Angiography

Angiography or arteriography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers. This is traditionally done by injecting a radio-opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy.
The word itself comes from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον "angeion" 'vessel' and γράφειν "graphein" 'to write, record'. The film or image of the blood vessels is called an "angiograph", or more commonly an "angiogram". Though the word can describe both an arteriogram and a venogram, in everyday usage the terms angiogram and arteriogram are often used synonymously, whereas the term venogram is used more precisely.
The term angiography has been applied to radionuclide angiography and newer vascular imaging techniques such as CO2 angiography, CT angiography and MR angiography. The term "isotope angiography" has also been used, although this more correctly is referred to as isotope perfusion scanning.
History.
The technique was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician and neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon to provide contrasted X-ray cerebral angiography in order to diagnose several kinds of nervous diseases, such as tumors, artery disease and arteriovenous malformations. Moniz is recognized as the pioneer in this field. He performed the first cerebral angiogram in Lisbon in 1927, and Reynaldo dos Santos performed the first aortogram in the same city in 1929. In fact, many current angiography techniques were developed by the Portuguese at the University of Lisbon. For example, in 1932, Lopo de Carvalho performed the first pulmonary angiogram via venous puncture of the superior member; in 1948 the first cavogram was performed by Sousa Pereira. Radial access technique for angiography can be traced back to 1953, where Eduardo Pereira first cannulated the radial artery to perform a coronary angiogram. With the introduction of the Seldinger technique in 1953, the procedure became markedly safer as no sharp introductory devices needed to remain inside the vascular lumen.
Technique.
Depending on the type of angiogram, access to the blood vessels is gained most commonly through the femoral artery, to look at the left side of the heart and at the arterial system; or the jugular or femoral vein, to look at the right side of the heart and at the venous system. Using a system of guide wires and catheters, a type of contrast agent (which shows up by absorbing the X-rays), is added to the blood to make it visible on the X-ray images.
The X-ray images taken may either be still, displayed on an image intensifier or film, or motion images. For all structures except the heart, the images are usually taken using a technique called digital subtraction angiography or DSA. Images in this case are usually taken at 2–3 frames per second, which allows the interventional radiologist to evaluate the flow of the blood through a vessel or vessels. This technique "subtracts" the bones and other organs so only the vessels filled with contrast agent can be seen. The heart images are taken at 15–30 frames per second, not using a subtraction technique. Because DSA requires the patient to remain motionless, it cannot be used on the heart. Both these techniques enable the interventional radiologist or cardiologist to see stenosis (blockages or narrowings) inside the vessel which may be inhibiting the flow of blood and causing pain.
After the procedure has been completed, if the femoral technique is applied, the site of arterial entry is either manually compressed, stapled shut, or sutured in order to prevent access-site complications.
Uses.
Coronary angiography.
One of the most common angiograms performed is to visualize the blood in the coronary arteries. A long, thin, flexible tube called a catheter is used to administer the X-ray contrast agent at the desired area to be visualized. The catheter is threaded into an artery in the forearm, and the tip is advanced through the arterial system into the major coronary artery. X-ray images of the transient radiocontrast distribution within the blood flowing inside the coronary arteries allows visualization of the size of the artery openings. The presence or absence of atherosclerosis or atheroma within the walls of the arteries cannot be clearly determined.
Coronary angiography can visualize coronary artery stenosis, or narrowing of the blood vessel. The degree of stenosis can be determined by comparing the width of the lumen of narrowed segments of blood vessel with wider segments of adjacent vessel.
To detect coronary artery disease, a CT scan is more satisfactory than an MRI scan. The sensitivity and specificity between CT and MRI were (97.2 percent and 87.4 percent) and (87.1 percent and 70.3 percent), respectively. Therefore, CT (mainly multislice CT) is more accepted, more widely available, more favored by patients, and more economic. Moreover, CT requires shorter breath-hold time than MRI.
Fluorescein angiography.
Fluorescein angiography is a medical procedure in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye so they can be photographed. This test is often used to manage eye disorders.
OCT angiography.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technology using near-infrared light to image the eye, in particular penetrate the retina to view the micro-structure behind the retinal surface.
ocular OCT angiography (OCTA) is a method leveraging OCT technology to assess the vascular health of the retina.
Microangiography.
Microangiography is commonly used to visualize tiny blood vessels.
Neuro-vascular angiography.
Another increasingly common angiographic procedure is neuro-vascular digital subtraction angiography in order to visualise the arterial and venous supply to the brain. Intervention work such as coil-embolisation of aneurysms and AVM gluing can also be performed.
Peripheral angiography.
Angiography is also commonly performed to identify vessels narrowing in patients with leg claudication or "cramps", caused by reduced blood flow down the legs and to the feet; in patients with renal stenosis (which commonly causes high blood pressure) and can be used in the head to find and repair stroke. These are all done routinely through the femoral artery, but can also be performed through the brachial or axillary (arm) artery. Any stenoses found may be treated by the use of balloon angioplasty, stenting, or atherectomy.
Post mortem CT angiography for medicolegal cases.
Post mortem CT angiography for medicolegal cases is a method initially developed by the Virtopsy group. Originating from that project, both watery and oily solutions have been evaluated.
While oily solutions require special deposition equipment to collect waste water, watery solutions seem to be regarded as less problematic. Watery solutions also were documented to enhance post mortem CT tissue differentiation whereas oily solutions were not. Conversely, oily solutions seem to only minimally disturb ensuing toxicological analysis, while watery solutions may significantly impede toxicological analysis, thus requiring blood sample preservation before post mortem CT angiography.
Complications.
After an angiogram, a sudden shock can cause a little pain at the surgery area, but heart attacks and strokes usually don't occur, as they may in bypass surgery.
Cerebral angiography.
Major complications in cerebral angiography such as in digital subtraction angiography or contrast MRI are also rare but include stroke, an allergic reaction to the anaesthetic other medication or the contrast medium, blockage or damage to one of the access veins in the leg, or thrombosis and embolism formation. Bleeding or bruising at the site where the contrast is injected are minor complications, delayed bleeding can also occur but is rare.
Additional risks.
The contrast medium that is used usually produces a sensation of warmth lasting only a few seconds, but may be felt in a greater degree in the area of injection. If the patient is allergic to the contrast medium, much more serious side effects are inevitable; however, with new contrast agents the risk of a severe reaction is less than one in 80,000 examinations. Additionally, damage to blood vessels can occur at the site of puncture/injection, and anywhere along the vessel during passage of the catheter. If digital subtraction angiography is used instead, the risks are considerably reduced because the catheter does not need to be passed as far into the blood vessels; thus lessening the chances of damage or blockage.


