apprentice to Luther Hayes, a sadler in Durham. Following his apprenticeship, he became a traveling saddler for a year, during which he saved $100. In 1812, he returned to Lexington where he continued his work as a saddler, working fourteen-hour days. In 1814, Pratt built a general store in Prattsville where he would barter with residents for goods, and would make periodic trips to New York City to trade the goods.
Pratt volunteered for the War of 1812 in 1814. He was a Steward of a company stationed at Brooklyn Heights. He was awarded $11 for his claim of arms and clothing which were destroyed during the war. In 1857, he would receive a warrant of of land for his service. In 1815, after war ended, he returned to Lexington, sold his store. On May 7, 1817, he entered the tanning business with his older brother Ezra, and his younger brother Bennett. October 18, 1818, Pratt married Beda Dickerman of Hamden, Connecticut, who died of tuberculosis six months later on April 19, 1819. Pratt and his brother Ezra then bought out Bennett's share of the tanning business for $2200.
During the winter of 1819–20, Pratt and three of his neighbors went on a trading expedition to Canada to sell their leather and other goods. They were successful, and traded their leather for gold and furs from Canadian settlers, and from Native Americans at Rice Lake. On his return, he stopped at the bank in Catskill, New York, where he learned that his tannery had burned down in his absence The building was uninsured, and was a loss of $1000; the cause was never determined. However, he resolved to rebuild it. Friends of Pratt's and his brothers donated money for the rebuilding, and it was quickly built.
In 1821, Pratt was appointed a magistrate of Lexington. In 1823, Pratt married Esther Dickerman, sister of his first wife. Esther died less than a year later on April 22, 1824, also of tuberculosis.
Pratt's tannery.
Pratt had been planning a tanning business much larger than what he was currently engaged in, and Esther's death put him into action. He dissolved his partnership with his brother, and, with $14000 in capital, began seeking a location for his new tannery. He spent the summer of 1824 exploring the surrounding counties with his dog for the best place for his planned operations. He decided on a region in the very western part of Windham, in what is current day Prattsville, for its large forests of hemlock, which was necessary for tanning at the time, as well as its proximity to the Schoharie Creek. The Prattsville Commercial Building, built about 1824, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
On October 24, he moved all of his belongings to the site and purchased the large meadow for $1300. The following day he broke ground on the tannery, and with the help of laborers, dammed the creek in the following weeks.
The tannery was 550' long, and 43' wide. There were 350 vats, 6 heaters, 12 leaches, two bark mills driven by a great wheel, and three hide mills.
Tannery foreman Osmer B. Wheeler later went on to open his own tannery, in Forestburgh, New York, and became a member of the New York State Senate.
Military and second, third, and fourth wives.
On April 25, 1820, Pratt was chosen as Captain of the Fifth regiment of New York State Artillery, which consisted of 130 men. Acquired a cannon that had been used at the Battle of Plattsburgh for the regiment.
On July 12, 1822, he became a Colonel for New York's 116th Infantry.
1825, commanded the escort of Lafayette into Catskill.
On October 12, 1827, Pratt married his third wife, Abagail P. Watson of Rensselaer, and their son was State Senator George W. Pratt (1830–1862).
In 1828, his house was built.
November 20, 1832, applied to the State Legislature to divide Windham, and on March 8, 1833, Prattsville was divided off from Windham. At the time it had a population of around 1500.
On January 26, 1834, Pratt's second daughter Abigail was born.Pratt's wife died 10 days later on February 5, aged 26.
On March 16, 1835, Pratt married his fourth wife, Mary E. Watson, sister of his third wife.
On July 17, 1868, Mary Pratt died in Providence, New York.
1836, elected to New York's 8th District, and in the same election, was voted to be and elector for New York.
1839, Westkill Lexington tannery burnt. Lost $10,000, insured for $7,000.
Offered to endow Prattsville Academy with $5,000 if the sum was matched by a Christian church.
In 1842, was elected to New York's 11th District.
1842, Established newspaper "Prattsville Advocate", of which J. L. Hackstaff was the editor. In the same year, the Prattsville Academy was built. The land was donated by Pratt, and he provided half of the building costs.
1848, received and honorary Master of the Arts degree from Union College.
1852, elected as a delegate to the 1852 Democratic Convention.
First term as Congressman.
In 1836, Pratt earned the Democratic nomination for New York's 8th congressional district. He won general election by just short of 3,000 votes. On September 10, 1837 Pratt was appointed to the Committee of the Militia, and on December 11, was appointed to the committee on public buildings.
On March 19, 1838, Pratt introduced a bill to drastically lower postage rates, and argued that high postage costs disproportionately affected the poor, and that it was effectively a tax on intelligence, as it hindered the free passage of information. The bill was passed. He felt so strongly about the price of postage that on his grave he had inscribed "WHILE MEMBER OF CONGRESS; MOVED THE REDUCTION OF POSTAGE; A.D. 1838".
On February 25, 1839, Pratt suggested that public buildings no longer be built out of sandstone, but instead granite of marble, because they absorb very little water compared to sandstone, and therefore required less maintenance He also noted that marble was cheaper than granite, when including building costs.
On July 4, 1838, he announced that he declined re-election, although his constituents strongly wanted him to serve another term.
March 18, 1839, Dry Dock in Brooklyn vs. Philadelphia.
Mint in New York vs. Philadelphia.
During his first term, Pratt never missed a session.
Second term as Congressman.
Pratt did not intend to run for Congress again after declining to run for re-election following his first term as Congressman. However, in 1842 he accepted the nomination.
Legacy as a Congressman.
As a congressman, Pratt pushed for legislation.
The epitaph on Pratt's gravestone reads:
WHILE MEMBER OF CONGRESS
MOVED THE REDUCTION OF POSTAGE
A.D. 1838
AND THE SURVEY FOR A RAILROAD
TO THE PACIFIC A.D. 1844
member of the State Senate in 1830; elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1839); elected to the twenty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845); chairman, Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds (twenty-eighth Congress).
Zadock Pratt's wives.
Pratt had five wives throughout his life.
His first wife was Beda Dickerman, whom he married in 1818. She died of tuberculosis seven months later. In 1821 Pratt married his first wife's sister, Esther Dickerman. Esther died two and a half years later, also from tuberculosis. Pratt married his third wife, Abigail P. Watson of Rensselaerville, on January 12, 1829. Pratt had his only children with Abigail, a boy and a girl. George Watson Pratt was born on April 18, 1831. Three years later Julia P. Pratt was born on January 26, 1834. On February 5, 1834 Abigail, Pratt's third wife, died at twenty-eight years old from complications from the birth of her daughter. Some time later, Pratt married Abigail's sister Mary. They were married until July 17, 1868 when Mary died of unknown causes. One year later Pratt married his fifth wife, Susie A. Grimm of Brooklyn, October 16, 1869. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, Prattsville; Zadock had given the land and half the money to build the church. They remained married until Zadock's death.
Later life and death.
In 1856, Zadock Pratt, at 66 years old, met a teenage Jay Gould, and hired him to survey a tanning site in Pennsylvania. Gould found large tracts of hemlock forest for sale, which impressed Pratt, who then made Gould a partner and manager of the new tannery. By another account, Gould decided that he wanted to build a tannery, found a site, and then sought out Pratt's assistance.
There was $120,000 capital for the project, all of which came from Pratt. He left the tannery to Gould, which expanded rapidly, and the surrounding settlement was called Gouldsboro (also spelled Gouldsborough). However, Pratt became dissatisfied with the returns on his investment, and was concerned that Gould was embezzling. Gould had become acquainted with Charles M. Leupp, a rich merchant from New York City, and had convinced Leupp to loan him the money to buy out Pratt's share. Gould offered Pratt $60,000 for his share of the tannery, which Pratt accepted, transferring Pratt's stake to Leupp.
In 1861, Pratt donated to Prattsville the where Pratt Rock now is.
Death.
Pratt became ill with a fever while he and his wife were visiting relatives in Bergen, New Jersey, which had recently been annexed by Jersey City. While recovering he fell down stairs and broke his thigh. He died due to the injury on April 5, 1871. He is buried in the City Cemetery in Prattsville. Pratt Rock depicts his life through a series of stone carvings. His former home at Prattsville, the Zadock Pratt House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, and has operated as a house museum since 1959.


