William D. Mahon

William Daniel Mahon (1861–1949) was a former coal miner and streetcar driver who became president of the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees of America, now the Amalgamated Transit Union.
Early years.
William D. Mahon was born in Athens, Ohio in 1861. He worked in the Hocking Valley coalfields of Ohio as a miner.
In the late 1880s he moved to Columbus, Ohio and became a mule car driver.
Mahon wrote of conditions in the days of horse-drawn trolleys, "It is a fact that in the early days the horse received much better treatment than the car man who drove him. Men could be easily replaced even at the miserable wages paid, but a horse cost money."
In 1893 Mahon represented the Columbus local in asking the Ohio Legislature pass a law requiring streetcar companies to enclose their cars to protect the platform men.
The request was successful despite strong opposition from the street railway owners, and the first vestibule law was passed that year.
The Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employes of America ("the Amalgamated") was founded at a meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, in September 1892 called by Samuel Gompers of the American Federation of Labor.
Mahon attended the meeting as representative of the Columbus local, but said little.
William J. Law was elected president. The union struggled during its first year, and Law proved to be an ineffective leader.
William D. Mahon was elected president at the 1893 convention.
Labor leader.
Unlike other AFL unions, the Amalgamated had an industrial charter, in theory covering all occupations in the transit industry.
In practice, it mainly focused on motormen and conductors.
Mahon was president of the Amalgamated from 1893 until he retired in 1946.
From 1898 to 1900 he was also the presiding judge at the Michigan State Court of Arbitration.
At the start of the 20th century the Amalgamated Association launched a militant organizing program. Although the union was always willing to arbitrate in disputes, there were many strikes against the streetcar companies. Often these turned violent. The public and small businesses sympathized with the strikers, and passengers and other unions often became involved in the street actions.
On 4 July 1897 the United Mine Workers called for a general strike for improved pay.
Over 100,000 miners walked off the job in the first four days.
The AFL saw the importance to the overall labor movement of the strike succeeding, and on 9 July 1897 placed Mahon in charge of coordinating a plan to help the West Virginia miners. Union organizers spoke in mining towns throughout the coalfields, and the orderly behavior of the miners even when provoked drew public support.
The strike was successful, and was a great victory for the labor movement.
Mahon became a member of the executive committee of the National Civic Federation (NCF),
an organization in which labor leaders and business executives discussed cooperation.
Towards the end of 1904 August Belmont, president of the NCF and head of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) of New York, began working towards removing the unions from the IRT. Belmont brought in strikebreakers and failed to comply with existing contracts with the unions. This was not appropriate behavior for the NCF president. The New York conciliation committee of the NCF approached Mahon and Warren Stanford Stone of the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, "trying to impress the labor end of the dispute with the importance of being fair and decent." Mahon and Stone agreed not to support a strike, but the locals walked out anyway, although the strike did not last long.
As of October 1907 the NCF had three categories of executive committee member.
"On the Part of the Public" included people such as former President Grover Cleveland, the industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and Episcopal Bishop Henry C. Potter of New York City. "On the Part of Employers" included the heads of major companies in industry, transport, finance and publishing. "On the Part of Wage Earners" included Samuel Gompers, president of the American Federation of Labor and the heads of major unions including Mahon.
In May 1913 Mahon was appointed to a three-man Detroit Street Railway Commission by Mayor Oscar Marx to study the possibility of municipal ownership of the streetcar lines. The Detroit United Railway had a monopoly of streetcar service in the city.
The Street Railway Commission made an offer to purchase the DUR in late summer of 1913, which was rejected. However, they agreed that the question of municipal ownership would be submitted to the voters, and if they approved the Wayne County Circuit Court would set the price. In April 1914 Mahon quit the commission claiming that Mayor Marx was trying to subvert the municipal takeover. In May 1915 the Detroit street railway workers went on strike for a day.
During World War I (1914-1918) Mahon made much of the contribution of streetcar workers to the war effort.
Although employees complained that the streetcar operators were not raising wages to compensate for inflation, he said, "But no matter how justifiable this unrest may be, it must not influence us to acts that will compromise our integrity as an organization of workers that stands by its agreements and holds its obligations sacred."
He generally managed to prevent strikes during the war.
After the war ended, however, Mahon was unable to prevent a wave of strikes.
Mahon was twice a member of the executive council of the American Federation of Labor, from 1917–23 and 1935-46.
After the 1932 Presidential election, the AFL wanted one of their members to be chosen Secretary of Labor, as had generally been done in the past. Mahon supported Daniel J. Tobin, president of the Teamsters, who won the backing of the AFL Executive Council.
In the end President Franklin D. Roosevelt selected Frances Perkins, who took office on 5 March 1933.
In 1936 Mahon was on the AFL Executive Council during a crisis in the relationship with the recently formed CIO (Committee for Industrial Organization),
the precursor of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
The CIO advocated industrial unionism, with one union representing all workers in a given plant, while the AFL was dominated by supporters of craft unionism, with different unions for each skilled occupation.
The council voted 13-1 to give ten unions a deadline for breaking with the CIO or else being suspended from the AFL.
Mahon was not entirely comfortable with the decision, but voted with the majority. Only David Dubinsky of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union voted against.
William D. Mahon retired in 1946 and died three years later at the age of 88. He was said to have been the longest-serving leader of a union in the history of the United States.
Beliefs.
Mahon had strong religious beliefs. In an 1899 speech he called for the church to play a greater role in supporting organized labor, saying its "true mission" was to "establish the brotherhood of man."
The report of the union's 1899 convention says the "question of drawing the color line in Ritual and Constitution was discussed at some length, and it was stated by delegates from the South that they had never seen a colored man on a streetcar." Despite this, when Mahon visited the south he spoke to groups of black union members.
In 1937 Alexander F. Whitney informed mayor Fiorello La Guardia of New York City that the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen planned to start organizing Independent Subway System (ISS) motormen and conductors. At first, LaGuardia said he had no objection. Later he noted that the non-segregated Amalgamated Association might be more appropriate given the number of black ISS conductors.
Mahon saw arbitration as the best way to solve disputes, and would not authorize strikes unless the employer rejected this approach. In 1918 a strike by laundry workers in Kansas City escalated into a general strike involving streetcar workers.
Mahon met the local union leaders and voiced his strong disapproval, saying they had violated their contracts and damaged the possibility of good relations with their employers.
He and other union chiefs would order the strikers back to work if the local leaders refused to do so.
In September 1920 Brooklyn Rapid Transit workers went on strike. Mahon addressed a meeting of the strikers. He said, "I regret you were not more prudent and careful in going out on strike. You can get into strikes easily and I regret your impatience. The thing, however, has been done..." He then called for New York Mayor John Francis Hylan to be appointed the sole arbiter of the strike.
William D. Mahon was quoted as saying "I would sooner face the world with an organization of ten thousand men with $1 million in their treasury than I would with an organization of ten million men with ten thousand in their treasury."
References.
Notes
Citations
Sources


British Aluminium

British Aluminium was an aluminium production company. It was originally formed as the British Aluminium Company Ltd on 7 May 1894 and was subsequently known as British Alcan Aluminium plc (1982-1996).
History.
In the late 1880s and early 1890s, innovations in the extraction of alumina from ore (bauxite) and of converting this into aluminium by electrolysis had precipitated a drastic fall in the price of the metal.
The electrolytic process required large amounts of cheap electricity, which could easily be provided by hydro-electric power in the Scottish Highlands. The first aluminium ingots were produced at Foyers in the highlands in 1895 with the first hydro-electric powered smelter opening in 1896 followed by two more, at Kinlochleven in 1909 and Lochaber in 1929. Unsuccessful attempts at bauxite extraction in Northern Ireland forced the company to acquire a controlling interest in Union des Bauxites of Southern France. This established source was supplemented by the acquisition of bauxite rights in British Guiana during World War I followed by more in the Gold Coast (now Ghana), in 1928.
The company produced carbon at three different sites in Scotland and owned four rolling mills in England. In the 1940s and '50s the company opened and/or invested in aluminium plants and infrastructure in Norway, India, Canada, British Guiana and acquired further bauxite resources in Australia.
Acquisition, end.
In 1958, however, finance problems led to the company being taken over by the American Reynolds Metals and TI Group. Despite overcapacity during the 1960s, a large smelter built on the promise of cheap nuclear generated electricity commenced production in Invergordon in 1971; this plant would close eleven years later.
The company was bought again by the Canadian-based Alcan in 1982. Operations were merged and the company was renamed British Alcan Ltd.
In 1994, the company produced 357,000 tonnes of aluminium and made a pre-tax proft of £30.9m up from a loss of £22.7m the previous year.
In February 1996 it was announced that Alcan was to sell British Alcan to a group of institutional investors, Mercury Development Capital, Morgan Grenfell Development Capital and CVC Capital Partners for £300m. The new company would be known as British Aluminium Ltd.
Alcoa acquired the "aluminum plate, sheet and soft-alloy extrusion manufacturing operations and distribution businesses" of British Aluminium in 2000 from Luxfer Group who retained some of the business. Alcoa decided to close the site at Dolgarrog in North Wales in 2002. Dolgarrog Aluminium Ltd formed and the local government tried to finance saving the nearly 200 jobs there. After five years as of October 2007, during the year of the site's 100th anniversary of producing aluminium Dolgarrog was to close.
BACo also produced bus bodies, on Daimler Fleetline and Leyland Fleetline chassis for Kowloon Motor Bus as well as Leyland Atlantean chassis for Singapore Bus Services.
Chairmen.
The chairmen of British Aluminium have been:


Alex Graham (footballer)

Alexander Graham (11 July 1889 – 9 August 1972) was a Scottish professional football half back, best remembered for his time with in the Football League with Arsenal either side of the First World War.
Playing career.
Early years.
Graham was born in Galston, Ayrshire and started playing for local club Hurlford United before moving to Lanarkshire where he played for Larkhall United and Larkhall Thistle.
Arsenal.
Graham was taken on trial by Woolwich Arsenal in December 1911 and was signed permanently the following January. After a year in the reserves he made his debut in a First Division match on 25 December 1912 against Notts County and played another 14 games that season. Graham either played at centre half or left half, at first mainly deputising for more established players such as Angus McKinnon.
By 1914–15, with Woolwich Arsenal now relegated to the Second Division, Graham had become a regular, but World War I brought with it the suspension of League football in England. Graham left Woolwich Arsenal to return to his native Scotland, where he guested for Vale of Leven, Hamilton Academical (two spells) and Third Lanark. After football in England resumed in 1919, he re-signed for Arsenal (who had won back promotion to the First Division) and retook his regular place at centre half. He was a regular for Arsenal's first three seasons after the war (from 1919 until 1922), but the arrival of Jack Butler meant Graham had competition for his place and at the start of 1922–23 he lost his regular centre half berth, though he continued to be used as a bit-part player deputising in other half-back positions for that season and the next one. He played 179 times for Arsenal in total, scoring 20 goals (many of them penalties) and departed Highbury in December 1924.
Brentford.
Graham joined Third Division South club Brentford in December 1924 for a £450 fee. He played 49 matches, scored 11 goals and also became player/assistant manager to Fred Halliday prior to the beginning of the 1925–26 season. He left Griffin Park following the appointment of Harry Curtis in May 1926.
International career.
Graham won a single international cap for Scotland, in a 2–0 win against Ireland on 26 February 1921.
Managerial career.
Graham had a player-manager spell at Southern League side Folkestone and later managed Botwell Mission.
Personal life.
Graham worked as a miner during World War I and later ran a confectionery and tobacco shop on Brentford High Street. He died at Whittington Hospital, Islington, in August 1972.


