Homeopathic hospitals in the National Health Service

The UK National Health Service has historically supported a number of hospitals which were created to primarily offer homeopathic treatments. Following declining support within the NHS for homeopathy as a treatment, all but one have now either closed down or substantially modified their activities.
The parliamentary Science and Technology Select Committee recommended in 2010 that prescription of homeopathy treatment on the NHS should cease.
In 2016 it was estimated that NHS expenditure on homeopathy amounted to about £5 million. There have been repeated campaigns to remove homeopathy from the list of treatments paid for by the NHS.
Following guidance from NHS England management that NHS spending on homeopathic treatments should cease, and that GPs should be advised to "de-prescribe" the treatments for existing patients, the British Homeopathic Association brought a lawsuit against the NHS. In 2018, the High Court ruled in favour of NHS England.
, the NHS Centre for Integrative Care is the only remaining NHS hospital offering homeopathic treatment, with an annual budget of £1.7m.
List of hospitals.
NHS homeopathic hospitals included:


Emil Chynn

Emil William Chynn (born October 7, 1965) is a Chinese-American LASEK surgeon, author, researcher, and media personality. He owns the only laser vision correction center in the US specializing in Advanced Surface Ablation (ASA, comprising LASEK and epiLASEK), which unlike LASIK is a newer, safer way to correct refractive errors that does not involve cutting a flap into the cornea. Dr. Chynn has been featured in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, on CNN and Discovery Channel, in Time Magazine online, as well as on ABC, NBC, CBS, and Fox News for LASEK as well as platinum "Eye Jewelry" and corneal tattoos. Dr. Chynn has also appeared on the Howard Stern Show as one of NYC's most eligible bachelors, as well on "Millionaire Matchmaker" with abrasive reality TV matchmaker Patti Stanger.
Early life and education.
Emil Chynn was born in New York City to Kuo York (York) and Marie Noelle (Noelle) Chynn, a neuroradiologist and social worker, respectively, who had emigrated separately from Shanghai, China, and met in New York City. Chynn then grew up in Tenafly, New Jersey and graduated from Tenafly High School.
In 1987 he received his B.A. degree in Biological Sciences at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH and graduated cum laude. He received his MD with honors in numerous rotations, including General Surgery from Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons in 1992. He completed his transitional internship at Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center in Greenwich Village, where he helped treat the victims of the first World Trade Center bombing in 1993. Chynn completed his residency in ophthalmology at Harvard University’s Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary in 1996, and his fellowship in Corneal Transplantation and Refractive Surgery at Emory University in 1997 under the surgeons George Waring III, MD, the "father of American refractive surgery" who headed the influential PERK study, the 1st FDA-sponsored study about laser vision correction, and Doyle Stulting, MD, PhD, a future President of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS). He received his MBA in management with a Certificate in Entrepreneurship from New York University's Stern School of Business in 2004.
Career.
Chynn was Director of Refractive Surgery at St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, and then Director of Refractive Surgery and an Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology at SUNY Brooklyn/Long Island College Hospital. In the late 1990s he worked as a LASIK surgeon for TLC Manhattan, part of the TLC Laser Eye Centers, which was then the largest laser chain in North America, and listed in NASDAQ. In 1999, he became the 1st LASIK surgeon in New York City to get LASIK himself. In 2000, he opened his own laser vision correction center, IWANT2020.com, Inc. He was a Resident Instructor and on the clinical faculty of Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, and New York Eye & Ear Infirmary.
He served as an expert in ophthalmology, cornea, and visual science for Coleman Research Group and Gerson Lehrman Group, which are "expert networks" and as an equities analyst for various Wall Street firms. He hosted his own cable TV show about refractive surgery on Manhattan Neighborhood Network, as well as a live call-in AM radio show on WEVD in New York City.
In 2001, Chynn was the first physician to arrive at Ground Zero on 9/11, where he set up the first emergency room and triage center at a Burger King across the street from the former World Trade Center.
In 2005, Chynn became the first laser vision correction surgeon in the New York Tri-State area to adopt exclusively Advanced Surface Ablation (ASA), which is an advancement on the older photorefractive keratectomy or PRK procedure, involving the non-cutting techniques LASEK and epi-LASEK, which have faster healing and recovery than PRK, but by avoiding cutting into the cornea, are safer than LASIK. In 2010, Dr. Chynn successfully performed the highest ASA procedure ever performed in the US, -22.00, on a patient from China.
In April 2017 Dr. Chynn has given several lectures in Ukraine to ophthalmologists in order to share the experience and provide a scholarship. The scholarship has been provided by The Chynn Family Foundation. Dr. Chynn visited a few medical institutions and medical centers in the following cities of Ukraine: Lviv, Kiev, Kharkiv and Sumy. Lectures were given to ophthalmologists, MBA students, English school teachers and post graduates. The winner of the scholarship was able to join the Park Avenue Lasek Center of Dr. Chynn for 1–2 months.
Media coverage.
Chynn was interviewed about consolidation in the laser vision correction industry and how that may impact future research by the combined companies by the Wall Street Journal, and about how today's physicians and surgeons are adopting social media and other alternative marketing techniques to communicate directly with the consumer by the New York Times.
In 2013, Chynn was featured on CNN and the Howard Stern Show, where he discussed both laser vision correction and his single dating life, and offered his $100,000 Ferrari to any matchmaker, amateur or professional, who introduced him to a "nice girl if she became his wife". He was also featured as one of the single millionaires on Bravo TV’s Millionaire Matchmaker with Patti Stanger in March 2014.
Chynn has been interviewed on CNN, ABC, and NBC, and was featured on CBS news as the only center they visited in New York City which did not use "tiered pricing" (which is also known as "bait-and-switch" pricing, where the center or doctor advertises "LASIK for $399/eye" when that price only holds true for people with prescriptions so low that they might not even wear glasses). In 2016, Chynn was featured on Discovery Channel and Fox News as the first eye surgeon in the Americas to insert a cosmetic platinum implant into the eye, known as "eye jewelry".
Authorship and research.
Chynn is the co-author of over a dozen papers in peer reviewed journals about laser vision correction, including first-author articles in Ophthalmology, Archives of Ophthalmology, the American Journal of Ophthalmology, and the British Journal of Ophthalmology. He is also author of over 100 non-peer-reviewed articles about a wide variety of ophthalmology topics. He has authored book chapters and is a peer-reviewer for the journal Ophthalmology and American Journal of Ophthalmology.
Chynn was Principal Investigator for the FDA trial for the 1st solid state excimer laser in the world, by the company Novatec. He has presented his research on LASIK, PRK, and the Advanced Surface Ablation (ASA) techniques LASEK and epi-LASEK both in the US and internationally, including in China, Russia, Spain, The Netherlands, Slovenia, Mexico, and Egypt, and is a co-investigator at the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy in Ukraine.
He is Medical Director for the only pure Refractive Fellowship program in the US that is affiliated with the San Francisco Match Program.
Peer-Reviewed Publications.
Chynn EW. In Response to “Epi-LASIK: Discarding the Epithelial Flap versus LASIK for Myopia and Myopic Astigmatism”. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 1: 387, 2012
Chynn EW, Puri J, Villaroel P, Almeida E. Back to the surface? J Cataract Refract Surg. 2012 May;38(5):922;
Wang XJ, Wong SH, Givernis R, Chynn EW. Evaluation of analgesic efficacy of bromfenac sodium ophthalmic solution 0.09% versus ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic solution 0.5% following LASEK or Epi-LASIK. Clin Ophthalmol. 5:1451-1457, 2011.
Bansal J, Chynn, EW, Rubinfeld RS. Aberrations After the Treatment of a Corneal Scar: Refractive Surgery Complex Case Management. Cataract & Refractive Surgery Today. July: 35–37, 2008.
Reddy S, Finger P, Chynn E, Iacob C. Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia 1 month after LASIK surgery. Graef's Arch Chin Exp Ophthalmol. 244: 262–264, 2006.
Chynn, EW, Wesson, J, Azkasi, Z. Improving postoperative emmetropia results by modifying the manufacturer's A-constant. Investig. Ophthalmol. Visual Science. (supplement) 40(4): S139, 1999.
Shang, B, Chynn, EW. A statistical comparison between epithelial removal techniques in PRK for high myopia. Investig. Ophthalmol. Visual Science. (supplement) 40(4): S325, 1999.
Chynn EW. Topographic detection of photorefractive keratectomy. Ophthalmology. 105(9): 1583–1584, 1998.
Chynn EW, Talamo JH, Seligman MS. Acanthamoeba keratitis: is water exposure a true risk factor? CLAO. 23(1): 55–56, 1997. First article published on CLAO's inaugural home page.
Chynn EW, Rubin, PAD. Metastatic Ewing's cell sarcoma of the sinus and osteoid osteoma of the orbit. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 123(4): 565–567, 1997.
Chynn EW, Dryja TP, Walton DS. Norrie disease: diagnosis of a simplex case by DNA analysis. Archives of Ophthalmology. 114: 1136–1138, 1996.
Chynn EW, Jakobiec FA. Cogan's syndrome: ophthalmic, audiovestibular, and systemic manifestations and therapy. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 36(1): 61–72; Review.
Chynn EW, Lopez MA, Pavan-Langston D, Talamo JH. Acanthamoeba keratitis: contact lens and non-contact lens characteristics. Ophthalmology. 102: 1369–1373, 1995.
Chynn EW, Patalano VJ. The diagnostic yield and therapeutic implications of the routine eye exam. Investig. Ophthalmol. Visual Science. (supplement) 36(4): S429, 1995.
Kaiser PK, Pineda R, and the Corneal Abrasion Patching Study Group (including Chynn EW). A comparison of pressure patching vs. no patching for corneal abrasions due to trauma or foreign body removal. Ophthalmology. 102: 1936–42, 1995.
Chynn EW. Rigor of research methods in studies of the effectiveness and safety of cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation (letter). Archives of Ophthalmology. 112(7): 875, 1994.
Chynn EW, Chynn KY, DiGiacinto G. Cystic lumbar meningioma presenting as a ring-enhancing lesion on MRI. Neuroradiology. 36(6): 460–461, 1994.
Chynn EW, Kao KP, Liu RS. Hepatitis B transmission by neurologic pin testing. Neurology. 43(8): 1618.
Leib ML, Chynn EW, Michalos P, Schubert HD, Leib EJ. Neurilemmoma of the anterior ethmoidal nerve encroaching upon the nasolacrimal duct. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 76(12): 750–752, 1992.
Chynn EW, Garrod A, Demick J, DeVos E. Correlations among field dependence-independence, sex, sex-role stereotype, and age of preschoolers. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 73: 747-756, 1991.
Book Chapters.
Chynn EW, Femtodynamics, A Guide to Laser Settings and Procedure Techniques to Optimize Outcomes with Femtosecond Lasers, Thorofare, New Jersey (2009) 226
Chynn EW, Shavers, C. Diagnostic Instrumentation (Chap. 13; pp. 225–248), in Cornea Handbook, by Trattler WB, Majmudar PA, Luchs JI, Swartz, TS (editors), Slack, Inc., Thorofare, NJ: 2010.
Chynn EW (editor), et al. Pocket Pharmacopoeia. Section Editor for Ophthalmology for the leading pocket and electronic drug reference for MDs. Tarascon Publishing. Published and updated yearly. 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002.
Chynn EW, Jakobiec FA. Cogan's syndrome: ophthalmic, audiovestibular, and systemic manifestations and therapy. International Ophthalmology Clinics. 36(1): Chapter 5: 61–72, 1996.
Chynn, EW (editor), Chap. 15, The Eye and Smoking, in Cigarettes: What the Warning Label Doesn't Tell You, by E. Whelan & W. London (editors), ACSH, New York: 1996.
Chynn, EW. Diagnosis and treatment of ocular trauma. Emergency Eye Care Insight, Vol. 1, Issue 4, 1994.
Patents.
Chynn EW, Vaccination and Immunotherapy as New Therapeutic Modalities in the Treatment of Glaucoma. US8076060 B2
Chynn EW, Ophthalmic composition. US6218428 B1
Chynn EW, Oxygenated ophthalmic composition. US20080057023 A1
References.
11. Ukraine Foreign Sponsorship Program by CFF
12. Official page of The Chynn Family Foundation