China-Brazil Fund

The China-Brazil Fund is a bilateral investment cooperation fund established by the Chinese and Brazilian governments to funnel Chinese infrastructure and industrial investment into Brazil. The fund is seen as mutually beneficial as infrastructure has lagged in Brazil while China purchases Brazilian grain that is transported to port before shipment to China.
Fundraising.
The fund was jointly established by the Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management and Sino-Latin American Production Capacity Cooperation Investment Fund (Claifund). The initial contribution for the fund was US$20 billion with US$15 billion from the Claifund and US$5 billion from the Brazilian Development Bank and Caixa Econômica Federal.
Investments.
The fund is focused on infrastructure development according to remarks in 2017 by then Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang. The fund is expected to invest heavily in Brazilian railways. The Brazilian Ministry of Planning, Development and Management announced five projects, four in infrastructure and one in industry, were to be funded in May 2018.


Thomas Machin

Thomas Machin (March 20, 1744 – April 3, 1816) was a British-born American soldier and construction engineer.
Machin was born in Staffordshire, England, and in his youth was apprenticed to English canal builder James Brindley. After arriving in America he was commissioned a Lieutenant of the artillery and then in July 1776, a Captain in Lamb's Artillery in which capacity he served for the duration of the conflict. (The commission, for various reasons, was not approved by congress until 1780.) In 1776 he was dispatched by George Washington to the Hudson Highlands to assist in defending the Hudson River and creating emplacements an obstructions in an alongside the river from Fort Montgomery up to Kingston. He was singularly responsible for emplacing the chain at Fort Montgomery prior to the British attack on that post in the fall of 1777. The Fort Montgomery chain was breached on October 7, 1777 when the British overran the forts. 'The Great Chain' at West Point, was emplaced by Machin the subsequent year at the direction of then New York Governor, George Clinton. That chain was never breached and remained in place until the end of the war, being rolled up and placed on the bank during the winter months when there was ice in the river. Following his service in the Hudson Valley he was attached to the Sullivan Expedition and was instrumental in the defeat of Joseph Brant's forces at the Battle of Newtown. He also participated in the Yorktown Campaign where he won a bet for his commander, Henry Knox, who had made a wager with French General Rochambeau regarding the relative accuracy of French and American Artillery, by blowing up a British troop transport. Following the war, after running a mint operation on Orange Lake (near Newburgh), he moved to Montgomery County, New York where he pursued his surveying and engineering activities. His son, Thomas Machin Jr. was a Brigadier General in the War of 1812. He died on April 3, 1816. He was a member of the Order of Cincinnati.
As a civil engineer Machin was conscripted for the planning of the Cape Cod Canal immediately following the Siege of Boston and was responsible for damming Lake Otsego (New York) to allow James Clinton's army to float down to Tioga along the Mohawk to join with Sullivan in August 1779.


Sloane stop

Sloane is a surface light rail transit (LRT) stop under construction on Line 5 Eglinton, a new line that is part of the Toronto subway system. It is located in the Victoria Village neighbourhood at the intersection of Eglinton Avenue and Bermondsey Road/Sloane Avenue. It is scheduled to open in 2022.
The stop is located in the middle of Eglinton Avenue East on the east side of its intersection with Bermondsey Road and Sloane Avenue. The stop will have a centre platform. Access to the platforms will be via the pedestrian crossing on the east side of the signalized street intersection. East of the stop, between the two mainline tracks, there is a double-ended siding for trains to enter and exit from either direction on either main track.
During the planning stages for Line 5 Eglinton, the stop was given the working name "Bermondsey" after Bermondsey Road on the south side of Eglinton Avenue. On , the Metrolinx board of directors approved changing the stop name to "Sloane" after Sloane Avenue on the north side.
Surface connections.
The following routes would serve this station according to the report presented at the board meeting on February 25, 2016:


William Heerlein Lindley

Sir William Heerlein Lindley (30 January 1853, in Hamburg – 30 December 1917, in London) was a British civil engineer.
One of three sons of the famous British engineer William Lindley, WH Lindley worked together with his father on a number of projects and was a respected engineer in his own right. Between 1881 and 1889 he oversaw the construction of Warsaw waterworks, designed by his father in 1876–1878. He oversaw the construction of the sewage system in Prague, built between 1895 and 1906, which is still in use today, and Sewage plant in Bubeneč in Prague, which was in use from 1907 until 1967 and currently its building serves as a museum of Prague's sewage system and is highly dedicated to Lindley. Between 1897 and 1898 he worked on the project for a water-supply system for Iași, which he linked, via an underground cast-iron aqueduct, to an aquifer located 103 kilometres away, in Timișești, Neamț County; Lindley's project was materialised in 1911, and the water system is still used. He also coordinated the project for Baku's water supply system, working from 1899 up until his death in 1917. In 1909 he also designed a water and sewerage system for Łódź, Poland, although the expense of the system meant the project was shelved until the 1920s.


Henry Joseph Rudolph

Henry Joseph Rudolph (1902–1984) was a notable New Zealand watch repairer, musician, choirmaster and music director. He was born in London, England, in 1902.
In the 1974 New Year Honours, Rudolph was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to music and welfare.


