German torpedo boats of World War II

The German torpedo boats of World War II were armed principally, if not exclusively, with torpedoes and varied widely in size. They were not small "schnellboote" (known to the Allies as E-boats) but small seagoing vessels, the larger of which were comparable to destroyers. During World War II, German torpedo boats were administratively grouped into several torpedo-boat flotillas.
Classes.
World War I Vintage.
Certain old torpedo boats from WW I were still on active service during WW II after modernisation in 1920s and 1930s. While most were converted to various auxiliary duties at the beginning of the war, several were still used in their original torpedo boat role. Examples included "T107", "T108", "T110", "T111" and "T196". Several others, including "T151", "T153", "T155", "T156", "T157", "T158" and "T190" were rearmed after the outbreak of war and used first in the invasions of Poland and Norway, and then in the latter stage of the war participated in Operation Hannibal, the German evacuation from the east. Surviving units were transferred to Allied navies after the war.
1923 Type ("Raubvogel").
The six Type 23 torpedo boats (also known as the "Raubvogel" (German:"Bird of prey") class) were developed from earlier designs shortly after World War I and came into service in 1926 and 1927. All built by the Naval Dockyard at Wilhelmshaven, they were named "Albatross", "Falke", "Greif", "Kondor", "Möwe" and "Seeadler". They were the first to use electrical welding for hull construction to reduce displacement and they also introduced geared turbines.
Despite the innovations, and unlike contemporary German destroyers, the "Raubvogel"s were successful sea-boats, although limited to coastal waters, and most remained in service until 1944, by which time all had been lost.
1924 Type ("Raubtier").
The immediately following six ships of 1924 Type ("Raubtier" ("predator") class) had been intended to mount 12.7 cm guns but, instead, received updated 10.5 cm weapons. All six were again built by the Wilhelmshaven Naval Dockyard, and were named "Iltis", "Jaguar", "Leopard", "Luchs", "Tiger" and "Wolf". Speed and range were improved, but otherwise, they displayed the same good and bad points as the "Raubvogel"s and experienced similar operational conditions and upgrades.
They entered service in 1927 and 1928 and all but one had been lost before mid-1942.
1935 Type.
The 1935 class were a new design, to be a maximum "declared" displacement of around 600 tons in order to come within a clause in the Washington Naval Treaty, and higher speeds than the older 1923 and 1924 classes. In practice these ships were overweight, though still too light to be seaworthy, while their high pressure turbines were unreliable and difficult to repair and maintain.
Twelve 1935s were built; unlike the preceding vessels of the 1923 and 1924 designs, these were given numbers ("T1" to "T12") but no names. Six were sunk, and two others scuttled, by the end of the war. Of the survivors, three were transferred abroad as war reparations and the last was scrapped in Germany.
1937 Type.
The 1937s incorporated some modifications to the 1935 design, including lower pressure turbines, but with little real improvement. They suffered from the same limitations as their predecessors
Nine ships were built, all at Schichau, Elbing; these were unnamed, but numbered "T13" to "T21". Three were sunk, and one scuttled, by the end of the war; of the survivors, four were transferred abroad as war reparations and the last was scrapped in Germany.
1939 Type.
The 1939 Type (sometimes referred to as the "Elbing"s) were classed as "Fleet torpedo boats" ("Flottentorpedoboot") and were a radical design departure from their predecessors – being larger and with a more balanced mix of weapons, in order to accomplish multiple mission types not typically expected of traditional torpedo boats. With a full load displacement of 1,754 tons and mounting a main armament of four 105mm (4.1 inch) guns in single placements, six 21in torpedo tubes in two triple mounts, provisions for mine-laying operations, and multiple AA mounts, they were comparable with British destroyers of the period. Fifteen ships were built at Schichau, Elbing. Like their predecessors, boats of the Elbing class were unnamed, instead being numbered "T22" to "T36". Eleven were lost during World War II; of the four survivors, "T24" and "T28" were briefly taken into service by the British Navy, "T33" by the Soviet Navy, and "T35" by the United States Navy.
1940 Type.
After the invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, the Dutch shipyards were almost undamaged. Therefore, the "Kriegsmarine" contracted three Dutch shipbuilders to build some smaller vessels. Classed as "Fleet torpedo boats" ("Flottentorpedoboot") the 1940 Type was more a destroyer than a torpedo boat, with a full load displacement of 2,566 tons and carrying four 5-inch guns and eight 21-inch torpedo tubes in two quadruple mountings, and was based on Dutch designs. Twelve were ordered in 1940–1941, and numbered "T61" to "T72"; but only eight were laid down by 1942 of which three were launched (the other five were destroyed on the slips); in 1944 these three incomplete ships ("T61", "T63" and "T65") were transferred to the Baltic Sea to be completed, and "T61" was torpedoed off the West Frisian Islands in September 1944, while the other two were captured by the Allies at Kiel and scuttled after the war.
1941 Type.
The 1941 Type Fleet torpedo boat was an improvement of the 1939 class with more powerful engines and additional anti-aircraft artillery was added. Fifteen of these boats were ordered in 1942–1944, once again all at Schichau, Elbing; numbered "T37" to "T51", but none of them was completed. At the end of the war, three of the few ships already launched ("T37", "T38" and "T39") were in different stages of construction, and one of them ("T37") was very close to completion. These ships were towed away from Elbing, but their construction was not continued and they were later scuttled. Of the other vessels, "T40", "T41", "T42" and "T43" were launched but were scuttled incomplete at Elbing, while the remaining vessels ("T44" to "T51") were destroyed on the slips when East Prussia was evacuated in May 1945.
1944 Type.
The 1944 Type Fleet torpedo boats were planned after a radical change in torpedo boat tactics. They were designed to be able to operate with other fleet units in the North Atlantic. This class had the main focus of armament changed to anti-aircraft artillery. Therefore, the main armament were four 10.5 cm flak guns, plus an increased number of smaller antiaircraft guns, but those ships kept the torpedo and mine laying abilities of their predecessors. To enable those ships for ocean operations, their range had to be dramatically enlarged. As a technical innovation, all auxiliary machinery were electrical powered instead of the usual steam powered ones. Nine vessels were planned, again all at Schichau, Elbing; these were unnamed, but numbered "T52" to "T60". All were cancelled before being laid down.
"Torpedoboot Ausland".
The "Torpedoboot Ausland" ("foreign torpedo boats") were small destroyers or large torpedo boats captured by Nazi Germany and incorporated into the Kriegsmarine. They were assigned a number prefixed with "TA". They were numbered from "TA1" to "TA47"; some never entered service for one reason or another. Additionally, some small destroyers and torpedo boats captured from Norway and Denmark were given names instead of TA prefixes.


Alessio Casimirri

Alessio Casimirri (born 1951) is an Italian Communist, international friend of the FSLN and member of the Red Brigades (BR), currently fugitive.
Casimirri was born in Rome. His mother was a Vatican City citizen, and his father had worked for the Vatican newspaper "L'Osservatore Romano" and as the public relations man for three Popes.
After a militancy in Potere Operaio and other left organizations in Rome, he entered the Red Brigades. He was condemned "in absentia" to life imprisonment for the assassination of Aldo Moro's escort in 1978. In 1980 he abandoned the BR and subsequently fled abroad, reaching Nicaragua after a period in Libya and Cuba. In the Central American country he participated in the Sandinist guerrilla against the Contras. Together with other Italian expatriates, he opened a restaurant in Managua, called "Magica Roma" and more recently another seafood restaurant called "La cueva del Buzo" (diver's lair) in Managua.


Kuban Shield

The Kuban Shield () was a World War II military decoration of Nazi Germany. It was awarded to Wehrmacht forces who fought at the Kuban bridgehead in the Soviet Union from February 1943 until it was abandoned in October 1943. The award was instituted on 21 September 1943.
Design.
The shield was struck in sheet metal or zinc and treated with a bronzed wash. Similar in design to the Crimea Shield, it features a German eagle with outstretched wings clutching a laurel wreath containing a swastika. On each side the wreath are the numbers and . Directly below the eagle is written in block capitals. Below this is a stylized map of the Kuban region, with a line representing the defensive line that the men fought to preserve with three locations on the bridgehead marked - , , and . The shield measures 52mm wide and 62mm in height.
A back plate, which held in place a piece of cloth matching the recipients’ branch of service, was applied to the shield:
The shield was worn on the upper left sleeve of the tunic. Where the recipient received more than one campaign shield, the earlier was worn above any later awards.
After an initial ban, the Federal Republic of Germany re-authorised the wear of many World War II military decorations in 1957. These included the Kuban Shield, re-designed by removing the eagle and swastika emblem. Members of the Bundeswehr could wear the shield on the ribbon bar, represented by a small replica of the award on a field grey ribbon.
Criteria for award.
The shield was awarded for service at the Kuban Bridgehead between 1 February 1943 and 9 October 1943, when the bridgehead was finally evacuated. To qualify, Army personnel had to have:
Qualification by members of the German Navy and Air Force was determined by a points system, with points gained for different operations against, and contact with, the enemy.
Approximately 50,000 service personnel qualified for the shield, with up to five examples issued to each recipient, enabling them to be permanently attached to each tunic and greatcoat.


Oleo Strut (coffeehouse)

The Oleo Strut was a GI Coffeehouse located in Killeen, Texas, from 1968 to 1972. Like its namesake, a shock absorber in the landing gear of most large aircraft and many smaller ones, the Oleo Strut’s purpose was to help GIs land softly. Upon returning from Vietnam to Fort Hood, shell-shocked soldiers found solace amongst the Strut’s regulars, mostly fellow soldiers and a few civilian sympathizers. The GIs turned the Oleo Strut into one of Texas’s anti-war headquarters, publishing an underground anti-war newspaper, organizing boycotts, setting up a legal office, and leading peace marches.
The coffeehouse was an organizing center for the support of the Fort Hood 43, a group of Black soldiers who had been disciplined for refusing to perform riot control duty at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.