Viral regulatory and accessory protein

A viral regulatory and accessory protein is a type of viral protein that can play an indirect role in the function of a virus.
An example is Nef.


Royal Commission on the National Health Service

The Royal Commission on the National Health Service was set up by the Wilson government in 1975. It was to consider the "best use and management of the financial and manpower resources of the NHS".
The Royal Commission reported in June 1979, by which time the government had changed. It recommended, among other things, that the administration of the Health Service should be simplified by eliminating, in most cases, a tier of management, a recommendation which appealed to Patrick Jenkin the new Secretary of State. Area Health Authorities were abolished in 1982.
The idea that responsibility for the delivery of health services should be transferred from the Department of Health and Social Security to the Regional Health Authorities was less welcome.
The members were:


Comprehensive health insurance (Maine)

In June 2003, the Maine, US Legislature passed a comprehensive health insurance plan, granting low-cost coverage to all state residents by 2009. The law stated that a semi-private agency would provide coverage to uninsured residents, small businesses, municipalities, and the self-employed. Premiums were set at a sliding scale, where individuals making below $27,000 and families making below $55,000 would be eligible for reduced rates, and the law called for the creation of a watchdog group to monitor hospital and doctor costs. The bill passed the Maine House of Representatives 105 to 38, and the Maine Senate 25 to 8.
Impacts.
About 15,000 of the 140,000 uninsured have been covered by the program. The original project goals were to pay for the program with savings from reducing inefficiencies in the existing system and not raise taxes, while providing insurance to 140,000 people. Another goal was to make hospital pricing more transparent to customers. Over time, the state was forced to raise taxes over 5% to help pay for this program, and enrollment in the program was ultimately closed due to cost issues.
Analysis.
Scholars have identified Maine's health insurance law as one of several state laws from the early 2000s designed to "make insurance available to most of their residents." Other scholars suggested that state healthcare laws, including the Maine health insurance act, indicated that healthcare reform had become an issue of national significance.