Anterior ethmoidal nerve

The anterior ethmoidal nerve is branch of the nasociliary nerve, itself a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. It provides sensory innervation to some structures around the nasal cavity.
Structure.
The anterior ethmoidal nerve is a terminal branch of the nasociliary nerve. It branches near the medial wall of the orbit and travels through the anterior ethmoidal foramen to reach the anterior cranial fossa. It then moves forward and passes through the cribriform plate to enter the nasal cavity. It gives off branches to the roof of the nasal cavity and bifurcates into a lateral internal nasal branch and medial internal nasal branch.
The nerve is the continuation of the nasociliary nerve after it enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen into the anterior ethmoidal air cells. The nasociliary nerve arises from the Ophthalmic division of the Trigeminal nerve (CN V) within the orbit. The anterior ethmoidal nerve arises only after the nasociliary has given off its four branches - 1) Ramus communicans to ciliary ganglion, 2) Long ciliary nerves, 3) infratrochlear nerve, 4) Posterior ethmoidal nerve.
After branching off of the nasociliary nerve, the anterior ethmoidal nerve enters the anterior ethmoidal foramen and send sensory fibers to the middle and anterior ethmoidal air cells. The anterior ethmoidal nerve then continues into the cranial cavity at the side of the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone, sends sensory fibers to the meninges, and then enters the nasal cavity via the nasal slit. Within the nose, this nerve gives off sensory fibers to the anterior part of the nasal septum
The branches it gives rise to are called the internal/septal and external nasal branches of the anterior ethmoidal nerve, and the external branch ultimately innervates skin on the lateral sides of the nose.
Specifically, innervates the septum of the nasal cavity.


Myles A. Brown

Myles A. Brown is an American oncologist who studies connections between hormones, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, particularly focusing on the role of estrogen receptors. He is Emil Frei III Professor of Medicine in the Harvard Medical School, and director of the Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics in the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute.
Brown was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2016, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2017, and the National Academy of Medicine in 2020.