Paul Worsey

Paul N. Worsey is a tenured professor and well-known mining and explosives expert and researcher at the Missouri University of Science and Technology (formerly the University of Missouri-Rolla). Outside of teaching, research, and writing in his field, he is noted for creating and hosting the University's annual "Explosives Camp" for 16- and 17-year-old aspiring mining engineers. Since 2008, Worsey has been one of the host experts on the Discovery Channel documentary series, "The Detonators".
Background.
Worsey obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Bristol in 1977. The following year he completed his Masters of Science degree in Rock Mechanics Excavation Engineering. In 1981 he obtained his Ph.D. in the field of Mining (Explosives) Engineering. His dissertation was entitled: "Geotechnical factors affecting the application of pre-split blasting to rock slopes".
In the past 10 years his research has focused on the demilitarization of explosive ordnance.
He is the holder of several patents, including US Patent No. 4,754,705 for a blast control plug. "The device is designed to help keep explosive energy in blastholes when they detonate and thus more efficiently break rock and reduce environmental problems such as flyrock, airblast and ground vibrations."
He is also a certified British Parachute Association Instructor, having trained more than 1,000 students at the Sunderland Parachute Center.
Explosives camp.
The camp was first held in 2004 and hosted 20 students for the one-week course. By 2008 the camp was hosting 60 campers in three one-week residential camp sessions. It is currently restricted to students who can prove American citizenship, are at least 16 years of age or older, and considered "up and coming students" in their high school classes. The camp has been widely reported upon in such media outlets as the "New York Times", "National Public Radio (NPR)", and the "International Herald Tribune".
Camp curriculum includes:
In addition to blowing up chickens, the campers feel concussions from underground explosions, help generate a 150-foot water spout, experience demolition demonstrations and fashion fireworks displays. ... Many of the activities take place at Missouri S&T’s Experimental Mine. Each day, the campers participate in classroom instruction and safety training before initiating an explosion.
Teaching.
Worsey teaches a number of courses at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, including the following which he personally developed:
The Missouri University of Science and Technology is the only institution in the United States to offer a specific "explosives minor" and a "non-thesis masters" as part of its Explosives Engineering Program.
Bibliography.
Worsey is the author or co-author of numerous articles, primarily in peer reviewed journals in the field of engineering:


Lanmuchang

Lanmuchang () is an historic quicksilver mine in Guizhou. Lanmuchang was one mine in a mineral belt in southwestern China that has been exploited for 2,000 years for cinnabar to manufacture the vermilion paint, Chinese red, and red ink and to produce quicksilver. This is the area referred to in historic texts regarding quicksilver as "Kwei-Chau," Kweichow.


Talke Pits

Talke Pits is a former mining village in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, close to the Cheshire border and the village of Talke. Population details taken at the 2011 census can be found under Kidsgrove.
The nature reserve Parrot's Drumble is adjacent to the village.


Woodward Iron Company

The Woodward Iron Company (located in the area between Hueytown, Brighton, and Bessemer, Alabama) was founded on December 31, 1881, by brothers William and Joseph Woodward. William was the company president and Joseph was the company secretary. The company operated iron and coal mines, quarries and furnaces; these were connected by a private industrial railroad based in Bessemer, Alabama. The company administrative office was located near Woodward Ore Mine #1, south of Paul's Hill in Bessemer.
By the 1920s Woodward Iron was one of the nation's largest suppliers of pig iron. It was part of the industrial complex of heavy industries in the Birmingham and Bessemer area. The workforce eventually grew to more than 2000 men.
In 1968, Mead Corporation acquired Woodward Iron Company just as the nation's steel industry was about to begin restructuring and a long decline. By the mid 1970s the entire iron mining and manufacturing site closed down. Today much of the site has been cleared. Some has been abandoned and other areas have been re-developed for lighter industrial use. Little remains of the once sprawling plant except for an isolated chimney or two. However, three of the remaining arches from the high lines from the Woodward Iron Company can be found at 3551 Bessemer Super Highway, Bessemer, Alabama.
Railroad.
The industrial track operated by Woodward was on the "north" face of Red Mountain. The Woodward line came up the mountain, crossed under the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company's railroad, and had an interchange track with it. The Woodward line, using a switchback configuration, was built along the face of Red Mountain and connecting to each of three mine sites. To the west of this location, is the Sloss #2 mine site, and to the east is the TCI/USX Wenonah #7 mine site and head of the High Line.
Mines.
The three Woodward ore mines were Woodward #1, #2 and #3. Woodward #1 was located south of Paul's Hill in Bessemer. A tailings dump was developed on the south side of the mountain, at the end of track at Woodward #1 site. In addition to administrative offices, this site also included doctors' offices, an elementary school (Red Ore), and the commissary. Woodward #2 was south of Lipscomb and west of TCI #6 1/2. Woodward #3 was south of Lipscomb, and was the last operational mining site on Red Mountain. Number three closed about 1953.
Woodward #3 Tipple, located on the northwest slope of Red Mountain, continued to be used to handle ore that was being hauled, by Euclid trucks, from the Woodward Songo Slope Mine two miles to the east. Songo was located between TCI's #10 and #11 Mines.
The company also operated the Pyne Mine, a vertical shaft mine, one of the most productive ore mines in the Birmingham District. It was located east of Red Mountain near the Lacey's Chapel community in Bessemer. In 1918, Woodward began construction of the vertical-shaft Pyne Mine, which reached iron ore about below ground. This mine was operated for a period of years, closed, and reopened for demand in World War II. It closed about 1972.
There were only two shaft mines for iron ore in the Birmingham District. They were both operated by Woodward. In addition to Pyne Mine, Woodward had a 384-foot-deep vertical shaft at its Songo slope mine. The Songo shaft mine operated from 1917 to 1927.
Furnace.
The Woodward blast furnaces were located in what was then called Woodward, Alabama, (an unincorporated area). It was between present-day Brighton and Dolomite, on the site of the plantation of Fleming Jordan, an early planter in Jefferson County. The Jordan plantation was located in present-day Hueytown, Alabama.
Furnace #1 went into operation on August 17, 1883, on the site of Mrs. Jordan's former rose garden. The ore was transported from the mines on Red Mountain, by rail through Lipscomb and Brighton to the Woodward Furnace. By 1909, there were three blast furnaces at this site, producing a daily output of 250,000 tons. As the steel industry declined in the early 1970s, the last blast furnace closed in 1973. Koppers Company purchased the remaining coke oven production plant and continued that operation for several additional years before it also closed.


Star of the East (diamond)

The "Star of the East" is a 94.78-carat, pear-shaped, D-color stone of VS2 clarity grade. Its exact origin is unknown, but it likely originated from India. The origin of its name and year of discovery are also unknown. The diamond was part of the collection of the jewelry-loving Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdul Hamid II. It later made it into the hands of Pierre Cartier, who sold it to Evalyn Walsh McLean. After Mclean's death, Harry Winston purchased the diamond together with McLean's entire collection. The diamond's current whereabouts are unknown.
History.
The Star of the East's exact origin is unknown, but it likely originated from one of the five groups of mines that were situated on the eastern side of the Deccan Plateau in Southern and Central India. The stone first surfaced in the collection of the Sultan Abdul Hamid. It was later acquired by Pierre C. Cartier. In 1908, Evelyn Walsh McLean purchased the stone from Cartier while on a honey moon with her husband Edward Beale McLean. The Star of the East then remained in McLean's hands for about 40 years until her death. According to an article in the Southern Inspired Magazine, McLean died wearing the Star of the East and her more famous stone: the Hope Diamond. After her death, the Star of the East and the Hope Diamond were sold to Harry Winston, an American jeweler later known for donating the Hope Diamond to the Smithsonian Institution.
Winston sold the Star of the East to King Farouk of Egypt, but never received payment for it. Several years after King Farouk's overthrow in 1952, the Egyptian government recognized Winston's claim and the stone was eventually returned to him. At a later time, the Star of the East was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, at a reception marking the 50th anniversary of Harry Winston, Inc. The Star of the East's present whereabouts are unknown
Confusion with the Ahmedabad diamond.
In 1983, an article about Harry Winston appeared in the "Gems & Gemology" magazine. In the section about the Star of the East, the magazine Stated:
Since the stones are both pear shaped, D-color, believed to be of Indian origin, similar in weight and have some unknown whereabouts, it is easy to understand why they were confused one for another. However, the confusion was resolved when in November 1995 the real Ahmedabad was offered for sale at Christie's in Geneva, and later bought by Robert Mouawad for $4,324,554.


Ray mine

The Ray mine is a large copper mine located in Arizona, in the southwestern part of the United States, currently owned by Asarco, a subsidiary of Grupo México. Asarco acquired the mine from Kennecott Copper in 1986. The Ray mine has one of the largest copper reserves in the United States, with proven and probable reserves of 835.7 million tonnes of ore grading 1.73% copper, at 31 December 2018. It is located in Pinal County, near the town of Kearny.


