Horace H. Hayden

Horace Henry Hayden (October 13, 1769 in Windsor, Connecticut – January 25, 1844 in Baltimore, Maryland) was the first licensed American dentist and dentistry school founder.
Education.
After working as a cabin boy, architect and schoolteacher, Hayden consulted with John Greenwood, George Washington's personal dentist, in 1795 in New York City. Thereafter, he began the study of dentistry under Greenwood's tutelage. In 1800, Dr. Hayden began a dental practice in Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. Hayden was issued a license by the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in 1810, the first for the practice of dentistry in the United States of America. During the War of 1812, he served as a private in the 39th Regiment, Maryland Militia, and later as an assistant surgeon.
Between 1819 and 1825, he delivered a series of lectures on dentistry to medical students at the University of Maryland, the first in the new world. Dr. Hayden was one of the founders of the Maryland Academy of Sciences and served as its president in 1825. In 1820, as a pioneer geologist and botanist, he published the first general work on geology to be printed in the United States. He discovered a new mineral, named Hadenite in his honor.
Hayden was the cofounder, with Chapin Harris, of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, the world's first dental school, chartered in 1840. Hayden was the school's first president.
Achievements.
Hayden is considered the father of the profession of dentistry in the United States of America, architect of the American system of dental education and organizer of American professional dentistry. He has been inducted in the hall of fame of the Pierre Fauchard Academy.
Family.
His great-granddaughter was Florence Kenyon Hayden Rector.


Symbrachydactyly

Symbrachydactyly is a congenital abnormality, characterized by limb anomalies consisting of brachydactyly, cutaneous syndactyly and global hypoplasia of the hand or foot. In many cases, bones will be missing from the fingers and some fingers or toes may be missing altogether. The ends of the hand may have "nubbins"—small stumps of soft tissue where the finger would have developed, which may have tiny residual nails.
No clear statistics are available regarding the incidence rate for symbrachydactyly. This may be due, in part, to the wide variety of definitions and classifications that are used in diagnosis.
In most cases, children born with symbrachydactyly are able to adapt to their physical limitations and experience a fully functional life with no treatment. Most children with this condition can use their hands well enough to do all the usual things children do. Possible treatment includes surgery or a routine of regularly stretching the fingers.
Cause.
The cause of symbrachydactyly is unknown. One possible cause might be an interruption of the blood supply to the developing arm at four to six weeks of pregnancy. There is no link to anything the mother did or did not do during pregnancy. There is also no increased risk of having another child with the same condition or that the child will pass the condition on to his or her children.
Treatment.
Most children with symbrachydactyly have excellent function in daily activities. Due to the length of their arm, they do not qualify for most artificial limbs. However, some adaptive prosthetics and equipment for sports and leisure activities may be helpful when the child is older. Children who demonstrate some functional movement in their remaining fingers and within the palm are evaluated for possible surgery such as toe transfers.


Ronald L. Cohen

Ronald L. Cohen is a social psychologist whose research is focused on justice. He is a faculty member at Bennington College and the co-author or editor of several books and numerous peer-reviewed journal articles, including:
In addition to his work as a researcher and teacher, Cohen has served as a dean at Bennington College, as a co-founder of the Bennington Community Justice Center, and as a member of the Bennington County Reparative Board.
A native of Chicago, he holds an undergraduate degree from the University of Minnesota and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan.


Paxilla (ossicle)

A paxilla (plural. paxillae) is a small umbrella-shaped structure sometimes found on Echinoderms, particularly in starfish (class Asteroidea) such as "Luidia", "Astropecten" and "Goniaster" that immerse themselves in sediment. They are ossicles composed of calcite microcrystals found on the aboral (upper) surface of the animal. Their stalks emerge from the body wall and their umbrella-like crowns, each fringed with short spines, meet edge-to-edge forming a protective external false skin. The water-filled cavity beneath contains the madreporite and delicate gill structures known as papullae.


Richard Bellucci

Richard Bellucci (April 22, 1914December 22, 2005) was an American inventor, surgeon, and otolaryngologist. He invented the Bellucci micro scissors and his notable for his work in the field of microscopic ear surgery. Bellucci served as the president of the American Otological Society and as the chairman of otolaryngology at New York Medical College and the Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital.
Bellucci pioneered use of the stapedectomy to successfully treat patients with ostosclerosis and hearing impairment. He also pioneered the use of a microscope in ear surgery.
Early life and education.
Bellucci was born in New York City in a family of Italian immigrants. He graduated from New York University with B.S. and M.S. degrees in 1936 and 1938, respectively. He graduated from Creighton University School of Medicine in Omaha, Nebraska in 1942 with an M.D. degree.


William Macewen

Sir William Macewen, (; 22 June 1848 – 22 March 1924) was a Scottish surgeon. He was a pioneer in modern brain surgery, considered the "father of neurosurgery" and contributed to the development of bone graft surgery, the surgical treatment of hernia and of pneumonectomy (removal of the lungs).
Career.
Macewen was born near Port Bannatyne, near Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, in western Scotland in 1848.
He studied Medicine at the University of Glasgow, receiving a medical degree in 1872. He was greatly influenced by Joseph, Lord Lister (1827–1912), who revolutionised surgery by developing antisepsis, by the use of phenol, thus decreasing drastically the enormous mortality of surgical patients due to infections. By following Lister and adopting systematically the use of scrubbing (deep cleansing and disinfection of hands and arms), sterilisation of surgical tools, use of surgical gowns, and (recently discovered) anaesthesia, Macewen became one of the most innovative surgeons of his time and was able to greatly advance modern surgical technique and improve the recovery of patients.
In 1875, he became an assistant surgeon at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, being promoted to full surgeon in 1877. Around 1880 he began a training programme for nurses (focussing upon sterilisation) at the infirmary under the charge of the Matron, Mrs Rebecca Strong (1843-1944). In 1881 he was appointed lecturer on Systematic Surgery at the Royal Infirmary School of Medicine. In 1883 he was appointed as Surgeon to the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow. In 1892 Macewen became Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow (the post which Lister had held when Macewen was a student) and transferred his surgical activities to the Western Infirmary. In 1896, Macewan was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh.
He was knighted in the 1902 Coronation Honours for services to medicine, receiving the accolade from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October that year.
In 1916 Macewen helped to found the Princess Louise Scottish Hospital for Limbless Sailors and Soldiers in Erskine (now the Erskine Hospital), near Glasgow, which was urgently needed to treat the thousands of military that lost their limbs in the First World War. Macewen was its first chief surgeon and with the help of engineers and workers of the nearby Yarrow Shipbuilders, he designed the Erskine artificial limb. He trained a team of pattern-makers to manufacture them for the hospital.
Macewen died in Glasgow on 22 March 1924. He lived at Garrochty on the Isle of Bute until his death, and was buried nearby in the churchyard of St Blane's Church at Kingarth.
Neurosurgery.
Following the work of John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911) and David Ferrier (1843–1924) on neurological mapping of functions in the brain, Macewen demonstrated in 1876 that it was possible to use a precise clinical examination to determine the possible site of a tumor or lesion in the brain, by observing its effects on the side and extension of alterations in motor and sensory functions. Thus, in 1876 he diagnosed an abscess in the frontal lobe of a boy, but the family refused permission to operate. When the patient died his diagnosis and localisation were found to be correct.
In 1879 he performed the first successful intracranial surgery where the site of the lesion (a left frontal meningioma) was localized solely by the preoperative focal epileptic signs (twitching of the face and arms in the opposite site of the lesion). On the basis of these signs Macewen thought that there was good evidence of an "irritation to the lower and middle portions of the ascending convolutions…in the left frontal lobe". A trephined hole in the skull near the purported site of the lesion showed a big subdural tumor. The patient, a teenage girl, lived for eight more years, and a subsequent autopsy showed no trace of the tumor. He later used this many times to successfully operate on brain abscesses (in 1876) and hematomas and on the spine. This was a great triumph of medicine.
According to one of his biographers, "his thorough knowledge of the natural history of pyogenic diseases of the temporal bone and nasal sinuses, in addition to his clear description of cranial anatomy, as illustrated in his "Atlas of Head Sections", were especially important in developing his successful treatment of brain abscess. The X-ray had not yet been discovered; Macewen's diagnosis was based on clinical findings superbly illustrated by his three clinical stages of brain abscess development" (Canale, 1996).
Contributions to surgery.
One of his earliest contributions while at the Royal Infirmary, in 1877, was in orthopaedics, by means of the development of the first bone grafts, but also in knee surgery using a special instrument (Macewen's osteotome) both techniques becoming key treatments for the highly prevalent disease of rickets (caused by a lack of Vitamin D). Macewen was interested in the biology of bone and carried out a classical series of experiments on animals in order to determine how bones grow and may be repaired. He developed surgical treatments for mastoid disease and pyogenic cysts of the temporal bone and has identified an anatomical structure in this bone, the foveola suprameatica, which was named MacEwen's triangle in his honour.
His method of surgical removal of lungs became a major medical weapon in the treatment of tuberculosis and lung cancer, thus saving many patients. His name was also immortalised in Medicine in two other instances: the Macewen's operation for inguinal hernia and the Macewen's sign for hydrocephalus and brain abscess.
Another important contribution by Macewen to modern surgery was the technique of endotracheal anaesthesia with the help of orotracheal intubation, which he described in 1880, and still in use today.
Macewen was noted for his early and creative use of photographs for documenting patients cases and for teaching surgery and medicine. He pioneered the use of photos of body parts and pathological specimens, as well as photos taken before, after and during treatment/surgery.
Honours.
After his death, a memorial fund was set up in his name. As part of the late 1970s redevelopment of Glasgow Royal Infirmary, where Macewen spent most of his career, a new laboratory block was named in his honour. It opened in 1981.
Archives.
The archives of Sir William Macewen are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.


