European Maritime Force

The European Maritime Force (EUROMARFOR or EMF) is a non-standing, military force with the current participation of France, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The force may carry out naval, air and amphibious operations, with an activation time of 5 days after an order is received.
The force was formed in 1995 to fulfill missions defined in the Petersberg Declaration, such as sea control, humanitarian missions, peacekeeping operations, crisis response operations, and peace enforcement.
The EMF is presently not established at the EU level (referred to as the Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP); it is for instance not a project of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) of the CSDP. The EMF may however contribute in the implementation of the CSDP, when made available as a "multinational force" in accordance with article 42.3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The force can also be deployed for other international organizations, such as NATO, the United Nations or the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
History.
In June 1992, the Petersberg tasks were set out, defining which potential missions that could be assumed by the Western European Union in the new post-Cold War situation. Consequently, the identification of forces needed to carry out such missions was required.
The following September a ministerial meeting between the governments of Spain, Portugal, France and Italy resolved their willingness to create an international maritime force. This led to the signing of the constitutive document of the European Maritime Force in Lisbon on 15 May 1995. The force came into existence on 2 October 1995, with the appointment of the Spanish Admiral Acedo Manteola (then Alflot) as its first commander.
The first activation of the force was made with exercise EOLO 96 in April 1996, In 2001, officers from Greece and Turkey, respectively, integrated as observers in the Permanent Cell, highlighting the willingness of these countries to become full members.
A number of operations and exercises were undertaken in the following years. The first was Operation Coherent Behaviour in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in 2002. During this operation, EMF was in close cooperation with NATO in the frame of Operation Active Endeavor. This was the first autonomous operation in the history of the force, and was carried out based on a mandate given by the participating nations.
Upon the completion of this first participation in RWO (Real World Operation), another challenge was taken up by EMF and the force activated to take part in a new RWO. Thus, in 2003, EMF took part in Operation Resolute Behaviour in Indian Ocean in support of an international coalition's Operation Enduring Freedom and gradually embedded into it between 2003 and 2005. The participation of EMF in an operation like this, demonstrated the EMF Nations' cohesion and their commitment to fight together with the international community against terrorism.
During this period, by the participation in RWO but also through a demanding program of co-operational exercises with the countries of the south Mediterranean Sea, the visibility and the international recognition of EMF were increased significantly. EMF participated also in Operation UNIFIL between 2008 and 2009, under the aegis of the United Nations. During this activation, the EMF at sea Commander acted as CTF 448. Once again EMF demonstrated its flexibility and its capability of acting under the aegis of a different organization. This was a historical milestone not only for EMF, but even for the UN, because it was the first UN direct operation.
An activation of EMF, in order to participate in the EU's Operation Atalanta in Indian Ocean, took place in December 2011. This activation lasted for 20 months and ended in August 2013. In December 2013, the force reactivated for participating in the same operation once again.
From its foundation, EMF, has been activated for a total period of 62 months for participation in RWOs.
Structure.
The EMF is a non-standing force, and its composition, drawing on participating states' navies, varies depending on the nature of each mission. The size of EMF may range from a small Task Group to a large Task Force including carrier and amphibious groups, escorts and support vessels. Additionally, maritime patrol aircraft, mine countermeasure units, submarines or other types of naval units could be employed, depending on the mission and its related tasks.
From the moment when the member nations take the decision to intervene in a crisis by employing the EMF, the CIMIN directs COMEUROMARFOR to activate the force. After consultation with the CIMIN, CEMF and national authorities, participating nations define the volume and nature of their involvement. Subsequently, they assign units to EMF. COMEUROMARFOR assembles the assigned units and gets their operational control as required.
High Level Inter-Ministerial Committee.
The High Level Inter-Ministerial Committee (CIMIN) is at the top level of EMF organization. The body is composed by Chiefs of Defence (CHOD), Political Head Directorates of Defence and Foreign Affairs Ministries and credited representatives of participating nations. The CIMIN ensures the politico-military direction of the participating countries establishes the conditions for the employment of the force and issues directives to COMEUROMARFOR. CIMIN meetings are convoked when necessary, at the request of any of the member states.
Politico-Military Working Group.
The Politico-Military Working Group (POLMIL WG) is the executive body of CIMIN. The POLMIL WG is composed by the representatives from the CHOD's and from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the member countries. It takes care of all the activities related to the development and external relations of the Force and ensures the implementation of the CIMIN decisions. The POLMIL WG also appoints a Staff of the EMF countries to act as CIMIN Secretariat, for the conduct of its daily activities and to act as the permanent interlocutor of the CEMF.
Sub working group.
Under the POLMIL WG, is the EUROMARFOR Sub working group (EMF SWG). EMF SWG is composed by representatives from each one of the Nation's Naval General Staffs mainly to advise the POLMIL WG on specific Naval issues and to express the single National Naval Staff's view on specific issues of own competence and co-ordinate positions and actions to be taken.
Operational level.
At the operational level of the chain of command, there is the Commander of the European Maritime Force (CEMF or COMEUROMARFOR), who is designated every two years among the National Naval Authorities (NNAs) entities namely:
The CEMF relies both on his own existing National Staff and the EMF Permanent Cell (EMFPC) for the accomplishment of the assigned duties. The EMF is composed by Director who is an Officer of the same nationality as the CEMF and four representatives (Commanders or Lieutenant Commanders), one from each EMF Nation. Additionally, since November 2001 one Officer from Greece and one from Turkey joined the permanent cell as observers.
Relationship with EU defence policy.
The EMF is presently not established at the EU level (referred to as the Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP); it is for instance not a project of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) of the CSDP. The EMF may however contribute in the implementation of the CSDP, when made available as a "multinational force" in accordance with article 42.3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU).


Wolfpack Pfeil

Pfeil ("Arrow") was the name given to two separate U-boat "wolfpacks" of Nazi Germany during World War II.
Pfeil 1 (Sep 1942).
The first wolfpack comprised 11 U-boats and operated from 12 September 1942 to 22 September 1942. This pack patrolled both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, preying on merchant vessels coming to Europe from the Americas.
Raiding Success.
"Pfeil 1" was responsible for the sinking of 0 ships in the Atlantic Ocean.
Pfeil 2 (Feb 1943).
The first wolfpack comprised 13 U-boats and operated from 1 February 1943 to 9 February 1943. This pack patrolled both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, preying on merchant vessels coming to Europe from the Americas.
Raiding Success.
"Pfeil 2" was responsible for the sinking of 11 ships (54,326 GRT) plus 1 ship damaged (9,272 GRT) in the Atlantic Ocean.


Global Night Commute

Global Night Commute was a worldwide event organized by the makers of the film "Invisible Children" through the organization Invisible Children, Inc. It took place on April 29, 2006. Youths from around the world walked to city centers and spent the night in parks to show support for Ugandan children who walk every night into city centers attempting to avoid capture by the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).
Overview.
These children, between the ages of 3 and 17, from Acholiland in Northern Uganda, are referred to as "night commuters". They walk up to 20 km (12 mi) from internally displaced person camps to larger towns, notably Gulu, in search of safety from the LRA.
The Global Night Commute was similar to other initiatives raising awareness about the plight of the children in Acholiland like the Gulu Walk that took place in over 40 cities internationally in October 2005; however, the Global Night Commute took place on a much larger scale. Over 58,000 people signed up to participate in the event, but over 80,000 attended in total; it took place in 130 cities in seven countries.
The goal of the event was to raise awareness and ultimately end Africa's longest running conflict by facilitating a change in the policies of the United States government. The slogan for the event is "On April 29th, we gathered. To make a difference. To end a war."
External links.
Event photographs
Press


Paul H. Foster

Paul Hellstrom Foster (April 17, 1939 – October 14, 1967) was a United States Marine who posthumously received the Medal of Honor for heroism in Vietnam in October 1967.
Biography.
Foster was born on April 17, 1939, in San Mateo, California. He attended elementary and high schools there, and was a member of the varsity football and track teams. After graduating from high school in 1957, he went to work as an automobile mechanic helper.
He enlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve on November 4, 1961, in San Francisco, California, and received recruit training with the 1st Recruit Training Battalion at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, and individual combat training with the 2nd Infantry Training Regiment at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton.
After completion of combat training in March 1962, he joined the 5th 105 mm Howitzer Battery (later redesignated Headquarters Battery, 14th Marines, 4th Marine Division), a Reserve unit, at Navy and Marine Corps Training Center Treasure Island in San Francisco. While on inactive duty, he was promoted to private first class in March 1963, to Lance Corporal in August 1963; to Corporal in April 1964, and to Sergeant on February 1, 1966.
Called to active duty in November 1966, Sgt Foster embarked for the Republic of Vietnam, and in December, joined Company H, 3rd Battalion 12th Marines, 3rd Marine Division. While serving as an Artillery Liaison Operations Chief with the 2nd Battalion 4th Marines in Operation Kingfisher near Con Thien at Wash Out Bridge on October 14, 1967, Sgt Foster was mortally wounded when he threw himself upon a hand grenade to save the lives of his five comrades.
The Medal of Honor was presented to his family by President Richard M. Nixon, in a ceremony at the White House on June 20, 1969.
Sergeant Paul H. Foster is buried in Grave 4764, Section V, Golden Gate National Cemetery, San Bruno, California.
Awards and honors.
Foster's medals and decorations include:
Medal of Honor citation.
The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to
SERGEANT PAUL H. FOSTER
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE
for service as set forth in the following CITATION:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an Artillery Liaison Operations Chief with the Second Battalion, Fourth Marines, Third Marine Division, near Con Thien in the Republic of Vietnam. In the early morning hours of October 14, 1967, the Second Battalion was occupying a defensive position which protected a bridge on the road leading from Con Thien to Cam Lộ. Suddenly, the Marines' position came under a heavy volume of mortar and artillery fire, followed by an aggressive enemy ground assault. In the ensuing engagement, the hostile forces penetrated the perimeter and brought a heavy concentration of small arms, automatic weapons, and rocket fire to bear on the Battalion Command Post. Although his position in the Fire Support Coordination Center was dangerously exposed to enemy fire and he was wounded when an enemy hand grenade exploded near his position, Sergeant Foster resolutely continued to direct accurate mortar and artillery fire on the advancing North Vietnamese troops. As the attack continued, a hand grenade landed in the midst of Sergeant Foster and his five companions. Realizing the danger, he shouted a warning, threw his armored vest over the grenade, and unhesitatingly placed his own body over the armored vest. When the grenade exploded, Sergeant Foster absorbed the entire blast with his own body and was mortally wounded. His heroic actions undoubtedly saved his comrades from further injury or possible death. Sergeant Foster's courage, extraordinary heroism, and unfaltering devotion to duty reflected great credit upon himself and the Marine Corps and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
/S/ RICHARD NIXON