Tilley Endurables

Tilley Endurables is a Canadian hat company founded in 1980 by Alex Tilley. Best known for its hats, it also manufactures travel clothing and some accessories. Tilley expanded the product line to shorts and pants designed for sailing, but soon found that many of the Tilley products were being used for travel. Tilley then expanded into "lightweight, easy to pack, practical travel clothing".
Most Tilley products are made in Canada (socks are made in the USA and select hats are made in China), primarily at a factory in Don Mills, Ontario." In 2015, Tilley sold the company to the Canadian subsidiary of the UK-based Hilco Capital. In 2018 Hilco Capital sold the company to Toronto, Canada based Gibraltar & Company.
The best known products of Tilley Endurables are their hats. The original hat was made of cotton duck and included a brim that snaps up. As the hats were originally made for sailing, they include two straps to prevent them from blowing off. Tilley customers often write stories on the Tilley website, explaining strange experiences they have had with the hats. One such story (and shown as part of an advertisement) includes a hat being eaten by an elephant, and defecated out later that week entirely intact.


Rennequin Sualem

Rennequin Sualem (1645 − 1708) was a Walloon carpenter and engineer born on 29 January 1645 in Jemeppe-sur-Meuse, Wallonia, Belgium. His given name sometimes appears as 'Renkin'.
Achievements.
In 1667−68 the lieutenant-governor of the castle of Huy ordered the building of an hydraulic machine to pump up the water of the Hoyoux river to his castle in Modave, higher. Rennequin Sualem was commissioned to build the mechanism.
In 1678 the French king Louis XIV called for a competition to construct an effective pump system to bring water from the nearby Seine river to his chateaux at Versailles and Marly in order to supply the fountains there, and Sualem resolved to present his model, a scaled-up version of his pump system at Hoyoux.
The presentations by the other inventors were so unconvincing that the king had decided to discontinue the competition and was about to leave the room, but Sualem managed to persuade him to stay to hear his plan. When he presented his imposing wooden model he impressed the king with his detailed description of its operation, and convinced that Sualem understood the problem to be tackled, Louis XIV commissioned him to immediately begin construction.
The resulting huge Machine de Marly, engineered by Arnold de Ville, lifted the waters from the Seine to the Versailles palace, in this case higher. The machine included 14 paddlewheels to power over 200 pumps that forced water up a network of pipes to an aqueduct. It took 30 years to complete in 1684 and remained in use until 1817 before subsequent modification.
Rennequin also built a pump for a coal mine at Decize. He died in Bougival, France in 1708, at the Marly machine.


Medford/Tufts station

Medford/Tufts station is an under-construction light rail station on the MBTA Green Line E Branch, to be located at College Avenue next to Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. It will be the northern terminus of the E Branch. Medford/Tufts will consist of one island platform, which will serve the E Branch's two tracks.
Previous commuter rail stations on what is now the Lowell Line were located nearby from the mid 19th century to 1958, and from 1977 to 1979.
History.
Railroad stations.
The Boston and Lowell Railroad opened through Medford in 1835, though local stops were not added immediately. Cambridge Road station was in use at what is now Harvard Street by 1852. Tufts College was founded that year; by 1855, Cambridge Road was replaced with Tufts College station on the west side of the tracks at what is now College Avenue.
Soon renamed College Hill, the station building was a converted residential structure. The college's post office was located in the station, with the station agent serving as the postmaster, until a separate post office was built nearby in 1885. By 1889, the station was located on the north side of the tracks just west of College Avenue. On May 3, 1897, the older station building was replaced with a brick structure, located on the opposite side of the tracks and slightly to the south at Pearson Street. At that time, it was renamed Tufts College, matching the post office name, at the request of students. The former station was twice burnt by students during riots after football games in November 1905.
Tufts College station was commonly used by students; special trains operated direct from the station for some away football games. However, streetcars consolidated under the Boston Elevated Railway cut sharply into local railroad traffic. The station building was repurposed by around 1920 as a theatre workshop, with a small wooden shelter for passengers. On April 18, 1958, the Public Utilities Commission approved a vast set of cuts to Boston and Maine Railroad commuter service, including the closure of North Somerville, Tufts College, and Medford Hillside stations. The three stations were closed on May 18, 1958, amid the first of a series of cuts.
On September 15, 1977, the MBTA opened Tufts University station near the Tufts College station site. It was abandoned in October 1979 due to poor ridership. A College Avenue commuter rail station was listed in 2012 as a possible interim air quality mitigation measure in response to delays in building the Green Line Extension. However, such a station would have been costly to build and could not have been completed by the 2015 deadline, and was thus not supported by MassDOT.
Green Line station.
In December 2016, the projected opening of the station was delayed to 2021. The station name was called College Avenue during planning; the change to Medford/Tufts was announced on January 2, 2020 Tufts will pay $2 million in maintenance costs over 10 years in exchange for the name.
Construction on the station began by August 2020, with retaining wall work preceding it. Public art at the station will include "Speeding Green Line" – a blurred mural over the station entrance – as well as murals on panels on station signs. , the station is expected to open in December 2021. Original plans called for the D Branch to be extended to Medford/Tufts. However, in April 2021, the MBTA indicated that the Medford Branch would instead be served by the E Branch.


Curb feeler

Curb feelers or curb finders are springs or wires installed on a vehicle which act as "whiskers" to alert drivers when they are at the right distance from the curb while parking.
The devices are fitted low on the body, close to the wheels. As the vehicle approaches the curb, the protruding feelers scrape against the curb, making a noise and alerting the driver in time to avoid damaging the wheels or hubcaps. The feelers are manufactured to be flexible and do not break easily.
Hotrods.
Curb feelers are still used on some hot rods when a 1950s look is wanted. They are especially popular for cars with whitewall tires, which are easily marred when scraped against the curb. Sometimes curb feelers are found only on the passenger side of the car, since that is most commonly near the curb when parking. Sometimes they are added only next to the front wheels. Some curb feelers have a single wire or spring, while others have two to increase the area that can be protected. Any particular car may have just one curb feeler installed (as on the pictures) or more if attached near the front and rear, as well as on both sides of the vehicle.
Recreational vehicles.
Recreational vehicles sometimes have rubber feelers or metal, antenna-like rods mounted on the lower part of the body that act as feelers so that drivers are warned if they are approaching a curb or other obstruction, thus reducing the chances of gouging or even cutting the tire sidewalls and generally increasing the safety of vehicle operation.
Buses.
Buses are sometimes fitted with curb feelers, which can assist the driver in ensuring that the bus is close enough to the curb to allow passengers to step to and from the curb easily.
Heavy equipment.
Today, the U.S. Department of Labor Mine Safety and Health Administration mentions that users of heavy equipment can benefit from an accessory:
In the 1950s, cars were often equipped with curb feelers.
[…] Using a piece of conveyor belt, long by wide and a couple of pieces of angle iron, you can make a pinch-point feeler, a warning device for the corners of a continuous miner. This will give a warning nudge to anyone in the danger area, giving him or her about a running start to stop the machine or to yell at the operator to stop. The belting is stiff enough to hold its shape but flexible enough to give if it runs into a miner or vice versa. The flexibility also allows this "curb feeler" to drag against the rib or be smacked by a shuttle car with little or no damage. A little spray from a can of reflective paint will make the belt a visual warning device as well. One or two on each corner will help or put as many as you want.
Electronic sensors.
Curb feelers based on optical technology are designed to function the same way but work in the proximity of an obstruction rather than having to come into physical contact with it. As described by one United States patent:
An electronic curb feeler system uses two pairs of optical sensor units to detect an object located near the front end of a vehicle during parking. One pair of optical sensor units detects an object directly in front of a left portion of the front end of the vehicle while another pair of optical sensors detects an object directly in front of a right portion of the front end of the vehicle. By supplying the operator of the vehicle with the location of the object as well as the exact distance the object is from the front end of the vehicle the operator can avoid hitting the object while parking very close to the object.
 Devices such as this, and simpler electronic devices similar to the original wire curb feelers used on cars, are used in the design of various mobile robotic devices. One robotics company that does work for the United States Department of Defense uses laser-assisted curb feeler technology.