Ministry of Defence headquarters (Thailand)

The Ministry of Defence headquarters is a historic building in Bangkok's Phra Nakhon District. It sits opposite the Grand Palace on Sanam Chai Road, in the heart of the historic Rattanakosin Island. The building, in the neo-Palladian style of the neoclassical movement, was built as the Front Soldiers' Barracks in 1882–1884 to designs by Italian architect Joachim Grassi. It has served as the headquarters of the Ministry of Defence since the ministry's establishment in 1887.
History.
The site of the building, just east of the Grand Palace and south of the City Pillar Shrine, used to be the location of three former princely palaces built in the reign of King Rama I (1782–1809). By the time of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910), the palaces had become disused, and parts of the site were occupied by granaries, stables and silkworm-rearing houses.
Chulalongkorn worked extensively to modernize the country, including replacing the system of corvée labour with a professional standing military. A regiment known as Thahan Na ("front soldiers"), consisting of about 4,400 men, was created in late 1870s to guard the capital. The need for a permanent residence for the force soon became apparent in the aftermath of a cholera outbreak, during which many soldiers died. The regiment commander Chaomuen Waiworanat (later known as Chaophraya Surasakmontri) accordingly requested that a barracks be built, and construction took place on the site from 1882 to 1884. The building was designed by Italian architect Joachim Grassi, while Surasakmontri oversaw the construction. The building was inaugurated by Chulalongkorn on 18 July 1884. With the formal establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1887, the building became the ministry's headquarters, a role which it holds to the present.
Architecture.
The building is designed in neo-Palladian style, following a three-storey rectangular floor plan with a central courtyard, built of masonry with load-bearing walls. The façade, facing west towards the Grand Palace, is marked by a central pediment supported by Doric-order columns, which is flanked by two wings with gates leading into the courtyard. Windows line all three levels of the building's exterior, which is decorated with pilasters in superimposed order.
While the front of the building is perfectly symmetrical, its wings taper towards the rear, as necessitated by the shape of the plot, which the building entirely fills except for the front lawn. It is surrounded by streets on all sides (Sanam Chai to the west, Lak Mueang to the north, Rachini to the east, and Kanlayana Maitri to the south). According to the original plans, the central structure was to contain an armoury and military museum on the top floor, officer's meeting rooms on the middle, and sword-fighting practice areas below. The wings housed sleeping quarters on the upper floor, meeting and training rooms on the middle, and armouries and provisions storage areas on the lower floor. The north wing hosted artillery units, a military hospital, and stables, while the south wing hosted infantry and engineering units. At the rear of the south wing was a connected clock tower (since removed), which also housed water pumps and storage tanks—the building was built with metal plumbing. The central courtyard was used for drills and exercises.
The building has undergone several additions, including an extended portico at the front, a new section running alongside the original northern wing, and annexes at the rear (east side) of the complex, where a granary and bathing and swimming pools used to be located. The building received the ASA Architectural Conservation Award in 1997, and was registered as an ancient monument by the Fine Arts Department in 1998.
Cannon museum.
In the front lawns of the building, arranged in a garden display, are a large collection of bronze cannons. The display was initiated by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI, r. 1910–1925), who was probably inspired by his experience at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Sixty-three guns were once displayed on the lawn, according to a 1921 survey, but many have been relocated and forty currently remain. Almost all of the cannons bear inscribed names, such as "Uprooter of Phra Sumeru" () and "The Wind that destroyeth the Earth" (). The largest and most famous is the Phaya Tani, which was captured from Pattani (then capital of the Pattani Kingdom) in 1786.
The display has been reorganized many times. In 2004, several guns including the Phaya Tani were rotated to face the building, prompting rumours that the ministry was trying to avoid bad luck resulting from the guns pointing towards the Grand Palace, as they had previously done, in an attempt to alleviate the South Thailand insurgency. This was denied by ministry permanent secretary General Oud Buangbon, who said that it was part of a re-landscaping project, done in accordance with a request from the Ministry of Tourism and Sports and advice from the Fine Arts Department, and also to mark the ministry's 120th anniversary.
The display has since been reorganized again, so that all the guns now point sideways. In 2014, the ministry inaugurated the exhibit as an outdoor museum, titled the Ancient Artillery Museum, with information placards and scheduled guided tours. The garden also features two large "gajasiha" statues and musical fountains.


Komdiv

Komdiv is the abbreviation to Commanding officer of the Division ( / командир дивизии; literal: Commander of the division / Division commander), and was a military rank in the Soviet Armed Forces of the USSR in the period from 1935 to 1940. It was also the designation to military personnel appointed to command a division sized formation (XX).
Until 1940 it was the fourth highest military rank of the Red Army, and might have been rated OF-7 in NATO . It was equivalent to Division comissar of the political staff in all military branches, Flag Officer 2nd rank in the "Soviet navy", or to Senior major of state security . With the reintroduction of regular general ranks, the designation "Komdiv" was abolished, and replaced by Lieutenant general (OF-7).
History.
This particular rank was introduced by disposal of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union and the Council of People's Commissars, from September 22, 1935.
The new rank structure was as follows:


List of German corps in World War II

List of German corps in World War II
This is a list of German Army corps that existed during World War II.


Order of battle for the Battle of Arcole

In the Battle of Arcole on 15 to 17 November 1796, the French Army of Italy commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte won a victory over the army of Austria led by Jozsef Alvinczi. The battle was part the third relief of the Siege of Mantua in which Alvinczi's army repulsed Bonaparte at the Second Battle of Bassano on 6 November and at the Battle of Caldiero on 12 November. Meanwhile, Paul Davidovich's Austrian Tyrol Corps clashed with Claude Vaubois' French division at Cembra on 2 November. Davidovich defeated Vaubois at the Battle of Calliano on 6–7 November and Rivoli Veronese on 17 November. After Bonaparte's triumph at Arcola, he turned on the Tyrol Corps, beat it at Rivoli on 21 November, and forced it to retreat north into the mountains.