Henry Martyn Field (physician)

Henry Martyn Field (October 3, 1837, Brighton, Massachusetts – July 11, 1912, Los Angeles, California) was a gynecologist.
Life.
Field graduated from Harvard University in 1859 and from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City in 1862; he was professor of "materia medica", and therapeutics at Dartmouth College from 1871 to 1887 and of therapeutics from 1887 to 1893.


Umbilical line

An umbilical line is a catheter that is inserted into one of the two arteries or the vein of the umbilical cord. Generally the UAC/UVC (Umbilical Artery Catheter/Umbilical Vein Catheter) is used in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) as it provides quick access to the central circulation of premature infants. UAC/UVC lines can be placed at the time of birth and allow medical staff to quickly infuse fluids, inotropic drugs, and blood if required. It is sometimes used in term or near-term newborns in whom the umbilical cord stump is still connected to the circulatory system. Medications, fluids, and blood can be given through this catheter and it allows monitoring of blood gasses and withdrawing of blood samples. Complications include infection and thromboembolism.
"Transumbilical catheter intervention" is also a method of gaining access to the heart, for example to surgically correct a patent ductus arteriosus.
Umbilical arterial catheter.
The position of an umbilical arterial catheter is confirmed on plain film. From the umbilicus, the umbilical arterial catheter dives inferiorly and joins the right or left internal iliac artery before turning superiorly to the common iliac artery and aorta. Appropriate positioning of the catheter tip can be either 'high' or 'low.' The high range is judged relative to thoracic vertebra, and is between T6 and T10, to avoid major aortic branches. The low range is relative to lumbar vertebra, and is between L3 and L5. The lower position may be associated with a higher rate of vascular complications such as thrombosis or vasospasm.
Umbilical venous catheter.
Anomalous positioning of the umbilical venous catheter occurs frequently because it is usually inserted without imaging guidance, and confirmed after placement on subsequent plain film, occurring in approximately 50% of first attempts. From the umbilical vein at the umbilicus, the catheter curves superiorly and to the right, joining the left portal vein, passing through the patent ductus venosus to the inferior vena cava and right atrium. Appropriate UVC tip position is in the high inferior vena cava to the low right atrium, typically within 1 cm of the diaphragm. If the UVC tip is proximal to ductus venosus it can lead to administration of intravenous fluids into the portal system, with potential portal vein thrombosis, or, in cases of TPN administration, a TPN abscess.


Kelly Watson

Kelly Watson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera "Home and Away" portrayed by Katrina Hobbs. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 28 August 1995 and departed on 25 April 1997.
Casting.
Hobbs is from New Zealand, where she worked with actor Craig McLachlan on a film. He convinced her to work overseas and she soon moved to Australia. Only a short number of weeks later she secured the role of Kelly. She officially joined "Home and Away" in August 1995. To prepare for the role Hobbs followed doctors around Sydney's St. Vincent hospital and took notes. In an interview with Daniel Dasey from "The Sydney Morning Herald", Hobbs told of how her fellow cast members labelled her "Doctor Death", following the death of Shane Parrish (Dieter Brummer).
Development.
Producers paired Kelly with Travis Nash (Nic Testoni) for a relationship storyline. Hobbs believed that Kelly and Travis were a good match. She told a reporter from "Inside Soap" that "Kelly's a real go-getter and has tremendous drive, which I love. While Travis is relaxed, quiet and into nature – plus he's gorgeous! They're great together."
Writers created a HIV scare story for the doctor which played out following an accident at work. Kelly cuts herself when she is treating a HIV positive patient. She has to take a test for the virus and is forced to wait for the results. The story highlighted prejudice that exists around the condition as Kelly hoped her friends would support her, but she falls victim to the "small-town prejudice" in Summer Bay. Hobbs said "it's a terrible time for Kelly, not only does she face closed minds but she has to dump her boyfriend too." Kelly fears that staying with Travis could lead to him contracting HIV too. The actress added "she feels that for Travis' sake she should back off. She doesn't want to risk infecting him if the test results are positive."
The story was challenging for Hobbs because she had two friends who died from AIDS as a result of HIV. She recalled that it was heartbreaking but credited the story with a "terrific response" from viewers in the Australian outback, where she believed attitudes towards the illness were changing.
Hobbs decided to leave "Home and Away" in 1997. Hobbs admitted that while she was sad about leaving, she wanted to move on and get into feature films. She also planned to take some of her character's attributes and apply them to her own life. In Kelly's final storyline, she decides not to go through with her wedding to Travis, as she knows that he does not want to move to the city. Instead she leaves alone for a new job.
Storylines.
Kelly is first seen at Northern Districts Hospital seen treating Nelson McFarlane (Laurence Bruels), who has been badly burned in the recent bushfire. She meets Steven Matheson (Adam Willits) who is visiting Nelson and there seems to be a spark between the pair of them. When Kelly decides to move to Summer Bay to be nearer work, She and Steven rent Travis' house. Travis returns from Canada and moves in, much to Kelly's chagrin. There is visible tension between Kelly and Travis and this leads to the destruction of a tape exonerating Steven, who has been accused of murdering his nemesis Brian "Dodge" Forbes (Kelly Dingwall). Dodge kidnaps Kelly in order to lure Steven into a final showdown and leaves her tied up in the boot of his car. Travis rescues Kelly and finds her severely dehydrated. Kelly and Travis soon become close and begin a relationship. Kelly's sister Rachel (Tasma Walton) visits and is involved in a car crash that ends up killing her boyfriend, Rick (Andrew Rododera) and blames Kelly for not doing enough to save him.
While taking blood from a patient, Kelly's is pricked by a needle and is horrified to learn that the patient is HIV-positive and may be infected. News travels around town and Ailsa Stewart (Judy Nunn), although supportive, refuses to let Kelly treat her son Duncan (Lewis Devaney) when he suffers a cut. Ken Treloar (Stan Zemanek) the host of a talk show on local radio begins targeting Ailsa over her treatment of Kelly, but Kelly rings in to defend her. The tests arrive back and Kelly is relieved when they are negative. Kelly finds herself the target of a hate campaign perpetrated by Debbie Salter (Kim Lewis), a woman obsessed with Travis, who plants a funnel web spider in Kelly's bed, possibly intending to kill her. Kelly and Travis then take out a restraining order against Debbie.
Kelly later finds herself in the unexpected position of mother figure when Stephanie Mboto (Fleur Beaupert) the younger sister of Travis' late girlfriend arrives in Summer Bay. After Steven is fired from teaching after his relationship with Selina Roberts (Tempany Deckert) is exposed, Kelly offers support but he turns on her and Travis and launches a verbal outburst that leads to Travis punching him and evicting him. When Ailsa's husband, Alf (Ray Meagher) undergoes an emergency bypass operation and suffers complications, Kelly is forced to operate on him in theatre after the operating doctor James McLaren (Grant Dodwell) leaves to play a round of golf. She keeps Alf alive until McLaren returns. Ailsa is annoyed and threatens to sue should anything go wrong with Alf's surgery until Pippa Ross (Debra Lawrence) points out that Kelly should never have been put in that situation.
Kelly's parents Murray (Ron Graham) and Carol (Rona Coleman) arrive, much to her shock and announce they are divorcing. Murray stays for a while and Travis asks him for Kelly's hand in marriage. Travis then proposes directly and she accepts but Kelly feels that living in a country town like Summer Bay is not for her and she decides to take a job in the city. Travis agrees to go with her but Kelly realises that city life is not for Travis and leaves alone after leaving a note for Travis saying she still loves him.
Reception.
A viewer wrote into "The Daily Mirror" and asked "wouln't it be nice if our GPs were like Kelly from Home And Away? Everytime the hospital appears, there she is, whatever the department. And anyone sick gets a home visit." An "Inside Soap" reporter stated "tall, dark and smart, she's the dishiest doc on the box, setting pulses racing all over Summer Bay! Men are ready to duel at dawn over who's going to win her heart, and blood pressure is rising to dangerous levels!"