Reave

A reave is a long and generally straight boundary wall made of stone that was built during the Bronze Age. Reaves were identified as prehistoric features on Dartmoor in Devon, England in 1972, and although they had been described by antiquarians in the 1820s, the knowledge of their origins had been lost, ignored and misrepresented for around 150 years.
There are three main classes of reaves: parallel reaves divided land to create rectilinear fields which were sometimes subdivided by cross reaves. Terminal reaves tend to run for great distances along contours or watersheds and served to divide the enclosed areas from the higher open moor. In total, the reaves on Dartmoor cover an area of over .
There are over 20 major field systems delineated by reaves on Dartmoor. The largest is around Rippon Tor, which covers over . Other large systems are North Dart (over ), South Dart () and Easdon Down ().
The longest reave identified on Dartmoor is known as the Great Western Reave, which, although incomplete, stretches over from beyond White Tor in the north, over Roos Tor, through the Merrivale archaeological landscape and Foggintor granite quarries to its southern end, east of Sharpitor, by the side of the B3212 road.


Series and parallel springs

In mechanics, two or more springs are said to be in series when they are connected end-to-end or point to point, and it is said to be in parallel when they are connected side-by-side; in both cases, so as to act as a single spring:
More generally, two or more springs are "in series" when any external stress applied to the ensemble gets applied to each spring without change of magnitude, and the amount strain (deformation) of the ensemble is the sum of the strains of the individual springs. Conversely, they are said to be "in parallel" if the strain of the ensemble is their common strain, and the stress of the ensemble is the sum of their stresses.
Any combination of Hookean (linear-response) springs in series or parallel behaves like a single Hookean spring. The formulas for combining their physical attributes are analogous to those that apply to capacitors connected in series or parallel in an electrical circuit.
Formulas.
Equivalent spring.
The following table gives formulae for the spring that is equivalent to a system of two springs, in series or in parallel, whose spring constants are formula_1 and formula_2. (The compliance formula_3 of a spring is the reciprocal formula_4 of its spring constant.)


Carey Beebe

Carey Beebe (born 1960, in Melbourne) is an Australian harpsichord maker and technician.
Early training and work.
After studies at the Sydney Conservatorium where his teachers included Gordon Watson and Robert Goode, Beebe graduated with a music degree as a harpsichord major and three performance diplomas including a Fellowship of Trinity College London. Becoming more interested in harpsichord construction, he then trained at the prominent American workshop of D. Jacques Way. In 1982 he was made the youngest ever international agent for "Zuckermann Harpsichords Inc.", the company founded by Wolfgang Zuckermann, inventor of the harpsichord kit. Since 1999 Beebe has been working with the French harpsichord maker Marc Ducornet and "The Paris Workshop".
Maker.
Beebe has scrutinized original instruments in museums and private collections, and has maintained or prepared instruments for concerts, broadcasts or recordings on five continents. He has worked closely with performers including William Christie & "Les Arts Florissants", Richard Egarr, Richard Hickox, Christopher Hogwood, Igor Kipnis, Ton Koopman, Trevor Pinnock, Christophe Rousset & "Les Talens Lyriques", and Colin Tilney by providing instruments and services in some of the world’s most famous performance venues like the Sydney Opera House.
Technician.
In addition to his skills as a maker with more than 50 instruments bearing his name, Beebe has expertise in maintaining early keyboard instruments under adverse conditions such as the tropics. One of his instruments was transported to Thursday Island in the Torres Strait to portray "Summer" from Vivaldi’s "The Four Seasons" for the Vast Productions documentary feature film "4", released in August 2007.
Beebe’s major clients include Opera Australia, the Sydney Conservatorium, the Singapore Symphony Orchestra, and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. As a guest technician, he has maintained harpsichords for Moscow’s Tchaikovsky Conservatory, Helsinki’s Sibelius Academy and the Shanghai Conservatory of Music. Since 1999, he has been the resident early keyboard technician for each year’s Carmel Bach Festival in California where the Music Director is Bruno Weil and the leader the Australian violinist Elizabeth Wallfisch.


Rhombic drive

The rhombic drive is a specific method of transferring mechanical energy, or work, used when a single cylinder is used for two separately oscillating pistons.
History.
It was originally developed around 1900 for the twin-cylinder Lanchester car engine where it allowed perfect balancing of the inertial forces on both pistons.  A current example of its use is on beta type-Stirling engines; the drive's complexity and tight tolerances, causing a high cost of manufacture, is a hurdle for the widespread usage of this drive.
Operation.
In its simplest form, the drive utilizes a jointed rhomboid to convert linear work from a reciprocating piston to rotational work.   The connecting rod of the piston is rigid as opposed to a common reciprocating engine which directly connects the piston to the crankshaft with a flexible joint in the piston. Instead, the rod connects to one corner of a rhombus.   When force is applied to the piston, it pushes down; at the same time, the outer corners of the rhomboid push out. They push on two cranks/flywheels which cause them to rotate, each in opposite directions. As the wheels rotate the rhombus progresses its change of shape from being flattened in the direction of the piston axis at top dead centre to being flattened in the perpendicular direction to the piston axis at bottom dead centre.
In the pictured example the left crank/flywheel turns clockwise and the right crank/flywheel anticlockwise. They turn at the same angular velocity and this can be reinforced by intermeshing them as gear wheels.