2nd Canadian Regiment

The 2nd Canadian Regiment (1776–1783), also known as Congress' Own or Hazen's Regiment, was authorized on January 20, 1776, as an Extra Continental regiment and raised in the province of Quebec for service with the American Continental Army under the command of Colonel Moses Hazen. All or part of the regiment saw action at Staten Island, Brandywine, Germantown and the Siege of Yorktown. Most of its non-combat time was spent in and around New York City as part of the forces monitoring the British forces occupying that city. The regiment was disbanded on November 15, 1783, at West Point, New York.
The regiment was one of a small number of Continental Army regiments that was the direct responsibility of the Continental Congress (most regiments were funded and supplied by a specific state). Commanded by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Moses Hazen for its entire existence, the regiment was originally made up of volunteers and refugees from Quebec who supported the rebel cause during the disastrous invasion of Canada. Hazen and his staff were later authorized by Congress to recruit in other areas to supplement their ranks.
Origins.
Late in 1775, Colonel James Livingston raised and commanded a regiment of Canadians that fought at St. Jean, Quebec, in support of General Montgomery's 1775 invasion of Quebec. Livingston's 300 Canadians, along with about 50 Americans, were instrumental in the fall of Fort Chambly during that engagement. Livingston's regiment, which was not formalized by Montgomery until November 1775, also participated in the action at Quebec. On January 3, 1776, Congress commissioned him Colonel, and his organization became known as the Canadian Regiment.
Moses Hazen had served as a lieutenant in the 44th Regiment during the French and Indian War and was receiving a half-pay pension for his British service. In 1775, while he was living on this plus the income from his estate in St. Jean, Quebec, the colonial army invaded. Nevertheless, Hazen was arrested by the British on suspicion of spying for the Americans. He was held a prisoner for 54 days, until he was finally released by General Montgomery after the fall of Montreal in November. Hazen then joined the American cause, and took part in the battle of Quebec. Following the American failure to take the city, Hazen and Edward Antill, an American expatriate, traveled to Philadelphia to report on the battle. Congress partially compensated Hazen by establishing the 2nd Canadian Regiment. He accepted the command, thus forfeiting his British half-pay. Antill was made lieutenant colonel of the regiment. Although John Duggan, one of Livingston's captains, had been promised a regiment by Benedict Arnold, Hazen and Antill reached Philadelphia before Duggan, and Hazen smeared his name in his effort to get command of the regiment.
On January 20, 1776, Congress authorized the 2nd Canadian Regiment with an allowed maximum strength of 1,000. It would consist of four battalions (5 companies each), the only oversized regiment in the Continental Army. It was assigned to the Army's Canadian Department, and was organized by Hazen on February 10, 1776, at Montreal, to be recruited from the Richelieu and St. Lawrence Valleys. Over the next two months, Hazen and Antill recruited in those areas, until early April, when the recruiting funds dried up, raising about 250 men.
During much of the war, the 2nd Canadian Regiment was known as Congress's Own Regiment, and Livingston's command continued to be known as the Canadian Regiment. Greatly depleted by its five years of service, Livingston's regiment was disbanded in the reorganization of the Continental Army on January 1, 1781. Its Canadian elements were assigned to Hazen's command, which was then redesignated as the Canadian Regiment.
Montreal and retreat.
The regiment was first assigned to garrison duty in and around Montreal, which was under Major General David Wooster's command. In March 1776, Wooster went to Quebec City to assume command of the army there; Hazen was temporarily placed in command of the forces at Montreal until Benedict Arnold arrived from Quebec in April. Arnold then assigned the regiment to guard duty at Fort Chambly, where it remained until the American retreat in June 1776.
On July 2, the Canadian Department was disbanded, and regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department. The regiment was at Fort Ticonderoga in July 1776, Albany in September, and then Fishkill, New York, for winter quarters. By the time the regiment reached Albany, its strength had dropped to about 100. On November 12, the regiment was assigned to the Highlands Department. It was reorganized on January 1, 1777, to consist of four battalions (20 companies), and Hazen was given permission to recruit "at large" – that is, he was allowed to recruit from any states, not just Quebec. These recruitment efforts met with mixed success, as most states had been assigned quotas for troop recruitment to fill their line companies, and thus preferred to have men enter those commands rather than Hazen's. On January 8, the regiment was assigned to the Main Army.
New Jersey campaign.
The regiment was at Princeton, New Jersey, as early as May 19, 1777, where it was assigned on May 22 to the 2nd Maryland Brigade of the Main Army. In early August the regiment, brigaded as part of General John Sullivan's Division, was encamped at Hanover, New Jersey. Several of the regiment's companies participated in the Battle of Staten Island on August 22, 1777. Its losses included 8 officers and 40 men, with the captured including Antill and Captain James Herron. Antill would not be exchanged until November 10, 1780.
Philadelphia campaign.
Battle of Brandywine.
Sullivan's division then marched south to join Washington's army in the defense of Philadelphia. On September 11, 1777, a battalion of 200 of Hazen's men was sent a mile north of Jones's Ford to cover Wistar's Ford, and a second battalion of 200 men was posted at Buffington's Ford about a mile north of Wistar's Ford, situated just below the forks of the Brandywine Creek. Hazen's troops spotted British troops in a flanking maneuver and crossing the Brandywine River. They sent a report of this movement to George Washington, who initially did not believe this intelligence despite its corroboration by Lieutenant Colonel James Ross. The regiment lost 4 officers and 73 men in the battle.
Battle of Germantown.
Still under Sullivan's command, the regiment participated in the Battle of Germantown on October 4, 1777. The British were encamped at Germantown northwest of Philadelphia. On the evening of October 3 General Washington ordered his troops, encamped at Skippack Creek on the north side of the Schuylkill River, to march as part of a planned surprise attack on the British at daybreak. The Americans would then descend upon Germantown from the north in four columns, under the commands of Generals Sullivan, Greene, Armstrong and Smallwood, along four main roads leading into Germantown. The main effort of the advance was to be General Sullivan leading the column on the right and General Nathanael Greene on the left. Sullivan's column, with the Continental troops of his own division and others, was to advance down Germantown Road against Howe's center.
The regiment was part of the platoon of the advance party that first entered Germantown before the battle became general. Unbeknownst to Washington, the columns of Greene and Smallwood got lost. Washington himself accompanied Sullivan's force and, at 5 am, ordered him to launch the assault. The leading element of Sullivan's column, General Thomas Conway's brigade, attacked the British 2d Light Infantry battalion, which had been reinforced by the British 40th Regiment of Foot under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Musgrave. The regiment formed part of Sullivan's early attack on the British; its losses were 3 officers and 19 men.
Winter quarters 1777–1778.
On December 21, 1777, the regiment and a detachment of the Maryland Line under the command of General William Smallwood (the 2nd Maryland Brigade) arrived at Wilmington, Delaware, to protect the city from the British. They encamped at the present-day Brandywine Park in Wilmington. The highlight of this time included Smallwood's capture of the British armed brigantine "Symmetry" on December 30. This ship was laden with supplies, including winter clothing, en route to the British in Philadelphia.
Activities on the northern front.
New York and Connecticut.
On January 24, 1778, Washington ordered Hazen's regiment to Albany, New York, transferring it from the 2nd Maryland Brigade to the Northern Department. The objective was a planned invasion of Quebec. Hazen was assigned to the deputy quartermaster's post for the expedition, which was anticipated to involve 2,500 men. The effort was troubled by supply and manpower difficulties, suspended in February, and then called off by Congress in March. The regiment was then reassigned to the Highlands Department on April 4 and ordered to West Point. The regiment was relieved July 22 from the Highlands Department and assigned to the New Hampshire Brigade, an element of the Main Army. In July 1778 the regiment was sent to White Plains to help guard New York City.
At White Plains, Hazen proposed a new potential invasion route to Quebec. This route went from Newbury in the New Hampshire Grants (present-day Vermont), where Hazen owned property, to Saint Francis, Quebec. On July 12, Hazen departed Newbury to scout the route. By July 25, he had returned to White Plains; the effort was abandoned for the time being because the manpower was needed in the New York area.
That summer, low manpower in Hazen's regiment caused Washington to consider disbanding it; the regiment's size had dropped to 522, and Washington was concerned over an excessively large number of officers (33) in the regiment. Hazen successfully argued for retention of the regiment, and noted that the large number of officers was needed because companies from the regiment were often detached to other units for service. During the autumn a large shipment of clothing and shoes arrived from France. After a lottery was held in October, Hazen's regiment were issued the uniform of brown coats faced with red.
In November, the regiment was ordered to Connecticut where it encamped at Redding for winter quarters. (Today, this is the site of Putnam Memorial State Park, where more than 100 piles of stone in the area of the park known as the "Encampment Site" are believed to mark the locations of the huts that sheltered troops from this and other regiments.) A weekly return for the brigade dated December 26, 1778, states that 162 men in the regiment were "unfit for duty for want of shoes."
Coös Country.
In March 1779 the regiment was reassigned to the Northern Department, and marched to Springfield, Massachusetts. From Springfield they marched to Charlestown, New Hampshire and picked up clothing and supplies. They arrived in what was called the Coös Country of northern New Hampshire in May, and were tasked to build a road now known as the Bayley-Hazen Military Road from the Connecticut River to St. Jean, Quebec. Hazen had been secretly ordered to the area by Washington in April. Along with a large portion of Colonel Timothy Bedel's Regiment and Major Benjamin Whitcomb's New Hampshire rangers, they began to extend the road, a portion of which had been constructed in 1776 under the direction of Colonel Jacob Bayley.
Hazen's objective was to extend a road in a northwest direction following the general path of an old Cohâssiac Indian trail from Lower Coös to St. Johns, Quebec. The road cut through the heavily forested Upper Connecticut Valley in an area of the New Hampshire Grants that was then known as Upper Coös, but is today known as Vermont's Northeast Kingdom.
The village of Peacham became the base of operations for the military road project. The road actually started at the town of Wells River on the Connecticut River just north of Newbury. Blockhouses were built at Peacham, Cabot, Walden and Greensboro. Hazen made requisition upon the selectmen of the river towns to provide teams for the movement of his stores. Wells were dug at various points, swamps were bridged with logs and the road made passable for teams. Hazen encamped for some time on the present site of Lowell village, and he called the place "the camp at the end of the road", although the road's actual terminus was some miles further on.
The road crossed the Vermont Piedmont—rolling hills and valleys with isolated mountains. On June 22 it was reported that Hazen with half his men were within of St. John's. The regiment was recalled to the New York area in August; as a result, the road was never completed. A total of of road was built; the location where it ended is now known as Hazens Notch.
In the fall, Hazen leveled charges of corruption and mismanagement against Isaac Tichenor, the deputy commissioner of purchases at Coös, General Bayley, the deputy quartermaster-general, and Matthew Lyons, the deputy commissioner of issues. His regiment were poorly supplied the whole summer at Coös, supplies of beef arrived spoiled, and Hazen had to send his men into the fields to help with the harvest so they could eat. Courts-martial were later held.
Winter 1779–1780 Jockey Hollow.
In October 1779 the regiment was ordered to Peekskill, New York, and on November 25 it was assigned to Hand's Brigade in the Main Army. They spent the winter at Morristown, New Jersey, where they experienced severe shortages of food. The site, known as "Jockey Hollow", is in the Morristown National Historical Park.
On January 14, 1780, the regiment participated in a "commando" raid of Staten Island planned in secrecy by General Washington and led by Lord Stirling. The object of the raid was a surprise attack on the enemy at the Watering Place Redoubts and to secure provisions. Preparations for the raid called for British attention to be focused on Irvine's detachment in the vicinity of Elizabethtown, while the 2nd Canadian marched to Connecticut Farms (present-day Union). Meanwhile, Steward's detachment would advance onto Staten Island, and Stirling's forces would then push to Richmond, in the center of Staten Island, where they would surprise enemy troops.
Lord Stirling had intelligence that the enemy had a force of about 1,000 men, with the main body in huts near the Watering Place Redoubts. These were three British circular redoubts, double-abatised, with about 200 men each, located at present-day Fort Hill Circle in St. George, just north of Tompkinsville. Around midnight on January 14, loaded with cannon and 1,500–3,000 troops, American forces crossed over the frozen ice of the Kill Van Kull waterway from Elizabethtown Point on 500 sleds. It was a starry night, and Loyalist spies had warned the British of the American approach. As a result, the Americans found the British on the posts and alert. With the element of surprise gone, and conditions extremely cold, the raid was aborted. American troops suffered minor frostbite injuries but brought back 17 prisoners, as well as some horses and camp supplies.
New York 1780.
In the spring of 1780, the regiment was subjected to a thorough inspection by Baron von Steuben, and was found to be "well taken care of". Von Steuben made recommendations as a result of his inspections (which covered much of the Continental Army) that resulted in the merging of the 1st and 2nd Canadian regiments in 1781.
The regiment spent the summer of 1780 at King's Ferry, New York. Regimental orderly books show that it was at Morristown, Bryant's Tavern, Ramapo and Preakness between April 23 and July 26. On August 1 the regiment was reassigned from Hand's Brigade to the New Hampshire Brigade of the Main Army. This brigade was to be under the command of Enoch Poor, but its command was ultimately given to Hazen, although Hazen was not promoted to brigadier general.
On August 23, von Steuben arrested Hazen for halting his brigade on a march without permission. The army was on the march from Tappan to the Liberty Pole, a pre-war landmark located near Englewood, when Hazen halted the march for his troops to drink water. Hazen was acquitted of the charges, and promptly countercharged von Steuben with conduct unbecoming an officer over the incident; von Steuben apologized.
Following the capture of British spy John André and the defection of Benedict Arnold to the British in September 1780, one hundred of Hazen's soldiers, under command of Lieutenant William Torrey, were detailed to be present at André's hanging on October 2, at Tappan, New York.
In the fall of 1780 the regiment was headquartered at Nelson's Point in Garrison, New York, directly across the Hudson River from West Point, before entering winter quarters at Fishkill, New York, in November. During this time eleven officers of the regiment, led by Major James Reid, complained to General Washington (without first consulting Hazen) over the lack of advancement opportunities in the regiment, which were due in part to its unusual position as being the direct responsibility of Congress, rather than under a state's supervision. Reid also made complaints against Hazen, which were heard and dismissed in a November 1780 court martial. Hazen had Reid arrested and confined to quarters afterwards; a long court martial (running from December 1780 to February 1781) resulted in Reid's conviction on two counts and a public reprimand by General Washington.
Regimental orderly books show that during these periods the regiment had operations at Orangetown, Steeprapie and West Point between September 16 and November 19, and at West Point from October 5 to March 5, 1781.
Reorganized as Canadian Regiment.
On January 1, 1781, in accordance with von Steuben's recommendations, the 1st Canadian Regiment was disbanded. The Canadian members were reassigned to the 2nd Regiment, which was then designated as the Canadian Regiment. Most foreign volunteers were also assigned to the regiment.
Hazen and part of the regiment participated in a raid on January 22 led by Lieutenant Colonel William Hull. Hull raided a position held by a Loyalist corps under Lieutenant Colonel Oliver De Lancey Sr. that was at Morrisania (in the present-day Bronx). The Americans burned the enemy's barracks, captured 52 prisoners, and took large supplies of ammunition and forage. Hazen's men were assigned to cover their retreat. About 1,000 British troops pursued Hull's men beyond a point where Hazen and his men were concealed. A skirmish took place, with British losing about 35 men.
On June 1, the regiment was sent from the West Point–Fishkill area to Albany and the Mohawk River valley to guard against an expected British attack. For this action it was reassigned from the Highlands Department to the Northern Department. The regiment arrived at Albany on June 5, and spent most of the month patrolling in the Mohawk River valley against an attack that never came. When the perceived threat subsided, the regiment was immediately ordered to return to West Point. On June 29, Hazen was finally given a brevet promotion to brigadier general.
Siege of Yorktown.
On August 10, 1781, the Canadian Regiment was reassigned from the Northern Department to the Main Army. On August 19, Washington used the regiment to feint preparations for an attack on New York. It crossed the Hudson River at Dobbs Ferry and was ordered to march, together with New Jersey troops, to posts on the heights between Springfield and Chatham, in which position the detachment would cover a French battery that had been set up at Chatham "to veil our real movements and create apprehensions for Staten Island." Meanwhile, the main body of the American Army was starting their southward movement toward Yorktown. The regiment withdrew, and held near Kakiat for three days from August 22–25.
The regiment then went down the Hudson River and joined the army on the way to Yorktown. At midnight on September 2, 270 of the regiment and other units arrived at Christiana Bridge over the Delaware. The units unloaded the boats and transported supplies for the Continental Army to Elk Landing during the three days before the boat carriages arrived. On September 24, Hazen was given command of the second brigade of Marquis de Lafayette's Light Division, to which the Canadian Regiment (now under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Antill) was assigned. After cantonment at Williamsburg, the regiment arrived at Yorktown on September 28.
Roughly a quarter of the regiment participated in the siege, and was involved in the October 14 attacks on the British redoubts. According to Lafayette's own account the Americans did not fire a gun, but used only the bayonet. The brigades of light infantry under Generals Peter Muhlenberg and Hazen "advanced with perfect discipline and wonderful steadiness. The battalion of Colonel Vose deployed on the left. The remainder of the division and the rear-guard successively took their positions, under the fire of the enemy, without replying, in perfect order and silence."
Guard detail at Lancaster.
The regiment was reassigned from Hazen's Brigade to the Middle Department on December 6, 1781. On this date, a portion of the regiment went to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where they guarded prisoners taken at Yorktown. They were on this detail for 10 months with prisoners under guard at Lancaster, York and Reading. The most notable prisoner under Hazen's watch during this time was 20-year-old Captain Charles Asgill. On May 3, 1782, upon orders by Washington, he was selected to hang in retaliation for the brutal summary execution of American Captain Joshua Huddy by the British. In November 1782 his life was spared after heartrending correspondence by his family and intervention by the Queen of France.
In June 1782 Hazen again had James Reid arrested on charges including disobedience and conduct unbecoming an officer. The court martial, held in December, resulted in a mistrial, with Hazen alleging bias on the part of the presiding judge advocate. After additional hearings, Reid was ultimately acquitted of the charges. In November 1782, the regiment was moved to Pompton, New Jersey, for winter quarters. Its duties during this time included the interdiction of trade between the countryside and the British in New York City.
Disbanded.
In June 1783, with the peace nearly finalized, much of the regiment was furloughed. At the same time it was transferred to the Highland Department. Pursuant to a Resolution of Congress of May 26, 1783, 300 soldiers were discharged on June 9. However, members of the regiment refused to depart, whether on furlough or discharge, until they received their pay. Members of the regiment that remained were ordered to march to Washington's cantonment near New Windsor. The regiment was reorganized into two companies on June 30 and was completely disbanded on November 15, 1783, at West Point, New York.
Because the Canadians in the regiment were unable to return to their homes, many of them settled in camps near Albany and Fishkill, where they subsisted on handouts from Congress. General Hazen appealed to Congress to give them land grants, but this effort failed. The state of New York eventually granted Hazen and a number of his men land in the northern part of the state near Lake Champlain.
Troop strength and casualties.
The regiment's authorized strength was 1,000 men.