Earl W. Renfroe

Earl Wiley Renfroe (January 9, 1907 – November 14, 2000) was known as an innovator in the field of orthodontics and for breaking down the barriers of racism.
Renfroe taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry from 1933 through the 1980s. For many years, he was acknowledged as one of the best hands-on clinical orthodontics instructors in the world.
In 1957, with fellow faculty member Dr. Thomas K. Barber, Renfroe wrote a seminal article on the concepts of preventive and interceptive orthodontics. Renfroe is also considered one of the "fathers of orthodontics" in Brazil.
Early years.
Earl Renfroe was born in Chicago January 9, 1907 to parents Eugene and Bertha, who were employed at the post office and as a caterer, respectively. He also had two siblings, Hazel Anthony and Everett. He graduated from Austin O. Sexton Grammar School in 1921 and also from Bowen High School (Chicago) in 1924. At Bowen, he became the first African American in the school's history to attain the rank of Cadet Commander in the Reserve Officers Training Corps. He also received pre-dental training at Crane Junior College.
Renfroe became the first student at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry to work outside the college full-time while carrying a full course load. During this time, he worked nights at the post office before graduating with a Master of Science in 1931. He joined the UIC Dentistry faculty in 1932.
In 1934 he became the first African American in Illinois, and only the third in the nation, to obtain a commercial pilot's license. He later served as an inspector for the Illinois Aeronautics Commission.
Medical and military career.
Once on the UIC College of Dentistry faculty, he ended the practice of students being allowed to provide dental care only for the patients of the same race as themselves.
Renfroe became certified as an orthodontic specialist in by the Illinois State Dental Board in 1948, and by the American Board of Orthodontics in 1955. He was thought to be one of the first African Americans in Illinois to specialize in this field.
During World War II, Renfroe served with the 184th field artillery division of the United States Army as the chief dental officer in Fort Huachuca, Arizona, and after the war he returned to his teaching position in Illinois. He remained in the U.S. Army Reserves thereafter, retiring as a colonel in 1968. He had joined the Illinois National Guard in 1932 and was eventually awarded the rank of general in 1984.
In 1950, Renfroe opened an office downtown in Chicago's "Loop" (downtown area), becoming not only the first African American orthodontist in the Loop, but the only African American professional in any field to have an office in Chicago's downtown at that time. Dr. Renfroe was also a member of several dental organizations including the Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontics, American Association of Orthodontists.
In 1966, Renfroe was appointed head of the Department of Orthodontics at UIC College of Dentistry. He was also the president of the Chicago Association of Orthodontics.
Breaking down barriers for African Americans.
In 1966, Renfroe became the first African American to lead a department at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry when he was named head of the Department of Orthodontics.
He was the first African American orthodontist to open an office in the Chicago downtown Loop area, and the first African American in Illinois to be licensed as a commercial aviator.
International impact.
In the late 1950s, Renfroe began traveling abroad to lecture on orthodontics. He eventually taught in nine countries including Brazil, and was the first U.S. dentist to be invited back to Brazil seven times. Here he is considered one of "the fathers of orthodontics." Upon being invited to Brazil the first time, he learned Portuguese so he could teach the course in the Brazilian dentists' native language.
He also lectured frequently in Argentina. One such occasion lead him to be in Buenos Aires during the revolution in the 1950s. In 1964, he was invited by the Orthodontics section of the Argentina Dental Society, to teach a two-week technical course for 24 students.
Renfroe also made 30 trips to Barbados, where a dental facility now is named for him.
Scholarly works.
Renfroe published many articles on orthodontics in journals such as the American Journal of Orthodontics, the Journal of the American Dental Association, and the Angle Orthodontists. In 1957, he co-authored an article on the concepts of preventive and interceptive orthodontics with fellow faculty member Thomas K. Barber of the college's Department of Pediatric Dentistry. The article was published in the Journal of the American Dental Association. In 1960, his textbook, "Technique Training in Orthodontics," was published By Edwards Bros. Inc., Ann Armor, MI.
Honours and other interests.
In 1963, Renfroe was named as a fellow of the American College of Dentistry. In 1988, he was honoured with the Distinguished Alumnus Award by the UIC Dental Alumni Association, and two years later was inducted into the Chicago Senior Citizens Hall of Fame. He was also a member of the honorary dental fraternity Omicron Kappa Upsilon and a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity.
Beyond dentistry, Renfroe had a wide range of interests. Chief among these were flying and aeronautics. Both Dr. Renfroe and his wife, Anna Renfroe, were licensed pilots. In 1936, Dr. Renfroe held a transport licence from the US Department of Commerce and was one of only three pilots at the time to hold this distinction. His wife held a limited licence. His other interests included amateur radio operation, pistol and rifle marksmanship, model locomotives, SCUBA diving, and several civil organizations.
Personal life.
Renfroe was married to the former Hilda Forte, who died September 13, 2000. Together they had two children son, Stephen Renfroe, and daughter Diane Renfroe. Renfroe also has one son, Earl Renfroe Jr., from a previous marriage to elementary school teacher, Anna Rosetta Lawson Renfroe in 1929. Anna Renfroe, who was also known to friends as "Billie," filed for divorce in 1938. Renfroe is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, VA.


Stanley D. Tylman

Dentist Stanley D. Tylman (1893-1982) taught more than 1,000 students at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry in his career as a Professor of Dentistry (1920-1962) and head of the Department of Fixed Partial Prosthodontics, and also influenced dentists internationally.
Biography.
Tylman was particularly effective as a global educational force because he spoke four languages. His international lecture schedule took him to Asia, Europe, the Caribbean and South America—including Argentina, where he performed dental work for President Juan Peron and First Lady Evita Peron. Dentists worldwide traveled to Chicago for personal consultations with Dr. Tylman.
His breakthrough textbook, "Theory and Practice of Crown and Bridge Prosthesis", nicknamed "Tylman's Bible", was published in several languages. He frequently was one of the editors of the annual "Year Book of Dentistry".
Tylman was one of three dentists who founded the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics in 1951, and he served as President of the organization in 1960. The academy supports postdoctoral student research in fixed prosthodontics through its Stanley D. Tylman Research Program. Tylman Awards are given for outstanding research supported by a Tylman Grant.
Awards and honors.
The American College of Dentists honored Tylman with its William John Geis Award in 1973.


Strawberry nevus


Rete pegs

Rete pegs (also known as rete processes or rete ridges) are the epithelial extensions that project into the underlying connective tissue in both skin and mucous membranes.
In the epithelium of the mouth, the attached gingiva exhibit rete pegs, while the sulcular and junctional epithelia do not. Scar tissue lacks rete pegs and scars tend to shear off more easily than normal tissue as a result.
Also known as "papillae", they are downward thickenings of the epidermis between the dermal papillae.