List of medical schools in Zambia

This is a list of medical schools in Zambia.


Bronchomalacia

Bronchomalacia is a term for weak cartilage in the walls of the bronchial tubes, often occurring in children under a day. Bronchomalacia means 'floppiness' of some part of the bronchi. Patients present with noisy breathing and/or wheezing. There is collapse of a main stem bronchus on exhalation. If the trachea is also involved the term tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is used. If only the upper airway the trachea is involved it is called tracheomalacia (TM). There are two types of bronchomalacia. Primary bronchomalacia is due to a deficiency in the cartilaginous rings. Secondary bronchomalacia may occur by extrinsic compression from an enlarged vessel, a vascular ring or a bronchogenic cyst. Though uncommon, idiopathic (of unknown cause) tracheobronchomalacia has been described in older adults.
Cause.
Bronchomalacia can best be described as a birth defect of the bronchus in the respiratory tract. Congenital malacia of the large airways is one of the few causes of irreversible airways obstruction in children, with symptoms varying from recurrent wheeze and recurrent lower airways infections to severe dyspnea and respiratory insufficiency. It may also be acquired later in life due to chronic or recurring inflammation resulting from infection or other airway disease.


Francesca Gino

Francesca Gino is an Italian-American behavioral scientist and the Tandon Family Professor of Business Administration and unit head of the Negotiation, Organizations and Markets (NOM) unit at the Harvard Business School. She is also affiliated with Harvard Law School's Program on Negotiation, and with Harvard University's Mind, Brain, Behavior Initiative. Since December 2016, she has served as editor-in-chief of "Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes". Before joining Harvard in 2010, she taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Research.
Gino is known for her research on rule-breaking, which she discusses in her new book, "Rebel Talent".


Sakharam Arjun

Sakharam Arjun (sometimes Sakharam Arjun Ravut in official documents but he did not use the caste-linked surname in publications) (1839-16 April 1885) was an eminent physician and social activist in Bombay. An expert on Indian medicinal plants, he was one of the two Indian founding members of the Bombay Natural History Society. He was the step-father of the pioneering woman physician Rukhmabai (1864-1955) after he married her widowed mother Jayantibai.
Biography.
Arjun studied at Elphinstone Institution and joined Grant Medical College as a Stipendiary Student in 1858. His tutor was Narayan Daji, brother of Bhau Daji. Arjun received a Licentiate of Medicine from the Bombay University in 1863. He joined to teach medical botany and was made an assistant, the first Indian in the position, to William Guyer Hunter. He worked at the Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital and was for sometime in charge of the ward for incurables. He conducted experiments on the therapeutic value of oils like chaulmoogra and cashew nut in the treatment of leprosy. He was later appointed Assistant Surgeon. Sakharam was interested in public education on health and published "Vaidyatatva" (1869), "Garbhavidya va Prasutikaran" (1873), "Vivahavidnyan" (1877) among others. He also subscribed to "The Theosophist" writing a note on "Physiology of Marriage" in 1880.(p. 186) Sakharam Arjun married Jayantibai, the widow of Janardhan Pandurang, and supported his step-daughter Rukhmabai who was married as a child and refused to go to live with her husband. This led to a landmark court case and Rukhmabai later went to study medicine in London (with the assistance of others like Edith Pechey Phipson) to become one of the first Indian women doctors. In 1883, Sakharam Arjun was one of two Indians (the other being Atmaram Pandurang) to found the Bombay Natural History Society. Arjun had been one of the presidents of the Bombay Medical Union. Sakharam Arjun died before the Rakhmabai case came to an end. He died on 16 April 1885 leaving Jayantibai (died 10 January 1904) and three sons from his first marriage, Vasantrao, Yeshwantrao and Raghunathrao.


Peter D. Eimas

Peter D. Eimas (1934 – October 28, 2005) was an expert in psychology and cognitive sciences and a professor at Brown University. His seminal paper showed that infants have greater linguistic and cognitive abilities than previously thought. Eimas was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He died in Providence, Rhode Island. The "Peter D. Eimas Graduate Fund" was established in his honor at Brown University to help graduate students studying psychological or the cognitive sciences. In one of his studies he observed that infants at the age of one month recognise change in language and can distinguish between "bah" and "pah".


Tomizo Katsunuma

Tomizo Katsunuma (勝沼富造) (November 16, 1863 September 11, 1950) was a Japanese veterinarian and immigration inspector. He was also one of the first Japanese Mormons. He wrote under the penname Bashoan Shujin (馬笑庵主人).
Early life and education.
Katsunuma was born on November 16, 1863 in what is now Miharu, Fukushima. He was the third son of a samurai. He studied at the newly established middle school in Miharu, then studied English at a foreign language school in Sendai. He then went to school for a few years in Tokyo, but had to return home due to lack of funding. When he returned to Miharu, he worked as an English teacher in nearby villages. During this time Katsunuma earned a scholarship to become a veterinarian, and returned to Tokyo to study at what is now the University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus. After graduating in 1888, he became a researcher at the university.
Career.
After graduation Katsunuma heard that his brother was going to the United States to learn about the electrical industry there. Katsunuma decided to go with him, and ended up staying. He joined a group called the Patriotic League in San Francisco, which set him up with a job in Nampa, Idaho. He later relocated to Logan, Utah, where he enrolled in the Brigham Young College and studied theology and veterinary medicine. Katsunuma not only became an American citizen while living in Utah, but also converted to Mormonism. He was baptized on August 8, 1895.
Katsunuma was then asked by some friends from the Patriotic League to help recruit Japanese people to work on plantations in Hawaii. They would go there as Japanese government-sponsored immigrants called "Kanyaku Imin". Katsunuma returned to Japan in 1898 and recruited laborers in Fukushima prefecture, charming them with his Tohoku dialect. He then moved to Honolulu with his wife, Mine, on July 26, 1898. He became an inspector for the Immigration Service, and served in that capacity until the Immigration Act of 1924 banned Japanese immigration.
While living in Hawaii, Katsunuma was a director of the Japanese Benevolent Association and a member of the Rotary Club of Honolulu. He became close friends with Yasutaro Soga, and worked to make the "Yamato Shinbun" (later renamed the "Nippu Jiji") a daily newspaper. He also supported strikers during the 1909 Japanese strike, and called for improved working conditions. Katsunuma also worked closely with the Japanese Consulate and the growing Mormon mission.
Katsunuma died on September 11, 1950.


Nemours Foundation

The Nemours Foundation is a non-profit organization in Jacksonville, Florida, created by philanthropist Alfred I. du Pont in 1936, and dedicated to improving the health of children. The Foundation operates the Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in Wilmington, Delaware; the Nemours Children’s Hospital in Orlando's Medical City; and Nemours Children's Clinics in Delaware, Florida, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. They also sponsor the KidsHealth website, which provides information about the health, behavior, and development of children from birth to adulthood. The site has different content sections for children, teenagers and parents; approximately 850,000 people visit the link every weekday.
The Nemours Mansion and Gardens in Wilmington, Delaware is also owned and operated by the Nemours Foundation.
The foundation is the primary beneficiary of the Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust, which had a value of $4.6 billion in early 2009. Du Pont's will stipulated that the trust make an annual disbursement of an amount equal to 3% of the trust's value. For 2009, that was $138 million.


Nicholas Bastidas

Nicholas Bastidas is a pediatric plastic and craniofacial surgeon practicing in New York, NY and New Hyde Park, NY affiliated with Northwell Health. He is an assistant professor of surgery at Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine.