Carl Thompson (luthier)

Carl Thompson (born February 5 1939) is a luthier and musician specializing in the construction of high-quality custom bass guitars. He is based in Brooklyn, New York.
Born in Pitcairn, Pennsylvania to a large musical family, Thompson moved to New York City in 1967 to pursue a career as a jazz guitarist. After working in a guitar shop to supplement his income, he started his own guitar repair business. He made his first instrument in 1974 and quickly gained renown in the craft.
Carl Thompson has invented several important designs for modern basses. The most important advances in design attributed to Carl are his invention of Neck-thru instruments using a single piece heel block, as well as lengthening the electric bass from a 34" scale to a 36" and 38", which extends the harmonic overtones producing a richer timbre that is more consistent with the traditional acoustic bass. The piccolo bass, a guitar of the same dimensions as a normal bass but tuned an octave higher, was envisioned by Stanley Clarke and first built for him by Carl. Carl also constructed the first six string contrabass guitar envisioned by Anthony Jackson.
Carl's most popular endorsee is Les Claypool of the band Primus, who plays and owns seven Carl Thompson basses, his most famous being the Rainbow Bass, a six-string fretless bass made of several different woods. He has made at least four basses for Stanley Clarke. Clarke honored Thompson at one of his concerts and invited him on stage, calling him "a very great bass maker" and stating "(Carl) made one of my first piccolo basses. In fact, he made "the" first piccolo bass." Carl has also built guitars for Lou Reed and Hank Williams III.
Thompson basses are sought after, and he maintains a two-year waiting list, though some orders can take well over three years to complete. The cost for a basic four-string bass made by Thompson is about $5,500. Basses such as the "Rainbow Bass" can cost well over $10,000, although Carl will not make copies of the bass for his clients despite being asked to do so in the past. He maintains that all his basses are one-of-a-kind.
Thompson continues to be an active musician, practicing several hours a day, and performing once a week at a local Brooklyn restaurant. He has a fascination with jazz singers, and is a respected vocal coach of young singers.
External links.
The "$10 Million Bass" in Black Ebony.


Claude Thomassin

Claude Auguste Thomassin (1865–1942) was a French bow maker, or "".
Son of Louis Thomassin with whom he learned his craft in Mirecourt. In his early career, he worked for the shop of Gand & Bernadel. Many bows from this period are stamped "Gand & Bernadel". In 1901 the family firm of Gand & Bernadel was taken over by Caressa & Français. It was at this point that Claude Thomassin set up his own atelier at Rue de Paris in Paris. Although he continued to produce some bows for his former employers, much of his output from 1901 onwards was branded with his name "Claude Thomassin" or sometimes "C.Thomassin à Paris".
Thomassin has been called one of the best makers of his generation.
"C. Thomassin's work is highly prized and respected for playability and beautiful workmanship" – Filimonov Fine Violins


Roof pitch

In building construction, roof pitch is the steepness of a roof quantified as a ratio or as the number of angular degrees that "one" 'exposure' surface deviates from horizontal level. A roof surface may be either 'functionally flat' or pitched.
Description.
The pitch of a roof is its vertical 'rise' over its horizontal 'span'. However, most often a ratio of "pitch" (also fraction) is slang used for the (more useful) 'slope' (of rise over 'run') of just one side (half the span) of a dual pitched roof. This is the 'slope' of geometry, stairways and other construction disciplines, or the trigonometric arc tangent function of its decimal fraction. In the imperial measurement systems, "pitch" is usually expressed with the rise first and run second (in the USA, run is held to number 12). In the USA the rise is rationalized to a ratio of so many measuring units rise to each 12 measuring units of run (e.g., 3:12, 4:12, 5:12). Places that use metric measurement systems use a degree angle, or what fall there is per unit of run, and expressed as a '1 in _' slope (a '1 in 1' equals 45°). Where convenient, the least common multiple is used (e.g., a '3 in 4' slope, for a '9 in 12' or '1 in 1 1/3').
The pitch matters for a variety of reasons, including the type of roofing material used, walkability, proportions to the building as a whole (which is sometimes a critical factor in some architectural styles such as a steep pitch in Gothic architecture and a low pitch in Classical architecture), and combinations of pitches to form distinctive roof shapes such as a gambrel roof. The basic ranges of pitch are not uniformly defined, but range from "flat", which are not perfectly flat but sloped to drain water up to 1/2:12 to 2:12 (1 in 24 to 1 in 6); "low-slope" roofing, which requires special materials and techniques to avoid leaks and ranges from 1:12 (2:12) to 4:12 (1 in 3); "conventional" from 4:12 (1 in 3) to 9:12 (3 in 4); and "steep-slope" roofing, which is above 9:12 (3 in 4) (21:12) (7 in 4) and may require extra fasteners.
US convention is to use whole numbers when even (e.g. "three in twelve") or the nearest single or two-digit fraction when not (e.g. either "five and a quarter in twelve" or "five point two-five in twelve", each expressed numerically as 5.25:12).
Definitions vary on when a roof is considered pitched. In degrees, 10° (2 in 12 or 1 in 6) is considered a minimum.
The exact roof slope in degrees is given by the arctangent. For example: arctan(3/12)=14.0°
The primary purpose of pitching a roof is to redirect water and snow. Thus, pitch is typically greater in areas of high rain or snowfall. The steep roof of the tropical Papua New Guinea longhouse, for example, sweeps almost to the ground. The high, steeply-pitched gabled roofs of Northern Europe are typical in regions of heavy snowfall. In some areas building codes require a minimum slope. Buffalo, New York and Montreal, Quebec, Canada, specify 6 in 12, a pitch of approximately 26.6 degrees.
Carpenters frame rafters on an angle to "pitch" a roof. Gable and other multi-pitched roofs allow for lower primary structures with a corresponding reduction in framing and sheathing materials.
Historical pitches.
Historically, roof pitch was designated in two other ways: A ratio of the ridge height to the width of the building (span) and as a ratio of the rafter length to the width of the building.
Commonly used roof pitches were given names such as:-


Ball-peen hammer

A ball-peen or ball pein hammer, also known as a machinist's hammer, is a type of peening hammer used in metalworking. It has two heads, one flat and the other, called the peen, rounded. It is distinguished from a cross-peen hammer, diagonal-peen hammer, point-peen hammer, or chisel-peen hammer by having a hemispherical peen.
Uses.
Besides for peening (surface hardening by impact), the ball-peen hammer is useful for many tasks, such as striking punches and chisels (usually performed with the flat face of the hammer). The peening face is useful for rounding off edges of metal pins and fasteners, such as rivets. The ball face of the hammer can also be used to make gaskets for mating surfaces. A suitable gasket material is held over the surface where a corresponding gasket is desired, and the operator will lightly tap around the edges of the mating surface to perforate the gasket material.
Variants.
Variants include the straight-peen, diagonal-peen, and cross-peen hammer. These hammers have a wedge-shaped head instead of a ball-shaped head. This wedge shape spreads the metal perpendicular to the edge of the head. The straight-peen hammer has the wedge oriented parallel to the hammer's handle, while the cross-peen hammer's wedge is oriented perpendicular. The diagonal-peen hammer's head, as the name implies, is at a 45° angle from the handle. They are commonly used by blacksmiths during the forging process to deliver blows for forging or to strike other forging tools.
Head materials.
Ball-peen hammer heads are typically made of heat treated forged high-carbon steel or alloy steel; it is harder than the face of a claw hammer. Softer brass heads are sometimes used.