Lordosis

Lordosis is historically defined as an "abnormal" inward curvature of the lumbar spine. However, the terms "lordosis" and "lordotic" are also used to refer to the normal inward curvature of the lumbar and cervical regions of the human spine. Similarly, kyphosis historically refers to "abnormal" convex curvature of the spine. The normal outward (convex) curvature in the thoracic and sacral regions is also termed "kyphosis" or "kyphotic". The term comes from the Greek lordōsis, from "lordos" ("bent backward").
Lordosis in the human spine makes it easier for humans to bring the bulk of their mass over the pelvis. This allows for a much more efficient walking gait than that of other primates, whose inflexible spines cause them to resort to an inefficient forward leaning "bent-knee, bent-waist" gait. As such, lordosis in the human spine is considered one of the primary physiological adaptations of the human skeleton that allows for human gait to be as energetically efficient as it is.
"Lumbar hyperlordosis" is excessive extension of the lumbar region, and is commonly called "hollow back", "sway back", or "saddle back" (after a similar condition that affects some horses). "Lumbar kyphosis" is an abnormally straight (or in severe cases flexed) lumbar region. These conditions are usually a result of poor posture and can often be reversed by learning correct posture and using appropriate exercises.
Types.
Lumbar lordosis.
Normal lordotic curvatures, also known as "secondary" curvatures, result in a difference in the thickness between the front and back parts of the intervertebral disc. Lordosis may also increase at puberty, sometimes not becoming evident until the early or mid-20s.
In radiology, a "lordotic view" is an X-ray taken of a patient leaning backward.
Lumbar hyperlordosis.
Lumbar hyperlordosis is a condition that occurs when the lumbar region (lower back) experiences stress or extra weight and is arched to point of muscle pain or spasms. Lumbar hyperlordosis is a common postural position where the natural curve of the lumbar region of the back is slightly or dramatically accentuated. Commonly known as swayback, it is common in dancers. Imbalances in muscle strength and length are also a cause, such as weak hamstrings, or tight hip flexors (psoas). A major feature of lumbar hyperlordosis is a forward pelvic tilt, resulting in the pelvis resting on top of the thighs.
Other health conditions and disorders can cause hyperlordosis. Achondroplasia (a disorder where bones grow abnormally which can result in short stature as in dwarfism), Spondylolisthesis (a condition in which vertebrae slip forward) and osteoporosis (the most common bone disease in which bone density is lost resulting in bone weakness and increased likelihood of fracture) are some of the most common causes of hyperlordosis. Other causes include obesity, hyperkyphosis (spine curvature disorder in which the thoracic curvature is abnormally rounded), discitits (an inflammation of the intervertebral disc space caused by infection) and benign juvenile lordosis. Other factors may also include those with rare diseases, as is the case with Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS), where hyper-extensive and usually unstable joints (e.g. joints that are problematically much more flexible, frequently to the point of partial or full dislocation) are quite common throughout the body. With such hyper-extensibility, it is also quite common (if not the norm) to find the muscles surrounding the joints to be a major source of compensation when such instability exists.
Excessive lordotic curvature – lumbar hyperlordosis, is also called "hollow back", and "saddle back" (after a similar condition that affects some horses); swayback usually refers to a nearly opposite postural misalignment that can initially look quite similar. Common causes of lumbar hyperlordosis include tight low back muscles, excessive visceral fat, and pregnancy. Rickets, a vitamin D deficiency in children, can cause lumbar hyperlordosis.
Lumbar hypolordosis.
Being less common than lumbar hyperlordosis, hypolordosis (also known as flatback) occurs when there's less of a curve in the lower back or a flattening of the lower back. This occurs because the vertebrae are oriented toward the back of the spine, stretching the disc towards the back and compressing it in the front. This can cause a narrowing of the opening for the nerves, potentially pinching them.
Signs and symptoms.
Lumbar hyperlordosis (also known as anterior pelvic tilt) has a noticeable impact on the height of individuals suffering from this medical issue, a height loss of 0.5–2.5 inches (1.27–6.35 centimeters) is common.
For example, the height loss was measured by measuring the patient's height while he or she is standing straight (with exaggerated curves in the upper and lower back) and again after he or she fixed this issue (with no exaggerated curves), both of these measurements were taken in the morning with a gap of 6 months and the growth plates of the patient were checked to make sure that they were closed to rule out natural growth. The height loss occurs in the torso region and once the person fixes his or her back, the person's Body Mass Index will reduce since he or she is taller and the stomach will also appear to be slimmer.
A similar impact has also been noticed in transfeminine people who have weaker muscles in the lower back due to increased estrogen intake and other such treatments.
However, the cause of height loss in both situations is a little different even though the impact is similar. In the first scenario, it can be due to a genetic condition, trauma to the spine, pregnancy in women, increased abdominal fat or a sedentary lifestyle (sitting too much causes muscle imbalances and is the most common reason for this issue) and in the second scenario, the estrogen weakens the muscles in the area.
Merely slouching doesn't cause height loss even though it may make a person look shorter, slouching may lead to perceived height loss whereas lumbar hyperlordosis leads to actual and measured height loss. To make it easier to understand the difference, if a person loses a vertebra (which is around 2 inches or 5 centimeters in height) in his or her spine, it doesn't matter if he or she slouches or not, he or she will be shorter regardless of his or her posture. Lumbar hyperlordosis, of course, doesn't make you lose a vertebra but it bends them in such a way that your spine's vertical height is reduced.
Although lumbar hyperlordosis gives an impression of a stronger back, it can lead to moderate to severe lower back pain. The most problematic symptom is that of a herniated disc where the individual has put so much strain on the back that the discs between the vertebrae have been damaged or have ruptured. Technical problems with dancing such as difficulty in the positions of attitude and arabesque can be a sign of weak iliopsoas. Tightness of the iliopsoas results in a dancer having difficulty lifting their leg into high positions. Abdominal muscles being weak and the rectus femoris of the quadriceps being tight are signs that improper muscles are being worked while dancing which leads to lumbar hyperlordosis. The most obvious signs of lumbar hyperlordosis is lower back pain in dancing and pedestrian activities as well as having the appearance of a swayed back.
Causes.
Possible causes that lead to the condition of lumbar hyperlordosis are the following:
Technical factors
Diagnosis.
Measurement and diagnosis of lumbar hyperlordosis can be difficult. Obliteration of vertebral end-plate landmarks by interbody fusion may make the traditional measurement of segmental lumbar lordosis more difficult. Because the L4–L5 and L5–S1 levels are most commonly involved in fusion procedures, or arthrodesis, and contribute to normal lumbar lordosis, it is helpful to identify a reproducible and accurate means of measuring segmental lordosis at these levels. A visible sign of hyperlordosis is an abnormally large arch of the lower back and the person appears to be puffing out his or her stomach and buttocks.
Scanning.
X-Ray.
Precise diagnosis is done by looking at a complete medical history, physical examination and other tests of the patient. X-rays are used to measure the lumbar curvature. On a lateral X-ray, a normal range of the lordotic curvature of between 20° and 60° has been proposed by Stagnara et al., as measured from the inferior endplate of Th12 to the inferior endplate of L5. The Scoliosis Research Society has proposed a range of 40° and 60° as measured between the upper endplate of Th12 and the upper endplate of S1. Individual studies, although using other reference points, have found normal ranges up to approximately 85°. It is generally more pronounced in females. It is relatively constant through adolescence and young adulthood, but decreases in the elderly.
MRI and CT.
Bone scans are conducted in order to rule out possible fractures and infections, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to eliminate the possibility of spinal cord or nerve abnormalities, and computed tomography scans (CT scans) are used to get a more detailed image of the bones, muscles and organs of the lumbar region.
Treatment.
Exercises.
Some corrective exercises can be done to alleviate this issue, it may take several months to fix (provided that the person sits less, stands with a neutral pelvis and sleeps on their back).
Since lumbar hyperlordosis is usually caused by habitual poor posture, rather than by an inherent physical defect like scoliosis or hyperkyphosis, it can be reversed. This can be accomplished by stretching the lower back, hip-flexors, quads and strengthening the abdominal muscles, hamstrings and glutes. Strengthening the gluteal complex is a commonly accepted practice to reverse excessive lumbar lordosis, as an increase in gluteals muscle tone assist in the reduction excessive anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar hyperlordosis. Local intra-articular hip pain has been shown to inhibit gluteal contraction potential, meaning that hip pain could be a main contributing factor to gluteal inhibition. Dancers should ensure that they don't strain themselves during dance rehearsals and performances. To help with lifts, the concept of isometric contraction, during which the length of muscle remains the same during contraction, is important for stability and posture.
Lumbar hyperlordosis may be treated by strengthening the hip extensors on the back of the thighs, and by stretching the hip flexors on the front of the thighs.
Only the muscles on the front and on the back of the thighs can rotate the pelvis forward or backward while in a standing position because they can discharge the force on the ground through the legs and feet. Abdominal muscles and erector spinae can't discharge force on an anchor point while standing, unless one is holding his hands somewhere, hence their function will be to flex or extend the torso, not the hip.
Back hyper-extensions on a Roman chair or inflatable ball will strengthen all the posterior chain and will treat hyperlordosis. So too will stiff legged deadlifts and supine hip lifts and any other similar movement strengthening the posterior chain "without involving the hip flexors" in the front of the thighs. Abdominal exercises could be avoided altogether if they stimulate too much the psoas and the other hip flexors.
Controversy regarding the degree to which manipulative therapy can help a patient still exists. If therapeutic measures reduce symptoms, but not the measurable degree of lordotic curvature, this could be viewed as a successful outcome of treatment, though based solely on subjective data. The presence of measurable abnormality does not automatically equate with a level of reported symptoms.
Braces.
The Boston brace is a plastic exterior that can be made with a small amount of lordosis to minimize stresses on discs that have experienced herniated discs. In the case where Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS) is responsible, being properly fitted with a customized brace may be a solution to avoid strain and limit the frequency of instability.
Tai chi.
While not really a 'treatment', the art of tai chi chuan calls for adjusting the lower back curvature (as well as the rest of the spinal curvatures) through specific re-alignments of the pelvis to the thighs, it's referred to in shorthand as 'dropping the tailbone'. The specifics of the structural change are school specific, and are part of the jibengong (body change methods) of these schools. The adjustment is referred to in tai chi chuan literature as 'when the lowest vertebrae are plumb erect...'