Song Binbin

Song Binbin (; born 1949), also known as Song Yaowu (), was a senior leader in the Chinese Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. She is known for beating her deputy principal Bian Zhongyun to death with wooden sticks, along with other students.
Early life.
Binbin was born in 1949 the daughter of Song Renqiong, one of China’s founding leaders known as the Eight Immortals. In 1960, she started studying at the Experimental High School which was attached to Beijing Normal University. In 1966, she was a senior leader among the leftist Red Guards at her girls’ school in Beijing. The Red Guard worked to overthrow China's institutional frameworks to demonstrate their devotion to Mao."
Cultural Revolution.
Binbin joined the Communist Party of China in April 1966 as a reserve member. She led a rebellion at Experimental High School which was attached to Beijing Normal University, in Beijing, China. Newspapers reported she took part in the beating of the deputy principal, Bian Zhongyun, to death in August 1966 with a wooden stick, and seriously injuring vice-principal Hu Zhitao. That night, Song Binbin and others reported the cause of Bian Zhongyun's death to Wu De, the second secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China at the Beijing Hotel. Bian was the first teacher killed in the Cultural Revolution, and her slaying led to further killings by the Red Guards, and eventually over one million of the Guards gathered in Tiananmen Square, where Binbin famously pinned a red band on Mao Zedong's arm. The scene was captured in a famous photograph, causing the Red August. On August 20, 1966, "Guangming Daily" published an article signed by Binbin under her pen name "Song Yaowu", "I Put a Red Armband on Chairman Mao", which was reprinted by "People's Daily" newspaper the next day.
At the end of August, Wang Renzhong met Liu Jin and Song Binbin at the Diaoyutai Guesthouse and mobilized them to go to Wuhan to protect the Hubei Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China. Before Liu Jin went, Song Binbin and her classmates went to Wuhan in early September. Soon after, they wrote an article with the keynote of protecting the Hubei Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China and handed it to the Provincial Party Committee. Immediately, the local newspaper published an open letter signed under pen name "Song Yaowu". The content was different from the original article by Song Binbin and others. The wording was stronger to protect the Hubei Provincial Party Committee of the Communist Party of China. Song Binbin was dissatisfied with this. She asked the person in charge of the provincial party committee and issued a statement through the provincial party committee stating that the open letter was not written by her, but she still did not agree to overthrow the provincial party committee.
After returning to Beijing, Song Binbin became a member of the "Xiaoyao faction", and did not participate in the old Red Guard organizations. In April 1968, Song Binbin and her mother were taken to Shenyang under house arrest. In the early spring of 1969, Song Binbin escaped from Shenyang and came to the pastoral area of Xilingol League in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and then joined the team. In the spring of 1972, at the recommendation of the local herdsmen and the brigade commune, Song Binbin was accepted by a university and then returned due to rumors. According to reports from fellow villagers and educated youths, the teacher in charge of enrollment in Xilingol League admitted Song Binbin under pressure, and Song Binbin entered Changchun Institute of Geology as a Worker-Peasant-Soldier student.
In 1975, Song Binbin received a bachelor's degree from Changchun Institute of Geology.
Later life.
After the Cultural Revolution, Binbin was admitted to the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as a graduate student, from 1978 to 1980. In 1980, Binbin went to the United States to study. She received a master's degree in geochemistry from Boston University in the United States in 1983. She completed a doctorate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1989.
After being naturalized as an U.S citizen, Binbin worked for the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection as an environmental analysis officer from 1989 to 2003. In 2003, she moved back to China, where she served as chairwoman of the British-owned Beijing Cobia System Engineering Co., Ltd. and Beijing Cobia Innovation Technology Development Co., Ltd.
In September 2007, the Experimental High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University (formerly the Women's Affiliated High School of Beijing Normal University) named Song Binbin as one of the 90 "honorary alumni" when celebrating the 90th anniversary of the school. This matter caused controversy when Wang Jingyao, husband of Bian Zhongyun, protested because he believed that Song Binbin was the main person in charge of the Red Guards in the school during the Cultural Revolution and thus responsible for the death of his wife.
Controversy over the death of Bian Zhongyun.
In 1995, Normal University High School for Girls 1968 alumni Wang Youqin published a text in Hong Kong, "1966: Students play the teacher's revolution", for the first time since August 5, 1966, where Youqin wrote that Binbin and other guards played a role in the death of Bian Zhongyun, are linked to form a casual relationship during those times.
In 2003, Carma Hinton, a graduate of Beijing 101 Middle School, directed the Cultural Revolution documentary "Morning Sun", which was not officially released in China, but was released in the United States. Song Binbin was interviewed, and for the first time publicly stated that during the Cultural Revolution, she had never participated in violent actions such as beating people, ransacking homes, or destroying the Four Olds. She claimed that "The Guangming Daily" signed her article without seeking her opinion in advance. Song Binbin denied that the article was written by her, nor did she authorize the reporter to ghostwrite.
In 2004, Wang Youqin published another article "The Death of Bian Zhongyun", where he pointed out that Song Binbin was responsible for the Red Guard violence that led to Bian Zhongyun's death. The evidence was a list of seven people who had pledged to the hospital to rescue Bian Zhongyun at the Beijing Posts and Telecommunications University Hospital in Changping District, saying " Six of the seven are Red Guards students. The first name on the list is Song Binbin, a senior in the school and the head of the Red Guards.” Song Binbin responded to the claims in the article saying that the first name on the list of seven is Li Songwen, a teacher, while her name is ranked last, suggesting that she could not have played a major role in the death of Zhongyun.
In 2002, a collection of publications related to sexology seminars, Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: A Reader, included research articles by American female scholar Emily Honig on the death of Bian Zhongyun. According to Wang Youqin's article, Honig claimed that Song Binbin was responsible for some of the violent activities in the early parts of Cultural Revolution.
Apology.
On January 12, 2014, at a meeting held at High School Attached to Beijing Normal University and was attended by more than 20 students and more than 30 teachers and family members of the alumni, she apologized for the actions of the Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution.
The apology was met with mixed reactions in China: some people welcomed her words; some people said that these words came too late and are inadequate; others said that the Communist Party of China should apologize for the incidents that happened during those times.
Cui Weiping, Beijing Film Academy professor and social critic, said in a telephone interview:
Considering her identity, this is not enough. She is an important figure in the Red Guards, and the demands on her should be higher than ordinary people. She said she had witnessed a murder. After they said that they do not know who the murderer is, this makes no sense.
Wang Youqin said in an interview that Song Binbin and various other Red Guards, in the past decade, have been actively denying persecution and involvement during the Cultural Revolution and mass killings during that time and believes that Song Binbin's responsibility in all the violence in the Women's Affiliated High School should be obvious, due to her position as one of the deputy directors of the school and organizer of the meetings by the school's revolutionary committee.
In 2014, Wang Jingyao issued a statement accusing Song Binbin and others of covering up their evil deeds during the Cultural Revolution. He called their apologies hypocritical and he would not accept their apologies until the truth about their involvement in his wife's death was revealed to the world.


Port Republic Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Port Republic of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Department of the Valley.
MG Thomas J. Jackson


32nd Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 32nd Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army that saw active service during both World War I and World War II.
World War I.
The Brigade was raised originally as the 32nd Infantry Brigade, part of the 11th (Northern) Division, a New Army formation which served at Gallipoli and on the Western Front during World War I.
World War II.
The Brigade was reformed as 32nd Guards Brigade on 1 October 1941, during World War II, joining the Guards Armoured Division, but did not see active service until it arrived in France on 25 June 1944. It fought throughout the campaign in North West Europe.
Order of battle.
The 32nd Guards Brigade was constituted as follows during the war:
Commanders.
The following officers commanded the brigade:
Postwar.
The Brigade was reraised in the early 1950s and joined the 3rd Infantry Division. The Brigade was moved from Cyprus to reinforce the British forces in the Canal Zone in February 1952, but was later disbanded by being redesignated 29th Infantry Brigade.