Macrocephaly

Macrocephaly is a condition in which circumference of the human head is abnormally large. It may be pathological or harmless, and can be a familial genetic characteristic. People diagnosed with macrocephaly will receive further medical tests to determine whether the syndrome is accompanied by particular disorders. Those with benign or familial macrocephaly are considered to have megalencephaly.
Causes.
Many people with abnormally large heads or large skulls are healthy, but macrocephaly may be pathological. Pathologic macrocephaly may be due to megalencephaly (enlarged brain), hydrocephalus (abnormally increased cerebrospinal fluid), cranial hyperostosis (bone overgrowth), and other conditions. Pathologic macrocephaly is called "syndromic", when it is associated with any other noteworthy condition, and "nonsyndromic" otherwise. Pathologic macrocephaly may be caused by congenital anatomic abnormalities, genetic conditions, or by environmental events.
Many genetic conditions are associated with macrocephaly, including familial macrocephaly related to the holgate gene, autism, "PTEN" mutations such as Cowden disease, neurofibromatosis type 1, and tuberous sclerosis; overgrowth syndromes such as Sotos syndrome (cerebral gigantism), Weaver syndrome, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (bulldog syndrome), and macrocephaly-capillary malformation (M-CMTC) syndrome; neurocardiofacial-cutaneous syndromes such as Noonan syndrome, Costello syndrome, Gorlin Syndrome, (also known as Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome) and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome; Fragile X syndrome; leukodystrophies (brain white matter degeneration) such as Alexander disease, Canavan disease, and megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts; and glutaric aciduria type 1 and D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria.
At one end of the genetic spectrum, duplications of chromosomes have been found to be related to autism and macrocephaly; at the other end, deletions of chromosomes have been found to be related to schizophrenia and microcephaly.
Environmental events associated with macrocephaly include infection, neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (bleeding within the infant brain), subdural hematoma (bleeding beneath the outer lining of the brain), subdural effusion (collection of fluid beneath the outer lining of the brain), and arachnoid cysts (cysts on the brain surface).
In research, cranial height or brain imaging may be used to determine intracranial volume more accurately.
Below is a list of causes of macrocephaly from "Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology: Principles and Practice" noted in "The Little Black Book of Neurology:"
Diagnosis.
Macrocephaly is customarily diagnosed if head circumference is greater than two standard deviations (SDs) above the mean. Relative macrocephaly occurs if the measure is less than two SDs above the mean, but is disproportionately above that when ethnicity and stature are considered. Diagnosis can be determined in utero or can be determined within 18-24 months after birth in some cases where head circumference tends to stabilize in infants. Diagnosis in infants includes measuring the circumference of the child's head and comparing how significant it falls above the 97.5 percentile of children similar to their demographic. If falling above the 97.5th percentile then the patient will be checked to determine whether there is any intracranial pressure present and whether or not immediate surgery is needed. If immediate surgery is not needed then further testing will be done to determine whether the patient has either macrocephaly or benign macrocephaly.
Diagnosis for macrocephaly involves the comparison of the infant's head circumference to that of other infants of the same age and ethnicity. If a patient is suspected of having macrocephaly molecular testing will be used to confirm diagnosis. Symptoms vary on the cause of macrocephaly on the child and if the child has any other accompanying syndromes which will be determined through molecular testing.
Benign or familial macrocephaly.
Benign macrocephaly can occur without reason or be inherited by one or both parents (in which it is considered benign familial macrocephaly and is considered megalencephaly form of macrocephaly). Diagnoses for familial macrocephaly is determined by measuring the head circumference of both parents and comparing it to the child's. Benign and familial macrocephaly is not associated with neurological disorders. While benign and familial macrocephaly does not result in neurological disorders, neurodevelopment will still be assessed.
Although neurological disorders do not occur, temporary symptoms of benign and familial macrocephaly include: developmental delay, epilepsy, and mild hypotonia.
Neurodevelopment is assessed for all cases and suspected cases of macrocephaly to determine whether and what treatments may be needed, and whether any other syndrome/s may be present or likely to develop.
Treatment.
Treatment varies depending on whether or not it occurs with other medical conditions in the child and where cerebrospinal fluid is present.
If benign and found between the brain and skull then no surgery is needed.
If excess fluid is found between the ventricle spaces in the brain then surgery will be needed.
Associated syndromes.
Below is a list of syndromes associated with macrocephaly that are noted in "Signs and Symptoms of Genetic Conditions: A Handbook".