Trevilian Station Confederate order of battle

The following units and commanders fought in the Battle of Trevilian Station of the American Civil War on the Confederate side. The Union order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the corps organization during the battle, from the casualty returns and the reports.
Army of Northern Virginia.
Cavalry Corps.
MG Wade Hampton


267th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 267th Infantry Division () was a German division in World War II. It was formed on 26 August 1939 in Hanover. Called the 'Horsehead' division because of its emblem, after it was mobilised in August 1939 it was posted to the Westwall. It took part in the invasion of France in 1940, advancing through Belgium. From July 1940 to May 1941, it was responsible for guarding a part of the English Channel coast. In June 1941 it was a part of Operation Barbarossa, as part of Army Group Centre. It remained with this Army Group until it was encircled and destroyed in July 1944. Shortly afterwards it was officially dissolved.


28th Division (German Empire)

The 28th Division () was a unit of the Prussian and German Army, almost entirely made up of troops from the Grand Duchy of Baden. It was formed in Karlsruhe on July 1, 1871. The division was subordinated in peacetime to the XIV Army Corps ("XIV. Armeekorps"). The 28th Division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.
The division, along with the other division of the XIV Army Corps, the 29th Division, was formed in the Grand Duchy of Baden, a member state of the German Empire. Both divisions grew out of the Grand Ducal Baden Division ("Großherzoglich Badische Division"), the army of the grand duchy. The Grand Ducal Baden Division had fought against Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War, but after Prussia's victory Baden and most other German states had entered into conventions subordinating their armies to Prussia's.
The Grand Ducal Baden Division served in the Franco-Prussian War against France in 1870-71, where its regiments saw action in the Siege of Strasbourg and the Battle of the Lisaine.
In peacetime, the 28th Division was stationed in northern Baden (the 29th covered southern Baden), with garrisons in Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Heidelberg and Rastatt, among other cities.
In World War I, the division served primarily on the Western Front, seeing action at the Battle of the Frontiers and then moving north during the Race to the Sea. It participated in some of the most well-known battles and campaigns of the Western Front, including the 1916 Battle of the Somme, the later phases of the Battle of Verdun, the tank battle of Cambrai in 1917, the German spring offensive of 1918, the Third Battle of the Aisne, the Battle of Belleau Wood, the Second Battle of the Marne and the Battle of Soissons. When the Armistice took effect, the division was occupying defensive positions on the right bank of the Meuse, in the northern part of the Argonne Forest.
August 1914 organization.
On mobilization in August 1914 at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 28th Division was renamed the 28th Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization (major units) was as follows:
Late World War I organization.
Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, and the engineer contingent was increased. The 28th Infantry Division's order of battle on May 26, 1918, was as follows:


293rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 293rd Infantry Division was a German infantry division in World War II. It was formed on 8 February 1940 and suffered heavy losses on the Eastern Front. The remnants of the division served as the basis of the 359th Infantry Division and the Divisions-Gruppe 293.