Great Boys Colliery

Great Boys Colliery was a coal mine operating on the Manchester Coalfield in the second half of the 19th century in Tyldesley, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England. It was sunk on Great Boys farm, which in 1778 was described as a "messuage with eight Cheshire acres of land" on the north side of Sale Lane west of the Colliers Arms public house. It was owned by William Atkin and sold in 1855 to mineowners, John Fletcher of Bolton and Samuel Scowcroft. By 1869 their partnership was dissolved and the company became John Fletcher and Sons in 1877. Shafts were sunk for a colliery on Pear Tree Farm on the corner of Mort Lane and Sale Lane which appear in the 1867 Mines Lists and became part of Great Boys Colliery. Fletcher and Schofield were granted permission to construct a mineral railway to join the London and North Western Railway's Tyldesley Loopline in 1868 but there is no evidence that it was built. The colliery closed before 1885. The colliery accessed the Brassey mine (coal seam) at about 170 yards and the Six Foot mine at 182 yards. The deeper coal seams were accessed by New Lester Colliery.
The offices and lamproom for the pit occupied the building that is now the Colliers Arms public house, on Sale Lane.
Disaster.
On 6 March 1877 eight men died in an explosion of firedamp at the colliery. A further 100 men and boys who were in the mine were burned but survived the explosion.


Jhilimili Coalfield

Jhilimili Coalfield is located in Surguja district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh.
Geography.
Jhilimili Coalfield is a part of Central India Coalfields. The latter is spread over the districts of Surguja, Koriya (both in Chhattisgarh), Shahdol and Umaria (both in Madhya Pradesh). There are fourteen coalfields in this group: Korar, Umaria, Johilla, Sohagpur, Sonhat, Jhilimili, Chirimiri, Sendurgarh, Koreagarh, Damhamunda, Panchbahini, Hasdeo-Arand, Lakhanpur and Bishrampur. The group covers an area of about with estimated reserves of 15,613.98 million tonnes. The deposits are at a depth of 0–1200 meters. Therefore, extraction is mainly amenable to underground mining except a few blocks in eastern part of these coalfields which have opencast potential.
Jhilimili Coalfield is spread over an area of . Estimated total reserves are 215.31 million tonnes, out of which about half have been indicated to be Grade I. According to the Geological Survey of India, total reserves of non-coking coal (as of 1 January 2004) in Jhilimili Coalfield (up to a depth of 300m) was 267.10 million tonnes.


Kalumbila Mine

Kalumbila Mine is a copper mine west of Solwezi in North-Western Province, Zambia. It was formed in 2010 and is one of the four copper mines in Zambia. As of 2018, it was the fourth largest mining employer in Zambia with 11 000 workers. Kalumbila is also the name of the town & district where the mine is situated.
Operations.
Kalumbila currently produces 3 million tons of copper ore per year. The company's Solwezi Deep Mining Project will expand its capacity to 6 million tons of ore per year.
Facilities include:<br>
Its exports are transported to the ports of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, Durban in South Africa and Walvis Bay in Namibia. Principal markets include the Middle East and East Asia. Metal is also sold domestically, to Metal Fabricators of Zambia (ZAMEFA).


Sheregesh mine

The Sheregesh mine is a large iron mine located in Tashtagolsky District, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia
. Sheregesh represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 184.7 million tonnes of ore grading 35.8% iron metal.


Will Osborne

William Thomas Osborne (11 June 1875 – 24 March 1942) was a Welsh international rugby forward who played rugby union for Mountain Ash and Glamorgan Police. Osborne played in six international matches, becoming a Triple Crown winner when he played for Wales in all three matches of the 1902 Home Nations Championship. At the height of his international career he 'Went North', switching to professional rugby league, and represented both Huddersfield and Hull F.C.
Rugby career.
Osborne played his amateur rugby for valley club Mountain Ash. He was a collier by profession before becoming a police officer, and at 5-foot 11½ inches and weighing over 13 stone, typified the 'Rhondda forward' physique favoured by the Welsh selectors around the turn of the century.
Osborne was first selected to play for the Welsh national team when he was selected to face England in the opening match of the 1902 Home Nations Championship. Osborne was one of seven new caps, four of whom joined Osborne in a much changed pack. Although lacking international experience many of the players winning their first caps that day went on to form the nucleus of the Wales team that beat The Original All Blacks in 1905, including Arthur Harding, Will Joseph, and fellow collier Dai "Tarw" Jones. In a very close encounter, Osbourne scored his one and only international try on his début; Wales then won the game through a late penalty goal from John Strand-Jones. Osborne was then reselected to face Scotland in the second game of the series, played on Welsh home soil at the Cardiff Arms Park. The Scottish Rugby Union stated that they would refuse to face Wales if Osborne played, as there were rumours that he had accepted and signed a professional contract with a rugby league team. This was illegal under rugby union rules, which was a purely amateur sport. Osborne was forced to make a full statement denying the claim, and the match went ahead with Osborne in the Welsh pack. The only change to the Welsh team from the previous match was Harry Jones coming in for Lanelli's Nathaniel Walters, and the more fluent Welsh play resulted in a victory over a very gifted Scottish team. The final game of the tournament for Wales saw an unchanged team beat Ireland at Lansdowne Road to win the Championship and the Triple Crown for the third time.
Osborne was reselected for the next season's Championship, playing in all three Wales games. After an excellent win over the English at St. Helen's in Swansea, Wales lost away to Scotland in a game played in difficult weather conditions. This would be Osborne's only international defeat as Wales beat Ireland in his sixth and final Welsh international on 14 March 1903.
It is unknown if Osborne would have won any further international caps as in September 1903 he signed professional terms with Huddersfield Rugby League Club, as a forward (prior to the specialist positions of; ), during the era of contested scrums. He made his début on 5 September and by October 1906 he had transferred to Hull F.C.
Will Osborne played as a forward, i.e. number 9, in Hull FC's 7-7 draw with Leeds in the 1910 Challenge Cup Final during the 1909–10 season at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield, on Saturday 16 April 1910, in front of a crowd of 19,413, this was the first Challenge Cup Final to be drawn, and played as a forward, i.e. number 9, in the 12-26 defeat by Leeds in the 1910 Challenge Cup Final replay at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield, on Monday 18 April 1910, in front of a crowd of 11,608.
Later life.
Osborne gave up his professional playing by 1912, when he moved home to Oakengates, Shropshire, where he worked as a miner. He was also trainer at local association football club Wellington St Georges. He died at his home, 53 The Nabb, Oakengates, on 24 March 1942, aged sixty-six, and was buried at the parish church of St George's.
International matches played.
Wales


Gwinear, Cornwall

Gwinear () is a small village in west Cornwall, England, UK. It is about two miles (3 km) east of Hayle and overlooks the Angarrack valley. It is in the civil parish of Gwinear-Gwithian.
Gwinear village sits on a hill with expansive views from the northern end of the village down the Angarrack valley. There is a local pub, the Royal Standard, and a community hall. Gwinear is the church town of Gwinear-Gwithian civil parish.
Church history.
Gwinear church is dedicated to St Winierus (in Irish Fingar), according to legend the leader of the Irish missionaries who came to this district in the 6th century. At Roseworthy there was once a holy well and chapel of the saint, which was also the site of the most splendid Celtic cross of Cornwall (now at Lanherne). The advowson of Gwinear belonged to the manor of Drannack and was sold in 1311 by the Bevilles to Sir Richard de Stapeldon in trust for his brother's foundation at Oxford, later Exeter College.
The parish church of St Gwinear is of the 13th and 14th centuries (tower mid-15th century, built of granite in three stages). There are three aisles: the south aisle which is shorter than the nave, an inner north aisle, and further north the Arundell Aisle. Feast day is held on the first Sunday after 9 May. In 1880 the living was worth approximately £250 per annum and came with a large modern vicarage and a "good glebe". The chapelry at Wall was built in 1828.
There are three Cornish crosses in the parish; one on Connor Down and two in the churchyard. One of those in the churchyard was brought there from a road junction about half a mile east of the churchtown.
Malachy Hitchins, astronomer, became Vicar of St Hilary in 1775; in 1785 he also became Vicar of Gwinear and retained both these livings till his death, which took place on 28 March 1809 at St Hilary.
Mining.
A large tract of land to the south of the church and vicarage, was part of the Herland mine (also known as the Manor Mine) which had rich deposits of copper, a little tin, and silver ore. In 1756 the mine was worked by a 70-inch atmospheric engine and shafts went down to . A Boulton and Watt engine was installed in 1798 and the shaft was deep. At a rich deposit of silver ore was found and 108 tons extracted. A third engine was installed in 1815; this time designed by Richard Trevithick. Described as a ″33-inch high-pressure, pole-puffer″ it was said to do the work of three of Watt's largest engines.
In the 1840s Gwinear had a number of mines based on two parallel ridges running through the parish in an east–west direction. At that time Gwinear had four public houses, a thriving weekly market and feast was a three-day affair with wrestlers from Lancashire competing with the local men. In the 1860s the mines were employing hundreds of men, women and children but by the 1880s the mines were closed and the machinery removed. Many families had migrated to other mining districts. The population in 1861 was 2,878, reduced to 2,026 in 1871 and to 1,567 in 1881. (In 1801 the population was 1,650).
A communion plate in use in the parish church in the 1880s was a product of the Herland mine.
Notable buildings.
Lanyon Farm and Polkinghorne Farm (both less than a mile from Gwinear Road station) are both 17th century. The grade II listed Taskus farmhouse () was part of an freehold estate which, formerly owned by William Pendarves and the Penneck family, was put up for sale on 25 November 1880. The land was described as of excellent quality with arable, meadow, pasture, orchard and other land, and lying within a ring fence. At the time of sale the most recent proprietor was Robert Osborne. A redeemed land tax of £5 5s 0d was payable.