253 (North Irish) Medical Regiment

253 (North Irish) Medical Regiment is a regiment of the Royal Army Medical Corps within the Army Reserve of the British Army.
History.
The regiment was originally formed as the 253 (North Irish) Field Ambulance, upon the formation of the TAVR in 1967. In 2006, under the Delivering Security in a Changing World reforms, the field ambulance was re-designated as a medical regiment, becoming 253 (North Irish) Divisional General Support Medical Regiment. Under Army 2020, the regiment dropped the divisional title, to become 253 (North Irish) Medical Regiment, transferred to 2nd Medical Brigade, and was tasked to support 1st (United Kingdom) Division.
Current Structure.
The regiment's current structure is as follows:


Jonesborough Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Jonesborough of the American Civil War on August 31-September 1, 1864. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
See also: Atlanta Campaign Confederate order of battle (Second Phase) and Atlanta Confederate order of battle.
Army of Tennessee.
LTG William J. Hardee
Hardee's Corps.
MG Patrick R. Cleburne
Lee's Corps.
LTG Stephen D. Lee


Camden Expedition Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Camden Expedition of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Confederate forces.
Gen Edmund Kirby Smith, Commanding
District of Arkansas.
MG Sterling Price
Escort:


Art Passarella

Arthur Matthew Passarella (December 23, 1909 – October 12, 1981) was an American major league baseball umpire and actor. He worked in the American League from 1941 to 1942, and again from 1945 to 1953. He missed two years due to military service in World War II. Passarella umpired 1,668 major league games in his career. He umpired in three World Series (1945, 1949 and 1952) and two All-Star Games (1947 and 1951). He appeared in several television shows, including "The Streets of San Francisco", "Home Run Derby", "Ironside", and "Sea Hunt", and in the movie "That Touch of Mink".
Umpiring career.
Passarella's professional umpiring career began in the 1930s with the Cotton States League. After that league dissolved, Passarella moved on to the Texas League. He umpired there for eight years before signing on to the American League.
Passarella joined the American League in 1941, then missed the 1943 and 1944 seasons due to service in the Army during World War II. He served as a plans and training clerk for a medical training battalion during the war, receiving a promotion from private first class to technician fifth grade. Passarella ran what is thought to be the first military umpire training school; it was conducted for members of his medical unit. In January 1945, Passarella received an Army discharge. Holding seniority over newer umpires in the American League, he regained his umpiring job, which he held until his resignation in 1953.
In Game 5 of the 1952 World Series, Passarella called Johnny Sain out on a play at first base. Photos of the play showed that Sain had beaten the throw and first baseman Gil Hodges had taken his foot off the bag before the ball arrived. Passarella was widely condemned for missing the call, and was only partially supported by commissioner Ford Frick.
Passarella was home plate umpire for Bill McCahan's no-hitter on September 3, 1947.
Acting.
Passarella appeared in a few films, mostly as an umpire (such as in "Damn Yankees" and "That Touch of Mink"), but found more work on television, playing minor roles in "Home Run Derby", "Ironside", and "Sea Hunt". He also made numerous uncredited appearances in the 1960s gangster series "The Untouchables", usually as a hood or henchman of Frank Nitti (played by Bruce Gordon) or other Chicago hoods.
Passarella portrayed Sergeant Sekulovich in "The Streets of San Francisco". Sekulovich was a "legman" for Detective Mike Stone, played by Karl Malden; the character name was an in-joke, as Sekulovich was Malden's real last name.
Death.
Passarella died of a heart attack in Hemet, California in 1981. He was 71 years old.


Melvin Bell

Melvin Bell was a sailor who served in the United States Coast Guard, and was the first Pacific Island sailor in the Coast Guard to be promoted to the rank of chief petty officer.
Coast Guard service.
Bell's father was an electronic technician with the telephone company, and his grandfather, who he lived with for several years while attending school, owned an electronics shop, and it was from them he first acquired an aptitude for electronics.
Bell worked for a few months as a mechanics assistant, but met United States Coast Guard sailors at the YMCA where he was living, and decided to enlist, in November 1938. At the time he enlisted there was no recruiting office - so he enlisted on board . The Territory of Hawaii was isolated so he was not sent to the continental United States for basic training.
In a 2014 interview Bell described how he initially worked as a mess attendant. Prior to World War II the Coast Guard, Army and Navy were segregated, and non-white personnel were almost always assigned service roles, like mess attendant. In his interview he described how he was able to make the extraordinary jump from mess attendant to skilled radio technician. Due to his familiarity with electronics, he was welcome to spend his off-duty hours in "Taney"s radio room. In May 1939 "Taney"s long range radio broke down, which severely restricted her operations.
"Taney"s radio had been down for close to a month, the District Communication's Officer, Henry Arnold had tried to assist the ship's senior radio operator in fixing it, without success. When they left, on Friday night, Bell asked the junior radio operator who was on duty if he could try fixing the radio. Bell had been watching closely, and he avoided duplicating anything the senior officers had already tried. He was thorough, and methodical. He ended up opening up the panel in the floor and methodically tracing and testing the leads coming to and leading away from the radio, and he found that an incoming relay had a short circuit. After he replaced the relay with a spare, and powered up the radio, he found he had fixed it. When he informed the radio operator on duty, he sent a signal to District HQ, informing them the ship was back online. Arnold, the District Communication Officer, was on duty, and asked who fixed the radio. When he was informed the radio he had tried and failed to fix had been fixed by a 19-year-old mess attendant, he took Bell under his wing.
Bell attributed his transfer to the electronics branch to Arnold's mentorship. Bell attributed his appointment as the radio operator of the small patrol boat to Arnold's mentorship. Arnold continued to mentor Bell for the duration of World War II.
When a large fleet of aircraft carrier-launched Japanese warplanes engaged in a sneak attack on US Navy forces at Pearl Harbor Bell was the radio operator at the Coast Guard Station at nearby Diamond Head. He was the one who warned civilian vessels to steer clear of the attack.
Later in World War II Bell learned Japanese and helped break Japanese codes. In 1943 he became the first Pacific Islander to be promoted to chief petty officer.
After the war Bell became an electronics instructor for the Coast Guard. In 1958 when he was promoted to master chief petty officer he was the first member of any minority to hold that rank.
When Bell retired after 20 years of active duty he started working for the Coast Guard as a civilian employee.
US Navy career.
After a long career with the Coast Guard he began a long career as a civilian employee of the US Navy. During his career there he worked with both the Polaris and Trident ballistic missile programs.
Legacy.
When Bell retired from the US Navy, in 2004, he was 84 years old, and received an official recognition from President George W. Bush, honoring him for a long and distinguished career.
On July 26, 2019, Congressional Representative Luis Correa marked the 229th anniversary of the founding of the Coast Guard by addressing Congress, and noting the highlights of the careers of fourteen members of the Coast Guard, from minorities, whose accomplishments he felt merited more recognition. Bell was one of the heroes he recognized.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all the cutters in the should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. In 2019 the Coast Guard announced that Melvin Bell would be the namesake of the 55th cutter, .


Carl Betz

Carl Lawrence Betz (March 9, 1921 – January 18, 1978) was an American stage, film, and television actor. He appeared in a variety of television series, including the CBS soap opera "Love of Life"; however, he is best remembered for playing Donna Reed's television husband, Dr. Alex Stone, from 1958 to 1966 in the ABC sitcom "The Donna Reed Show". Then between 1967 and 1969, Betz played defense attorney Clinton Judd in ABC's courtroom drama "Judd, for the Defense", winning an Emmy Award in 1969 for his work on that series.
Early years.
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1921, Betz was the oldest of four children—two sons and two daughters—of Carl W. and Mary Leona Betz. His father was a native of Missouri; and according to the federal census of 1930, he was then the "chief chemist" at a local laboratory and later, by 1940, for Allegheny County.
Growing up in the Pittsburgh suburbs of Crafton and Mt. Lebanon, Betz began his amateur acting career very early, at the age of 10, when he formed a theatrical company with six friends who performed plays in his grandmother's basement. After graduating from Mt. Lebanon High School in 1939, he won a scholarship to Duquesne University. During the summer, Betz performed in a Pittsburgh summer stock theatre company and decided to transfer to Carnegie Mellon University, then known as Carnegie Tech, in Pittsburgh to study drama.
His education was interrupted in 1942, when he was drafted into the United States Army. He served in Italy and North Africa during World War II and eventually became a technical sergeant with the Corps of Engineers.
After the war, Betz returned to Carnegie Tech and earned a degree in drama. After graduation, he worked as a radio announcer and disk jockey before moving to New York City. Betz continued working in summer and winter stock companies and also worked for a while as a doorman at Radio City Music Hall.
Career.
Betz made his Broadway debut in 1952 in "The Long Watch", and toured with Veronica Lake in the summer stock play, "The Voice of the Turtle". He then appeared for 18 months as Collie Jordan on "Love of Life". Prior to his eight-year run on "The Donna Reed Show", Betz made guest appearances on such television series as "Sheriff of Cochise", "Perry Mason", "Gunsmoke", "The Millionaire", and "Alfred Hitchcock Presents".
In 1958, Betz was cast as pediatrician Dr. Alex Stone in ABC sitcom "The Donna Reed Show". The show revolves around the home and school problems of a middle-class American family in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Alex was often called upon to rescue wife Donna Stone (Reed) from awkward situations and to monitor the behavior of their children, Mary (Shelley Fabares) and Jeff (Paul Petersen). Jeff Stone introduced the sentimental hit song "My Dad" in a 1962 episode, specifically singing the tune to Betz. The series was a hit for ABC and aired for eight seasons from September 1958 to March 1966. During the run of the series, Betz continued acting in stage roles during the show's hiatus. In 1964, he appeared as Reverend T. Lawrence Shannon in a limited stage run of "The Night of the Iguana", for which he earned excellent reviews.
After "The Donna Reed Show" was cancelled, Betz returned to television roles and stage work. In 1967, producer Paul Monash offered Betz the role of defense lawyer Clinton Judd in the legal drama "Judd, for the Defense". Monash had seen Betz's performance in "Night of the Iguana" in 1964 and was impressed with his acting. Betz initially thought the role was for a guest spot, but soon realized Monash had proposed that he star in a new series. Betz initially had misgivings, stating "I did not want to do another series, you get bored", but eventually relented, because he liked the scripts. The series, which premiered on ABC in September 1967, was praised by critics but struggled in the ratings. Shortly after ABC canceled the series in 1969, Betz won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Series for his work on the series. He also made many guest appearances on a variety of popular television shows such as "", "The Mod Squad", "Love, American Style", and "Starsky & Hutch". One of his last roles was as General Douglas MacArthur in the one-man stage play "I Shall Return".
Personal life and death.
Betz was married twice and had one child. In June 1952 he married actress Lois Harmon with whom he had a son, Richard. The couple separated in May 1960 and divorced in 1961. In December 1963, Betz married Gloria Stone Martin, sister of actress Nita Talbot. Through his marriage to Martin, Betz had a stepdaughter, Rio. He and Gloria remained together for 15 years, until Carl's death.
In 1977, Betz was diagnosed with terminal and inoperable lung cancer. He kept his diagnosis private so he could keep working. On November 29, 1977, Betz entered Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He died seven weeks later, on January 18, 1978. His remains were cremated.