Battle of Junin order of battle

The order of battle proceeded as follows:
See also.
Peruvian War of Independence


Elbert L. Kinser

Sergeant Elbert Luther Kinser (October 21, 1922 – May 4, 1945) was a United States Marine who sacrificed his life at the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. He threw himself on a grenade, absorbing the explosion with his body and protecting his men, for which he received the Medal of Honor. It was presented to his parents on July 4, 1946 in Greeneville, Tennessee.
Early years.
Elbert Kinser was born in Greeneville, Tennessee on October 21, 1922. He worked on his father's farm prior to joining the Marine Corps.
Marine Corps service.
 Kinser enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in December 1942 and received his recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina.
He sailed from the United States in March 1943, and joined the 7th Replacement Battalion in Pago Pago, Tutuila, American Samoa. Later, that battalion joined the 1st Marine Division in Melbourne, Australia, and Sgt Kinser was assigned to Company I, 1st Marines.
Action with the 1st Marines followed at Cape Gloucester, New Britain in Operation Cartwheel, and later at Battle of Peleliu in Peleliu, Palau Islands.
On Easter Sunday, April 1, 1945, Sgt Kinser landed with his unit on the Japanese island Okinawa. There Sergeant Kinser acting as a leader of a rifle platoon, serving with Company I, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division, and was subsequently killed in action on May 4, 1945. During a hand grenade battle, a Japanese grenade landed in the immediate vicinity, Kinser unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly missile, absorbing the full charge of the shattering explosion in his own body and thereby protecting his men from serious injury and possible death. This won him the nation's highest military decoration.
Sergeant Kinser was buried in the 1st Marine Division Cemetery on Okinawa and his remains were returned to the United States in early 1949 for burial. His final resting place is the Solomon Lutheran Cemetery in Greeneville, Tennessee.
Decorations.
The Medal of Honor was presented to Sgt Kinser's parents by MajGen Clifton B. Cates (future Commandant of the Marine Corps) on July 4, 1946 in Greeneville, Tennessee. In addition, Sgt Kinser was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart; Presidential Unit Citation; Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal; and the World War II Victory Medal.
Medal of Honor citation.
The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to SERGEANT ELBERT L. KINSER
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following citation:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while acting as Leader of a Rifle Platoon, serving with Company I, Third Battalion, First Marines, First Marine Division, in action against Japanese forces on Okinawa Shima in the Ryūkyū Chain, May 4, 1945. Taken under sudden, close attack by hostile troops entrenched on the reverse slope while moving up a strategic ridge along which his platoon was holding newly won positions, Sergeant Kinser engaged the enemy in a fierce hand grenade battle. Quick to act when a Japanese grenade landed in the immediate vicinity, Sergeant Kinser unhesitatingly threw himself on the deadly missile, absorbing the full charge of the shattering explosion in his own body and thereby protecting his men from serious injury and possible death. Stouthearted and indomitable, he had yielded his own chance of survival that his comrades might live to carry on the relentless battle against a fanatic enemy. His courage, cool decision and valiant spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of certain death sustained and enhanced the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country.
HARRY S. TRUMAN
Memorials.
In Kinser's home county of Greene County, Tennessee several things are named in his honor. Downtown Greeneville, Tennessee has a historical marker about Kinser, south of Greeneville is Kinser Park and in the city of Tusculum a bridge over the Nolichucky River on Tennessee State Route 107 is named in his honor. Camp Kinser, a Marine Corps installation at Urasoe on Okinawa Island was named after him.


Bouncing Cats

Bouncing Cats is a 2010 documentary film written and directed by Australian-American director and photographer Nabil Elderkin. The film follows the efforts of Abraham "Abramz" Tekya and Breakdance Project Uganda (BPU) to use dance to empower youth in war-torn Uganda. The film is a testimony of Crazy Legs of Rock Steady Crew and his experiences in the BPU program. The film features narration by Common and additional interviews with Mos Def, will.i.am and K'Naan. Also appearing in the film is Okot Jolly Grace, whose guidance enabled the filmmakers to see and understand the plight of children in northern Uganda.
Synopsis.
"Bouncing Cats" is the story of one man's attempt to create a better life for the children of Uganda using the unlikely tool of hip-hop with a focus on b-boy culture and breakdance. Abraham "Abramz" Tekya, a Ugandan b-boy and an AIDS orphan creates a free workshop teaching youth b-boy culture to 300 disenfranchised kids living in precarious conditions in Kampala in 2006, and in Gulu in North Uganda. Uganda is often referred to as one of the worst places on earth to be a child.
Crazy Legs receives an invitation from Abramz to teach b-boy classes in Uganda. He accepts to join the program and is inspired by the passion for hip-hop by the kids enrolled in it. "Bouncing Cats" follows Abramz, Crazy Legs, and Breakdance Project Uganda on a journey to use hip-hop culture for positive social change.
In terms of the title, "Bouncing Cats" "is the sound made by the kids in Uganda when they have no access to a boombox,” according to the film's director, Nabil Elderkin, “Using 'bouncing cats, baboons and cats' in repetition, they create their own beat.”
Breakdance Project Uganda.
Breakdance Project Uganda started in February 2006 by Abramz out of his belief that hip hop can be used as a tool to engage and empower disadvantaged youth. Its mission is to involve young people in hip hop culture in order to build leadership skills and promote social responsibility for positive change. From the initial three students who turned up at the first session, the Project has grown through word of mouth, regular showcase performances, and exposure on the World Wide Web to become a thriving organization with over 1,000 members nationally in Uganda and many more supporters around the world.
Abramz organizes breakdancing sessions each week for hundreds of youth in different parts of the country. The Project has been built around free breakdancing classes which are currently offered at the Sharing Youth Centre, Kampala, Gulu Youth Centre and TAKS Art Centre in Gulu. The classes are sustained by members freely passing on their skills to new members, following the BPU ideology that everyone is a student and everyone is a teacher with something positive to give. Members have also made outreach visits to towns in other parts of Eastern and Northern Uganda to share their skills and engage more youth across Uganda. Many of the participating children are extremely vulnerable with members who are orphans, victims of war and poverty, unable to afford proper schooling. Despite the hardships, children walk from miles away to attend the BPU classes each week.
Proceeds from the film benefit Breakdance Project Uganda.
US television premiere.
"Bouncing Cats" made its US television premiere on Documentary Channel on Saturday, November 19, 2011 at 8:00 p.m. (EST/PST).


Kernstown II Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Kernstown of the American Civil War, on July 24, 1864 in Kernstown, now part of the City of Winchester, Virginia. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately.
Army of West Virginia.
BG George Crook


Jaws (James Bond)