Kari Nadeau

Kari C. Nadeau is an American physician-scientist focused on allergy and asthma treatment at Stanford University School of Medicine. She is the Naddisy Family Foundation Professor of Allergy and the director of the Sean N Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford. Her team was among the first to show that high dimensional immunophenotyping of T cells involved in allergy could be used in therapies for patients. Her research has also shown that blocking antibodies in conjunction with allergen immunotherapy produced desensitization even in patients with up to five food allergens.
Education.
After graduating from Haverford College with a degree in biology, Nadeau attended Harvard Medical School via the Medical Scientist Training Program (NIH), and received a PhD in biological chemistry and molecular pharmacology and an MD in 1995. She then performed an internship and residency in pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School. From 1998 to 2002, she worked in the field of biopharmaceuticals and led clinical research to obtain FDA approval for two biologics in the field of Autoimmunity and Oncology, respectively. From 2003 to 2006, Nadeau was a fellow in Asthma, Allergy and Immunology at the Stanford/UCSF program under Dale Umetsu. During this time, she also did a postdoctoral fellowship in human immune tolerance mechanisms in asthma and allergy.
Career.
In 2006, Nadeau was appointed to the Stanford University School of Medicine with appointments in Pediatrics and Otolaryngology. In 2016 she was named the Naddisy Foundation Professor of Pediatric Food Allergy, Immunology and Asthma endowed professorship under the Naddisy Family Foundation. Nadeau has served as a reviewer for NIH Study Sections, and a member of the American Lung Association Medical Board, CA. She serves on the Environmental Health Policy committee for the American Thoracic Society and is a Fellow in the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and is a member of ASCI (American Society of Clinical Investigation). Her laboratory focuses on the study of immunological mechanisms involved in the cause, diagnosis, and therapy for allergy and asthma. In December, 2014 Sean Parker donated $24 million to Stanford to establish the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford University, with Nadeau as the director.
In September 2020, Dr. Kari Nadeau published The End of Food Allergy: The First Program To Prevent and Reverse a 21st Century Epidemic with co-author Sloan Barnett.
Research.
Nadeau's laboratory is working on scientific investigations of immune tolerance. Areas of research include:
Monitoring T cells in immunotherapy and their effect on tolerance.
Translational work (through conducting novel and innovative clinical studies to induce tolerance through immunotherapy) on Treg function and epigenetic changes of pivotal loci in Foxp3 and IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-4. This research led to novel findings on markers of immune tolerance in a pilot clinical trial using peanut oral immunotherapy for near fatal peanut allergy.
Mechanisms of food allergy immunotherapy.
Research focusing on safe and effective treatments for food allergies. A pilot multifood allergen immunotherapy trial demonstrated that oral immunotherapy can simultaneously and successfully achieve desensitization for multiple allergens and that adjunct use of omalizumab facilitates and decreases time to desensitization. A follow-up double-blind, randomized, controlled phase 2 study provided further evidence that in multifood allergic  patients, omalizumab improves  the efficacy of multifood oral immunotherapy and enables safe and rapid desensitization. The data from clinical trials provided initial evidence for the safety and feasibility of oral immunotherapy for food allergies.
T cell epitope use, discovery, and allergen identification.
Clinical trials involving participants with multiple food allergies has enabled determination of associations and cross-reactivities of different food allergens. These studies have further assisted with epitope mapping, identification, and characterization of allergenic components of foods that induce clinical reactivity. Data from these studies may, in the future, enable therapeutic targets for food allergies.
Biomarkers and pollution/clinical outcomes.
Dedicated, collaborative teams examining plasma, cellular, and epigenetic markers that are affected by air pollution in children, adolescents, and adults. Using well characterized cohorts in the Bay Area (for acute pollution exposure—i.e. wildfire) and in the Central Valley (for chronic exposure—i.e. Fresno is one of the highest ranked cities in the country for PM2.5 air pollution), we have been able to perform innovative and impactful research that has helped shape public policy towards mitigating pollution and its effects on the public, (especially those at risk populations (like children) and the underserved (like Hispanic populations in the Central Valley of California).
Pollution and asthma.
A number of environmental pollutants, caused by human activity, have been associated with asthma. Short-term and long-term exposures to high levels of CO, NO2, and PM2.5 mediate epigenetic alterations of Foxp3 and IL-10, key genes known to be associated with T cells and atopic disease. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, found at high levels in areas of increased traffic, decrease telomere length.
Media.
Nadeau and her work have made a number of media appearances supporting food allergy awareness and research:


Kazimierz Lejman

Kazimierz Lejman (1907–1985) was a Polish dermatologist. He is credited with the histopathological description of late serpiginous syphilis.
Biography.
Lejman was educated at the Jagiellonian University Medical College. In 1938, he moved to Vilnius, where he worked at the University of Stefan Batory. In 1944 he returned to Krakow and, after the death of Professor Walter, became the Head of the Department of Dermatology at the Jagiellonian University Medical College. He was interested in culture, art and ancient religions of the East. He was painting, poetry, writing historical sketches.
As a dermatologist was the author of works on syphilis and gonorrhea.


Hippolyte Cloquet

Hippolyte Cloquet (10 March 1787 – 3 March 1840) was a French physician and anatomist who was a native of Paris. He was the brother of surgeon Jules Germain Cloquet (1790–1883), and father to Ernest Cloquet (1818–1855), who was a personal physician to Mohammad Shah Qajar of Persia.
He studied medicine in Paris, where he earned his doctorate in 1815. In 1823 he became a member of the "Académie de Médecine".
Cloquet was a pioneer in the field of rhinology, and in 1821 published " Osphrésiologie, ou traité des odeurs", which was a comprehensive treatise that discussed olfaction, diseases of the nose, deviations of the septum, rhinoplasty, et al. He was also author of "Traité d'anatomie descriptive", an influential French text of anatomy that ran through six editions. The fourth edition of this work was translated into English by anatomist Robert Knox (1791–1862).
Cloquet also made contributions in the field of zoology, his treatise "Poissons et Reptiles" was included in the "Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles".


Vitellogenesis

Vitellogenesis (also known as yolk deposition) is the process of yolk formation via nutrients being deposited in the oocyte, or female germ cell involved in reproduction of lecithotrophic organisms. In insects, it starts when the fat body stimulates the release of juvenile hormones and produces vitellogenin protein. It occurs in all animal groups other than the mammals. In cockroaches, for example, vitellogenesis can be stimulated by injection of juvenile hormone into immature females and mature males. Chemically yolk is lipoprotein composed of proteins, phospholipids and neutral fats along with a small amount of glycogen. The yolk is synthesised in the liver of the female parent in soluble form. Through circulation it is transported to the follicle cells that surround the maturing ovum, and is deposited in the form of yolk platelets and granules in the ooplasm. The mitochondria and Golgi complex are said to bring about the conversion of the soluble form of yolk into insoluble granules or platelets.
In mosquitoes infected with "Plasmodium", vitellogenesis may be manipulated by the parasites to reduce fecundity.
In mammalian vitellogenesis, vitellogenin is the major protein, produced by the Vit gene and regulated by oestrogen. The yolk consists of lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol etc.) and proteins, mainly vitellogenin.
The term "vitellogenesis" comes from the Latin "vitellus" ("egg yolk").


Muromonab-CD3

Muromonab-CD3 (trade name Orthoclone OKT3, marketed by Janssen-Cilag) is an immunosuppressant drug given to reduce acute rejection in patients with organ transplants. It is a monoclonal antibody targeted at the CD3 receptor, a membrane protein on the surface of T cells. It was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for clinical use in humans.
History.
Muromonab-CD3 was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1986, making it the first monoclonal antibody to be approved anywhere as a drug for humans. In the European Communities, it was the first drug to be approved under the directive 87/22/EWG, a precursor of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) centralised approval system in the European Union. This process included an assessment by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP, now CHMP), and a subsequent approval by the national health agencies; in Germany, for example, in 1988 by the Paul Ehrlich Institute in Frankfurt. However, the manufacturer of muromonab-CD3 has voluntarily withdrawn it from the United States market in 2010 due to numerous side-effects, better-tolerated alternatives and declining usage.
Indications.
Muromonab-CD3 is approved for the therapy of acute, glucocorticoid-resistant rejection of allogeneic renal, heart and liver transplants. Unlike the monoclonal antibodies basiliximab and daclizumab, it is not approved for prophylaxis of transplant rejection, although a 1996 review has found it to be safe for that purpose.
It has also been investigated for use in treating T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Pharmacodynamics and chemistry.
T cells recognise antigens primarily via the T cell receptor (TCR). CD3 is one of the proteins that make up the TCR complex. The TCR transduces the signal for the T cell to proliferate and attack the antigen.
Muromonab-CD3 is a murine (mouse) monoclonal IgG2a antibody which was created using hybridoma technology. It binds to the T cell receptor-CD3-complex (specifically the CD3 epsilon chain) on the surface of circulating T cells, initially leading to an activation, but subsequently inducing the clearance of TCR complex from cell surface and apoptosis of the T cells. This protects the transplant against the T cells. When administered for transplant induction, the drug is administered daily thereafter for up to 7 days.
Newer monoclonal antibodies in development with the same mechanism of action include otelixizumab (also known as TRX4), teplizumab (also known as hOKT3γ1(Ala-Ala) ), and visilizumab (with a tentative trade name of "Nuvion"). They are being investigated for the treatment of other conditions like Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and type 1 diabetes. Further development of teplizumab is uncertain, due to one-year data from a recent Phase III trial being "disappointing".
Adverse effects.
Especially during the first infusion, the binding of muromonab-CD3 to CD3 can activate T cells to release cytokines like tumor necrosis factor and interferon gamma. This cytokine release syndrome, or CRS, includes side effects like skin reactions, fatigue, fever, chills, myalgia, headaches, nausea and diarrhea, and could lead to life-threatening conditions like apnoea, cardiac arrest, and flash pulmonary edema. To minimize the risk of CRS and to offset some of the minor side effects patient experience, glucocorticoids (such as methylprednisolone), acetaminophen, and diphenhydramine are given before the infusion.
Other adverse effects include leucopenia, as well as an increased risk for severe infections and malignancies typical of immunosuppressive therapies. Neurological side effects like aseptic meningitis and encephalopathy have been observed. Possibly, they are also caused by the T cell activation.
Repeated application can result in tachyphylaxis (reduced effectiveness) due to the formation of anti-mouse antibodies in the patient, which accelerates elimination of the drug. It can also lead to an anaphylactic reaction against the mouse protein, which may be difficult to distinguish from a CRS.
Contraindications.
Except under special circumstances, the drug is contraindicated for patients with an allergy against mouse proteins, as well as patients with uncompensated heart failure, uncontrolled arterial hypertension or epilepsy. It should not be used during pregnancy or lactation.
Etymology.
Muromonab-CD3 was developed before the WHO nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies took effect, and consequently its name does not follow this convention. Instead, it is a contraction from ""mur"ine "mon"oclonal "a"nti"b"ody targeting "CD3"".