John W. Minick

John Wilson Minick (June 14, 1908 – November 21, 1944), born in Wall, Pennsylvania, near East McKeesport in Allegheny County, to Anthony Fuhrman and Alma J. (Churchfield) Minick, whose patriarchal Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry can be traced back to the 1700s in Perry County, Pennsylvania. He was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of Hürtgen Forest in World War II.
Minick joined the Army from Carlisle, Pennsylvania in August 1943, and by November 21, 1944 was serving as a Staff Sergeant in Company I, 121st Infantry Regiment, 8th Infantry Division. On that day, inside German defenses of Hürtgen and Vossenack, Germany, Minick voluntarily led a small group of men through a minefield, single-handedly silenced two enemy machine gun emplacements, and engaged a company-sized force of German soldiers before he was killed while crossing a second minefield. For these actions, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 1948.
Minick, aged 36 at his death, was buried at Westminster Cemetery in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Medal of Honor citation.
Staff Sergeant Minick's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He displayed conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his own life, above and beyond the call of duty, in action involving actual conflict with the enemy on 21 November 1944, near Hurtgen, Germany. S/Sgt. Minick's battalion was halted in its advance by extensive minefields, exposing troops to heavy concentrations of enemy artillery and mortar fire. Further delay in the advance would result in numerous casualties and a movement through the minefield was essential. Voluntarily, S/Sgt. Minick led 4 men through hazardous barbed wire and debris, finally making his way through the minefield for a distance of 300 yards. When an enemy machinegun opened fire, he signaled his men to take covered positions, edged his way alone toward the flank of the weapon and opened fire, killing 2 members of the guncrew and capturing 3 others. Moving forward again, he encountered and engaged single-handedly an entire company killing 20 Germans and capturing 20, and enabling his platoon to capture the remainder of the hostile group. Again moving ahead and spearheading his battalion's advance, he again encountered machinegun fire. Crawling forward toward the weapon, he reached a point from which he knocked the weapon out of action. Still another minefield had to be crossed. Undeterred, S/Sgt. Minick advanced forward alone through constant enemy fire and while thus moving, detonated a mine and was instantly killed.


Piedmont Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Piedmont of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Shenandoah.
Department of West Virginia.
MG David Hunter


List of vice-admirals of Essex

The Vice-Admiral of Essex was responsible for the defence of the county of Essex, England.
History.
As a vice-admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included pressing men for naval service, deciding the lawfulness of prizes (captured by privateers), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks and acting as a judge.
The earliest record of an appointment was of Richard Cornwallis in 1558.
In 1863 the Registrar of the Admiralty Court stated that the offices had 'for many years been purely honorary' (HCA 50/24 pp. 235-6). Appointments were made by the Lord High Admiral when this officer existed. When the admiralty was in commission appointments were made by the crown by letters patent under the seal of the admiralty court.
Vice-admirals of Essex.
This is a list of people who have served as Vice-Admiral of Essex.


First Bull Run Union order of battle

The following units and commanders fought in the First Battle of Bull Run on the Union side. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and the reports.
Army of Northeastern Virginia.
BG Irvin McDowell, Commanding
General Staff:


Committee to Oppose the Conscription of Women

The Committee to Oppose the Conscription of Women (COCW), later renamed the Women’s Committee to Oppose Conscription (WCOC), was founded in 1943 in the United States by Mildred S. Olmsted. The committee was created to combat legislation that would draft nurses into the American armed forces. The organization was also active in combating the Austin-Wadsworth Bill, or the National Service Act, which would make it compulsory for men and women to work in war industry jobs as needed during World War II.
History.
The Austin-Wadsworth Bill, which was drafted by Representative James W. Wadsworth Jr. and Senator Warren Austin in 1943, proposed the conscription of both men and women for jobs in the private sector and war industry. The bill included women between the ages of 18 and 50 without dependent children and men between the ages of 18 and 65. These men and women would become available for the draft and could be assigned to military industries anywhere in the country. Exemptions were given to pregnant women and those that cared for elderly relatives.
Although many Americans actually supported female conscription, a fierce debate ensued over the pending legislation. The Committee to Oppose the Conscription of Women was promptly formed by Olmstead and included many current or former members of Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) and other women’s rights organizations. The Committee's leaders were feminists, promoting equal rights for women; other members were pacifists, and opposed conscription legislation on the basis of anti-war beliefs.
At first the COCW argued from a feminist point of view, defending women’s right to choose if and how they wanted to work. They pointed out that military and civilian conscription would place women under male domination, reversing freedoms for which they had fought long and hard. However, in order to gain wider support the members began to oppose the legislation on more traditional grounds.
The Committee opposed the drafting of all nurses into the armed forces, asserting that it was unnecessary, because the many nurses who had already volunteered to join the armed services and other wartime industries, and in particular Black nurses, were not fully utilized. Also, many people feared that children would suffer from a lack of maternal affection if women were forced to move away for work, and the Committee promoted this point of view.
Leaflets and pamphlets were mailed members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, the Women’s International League, and to religious groups, including Methodist, Mennonite, Quaker, and Brethren church groups. The COCW gained an unusually diverse base of support among these groups.
In the end, the Austin-Wadsworth Bill was defeated. Fewer than 35 percent of available women entered war-time factories and munitions plants; 90 percent of women with children under the age of 18 stayed home.
After the defeat of the bill, the Committee began to oppose the peacetime conscription of males, and subsequently lost the approval of many of the conservative groups which had supported it.
The Committee’s records and documents are stored in the Peace Collection at the Swarthmore College library.


5th Mounted Rifles

The "5th Mounted Rifles" were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1908 in Mülhausen in Elsaß.


Paramythia executions

The Paramythia executions, also known as the Paramythia massacre (19–29 September 1943) was a combined Nazi and Cham Albanian war crime perpetrated by members of the 1st Mountain Division and the Muslim Cham militia in the town of Paramythia and its surrounding region, during the Axis occupation of Greece, in World War II. In this, 201 Greek villagers were murdered and 19 municipalities in the region of Paramythia were destroyed. The years after the end of the war and the defeat of the Axis Powers, a series a war crime trials condemned these actions, however not a single defendant was ever arrested and brought to trial, as they already had fled into Albania. At the Hostages Trial in Nuremberg (1948), the American judges reached the decision that the executions of Paramythia were "plain murders".
Background.
The town of Paramythia was the administrative center of the Prefecture of Thesprotia before World War II. When the war broke out it had a mixed population of 3,000 Christian Greeks and 3,000 Muslim Cham Albanians.
Fascist Italian propaganda had adopted a pro-Albanian approach, promising that the region would become part of Great Albania when the war ended. As a result, the Muslim Cham community collaborated in large parts with the occupying Italian and later the German troops of the Axis Powers, committing a number of crimes against the unarmed local Greek population. The occupation forces installed a local Cham administration in the town of Paramythia, with Xhemil Dino as local administrator of Thesprotia and as a representative of the Albanian government. Apart from the local Cham administration (Këshilla) and militia, a paramilitary organization named 'Kosla' was operating from July 1942.
Anti-resistance activity and first wave of executions.
Due to increased guerilla activity in the surrounding region, in September 1943, German Lt Colonel ordered the initiation of several scouting missions consisting of combined German-Cham Albanian groups.
On September 18, a group of 60 villagers was stopped by a patrol and were interrogated. Nine of them (one woman and eight men) were considered members of the resistance. The next day they were executed in front of the town's elementary school. On September 20, the scouting missions intensified and on several occasions engaged EDES units in combat. Remold himself remarked that the Cham units were very effective and "with their knowledge of the surrounding area, they have proved their value in the scouting missions".
On September 24, a patrol team consisting of five German soldiers was ambushed, possibly by Greek guerillas. The next day their bodies were found in a condition that made recognition difficult. A rumor spread that the team was accompanied by Muslim Chams, who committed the murders in order to accuse the Greeks and to initiate a major pogrom over the following days. However, according to post-war testimonies this possibility has not been proven.
Reprisals.
On September 27, combined German and Cham forces launched a large scale operation, burning and destroying villages north of Paramythia, including, Eleftherochori, Seliani, Semelika, Aghios Nikolaos, and killing 50 Greek villagers in the process. In this operation the Cham contingent numbered 150 men, and according to German Major Stöckert, "performed very well".
However, this operation was not enough, on the eve of September 27, group of Cham Albanian militiamen investigated almost every home in Paramythia. Cham militia officer Mazar Dino, based on a list of names in his possession, arrested 53 inhabitants and locked them in the town's elementary school to await execution.
Local bishop Dorotheos travelled to Ioannina to convince the Nazi commander General Hubert Lanz to commute the executions.
Execution of the captives.
The brothers Mazar and Nuri Dino, who had orchestrated this action to get rid of the Greek community's representatives and intellectuals, were aware of Dorotheos' intention and acted immediately. On midnight of September 29 the prisoners were taken to the execution site on the outskirts of town. However, four prisoners were released. According to German sergeant Helmut Götte, who was part of the firing squad:
The hostages were ordered to leave the school and to line up. A translator read them each person's name that would be executed. They made a step forward. We had to move them to the execution site, out of Paramythia. The graves were already opened and in front of them they had to stay. The execution was performed with carbines at a distance of 5-6 meters. There were no Coup de grâce.
According to Götte's post-war testimony, Cham Albanians were part of the firing squad. Although there were reports corpses were looted for jewellery and money, Götte denies that fact. According to another German who was part of the firing squad, the relatives were immediately ordered to bury the bodies after the execution.
The victims were people from all walks of life, but most of them were prominent personalities of the Greek community of Paramythia. Among them there were a priest, a doctor, five teachers, the school's director and most of the local entrepreneurs.
Trials and responsibilities.
In the post-war years a number of war crimes trials concerning the Axis occupation were held in Greece. However not a single defendant was arrested or imprisoned, as these had already fled the country. At the Nuremberg trials, General Hubert Lanz reported that the executions and the reprisal missions were part of "war regulations", however he admitted utter ignorance about the executions in Paramythia. In 1948 the Greek National Bureau on War Crimes ordered juridical research on the crimes committed by Italians, Albanians and Germans during the Axis occupation. Two days later, the immediate arrest of the defendants was ordered. Because all the defendants were abroad it is unknown if the Greek Foreign Ministry initiated the needed diplomatic procedure. In the Hostages Trial in Nuremberg (1948) the American judges called the executions in Paramythia "plain murder".