Jaws is a fictional character in the "James Bond" films "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977) and "Moonraker" (1979), played in both films by Richard Kiel. Jaws is one of the most popular "James Bond" henchmen and a recurring character in the "James Bond" video games. He is a highly skilled killer relying on his brute strength and steel teeth to quickly dispatch his victims.
Creation.
The character was inspired by Ian Fleming's description of a hoodlum named Sol "Horror" Horowitz in his novel "The Spy Who Loved Me". When Horror speaks, he reveals steel-capped teeth. The initial script of "The Spy Who Loved Me" concluded with Jaws being killed by the shark, but after a rough test screening, Jaws was so well-liked that the scene was changed to have him survive. In the storyboard of the sequence from "Moonraker" (1979), Jaws appears with an Emilio Largo-style eye patch, and a mustache, neither of which was seen in the actual films in which the character appeared.
The character's teeth play a prominent role in the films. Albert R. Broccoli is credited with adding steel teeth to the character for "The Spy Who Loved Me". Katharina Kubrick Hobbs designed the teeth as cog-like in shape, as he felt that pointed teeth could have injured Kiel. Broccoli originally hired John Chambers to make the teeth; however, these were not used, as they did not meet Broccoli's standards. Broccoli then sent Kiel to Peter Thomas, a dental technician who worked near Pinewood Studios, to construct the appliances. Kiel stated the props were uncomfortable for him and he could only wear them for less than one minute before gagging. When Kiel was required to use the teeth to bite through something, liquorice was used. After shooting a scene, the teeth were placed in a plastic container with cotton wool in the bottom of it and the teeth were rinsed with mouthwash before drying for use in the next scene. After the James Bond films, the teeth were taken to an unknown location. In 2002, the teeth were displayed as part of an exhibition at Science Museum, London to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the release of "Dr. No".
Appearances.
In films.
Jaws first appeared in the 1977 film "The Spy Who Loved Me" as a henchman to the villain, Karl Stromberg. He was an assassin, and is last seen swimming in the ocean after escaping from the Atlantis city ship on which Bond had killed Stromberg before it was torpedoed and sunk.
In the next film, "Moonraker" (1979), Jaws is employed by both Bond's unspecified enemy in the pre-credits sequence, and the main villain Hugo Drax. Jaws is evidently well known amongst criminals, as Drax is pleased to learn that Jaws is available to hire.
In his second appearance Jaws changed from a ruthless and unstoppable killing machine to more of a comedic figure (commencing with the cable car sequence) and he eventually turns against Drax and helps Bond to defeat him. In addition to having steel teeth, Jaws was also gigantic and extremely strong, which forced Bond to be especially inventive while fighting him. In combat during "The Spy Who Loved Me", Bond found himself caught in an unbreakable death grip by Jaws, who was about to fatally bite him; Bond only escaped by using a broken electric lamp to send an electric shock through the assassin's teeth to stun him. In "Moonraker" he gains a girlfriend (Dolly) who, like Jaws, seems to almost never speak (she says nothing audible in the film) and who is the primary reason for his reformation.
Jaws also has an uncanny ability to survive any misfortune seemingly unscathed and come back to challenge Bond again. In "The Spy Who Loved Me", Jaws survives an Egyptian structure's collapse on top of him, being hit by a van, being thrown from a rapidly moving train, sitting in the passenger seat of a car which veers off a cliff in Sardinia and lands in a hut below (to the owner's dismay), a battle underwater with a shark and the destruction of Stromberg's lair. In "Moonraker", he survives falling several thousand feet after accidentally disabling his own parachute (he falls through a circus tent and lands in the trapeze net), a crash through a building inside a runaway cable car (where he meets and falls in love with Dolly) and going over Iguazu Falls. After each of these incidents (except the last), he always picks himself up, dusts off his jacket, straightens his tie (in much the same way as Bond himself) and nonchalantly walks away. As Jaws escapes from Drax's disintegrating space station to an escape pod with his girlfriend; they open a bottle of champagne, and Jaws speaks his only line in the entire franchise: "Well, here's to us." The viewer is later informed that Jaws and Dolly made it back to Earth safely.
In 1979 there were plans to bring Jaws back for a third film. In "For Your Eyes Only", Jaws would marry Dolly. However, due to a change in production personnel and a desire to make the films more down-to-earth, the producers chose not to bring Kiel or Jaws back.
Novelizations.
Most of the background information on Jaws comes from Christopher Wood's novelisation of the film "The Spy Who Loved Me"; published as "James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me" to differentiate from Ian Fleming's novel. In Wood's version, Jaws' real name is Zbigniew Krycsiwiki. He was born in Poland, the product of a union between the strong man of a travelling circus and the Chief Wardress at the Women’s Prison in Kraków. The relationship and subsequent marriage had been a stormy one and, when it broke up, the young Zbigniew stayed with his mother and attended school and subsequently university in Cracow. He grew to a prodigious height but in temperament he followed his father and was surly and uncooperative, given to sudden outbreaks of violent temper. Because of his size he commanded a place in the university basketball team, but he was sluggish of reaction and his lack of speed was constantly exposed by more skilful but less physically endowed players. After a failed attempt at a basketball career, Krycsiwiki was arrested by the secret police for having taken part in the (fictitious) "1972 bread riots". While he was imprisoned, the police "beat him with hollow steel clubs encased in thick leather" until they thought he was dead, leaving his jaw broken beyond repair. Krycsiwiki later escaped and stowed aboard one of Stromberg's vessels. Eventually he was caught, but instead of turning him in, Stromberg hired a prestigious doctor to create an artificial jaw. After 14 operations Krycsiwiki's jaw was restored using steel components that created two rows of terrifying razor-sharp teeth, although Jaws was left mute. Since none of the above is actually mentioned in either movie, this is not necessarily considered canonical, and Wood contradicts his own continuity when one compares his scripts and his novelisations.
In the novelisation of "The Spy Who Loved Me", Wood specifically states that Jaws is a mute. However, though Jaws remains mute in Wood's "James Bond and Moonraker" novelisation, he actually "does" speak at the end of the film. In the book, Jaws remains attached to the magnet that Bond dips into the tank, as opposed to the film where Bond releases Jaws from the magnet into the water: "Now both hands were tearing at the magnet, and Jaws twisted furiously like a fish on the hook. As Bond watched in fascinated horror, a relentless triangle streaked up behind the stricken giant. A huge gray force launched itself through the wild water, and two rows of white teeth closed around the threshing flesh."
Other appearances.
Jaws appeared in the 1990s animated spin-off "James Bond Jr." as a member of the SCUM organization and partner-in-crime of fellow henchman Nick Nack. In the show, Jaws underwent some change in his appearance; he was more muscular, his chin was also metal, and he spoke regularly.He is voiced by Jan Rabson.
Jaws' principal video game appearances are in the 1997 Nintendo 64 game "GoldenEye 007" in a bonus mission in which he is a henchman to the deceased Hugo Drax whom Bond needs to defeat, and has multiple appearances in the multi-platform 2004 game "" as a henchman to Nikolai Diavolo. Both games use Richard Kiel's likeness and voice (grunts and sound effects).
In "Everything or Nothing", Jaws is electrocuted and is inside a train that plummets into a canyon. Later he drives a tanker intending to destroy the New Orleans levees, but Bond destroys his tanker by sending it off of the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway; Bond exclaiming, "I have a sinking feeling that won't be the last I'll see of him". In a fight on a large lift, in which Jaws is equipped with a flamethrower, Bond shoots the flamethrower backpack which ignites Jaws. Bond then climbs into the cockpit of a plane and ejects his seat as the lift plummets to the ground. When Bond subsequently lands on the remains of the lift, Jaws is nowhere to be found, leaving his fate ambiguous. He can not be hurt himself, and any players that try to hurt him will be killed almost immediately by him.
Jaws is an unlockable multiplayer character in "GoldenEye 007" as well as in "", where he is the tallest character in the game, his punches can kill almost instantly, and the character model's teeth are visible at close range. Jaws is a playable multiplayer character in the 2010 remake "GoldenEye 007" for the Wii, and in the 2011 re-release "GoldenEye 007: Reloaded" for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. He is also in the 2012 James Bond game "007 Legends".
Jaws appears in the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis game "", where he wanders briefly around a section toward the end of the first stage and defeats the player with one hit. He also serves as the game's final boss.
Jaws also appears in the Game Boy game "James Bond 007" as a boss, where Bond must lead him to magnetized pads that will temporarily hold him in place, allowing time for Bond to attack him.
Cultural impact.
In the most recent Bond movie "Spectre", the henchman Mr Hinx (Dave Bautista) has similarities to Jaws, such as a massive build (though not an actual giant), immense strength and almost no dialogue. He also engages Bond in a lengthy fight on a train.
Jaws was spoofed in Mel Brooks' 1977 film "High Anxiety", featuring a hired killer named Braces (played by Rudy De Luca) who is wearing large metal braces on his teeth. An unrelated character named Braces from the video games "TimeSplitters 2" and "" is also referencing Jaws. The film 2008 "Get Smart", which is both a parody of and an homage to the "James Bond" film series, features a character named Dalip (played by The Great Khali), who looks like Jaws and does his "Moonraker" stunt of falling from the sky without a parachute and surviving; he also helps the film's protagonists in the end.
Jaws makes a cameo appearance in the animated series "Jackie Chan Adventures" (episode "Tough Luck"), where he auditions as a prospective henchman for Finn and gets his steel teeth (which are revealed to be dentures) stuck in a board he bites into. In the final credits sequence of the film adaptation of "Inspector Gadget", Doctor Claw's assistant is shown attending a Henchman's Anonymous meeting; Richard Kiel, who is billed in the credits as "Famous Big Guy with Metal Teeth", is in attendance. Kiel also played Reace, a very similar character to Jaws (complete with metal teeth), in the 1976 film "Silver Streak". In "Aces Go Places 3", the third movie in a James Bond spoof series, Kiel plays a villain named "Big G", which resembles Jaws, though he has no metal teeth. The film also features an actor who resembles the character Oddjob, another James Bond villain.
In the 2002 French comedy movie Le Boulet,Gary Tiplady portrayed a similar character named Requin The Giant.
"MythBusters" tested the plausibility of Jaws biting through the steel cable car wire. The model based on the dentures used in the movie had little impact on the steel cable, even with a hydraulic press at ten times human bite strength. Jamie Hyneman then took huge metal pincers and became "Claws", who, as the announcer said, was "meaner than Oddjob, more ferocious than Jaws, taller than Nick Nack, and creepier than Tee Hee." With the metal pincers, he gets through the cord easily.


Shiloh Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Shiloh of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization, return of casualties and reports.
Army of the Tennessee.
MG Ulysses S. Grant, Commanding

General Staff & Headquarters
Army of the Ohio.
MG Don Carlos Buell, Commanding


Second Fort Fisher Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Fort Fisher (January 13–15, 1865) of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the expedition.
Confederate Forces.
District of North Carolina.
Gen. Braxton Bragg


Mine Run campaign Union order of battle

The following units and commanders fought in the Mine Run campaign of the American Civil War on the Union side. The Confederate order of battle is shown separately.
Army of the Potomac.
MG George G. Meade, Commanding


Camp H. M. Smith

Camp H. M. Smith is a United States Marine Corps installation in the Hawaiian town of Aiea on the island of Oahu, near the community of Halawa (ha-la-va) Heights. It is the headquarters of the United States Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM), Special Operations Command Pacific, and Marine Forces Pacific, the Marine service component command of INDOPACOM.
The camp, originally the Aiea Naval Hospital, was named for General Holland McTyeire Smith, the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force Pacific, on June 8, 1955. The initials H. M. also stood for his nickname which was "Howling Mad" referring to his temper and given to him by his Marines.
History.
An Act of Congress on 17 March 1941 had approved purchase of the site, then a sugar cane field, for a Navy Hospital. In 1941, the investment for the 220½ acres of Camp Smith land, in "fee simple" (a Hawaiian real estate term for owning both the land and the buildings), was $912,000, and improvements cost an additional $14 million. Work commenced in July and progressed slowly. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, construction of the planned 1,650-bed facility was rushed to completion. With Admiral Chester W. Nimitz in attendance, the hospital was commissioned on November 11, 1942, but continued expansion was necessary.
Throughout World War II, the Aiea Naval Hospital served as a stopping off place for thousands of wounded sailors and Marines on their way home from the war in the Pacific. Hospital activity peaked following the battle for Iwo Jima in February and March, 1945, when 5,676 patients received medical care simultaneously.
On June 1, 1949, the hospital was deactivated and Army and Navy medical facilities were consolidated at what is now the Tripler Army Medical Center. In 1950, the Territory of Hawaii began negotiations to obtain the Aiea facility for a tuberculosis sanitarium.
In 1955, however, the Marine Corps selected the site as the home of the Fleet Marine Force Pacific. The first Marines took up residence in October 1955; the headquarters staff placed the camp in full operation just two weeks before its dedication on January 31, 1956.
In October 1957, Camp Smith also became the headquarters for the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command, who formerly shared the headquarters of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet at Makalapa, near Pearl Harbor. Both commands were headed by the same officer until 13 January 1958, when a separate officer was named to serve as Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet. In July 1992, FMFPac was further designated as the component command, Marine Forces Pacific. In April 1994, Marine Corps Base Hawaii assumed operational responsibility for Camp H. M. Smith.
Camp Smith today consists of at Camp Smith proper, at Puuloa Rifle Range in Ewa Beach, and in Manana Housing. Camp Smith is unique in that it is the only Marine Corps installation that supports a unified commander, Commander, Indo-Pacific Command (CDRUSINDOPACOM).