Gomia block

Gomia (also spelled Gumia) is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Bermo subdivision of Bokaro district, Jharkhand state, India.
Overview.
Bokaro district, a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, has undulating surface with the altitude varying between 200 and 282 m. Topographically, the entire area is divided into three parts – the Bokaro uplands in the west, the Bokaro-Chas uplands in the middle and Barakar basin in the east. The general slope of the region is from the west to the east. The main rivers are the Damodar, Garga, Parga, Konar and Gobei. The district, covered with hills and forests, is a mining-industrial area. With the construction of the gigantic Bokaro Steel Plant in the nineteen sixties, it has become the focal point of this district.
Maoist activities.
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by Maoist activities. , Bokaro was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state. , Bokaro was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.
Geography.
Gomia is located at .
Gomia CD Block is bounded by Bishnugarh and Tati Jhariya CD Blocks, in Hazaribagh district, on the north, Bermo and Petarwar CD Blocks on the east, Gola, Chitarpur and Ramgarh CD Blocks, in Ramgarh district on the south and Mandu CD Block, in Ramgarh district, on the west.
Gomia CD Block has an area of 650.70 km2. It has 36 gram panchayats, 135 villages and 5 census towns. Gomia and Mahuatand police stations are located in this CD Block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Gomia.
Demographics.
Population.
As per the 2011 Census of India Gumia CD Block had a total population of 231,185, of which 130,898 were rural and 100,287 were urban. There were 118,918 (51%) males and 112,267 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 35,144. Scheduled Castes numbered 28,774 (12.45%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 46,327 (20.04%).
Gomia CD Block has several census towns (2011 population figure in brackets): Gomia (48,145), Hasir (11,195), Lalpania (3,659), Saram (15,212) and Tenudam-cum-Kathara (22,080).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Gomia CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Hurlung (4,028), Barkipunu (6,986) and Kodwatanr alias Bhitugarha (6,283).
Literacy.
 census the total number of literates in Gumia CD Block was 128,206 (65.40% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 77,211 (76.62% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 50,995 (53.53% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 23.09%.
 census, literacy in Bokaro district was 73.48% , Literacy in Jharkhand was 66.41% in 2011.
 Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.
See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate
Language.
Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.
In the 2001 census, the three most populous mother tongues (spoken language/ medium of communication between a mother and her children) in Bokaro district were (with percentage of total population in brackets): Khortha (41.08%), Hindi (17.05%) and Santali (10.78%). In the 2011 census, scheduled tribes constituted 12.40% of the total population of the district. The five most populous mother tongues were (with percentage of ST population in brackets): Santali (70.12%), Munda (17.05%), Oraon (5.90%), Karmali (4.23%) and Mahli (3.23%).
Economy.
Livelihood.
In Gomia CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 28,912 and formed 33.85%, agricultural labourers numbered 14,397 and formed 16.86%, household industry workers numbered 2,743 and formed 3.21% and other workers numbered 39,355 and formed 46.08%. Total workers numbered 85,407 and formed 36.94% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 145,778 and formed 63.06% of the population.
Infrastructure.
There are 107 inhabited villages in Gomia CD Block. In 2011, 48 villages had power supply. 9 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 106 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 96 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 14 villages had post offices, 13 villages had sub post offices, 6 village had telephone (land line) and 49 villages had mobile phone coverage. 106 villages had pucca (hard top) village roads, 20 villages had bus service (public/ private), 5 villages had autos/ modified autos, and 41 villages had tractors. 9 villages had banks branches, 5 villages had agricultural credit societies, no village had cinema/ video hall, no village had public library and public reading room. 37 villages had public distribution system, 27 villages had weekly haat (market) and 40 villages had assembly polling stations.
Explosives.
Indian Explosives Ltd. set up a plant at Gomia in 1954.
Coal mining.
Kathara Area of Central Coalfields Limited operates the following collieries of East Bokaro Coalfield: Kathara OC, Jarangdih OC, Jarangdih UG, Swang OC, Swang UG and Govindpur UG.
CCL operates coking coal washeries at Kathara and Swang.
Power.
Tenughat Thermal Power Station is located at Lalpania and is owned by the state-owned Tenughat Vidyut Nigam Ltd. It operates a 2x210 MW power plant.
Agriculture.
The average annual rainfall in Bokaro district is 1291.2 mm. The soil is generally laterite and sandy. 39.21% of the total area is under agriculture. It is generally a single monsoon-dependent crop. 9.90% of the cultivable land is under horticulture. Rice and maize are the main crops. Bajara, wheat, pulses and vegetables are also grown.
Backward Regions Grant Fund.
Bokaro district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.
Transport.
The Gomoh-Barkakhana line serves Gomia Block.
Education.
In 2011, amongst the 107 inhabited villages in Gomia CD Block, 13 villages had no primary school, 68 villages had one primary school and 26 villages had more than one primary school. 50 villages had at least one primary school and one middle school. 16 villages had at least one middle school and one secondary school. Gomia CD Block had 4 senior secondary schools and 2 degree colleges.
Jhabbu Singh Memorial College was established at Phusro in 1980. It is affiliated to Vinoba Bhave University and offers courses in arts and science.
Degree College Bokaro Thermal (details not available).
A degree college is planned on the Gomia-Peterwar main road.
Pitts Modern School
Healthcare.
In 2011, amongst the 107 inhabited villages in Gomia CD Block, 1 village had primary health centre, 17 villages had primary health sub-centres, 7 villages had maternity and child welfare centres, 3 villages had TB clinics, 5 villages had allopathic hospitals, 4 villages had alternative medicine hospitals, 8 villages had dispensaries, 3 villages had veterinary hospitals, 18 villages had medicine shops and 64 villages had no medical facilities.


Arthur Treadwell Walden

Arthur Treadwell Walden (May 10, 1871 – March 26, 1947) was a Klondike Gold Rush adventurer, dog driver and participant in the first Byrd Antarctic Expedition. He is also known as an author and developer of the Chinook sled dog breed.
Early life.
Arthur Treadwell Walden was born on May 10, 1871 in Indianapolis, Indiana to an Episcopal clergyman named Rev. Treadwell Walden and his wife, Elizabeth Leighton. Walden spent much of his youth in Minnesota and was educated at the Chattuck Military School in Faribault. In 1890 his father was appointed minister of St. Paul's Cathedral in Boston. Disliking city life in Boston, Arthur went to live at his father's vacation home in Tamworth, New Hampshire.
In Alaska and the Yukon.
Restless and wanting adventure, Walden traveled to Alaska in March 1896. In August 1896 gold was discovered in the Klondike. During the gold rush, Walden found himself working as a freighter carrying supplies and mail down the Yukon River. He became experienced with sled dogs that were used to pull freight over vast distances. The use of sled dogs led to freighters being called "dog punchers"
Breeding the Chinook.
After returning to New England, Walden married Katherine Sleeper on December 9, 1902 in Tamworth, New Hampshire. She was a relative of his stepmother and the daughter of a wealthy Boston newspaper family. The couple operated the 1300-acre Wonalancet Farm and Inn. Walden began training and breeding sled dogs at the farm. On January 17, 1917, a litter of three dogs was born that Walden had bred from a female Greenland Dog and a male Mastiff/St. Bernard mix farm dog. One of those dogs, Chinook, was the progenitor of the breed that bears his name. He named the dog after a favorite Eskimo dog he worked with in the Yukon. The breed would eventually be named the state dog of New Hampshire. In 1922, he convinced a local newspaper to sponsor the first 123-mile Eastern International Dog Derby, bringing the sport of dog sled racing to New England. Walden founded the New England Sled Dog Club in 1924. In 1928 Walden published his memoir, "A Dog-Puncher in the Yukon".
Antarctic Expedition.
In 1927, Richard Byrd selected Walden to run the dog teams during his first Antarctic Expedition. Walden would only agree to accompany Byrd if he guaranteed that no dogs would be shot to save supplies, as had been done in previous expeditions. A few members of the expedition spent the winter of 1927-1928 at the Walden farm training and testing trail gear. During the expedition, Walden and his 13 dogs moved thousands of pounds of supplies from the ship over the 16 mile trail to base camp. Chinook, the first dog of his breed, disappeared (presumably dying) on January 17, 1929 while moving supplies to base camp. Walden received the Congressional Medal for his efforts during the Antarctic Expedition in 1931.
Death.
Walden died on March 26, 1947, while saving his wife from a fire in the kitchen of their farmhouse.


Jhingrudah

Jhingurdah is a city and one of the projects of Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL) which is a subsidiary company of state-owned Coal India Limited. It lies in the Singrauli District of Madhya Pradesh.
Most of the people in Jhingurdah are employed in the Jhingurdah coalfields of NCL.
Education.
There are two major schools in Jhingurdah; DAV Public School and Saraswati Sishu Mandir.
Connectivity.
Jhingurdah is approximately 40 km from the district collectorate. It is 30 km away from the Singrauli Junction Railway Station. Nearest airport is Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport, Babatpur, Varanasi and is 210 km away from Singrauli Junction by rail.


Edric Hamilton-Russell

Edric Claud Hamilton-Russell (24 November 1904 – 1984) was a British rower and mining engineer who was director of pre-nationalisation collieries.
Hamilton-Russell was the son of Hon. Claud Eustace Hamilton-Russell and Maria Lindsay Wood. He was educated at Eton College and at Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was a member of the Pitt Club. In 1925, rowing for Third Trinity, Cambridge, he won Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta, partnering Robert Morrison. They beat Guy Oliver Nickalls and Richard Lucas in the final. In 1926 he was a member of the Cambridge crew in the Boat Race. He also won Silver Goblets again partnering H R Carver, when they beat Nickalls and A D B Pearson in the final.
Hamilton-Russell became a chartered surveyor and mining engineer. In 1940 he was general manager of Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries Ltd. and a director of the Netherton Coal Company of Newcastle. He lived at Badsworth Grange.
In 1950, after the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946, he was a senior partner in William Armstrong & Sons of Newcastle upon Tyne who were consulting mining engineers and mineral valuers. He was mineral adviser to the Church Commissioners for England and chairman of the Netherton Coal Company. He was living at Acomb House, Hexham, Northumberland.
Hamilton-Russell died in 1984
Hamilton-Russell married Helen Rosa Humble, daughter of William Humble, on 11 April 1932.