Sam Nicholls

Sam Nicholls is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama "Casualty", played by Charlotte Salt. She first appeared in the twenty-sixth series episode "Mea Culpa", broadcast on 15 October 2011. Sam is a former major in the Royal Army Medical Corps, who joined the Holby City Hospital Emergency Department on a nine-month secondment, later becoming a Specialty registrar in emergency medicine. Salt was contracted for a year and she spoke with army medics to help her prepare for the role.
Sam is portrayed as being a fearless, headstrong, competitive "action girl". Salt said Sam is also haunted by her time in Afghanistan. A few months after her arrival, it emerges that Sam is married to fellow ED doctor Dylan Keogh (William Beck). The estranged couple struggle to stay professional, especially when Sam files for divorce. A storyline arc focusing on whether Sam used excessive force on a patient began in early 2012. A formal complaint is made against Sam, resulting in a General Medical Council hearing. The character's backstory is also explored further in a special Red Button episode set in Afghanistan.
Sam was later given a love interest in Tom Kent (Oliver Coleman). The couple's relationship is tested by her friendship with Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), but they later marry and make their last appearances in twenty-eighth series episode "Away in a Manger", which aired on 14 December 2013. On 25 April 2017, it was announced that Salt had reprised her role as Sam. Salt said she was "thrilled" to return and was excited about telling Sam's story once again. Sam returned on 23 September 2017, as a paramedic. During her second stint, Sam has a brief relationship with nurse Jacob Masters (Charles Venn). When Salt wanted to leave the show once more, producers decided to kill her character off, and Sam's final scenes aired in episode 1094, broadcast on 18 August 2018. Sam was well received by critics and viewers.
Casting.
On 30 September 2011, the BBC announced actress Charlotte Salt had joined the cast of "Casualty" as "ambitious army medic" Sam Nicholls. Her casting was announced alongside that of Oliver Coleman, who joined as paediatric doctor Tom Kent. Series producer at the time, Nikki Wilson, commented that the character would be exciting and intriguing when she made her debut in October. Salt was initially contracted for a year, and she admitted that joining a long-running drama felt "quite scary" to her. To prepare for the role, she spoke with some army medics, including one who had worked on helicopters in Afghanistan. Salt also had to train for the various stunts that Sam was a part of, but she found the medical jargon to be the toughest aspect of the role. She stated, "It wasn't easy getting my head around it all at the beginning but it does get easier with practise!"
Development.
Characterisation and introduction.
Ahead of her introduction, Sam was billed as being "fast-living, fearless and fiery" by the BBC. Salt later said Sam is "feisty, sure of herself and rubs people up the wrong way." She also described her as being competitive and someone who says what everyone else is thinking. Salt dubbed Sam ""Casualty"'s answer to Lara Croft!" She told Patrick McLennan of "What's on TV" that Sam was a tough, "action girl", who was keen to save everyone, but she did not want her to seem like a "war machine". The actress also told McLennan that Sam was a fun character to portray, and hoped viewers would like her "energy and enthusiasm." Salt did not want Sam to be too likeable, as she thought that would be boring. Sam is a former major in the army, who comes to Holby on secondment, after serving in Afghanistan. Salt stated that Sam would find it hard to adapt to working at Holby, after being in a war zone, and that she would be haunted by her time over there. Salt also said, "Because the work is so traumatic you need a break. That's why my character is spending nine months with the NHS."
Sam turns up to work at the hospital a day early, and decides to go out with paramedics Dixie Dixon (Jane Hazlegrove) and Jeff Collier (Matt Bardock). They attend to Father Vincent McConnell (George Costigan), a priest who has been attacked by Paul Caffrey (Danny Sapani), as he believes the priest abused his brother. Salt told Katy Moon of "Inside Soap" that Sam approaches the scene "in true Army style" which annoys Dixie and Jeff. Sam manages to deal with an angry Paul, but he later uses his vehicle to ram the ambulance, causing it to overturn and injure Sam. Salt called Sam's first episode "fantastic" and "very exciting". She also explained that the situation showcases Sam's selfless side, as all she cares about is saving lives despite being injured herself. Salt said Sam manages to antagonise her colleagues, especially Nick Jordan (Michael French). She later added that Sam would clash with Zoe Hanna (Sunetra Sarker), as she does not get on well with women, having come from a job that was dominated by men. Salt enjoyed portraying the scenes between Sam and Zoe, and joked "I don't want to be nice ever!"
Marriage to Dylan Keogh.
Ahead of her first episode, Salt teased Sam's connection to someone in the ED, saying the viewers would be surprised by their identity. It soon emerges that Sam is married to fellow doctor Dylan Keogh (William Beck) and that they were estranged. Beck explained that Sam and Dylan had a Las Vegas wedding, which he thought showed "some idea of the longevity of the relationship". While Dylan is "mortified" that his personal life is being discussed by his colleagues, Sam believes he should get over it. Before they can discuss things, Sam is called out to attend to victims of a chemical spill. Sam deliberately puts herself in danger to spite Dylan and get his attention. Zoe is hurt to discover that Dylan is married, and Salt pointed out that Zoe had been flirting with Dylan, but he was unaware of it. She continued, "Sam's not going to be okay with that. Even though she and Dylan aren't together any more, she still loves him in a way. Tension's building – it's going to get messy."
Sam and Dylan are brought together when Sam receives a call to rescue two dog walkers, who have fallen into a cave. She realises to her "dismay" that the only other doctor who can abseil is Dylan. As they descend into the cave, Sam and Dylan try to keep their relationship professional, but soon begin to argue about their failed marriage, placing themselves and their patients in danger. Speaking to Sarah Ellis of "Inside Soap", Salt said that being trapped in the cave with Dylan was Sam's "worst nightmare" and that the situation caused all of the issues about their marriage to come to a head. The couple have a hard time treating Amanda Franks (Connie Fisher) and David Hooper (Daymon Britton), but when David's condition worsens, Sam and Dylan put their problems aside to help save him. Salt added that Sam does not like tight spaces, but she manages to hide it well. In the end, she and Dylan manage to bond when they realise their argument is not important.
Sam secretly files for a divorce, but is "horrified" when Dylan receives the solicitors' letter at work, before she can speak to him about it. Sam asks Dylan if they can talk after their shift, which makes him believe that she wants a reconciliation. Dylan later tells Sam that he has booked a table at a restaurant, and she realises that he thinks they are going on a date. As their divorce proceedings begin, Dylan and Sam's relationship breaks down and they struggle to work together. When they are called upon to treat a patient together, Dylan decides to hand the patient over to Sam, as he refuses to have anything to do with her. Nick Jordan notices their behaviour, and he tells Sam to find a way to work with Dylan. However, when Dylan begins belittling her, Sam decides she has had enough and contacts her former commanding officer to ask if she can return to the army. Sam is denied a return to the army, forcing her to remain at Holby. Dylan's attitude towards her grows meaner, but she tries her best to ignore it and get on with her work.
Dylan refuses to sign the divorce papers, but insists that he wants Sam to leave Holby, prompting Salt to comment that Dylan was "confused by his emotions". She also thought that Dylan's refusal to sign the papers was because he knew that was what Sam wanted. Sam and Dylan's bad relationship affects their work to the point that a patient's life is put at risk, while Dylan is being particularly "vicious" to Sam. Salt said that Sam accepts the way Dylan treats her because she knows he is hurt. The actress also thought Dylan was hoping they might reconcile, but Sam no longer wanted to be married to him. Salt continued, "she doesn't want him to hate her or to lose him as a friend. She's almost reaching out to Dylan for a helping hand. It's really quite moving." Sam and Dylan eventually sort things out between them when Sam reveals her reasons for coming to Holby, her selfishness, and why she kept her "baggage" a secret.
Assault and GMC hearing.
One of the character's more notable storyline arcs began in early 2012 when Sam saves Dylan from being attacked by patient Keith Parr (Marshall Lancaster). She puts Keith in a headlock, which fractures a bone in his neck. Salt explained to Sarah Ellis of "Inside Soap" that when Sam see Dylan's life under threat, her first thought is to protect him. Producer Nikki Harris said the storyline would "bubble under for the rest of the series" and would raise the issue of whether Sam used excessive force. The situation also affects Sam's colleagues, who feel that they have to support her. Keen to avoid having legal action brought against the hospital, Zoe Hanna asks Sam to meet with Keith and apologise. With the assault having been caught on CCTV, Salt pointed out Sam was in serious trouble. However, she refuses to meet with Keith as she feels that it was not her fault. Zoe asks Dylan to persuade Sam to change her mind, but he is hesitant to get involved. While treating a rape victim who defended herself against her attacker, Sam realises "the gravity of her own situation" and visits Keith, but she ends up accusing him of attacking Dylan. Salt told Ellis that Sam fails to realise that she cannot lash out at people without consequences.
Nick later informs Sam that Keith is filing an official complaint against her, and he advises her to keep her head down. A lawyer for the General Medical Council investigates Keith's complaint and Sam's colleagues are asked to give statements about the incident. Dylan tries to avoid giving his, while Zoe learns that she will be called as a witness. In March 2012, Daniel Kilkelly of Digital Spy reported a special Red Button episode titled "Under Fire" would explore Sam's time in Afghanistan, and the events that led to her arrival at Holby. Producers told Kilkelly that the episode would explain Sam's "brusque bedside manner and brave but impulsive decision-making". The episode is set in Camp Bastion and explores Sam's time working on a MERT helicopter, alongside Corporal Iain Dean (Michael Stevenson), who she is having an affair with. While Sam is treating patients from a suicide bombing, Sam is alarmed when it seems one of them is reaching for a device and she makes "a split-second decision which has life-changing consequences." The special was filmed at an army barracks in Cardiff. Salt enjoyed exploring Sam's past, and commented that Sam and Iain's affair "was just a moment of comfort – it's a different world out there in Afghanistan."