William J. Binder

William J. Binder is an American facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon. He is best known for his 1992 discovery of the use of Botox to alleviate chronic migraine. In 2010, FDA approved the use of Botox as a treatment to migraine.
Biography.
Binder holds an M.D. degree from University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
Binder was elected as a member of the Board of Directors of the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, for which he also serves as a National Board Examiner. He is a member of the National Review Committee for the American Academy of Neurology Therapeutics and Technologies Subcommittee on the Assessment of Botulinum Toxin Therapy and also an adjunct reviewer for the Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery Journal.
Binder is board certified by both the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and the American Board of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.
Binder published around 70 articles in national medical and surgical journals. He edited three textbooks in Facial Plastic Surgery and Head and Neck Surgery and Otolaryngology. He speaks and lecturers on various aspects of facial plastic surgery, including Rhinoplasty and multi-level concept of facelift surgery. Binder filed 15 U.S. and European patents in the area of Custom Plastic Surgery Implants, Method for Reduction of Migraine Headache Pain, Flexible support wrap, and Anesthesia conduit.
In 1992, Binder discovered the use of Botox to alleviate sufferers of chronic migraine headaches.
Binder reported in 2000 that patients who had cosmetic injections around the face reported relief from chronic headache. This was initially thought to be an indirect effect of reduced muscle tension, but it is now known that the toxin inhibits release of peripheral nociceptive neurotransmitters, suppressing the central pain processing systems responsible for migraine headache. In 2010, the FDA approved intramuscular botulinum toxin injections for prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine headache.


Hamish Barber

James Hill ("Hamish") Barber (28 May 1933 – 26 August 2007) was a doctor and medical academic. He was the first professor of general practice at the University of Glasgow and wrote the first comprehensive textbook in this field.
Early life.
Barber was born on 28 May 1933 in Dunfermline, Scotland.
Medical career.
Barber qualified from the University of Edinburgh in 1957. He gained a MD in 1966 with a thesis entitled "A Study of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in General Practice".
In 1972 he was appointed as senior lecturer in the organisation of medical care at the University of Glasgow. In 1974 he became the first professor of General Practice at the University. Computer-assisted learning was introduced during his tenure.
Together with Andrew Boddy, he wrote "The Textbook of General Practice Medicine" which was published in 1975. At just over 350 pages it was the first comprehensive textbook of this specialty.
He retired in 1993.
Later life and death.
He made model boats and wrote a book on the topic that was published in 2005: "Scottish fishing vessels of the nineteenth century, a guide to building scale model boats".
After a long illness, he died on 26 August 2007.


Celedonio Calatayud

Celedonio Calatayud Costa (, October 29, 1880 in Pedreguer – January 24, 1931 in Madrid) was a Spanish scientist and radiologist, remembered for his achievements on radiology, radiotherapy, and electrology. He pioneered the use of radiology and electrology in Europe for both diagnostics and therapeutical purposes, introducing radiotherapy in Spain in 1906. He founded the Spanish Medical Electrology and Radiology Society (Sociedad Española de Radiología y Electrología Médicas), promoted the doctoral chair of Electro-radiology and was elected as the first professor to chair it at the Universidad Central (later renamed Complutense University of Madrid). He also was the driving force behind and creator of the First National Medical Congress that took place in Madrid in 1919, precursor of the use of diathermy in gynecologic therapy, founder of the "Spanish Journal of Medical Electrology and Radiology" ("Revista Española de Radiología y Electrología Médicas") and "Tribuna Médica", as well as author of many papers on electrodiagnosis, electrotherapy, roentgenology, and radiotherapy.


Oliver Dorigo

Oliver Dorigo is an American oncologist who has published 14 peer reviewed publications and numerous textbook chapters. He obtained his M.D. degree from the University of Heidelberg Medical School in Germany and then had three years of training at the University of Munich. Later, he moved to San Diego, California where he found a job at the Sidney-Kimmel Cancer Center where he was studying cancer gene therapy. He joined University of California, Los Angeles in 1995 and served there as a resident till 1999. There, he also studied at the Molecular Biology Institute with Arnold Berk and in 2003 became a member of its STAR program. By 2005, he completed his fellowship at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and became an assistant professor there.


NHSnet


Yi Xu

Yi Jia (2nd-century BC), was a Chinese physician. She is known as one of the famous four female physicians in Chinese history, along with Zhang Xiaoniang of Northern Song dynasty, Gu Bao of the Jin dynasty and Tan Yunxian, who was active during the Ming dynasty. She was active during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han.


Mayer Eisenstein

Mayer Eisenstein (January 26, 1946 – December 22, 2014) was an American pediatrician and family physician known for his opposition to vaccines. He was also known for promoting the use of Lupron as a treatment for autism, a practice originally developed by Mark Geier which has been heavily criticized. He founded and ran the Homefirst practice in suburban Chicago in 1973, and ran it until he died in 2014. Homefirst was known for providing physician-attended home births. In the 1990s, he attended John Marshall Law School along with his son, Jeremy.


Henri Legrand du Saulle

Henri Legrand du Saulle (Dijon, 16 April 1830 – Paris, 5 May 1886) was a French psychiatrist.
As a young man he worked as an assistant to Bénédict Morel (1809–1873) at Saint-Yon, and also served under Louis-Florentin Calmeil (1798–1895) at the Charenton Asylum. In 1856 became a doctor to the medical faculty in Paris. Later on, he was appointed physician at the Bicêtre Hospital (replacing Prosper Lucas 1805–1885), and in 1879 succeeded Louis Delasiauve (1804–1893) as chief physician in the department for epileptics at Salpêtrière Hospital. During his career he was also associated with the Prefecture of Police, serving from 1863 as "médecin-adjoint" to Charles Lasègue (1816–1883).
He is known for his studies on personality disorders, particularly pioneer work involving phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorders. He also performed extensive work in forensic psychiatry, being interested with the medical-judicial aspects of psychopathology.


HealthEquity

HealthEquity, Inc. is an American health care company that is designated as a non-bank health savings trustee by the IRS. This designation allows HealthEquity to be the custodian of health savings accounts regardless of which financial institution the funds are deposited with.
History.
HealthEquity was incorporated in January 2002 in Tucson, Arizona by Stephen Neeleman, Nuno Battaglia, and David Hall to re-introduce consumer-driven health care (CDH). It moved its incorporation to Utah in February 2004.