Ballek

The Ballek Copper/Gold deposit contains 43,000 tonnes of Copper and 52,000 ounces of gold and is owned by Wayland Copper Limited, a joint venture between Energy Ventures Limited (EVE) and Beowulf Mining. The equity in Wayland is split evenly between the two partners, with Beowulf acting as operator. Currently five licences make up the Ballek project, which covers an area of roughly 110 km2 in Norrbotten County, Sweden.
The Lulepotten deposit, one of the five Ballek licences, was discovered by the Geological Survey of Sweden in the 1960s. Further drilling took place until 1978 over a total of 22,265 metres, identifying the strike length of the deposit at over 1500 metres. Lulepotten was acquired by Beowulf, along with the Ballek 2 and 3 licences in 2005, while Ballek 4 was awarded to Beowulf later in the same year.
In 2007 a prospective uranium deposit, Ballek 5, was awarded to Beowulf. Later in 2007 a joint venture agreement was signed between Beowulf and Agricola Resources. In 2008 a maiden JORC inferred resource estimate was attained on Lulepotten, with 5.4 million tonnes of Copper at 0.8% and 0.3 grammes per tonne of gold. The total metal contained is therefore 43,000 tonnes of Copper and 52,000 ounces of gold. Beowulf Mining acquired the Ballek deposit in its entirety, as well as the Geddaur licences, the Mannakjaure licence and the Riikalahti licence, from Agricola Resources in 2009. In 2010 Beowulf mining entered into a joint venture with EVE following completion of a 1601-metre drill programme. Simple flotation processing of Lulepotten ore yields a product containing 32.4% Copper with a mass recovery of over 96%


Loud Mine

Loud Mine was a gold mine in White County, Georgia north of Dahlonega; it was a famous mining site in the 19th century Georgia Gold Rush. The site is now owned by a private gold mining group, and permission is needed to go on the property.


Klondyke mill

Klondyke Mill was an ore processing mill on the edge of the Gwydir Forest, near Trefriw, north Wales.
Constructed in 1900, the mill was built to receive lead ore (and some zinc ore) from Pandora mine, some 2 miles away - with which its history is inextricably linked - this ore travelling along a tramway which followed the eastern shore of Llyn Geirionydd. The mill saw little usage; Pandora mine was never profitable after construction of the mill, and the mine ceased operation in 1905. Klondyke mill itself closed in 1911 after having a short succession of optimistic owners.
In the 1920s, the mill achieved notoriety as the scene of an elaborate money-making scam, when investors were sought for the Klondyke mine, which was allegedly rich in silver. It is this scam which gives the mill its current name; during its years of operation it was initially known as Geirionydd Mill, then as the New Pandora Lead Works.
Today the mill lies in a ruined state, a tribute to the false optimism of the time, and is believed to be the largest upstanding building associated with lead mining in north Wales. It is a registered ancient monument and, despite its state of disrepair, is under the guardianship of Cadw, the only mine structure in the Gwydir Forest to be so designated.
History.
The mill was built by the Welsh Crown Spelter Company, formed in 1899, and a subsidiary company of the English Crown Spelter Company (formed in 1883). (Quite simply, the English Company was involved in zinc smelting, for which it required large quantities of blende. To get supplies of this, the Welsh company was formed, which received assistance from the English Company in the shape of advances on loan. The Welsh company worked a number of mines in the area, having purchased them from previous owners, notably what is today most-commonly known as Pandora mine (though known successively as Willoughby Lead Mine, Welsh Foxdale Lead Mine, and New Pandora Lead Mine), which lies about 1.5 miles south-south-east. The company also developed the small mine known as Klondyke, adjacent to where the mill was built.
The company had grand plans for expanding the production of Pandora mine, which already had dressing floors immediately south of the lane (between Llyn Geirionydd & Capel Curig). Most prominent in the scheme was the construction of a new, large dressing mill at Klondyke, to which the ore would be carried on a 2-mile tramway, before descending by aerial runway from the hillside above into the upper floor of the mill itself. Much of this tramway was level, and it is known that the company had a 22½" gauge Kerr Stuart petrol locomotive. It is logical to assume that it worked the tramway.
Both Pandora and Klondyke were to be state-of-the-art operations, heavily dependent on electricity. The lakes to the east of Pandora mine had previously provided a source of water, and a pipeline was now built directly downhill between Pandora and Lake Geirionydd, at the bottom of which was a small generating station. At the northern end of Lake Geirionydd, water was taken from the stream a little below its outflow from the lake, from where it travelled northwards in a newly constructed leat, alongside the tramway to a location directly above Klondyke mill. Here there was a large water tank, with a pipeline running down the hillside below the aerial ropeway. This water powered the turbine room at Klondyke.
In September 1901, a year after work had started on mill construction, George Grant Francis, consulting engineer to the parent company, reported to a shareholders' meeting of that company that they had, amongst other things at Pandora itself:
The company financed this development by issuing many thousands of un-issued shares.
The main north and south walls of the mill building are buttressed, and it is not known whether these buttresses were part of the original design, or whether they were added after the collapse mentioned above. Certainly they were needed, given the design of the building which only had solid walls on 3 sides - the western wall was timbered, and clad in corrugated iron. Apart from the cavernous main mill building, which housed the main equipment, i.e. stone-breaker, Cornish rolls, trommels and jigs machinery, the northern extension held Wilfley tables, and the most southerly part was the turbine room. The office was a separate building to the north, half-way to the road bridge.
Vehicle access to the mine was by a newly constructed road on the eastern side of the river Crafnant, as referred to by Francis above, and is now a public footpath. Although the metalled road to Llyn Crafnant had been built by this time (by Hugh Hughes of Tŷ Newydd, Trefriw, a quarry supervisor), access was shorter and more direct this way, crossing the river Geirionydd by a bridge a short distance from the mill. Although the bridge platform has long been removed, the bridge parapets remain in good condition.
Klondyke mine.
Klondyke mine itself, which lay immediately adjacent to the mill, albeit on the other side of the river Geirionydd (really just a large stream at this point), consisted essentially of one main adit heading south-east, directly below the line of the aerial ropeway into the mill. Although there is no evidence of a bridge today, there would clearly have been one, laid with rails, connecting the mine entrance with the lower storey of the mill - a distance of only some 40 yards. The mine had a brick-lined portal. A matter of yards beyond the portal, the adit splits into a number of very short levels, indicative of an intention to develop the mine in a number of directions. This, however, did not happen, for, inside, three tunnels head off to the right, all in a general southerly direction. The first tunnel is the longest, following the contour of the gorge at this point. Further in, the second tunnel is next in length, splitting into another very short tunnel right at its end. The third tunnel is the shortest, but all of these tunnels are ornate to a degree with mineral intrusion.
As well as this mine, Klondyke mine was worked together with numerous smaller adit workings which lay a little upstream in Geirionydd gorge, although some of these latter working were strictly part of the Bryn Cenhadon Mine.
Decline.
Following construction of the mill, shareholders were informed in 1900 that the future was bright, and in 1901, as indicated above, that much was indeed actually happening on the ground. Moreover, Grant Francis was claiming that ore reserves now totalled some 40,000 tons, a figure more than twice that given at the time of purchase, which was just 18,520 tons.
These optimistic words were no doubt necessary to keep the shareholders happy, for in 1901, two years after the completion of the mill, there were still no profits being recorded. Francis blamed this on teething problems at the mill. He wrote:
Despite Francis' optimism, shareholders were unsettled; all the effort was going into developing Pandora mine and Klondyke mill, and there was no money being made yet.
In July 1902 shareholders were told that still no ore had been processed at Klondyke, but Francis was nevertheless still promising a bright future, and indeed production started in the second half of that year. At Pandora too, the work of development now turned to driving new sections underground.
Since the formation of the company in 1899, some 100 men had been employed annually, and this now increased to some 150. But the company had huge debts, ore prices had dropped, and it was clear that the huge underground reserves predicted were not yielding the profits anticipated. Whilst Pandora mine had been greatly developed, this was done more on the surface than underground, and the levels reached by the former owners had not even been reached, let alone exceeded. In 1903 shareholders were told by Chairman Edmund Pontifex that:
Loans to the company had been far in excess of those anticipated, but the reported note of optimism to shareholders was that elsewhere the parent Company was doing well. Shareholders, on questioning these figures, learned that the mines had been bought by the Company for just £4950, but that some £27,791 had since been spent on them.
The situation locally, however, did not improve; the Pandora mine never did become profitable, having spent some £70,000 and achieved very little. The Welsh Crown Spelter Company went into voluntary liquidation, and it ceased operation in January 1905.
(In a legal Court Case which was to be a precedent for others, that of English Crown Spelter Co. Ltd v. Baker, after the English Company had been required to write off some £38,000 of the Welsh company's debts, the question arose as to whether the advance could be said to be an investment of capital, in which case the English Company would have no right to deduct the amount. But if it was money employed for the business, it could be deducted. The judge who considered these questions, observed:
Klondyke mill, in fact, continued operating on a smaller scale until its closure in 1911. The first buy-out of Pandora and Klondyke was by the North Western Spelter Syndicate in 1906, who produced over 10 tons of lead ore and 50 tons of blende before an option on seeking additional funds run out after a year.
The Welsh Crown Spelter company still retained a few men on its books, to safeguard its assets, and a catalogue of these assets was prepared. In June 1907 an auction advertisement (see bottom picture) subsequently appeared in the "Mining Journal", selling many of the mechanical assets of the Welsh Crown Spelter Co., and divided into 'Electrical Mining Plant', mostly from Pandora mine and 'Dressing Plant', from Klondyke mill. Pertinent to the Klondyke operation, this sale included the like of 100 tons of 18 lb flat-bottom rail, a petrol locomotive of 22.5" gauge, 25 side-tip wagons, and 800' of Henderson cableway. The dressing plant on offer included a stone breaker and several jiggers, pulleys and belts, the contents of smiths' and carpenters' shops, telephone installations, drawing instruments, office and household furniture, and a pony and trap. It is clear from the full list of auction items that the mill was very dependent on electricity for its operation. This may also have contributed to the decline, for pumping equipment in particular was prone to failure.
The contents of the auction were bought lock, stock and barrel by a Liverpool colliery owner, who went on to form the New Pandora Mining Syndicate Ltd., registered in 1908. Some 50 men were employed, but in 1912 the company folded. In that year Hafna Mines Ltd. (of 1907) bought Pandora mine, but not Klondyke mill, as they had other dressing floors available to them on their Hafna site.
In 1919, Edward McCarthy, Mining Engineer and Consultant, wrote of the following causes regarding the failure of the Welsh Crown Spelter Company :
Aspinall's Klondyke Scam.
The mill is today known as Klondyke Mill, after the Klondike gold rush, and this name derives from a scam operated in the 1920s.
In 1918 Joseph Aspinall, a man with mining credentials, but formerly an undischarged bankrupt (1912) who had served time in jail for failing to disclose this in 1917, formed the Crafnant and Devon Mining Syndicate Ltd, having purchased the lease from the Trefriw Mining Company. (This payment, incidentally, was not ever made!) In 1920 the "Mining Journal" of 6 May 1920 carried an article stating that this company had acquired the Trefriw silver-lead mines, where it had struck a rich lode – containing 70oz of silver per ton – in the former prospecting level. The mill machinery was described as being modern and in full working order, with a turbine easily capable of dressing 1500 tons a week. By 1920, however, Aspinall was in prison for running a scam.
Much of the detail comes from Charles Holmes, proprietor of the nearby Parc mine, who claims he unearthed the scam. In brief, Aspinall made absurd claims as to the potential and output of the mine, and employed many local men to carry it out. His scheme involved the use of the mill building and of the adjacent mine entrance, which in fact contained only a couple of prospecting tunnels of no great length, and where no minerals had been found.
Aspinall would entertain prospective shareholders from London, paying for their first-class train fare and accommodation, and take them to see the mine and the mill. On approaching the mine, he would give a friendly hoot on his car horn, which was, in fact, a signal for his "workers" to act their roles. The entrance tunnel to the mine had previously been cleaned, and some 20 tons of lead concentrates (shipped from Devon) were glued to the walls, giving a sparkling appearance. Aspinall had also purchased locally galena concentrates for which he would pay 50% above the ordinary market price. This was he said, for use in a new secret process, but was in fact used to provide some evidence of mined ore. Men guarded the entrance to the tunnel, and others ran around, giving an impression of great activity. In Klondyke mill itself, much of the equipment (a stone breaker and a few jigs) was of virtually no use at all, but Aspinall installed a shaking table, then erected a launder from the stonebreaker to the head of the table. Together with a couple of other pieces of equipment, it all looked the part and made a convincing noise.
Holmes, whose suspicions were aroused by a number of factors, notified Scotland Yard, and Aspinall was eventually sentenced to 22 months in prison for having deceptively obtained some £166,000 from his victims. He subsequently moved to France, where he attempted a similar scam, but was sentenced to 5 years in jail. In 1927 he received another 4 years in jail for an oilfield scam.
The site today.
Today Klondyke mill is in a fairly dangerous state of disrepair. The roof has long collapsed, and in recent years there has been a small area of collapse on the east wall of the turbine house, though the remainder of the wall appears relatively stable. As a consequence of the well-buttressed walls, the remainder of the building also appears relatively stable, despite its height. To the north-west of the mill building, on the dressing floor below the mill, lie the remains of buddle pits (stone-lined pits to clean and concentrate the lead ore prior to smelting), with the remains of buddle ponds - the dammed reservoirs referred to by Francis, above) a little further away, towards Crafnant road, from where the site can be legally accessed along a right of way. The site can also be accessed from a path from Trefriw which follows the old access road on the eastern side of the river Geirionydd.
The waste heaps of glassy slag on the west side of the main building are so contaminated with lead that even now, a century later, nothing grows on them.
The main adit was blocked by a grill in 2009, for safety reasons. Inside, one of the main Klondyke levels is blocked by a concrete barrier. It is thought to have been installed to use the chamber which the tunnel led to as a "slate-slurry" pit, with the waste being dumped down an air shaft.
The route of the tramway from Pandora mine can be seen running down the hill on and embankment on the southern side of the Capel Curig road and the stream. As it approaches lake Geirionydd it swings to the right, to cross the present day road, before heading for the lake shore. The route alongside Llyn Geirionydd can be discerned in places today, running along the lake's length between the road and the lake shore in a small cutting. (This road was not built until about the 1940s.) North of the lake, the tramway route is a flat path, now a right of way, and part of Trefriw trail No. 5, and on the hillside directly above the mill some minor remains of the loading platform, water tank and pipeline can be seen. From here it can be seen where the aerial runway ran steeply down to Klondyke mill.
Geirionydd gorge, with its associated mine adits, and the area upstream of Klondyke are now popular for gorge walking.