Laurent de La Hyre

Laurent de La Hyre (; February 27, 1606 – December 28, 1656) was a French Baroque painter, born in Paris. He was a leading exponent of the neoclassical style of Parisian Atticism.
Life.
La Hyre was greatly influenced by the work of Italian artists who came to Paris. He became a pupil of Georges Lallemand and studied the works of Primaticcio at Fontainebleau, but never visited Italy. La Hyre's captivating use of color and delicately posed figures are a trademark of his early, painteresque style. He was an innovative artist who used his superior skills as a storyteller to portray rarely depicted subjects. La Hyre is associated with the transitional period before the introduction of the French Baroque by Simon Vouet.
His picture of Pope Nicholas V opening the crypt in which he discovers the corpse of St. Francis of Assisi standing (located at the Louvre) was executed in 1630 for the Capuchin friars of the Marais; its gravity and sobriety seems to have been influential for the next generation of French painters, particularly Eustache Le Sueur. The Louvre contains eight other works, and paintings by La Hyre are in the museums of Strasburg, Rouen and Le Mans.
His drawings, of which the British Museum possesses a fine example, "Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple", are treated as seriously as his paintings, and sometimes show simplicity and dignity of effect. The example of the Capuchins, for whom he executed several other works in Paris, Rouen and Fécamp, was followed by the goldsmith's company, for whom he produced in 1635 "St. Peter healing the Sick" (Louvre) and the "Conversion of St Paul" in 1637.
In 1648, La Hyre was one of the founders of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture and was elected as one of the original twelve elders in charge of its running.
Richelieu called La Hyre to the Palais Royal; Pierre Séguier, Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux and many others entrusted him with important works of decoration; for the Gobelins he designed a series of large compositions. La Hyre painted also a great number of portraits, and in 1654 united in one work for the town-hall of Paris those of the principal dignitaries of the municipality. His students included François Chauveau.


Tubular linear motor

A tubular linear motor is a type of linear electric motor with a forcer consisting of a series of solenoids wrapped around a cylinder enclosing a movable rod that contains a number of strong cylindrical permanent magnets aligned in alternating and opposing directions. Tubular linear motors are used in applications requiring linear actuators with performance that cannot be met by other forms of linear actuators such as pneumatic cylinders or lead screw linear actuators. Either the forcer (the part containing the coils) or the rod (the part containing the magnets) may be the moving part, depending on the application.
As part of a servomechanism, tubular linear motors can achieve a simultaneous combination of high forces, high speeds, and high precision that is well beyond the capabilities of most other types of actuators.
Permanent-magnet based tubular linear motors should not be confused with tubular linear induction motors, which work on a different principle.


Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation

The Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (also known as the Belt and Road Forum or BaRF) is an international political and economical forum.
2017.
The event was first held on 14 and 15 May 2017 in Beijing, and drew 29 foreign heads of state and government and representatives from more than 130 countries and 70 international organizations.
Agenda and activities.
The purpose of the forum is described by Wang Xiaotao, deputy head of the National Development and Reform Commission, in an interview with Xinhua as building "a more open and efficient international cooperation platform; a closer, stronger partnership network; and to push for a more just, reasonable and balanced international governance system." Western media coverage portrays the forum in a similar way with CNN referring to the event under the headline "China's new world order" and the "Los Angeles Times" running the article "Globalization 2.0: How China's two-day summit aims to shape a new world order".
There will be an opening ceremony and high level meetings including a plenary session and six parallel panel discussions during the first day. A round table summit will be held on the second day, chaired by President Xi Jinping with the participation of all attending heads of state and government and heads of the UN, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund. At the conclusion of the round-table summit, the body will issue a document agreeing to goals and principles for the initiative.
The forum will be a platform for working out action plans for implementation of the initiative in the areas of infrastructure, energy and resources, production capacity, trade and investment and identification of major projects. It is also intended to be an opportunity for the signing of cooperation agreements with countries and international organizations in the areas of financial cooperation mechanism; a cooperation platform for science, technology and environmental protection; and enhanced exchanges and training of talent and financing agreements for backing projects.
Attendance.
Heads of state and government
 People's Republic of China (Host):
The forum is attended by 29 foreign heads of state and government and their respective delegations:
Heads of international organizations
Ministerial level
The online magazine "The Diplomat" documents the following incomplete list of ministerial level attendees.
Venues.
In 2017 the events were held at National Convention Center in the urban Chaoyang District and Yanqi Lake International Convention Center and Jixian hall at Yanqi Lake Conference Center in the outer suburb Huairou District.
The opening ceremony, the plenary session of a high-level meeting, as well as six parallel thematic meetings were staged at the National Convention Center while the main venues of the forum and leaders' roundtable summit were held at the Yanqi venues.
2019.
A second Belt and Road Forum was held from 25 to 27 April 2019 in Beijing. Leaders of 40 countries and international organizations attended the Forum, A Joint Communique of 283 concrete results in six categories was announced at the end of the Forum.