The following month, Sam is brought before the General Medical Council and accused of using excessive force to restrain Keith. Salt explained that if Sam is found guilty she would lose everything, as she would no longer be allowed to work as a doctor. When Sam learns that Zoe will be testifying against her, she is "livid". She then decides to fire her legal team and represent herself. Salt thought it was "madness", but said that Sam needed to feel that she was in control of her own fate. During the hearing, Dylan is also called to the stand, where he defends Sam and finds it hard to hide his feelings for her. However, Dylan is shocked when Iain reveals that he and Sam were romantically involved, and that Sam has been affected by the events in Afghanistan. Salt told Ellis that Dylan is "very hurt" that Sam never confided in him about the things that happened while they were together. She continued, "The lose all sense of professionalism, and end up bickering in the middle of the hearing room!" Towards the end of the hearing, new evidence emerges that clears Sam's name. Salt believed that Sam would be changed by the whole situation, saying she would be more cautious.
Relationship with Tom Kent.
Towards the end of April 2012, Salt revealed that there would be some romance ahead for Sam. Salt commented, "But she could find herself in a situation where she's more into the romance than the other person is." In September, Sam's love interest was revealed to be Tom Kent (Coleman). The pair shared a chemistry that came to a head when Sam's friend Melanie Fox (Melanie McLean) was admitted to the hospital. Sam wants to help treat her friend, but Tom reminds her that they are not supposed to treat patients that they share a personal relationship with. Sam "reluctantly" leaves Tom to treat Melanie. At the end of their shift, he invites her out for a drink and they share a kiss. Sam and Tom try to maintain a professional relationship in the ED after spending the night together. But ahead of the staff Halloween party, they share a kiss in the staff room while getting ready, just as Dylan walks in. When Sam and Tom argue about a patient's diagnosis, Dylan loses his temper with them both, and he reveals that he saw the kiss and knows they are a couple.
After a few months, Sam becomes fed up her and Tom's casual relationship. When she is asked on a date by another doctor, Tom becomes jealous and realises that he wants to commit to her. Sam worries that Tom is only making their relationship official because someone else in interested in her, but he assures her that he is serious and they put on a public display of affection in front of their colleagues. In October 2013, Tom decides to propose to Sam. He tries to keep his plans a secret, but nurse Robyn Miller (Amanda Henderson) sees Tom showing off the ring to a patient, and soon everyone in the ED knows. When Sam's former boyfriend, and paramedic, Iain Dean learns of the impending proposal, he interferes by telling Tom that Sam confided in him about her relationship. Tom feels "betrayed" and decided not to propose, but Sam, having learned of his plan, proposes to him instead.
Sam has second thoughts about getting married, after Tom becomes jealous of her friendship with Iain. Tom expresses his anger when he learns that Sam and Iain went to Birmingham to visit a former army colleague, and kept it from him. Sam defends herself, telling Tom that his jealousy is the reason why she kept it a secret. After Tom asks Sam to think about whether she wants to marry him or not, she gets drunk with Iain and kisses him. Sam regrets the kiss, and Salt explained that it was "a cry for help" due to the pressure she was feeling with the wedding. She also said that Sam knows it was a mistake and wants to forget it ever happened. Sam and Tom decide to marry in secret, but they miss the ceremony when a workman is electrocuted outside the registry office. They help to save the workman and Iain is one of the paramedics that arrives on the scene. Sam does not feel disappointment when she and Tom miss their ceremony, and she questions whether they should get married at all.
But when Tom finds out about the kiss with Iain, she begs Tom to stay with her and reveals how much she loves him. Salt told "Inside Soap"'s Katy Moon, "Sam realises that she doesn't have to be a tough girl on her own any more – it's a real turning point." Receptionist Louise Tyler (Azuka Oforka) arranges for the couple to marry at the hospital. Although Sam and Tom wanted a low key ceremony, they love that their friends are with them. Salt joked that Sam and Tom's wedding was a dress rehearsal for her own wedding to Coleman. The actors began a relationship after meeting on set and became engaged just before Sam and Tom did on-screen. The wedding scenes marked Salt and Coleman's final appearances in the show. Salt commented, "It was lovely for us to top off an amazing couple of years on a fantastic note with Sam and Tom getting married."
Return.
During a February 2017 interview with Sophie Dainty of Digital Spy, producer Erika Hossington confirmed that a previous love interest of Dylan's would be returning. Without revealing who, Hossington commented "I don't want to give too much away now. Fans can expect an old face to return, but maybe not in the guise they are expecting." On 25 April, Dainty announced that Salt had reprised her role, and would return to filming at the end of May. Hossington revealed that Salt was approached about a return, after the producers agreed that she was popular with viewers. Hossington stated that Sam would return without Tom, but viewers would soon learn what has happened between them. She also said Sam would be interacting with both Dylan and Iain upon her return. Of her return, Salt commented, "I'm thrilled to be back with the gang at Holby! Sam was always such a kick-ass female role so it's really exciting to be telling her story again". Sam returned in the fifth episode of the thirty-second series on 23 September 2017.
Sam returns to Holby as the emergency department's new paramedic. Salt was glad of her character's change in occupation, as it meant her storylines would be different to those in her first stint. She also liked the variation in filming locations, commenting "There are different challenges, and I get to work outdoors and meet all the brilliant guest stars. It feels like a different job." Salt called Sam's first shout "a heavy one" to film, as the weather was bad and she had take part in a large medical procedure. When asked by Sarah Ellis of "Inside Soap" what had happened between Sam and Tom, Salt replied that there would be hints that their marriage had "fallen apart", but nothing else would be said. Salt added that Dylan would be surprised to learn that Sam is back and single again, while her presence would also cause trouble between Iain and his new partner Lily Chao (Crystal Yu).
Relationship with Jacob Masters.
A few months following her return, producers paired the character with nurse Jacob Masters (Charles Venn). The storyline begins with Sam dealing with a "traumatic" incident that occurred during her shift, where she had to amputate a teenager's foot. Jacob provides Sam with support and they grow closer when Sam offers to give Jacob's son Blake (Kai Thorne) some boxing lessons. Of the burgeoning relationship, Salt explained "Jacob was there for Sam when she needed to vent her frustrations, which starts to fuel a romance. Jacob is escapism for Sam from her heavy work." After a night shift, Sam asks Jacob out to breakfast, where they flirt and Sam challenges Jacob to a boxing match at the ambulance station. While they are sparring, Sam knocks Jacob down and they kiss, before he loses consciousness. Sam then has to take him into the ED to get checked out. Salt commented that her character believes that she can have a fun fling with Jacob, but hinted that it would soon become complicated.
Departure (2018).
During the opening episode of the thirty-third series, broadcast on 11 August 2018, the character was killed off. Sam succumbs to injuries sustained in an explosion, as Iain "desperately" tries to resuscitate her. Salt knew that she did not want to stay with the show long-term, as her family is based in London. When she was informed that her character would die, Salt admitted that she was shocked, but she wanted Sam to leave during a big storyline, as she was not planning on returning again. The producers agreed and felt that killing the character off was the best thing to do.
The actress said, "They wanted to create a really lovely, dramatic exit for me to leave on and this opportunity arose when they planned this huge motorway pile-up. Iain was the guy on call, and given his relationship with Sam, it seemed like the perfect moment to throw a real spanner in the works." Salt liked that her departure was kept a secret until transmission, and she felt that it would make more of an impact on viewers. She found filming Sam's last scene to be "really sad", even though it was shot first. Salt added that Sam's death would also impact Iain, who will show a dark side as he spirals "into a demise afterwards."
Reception.
Sam's death was nominated for Biggest OMG Soap moment and Most devastating Soap Death at the 2018 "Digital Spy" Reader Awards.
Of Sam's introduction, David Butcher of the "Radio Times" commented, "From the word go, she makes her presence felt with 'tools civilians can only dream about'." Butcher also branded Sam an "ex-Army action woman". Patrick McLennan of "What's on TV" observed, "Major Sam Nicholls manages to wind up everyone in the ED – on her very first day!" Salt was initially concerned that Sam would not be liked because of her hot-headedness, but she said that she received great feedback from viewers, and commented that "people are mostly saying 'Go Sam!'"
The show's executive producer Johnathan Young called Sam one of the show's "most colourful characters", and added that she had become popular with audiences. Butcher later called Sam an "ice-queen", and a "superwoman". He thought her relationship with Dylan was surprising, but the chemistry between them was "believable". He added that "they make sense as embittered exes." Katy Moon of "Inside Soap" branded Sam a "steely medic". A "Western Mail" writer observed that the GMC hearing had started "to take its toll" on Sam.