Albert Narath

Albert Narath (September 13, 1864, Vienna – August 15, 1924, Heidelberg) was an Austrian surgeon and anatomist.
He was an assistant of Theodor Billroth (1829-1894) at the University of Vienna, and from 1896 to 1906 was a professor of surgery at Utrecht. In 1906 he succeeded Vincenz Czerny (1842-1916) as chair of surgery at the University of Heidelberg surgical clinic. He resigned this position in 1910 due to health reasons, but continued to contribute articles to scientific publications during the ensuing years.
Narath made contributions in his studies involving the structure of bronchial systems, as well as in investigations of hernias. His name is lent to "Narath’s femoral hernia" (prevascular hernia), being described as a hernia behind the femoral vessels that is due to displacement of the psoas muscle in patients with congenital hip dislocation.
Narath was the author of papers on varicocele surgery, pneumatocele parotid, retroperitoneal lymph cysts and omentum-plasty, to name a few.


Anterior pulvinar nucleus

Anterior pulvinar nucleus ("nucleus pulvinaris anterior") is one of four traditionally anatomically distinguished nuclei of the pulvinar of the thalamus. The other three nuclei of the pulvinar are called lateral, inferior and medial pulvinar nuclei.


Karel Maydl

Karel Maydl (10 March 1853 – 8 August 1903) was an Austrian surgeon who was a native of Rokytnice nad Jizerou, Bohemia.
In 1876 he received his medical doctorate at Prague, and following graduation was a surgical assistant to Carl Wilhelm Heine (1838–1877). Afterwards he worked with Eduard Albert (1841–1900) at the Universities of Innsbruck and Vienna. In 1886, he became an associate professor in Vienna, and in 1891 was appointed professor of surgery at the Czech University in Prague.
Karel Maydl is remembered for the introduction of new surgical techniques, including a procedure for treatment of bladder exstrophy, as well as loop colostomy for use in cases of inoperable rectal cancer.
His name is associated with "Maydl's hernia", defined as a strangulated bowel within the abdominal cavity having the loops of the intestines forming a W.
In 1897 he was the first physician to describe the disease later known as Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome.


Microgenia

Microgenia is the medical term for an unusually small or deformed chin.
The contrasting condition, an enlarged chin, is called "macrogenia".
Causes.
Can occur in anyone, but is often a sign of Down syndrome.


Dense artery sign

In medicine, the dense artery sign or hyperdense artery sign is an increased radiodensity of an artery as seen on computer tomography (CT) scans, and is a radiologic sign of early ischemic stroke. In earlier studies of medical imaging in patients with strokes, it was the earliest sign of ischemic stroke in a significant minority of cases. Its appearance portends a poor prognosis for the patient.
The sign has been observed in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), vertebral artery, and basilar artery; these have been called the dense MCA sign, dense PCA sign, dense vertebral artery sign, and dense basilar artery sign, respectively.
Rarely, a hypodense artery sign can occur due to fat embolism.
Cause.
Through cerebral angiography, the sign has been demonstrated to correspond to embolic or atherosclerotic occlusion of an artery. Specifically, the hyperdensity is thought to be due to calcification or hemorrhage associated with an atherosclerotic plaque.
Identification.
Identification of the dense artery sign is often based on subjective interpretation and false positives may occur. One study aiming to define criteria for the sign determined that measuring Hounsfield units on the CT scan could differentiate between the dense MCA sign associated with ischemic stroke and that caused by false positives. Specifically, the combination of greater than 43 Hounsfield units and an MCA density ratio of greater than 1.2 was diagnostic of a dense MCA sign associated with acute ischemic stroke.


Margarita (physician)


TBS GB

TBS G (Telematic and Biomedical Services) is the UK arm of the ITAL TBS group of companies. ITAL TBS is a provider of healthcare and clinical engineering in Europe, with total revenue of US$200 million in 2006. The company is privately owned; shareholders include GE, the Generali group and the company managers.
History.
ITAL TBS was established in the 1980s as an advanced research provider in a research environment. In 2004 the company acquired the clinical engineering arm of GE "Healthcare" in Europe.


Evelyn Stocking Crosslin

Doctor Evelyn Stocking Crosslin (1919–1991) was an American physician. She was named to the Florida Women's Hall of Fame in 1995.
Life.
She was born Evelyn Stocking in Daytona Beach and was educated at Bethune-Cookman College. Because African-Americans were not admitted to Florida medical schools at the time, she earned her MD from Meharry Medical College in Tennessee. She was the first African-American woman to practice medicine in Volusia County. She married Doctor Neill Crosslin. Crosslin practised 47 years at the Halifax Medical Center in Daytona Beach. She also operated her own practice and worked at the Daytona Beach Public Health Unit's Well Baby Clinic for 30 years.
Crosslin and her husband have been credited with providing quality medical services to people who couldn't afford private medical care. The Halifax Crosslin Health Center was opened in 1994 to honor their contributions; fees at the center are set based on income.


Raymond A. Applegate

Raymond A. Applegate (born 1949) is an American optometrist and a co-founder of International Congress on Wavefront Sensing and Aberration-Free Refraction Correction. He is the Borish Chair in Optometry at the University of Houston.
Biography.
Applegate earned an undergraduate degree, a Doctor of Optometry (OD), and a master's degree in physiological optics from Indiana University Bloomington. After entering private practice as an optometrist, Applegate returned to school for a PhD in physiological optics from the University of California, Berkeley. Early in his career, he served as an assistant professor at the University of Missouri–St. Louis.
In 1988 he became a faculty member at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and by 1993 became a tenured professor there. In 2002, he became the Borish Chair in Optometry at the University of Houston. He was an editor of the "Journal of the Optical Society of America" and currently serves on an editorial boards for such journals as the "Journal of Optometry and Visual Science", the "Journal of Refractive Surgery," and the "Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery."


Adam Kaspar Hesselbach

Adam Kaspar Hesselbach (15 January 1788 – 7 May 1856) was a German surgeon and anatomist. He is the son of Franz Kaspar Hesselbach. In 1818 Hesselbach became a "Dr. phil. et medicinae" in Würzburg. After that he was professor for surgery in Würzburg (1828-1833) and Bamberg (1836-1843).