George Stuart Fullerton

George Stuart Fullerton (August 18, 1859 – March 23, 1925) was an American philosopher and psychologist.
Early life and education.
Fullerton was born at Fatehgarh, India, the son of the Rev. Robert Stuart Fullerton and Martha White Fullerton, American Presbyterian missionaries. He moved to Philadelphia with his widowed mother and his siblings, after his father's death in 1865. He graduated in 1879 from the University of Pennsylvania and in 1884 from Yale Divinity School.
Career.
Fullerton returned to the University of Pennsylvania to be an instructor, adjunct professor, and dean of the department of philosophy, dean of the college, and vice provost of the university. In 1904 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Columbia University, and served as head of the department.
He was the host of the first annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in 1892 at the University of Pennsylvania, and the APA's fifth president, in 1896.
In 1914, while he was exchange professor at the University of Vienna, World War I broke out. He was Lecturing at Munich (Germany) when Interned. Fullerton was imprisoned as a civilian enemy national. He remained imprisoned for four years, until the end of the war, and conditions were so harsh that he returned to the U.S. with his health permanently damaged. (Scottish psychologist Henry J. Watt suffered a similar fate.)
Selected publications.
Fullerton's philosophy was realist. His writings include:
Personal life.
In 1884 Fullerton married Miss Rebekah Daingerfield Smith of Alexandria, Virginia; she died in 1892. Five years later he married Julia Winslow Dickerson of Philadelphia, his widow. There were no children. Nearly an invalid for the last decade of his life, Fullerton died by suicide at the age of 66. He was survived by his sisters in India, teacher Mary Fullerton, and physician Anna Martha Fullerton.


NSL (company)

NSL, formerly known as NCP, was formed in Spring 2007 by the demerger of NCP into two separate businesses. It provides parking services, bus and coach operations, city centre CCTV monitoring, back office processing, streetscape consultancy and debt recovery.
The company was demerged from National Car Parks as NCP Services in 2007, and became NSL Services Group in April 2009. In January 2017 NSL was acquired by Marston Holdings.
Services.
Passenger transport.
NCP Challenger commenced trading on 12 November 2005, having successfully tendered to operate routes 33 and 419 under contract to Transport for London.
In April 2009, NCP Challenger was rebranded NSL Buses. On 13 November 2009, NSL buses was sold to Transdev with operations taken over by its London United subsidiary.
Patient transport.
NSL patient transport includes services for non-emergency, high-dependency, bariatric and secure/mental health patients. NSL is the largest private non-emergency patient transport provider in the UK, transporting over 2m patients to and from their appointments every year. NSL is a member of the Independent Ambulance Association (IAA).
It was chosen by NHS Kent and Medway in January 2013 to provide non-emergency patient transport.
Other services.
NSL also provide a number of other services. These include:
Criticism.
At a January 2012 employment tribunal, NSL was described as "predatory and dishonest".
NSL has been subject to investigation into unfair practices by Channel 4's Cutting Edge programme.
Westminster Council CEOs (outsourced to NSL) have also been filmed using illegal tactics to block cars.
In January 2014 The Care Quality Commission (CQC) said the service did not meet mandatory standards in four out of five areas. It found patients had experienced long waits and some staff had not undergone criminal record checks. In April 2014 the clinical commissioning groups in Kent agreed to provide an extra £1.6m for their contract as part of a "last chance" deal to improve its performance. Ian Ayres, chief officer for West Kent Clinical Commissioning Group, which manages the contract on behalf of eight CCGs in Kent and Medway told the Kent County Council Scrutiny Committee; "the information which was available to commissioners drawing up the invitation to tender was incomplete, and therefore so was the specification."


Emmanuel-Persillier Lachapelle

Emmanuel-Persillier Lachapelle (21 December 1845 – 1 August 1918) was a Canadian physician and founder of the Hôpital Notre-Dame in Montreal, Quebec.
Biography.
Lachapelle was born on 21 December 1845 in Sault-au-Récollet to Pierre Persillier, "dit" Lachapelle, and Zoé Toupin. He attended the Petit Séminaire de Montréal, followed by the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery. Upon graduating in 1869, he began working as a physician at the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal.
In parallel with his medical career, he was editor of "L'Union médicale du Canada" from 1876 to 1877. He joined the editorial committee from 1878 to 1882.
In 1978, his career as a physician brought him to teach to medical students at the Université Laval de Montréal. He later became dean of this university's faculty of medicine in 1908.
On 27 July 1880, he officially founded Hôpital Notre-Dame in Montreal, Quebec. In 1899, the hospital acquired an X-ray machine, and a radiology suite was built.
Lachapelle died on 1 August 1918 in Rochester, Minnesota, and was buried in Montreal a few days later.