Blood donation in England

In England, blood and other tissues are collected by NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT). NHSBT Blood Donation was previously known as the National Blood Service until it merged with UK Transplant in 2005 to form a NHS special health authority. Other official blood services in the United Kingdom include the Northern Ireland Blood Transfusion Service, the Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service and the Welsh Blood Service.
Donations.
The service depends entirely on voluntary donations from the public. Originally, Blood was collected from various donor clinics located over the country. In 1994, the first mobile session was held in Elstree, hosted by the Joely Bear Appeal. Currently, Blood donation sessions are set up throughout the country and take place in many diverse venues. From village halls, to mobile collection units (known as Bloodmobiles), and sessions set up companies and organisations so people can donate at work. New donors are generally required to be fit and healthy, weigh between and and be aged between 17 and 66. However, regular donors are permitted to donate past the age of 70 as long as they remain healthy. Female donors may give blood up to three times a year (once every 16 weeks) and male donors may give blood four times a year (every 12 weeks).
Pre-donation and exceptions.
Prior to each donation, the donor's iron level is checked to make sure they are not anaemic. The donor will be required to fill in a questionnaire to provide consent and declare that the donation will be safe (for example, stating that the donor does not have a heart condition), and it is safe to give the donor's blood to someone else.
Note: This 3 month deferral period only applies to England, Wales and Scotland - not Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland still has a 12-month ban in place for these groups.
Donating blood.
Once the preliminary checks are complete, the donor lies on a bed and a sterile hypodermic needle connected to a bag is inserted into a vein in their inner elbow. The donation usually lasts between five and 10 minutes, during which of whole blood is given.
Post-donation.
Following the donation (and subsequent dressing of the wound), donors are invited to refreshments. This period serves two vital purposes: to replace certain lost fluids, and to allow staff to monitor the donor's wellbeing.
Donations can also be taken by machines called cell separators, usually in larger blood donation centres located in city centres. These machines use a process called apheresis to collect either blood plasma only, or plasma and platelets, the other blood cells being returned to the patient. Platelets are the tiny fragments of cells in the blood which help it to clot and so stop bleeding, and are used in the treatment of cancer and leukaemia. A constant supply is vital because platelets only last five days once collected. People who give plasma and/or platelets can donate every two weeks, and each donation usually gives two or three adult doses. One adult dose of platelets would otherwise require four whole blood donations.
Blood Component donations.
Blood is made in the bone marrow. It is composed of red blood cells, platelets, plasma and white blood cells, collectively referred to as blood components. Donations given at regular blood donation sessions are referred to as "Whole Blood".
Platelets are very small cells. They work with the clotting factors in plasma to form a mesh "plug" to stop or prevent bleeding. Plasma is the fluid part of the blood. It contains protein, salts and clotting factors. White cells fight harmful bacteria and help prevent infection. Red cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.
Most platelet donations are given to patients who are unable to make enough platelets in their bone marrow. For example, patients with leukaemia or other cancers may have too few platelets as the result of their disease or treatment. Also after major surgery or extensive injury, patients may need platelet transfusions to replace those lost through bleeding. Platelets are often life-saving and special in that they can help up to 3 adults or even 12 children. As platelets can only be stored for a few days, regular and frequent donors are in great demand and that is why platelet donors are asked to attend at least 8 - 10 times per year.
Controversy.
The service had come under criticism for a long implemented policy of banning men who have sex with men (MSM) from ever being blood donors. University students in both England and Scotland protested against the ban,
and University of Birmingham's Guild of Students banned the National Blood Service from setting up a recruitment stall during Freshers' week.
The policy was changed in 2011 to prevent MSMs from donating for 12 months after having anal or oral sex with another man (with or without a condom). This also applied to women who have had sex with MSMs. In November 2017 the referral period on MSMs was reduced to 3 months for both MSMs and women who have sex with them.
On 14 December 2020 the FAIR (For the Assessment of Individualised Risk) steering group announced recommended changes that should be taking place in summer 2021. The highlights of their recommendations include:
Donors who have had anal sex with a new partner or multiple partners in the last three months will be deferred, regardless of their gender or their partner's gender,
All people who have had oral-only sex can donate and will not be deferred,
All donors will now be asked if they have had sex before, and
Donors who have had new or multiple partners recently will be asked if they've had anal sex in the last three months regardless of condom use.
This means that for the first time MSM should be able to donate blood without any deferral as long as they are in a monogamous relationship that is longer than 3 months.
Legal.
A vs The National Blood Authority (Queens Bench Division). This trial concerned the claims of 114 Claimants, for recovery of damages arising out of their infection with Hepatitis C, from blood and blood products through blood transfusions from 1 March 1988. All the claimants received blood transfusions or blood products usually in the course of undergoing surgery, whether consequent upon having suffered an accident or otherwise, immediately after childbirth.


Friedrich Gabriel Sulzer

Friedrich Gabriel Sulzer (10 October 1749 – 14 December 1830) was a German physician from Gotha, Thuringia.
Sulzer had a large collection of minerals and published also new results from new species. In 1791, Sulzer published together with Johann Friedrich Blumenbach their results on a new mineral he had acquired. He named the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate) and made clear that it was distinct from the witherite (barium carbonate) and stated that it contained a new element.
He was head of a veterinary school and a midwifery school and chief physician for the local spa in Ronneburg, Thuringia. Additionally, he was the physician for Dorothea von Medem and her sister Elisa von der Recke. He was part of the "Musenhof der Herzogin von Kurland".
In 1774, Sulzer, a companion of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, devoted a whole academic monography in the domain of social sciences and natural history to hamsters, entitled "An approach to a natural history of the hamster" ("Versuch einer Naturgeschichte des Hamsters"). In several instances, he used the hamster to document the equal rights of all beings, including "Homo sapiens".