Leadership for Healthy Communities

Based in Washington, D.C., Leadership for Healthy Communities is a $10-million national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation designed to engage and support local and state government leaders nationwide in their efforts to advance public policies that support healthier communities and prevent childhood obesity. The program places an emphasis on policies with the greatest potential for increasing sustainable opportunities for physical activity and healthy eating among children at highest risk for obesity, including African-American, Latino, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian-American and Pacific Islander children living in lower-income communities. The foundation's primary goal is the reversal of the childhood obesity epidemic by 2015.
The program awards grants to influential policy-maker organizations that provide technical assistance to state and local policy-makers who are poised to prevent childhood obesity through public policy levers. Current grantees of the national program include the American Association of School Administrators, International City/County Management Association, Local Government Commission, Council of State Governments, National Association of Counties, National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials Educational Fund, National Association of State Boards of Education, National Conference of State Legislatures, National League of Cities, National School Boards Association and the U.S. Conference of Mayors. Leadership for Healthy Communities also has worked with the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation and the National Congress of American Indians to address childhood obesity in the African-American and American Indian and Alaska Native communities.
Philosophy.
Leadership for Healthy Communities believes that policy action can help expand opportunities for physical activity and access to healthy foods in schools and communities. The guiding principle of this program is that initiatives led by policy-makers and community leaders at all levels play an important role in supporting healthy children. By highlighting policies and programs that can impact the health of children in schools and communities, Leadership for Healthy Communities and grantees of the program encourage policy-makers to collaborate to reverse the childhood obesity epidemic and create healthier environments.
Leadership.
Since 2007, the Leadership for Healthy Communities national program has been led by Dr. Maya Rockeymoore Cummings. She is the CEO of the Washington, DC-based social-change policy firm, Global Policy Solutions.
History.
Previously known as Leadership for Active Living and then Active Living Leadership, the Leadership for Healthy Communities national program started in 2002 and was originally managed at San Diego State University. Initial support during 2002-2003 focused on five states: California, Colorado, Kentucky, Michigan and Washington. At that time, the program was primarily a partnership effort among the International City/County Management Association, the National Association of Counties, the Local Government Commission, the National Conference of State Legislatures, the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, and the United States Conference of Mayors.
The childhood obesity epidemic.
Over the past four decades, obesity rates have increased rapidly among all age groups. Today, nearly one third of children and adolescents in the United States are either overweight or obese. According to a national poll, parents now rank childhood obesity as the number one potential threat to their children's health—topping drugs, alcohol and tobacco use.
Other studies have found that obese children and adolescents are much more likely to become obese adults. In fact, an obese 4-year-old has a 20 percent chance of becoming an obese adult, and an obese older teenager has up to an 80 percent chance of becoming an obese adult. In addition, obese children and adolescents are often targets of social discrimination and at greater risk for a host of other serious illnesses, including heart disease, asthma and type 2 diabetes. As more children become obese, type 2 diabetes—a disease that was once called "adult-onset diabetes" and can lead to blindness, loss of feeling and circulation in the extremities, amputations and death—is found in younger and younger age groups.
The financial consequences also are significant—obesity costs the United States $117 billion each year in direct medical expenses and indirect costs, such as lost productivity.
The medical costs of obesity outweighs the cost of eating healthy, maintaining physical activity, and educating the population for this increasing problem occurring in today's' society.
Environmental factors that influence childhood obesity.
Research has found that many children do not have regular opportunities to be physically active or access to healthy foods. Moreover, the environmental barriers to healthy behaviors are even larger in lower-income areas. Lower-income communities are significantly less likely to have places where people can be physically active, such as parks, green spaces, and bicycle paths and lanes. And although easy access to supermarkets that offer fresh fruits and vegetables is associated with lower body mass index, many neighborhoods in racial and ethnic minority, lower-income and rural areas tend to have more fast-food restaurants and convenience stores and fewer grocery stores than predominantly white, higher-income areas. Consequently, although obesity affects people of all demographics, the prevalence rates are more alarming for racial and ethnic minorities, lower-income families and people in the Southeast region of the United States (seven of the states with the highest poverty rates are also in the top 10 states with the highest obesity rates).
Other important factors that researchers say have contributed to the childhood obesity epidemic are fewer hours of physical activity and an increase of junk foods in schools. Fewer than 4 percent of elementary schools provide the weekly recommended 150 minutes of physical education to all students for the full school year. At the same time, while most schools that sell à la carte and snack foods offer some nutritious food and beverage options, less nutritious alternatives also are common. For example, in one study, 70 percent of the beverage options available in vending machines were high in sugar, only 12 percent of the beverage slots were for water, and only 5 percent were for milk.
Leadership for Healthy Communities Action Strategies Toolkit.
The national program office and its grantees have publish a variety of fact sheets, policy briefs, reports, tools and other documents and databases dealing with childhood obesity issues, model policies and health disparities among vulnerable populations. The Leadership for Healthy Communities Action Strategies Toolkit was released during Leadership for Healthy Communities' 2009 Childhood Obesity Prevention Summit in Washington, D.C. The toolkit is a collection of policy options and resources designed to help state and local policy-makers prevent childhood obesity by developing healthier environments. The strategies within the toolkit—which focus on increasing opportunities for physical activity and access to healthy foods in schools and communities—have been identified, evaluated and selected by Leadership for Healthy Communities and 11 participating policy-maker organizations representing state, local and school district decision-makers.


Elvis Francois

Elvis Francois, M.D. (born 1985), also known as Dr. Elvis, is an American orthopedic surgeon and amateur singer known for making inspirational viral videos of his singing before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Career.
Francois was named after Elvis Presley, of whom his mother was a fan.
In April 2020, Francois released an EP to raise funds for COVID-19 relief. Francois and Dr. William Robinson, known as the "Singing Surgeons", performed "God Bless America" during the NBC Special "Back Home Again" on May 24, and performed the "The Star-Spangled Banner" at the 2020 Indianapolis 500.
Francois completed a 5-year residency at the Mayo Clinic in June 2020, and completed a 3-month spine surgery fellowship at Harvard Medical School in November 2020. He appeared on season 4 of "The Masked Singer" as the "Serpent" who was the first character with animatronic parts. He was eliminated in the eighth episode alongside Lonzo Ball as "Whatchamacallit".
Personal life.
Francois was named to the "People Magazine" "Sexiest Man Alive" list for 2020.