Sainte Marie Coal Mine

The Sainte Marie Coal Mine is one of the major Ronchamp coal mines, located in Bourlémont (Ronchamp, Haute-Saône), in eastern France. It was worked intermittently between 1866 and 1958, then finally closed. The concrete headframe was reinforced in 1924. On 29 March 2001, the headframe was listed as a French national "monument historique".
Background.
In 1830, a survey was conducted atop Bourlémont Hill, near the eventual site of the Sainte Marie Coal Mine, but no trace of coal was discovered. By the 1860s, the Stéphanien coal basin had been found, and the Saint-Charles, Saint-Joseph, Sainte-Pauline, and Sainte-Barbe mines were opened. Also ongoing at that time was the unsuccessful digging of the Saint-Georges pit.
Mining.
In 1863, it was decided that the Saint-Charles mine should be replaced by a new mineshaft to be dug to its west. The limits of the Ronchamp basin were not yet known, and the new mine was located to the west, at the foot of Bourlémont. Digging of the 3.5-meter-diameter (11-foot) mineshaft was begun on 23 April 1864 and proceeded with the help of six horses and a steam winch. Workers completed the digging in two years, having found the coalfield at a depth of . The walls of the pit were constructed of Portland cement.
At a depth of , workers discovered another, 60-centimetre layer of coal. When the digging eventually ceased, it had reached a depth of .
The mine was dug in rough soil, but there was little water infiltration, unlike at most of the mines in the Ronchamp basin. The excavation cost a total of ₣172,157.93. Despite its small output, the site was developed with security systems and cages to carry the coal.
Incidents.
The first steam-powered hoist caused problems because as it saw use beyond the initial digging, which was its only intended purpose. The hoist broke on 13 November 1866, trapping five miners underground; they were rescued using a winch the following day. Two years later, the hoist was replaced with a machine taken from the Notre-Dame mine, which had a steam break, gears, and a spool shaft.
In January 1868 an extraction cage detached and damaged the guide ropes, which led to a two-week layoff for the miners. On 24 January 1868, the mine suffered a firedamp explosion that left eight dead and damaged of its structural timbers.
After its closure the mine was filled with shale and topped with a concrete slab by Cotta. It had been planned that the headframe should be demolished, but because of strong community attachment to it as part of their heritage, it was saved in 1972 by Dr. Marcel Maulini, who went on to establish a museum of mining in Ronchamp.


John Tipton (Alberta politician)

John Gaddis Tipton (January 27, 1849 – October 9, 1914) was a Canadian and American politician, lawyer, and coal miner. He was an alderman in Strathcona from 1908 until 1911 and on Edmonton City Council from 1912 until 1913, and was a major force for the amalgamation of the two cities, which was effected February 1, 1912.
Early life.
Tipton was born in Fairview, Illinois January 27, 1849. He studied at Hedding College in Abingdon, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1874. He migrated to Alberta in 1894 and established a coal mine. He was admitted to the Law Society of Alberta in 1904, and also founded a real estate and insurance firm, Tipton & Sons Investment Company.
Politics.
He was elected to the city council of Strathcona in 1908, and served until 1911, when plebiscites in that city and Edmonton voted to merge the cities. Tipton had been a vocal advocate for this amalgamation, and was elected to the new city's first council in the 1912 election, when he placed third of eighteen candidates. He did not seek re-election at the term's conclusion in December 1913, and died less than a year later, on October 9, 1914, of liver cancer. He was survived by a wife and two sons.
Honours.
Tipton park in Edmonton is named in his honour.


Colin Campbell (Ontario politician)

Colin Alexander "Collie" Campbell (17 January 1901–25 December 1978) was a Canadian mining engineer, politician and curling administrator. Campbell was the president of the International Curling Federation from 1968 to 1978 and served as a Liberal Party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Shedden, Ontario.
Biography.
Campbell attended school at Lawrence Station and high school in Dutton before further studies at Queen's University. His father was active in local politics for more than three decades.
He was elected to Parliament at the Frontenac—Addington riding in a by-election on 24 September 1934 and re-elected in the 1935 federal election.
Campbell resigned on 11 August 1937 before the end of the 18th Canadian Parliament to enter provincial politics at the 1937 Ontario election. He was defeated on election day in the provincial district of Addington, but subsequently contested a by-election in Sault Ste. Marie after newly elected member Richard McMeekin resigned. He served as Minister of Public Works under premier Mitchell Hepburn, but left provincial politics at the 1943 Ontario election.
Campbell served with the Royal Canadian Engineers during World War II and was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1943 and the Distinguished Service Order in 1945.
Following his time in office, Campbell served as President of the Northern Ontario Curling Association, and then President of the Canadian Curling Association from 1947 to 1948 and the International Curling Federation (now the World Curling Federation) from 1968 until his death in 1978. He was inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in 1973, and the WCF Hall of Fame in 1990. The Collie Campbell Memorial Award for sportsmanship at the World Men's Curling Championship is named in his honour. On the ice, he played lead for Ontario at the 1951 Macdonald Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship.
Personal life.
Campbell was married to Vera Smith and had five children. He died at the Toronto General Hospital.


Graeme Rowley Aerodrome

Graeme Rowley Aerodrome is located about 10 km northwest of Fortescue Metals Group's Christmas Creek mine in Western Australia.


A. E. Coleman

A. E. "Fred" Coleman was a former slave credited with discovering gold in Julian, California and thus launching a gold rush in that area.
Coleman was employed as cattle herder and living in the Julian area with his Kumeyaay wife Marian and eleven children. In the winter of 1869, Coleman, while watering his horse in a small creek, noticed flecks of gold in the stream. Coleman had previously worked in the gold fields of Northern California. Within weeks more than 800 prospectors flooded into what was named the Coleman Mining District. Coleman was elected its recorder.
In present-day Julian, the creek where the gold was discovered has been named Coleman Creek although it is overrun by brambles and trees and essentially hidden from view. Coleman Circle, a nearby street, is also named after A.E. Coleman.
Coleman was one of several African Americans who made significant contributions to early "gold rush" Julian. Other pioneering African Americans from the area include Albert and Margaret Robinson, founders of the Robinson Hotel, and America Newton.