Association of Child Life Professionals

The Association of Child Life Professionals (ACLP) was formed in 1982, (then called the Child Life Council), as a nonprofit professional association for child life specialists. As of 2012, ACLP’s membership was composed of nearly 5,000 individuals representing approximately 600 organizations worldwide. ACLP is governed by a Board of Directors elected from the membership. The work of the association is accomplished by committees and task forces composed of volunteers, who work with a paid staff, located at the ACLP headquarters in Arlington, Virginia.
The Child Life Profession.
Child life specialists work with children and families in hospitals and other settings to help them cope with the challenges of hospitalization, illness, and disability. They provide children with age-appropriate preparation for medical procedures, pain management and coping strategies, and play and self-expression activities. They also provide information, support, and guidance to parents, siblings, and other family members.
Association of Child Life Professionals Programs and Services.
ACLP organizes professional development opportunities for child life specialists, including the ACLP Annual Conference on Professional Issues, and facilitates the exchange of knowledge and resources through face-to-face networking and online learning communities. The organization offers a series of child life-related publications through its online bookstore, and publishes a quarterly professional newsletter, the "ACLP Bulletin", as well a monthly e-newsletter, "Child Life News Monthly". ACLP also administers the examination-based Child Life Certification program.
History.
The Association for Child Life Professionals traces its origins to the Association for the Care of Children in Hospitals (ACCH), which was founded in 1967 by a group of early child life workers, who recognized the need for a large, multidisciplinary organization to effect positive change in hospital environments for children and families. ACCH membership included doctors, nurses, child life specialists, parents and other health professionals working with children and families. In 1974, a Child Life Study Section was created within ACCH to help the child life profession achieve a separate identity, and to continue defining the theoretical basis of child life specialists’ work with children, the essential elements of professional practice, and educational requirements.
After an ad hoc Committee on Structure for Child Life Professional Issues recommended the formation of a separate professional organization for child life specialists, in 1982, the Child Life Council was founded with separate officers and its own professional development conference. In 1983, CLC had 235 founding members. A professional credentialing program was established in 1986. Over the next two decades, child life programs and CLC membership continued to grow, as the organization developed a variety of professional resources and official documents, including standards of educational preparation, requirements of professional competency, standards of clinical practice, and program review and development tools.
As of 2012, the Child Life Council had approximately 5,000 members. As part of its 2015-2018 strategic plan, the Child Life Council undertook a process to rebrand in an effort to position the organization and its members for greater success. As a result of the rebranding efforts, the Child Life Council officially changed its name to the Association of Child Life Professionals in 2016.
Certification.
The Association of Child Life Professionals issues the Certified Child Life Specialist (CCLS) credential, which is administered by the Child Life Certifying Committee and ACLP staff. The program was designed to foster uniform standards of practice and ethical conduct among child life specialists. To achieve the CCLS credential, each candidate must attain a minimum of a bachelor's degree, with a total of 10 college-level courses in child life or a related subject area, complete a 480-hour internship, and then must demonstrate an acceptable level of knowledge by successfully completing the Child Life Professional Certification Examination. Certification is maintained through the documentation of 50 or more professional development hours, which are reviewed at the end of every 5-year certification cycle. The organization currently has plans to establish a requirement beginning in 2020 that will require all new Certified Child Life Specialists to hold an advanced degree from an academic program that has been accredited by ACLP.


Bobby Leach

Bobby Leach (born Cornwall, England; 1858 – April 26, 1926) was the second person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel, accomplishing the feat on July 25, 1911 —while Annie Taylor did it on October 24, 1901. He spent six months in the hospital recovering from injuries he sustained during the fall, which included two broken knee caps and a fractured jaw. Leach had been a performer with the Barnum and Bailey Circus and was no stranger to stunting. Prior to his trip over the falls he owned a restaurant on Bridge Street and would boast to customers that anything Annie could do, he could do better.
Leach returned to Niagara Falls, New York, in 1920 and operated a pool hall. While in his sixties he attempted to swim the whirlpool rapids but failed after several attempts. During these aborted attempts, Bobby Leach was rescued by William "Red" Hill Sr., a riverman, who knew the Falls well and became well known in the area for later rescues.
In 1926, while on a publicity tour in New Zealand, Leach injured his leg when he slipped on an orange peel. The leg became infected, and eventually gangrene necessitated the amputation of the leg. Leach died of complications two months later.


Martin Akakia

Martin Akakia (1500-1551) was a physician of King Francis I of France. He was born at Châlons-en-Champagne, his real name being Aquaqia.


Lachlan Grant

Lachlan Grant (1871-1945), was a doctor, medical scientist, general practitioner and occupational physician. For more than 40 years, he worked in Ballachulish, a rural part of the Highlands in Scotland.
Early life.
He was born in Johnstone in 1871, moving to Ballachulish when he was nine years of age and then educated at Ballachulish Public School. He studied medicine at University of Edinburgh Medical School, graduating with a B.M., C.M. (with distinction) in 1894 and then a M.D. in 1896, with a thesis on ophthalmic work.
Medical career.
He returned to Ballachulish in the late 1890s. In 1900 he entered employment as medical officer for the workers at the Ballachulish Slate Quarries Company. The company tried to dismiss Grant in 1902 but the workers gathered and expressed their support for Grant. The workers stood by him and at the end of 1903 the directors of the company signed an agreement allowing him to return to his position. In 1930 he became the Medical Officer of Health for British Aluminium.
He took a Diploma in Public Health in 1911.
He gave evidence to the committee chaired by Sir John Dewar which had been set up to examine the state of healthcare provision in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. The findings, published in 1912, known as the Dewar Report, eventually leading to the establishment of the Highlands and Islands Medical Service.
In 1921 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow.
He built a small laboratory beside his surgery which allowed him to be involved in some research about tuberculosis.
Social reform.
He is also known for his efforts towards economic and social development in the Highlands. In 1907 he had been the principal speaker at a meeting of the Crofters' and Cottars' Association held in Oban and spoke out about how depopulation was affecting the Highlands. He was co-founder of the Highland Development League. In 1936 he wrote a pamphlet entitled the “New Deal” in which he made suggestions towards a policy for development of the Highlands. This led the Highland Economic Committee to issue a report in November 1938 but Grant had concerns that many smallholders and crofters wouldn’t qualify for a ploughing scheme that the Government had proposed.
Grant died in Ballachulish on 31 May 1945.
Memorial.
In 2011 a slate monument was erected in Ballachulish to commemorate Grant and another local man Angus Clark who both fought for better conditions for workers.


Mammen Chandy

Dr. Mammen Chandy is the Director of Tata Medical Center, Kolkata. Chandy, an alumnus of the Christian Medical College Vellore, is a pioneer in the field of bone marrow transplantation in India. He was involved in setting up the first sustained bone marrow transplantation programme in the country, in Christian Medical College, Vellore in 1986.
In January 2019, Chandy was awarded Padma Shri for his contribution in the field of medicine.
Date of Birth : August 30, 1949*
Mammen Chandy studied MBBS and got his graduation in 1972. He then completed his MD in Internal medicine at Christian Medical College, Vellore in 1975.
While studying, he was highly inspired by his teachers in the Department of Clinical Pathology by their outstanding teaching modules followed by a practical session, which aroused his interest to study hematology in future.
After his post graduation, he joined in CMC, Vellore to work as a faculty in 1979 and served there until his retirement in 2009. Before his retirement, he was being a Head of the Department of Hematology from 1987 to 2007.
He had done his Fellowship in the Hematology and Pathology at Westmead Center, Sydney, Australia and obtained his FRACP and FRCPA in 1985.
After his fellowship, he rejoined in the Department of Medicine in CMC and started his extensive work in the field of hematology.
When he was heading the team, the Department of Hematology was inaugurated as a separate unit in 1986. By the support of other specialties like Department of Clinical Pathology and Blood bank, he introduced new concepts in hematology.
Ground-breaking contributions.
He introduced the significant concept of Component therapy in blood transfusion and subsequently, he insisted the clinicians to practise the concept.
In fact, he became the pioneer in developing the field of hematology and bone marrow transplantation in India, which was started as the "Bone Marrow Transplant Programme" in 1986.
In India, CMC, Vellore was the first to do a Bone Marrow Transplant in a patient with Thalassemia in 1986.
Furthermore, his team developed HLA laboratory, an assay for measuring Busufan levels by using HPLC method, as well as established Diagnostic molecular biology tests for blood disorders.
By his great effort, he was instrumental in initiating the DM Hematology course in 1999.
Chandy has shown special interests in aplastic anemia, thalassemia, acute leukemia and stem cell transplantation and published more than 130 scientific articles so far.
After his retirement from CMC, Vellore, Chandy was given another challenging position as the Director of Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, where he has successfully set up a bone marrow transplant unit.
In order to honour his contribution in the field of medicine, Chandy was honoured with various awards including Padma Shri and the prestigious "Dr. B.C Roy Award" by the Medical Council of India.
By his 40 years of remarkable service in medicine, his advice to young doctors,
"Just keep doing good work quietly and you will surely be noticed and will be able to find enough work to keep you satisfied".