Charles W. Lindberg

Charles W. "Chuck" Lindberg (June 26, 1920 – June 24, 2007) was a United States Marine Corps corporal who fought in three island campaigns during World War II. During the Battle of Iwo Jima, he was a member of the patrol that captured the top of Mount Suribachi where he helped raise the first U.S. flag on the island on February 23, 1945. Six days later, he was wounded in action.
The first flag flown over the southern end of Iwo Jima was regarded to be too small to be seen by the thousands of Marines fighting on the other side of the mountain where the Japanese airfields and most of their troops were located, so it was replaced the same day with a larger flag. Although there were photographs taken of the first flag flying on Mount Suribachi and some which include Lindberg, there is no photograph of Marines raising the first flag. The second flag-raising was photographed by Associated Press combat photographer Joe Rosenthal and became famous after copies of his photograph appeared in the newspapers two days later. Lindberg spent decades trying to bring awareness of the first flag raising and his participation in it.
The Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia, is modeled after the historic photograph of six Marines raising the second flag on Iwo Jima.
U.S. Marine Corps.
World War II.
Lindberg was born and lived in Grand Forks, North Dakota, when he enlisted in the Marine Corps shortly after the Japanese Navy attack on Pearl Harbor. After completing recruit training, he volunteered for the Marine Raiders, a special unit of the Marine Corps. Lindberg first saw combat on Guadalcanal while serving as a member of the 2nd Raider Battalion ("Carlson's Raiders"), and participated in the "Long Patrol". He also saw combat with the 2nd Raiders on Bougainville. In February 1944, the Marine Raider (and Paramarine) units were disbanded and he returned to the United States. He was reassigned to the newly activated 5th Marine Division at Camp Pendleton, California. After training at Camp Pendleton, the division was sent to and trained in Hawaii before leaving for Iwo Jima.
Battle of Iwo Jima.
Lindberg was assigned as a flamethrower operator in 3rd Platoon, E Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, 5th Marine Division. On February 19, 1945, he landed with the fifth assault wave on the southeast beach of Iwo Jima closest to Mount Suribachi, which was the 28th Marine Regiment's objective. Because of heavy fighting, the base of Mount Suribachi was not reached and surrounded until February 22. On February 23, flamethrower operators Cpl. Lindberg and Pvt. Robert Goode of E Company were members of the 40-man combat patrol that climbed up Mount Suribachi to seize and occupy the crest and raise the Second Battalion's American flag. On March 1, Lindberg was shot in the right forearm by a Japanese sniper and was evacuated off the island. He received the Silver Star for gallantry in action on Iwo Jima from February 19 to March 1, 1945 (Pvt. Goode was also wounded on March 1 and awarded the Silver Star).
First flag raising.
On February 23, 1945, Lieutenant Colonel Chandler W. Johnson, commander of the 2nd Battalion, 28th Marine Regiment, ordered a platoon-size patrol to climb up 556-foot Mount Suribachi. First Lieutenant Harold Schrier, E Company's executive officer, was handed the Second Battalion's American flag from Lt. Colonel Johnson (or the battalion adjutant) measuring 28 by 54 inches (137 by 71 cm) which had been taken from the attack transport on the way to Iwo Jima by First Lieutenant George G. Wells the Second Battalion's adjutant in charge of the battalion's flags. Lt. Schrier was to it take a patrol with the flag up the mountain and raise the flag if possible at the summit to signal that Mount Suribachi was captured and the top secure. Captain Dave Severance, E Company's commander, assembled the remainder of his Third Platoon and other member of the battalion including two Navy corpsmen and stretcher bearers. At 8:30 a.m., Lt. Schrier started climbing with the patrol up the mountain. Less than an hour later, the patrol, after receiving occasional Japanese sniper fire, reached the rim of the volcano. A brief firefight with the Japanese occurred, Lt. Schrier and his men captured the summit.
A section of a Japanese steel pipe was found on the mountain and the battalion's flag Lt. Schrier carried was tied on to it by Lt. Schrier, Sgt. Henry Hansen and Cpl. Lindberg (Platoon Sergeant Ernest Thomas was watching inside the group with a grenade in his hand while Pvt. Phil Ward held the bottom end of the pipe horizontally off the ground). The flagstaff was then carried to the highest part on the crater and raised by Lt. Schrier, Platoon Sgt. Thomas, Sgt. Hansen, and Cpl. Lindberg at approximately 10:30 a.m. Seeing the national colors flying caused loud cheering from the Marines, sailors, and Coast Guardsmen on the beach below and from the men on the ships near and docked at the beach. Due to the strong wind on Mount Suribachi, Sgt. Hansen, Pvt. Ward, and Third Platoon corpsman John Bradley helped make the flagstaff stay in a vertical position. The men at, around, and holding the flagstaff which included Schrier's radioman Raymond Jacobs (assigned to patrol from F Company), were photographed several times by Staff Sgt. Louis R. Lowery, a photographer with "Leatherneck" magazine who accompanied the patrol up the mountain. A firefight with some Japanese soldiers took place, an enemy grenade caused Sgt. Lowery to fall down which damaged his camera but not his film. Platoon Sgt. Thomas was killed on March 3 and St. Hansen was killed on March 1.
Second flag raising.
Lt. Colonel Johnson decided about two hours or more later after the flag was raised, that a larger flag should replace it. The flag was too small to be seen on the other side of the mountain where the Japanese airfields and most of the Japanese troops were located, the thousands of Marines fighting there needed the inspiration from seeing the flag. While Lindberg was reloading his flamethrower tanks below Mount Suribachi, a 96 by 56 inch flag was obtained from a ship docked on shore and brought up to the top of Mount Suribachi by Pfc. Rene Gagnon the Second Battalion's runner (messenger) for E Company. At the same time, Sgt. Michael Strank, Cpl. Harlon Block, Pfc. Franklin Sousley, and Pfc. Ira Hayes from Second Platoon, E Company, were sent to take supplies up to Third Platoon and raise the second flag. Once on top, the flag was attached to another Japanese steel pipe and raised by the four Marines and Pfc. Harold Schultz and Pfc. Harold Keller both whom had went up Suribachi with the 40-man patrol. At the same time the second flag was raised, the original flag was lowered and taken down the mountain to the battalion adjutant by Pfc. Gagnon. Sgt. Strank and Cpl. Block were killed on March 1. Pfc. Sousley was killed on March 21.
Joe Rosenthal's (Associated Press) historical flag-raising photograph of the second flag-raising on Mount Suribachi appeared in Sunday newspapers on February 25, 1945, as the flag-raising on Mount Suribachi. This flag raising was also filmed in color by Marine Sgt. Bill Genaust (killed in action in March) and was used in newsreels. Other combat photographers with and besides Rosenthal ascended the mountain after the first flag was raised and the mountaintop secured. These photographers including Rosenthal and an army photographer who was assigned to cover Marine amphibious landings for Yank Magazine, took photos of Marines, corpsmen, and themselves, around both of the flags. The second flag-raisers received national recognition. The three survivors (two were found out to be incorrectly identified) of the flag raising were called to Washington, D.C. after the battle by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to participate in a bond tour to raise much needed money to pay for the war. The Marines who captured Mount Suribachi and those who raised the first flag, including Lindberg, generally did not receive the national recognition that was due to them even though the first flag raising was the first to receive some public recognition.
Post-war and later life.
Lindberg was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps in January 1946, and returned home to Grand Forks, North Dakota. He married, moved to Richfield, Minnesota, in 1951, where he raised two daughters and three sons, and worked as an electrician for 39 years. In the 1970s, he began telling his story about the capture of Mount Suribachi and the first American flag raising on top of which he had actually participated in, only to have his story called into question, until more of the facts of the first flag-raising became better known and accepted by the general public. He often spoke at schools, sharing some of his wartime memories of Iwo Jima and World War II with the children. In 1995, he returned to Iwo Jima for the 50th anniversary of the battle of Iwo Jima. In November 2006, he attended his last reunion of Third Platoon, E Company, 28th Marines, which was held in Washington, D.C.
Marine Corps War Memorial.
The Marine Corps War Memorial (also known as the Iwo Jima Memorial) in Arlington, Virginia, which was inspired by Joe Rosenthal's photograph of the second flag-raising atop Mount Suribachi by six Marines on February 23, 1945, was dedicated on November 10, 1954 (179th anniversary of the Marine Corps). Harold Schrier, Charles Lindberg, and Lou Lowery, attended the dedication ceremony as guests.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower sat upfront during the dedication ceremony with Vice President Richard Nixon, Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson, Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Anderson, and General Lemuel C. Shepherd, the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps. Ira Hayes, one of the three surviving flag raisers depicted on the monument, was also seated upfront with John Bradley (incorrectly identified as a flag raiser until 2016), Rene Gagnon (incorrectly identified as a flag raiser until October 16, 2019), Mrs Martha Strank, Mrs. Ada Belle Block, and Mrs. Goldie Price (mother of Franklin Sousley). Those giving remarks at the dedication included Robert Anderson, Chairman of Day; Colonel J.W. Moreau, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired), President, Marine Corps War Memorial Foundation; General Shepherd, who presented the memorial to the American people; Felix de Weldon, sculptor; and Richard Nixon, who gave the dedication address. Inscribed on the memorial are the following words:
Death.
Lindberg died at Fairview Southdale Hospital in Edina, Minnesota, on June 24, 2007. In a tribute to Lindberg, KARE TV ran the following report:
Chuck Lindberg's bronze bust is the center piece of The Honoring All Veterans Memorial in Veterans Park in Richfield, Minnesota.
Military awards.
Lindberg's military decorations and awards include:

Silver Star Medal citation.
Lindberg's Silver Star Medal citation reads:
Portrayal in films.
In the film "Flags of Our Fathers" (2006), Lindberg is played by Alessandro Mastrobuono. Lindberg is the only character to appear in both "Flags of Our Fathers" and its companion film, "Letters from Iwo Jima", although in the latter, he is uncredited and simply seen in the same shot of both films, rushing towards a bunker with a flamethrower.