Susan Lewis

Dr. Susan Lewis is a character as played by Sherry Stringfield, on the fictional television show "ER."
Sherry Stringfield is one of "ER"'s original cast members, portraying Susan in Season 1 as an eager resident. Stringfield left the show, the character was not recast and Susan left County General Hospital and the series in Season 3, but Stringfield and the character returned five seasons later as an attending physician in Season 8. Susan Lewis eventually checked out of the ER for good in 2005, at the beginning of Season 12, having been passed over for tenure in favor of John Carter by Kerry Weaver. She was offered a tenured position at a hospital in Iowa City.
Development.
During the third season of the series, actress Sherry Stringfield left "ER" for the first time. In an interview with the "Chicago Tribune", Stringfield explained that having a family was one of the primary reasons for her to leave the show. According to "Entertainment Weekly", Stringfield's decision to quit angered the show's executive producer John Wells, because she left just as Dr. Lewis got embroiled in a budding romance with Anthony Edwards' Dr. Mark Greene. Stringfield revealed it was not a pleasant situation and said: "The producers were in shock. They tried to talk me out of it. It took a long time to get out of my contract."
However, by the time of the eighth season, her schedule allowed her to return to the series. Wells said they were "delighted to welcome her back as a series regular and can't wait to work with her again." Stringfield remained in the main cast for four more seasons, until August 2005, when she announced that she would be leaving "ER" again and stated: "I am extremely grateful for the time I spent on "ER"," Stringfield explained. "It is a wonderful show, and there are so many people I will miss. But I'm ready for new roles and new challenges."
Character history.
Seasons 1–3 First Departure (1994–1996).
In Season 1, Susan is a second year resident. She is shown to be an eager and competent young doctor working in the emergency department of County General Hospital. She is good friends with Nurse Carol Hathaway, Dr. Doug Ross and especially Dr. Mark Greene, who is her best friend.
Though an extremely capable doctor, Susan is initially seen to have problems asserting herself. This is frequently taken advantage of by the senior and more forthright doctors in the hospital, such as Dr. Peter Benton and particularly Dr. Jack Kayson. This leads to several confrontations, and animosity worsens when Kayson discharges one of Susan's patients, failing to notice the severity of his symptoms, which ultimately leads to the patient's death.
Kayson tries to deflect the blame onto Susan and her competence is questioned. Her superior, Mark, is forced to monitor her every move and their friendship is put under strain as a result. During the case review, however, the board rules in Susan's favor and reprimands Kayson—much to his chagrin.
Shortly after, Kayson is rushed into hospital suffering from a heart attack. Despite their past disagreement on the issue, Kayson opts for Susan's non-invasive form of treatment against the advice of a senior doctor, who (like Kayson) is an advocate of surgical angioplasty. Finally asserting herself, Susan stands her ground and refuses to allow Kayson to be treated surgically. Following his recovery, Kayson shows his gratitude by asking Susan to be his valentine date, which she awkwardly declines.
Susan's personal life is far less settled than her professional one. In Season 1, she is seen to have a brief relationship with psychiatrist Div Cvetic, who ultimately has a nervous breakdown and disappears. Susan later learns that he married someone he met through a dating service, run by a taxi driver from his cab.
Most of her problems, however, are family-related. Susan's parents, Cookie and Henry, are shown to be flighty (her father is jokingly referred to as a test pilot for Barcalounger) and difficult to talk to. Her older sister, Chloe, is the source of most of her distress, with a seemingly never ending series of problems with alcohol, drugs, men, and money. Chloe eventually has a baby girl, who she names Susan ("Little Susie") after her sister. During Season 2 however, Chloe begins to use alcohol and drugs once again. After deciding that she cannot look after her baby, she leaves Chicago, abandoning Susie on a flustered and overworked Susan.
She struggles to be a good mother to the child while completing her demanding residency. Already overstressed, Susan clashes with the new Chief Resident, Kerry Weaver, numerous times, forcing Mark Greene to step in between them. Animosity between Kerry and Susan lessens over time, but never goes away completely. Realizing that Chloe may never return, Susan considers giving Susie up for adoption. She gets as far as introducing the baby to potential adoptive parents, but cannot bring herself to part with her niece, so she decides to keep her and adopt the child as her own.
Susan grows extremely attached to the baby, but she gets a surprise when a reformed Chloe reappears later in the season and tries to reclaim "little Susie". Susan can't see past Chloe's mistakes, regardless of her recent turnaround and new responsible boyfriend. Desperate to keep the baby, Susan attempts to fight Chloe for custody, but is forced to reconsider when the judge warns her that she would lose. Susan begrudgingly reaches an agreement with her sister, and after regaining custody of "little Susie", Chloe moves her family to Phoenix, Arizona to start a new life.
Susan struggles to cope with the loss of her niece and goes through a period of grief and counseling. She throws herself into her work to escape her feelings of loneliness, which manages to impress Weaver and, with Mark's encouragement, Kerry agrees to offer Susan the position of chief resident (she promises to support Susan's promotion if Mark recommends her as County's new attending physician). Much of the ER staff hoped Susan could achieve that title, but Susan turns the position down, later telling Mark that there is more to life than work.
Setting up Sherry Stringfield's departure from the series in Season 3, the beginnings of a romance appears to develop between Susan and Mark, or more to the point, they are shown to have problems identifying their current relationship as friendship. Both seem timid and cautious around each other. Initially more upfront about the situation, Susan invites Mark to join her on holiday in Maui, Hawaii, but is embarrassed when he appears hesitant, and later retracts the offer, feeling she overstepped a boundary.
Fearful that he may have missed his chance with Susan, Mark attempts to convey his attraction towards her upon her return, though he cannot find the courage to follow through and is left perplexed by Susan's reticence. It transpires that Susan never actually made it to Maui, she instead visited her sister and "little Susie" in Phoenix as she could not overcome her fear of flying. Mark helps her overcome this fear in the following episode ("Fear of Flying"), supporting her during a helicopter flight rotation where they are called upon to treat victims of a serious motor accident.
As they grow closer, Mark finally plucks up the courage to casually ask Susan out, however she declines, telling him that they "need to talk". Shortly after, Mark witnesses Susan in numerous secret talks with the ER's chief of emergency medicine, David Morgenstern, and concludes that they are seeing each other. He confronts Susan, but she reveals that Morgenstern was merely helping her to transfer her residency. Desperately missing her niece, Susan had made the decision to move to Phoenix to be near her sister's family.
During a hectic last day for Susan at County's ER, Mark struggles with her imminent departure, but still finds himself afraid to admit his true feelings for her. The hospital staff arrange a leaving party for Susan, but it is canceled due to an influx of critical patients from a motoring accident. Susan leaves the hospital unable to say goodbye to Mark, who was busy working on a trauma patient. He manages to arrive just as her train is about to depart (episode 'Union Station). Mark pleads with her to stay because he loves her. But Susan doesn't see a future in Chicago or with him. She kisses him and says "I love you, too" as the train departs.
Seasons 8–12 and second departure (2001–2005).
Susan returns during Season 8 as she left, shown to arrive on a train into Chicago to interview for a job. Susan visits County General for the first time in 5 years and sees the hospital has changed as well as the faces. She meets Mark for coffee and reveals that Chloe has moved on to another city, and she has decided that she can't follow her sister's family around forever. Mark offers her a job as an attending physician at County General, despite Kerry Weaver's reservations – the two never got along when they worked together before.
During Season 8 Susan has a brief relationship with Dr. John Carter after they both admit that they had a crush on each other when he was a medical student and she was a resident – it doesn't last, as Susan realizes in the episode "Secrets and Lies", that Carter is really in love with Abby Lockhart. She then tells Carter to "tell her" about his feelings. The two both break up on good terms and remain good friends throughout the rest of her career at County. Her problems with Chloe resurface when her niece Susie goes missing in New York after leaving a distressing voicemail message on her aunt's phone. Susan flies to New York (in a crossover with "Third Watch") and discovers Chloe doped up, sleeping rough. Towards the end of the season, Susan faces one of her most difficult story lines, as her best friend Mark Greene reveals to her that his brain tumor has returned. The two rekindled their close friendship as she helps him come to terms with his diagnosis. Susan is alluded to in Mark's goodbye letter in "The Letter" when Mark comments that he had to leave the way he did, even though there were things of a more personal nature to say. After her best friend's death, Susan warmed up to other friendships in the ER with Abby Lockhart and Elizabeth Corday, and was able to work better with her old colleague Kerry Weaver. Dr. Romano, who actually respected her (he once told another doctor to get Dr. Lewis when he had a medical emergency, calling her "the least annoying person down there"), also promoted her to Deputy Chief of Emergency Medicine much to Kerry Weaver's dismay.
Into Season 9, Susan meets a flight nurse named Chuck Martin (played by Donal Logue) on a plane to Las Vegas. They both get drunk upon arrival and end up getting married in Vegas. They quickly have the marriage annulled once they return to Chicago, but eventually start dating again, and Susan becomes pregnant. She is finally promoted to the position of Chief of Emergency Medicine after Robert Romano dies in Season 10. While other pregnant characters had given birth on the show, at the time, Susan's was the first major birth offscreen, with her giving birth sometime between Seasons 10 and 11 (and being placed on bedrest amid concerns of preterm labor). Chuck ends up caring for their baby boy Cosmo as a stay-at-home parent while Susan works.
Into Season 11, Susan begins to build some anxiety about the upcoming tenure offer. It ultimately goes to her friend John Carter, due to her lack of grant funding, finally leading to her final exit from the series at the beginning of Season 12 in the episode "Canon City". Susan is offered a tenure track position at a hospital in Iowa City, Iowa (presumably University of Iowa). Technically, Stringfield was the first and last original cast member to leave the show. (Being the first to leave in 1996, then in 2005 after the rest of the original cast left.)
Season 15 Return in The End (2009).
In the season 15 episode "The Book of Abby", long-serving nurse Haleh Adams shows the departing Abby Lockhart a closet wall where all the past doctors and employees have put their locker name tags. Amongst them, the tag "Lewis" can be seen.
Dr. Susan Lewis returned for the series finale titled "And in the End...", returning to Chicago for the opening of The Carter Center. During evening drinks with Peter Benton, John Carter, Kerry Weaver, Elizabeth Corday, and Rachel Greene, Susan is heard confirming to Dr. Corday that she still lives in Iowa. Additionally, she states that she and Chuck have split and she is now dating again. She eventually returns to the ER for the last time in the series with Rachel Greene and Carter, where she visits and jokes with the staff, much to the annoyance of Dr. Banfield who interrupts the talk by asking Susan who she is.
Reception.
Sherry Stringfield's decision to leave "ER" was a "shock wave through Hollywood." According to "Entertainment Weekly", people called Stringfield "nuts" for leaving "the hottest show on TV for some investment banker in New York."


Edmund Bourne

Edmund J. Bourne is an American self-help author, psychologist and researcher on anxiety, anxiety disorders and the treatment of anxiety disorders. He was the director of The Anxiety and Treatment Center in San Jose and Santa Rosa, California. In 1990, Edmund Bourne published "The Anxiety and Phobia Workbook", a self-help book that won the Benjamin Franklin Book Award for Excellence in Psychology. This book is now in its 7th Edition.
He lives and practices in Florida.
Personal life.
Bourne lives in Highland Beach, Florida with his wife, Tatyanna Peterson. He was born in Akron, Ohio, completing a B.A. in Philosophy at Colgate University and a Ph.D. in Behavioral Sciences at The University of Chicago. He also completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the former Michael Reese Medical Center in Chicago.
He is author of several published journal articles and chapter titles, as well as the author of seven books, including the bestselling "Anxiety & Phobia Workbook". The Anxiety & Phobia Workbook presents a very eclectic, multifaceted approach toward overcoming anxiety disorders. It has sold well over a million copies and been translated into more than a dozen languages.