Aaron E. Miller

Aaron E. Miller, M.D. is an American neurologist, the first Chairman of the Multiple Sclerosis section of the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and recognized as a multiple sclerosis clinician.
Miller is both a Professor of Neurology at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Medical Director of the Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, both part of the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City. Additionally, he continues to serve as Co-Director of the Multiple Sclerosis Care Center at Maimonides Medical Center in Brooklyn.
He is listed in "New York" magazine's "Best Doctors" issue of 2008.
Biography.
Miller graduated Brandeis University with honors in 1964 and received his medical degree from New York University School of Medicine in 1968. He completed his residency at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, later acquiring additional postdoctoral training in neurovirology and immunology at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health.
From 1981 until 2004, Miller headed the Division of Neurology at Brooklyn's Maimonides Medical Center; he continues to serve as Co-Director of its Multiple Sclerosis Care Center.
In 2004, he assumed his current title of Medical Director of the CGD Center for MS at Mount Sinai Hospital, of which Fred D. Lublin, MD is Director.
Miller currently serves as Editor of "Continuum", AAN’s bimonthly continuing education publication, and he is a reviewer for many prominent journals including the "New England Journal of Medicine", "Neurology" and the "Archives of Neurology" as well as co-author of one of the most-frequently cited articles in "Brain: A Journal of Neurology".
In 2001, Miller became the Chief Medical Officer and Chairman of the Clinical Advisory Board of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS); he served as chairman of the Clinical Advisory Committee of the New York chapter of the NMSS from 1991 to 2004 and has received grant/research support from Acorda Therapeutics, Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience.
He was a Lieutenant Commander in the United States Navy from 1971 to 1973.
Publications.
"Partial list:"


John Arbuthnott (microbiologist)

Sir John Peebles Arbuthnott, PPRSE, FRCPSG, FMedSci, FRCPath (born 8 April 1939) is a Scottish microbiologist, and was Principal of the University of Strathclyde. He succeeded Lord Wilson of Tillyorn as President of The Royal Society of Edinburgh in October 2011 and was succeeded by Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell in October 2014.
Education.
Arbuthnott was educated at Hyndland Senior Secondary School, Glasgow University (BSc, PhD), and Trinity College, Dublin (MA, ScD). In 1998 he was made a Knight Bachelor for services to education.
Whilst Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Strathclyde University, Arbuthnott chaired the "National Review of Resource Allocation ("The Arbuthnott Report"" and "the Arbuthnott Review") in December 1997, the principal task of which was to conduct an independent review of the way in which NHS money is allocated annually to the 14 Scottish NHS Boards. The resulting mechanism, known as the Arbuthnott Formula, assesses key indicators of population, inequality and deprivation of the areas covered by each of the boards to allocate money.
He was chair of the Arbuthnott Commission set up in 2004 to consider the consequences of having four separate voting systems for elections in Scotland and also different boundaries for Holyrood and Westminster constituencies.


Beatrix Hamburg

Beatrix A. Hamburg (October 19, 1923 – April 15, 2018) was an American psychiatrist whose long career in academic medicine advanced the field of child and adolescent psychiatry. Hamburg was the first African-American to attend Vassar College, and was also the first African-American woman to attend Yale Medical School. Hamburg held professorships at Stanford, Harvard, Mt. Sinai and—most recently—at Weill Cornell Medical College. She was on the President's Commission on Mental Health under President Jimmy Carter. Hamburg was a president of the William T. Grant Foundation, and also directed the child psychiatry divisions at Stanford University and Mount Sinai. She originally was going to go into pediatric medicine, but instead found herself interested in psychiatry. She researched early adolescence, peer counseling, and diabetic children and adolescents. She was a member of the National Academy of Medicine and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She received a Foremother Award for her lifetime of accomplishments from the National Research Center for Women & Families in 2012.
Hamburg was married to David A. Hamburg, an academic physician who researched mental health, and the two collaborated on many projects during their careers.
Early life.
Beatrix Ann McCleary was born to Minor McCleary and Beatrix Ann Downs on October 19th, 1923 in Jacksonville, Florida. Her father was a surgeon who died when she was young. Shortly after his death, they moved to Long Island in New York, to be with her maternal grandparents. There, she was raised by her widowed mother and her grandparents. Her mother was a school teacher and a social worker while her grandfather was a Methodist minister and her grandmother was a homemaker. Her upbringing had a heavy emphasis on the importance of education.
Career and research.
Hamburg had an extensive career in the area of medical psychiatry. She worked in the medical psychiatry departments of Stanford University, Harvard University, Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, and Weill Cornell Medical College at various points in her life. She focused most of her work on the stages of adolescence and the struggles that adolescents must overcome. She also advocated for peer counseling for teens in the 1960s and 1970s. She believed that adolescents benefit more from advising one another, rather than from an authority figure. They would tutor each other on many issues, such as academics, social issues, mental health and volunteer opportunities. She also researched about the effects of stress and related coping mechanisms with her husband. The stress factors they studied included anything from physical stress and depression to poverty and war. In 2004, they co-authored a book called “Learning to Live Together: Preventing Hatred and Violence in Child and Adolescent Development.” This book focused on teaching children how to cope with and overcome hatred in healthy ways. She researched about how stress factors like diabetes and teen pregnancy could affect childhood development and subsequently, how this affects them as adults.
Hamburg and her husband were in similar career paths and later collaborated on many projects. They received the 2007 Rhoda and Bernard Sarnat International Award in Mental Health from the Institute of Medicine for their long careers in medicine and public service, while in October 2015, the couple received the Pardes Humanitarian Prize in Mental Health by the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation in recognition of their contributions to the understanding of mental health.
She received the Foremother Award from the National Center for Health Research in 2012 for her contributions to the community.
Personal life.
Hamburg met her future husband David, an academic physician who has done mental health research, when they were both students at Yale University in 1948. The two married in 1951, and had two children: Eric, a filmmaker, and Margaret, a physician who served as Food and Drug Administration commissioner under President Barack Obama.
Hamburg died as a result of Alzheimer's disease at her daughter's home on April 15, 2018, at the age of 94.


Abraham Coles

Abraham Coles (December 26, 1813 – May 3, 1891) was an American physician, translator, author and poet from New Jersey. He published "Dies Irae" (1859), "Stabat Mater Dolorosa" (1865), "Stabat Mater Speciosa" (1866), "Old Gems in New Settings" (1866), "The Microcosm" (1866, 1881), "The Evangel in Verse" (1874) and "The Light of the World" (1884).


Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium

The Pritzker Neuropsychiatric Disorders Research Consortium is a collaborative research enterprise by leading academic and scientific institutions including research groups at the University of Michigan, Stanford University, the University of California at Irvine, the University of California at Davis, Cornell University, and the HudsonAlpha Institute. The consortium is focused on discovering the neurobiological and genetic causes of three major psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and identifying biomarkers for better diagnosis and novel targets for treatment.


Endostyle

The endostyle is an anatomical feature found in invertebrate chordates and larval lampreys. It is an organ which assists chordates in filter-feeding. It is found in adult urochordates and cephalochordates, as well as in the larvae of the vertebrate lampreys, but has been transformed through evolutionary time into the thyroid in all other vertebrates. Since the endostyle is found in all three branches of chordates, it is presumed to have arisen in the common ancestor of these taxa, along with a shift to internal feeding for extracting suspended food from the water.
The endostyle is found in the pharynx. The food particles suspended in the water adhere to the mucus it produces. The filtered water is expelled through the gill slits, while the food and mucus is then passed, by the sweeping movement of cilia that coats the endostyle, through the pharynx of the organism and into the esophagus.
The endostyle in larval lampreys (ammocoetes) metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults, and is regarded as being homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates due to its iodine-concentrating activity.