Observer Badge

The Observer Badge is a military badge of the United States armed forces dating from the First World War. The badge was issued to co-pilots, navigators, and flight support personnel (as air observer) who had received a variation in the training required for the standard Pilot's Badge. The Observer Badge survived through the Second World War and into the 1950s, at which time the concept of an Observer Badge was phased out in favor of the modern Aircrew Badge and Navigator-Observer Badges. In addition to wings for Naval Aviators and Naval Flight Officers, the United States Navy still maintains an "Observer Badge" which is issued to flight-qualified mission specialists, such as a select number of meteorologists and intelligence officers in both the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps. The U.S. Air Force awards its USAF Observer Badge, which is identical to the USAF Navigator Badge, to Air Force officers who have qualified as NASA Space Shuttle Mission Specialists, have flown an actual mission aboard the shuttle and/or the International Space Station and who are otherwise not previously aeronautically rated as an Air Force pilot or navigator.
In the modern U.S. Armed Forces, the Observer Badge is rarely issued, but has seen a resurgence in the Air Forces of other countries, most notably the United Kingdom and Canada.
First World War.
The original Observer Badge was a half-wing variation of the Aviator Badge worn by military pilots of the United States Army Air Service and later the United States Army Air Corps. The badge was mainly awarded to gunners, spotters, and navigators on the first armed military aircraft. With the advent of bombing, the Observer Badge was also initially authorized for aircraft bombardiers. A new badge was soon created for these duties, however: the Bombing Aviator Badge.
Those rated as Balloon Observers were also eligible for the badge, and the badge was typically referred to as both the "Airplane Observer Badge" and the "Balloon Observer Badge". The design of the badge awarded was identical in both cases, and towards the end of the First World War was commonly referred to as the "Airplane and Balloon Observer Badge", although the ratings for which the badge was issued remained distinct.
Second World War.
Between 1919 and 1935 the design of the Observer Badge remained unchanged, and was issued to both airplane and lighter-than-air ratings. However, as military aviation developed, changes in the concept of an Airplane Observer necessitated the redesign of the Observer Badge with a corresponding change in the eligibility criteria. On 20 February 1940 the rating was changed to that of "Combat Observer", followed by redesignation as "Aircraft Observer" on 4 September 1942. Note that bombardiers that used the top secret SHORAN also received the Observer Badge. They sat midship, where the radio operator would normally sit, since they used an electronic not optical bombsight.
By the time of the United States' entry into the Second World War, three Observer Badges were authorized by the Army Air Forces. The first was the Combat Observer Badge: in appearance an Aviator Badge with a large 'O' in the center. For Balloon Observers, a separate badge was created: the Observer Badge augmented with a balloon insignia.
The third and final version of the Observer Badge was the Technical Observer Badge, an Aviator Badge with a T and O motif in the center. The Technical Observer Badge was primarily awarded to flight engineering personnel assigned to assist the flight engineer.
United States Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.
The Naval Aviation Observer Badge was first created in 1922, awarded to navigators and other support personnel on naval aircraft. The original badge was based on the design of the Naval Aviator badge, but with a single wing on the left, and with the anchor surmounted by an "O" rather than a shield. In 1927 this insignia was superseded by a new device, identical to the Naval Aviator's wings, but in silver rather than gold.
This in turn was replaced by a gold insignia with a center device of a silver anchor within a silver circle, used from 1929 to 1968.
For a brief period starting in 1945, the Secretary of the Navy approved distinct insignia for Naval Aviation Observers with Navigation, Radar, Tactical, and Aerology specializations. These were abolished in favor of the standardized gold insignia/silver anchor/silver circle design.
In 1966 a new insignia was instituted, and by 1968 the Naval Aviation Observer Badge was replaced by the Naval Flight Officer Badge. However, in lieu of being totally discontinued, the criteria for the Naval Aviation Observer insignia was modified again and granted to non-pilot/non-NFO aviation mission specialists such as in-flight Meteorologists or for Naval Intelligence or Cryptology officers who regularly fly as crew on selected naval aircraft. In this form the Naval Observer Badge is still in existence, but is alternatingly referred to by both its original name and, in the case of when worn by Meteorology officers, as the Flight Meteorologist Badge. In the Marine Corps the badge is awarded to in-flight aircraft support personnel under its original name as the Naval Aviation Observer Badge for non-aeronautically designated officers flying in observer/spotter roles in Marine Corps aircraft.
The Coast Guard authorized the Aviation Mission Specialist designation on August 26, 2003 in COMDTNOTE 1200 (ALCOAST 401/03). Aerial Ice Observers (from the International Ice Patrol) as well as Sensor System Operators, Tactical Systems Operators, Aviation Gunners and Aviation Medical Technicians are eligible for designation. Coast Guard Aviation Mission Specialist personnel also wear the same uniform insignia as Naval Aviation Observers. Permanent designation is attained at 200 hours for rotary wing and 400 hours for fixed wing specialists.
US Air Force Observer rating.
With the creation of the United States Air Force in 1947, aviation observers were phased out and replaced by more highly trained specialists known as Aircrew personnel. The Aircrew Badge was created prior to the Second World War; but had only been awarded to enlisted personnel. Since the creation of the USAF Officer Aircrew Badge (an unrated award), the Navigator-Observer Badge has been issued to otherwise unrated officers who complete NASA Mission Specialist training with the aeronautical rating of Observer. On completion of an operational mission they may then apply to the Air Force Chief of Staff for the Astronaut qualification that permits them to wear the USAF Navigator / Combat Systems Officer version of the Astronaut Badge.
Civil Air Patrol.
The title "Observer" is still used regularly in the U.S. Air Force Auxiliary, better known as the Civil Air Patrol. Civil Air Patrol observers may act as the mission commander for aircrews engaged in search and rescue, homeland defense reconnaissance, or other Air Force-authorized missions, serving as the liaison between the sortie and mission base. Observers are trained in air navigation, radio communications, and other technical subjects such as aerial direction finding. The Civil Air Patrol badge for an observer looks almost identical to the CAP pilot badge, except that the observer device has an additional "O" or thin circle atop the central CAP emblem.


Joey Bishop

Joseph Abraham Gottlieb (February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007), known professionally as Joey Bishop, was an American entertainer who appeared on television as early as 1948 and eventually starred in his own weekly comedy series playing a talk/variety show host, then later hosted a late night talk show with Regis Philbin as his young sidekick on ABC. He also was a member of the "Rat Pack" with Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. and Peter Lawford.
Early life and education.
Bishop, the youngest of five children, was born in the Bronx, New York City, New York, the son of Polish Jewish immigrants Anna (Siegel) and Jacob Gottlieb. His father was a bicycle repairman. Bishop was raised in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Bishop was drafted into the US Army during World War II, and he rose to sergeant in the Special Services, serving at Fort Sam Houston in Texas.
Career.
Bishop began his career as part of a stand-up comedy act with his elder brother, Maury. He appeared on "The Ed Sullivan Show" on May 28, 1950, "The Dinah Shore Chevy Show" on April 19, 1957, and many other variety programs in the early days of television. He guest-hosted "The Tonight Show" substituting for Jack Paar, and then guest-hosted "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" at least 175 times in the 1960s, and from 1971 to 1976 more than anyone else until that time (Jay Leno and Joan Rivers later surpassed his record). He also frequently appeared on Steve Allen's and Jack Paar's previous versions of "The Tonight Show". He later had his own late night show.
Bishop starred in the situation comedy "The Joey Bishop Show" that premiered on September 20, 1961, and ran for 123 episodes over four seasons, first on NBC and later CBS. Bishop played Joey Barnes, at first a publicity agent and then later a talk show host. Abby Dalton joined the cast in 1962 as his wife.
Bishop later hosted a 90-minute late-night talk show, also titled "The Joey Bishop Show", that was launched by ABC on April 17, 1967, as competition to Carson's "Tonight Show" and ran until December 26, 1969. His sidekick was then-newcomer Regis Philbin.
Bishop was among the stars of the original "Ocean's 11" film about military veterans who reunite in a plot to rob five Las Vegas casinos on New Year's Eve. He co-starred with Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Peter Lawford of the so-called Rat Pack, although the five of them did not publicly acknowledge that name. During filming, the five entertainers performed together on stage in Vegas at the Sands Hotel. Bishop did only a little singing and dancing, but he told jokes and wrote most of the act's material. He later appeared with Sinatra, Martin, Davis, and Lawford in the military adventure "Sergeants 3" (1962), a loose remake of "Gunga Din" (1939), and with Martin in the western comedy "Texas Across the River" (1966), in which he portrayed an Indian.
Bishop was the only member of the Rat Pack to work with members of a younger group of actors dubbed the Brat Pack, appearing (as a ghost) in the film "Betsy's Wedding" (1990) with Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. His final appearance in a film was a non-speaking role in "Mad Dog Time" (1996), written and directed by his son, Larry. His character was named Gottlieb, which was his real surname. The film was panned by critics.
Bishop was portrayed by Bobby Slayton in the HBO film "The Rat Pack" (1998).
Personal life and final years.
Bishop wed Sylvia Ruzga in 1941, and they were married for 58 years until her death from lung cancer in 1999. They had one son, Larry Bishop, a film director and actor.
Thereafter, Bishop had a longtime companion, Nora Garibotti. In failing health for some time, Bishop died at age 89 of multiple organ failure on October 17, 2007, in his home on Lido Isle, a man-made island in the harbor of Newport Beach, California. Per Bishop's wishes, his remains were cremated and scattered in the Pacific Ocean near his home. He had two grandsons, Kirk and Scott.
The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia posthumously inducted Bishop into their Hall of Fame in 2009.