List of Royal French foreign regiments

Royal French foreign regiments were enlisted abroad for French service during the 17th and 18th centuries. Coming mainly from Switzerland, Germany, Ireland, and Wallonia they gave a significant contribution to the French military effort. Swedish and Polish regiments were counted as German; Scottish as Irish. After the French Revolution the foreign regiments were in 1791 merged with the indigenous French regiments to new, numbered, regiments of the line.
Danish regiments.
Régiment de Yoel
Raised 1690
→ 1692: Régiment de Royal Danois (disbanded 1698)
Irish regiments.
Régiment de Berwick
Raised 1698
→ 1791: "88ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Dillon
Raised 1690
→ 1791: "87ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Clare
Raised 1691
→ 1691: Régiment de Clare
→ 1694: Régiment de Lee
→ 1730: Régiment de Bulkeley
→ 1775: Merged with "Régiment de Dillon"
Régiment d' O'Brien
Raised 1689
→ 1706: Régiment d' O'Brien
→ 1720: Règiment de Clare
→ 1775: Merged with "Régiment de Berwick"
Régiment de Dorrington
Raised 1698
→ 1718: Régiment de Rooth
→ 1766: Régiment de Roscommon
→ 1770: Régiment de Walsh
→ 1791: "92ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Lally
Raised 1744
→ 1762: Merged with "Régiment de Dillon"
Régiment d’Ogilvy
Raised 1747
→ 1770: Merged with "Régiment de Clare"
Régiment de Royal Écossais
Raised 1744
→ 1762: Merged with "Régiment de Bulkeley"
Wallonian regiments.
Régiment de Solre
Raised 1698
→ 1711: Régiment de Beaufort
→ 1721: Régiment de Bouffler
→ 1727: Régiment de La Valliére
→ 1741: Régiment de Guise
→ 1747: Régiment d’Escars
→ 1749: Merged with "Régiment de Tournaisis" (French regiment)
Régiment de Boufflers-Wallon
Raised 1744: disbanded 1748)
Régiment d’Hoquerie (liégeois)
Raised 1629
→ 1661 Rég de Grammont (French regiment)
Régiment de Horion
Raised 1757 – Disbanded : 1762
Régiment de Miromesnil
Raised: 1664 – Disbanded : 1714
Régiment de Royal Liégeois
Raised: 1787
→ 1791 "101ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Vierzet (liégeois)
Raised: 1757 – Disbanded : 1762
Régiment de Royal-Wallon
Raised 1734 - Disbanded 1748
German regiments.
Régiment d’Alsace
Raised 1656
→ 1791: "53ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Lowendahl
Raised 1743
→ 1760: Merged with "Régiment d’Anhalt"
Régiment de Fürstenberg
Raised 1668
→ 1686: Régiment de Greder
→ 1716: Régiment de Sparre
→ 1720: Régiment de Saxe
→ 1751: Régiment de Bentheim
→ 1759: Régiment d’Anhalt
→ 1783: Régiment de Salm-Salm
→ 1791: 62ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne
Régiment de Bergh
Raised 1744
→ 1760: Merged with "Régiment d’Alsace"
Régiment de Bouillon
Raised 1757
→ 1791: "98ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Fersen
Raised 1745
→ 1754: Régiment de Nassau-Usingen
→ 1758: Merged with "Régiment de Nassau"
Régiment de Saint Germain
Raised 1747
→ 1760: Merged with "Régiment de Nassau"
Régiment de Nassau-Saarbrück
Raised 1745
→ 1758: Régiment de Nassau
→ 1791: "96ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Leisler
Raised 1690
→ 1694: Régiment de Sparre

→ 1714: Régiment de Lenck
→ 1734: Régiment d’Appelgrehn
→ 1742: Régiment de Royal Suèdois
→ 1791: "89ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Königsmarck (Konigsmarck)
Création 1680
→ 1686: Régiment de Surbeck

→ 1693: Régiment de Fürstemberg (Furstemberg)

→ 1697: Régiment de La Marck

→ 1791: 77ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne
Régiment de Royal Bavière
Raised 1709
→ 1780: Règiment de Royal Hesse Darmstadt
→ 1791: "94ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Royal Deux Ponts
Raised 1757
→ 1791: "99ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Royal-Pologne

Raised 1747 - Disbanded : 1763
Swiss regiments.
Régiment de Stoppa le Jeune
Raised 1677
→ 1692: Régiment de Surbeck
→ 1714: Régiment de Hemel
→ 1729: Régiment de Bezenwald
→ 1741: Régiment de La Cour au Chantre
→ 1749: Régiment de Grandvillars
→ 1749: Régiment de Balthazar
→ 1754: Régiment de Planta
→ 1760: Régiment d’Arbonnier
→ 1763: Régiment de Jenner
→ 1774: Régiment d’Aulbonne
→ 1783: Régiment de Châteauvieux
→ 1791: "76ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Greder
Raised1673
→ 1714: Régiment d’Affry
→ 1734: Régiment de Wittmer
→ 1757: Régiment de Waldner
→ 1783: Régiment de Vigier
→ 1791: "69ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Salis
Raised 1672
→ 1690: Régiment de Pollier
→ 1692: Régiment de Reynold
→ 1702: Régiment de Castellas (Castella)
→ 1722: Régiment de Bettens
→ 1739: Régiment de Monin
→ 1756: Régiment de Reding
→ 1763: Régiment de Pfyffer
→ 1768: Régiment de Sonnenberg
→ 1791: "65ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment d’Erlach
Raised 1671
→ 1694: Régiment de Manuel
→ 1701: Régiment de Villars-Chandieu
→ 1728: Régiment de May
→ 1739: Régiment de Bettens
→ 1751: Régiment de Jenner
→ 1762: Régiment d’Erlach
→ 1782: Régiment d’Ernest
→ 1791: "63ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Stoppa le Vieux
Raised 1672
→ 1701: Régiment de Brendle
→ 1738: Régiment de Seedorf
→ 1752: Régiment de Boccard
→ 1782: Régiment de Salis-Samade
→ 1791: "64ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Salis-Soglio
Raised 1690
→ 1702: Régiment de May
→ 1715: Régiment du Buisson
→ 1721: Régiment de Diesbach
→ 1791: "85ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Pfyffer
Raised 1672
→ 1689: Régiment d’Hessy
→ 1729: Régiment de Burky
→ 1737: Régiment de Tschudy
→ 1740: Régiment de Vigier
→ 1756: Régiment de Castellas
→ 1791: "66ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Courten
Raised 1690
→ 1791: "86ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment d’Eptingen
Raised 1758
→ 1783: Régiment de Schönau (Schonau)
→ 1786: Régiment de Reinach
→ 1791: 100ème regiment d’infanterie de ligne
Régiment de Karrer
Raised 1719
→ 1752: Régiment de Hallwyl
→ 1763 Merged with "Régiment de Béarn" (French regiment)
Régiment de Lochmann
Raised 1758
→ 1777: Régiment de Muralt
→ 1782: Régiment de Steiner
→ 1791: "97ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"
Régiment de Travers
Raised 1734
→ 1740: Régiment de Salis-Soglio
→ 1744: Régiment de Salis Mayenfeld
→ 1762: Régiment de Salis-Marchlin
→ 1791: "95ème régiment d’infanterie de ligne"


Peninsula campaign Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders were the initial structure on April 4, 1862 of the Union Department of the Potomac during the Peninsula campaign of the American Civil War. This list includes units deployed to the Virginia Peninsula, and those that remained in the Washington area. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Potomac.
The following units were the initial organization of the Army of the Potomac on the peninsula.
MG George B. McClellan, Commanding
"Headquarters and Body Guard"
"Provost Guard"
Staff.
Col Randolph B. Marcy, Chief of Staff
Maj Granville O. Haller, Commandant of General Headquarters
II Corps.
BG Edwin Sumner, Commanding

 Ltc Joseph H. Taylor, Adjutant
III Corps.
BG Samuel P. Heintzelman, Commanding

  Cpt Chauncey McKeever, Chief of Staff
IV Corps.
BG Erasmus D. Keyes, Commanding

  Ltc Charles C. Suydam
Other Troops from the Department of the Potomac.
The following troops were part of the Department of the Potomac in March and April 1861, but were detached to maintain defense of the Potomac River line.
I Corps.
MG Irvin McDowell, Commanding

  Ltc Edmund Schriver, Chief of Staff
"Unattached cavalry"
"Sharpshooters"
V Corps.
MG Nathaniel P. Banks, Commanding

  Cpt Louis H. Pelouze, Acting Assistant Adjutant General
"Unattached Infantry"
District of Washington.
BG James S. Wadsworth, Commanding

"Railroad Guards"

  Col Dixon S. Miles
Troops Around Baltimore.
MG John A. Dix, Commanding

  Maj Daniel Tompkins Van Buren, Chief of Staff and Acting Assistant Adjutant General
Department of Virginia.
MG John E. Wool, Commanding

References.


Counter Terrorist Unit


Mobile campaign Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Mobile campaign of the American Civil War including the battles of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
District of the Gulf.
MG Dabney H. Maury


93rd Reserve Infantry Regiment

The 93rd Reserve Infantry Regiment (German: Reserve-Infanterie-Regiment, Nr. 93) was unit in the Imperial German Army during the First World War. Established shortly after the outbreak of war in 1914, it was affiliated with the 4th Foot Guards in Berlin. Within weeks of its formation as part of 1st Guards Reserve Division, the unit was at full complement and departed for Belgium where it was soon actively engaged in combat operations. With the creation of the 4th Guards Infantry Division in May 1915, the regiment was attached to its 5th Guards Infantry Brigade. The unit lost over 3,000 soldiers and was disbanded when the war ended.