Median raphe cyst

Median raphe cysts are a cutaneous condition of the penis due to developmental defects near the glans.


Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education

The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) sets and enforces standards in physician continuing education (or 'lifelong learning') within the United States. It acts as the overseeing body for institutions and organizations providing continuing medical education (CME) activities.
The Council's seven founding member organizations are the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the American Medical Association (AMA), the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the Association for Hospital Medical Education (AHME), the Council of Medical Specialty Societies (CMSS), and the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB). These organizations established the ACCME in 1980.
The ACCME sets standards and certifies that institutions and organizations meet those standards. "CME credit" is part of special programs offered by other organizations (e.g. the American Medical Association) and is not the purview of the ACCME.
The ACCME's mission is to provide those in the medical field with opportunities to maintain competence and learn about new and developing areas of their field. A voluntary self-regulated system and a peer-review process are used to regulate and accredit medical education providers.
The primary responsibilities of the ACCME are to:
The 2017 ACCME annual report includes information on 1,794 accredited CME providers that offered 162,965 educational activities, comprising more than one million hours of instruction. These CME activities encompassed more than 28 million learner interactions, including physicians and other health care professionals. the organisation has 31 employees.


Paul-Henri Cugnenc

Paul-Henri Cugnenc (1 June 1946 – 3 July 2007) was a French surgeon.


Philippe Kourilsky

Philippe Kourilsky, born on 22 July 1942 in Boulogne-Billancourt, is a French biologist, a member of the French Academy of sciences and an honorary professor at the Collège de France.
Biography.
Son of Raoul Kourilsky, professor of medicine, and Simone Kourilsky, also a doctor, Philippe Kourilsky devoted himself to biology after studying mathematics and physics at the École polytechnique. For his doctorate, he chose as thesis director the biologist François Gros.
Professional background.
Kourilsky spent most of his career at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, as a research director. He was elected correspondent of the French Academy of sciences (section of molecular and cellular biology, genomics) in 1990, then member in 1997.
In 1998, he was appointed professor at the Collège de France, where he held the chair of molecular immunology until 2012. Professor at the Institut Pasteur on 1 January 2000, he was appointed Director General; a position he resigned from on 31 July 2005.
Kourilsky has also been a member of Academia Europaea since 1992, and a member of the Foresight Committee of the Veolia Institute. He became editor-in-chief of the digital journal "FACTS Reports", launched in 2007 with the support of the same institute.
In 2010, he founded the Resolis association, of which he has been president since then.
Research studies.
He has held numerous responsibilities in the administration of research and applications of genetics and immunology in the public and private sectors. He is the author of a report on the precautionary principle, submitted to the Prime Minister in 2006.
Distinctions.
1980: Member of EMBO
1986: International Prize for Immunopathology
1990: Lacassagne Prize of the Collège de France
1998: Officier of the Légion d'Honneur
2000: International Prize for Research in Medical Sciences
2001: Doctor honoris causa of the University La Sapienza in Rome
2001: Commandeur of the National Ordre du Mérite
2005: Doctor honoris causa from the University of Quebec
2009: Commandeur of the Légion d'Honneur.
2015: Grand Officer of the National Ordre du Mérite


Paraveterinary workers in Thailand

Veterinary technologists in Thailand are represented by the Veterinary Technology Association of Thailand (VTAT). Veterinary technology was established in Thailand in 1993 at Kasetsart University (KU) in Bangkok which offers a Bachelor of Science degree in veterinary technology. In 2011, a veterinary nursing program is to be established, after which veterinary technology will have a greater emphasis on laboratory diagnostics while veterinary nursing will concentrate more on clinical care. At present, veterinary technology fills both of these roles.