Army Group North Rear Area

Army Group North Rear Area ("Rückwärtiges Heeresgebiet Nord") was one of the three Army Group Rear Area Commands, established during the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union. Initially commanded by General Franz von Roques, it was an area of military jurisdiction behind Wehrmacht's Army Group North.
The Group North Rear Area's outward function was to provide security behind the fighting troops. It was also a site of mass murder during The Holocaust and other crimes against humanity targeting the civilian population. In the words of historian Michael Parrish, the army commander "presided over an empire of terror and brutality".
Organisation.
The commander of the Army Group North Rear Area, General Franz von Roques, was responsible for the rear area security. Its headquarters was subordinated to Army Group North, while also reporting to the Wehrmacht's Quartermaster General Eduard Wagner, who had the overall responsibility for rear area security. The tasks also included transfer of prisoners of war to the rear.
Roques controlled three Security Divisions (207th, 281st, and 285th) and oversaw the units of Secret Field Police of the Wehrmacht. He operated in parallel, and in cooperation, with Hans-Adolf Prützmann and, since November 1941, with Friedrich Jeckeln, the Higher SS and Police Leaders appointed by the head of the SS, Heinrich Himmler.
Security warfare and crimes against humanity.
The area commanders' duties included security of communications and supply lines, economic exploitation and combatting guerillas (partisans) in Wehrmacht's rear areas, which were the primary tasks of the security divisions. In addition, security and police formations of the SS and the SD (SS Security Service) operated in the areas, being subordinated to the respective Higher SS and Police Leaders. These units included multiple "Einsatzgruppen" death squad detachments, Police Regiment North and additional Order Police battalions. These units perpetrated mass murder during The Holocaust and other crimes against humanity. While under military jurisdiction, the area was the site of the Kaunas pogrom, instigated by the "SD". During the same period, mass murder of POWs, Jews and other civilians took place at the 9th Fort.
The security formations, often in coordination with or under the leadership of the Wehrmacht, conducted security warfare targeting civilian population. The so-called anti-partisan operations in "bandit-infested" areas amounted to destruction of villages, seizure of livestock, deporting of able-bodied population for slave labour to Germany and murder of those of non-working age.


King of Haiti


35th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 35th Infantry Division (German: "35. Infanteriedivision") was a German Army infantry division in World War II.
History.
The 35th Infantry Division was raised in October 1936 in Germany's re-militarisation. It was used mostly used on the eastern front.
In May 1940, the division was part of the German forces sent to invade France and Belgium, remaining as an occupational formation in the two nations until June the next year, when it took part in Operation Barbarossa (the invasion of the Soviet Union). Between then and April 1945 the division would remain in the central and southern sectors before being forced back to East Prussia by the advancing Red Army.
The 35th Infantry Division was one of many Wehrmacht units which committed war crimes in the Soviet Union. During early 1944 it was involved in an operation in the Gomel Region of Belarus in which 40,000 civilians were expelled from their homes as the German Army retreated; approximately 9,000 civilians died. The 35th Infantry Division undertook a similar operation in early April 1944 in which it rounded up civilians who it then either used for forced labour or expelled from the region; 3,500 were expelled. During that month, the divisional engineer battalion's third company massacred civilians in the towns of Karpilovka and Rudabelka. This operation was planned by the company's officers, who retained control over their soldiers during the killings. Nine members of the division were convicted of this massacre by a Soviet military tribunal in 1947 and sentenced to 25 years hard labour.


Ukrainian Air Assault Forces

The Ukrainian Air Assault Forces, abbreviated DShV (from "Desantno-shturmovi viyska Ukrayiny", Ukrainian: Десантно-штурмові війська України, ДШВ; Air-Assault Forces of Ukraine), are a branch of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The air assault forces field high-readiness ground units without air-assets. The air assault forces are in constant combat readiness and are the high mobility branch of the armed forces. They are considered the elite of Ukraine's armed forces.
History.
The Ukrainian Air Assault Forces were created in 1992 from units of the Soviet Airborne Troops stationed on Ukrainian territory after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991. In the 15 years after their creation Ukrainian paratroopers have served in peacekeeping missions to the Balkans, in Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ethiopia, Georgia and DR Congo. In 2007, the 13th Separate Airmobile Battalion served as part of Polish–Ukrainian Peace Force Battalion, a peacekeeping unit with Kosovo Force.
War in Donbass and beyond.
In August 2014 the 95th Air Assault Brigade conducted a raid behind the separatist lines. The 95th Brigade, which had been reinforced with armor assets and attachments, launched a surprise attack on separatist lines, broke through into their rear areas, fought for 450 kilometers, and destroyed or captured numerous Russian tanks and artillery pieces before returning to Ukrainian lines and established a corridor in which the Ukrainian army units and civilians trapped at the border could retreat. It was one of the longest armored raids in military history.
In 2016, Ukrainian Airmobile Forces where formed in independent branch of the Armed Forces. Previously, they were part of Ground Forces.
On 21 November 2017 (Ukraine's Paratroopers' Day) President Petro Poroshenko stated that 469 Ukrainian paratroopers had been killed in the (ongoing) War in Donbass. On 21 November 2018 he adjusted this to 487 killed.
2017 reforms.
On 21 November 2017 the Air Assault Forces also received its new insignia (the dome of a parachute "as a symbol of airborne units around the world" and the wings of Archangel Michael and "the flaming sword with which he hits the enemies"). The color of the Ukrainian paratroopers was also changed to maroon. 21 November 2017 was the first time Air Assault Forces Day in Ukraine was celebrated on 21 November. Up to 2017 this day was celebrated on 2 August, as it was in the Soviet Union. According to President Poroshenko “It is logical to celebrate your professional holiday on November 21. The usual August 2 is the date of the first jump of paratroopers in the Moscow Military District. How is it about us? Moscow is not Kyiv. As well as "Ukraine is not Russia." He added that "The start of the new Paratroop Day is part of the Ukrainianization of the historical and political calendar - the replacement of the Soviet-Russian imposed upon us." From 2017 onward, the UkrAAF wear the maroon berets common among many Western airborne units.
Structure.
In 2014, the staffing of an airmobile brigade was brought up to 1,200 personnel. In addition, each brigade was given at least one artillery battalion from the 25th and 55th artillery brigades and a tank battalion. Currently, the total staffing of the brigades range from 1,000 to 2,200 personnel, depending on deployment. Most of the brigades operate in 1-2 battalion tactical groups, in each of which, in addition to infantry battalions, there are up to two artillery battalions and at least one tank company equipped with BTRs and BMPs.
2001.
In 2001 the Airmobile Force consisted of:


Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (historical)

Communist Party of Nepal (Masal), was a communist party in Nepal. CPN (Masal) was formed in 1983, following a split in the Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention). The party was led by Mohan Bikram Singh.
History.
In March 1984 CPN (Masal) along with different Marxist–Leninist and revolutionary parties from four continents formed the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement in France.
In 1985, the party split with Mohan Baidya forming his own Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal). Masal retained the RIM membership for some time. Masal was sometimes nicknamed "Patalo Masal" ('Thin Masal') to differentiate it from "Moto Mashal" ('Thick Mashal"'), i.e. Masal."
Following the split, the Masal group was also known as Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal–COC).
At the time of the mass upsurge against the monarchic dictatorship, Masal, Mashal and Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist) joined hands and formed the United National People's Movement as a common front.
In 1991 a minority broke led by Dr. Baburam Bhattarai broke away from CPN (Masal) and joined the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre).
CPN (Masal) took part in the Joint People's Agitation Committee, which had called for a general strike on April 6, 1992. Violence erupted in the capital during the strike, and according to the human rights NGO HURON 14 people were killed in police firing.
In 1999 CPN (Masal) split, as a group led by Deena Nath Sharma broke away and formed a parallel Communist Party of Nepal (Masal). Sharma's group called for boycott of elections and support to armed struggle led by Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). It later merged with the Maoists in 2001.
At the party convention held December 1-December 5, 2001 CPN (Masal) decided to merge with Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre). The merger became effective in early 2002, and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre-Masal) was formed.
Ideology.
The party considered Nepal as a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. The party identified the proletariat, peasants (ranging from poor to rich), petty bourgeoise and national capitalists as friendly classes, and saw feudal landlords and comprador-bureaucratic capitalists as class enemies.
Further reading.
Cailmail, Benoît. Autumn 2008 – Spring 2009. "Mohan Bikram Singh and the History of Nepalese Maoism". European Bulletin of Himalayan Research. n° 33-34, pp. 11–38.


Vice President of the Soviet Union


SS-Bewerber

SS-Bewerber or Staffel-Bewerber (; "SS-Applicant") was an SS rank used in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. The rank of "SS-Bewerber" was the lowest possible SS rank and was assigned to those personnel who were a candidate in the SS. The rank was most often used in the "Allgemeine-SS" as a prelude to appointment as an "SS-Anwärter".
Within the "Allgemeine-SS", the rank of "SS-Bewerber" was (more often than not) used simply as an administrative title while a background investigation was being conducted on a potential SS member. Typically this would involve a criminal history check, political reliability screening, and investigation into the prospective SS member's racial background.
The rank of "SS-Bewerber" was also occasionally used in the "Waffen-SS", but merely as a title for an SS recruit who had yet to report for initial in-processing and basic training. An SS-"Bewerber" was rarely issued a uniform or any type of insignia. In the few cases where a uniform was provided, a basic SS uniform would be worn without any insignia.