Syrinx (medicine)

A syrinx is a rare, fluid-filled neuroglial cavity within the spinal cord (syringomyelia), in the brain stem (syringobulbia), or in the nerves of the elbow, usually in a young age.
Presentation.
Symptoms usually begin insidiously between adolescence and age 45. Syringomyelia develops in the center of the spinal cord, causing a central cord syndrome. Pain and temperature sensory deficits occur early but may not be recognized for years. The first abnormality recognized may be a painless burn or cut. Syringomyelia typically causes weakness, atrophy, and often fasciculations and hyperreflexia of the hands and arms; a deficit in pain and temperature sensation in a capelike distribution over the shoulders, arms and back is characteristic. Light touch and position and vibration sensation are not affected. Later, spastic leg weakness develops. Deficits may be asymmetric.
Syringobulbia may cause vertigo, nystagmus, unilateral or bilateral loss of facial sensation, lingual atrophy and weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, hoarseness, and sometimes peripheral sensory or motor deficits due to medullary compression.
Cause.
A syrinx results when a watery, protective substance known as cerebrospinal fluid, that normally flows around the spinal cord and brain, transporting nutrients and waste products, collects in a small area of the spinal cord and forms a pseudocyst.
A number of medical conditions can cause an obstruction in the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid, redirecting it into the spinal cord itself. For reasons that are only now becoming clear, this results in syrinx formation. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the syrinx. Pressure differences along the spine cause the fluid to move within the cyst. Physicians believe that it is this continual movement of fluid that results in cyst growth and further damage to the spinal cord.
In the case of syringomyelia, the syrinx can expand and elongate over time, destroying the spinal cord. Since the spinal cord connects the brain to nerves in the extremities, this damage may result in pain, weakness, and stiffness in the back, shoulders, arms, or legs. Other symptoms may include headaches and a loss of the ability to feel extremes of hot or cold, especially in the hands. Each patient experiences a different combination of symptoms. These symptoms typically vary depending on the extent and, often more critically, to the location of the syrinx within the spinal cord.
Syrinxes usually result from lesions that partially obstruct CSF flow. At least ½ of syrinxes occur in patients with congenital abnormalities of the craniocervical junction (e.g. herniation of cerebellar tissue into the spinal canal, called Chiari malformation), brain (e.g. encephalocele), or spinal cord (e.g. myelomeningocele—see Congenital Neurologic Anomalies: Brain Anomalies). For unknown reasons, these congenital abnormalities often expand during the teen or young adult years. A syrinx can also develop in patients who have a spinal cord tumor, scarring due to previous spinal trauma, or no known predisposing factors. About 30% of people with a spinal cord tumor eventually develop a syrinx.
Syringomyelia is a paramedian, usually irregular, longitudinal cavity. It most often affects the cervical and thoracic regions but may extend further down or up into the brainstem (syringobulbia). Syringobulbia, which is rare, usually occurs as a slitlike gap within the lower brain stem and may disrupt or compress the lower cranial nerves or ascending sensory or descending motor pathways.
Diagnosis.
A syrinx is suggested by an unexplained central cord syndrome or other characteristic neurologic deficits, particularly pain and temperature sensory deficits in a capelike distribution. MRI of the entire spinal cord and brain is done. Administration of intravenous Gadolinium during the MRI examination is useful for detecting any associated tumor.
Treatment.
Underlying problems (e.g. craniocervical junction abnormalities, postoperative scarring, spinal tumors) are corrected when possible. Surgical decompression of the foramen magnum and upper cervical cord is the only useful treatment, but surgery usually cannot reverse severe neurologic deterioration.
Etymology.
Syrinx is taken directly from the ancient Greek word for "tube." It is the root of the word "syringe."


Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy

Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy was founded on March 28, 1957. Before 1975, only 200 medical doctors (MDs) graduated. For the first 50 years, the school has educated and trained more than 9,000 Medical Doctors, Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.), and more than 3,000 Post-Graduates.


Leonard N. Boston

Leonard Napoleon Boston (1871–1931) was an American physician remembered for describing Boston's sign.
Biography.
Leonard Boston was born in 1871 in Philadelphia, and graduated with an M.D. in 1896 from the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. He became Professor of Physical Diagnosis in 1912, and then Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1919. He became Professor of Principles and Practice of Medicine at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1928. He died from erysipelas in 1931.


TheraSphere

TheraSphere is a radiotherapy treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that consists of millions of microscopic, radioactive glass microspheres (20–30 micrometres in diameter) being infused into the arteries that feed liver tumors. These microspheres then embolize, lodging themselves in the liver's capillaries and bathing the malignancy in high levels of yttrium-90 radiation. It is currently approved as a Humanitarian Device, meaning effectiveness has not been proven, for patients as a neoadjuvant to surgery or transplantation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is being used at a number of clinical centers in the United States.
Description.
TheraSphere consists of insoluble glass microspheres where yttrium-90 is an integral constituent of the glass. Each milligram contains between 22,000 and 73,000 microspheres. Yttrium-90 is a pure beta emitter (physical half-life of 64.2 hours or 2.67 days) and decays to stable zirconium-90. The average energy of the beta emissions from yttrium-90 is 0.9367 MeV.
The Therasphere package insert contains a Black Box warning concerning 5 Pre-treatment high risk factors associated with serious adverse events resulting in 11/12 deaths.
Following embolization of the yttrium-90 glass microspheres in tumorous liver tissue, the beta radiation emitted provides a therapeutic effect. The microspheres are delivered into the liver tumor through a catheter placed into the hepatic artery that supplies blood to the tumor. This is usually performed in a hospital's radiology suite and patients remain conscious throughout the procedure. The microspheres are unable to pass through the vasculature of the liver due to arteriolar capillary blockade and are trapped in the tumor. There they exert a local radiotherapeutic effect with some damage to surrounding normal liver tissue.
Therasphere was issued a Class 2 Device Recall from the FDA in October 2016.
Efficacy.
Low-risk patients with unresectable liver cancer appear to gain control over their malignancies for at least 2 years when treated with TheraSphere. They survived a median of 800 days compared with a median of 258 days for high risk patients (P <.0001) in a study of 140 patients (106 male). The patients underwent 238 administrations of the particles. Approximately 34% of patients responded to the treatment according to evaluation by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), meaning their overall tumor burden decreased by 50% or more.
In a separate study based on follow-up data from 43 treated patients, 20 patients (47%) had an objective tumor response based on percent reduction in tumor size and 34 patients (79%) had a tumor response when percent reduction and/or tumor necrosis were used as a composite measure of tumor response.


Gaus Shikomba

Gaus Shikomba (27 January 1935 - 3 November 2007) was a South West Africa Liberation Army (Swala) intelligence officer who was imprisoned on Robben Island from 1966 to 1984.
Military career and imprisonment.
Shikomba was born in 1935 at Onashiku shaLaban near Oshakati in Oshana Region. He joined the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) in 1959 and SWAPO in 1960. Shikomba got into politics after meeting Ya Toivo at Ondangwa. He become a political mobilizer in his locality along with Fidelis Laban and Leo Shoopala.
He participated in the Battle of Omugulugwombashe on 26 August 1966, during which he was shot and captured and taken prisoner. He was initially taken to Pretoria but was sent to back to Namibia for a trial in which he was found guilty by Windhoek Supreme Court in August 1969 of conspiring to overthrow the South West African administration with a SWAPO-led one. He was sentenced to life imprisonment on Robben Island, though he was released on 11 May 1984.
Release and acclaim.
Upon release, Shikomba worked for the Council of Churches in Namibia (CCN) until 1990. He married Wilhelmine Shikomba, who was the first ELCIN woman pastor in Namibia.
On April 21 1995, Shikomba was a recipient of an award from Nelson Mandela, a former fellow prisoner of Robben Island who recognized Shikomba for his selfless struggle to bring about democracy. On Heroes Day, August 26 1995 he was awarded the Omugulugwombashe Medal for bravery by the then President Sam Nujoma in Windhoek. On 26 August 2007 he was honored during Heroes' Day at Eenhana for his participation in the liberation and was made an honorary colonel.
Shikomba died in November that year of a heart attack while on the way to a relative's funeral at Omege. Shikomba's funeral was held at the Catholic Church in Emono, and was attended by the Housing and Rural Development John Pandeni, Deputy Minister of Labour Petrus Iilonga, CoD leader Ben Ulenga, Minister of Works Transport and Communication Joel Kaapanda and numerous regional and local councillors and church leaders.


Edward Boyse

Edward A. Boyse (August 11, 1923 – July 14, 2007) was a British-born, American physician and biologist best known for his research on the immune system and pheromones. Boyse was born in Worthing, England and studied medicine at the University of London.
Boyse joined the staff of Sloan-Kettering in New York City in 1962 following an appointment at New York University. He was a professor of biology at Cornell University Medical College between 1969 and 1989 and a professor at the University of Arizona between 1989 and 1994.
Boyse and others were among the earlier researchers to look at how the immune system responded to antigens using mice focussing on the role of white blood cells. In 1975, he won the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award for distinguished research in immunology. in 1976 he won the Isaac Adler prize awarded jointly by Harvard and Rockefeller Universities. He later studied how animals can communicate through odors. Boyse was the first to propose that umbilical cord blood could be used in place of bone marrow for hematopoietic reconstitution.
Boyse was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, a Fellow of the Royal Society, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Boyse retired in Tucson, Arizona where he died in 2007 from pneumonia, aged 83.