Talitsky mine

The Talitsky mine is a large mine located in the Perm Krai. Talitsky represents one of the largest potash reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 1.62 billion tonnes of ore grading 19.2% potassium chloride.


Bulga Coal

Bulga Coal Pty Limited is a coal-mining company based in Singleton, New South Wales, Australia. The company operates two mines Bulga Surface Operations and Beltana Longwall Mining which form the Bulga Coal Complex. The company is a joint venture between Oakbridge Pty Ltd and Nippon Oil Australia Pty Ltd. Bulga Coal currently produces approx 16 million tonnes of coal per year
Company Ownership.
Bulga Coal is a joint venture between Oakbridge Pty Limited and Nippon Oil Australia Pty Limited.
Oakbridge Pty Ltd, previously an Australia Public Company listed on the ASX, is currently majority owned by global mining giant Glencore (through its subsidiary Enex Oakbridge Pty Ltd), with a 78% stake hold, with the other stakeholders being Toyota Tsusho Corporation (through Tomen Corporation), JFE SHOJI Trade Corporation, putting the total stake of Glencore in Bulga Coal Pty Ltd at 68.25%
Links to Glencore.
The mine is managed by Glencore Coal Assets, Australia
The Bulga Coal complex site is also the headquarters of Glencore Coal NSW (Xstrata Coal's largest operating division) as part of the mine site.
History.
The Bulga Coal Complex was originally started by BHP Limited as the Saxonvale Mine in 1982. It was later brought by Elders Resources in 1988, and then sold to Oakbridge Limited in 1989. Shortly after Oakbridge Limited purchased the complex, Japan's Nippon Oil bought part of the mine and renamed it Bulga Coal. Glencore (through Enex Resources Limited) bought a stake in the mine 2000. Glencore's stake was purchased by Xstrata plc when it floated on the LSE.


Pasta de Conchos mine disaster

The Pasta de Conchos mine disaster occurred at approximately 2:30 a.m. CST on February 19, 2006, after a methane explosion within a coal mine near Nueva Rosita, San Juan de Sabinas municipality, in the Mexican state of Coahuila. The mines were run by Grupo México, the largest mining company in the country. It was estimated that 65 miners, who were working the 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. shift that morning, were trapped underground by the explosion. Only 2 of the 65 bodies have been recovered.
There have been conflicting reports regarding the depth at which the miners were trapped. The National Mining and Metal Workers Union (SNTMMSRM) stated that the trapped miners were approximately below ground, via a mile-long horizontal shaft. Grupo México released a statement saying that the miners were about below ground when the explosion occurred. Guadalupe Rosales Martínez, the sister of a worker saved from the mine opening, told the "Los Angeles Times" that the workers had previously complained about a gas leak in the mine. Norma Vitela, the wife of a mine worker trapped inside the mine, told "The Miami Herald" that her husband complained about the same leak.
By February 21, 2006 Grupo México search teams and relatives of the trapped miners were beginning to lose hope. Each miner was allotted an oxygen pack, but the pack only guaranteed the miners six hours of oxygen. The Governor of Coahuila, Humberto Moreira Valdés, told the Televisa television network that the mine's ventilation service, which uses fans to import oxygen and export dangerous gases, was still in operation. However, the February 21 edition of "The Miami Herald" remarked, "Even so, they could not be certain the precious oxygen was arriving to where the miners were trapped."
It was reported that mine workers had gone on strike against Grupo México at least 14 times, "not only for salary increases… but because of its constant refusal to review security and health measures." Grupo México said that they, in conjunction with the mining union, signed a certificate on February 7, 2006 declaring the mine safe.
On February 23, 2006 Grupo México advanced to a part of the mine shaft where they believed two of the 65 workers were trapped. However, they found nobody, leading them to believe the force of the explosion knocked them through the mine shaft deeper than they had anticipated. The next day, Grupo México advanced approximately halfway into the 1.75-mile long mine, where an additional twenty-four miners were expected to have been found. Again, nobody was found, and Grupo México hypothesized that either the miners were buried under debris or the miners were located in a deeper part of the mine. On the evening of February 24, Grupo México announced that search efforts were to be suspended for two or three days, due to the search teams advancing to a portion of the mine which leaked out high levels of natural gas. On the afternoon of February 25 the CEO of Grupo México confirmed during a press conference that "there was no possibility of survival after the methane explosion", based on a scientific report. The following day the Secretary of Labor, Francisco Javier Salazar Sáenz, and Governor Moreira announced the mine would be closed indefinitely once all the bodies were recovered.
The "Diario" newspaper of Ciudad Juárez published a report from Mexican officials and the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, stating that due to the high levels of gas in the mine, it would be very rare, if not impossible, to have any survivors from the rescue efforts.
After the rescue of 33 trapped miners in October 2010 in Copiapó, Chile, bishop Raúl Vera demanded that the case be reopened.
According to the IndustriALL Global Union, as of August 2016, "Ten years after the mining homicide at Pasta de Conchos, Mexico, the government has still not conducted a thorough investigation into the real causes of the disaster, brought those responsible to justice, recovered the bodies or compensated the families of the victims."
On February 18, 2020, the Mexican government announced it would resume the search for 63 bodies still lost in the accident. "Grupo México" insisted they voluntarily returned the concession to the government. Families of the victims say the company did not conduct a thorough search because they did not want the deplorable working conditions revealed; company officials insist it is too dangerous to carry out the rescue operation. In 2018 the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights agreed with the families. President Lopez Obrador promised in 2019 that he would recover the bodies.
The government and family members reached an agreement on September 14, 2020. The bodies of the miners would be rescued, a memorial will be built, and the 65 families will be compensated by the end of the year. The estimated US$75 million cost will be financed by the CFE through sale of the coal from the mine. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) announced on February 19, 2021, the 15th anniversary of the accident, that rescue efforts had begun. He expressed hope that the rescue effort would be completed by the end of his term in office.


Pangaion Hills

The Pangaion Hills (Greek Παγγαίο "Pangéo"; ancient Greek: Καρμάνιον "Karmánion", Παγγαῖος "Pangaîos", m., Παγγαῖον [ὄρος] "Pangaîon [óros]" oder Πάγγαιον [ὄρος] "Pángaion [óros]", n.; Homeric name: Nysa; also called Pangaeon, Pangaeum) are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala. The highest elevation is 1,956 m and the mountaintop name is Koutra. The Aegean Sea lies to the south and the plains of Philippi-Kavala to the north. The mountain range covers the southeastern portion of the Serres regional unit as well as northwestern part of the Kavala regional unit which includes the bigger part of the hills.
Ottoman Turks called the hills "Pınar Dağ" ("Spring Mount"). The Bulgarian name is "Kushnitsa" (Кушница) or "Kushinitsa" (Кушиница).
Description.
The hills are directly across a fertile plain from the ancient city of Philippi, they are located in the ancient country of Sintice, between the Strymon and the Xiropotamos rivers and are covered in oriental plane and chestnut trees. Towns found in the Pangaion hills include Nikisiani and Palaiochori which are agricultural in nature and grow mainly grain and tobacco. The town of Palaiochori boasts the ruins of an ancient castle on a peak overlooking the town. Gold and silver were mined in the ancient times. The Athenian tyrant Pisistratus was exiled in the middle of the mountain. It was with the rich gold and silver available in the region in mind that the Athenians sent out a colony in 465 in an area known as the Nine Roads ("Ennéa Hodoí"). The colonists were massacred by nearby Thracians and the colony was abandoned, though the Athenians would return to the area with their colony at Amphipolis.
Pangaion is very often referred by ancient Greek and Latin sources. It was famous for silver and gold mines, as well as for shipyard wood and the oracle of Dionysus.
The municipality of Pangaio is named after this mountain range and the seat of the municipality is Eleftheroupoli.


Idaho mine

The Idaho Cobalt Project (ICP) is the only near-term, environmentally-permitted primary cobalt deposit in the United States. Located in the historic Idaho Cobalt Belt, near the town of Salmon in eastern Idaho, the ICP has the opportunity to become an ethical source of cobalt supply for the rapidly growing rechargeable battery and renewable energy sectors, made safely, responsibly, and transparently in the United States. The project is 100% owned by eCobalt Solution Inc.’s wholly owned subsidiary, Formation Capital Corporation, U.S.


Durga Charan Panigrahi

Durga Charan Panigrahi (born 29 March 1961) is an Indian mining scientist, author and was director of Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad. He was awarded the National Mineral Award for the year 1998 by the Ministry of Mines and Minerals, Government of India for his contributions in the field of mining technology. His areas of research are Mine Ventilation, Mine Fire and sub-surface Environmental Engineering.
Biography.
Panigrahi was born on 29 March 1961. He completed his bachelor's degree in 1984, his master's in Mining Engineering and Industrial Engineering and Management and his doctoral work in 1994, all from Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad.
He joined Tata Steel in 1984 as an assistant manager. In 1987, he joined the Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research as a scientist, and joined the Indian School of Mines as assistant professor in 1992. In 1998, he was promoted to professor and in September 2011, he became the director of the institute.