USA Cares

USA Cares is a non-profit organization (Tax ID/EIN: 05-0588761) founded in 2003 in Radcliff, Kentucky, whose mission is to provide post-9/11 military veterans, service members and their families with emergency financial assistance and post-service skills training that will create a foundation for long-term stability. Their services improve the quality of life for veterans and their families and reduce potential factors that contribute to veteran suicide. The non-profit organization receives hundreds of aid requests per week and assists these emergencies with thousands of dollars weekly. To date, USA Cares has responded to over 100,000 requests for financial help with millions of dollars in granted assistance. In addition to individual donations, USA Cares has received support from several major foundations and corporations worldwide. According to USA Cares' official website, "84.27% of every dollar contributed was applied directly to support veterans and their loved ones."
Veteran and Military Family Assistance Programs:
Additional Programs:
History:
USA Cares is committed to its mission to provide financial and advocacy assistance to post-9/11 active duty U.S. military service personnel, veterans and their families.  USA Cares was launched through a grassroots partnership between WAVE-3 TV in Louisville, KY, the Mid-South Division of Kroger Food Stores, and the Association of the United States Army Fort Knox Chapter. The organization was dubbed "Kentuckiana Cares", with a goal to raise funds to help military families in financial crisis through the sale of “Support Our Troops” yard signs. In October 2003, in response to the increasing number of requests for assistance, "Kentuckiana Cares" evolved into what is now "USA Cares," a 501(c)(3) national non-profit organization that has assisted thousands of veterans and military families facing hardships related to service.
USA Cares' goal is to help restore financial stability and self-sufficiency to post-9/11 veterans and military families by giving them “a hand up.” The organization strives to reach families at the earliest stage of intervention to prevent further financial distress and suffering, especially for the combat injured and their families. USA Cares takes a “holistic” approach to helping active military service members, veterans and their families. All services are free and applications for assistance are accepted 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Immediacy is key; once an application for aid is processed and eligibility is determined, USA Cares is able to provide financial assistance within 48 hours.
All requests are verified through a thorough documentation process. Financial assistance is not given directly to service members or their families; instead, payments are made to mortgage lenders, utility companies, and other vendors. Each family approved for assistance is assigned an advocate from USA Cares' Family Resource Center who ensures that any assistance provided is timely and effective. These advocates often mobilize additional support for families from other military assistance organizations as well as those in the service member’s local community. When USA Cares receives a request for assistance, they respond to the applicant and can have a payment made within 48 hours. While many other military assistance programs provide loans which only compound a bad situation, USA Cares provides grants. The military family is never asked to pay the grant back.
Accreditations & Awards:
According to the Financials page of USA Cares official website, USA Cares "values transparency, ethical accounting, and donor stewardship. For 2019, we are proud to report that 84.27% of every dollar contributed was applied directly to support veterans and their loved ones."
National Spokespeople:
U.S. Army veteran (Iraq war) and Purple Heart recipient Bryan Anderson is USA Cares' National Spokesman. Bryan is a triple amputee, actor, stuntman, and philanthropist. Bryan enlisted in the U.S. Army in April 2001 and deployed to the Middle East on September 11, 2001. He attained the rank of Sergeant in the Military Police (MP) and conducted police training courses in Baghdad, Iraq, where he served two tours. In October 2005, Bryan was injured by an IED explosion in Baghdad, which resulted in the loss of both legs and left hand. As a result of his injuries, he was awarded a Purple Heart. Bryan received rehabilitation for a period of 13 months at Walter Reed Army Hospital and is one of the few triple amputees to have survived his injuries in Iraq. After a painful and lengthy recovery, Bryan refused to let his physical limitations slow him down. Bryan is an accomplished author, actor, motivational speaker and athlete, and is committed to inspiring others to never give up, no matter the challenge. Bryan spends much of his time traveling the country, sharing his journey of overcoming mental and physical challenges with thousands of individuals, both military and non-military. When he isn’t traveling for speaking engagements, he spends his time participating in extreme sports and relaxing with his service dog, Mya.
Previous USA Cares spokespeople have included media persona Dennis Miller. In addition, on July 4, 2006, during a speech at Fort Bragg, President George W. Bush spoke of USA Cares' honorable work. The VP of Program and Services position for the organization is Jennifer Robinson, MPA. USA Cares meets 20 of the 20 standards of the Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance. USA Cares has earned the GuideStar Exchange Seal, demonstrating its commitment to transparency of programs and finances in support of its mission. USA cares is dedicated towards completing its personal mission by helping U.S. service members and their families.


New Bern order of battle

Orders of battle of the Union and Confederate forces at the Battle of New Bern, 14 March 1862.
Union Army.
Department of North Carolina "Coast Division of the US Army".
BG Ambrose E. Burnside


Operation Winter Harvest

Operation Winter Harvest was a search and rescue mission tasked to Intelligence Support Activity (ISA) in response to the kidnapping of U.S. Brigadier General James Dozier on 17 December 1981 by the Red Brigades, an Italian terrorist organization. ISA operatives worked in conjunction with Italian police to locate the kidnapped general primarily through the use of intercepted Red Brigades radio communications. The operation, which took place during December 1981 and January 1982, resulted in the successful rescue of Dozier as well as the arrest of a number of Red Brigades members.
Development of the ISA.
Several unsuccessful special operations missions such as Operation Rice Bowl in Iran revealed weaknesses in the United States’ ability to respond to high stakes hostage situations. Out of these failures came the creation of the Field Operations Group (FOG), the predecessor to the Intelligence Support Activity, on 25 August 1980. Colonel Jerry King was appointed as the head of the 50-man group for the purpose of executing a rescue mission in Iran code-named Operation Snowbird. However, King's team achieved a permanent status after its success during Operation Snowbird. Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), nicknamed "The Activity," was approved for creation on 29 January 1981 and officially established a little over a month later, with 50 authorized personnel. The Activity's stated mission was to provide the collection of actionable intelligence and "operational preparation for the battlespace." ISA had an initial budget of $7 million and King, now the commander of ISA, used it to grow the team to 100 members.
The early ISA members were "knob-turners" who specialized in electronic surveillance, "spooks" who specialized in human intelligence, intelligence specialists, and some administrative and logistical staff. A large part of the 25-man team that participated in Operation Winter Harvest was made up of the "knob-turners."
Kidnapping of Dozier.
On 17 December 1981 in Verona, two members of the Italian terrorist organization Red Brigades disguised themselves as plumbers to gain entry into the apartment of Brigadier General James Dozier, the then senior U.S. Army officer in NATO's Allied Land Forces Southern Europe. Over the prior seven years, no hostages of the Red Brigades had been found alive. 10 days after the kidnapping, the Red Brigades released a photo of Dozier with a swollen left eye sitting in front of a banner with the Italian group's emblem, denouncing the general as an "assassin and hero of the American massacres in Vietnam" and announcing the start of his "proletarian trial."
Search for Dozier and ISA contributions.
Initially, the Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC), which was in charge of handling terrorist incidents, sent a six-man liaison team of Delta Force and ISA members led by Colonel Jesse Johnson, a senior Delta officer, to offer "technical assistance" to the Italian authorities. Johnson reported to the JSOC headquarters that the Activity should take the job of searching for the kidnapped general.
ISA signals intelligence (SIGINT) operators primarily searched for the Red Brigades’ communications networks. As part of this mission, ISA equipped a Bell UH-1 Huey helicopter with the "latest frequency-scanning radio sets and electronic direction-finding equipment." This allowed the SIGINT operators to lock onto and track the Red Brigades’ radio communications even after they changed frequencies. In addition to the Huey, ISA ground units were in vehicles and at static locations looking for more of the group's communications links. Once the ISA operators gathered information on the Red Brigades’ frequencies, they passed it onto the NSA who used the Aquacade spy satellite to pinpoint the safe houses that the signals were coming from.
During this time, Italian police had arrested 14 members of the Red Brigades with the help of ISA, which had used intercepted Red Brigade radio communications to find the coordinates of several Red Brigade safe houses. These arrests helped the authorities gain information through interrogation and the documents confiscated. One of the arrested members, Giovanni Senzani, was the leader of one of the two factions within the terrorist group and was in possession of a letter from the leader of other faction, Antonio Savasta, which strongly suggested that Savasta was holding Dozier.
Information from both the arrests as well as ISA analysis reduced the search down to three separate areas between Padua, Verona, and Vicenza. The Red Brigades had transmitters active in each area and used speech that was easily discerned by ISA and Italian authorities as discussing Dozier. Additionally, the ISA tracked a yacht owned by Dr. Mario Frascella near Venice that was in regular contact with the Red Brigades team in the Guizza district of Padua. The Activity then studied the electricity usage of houses and apartments within the district in an effort to find irregularities, eventually finding an apartment that had a sharp and unusual increase in power usage the day of the Dozier kidnapping. The apartment, located above a supermarket, was only 48 miles from the kidnapping and being rented out by Mario Frascella, the owner of the Venice yacht, for his 21-year-old daughter, Emanuela. Further reports by neighbors mentioning the surprising amount of food and newspapers that Emanuela was buying for supposedly living alone.
On 28 January 1982, ten members of the Italian antiterrorist unit Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza, nicknamed "Leatherheads" for the facial coverings, conducted on the Padua apartment that saw them rescue Dozier, apprehend the six Red Brigades members present, and avoid any casualties without firing a single shot.
Aftermath.
Operation Winter Harvest was the Activity's first major success and also was the second time a hostage of the Red Brigades had ever been safely rescued. Though ISA played a crucial role in the search and rescue mission, the American government gave the Italian authorities all of the credit in order to keep the organization's existence secret. A few months after the operation, budgets for special operations were increased in order to counter the growing terrorist threat. Furthermore, the operation's success meant that Jerry King's new organization would begin to receive more assignments.


29th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 29th Armoured Brigade was a Second World War British Army brigade equipped with tanks that formed the armoured component of the 11th Armoured Division.
History.
Created in 1940 it served mainly with the 11th Armoured Division, notably in the Battle of Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe. It played a significant role stopping the progress of German Battlegroup Böhm during the Battle of the Bulge on 25 and 26 December 1944. Battlegroup Böhm had penetrated the furthest during the last German offensive in the West.
Order of battle.
The 29th Armoured Brigade was constituted with three tank battalions (named "regiments") and one infantry battalion during the war:
The brigade's motorized infantry element at formation was 2nd Battalion, London Rifle Brigade (transferred from 5th London Brigade) which in January 1941 was redesignated 8th Battalion, Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own).