Bazin family

Bazin Family / Bazin Dynasty.
Highly esteemed family of bowmakers operating in Mirecourt, France, from around 1840 through most of the 1900s, (members of the Bazin family) produced bows in Mirecourt.
The bow making dynasty began with François Bazin and ended with Charles Alfred Bazin (1907 - 1987).
With the onset of "Industrial Revolution", came the idea of the giant enterprise that dominated the industry until the 1960s, such as Jerome Thibouville-Lamy and Laberte-Magnie (in the musical instruments trade). The smaller workshop never died, and in the hands of exceptional businessmen such as Charles Nicolas Bazin and his colleague Eugene Cuniot-Hury could prove exceptional.
The Bazins found ways of increasing production, while maintaining quality.
They assembled an outstanding shop, where they not only apprenticed and employed talented bow makers, but also served as public and civic leaders in Mirecourt.
François Xavier Bazin- (b. Mirecourt 1824 - d. Mirecourt 1865) - was a French archetier / master bow maker and was first of the Bazin dynasty.
Notable experts suggest that he was influenced and purportedly studied with Dominique Peccatte in Paris, and possibly Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, also in Paris, before establishing himself in Mirecourt around 1840. He died at the age of 41, apparently of cholera. He was the brother of Charles-Nicolas Bazin I.
Charles-Nicolas Bazin I, (1831 - 1908) brother of François Xavier Bazin. Among his apprentices was Célestin Émile Clasquin.
Charles Nicolas Bazin II (1847 - 1915) son of François Xavier Bazin learned his art in the house of his father. Upon his father's death, he found himself at the head of the family business-indeed a hefty responsibility for a boy of 18.Two years later, he married his first cousin Jeanne-Emélie Bazin with whom he had three sons: Emile-Joseph, Gustave and Charles Louis.
He was a great craftsman and was responsible for producing a great many bows that are still in demand.
In his Mirecourt workshop, he employed some of the most famous bow makers. In the first six years of the 1900s there were between 12 and 17 makers producing some 2 000 - 3 000 quality bows a year.
The makers included: Fetique Brothers, Claude Husson, Granier, Lorange, Tournier, Delprato, Ouchard, Jacquemin, Dumont, Couturieux, Richaume, Bourgeois, Bontemps.
He died on 6 December 1915.
Charles Nicolas spent fifty-six years of his life devoted to making bows.
Charles Louis Bazin (Louis Bazin) fils (1881 - 1953) son, pupil and successor (in 1907) of Charles-Nicolas Bazin II. He started making bows from the age of 12, served his apprenticeship with his father.
He took over the family workshop in 1907 where his father continued to work with him until his death in 1915.
In 1922, Charles Alfred BAZIN, one of Charles Louis BAZIN’s two sons, started his apprenticeship and worked alongside his father until 1945.
Charles Louis BAZIN retired in 1952, his son Charles Alfred BAZIN took over his workshop.
Louis Bazin is considered the most important of the Bazin family, and has achieved the highest standard and renown in his craft.
During the 20th century Louis Bazin’s bows were widely acclaimed by French virtuosi.
”No better bows made by any contemporary maker.” - William Henley
Eustache-Joseph Bazin (1823 1864) son of Francois, also became a bowmaker.
Emile Joseph Bazin (1868 - 1956) son of Charles Nicolas. Did his apprenticeship with his father, leaving at age 17 to spend 1885-89 working at Hill & Sons in London, most likely alongside Samuel Allen, among others.
Emile left the bow making profession and, by the time he married (Marie-Nathalie Husson) in 1893, had become a music professor.
Gustave BAZIN (1871 - 1920) second son of Charles-Nicolas Bazin II, was the first violin maker in the family. His students included Amèdée Dieudonne, Marcel Vatelot and Charles Enel.
René BAZIN (1906 - 1982) son and pupil of Charles-Louis (for bow making), pupil of Dieudonné (for instrument making). He was more attracted by violin making. Worked with Marcel Vatelot in Paris, and with Fridolin Hamma in Stuttgart. Died on 30 December 1982 in Munich. Possessed an important library of violin makers and their works which was dispersed upon his death. He was himself, the author of research concerning Jean Baptiste Vuillaume.
Charles Alfred BAZIN (1907 - 1987) second son of Charles-Louis (Louis Bazin), with whom he worked (1922). Established on his own accord in 1945, at Mirecourt, succeeded his father in 1952.
Retired in 1980, he was the last bow maker of the great family.
Apprentices and workmen who worked for Charles Alfred Bazin included:
Francois Lotte, Rene Lotte (cousin of Francois Lotte), Louis Morizot, Louis Gillet, Marcel Lapierre, Jean-Claude Ouchard (son of Emile A. Ouchard) and many others.
References.
Exhibition on the Bazin Dynasty in Mirecourt 1992


Tightlock coupling

Type H Tightlock couplers are a variety of Janney coupler, typically used on North American mainline passenger rail cars. They are designed with mechanical features which reduce slack in normal operation and prevent telescoping in derailments, yet remain compatible with other Janney types used by North American freight railroads.
Like all Janney couplers, the Tightlock is "semi-automatic" with the couplers on cars or locomotives automatically locking when cars are pushed together. However, most tightlock couplers are not fully automatic, as workers still need to go between cars to hook up the air lines for the pneumatic brakes, and connect cables for head-end power and other communications. Also, to separate cars, a worker needs to use a lever to move the locking pin that keeps the coupler closed.
In Europe, some operators experimented with making fully automatic tightlock couplers by adding integral pneumatic and electric connectors, but these connections experienced reliability issues. Most operators who experimented with fully automatic tightlock couplers have now switched to the more common fully automatic Scharfenberg coupler.
Janney Type H TightLock coupler standards were established by the Association of American Railroads. Management and development of the standard was transferred to the American Public Transportation Association in 1971 when passenger service was nationalized in the United States from most private railway companies to Amtrak.
On a standard-gauge railway, the nominal mounting height for the coupler (rail top to coupler center) is , with a maximum height on empty cars and minimum height on loaded cars.
Janney Type F.
Janney Type F InterLock couplers, often mistaken for the Type H Tightlock, are another variety, typical on North American gondola wagons that go through rotary dumpers.
Tightlock use in the United Kingdom.
Type H couplers are in widespread use on multiple unit passenger trains in the UK built from the mid 1970s onwards. The previous generation of slam door units fitted with Buckeye couplers had required a shunter to get down onto the track and stand between the two units to manually trip the coupler mechanism as well as connect or disconnect the air pipes and electrical jumper leads. In order to reduce staffing costs and cut down station dwell times, British Rail looked to incorporate an automatic coupler mechanism in its new power-door trains. Class 313 units were the first stock to incorporate this. Air-operated Tightlock couplers were chosen, together with underslung electrical connector boxes controlled by a Drum switch, and this allowed drivers to single-handedly attach or split a train without having to leave the cab.
Classes of train equipped included:
The Tightlocks were generally a success in the UK, but there were reliability issues and some notable incidents occurred where trains divided in service. The constant couple-uncouple cycles of heavy London commuter services caused the couplers' mechanisms to wear out faster than expected. Connex South Eastern's Networker fleet was particularly susceptible to this and the company blamed its drivers in the media, then changed its coupling instructions to drivers to include a "push-on, pull off" power test and visual inspection to ensure that the knuckles had engaged fully.
By the early 2000s the first batch of Bombardier Electrostar Class 375s had been built with Tightlock couplers for Connex South Central and Connex South Eastern, but it was quickly decided that Dellner couplings would be preferable. All subsequent units were built with these, and their earlier examples were eventually modified.
All multiple-unit trains built for the UK since then have been equipped with Dellner couplings.