SolGold

SolGold plc is an emerging copper-gold major focussed on the discovery, definition and development of its copper-gold deposits in Ecuador. The company is listed on the London and Toronto stock exchanges.
SolGold's board and management is made up of professionals who have extensive knowledge in exploration, mine development, investment, finance and law. They hold approximately 15.1% of the company's issued share capital.
The company floated on 10 February 2006, and is focussed on the development of its projects in Ecuador.
History.
In December 2009, SolGold announced that it had acquired 100% of the share capital in Acapulco Mining Pty Ltd, giving it access to several projects in Queensland, Australia. It was then announced in July 2009 that SolGold had raised £1.6 million ($19m SBD) to fund additional drilling at the Rannes and Mount Perry projects. The money was raised through the issue of 33.1 million shares, which were sold to private and institutional investors. SolGold's directors collectively bought 7.5 million shares.
In June 2010, SolGold's former CEO, Nicholas Mather, spoke at the 69th Minesite Mining Forum in London, England.
On 23 September 2010, in what raised SolGold's share price by almost 300%, it announced that 157 samples from its project on the Fauro Island had returned 97.6 grams per tonne (g/t) gold, and 90.1g/t silver. The news also gave huge gains to D'Aguilar Gold, a company which trades on the Australian Securities Exchange and owns 35.2 million shares in SolGold.
Cascabel.
On 11 April 2012, it was announced that SolGold had acquired the right to buy up to 85% of a highly prospective gold-copper-silver project in Ecuador, after signing a binding letter of intent with Cornerstone Capital Resources, a Canadian mining company which is listed on the TSX Venture Exchange. Just over two months later, it was announced that both parties had finalised the agreement, and a $2.8 million first year exploration programme had begun.
Following a magnetic and radiometric survey of Cascabel, as well as soil sampling and rock alteration mapping, the results were said to be both "“very encouraging" and "“extremely prospective". Trench sampling also confirmed outcropping gold-copper mineralisation. In late January 2013, it was announced that after channel sampling at the Alpapa Creek area of the project, a "significant" gold-copper porphyry was located.
After raising a further £1.8 million through a share placement scheme in April, on 2 May SolGold announced that it was ready to award a drill contract for the project. "Six drilling contractors have been invited to tender for the phase 1 drilling programme at Cascabel and five have visited the Cascabel concession and Alpala prospect. Four quotations have been received, with the remaining two due in the next week," SolGold told Proactive Investors.


Charles Augustus Carlow

Charles Augustus Carlow FRSE DLitt LLD (30 November 1878 – 13 August 1954) was a leading Scottish mining engineer and owner and managing director of the Fife Coal Company Ltd., that was based in Leven, Fife.
Life.
Carlow was born at 2 Links Place in Leven, Fife on 30 November 1878 to Mary Weatherstone (née Lindsay; 1851-1929), daughter of William Lindsay, a shipowner, and Charles Carlow (1849-1923) a mining engineer. He studied mining technology at Heriot-Watt College and the University of Edinburgh.
The bulk of his life seems to have been spent living in Leven, Fife.
In 1952 he was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) from the University of St Andrews. He died in St Andrews in Fife on 13 August 1954.
Family.
He was the maternal grandson of William Lindsay FRSE (1819-1884).
He was first cousin to Sir Charles Carlow Reid co-author with his son, Sir William Reid of the "Reid Report" on the state of British coal-mining.
Benefactions.
In 1927 he gave Blair House and 27 acres of ground near Culross in Fife to serve as a convalescent home for elderly and injured miners. The home is named for him as Charles Carlow Miners Convalescent Home.
Positions held.
See


Joseph Phillips (English cricketer)

Joseph Herbert Phillips (2 December 1881 – 15 January 1951) was an English cricketer active in first-class cricket from 1904–1911. He played as a right-handed batsman and right-arm fast bowler.
The son of William Garside Phillips, the founder of the Ansley Hall Coal and Iron Company, he was born at Ansley Hall in the Warwickshire village of Ansley on 2 December 1881. Phillips made his debut in first-class cricket for Warwickshire against London County in 1904 at Coventry. He would have to wait until 1910 for his next first-class match, which came when Warwickshire played Northamptonshire in the County Championship. He made three further appearances in 1910, before playing a final first-class match in 1911 against Leicestershire. He had little success as a first-class cricketer, scoring 35 runs across his six matches, with a high score of 16. With the ball in hand he took just one wicket from a total of 41 overs bowled.
Outside of cricket Phillips was by profession a mining engineer. He married Dorothea Mary Land in 1912, with the couple having two sons; their eldest son, Joseph Anthony Moore Phillips, would become a lieutenant colonel in the British Army and would later become the Deputy Lieutenant of the now defunct county of Humberside, while their youngest son, Peter William Garside Phillips would become a major in the army. Both would become highly decorated officers. Peter's son, Mark Phillips, would become a successful Olympic gold-medal-winning horseman for Great Britain, and would marry Anne, Princess Royal, with whom he would have two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. He died at Oldbury Grange in Nuneaton, Warwickshire on 15 January 1951.


William A. H. Loveland

William Austin Hamilton Loveland (May 30, 1826 – 1894) was a U.S. railroad entrepreneur and businessman in the late 19th century. An early resident of Golden when it was the capital of the Colorado Territory, he was one of the founders of the Colorado Central Railroad and a principal figure in the early history of Colorado. As president of the Colorado Central, he was instrumental in the expansion of the railroad network into the mining communities of Colorado. For much of the 1870s Loveland waged a fierce struggle with Union Pacific investors for control of the Colorado Central. He also served as Lieutenant Governor of Colorado.
Biography.
His father was the Rev. Leonard Loveland, a prominent Methodist minister and prisoner of war in the War of 1812. As a young man, Loveland served in the Mexican–American War, serving as a wagonmaster with the Illinois Volunteers. Serving in the battles of Veracruz and Puebla, Loveland was severely wounded in the Battle of Chapultepec, and was returned to the United States as an invalid. Upon recovery, Loveland entered the mercantile business in Illinois, and married Phelena Shaw in 1853. After she died a couple years later, Loveland remarried, to Miranda Ann Montgomery.
In 1859 Loveland joined the Colorado Gold Rush, and helped establish the town of the Golden in the Kansas Territory and went into the mercantile business there, building the town's first storefront and second building. After the formation of the Colorado Territory in 1861, he was instrumental in helping establish the territorial capital at Golden. He offered the use of his building, which also was a public hall that was central to the town's activities, to the House of Representatives while another in the same block served the Council (Senate). When most of Golden's leading citizens left to fight in the American Civil War, Loveland kept the languishing town alive. At the height of the depression Loveland built the town's first brick storefront in 1863 to house his mercantile business, the Loveland Block, now considered to be the oldest existing commercial brick structure in Colorado. The building also served to house first Masonic Lodge in Colorado and was expanded in 1866 to accommodate both houses the Colorado Territorial Legislature, which met there until the capital was moved to Denver in 1867. The Territorial Library and possibly Territorial Supreme Court were also housed there.
In the 1860s, Loveland became an enthusiastic promoter of building a railroad west of Golden through the Rocky Mountains, with the idea that Golden would become a great railroad metropolis of the region. In the early 1860s he began purchasing right-of-way in the canyon west of Golden. In 1864, he helped found the Colorado, Clear Creek and Pacific Railway (later Colorado Central Railroad) with the intention of building a rail line the mining communities, and connecting it to the transcontinental railroad that was to be built to the north across present-day Wyoming. Loveland's early efforts to build a railroad were hampered by a lack of funds, as well as a fierce struggle for control of the railroad itself. In the meantime, in 1867, the territorial capital was moved to Denver, and in 1870, the rival Denver Pacific Railway completed its line between Denver and Cheyenne, cementing Denver as the future metropolis of Colorado. Loveland and his partners had to settle for connecting Golden to the Denver Pacific line. It was not until 1877 that the company was able to construct its own direct line from Golden (via Boulder and Fort Collins) to Cheyenne. After the completion of the line, the new city of Loveland, Colorado was founded in Larimer County along the route and named in his honor. Loveland Pass in the Rockies west of Golden is also named for him.
In 1870, Loveland was instrumental in persuading the Colorado Territorial Legislature to authorize funds for the establishment of the Colorado School of Mines in Golden. He later served on the Board of Trustees of the School of Mines after the Episcopal Church sold it to the Territory in 1874.
Loveland was one of the most prominent philanthropists his area has known, whose contributions also helped build the community. Loveland gave land for three schools in Golden, and six churches including the Methodist (3rd church in Colorado), Baptist (oldest church of its faith in Colorado), Episcopalian, Disciples of Christ, Presbyterian, and Lutheran (first Swedish immigrant church in Colorado). He regularly lent his hall for public events, community organizations and governmental entities, including the municipal, county and Territorial governments.
As Mayor of Golden (1874–75), Loveland ordered the Golden firefighters to the aid of Central City, Colorado when it was stricken by fire in 1874. Considered the first mutual aid call in Colorado history, the Golden firemen, arriving by the railroad, succeeded in saving the upper part of the city.
In 1878 Loveland became the second owner of the Rocky Mountain News, purchasing it from founder William N. Byers. At that time Loveland moved to Denver, but kept an active role in Golden's affairs.
In 1889, in partnership with Charles Welch, Loveland platted a new 13-block country town along Colfax Avenue west of Denver. The town, called Lakewood, would eventually grow to Colorado's fourth largest municipality by 1990. It was laid out along the new mass transit line Loveland helped spearhead in 1890, the Denver, Lakewood & Golden Railway. Loveland moved to Lakewood in 1889.
Loveland died in 1894 in Lakewood and was buried in Denver's Fairmount Cemetery. Loveland's mercantile business founded in 1859 continued until 1978 as one of the longest-lived businesses in Colorado history. His earliest Colorado residence, the Loveland Cottage in Golden, which he purchased from a town attorney, still stands at 717 12th Street. The Loveland Block, also a designated historic landmark at 1122 Washington Avenue, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. His Lakewood home, built in 1888 at 1435 Harlan Street, also still stands. Loveland had two sons, Francis William and William Leonard, and an adopted daughter, Jennie Froggatt Loveland.


Ianto Davies

Evan "Ianto" Davies (c. 1892 - c. 1946) was a Welsh international rugby union full back who played club rugby for Llanelli and Maesteg. He won a single cap for Wales and also played county rugby for Glamorgan
Rugby career.
Born in Maesteg, Wales, Davies first played rugby as a school boy for Plasnewydd School. He progressed to local team Maesteg Rovers, before joining Maesteg RFC. Davies' rugby career was put on hold with the outbreak of World War I, where he served in the Royal Field Artillery and Welch Regiment. On his return to Britain after the end of hostilities, he rejoined Maesteg.
The first game played by the Wales national team after the war was against the touring New Zealand Army. With so many of the pre-war team either too old or now no longer fit to play, the Wales team was made up of newly capped players, many of whom were ex-services. Davies was given his first and only cap in this game, played at the Cardiff Arms Park on 21 April 1919. Although Wales lost 3-6, Davies' cap gave him the honour of being the first player to come from the Maesteg club to represent his country.
For the 1920/21 season, Davies was made captain of Maesteg. He later played for both Llanelli and London Welsh and also for Glamorgan County.