Eugene Sledge

Eugene Bondurant Sledge (November 4, 1923 – March 3, 2001) was a United States Marine, university professor, and author. His 1981 memoir "With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa" chronicled his combat experiences during World War II and was subsequently used as source material for the Ken Burns PBS documentary "The War" (2007), as well as the HBO miniseries "The Pacific" (2010), in which he is portrayed by Joseph Mazzello.
Biography.
Early life.
Eugene Bondurant Sledge was born on November 4, 1923, in Mobile, Alabama, to Edward Simmons Sledge, a physician, and Mary Frank "Sturdivant" Sledge, dean of women students at Huntingdon College. He graduated from Murphy High School in Mobile in the spring of 1942. His older brother, Edward Simmons Sledge II, was born on September 10, 1920, and enlisted in the United States Army. He went on to serve in the Western European theater, left the Army with the rank of Major and died on September 23, 1985. Eugene was a sickly child and lost two years of schooling due to rheumatic fever and this condition left him with a heart murmur. However once the condition subsided, his family encouraged him to enroll in college rather than join the military. His close childhood friend Sidney Phillips also wrote to Sledge from Guadalcanal and urged him to not join anything.
Military career.
In the fall of 1942, Sledge enrolled in the Marion Military Institute, in Marion, Alabama, but then he chose to volunteer for the U.S. Marine Corps in December 1942. He was placed in the V-12 officer training program and was sent to the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he and half of his detachment "flunked out" so they would be allowed to serve their time as enlistees and not "miss the war".
Once he was out of school, he was assigned duty as an enlisted man in K Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division (K/3/5), where he served with Corporal R.V. Burgin and Private First Class Merriell "Snafu" Shelton. He rose to the rank of corporal in the Pacific Theater and saw combat as a 60 mm mortarman at Peleliu and Okinawa. When fighting grew too close for effective use of the mortar, he served in other duties such as stretcher bearer and as a rifleman.
During his service, Sledge kept notes of what happened in his pocket-sized New Testament. When the war ended, he compiled these notes which would, many years later, become the memoir "With the Old Breed". After being posted to Beijing after the war, he was discharged from the Marine Corps in February 1946 with the rank of corporal.
Post-war.
After the war ended, Sledge attended Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute), where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration in the summer of 1949.
Sledge had a hard time readjusting to civilian life:
As I strolled the streets of Mobile, civilian life seemed so strange. People rushed around in a hurry about seemingly insignificant things. Few seemed to realize how blessed they were to be free and untouched by the horrors of war. To them, a veteran was a veteran—all were the same, whether one man had survived the deadliest combat or another had pounded a typewriter while in uniform.
Once an avid hunter, Sledge gave up his hobby. He found that he could not endure the thought of wounding a bird and said that killing a deer felt like shooting a cow in a pasture. His father found him weeping after a dove hunt where Sledge had to kill a wounded dove, and in the ensuing conversations he told his father he could no longer tolerate seeing any suffering. A key turning point in his life and career followed when his father advised him that he could substitute bird watching as a hobby. Sledge started to assist the conservation department in its banding study efforts, the origin of his well-known passion for the science of ornithology.
When he enrolled at Auburn University, the clerk at the Registrar's office asked him if the Marine Corps had taught him anything useful. Sledge replied:
Lady, there was a killing war. The Marine Corps taught me how to kill Japs and try to survive. Now, if that don't fit into any academic course, I'm sorry. But some of us had to do the killing—and most of my buddies got killed or wounded.
Sledge married Jeanne Arceneaux in 1952 and the couple had two sons, John (born 1957) and Henry (born 1965). At the urging of his wife, he began to compile a memoir of his war experiences as a way to better help him cope. He returned to Auburn in 1953, where he worked as a research assistant until 1955. That same year he graduated from API with a Master of Science degree in botany.
Doctorate and later work.
From 1956 to 1960, Sledge attended the University of Florida and worked as a research assistant. He published numerous papers on helminthology and in 1956 joined the Helminthological Society of Washington. He received his doctorate in biology from the University of Florida in 1960. He was employed by the Division of Plant Industry for the Florida State Department of Agriculture from 1959 to 1962.
In the summer of 1962, Sledge was appointed assistant professor of biology at Alabama College (now the University of Montevallo). In 1970, he became a professor, a position he held until his retirement in 1990. He taught zoology, ornithology, comparative vertebrate anatomy, and other courses during his long tenure there. Sledge was popular with his students, and organized field trips and collections around town. In 1989, he received an honorary degree and rank of colonel from Marion Military Institute.
Death.
Sledge died after a long battle with stomach cancer on March 3, 2001. He is buried near his parents and brother in Pine Crest Cemetery located in Mobile, Alabama.
Bibliography.
"With the Old Breed".
In 1981, Sledge published "With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa", a memoir of his World War II service with the United States Marine Corps. "With the Old Breed" was reprinted in 1990 (with an introduction by Paul Fussell) and in 2007 it was reprinted (with an introduction by Victor Davis Hanson). In 1992, Sledge was featured in the documentary film "Peleliu 1944: Horror in the Pacific". In April 2007, it was announced that "With the Old Breed", along with Robert Leckie's "Helmet for My Pillow", would form the basis for the HBO series "The Pacific", from the same producers as "Band of Brothers".
"China Marine".
A second memoir, "China Marine: An Infantryman's Life after World War II", was published posthumously. Its initial hardbound edition, with a foreword by Stephen E. Ambrose, was published without a subtitle on May 10, 2002, by the University of Alabama Press. In 2003, Oxford University Press republished it as a paperback edition with the subtitle "China Marine". The book discussed his postwar service in Peking (now known as Beijing), his return to Mobile, and his recovery from the psychological trauma of warfare.
Awards and decorations.
Sledge was entitled to campaign participation credit ("battle stars") for Capture and Occupation of the Southern Palau Islands (Peleliu), and Assault and Occupation of Okinawa Gunto.
His decorations and medals include:
Top Row: Combat Action Ribbon, Navy Presidential Unit Citation
Second Row: Marine Corps Good Conduct Medal, China Service Medal, American Campaign Medal
Bottom Row: Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (with two battle stars), World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal


Chickasaw Bayou Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Expeditionary Force, Army of the Tennessee.
Right Wing, XIII Corps.
MG William T. Sherman


Bushman (comics)

Raoul Bushman is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is the oldest nemesis of Marc Spector, whose secret identity is Moon Knight. He is interchangeably also known as Roald Bushman.
Publication history.
Bushman's first appearance was in "Moon Knight" (1st series) #1 (November 1980), and he was created by Doug Moench.
The character subsequently appears in "Moon Knight" #9-10 (July–August 1981), "Marc Spector: Moon Knight" #1-3 (June–August 1989), #11-16 (February–July 1990), #37 (April 1992), "Moon Knight: Resurrection War" #1 (January 1998), #3-4 (March–April 1998), "Moon Knight" Vol. 3 #2-3 (July–August 2006), #6 (November 2006) and #10 (July 2007) and "Vengeance of the Moon Knight" #3-6 (November 2009-March 2010).
Bushman returns during the corporate-wide relaunch Marvel Legacy which starts with "Moon Knight" issue #188, written by Max Bemis, who also suffers from mental health disorders, and drawn by Jacen Burrows.
Bushman received an entry in the "Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Update '89" #1.
Fictional character biography.
Bushman worked as a mercenary in the Sudan with Spector as his former right-hand man. Bushman and his men came upon Dr. Peter Alruane and his daughter Marlene Alraune and attempted to kill both in order to steal the Egyptian gold Alruane had discovered. When Spector, disgusted by Bushman's senseless murder, tries to save Alruane and his daughter, Bushman kills Peter Alruane, then beats Spector to the brink of death. It is while lying near death that Spector encounters the spirit of Khonshu and adopts the identity of Moon Knight. In this new guise, Spector defeats Bushman. He also rescues the Alruanes and their discovered Egyptian gold. Eventually Moon Knight confronts Bushman and carves off his face before killing him.
Return.
Bushman is supernaturally resurrected by the criminal overlord The Hood using Dormammu's powers. He recruits Ghost Rider foe Scarecrow, to break into Ravencroft. They lobotomize the patients to create an army. Moon Knight is able to stop the army and tracks down Bushman. Khonshu demands that Moon Knight sacrifice Bushman for him, but Moon Knight refuses to kill him again. Bushman is last seen in a straight jacket in a mental asylum.
Raoul Bushman resurfaces, albeit as a corpulent crack dealer, and meets "Patient 86" who became an avatar of Ra called the Sun King. They come up with a plot to kill Moon Knight. To accomplish the plans to kill Moon Knight, Bushman and Sun King went to Marlene Alruane's house and discovered that she and Jake Lockley's aspect of Moon Knight had a child together, much to the shock of Marc Spector and Steven Grant. He kidnaps Marlene, and forces Moon Knight to board a ship to an island showdown with Sun king. During the boat ride Raoul gets two fingers cut off and eventually abandons Sun King when he is defeated by Moon Knight.
Powers and abilities.
Bushman has no superhuman powers, but he is an expert in guerrilla warfare and highly proficient in the use of most conventional firearms. He has peak human physical strength and is highly athletic and agile. He sometimes uses metal teeth so that in hand-to-hand combat he can draw his enemy in close to him to tear the enemy apart with his teeth.
In other media.
Bushman is featured as an enemy in the Moon Knight virtual pinball game for Pinball FX 2 released by Zen Studios.


Sergeant major instructor

Sergeant major instructor (SMI) is a British Army appointment held by warrant officers class 1 in the Small Arms School Corps and the Army Physical Training Corps and by some WO1s in the Royal Engineers.
Cadet forces.
It is also a rank held by some of the civilian adult instructors in the Army Cadet Force, ranking between staff sergeant instructor and regimental sergeant major instructor. SMIs of the ACF do not hold a warrant and thus are not warrant officers, although their badges of rank are similar to those of an army warrant officer class 2.


Wolfpack Endrass

Endrass was a "wolfpack" of German U-boats that operated from 12 to 17 June 1942 in attacking Convoy HG 84 that comprised 23 Allied ships. The group was named after the U-boat commander Engelbert Endrass, who had been killed in action in December 1941.
Ships hit by this Wolfpack.
Five ships of Convoy HG 84, assembled at Gibraltar for passage to Liverpool, were sunk, all by the U-boat "U-552" in the early hours of 15 June.
Etrib, Pelayo & Slemdal.
The first attack came at 00:59, about west of Corunna, Spain, when "U-552" fired torpedoes at the convoy and hit and sank the 1,943-ton British merchant ship "Etrib", the 1,346-ton British merchant ship "Pelayo", and the 7,374-ton Norwegian tanker "Slemdal".
"City of Oxford" and "Thurso".
"U-552" struck again at 04:34, firing three torpedoes at the convoy. Two British merchant ships, the 2,759-ton and the 2,436-ton were hit and sunk.