Beam coupling


Frank Hubbard

Frank Twombly Hubbard (May 15, 1920 – February 25, 1976) was an American harpsichord maker, a pioneer in the revival of historical methods of harpsichord building.
Student days.
Born in New York, Hubbard studied English literature at Harvard, graduating with AB, 1942 and AM, 1947. One of his friends was William Dowd, who had an interest in early instruments, and together they constructed a clavichord. This connection, with his interest as an amateur violinist in violin making and the location of his library reading stall near the stacks holding books on musical instruments, led to Hubbard's interest in the historic harpsichord.
While pursuing graduate study at Harvard, Hubbard and Dowd both decided to leave to pursue instrument-making. In 1947, Hubbard went to England, and became an apprentice at the workshop of Arnold Dolmetsch in Haslemere. Not learning much about the historic harpsichord, he went to Hugh Gough in London in 1948, with whom he worked for a year. During this time, he was able to visit the collections of early keyboard instruments around Europe and study instruments of historical makers. He studied the viola da gamba with Edgar Hunt at the Trinity College of Music in order to get the subsistence allowance that the G.I. Bill offered, though with his instrument-making, he had no time to practise.
Historical harpsichords.
He returned to the USA in 1949 and founded a workshop with Dowd building harpsichords on historical principles, rather than the 20th-century modern (now known as 'revival') style practised by virtually all professional makers, such as Robert Goble. They found work performing restorations of harpsichords in public and private collections which helped them improve their own practises of design and construction. In 1958 the partnership ended and Hubbard formed his own workshop on the Lyman estate in Waltham, Dowd opening a larger workshop in Cambridge.
From 1955–1958, with a Fulbright Fellowship, American Philosophical Society Grant and Belgium American Educational Foundation CRB Fellowship, he was able to examine many more instrumental collections in Europe. From 1967 to 1968, he set up the restoration workshop for the Musée Instrumental at the Paris Conservatoire. In the 1970s, he taught courses at Harvard and Boston University. At the time of the publication of his book, "Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making", in 1965, Ralph Kirkpatrick wrote that "he unquestionably knows more about the history and construction of harpsichords than anyone alive today".
He developed a harpsichord in 1963 based on a Pascal Taskin instrument of 1769 which was sold as a do-it-yourself kit. It included a manual and all the crucial parts, with the wooden items planed to the correct thickness but otherwise requiring finishing. In this way any person with a good grasp of woodworking and basic knowledge of harpsichord making, with dedication and careful work, was able to produce a fine instrument. By 1975, approximately 1000 of these instruments had been produced. Some of Hubbard "kit harpsichords" have been (and still are now in the 21st century) used as first-rate instruments in public recitals worldwide.
An amateur violinist, he also restored a number of early violins to their original state and made early (pre-Tourte) bows for instruments of the viol and violin families.
He has been described as "a gentleman of the 18th and 20th centuries, an Anglophile and Francophile who seemed to disapprove of most things German and Italian." He died in 1976 in Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Hubbard's thoughts on the harpsichord.
About the revival of authentic instruments for early music:
The ideal harpsichord sound:
Bach and Scarlatti's instruments:
What we still don't know about the history of the harpsichord:


Maple Leaf (shipwreck)

Maple Leaf is a United States National Historic Landmark in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. "Maple Leaf", a side paddlewheel steamship, was first launched as a freight and passenger vessel from the Marine Railway Yard in Kingston, Upper Canada in 1851. The sidewheel paddle steamer measured at the beam.
Sinking.
"Maple Leaf" was a civilian merchant steamship, chartered as a transport by the Union Army during American Civil War, that struck a Confederate torpedo - what we would now call a mine - as she was crossing the St. Johns River near Jacksonville on April 1, 1864. Four crew members lost their lives in the sinking. This was the first mine casualty of the war. The screw steamer was dispatched to assess the condition of the wreck on April 2, and Captain Henry W. Dale concluded his ship and cargo as a total loss.
Wreck.
"Maple Leaf"′s wreck site is located in the St. Johns River, to the west of the adjacent Mandarin neighborhood, in southeastern Duval County. The wreck was deemed a threat to river navigation so the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had all structural components above the ship's main deck removed to clear the channel in the 1880s. The shipwreck was rediscovered by the St. Johns Archaeological Expeditions, Inc. in 1984. Volunteers identified the wreck in 1984. The shipwreck site has been given the Smithsonial trinomial 8DU8032.
Because of the wreck's remarkable state of preservation (down to the line cleared in the 1880s), it is the most significant Civil War-era shipwrecks yet discovered, and a good example of a mid-19th century Great Lakes steamer. On October 12, 1994, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.


Framing hammer

Framing hammers, used for framing wooden houses, are heavy duty rip hammers with a straight claw. The hammer heads typically weigh from 20 to 32 ounces (567 to 907 grams) for steel heads, and 12 to 16 ounces (340 to 454 grams) for titanium heads. Heavy heads, longer handles and milled faces allow for driving large nails quickly into dimensional lumber.
Typically the head will be made of steel and the handle of wood. Light weight titanium heads with longer handles allow for increased velocity, resulting in greater energy delivery, while decreasing arm fatigue and risk of carpal tunnel syndrome . The milled face of the head consists of a waffle-like grid of small four sided pyramids. Nails typically used for framing have a grid of intersecting raised metal lines on the head of the nail. The raised marks on the head of the hammer grip this grid, which helps to prevent the hammer from sliding off the nail head when striking a nail. Since the frame typically will not be seen on the finished house, the inevitable marring of wood surfaces by the milled hammer face is not an issue. A hammer with a smooth striking surface is known as a finishing hammer and is used where marring of the wood is to be avoided for cosmetic reasons. Some framing hammers have a magnetized slot along the top edge of the striking surface to hold a nail. This allows the nail to be placed and driven quickly with just one hand.
The straight claw serves the dual purpose of removing nails and acting as a crow bar to pry apart (rip) lumber. It does not have as much leverage for removing nails as a curved claw hammer when using the face of the claw as the fulcrum, but the handle can be pulled to the side to greatly increase leverage by using a very short fulcrum. For pulling nails, a wooden block can be placed under the head of the hammer close to the nail to increase leverage.
Wooden handles are usually made of hickory, an extremely tough wood, but can be readily broken if one misses the nail and hits the handle instead. Broken wooden handles can often be replaced. Single piece steel hammers are available and are the most durable, but typically do not absorb the shock of the hammer blows well. Fiberglass is becoming a common handle material due to its increased durability and shock and vibration absorbing capabilities. Steel and fiberglass handles generally have rubber or rubber-like grips for increased comfort and better grip. Low quality rubber handled hammers are known to often separate from the hammer and cause injury to the user. Wooden hammers have relatively little grip, which can allow the hammer to slide from the hand. Some carpenters and other users prefer this, as they can begin a stroke by gripping the hammer towards the center of the handle, and allow the handle to slide through their hand as they swing. This allows greater control during the beginning of the stroke, but increased leverage and more power when the hammer actually strikes the nail.
Framing hammers have increasingly been replaced by nail guns for the majority of nails driven on a wood framed house.
In literature.
Norman Spaulding, a professor of civil law, has treated the framing hammer as a discursive metaphor for the Erie doctrine of United States law's reversal of the case Swift v. Tyson, which decided whether federal courts, when deciding matters not specifically addressed by the state legislature, had the authority to develop a federal common law.