Kari Swenson

Kari Swenson (born 1961) is a veterinarian in Bozeman, Montana and former biathlete who earned a bronze medal as a member of the 1984 U.S. relay team competing in the first women's Biathlon World Championships in Chamonix, France. Swenson placed fifth overall in the women's 10-km final, which at the time, marked the best performance for a U.S. biathlete of either gender in 26 years of international biathlon competition. In 2015, Swenson and her 1984 teammates were inducted into the U.S. Biathlon Hall of Fame.
Background.
In 1970, Swenson's father, Bob, former head of the Physics Department at Temple University, moved from a suburb in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his wife Janet and their three children, relocating to Bozeman where he became head of the Physics Department at Montana State University. Janet Swenson was a nurse and ski patrol volunteer, and Kari took up cross-country skiing in her youth.
By 1984, Kari Swenson had become a member of the three-woman U.S. biathlon relay team. They competed at the first women's Biathlon World Championships in Chamonix, France. The team was awarded a bronze medal for their performance in the event. Swenson placed fifth overall in the women's 10-km final, a record performance at the time for a U.S. biathlete of either gender in 26 years of international biathlon competition. In 2015, Swenson and her 1984 teammates, Holly Beattie and Julie Newnam were inducted into the U.S. Biathlon Hall of Fame.
Abduction.
Following the 1984 biathlon season, Swenson took a summer job at a Montana guest ranch near Big Sky, Montana, where she could train daily. On July 15, 1984, while on a training run in the Ulerys Lakes area, Swenson was abducted by Don Nichols and his son Dan. The two survivalists intended to force her to become Dan's bride. When Swenson did not return to her job that evening as expected, a search party was organized.
By the following morning, over 20 searchers were combing the mountains. Swenson's friend Alan Goldstein and another ranch worker, Jim Schwalbe, paired up during the search and stumbled onto the camp. Because the Nichols had threatened to shoot any rescuers, Swenson began shouting out to warn the searchers away. Swenson later recounted that Don Nichols ordered his son Dan to "shut me up." The younger Nichols looked directly at Swenson and squeezed the trigger on his pistol at point-blank range. "It wasn't an accident," she said in a 2019 interview, in reference to his later defense claiming it was.
As the two rescuers approached, Don Nichols fired a single shot from his rifle, killing Goldstein with a gunshot wound to the face. The impact knocked him backward out of Swenson's sight. Schwalbe managed to escape. Knowing they had been located, the Nichols' unchained Swenson, then fled, leaving her alone. The bullet had entered her chest just below her collarbone, went through her lung, collapsing it, and exited below her shoulder blade.
Swenson remained in the clearing, in pain so intense it prevented her from moving, for four hours before she was rescued. It had been over 18 hours since her abduction. Swenson later attributed her survival to the breath control skills she developed as a biathlete.
Kidnappers' fate.
Don and Dan Nichols were captured in December 1984. They were tried separately in Virginia City, the Madison County seat, prosecuted by Marc Racicot, then a staff attorney for the Montana Attorney General. In May 1985, Dan Nichols was sentenced to 10 years in prison for kidnapping and misdemeanor assault. In September 1985, Don Nichols was sentenced to 85 years for kidnapping, murder, and aggravated assault. The younger Nichols was released on parole in 1991 and stayed out of trouble until 2011 when he was arrested on drug charges and given a four-year prison sentence.
Don Nichols came up for parole review four times, and each time, the Swenson family and their supporters vigorously opposed his release. On April 27, 2017, the elder Nichols, then age 86, was granted parole after serving 32 years of his sentence. He was released from prison on August 23, 2017.
Media coverage.
Swenson and her family were not pleased by some of the coverage in the press because they felt it glamorized her abductors as mythical "mountain men," and stereotyped her, a champion athlete, as a "proper Belle." "Using this description in conjunction with these two crazy misfits is truly maligning the mystique and legends of the mountain man," wrote Swenson in a 2012 op-ed. In 1989, Swenson's mother authored a book written from the family's perspective, titled "Victims: The Kari Swenson Story." In the book, Kari stated, "the Nichols lived in the mountains part-time but they couldn't survive there, at least not without poaching, breaking into cabins and stealing supplies, leaving the mountains for months at a time and purchasing modern equipment. Ultimately they were caught without a fight because they were cold, hungry, and tired of living in the mountains. These are not mountain men."
A two-hour made-for-TV drama titled "The Abduction of Kari Swenson", produced by NBC aired on March 8, 1987. It starred Tracy Pollan in the leading role as Kari Swenson. Swenson contributed as a technical advisor during production and also filmed her own ski sequences. Her story was also featured on Investigation Discovery in the TV series "Your Worst Nightmare", season 3, episode 9 titled "Into the Wild" premiering on February 11, 2017. In 2019 her story was the focus of an ESPN 30 for 30 podcast titled "Out of the Woods." The 30 for 30 podcast episode was also featured in the Criminal episode #128, titled "Deep Breath".
Later life.
Following the kidnapping and the immediate aftermath from her injuries, Swenson returned to training, earned a spot on the United States Biathlon team again, and competed in the 1986 biathlon competition in Oslo, Norway, where she finished fourth. That year she retired from biathlon competition. She then enrolled at Colorado State University Veterinary School, where she graduated in 1990. After working for five years at a small animal veterinary practice in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, she returned to Montana, and today is a practicing veterinarian in Bozeman.


Heterosubtypic immunity

"Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is defined as cross-protection to infection with an influenza A virus serotype other than the one used for primary infection." In layman's terms: an 'infection with "seasonal" influenza A viruses could induce immunity against unrelated sub-strains.'


Willard Myron Allen

Willard Myron Allen (November 5, 1904 – August 15, 1993) was an American gynecologist. He was born in 1904 in Farmington, New York, near Rochester, New York. As an undergraduate student at Hobart College (now Hobart and William Smith Colleges) in Geneva, New York, Allen had studied organic chemistry. This would come in handy for his medical school research that would reserve a special place for him in the annals of medical history. He graduated from Hobart in 1926, and was awarded an honorary D.Sc. degree in 1940 for his medical discoveries at the University of Rochester.
Allen studied medicine at the University of Rochester and supported himself by working as an assistant in his anatomy professor, George W. Corner’s embryology laboratory. Corner and Allen are credited with the discovery of "progestin", the original name for progesterone and not to be confused with progestin, a synthetic progestogen, in 1930 and the first isolation of progesterone in 1933 (described below and in W.M. Allen "My Life with Progesterone", 2005 below). He graduated with honors in 1932. Allen received the first Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry in 1935. After several years of teaching at Rochester, Allen was appointed professor and chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Washington University's School of Medicine in St. Louis. He contributed original papers on the histology and physiology of the female reproductive organs, bringing him many national and international awards. He was the first graduate of the Medical School in Rochester to be elected to that university's board of trustees.
When Allen joined Washington University in 1940, he was the youngest chairman of a clinical department. He served as chairman for thirty years until his retirement from Washington University to accept the position of Dean of Admissions at the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore.
Co-discoverer who named the universal pregnancy maintaining hormone progesterone.
Considerable space has been devoted to progesterone, but little has been written about its discoverer, Willard M. Allen.
The day Allen isolated pure "progestin" (later named by him "progesterone") was a very significant day in his life.
"... The isolation of the hormone from the waxy material obtained by high-vacuum distillation was a laborious and exasperating experience. However, the month of May 1933 was a glorious month. On May 5, I had the crystalline corpus luteum hormone. On May 18, my daughter, Lucille, was born. My friends gave me double congratulations and I was sitting on top of the world. ..."


Lawrence Borst

Lawrence Marion "Larry" Borst Jr. (July 16, 1927 – December 20, 2016) was an American veterinarian and politician.
Borst was born in Champaign County, Ohio and graduated from North High School. He met and married Eldoris June Wood in 1948 and moved to South Bend, Indiana two years later upon earning a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Ohio State University. He then moved to Indianapolis in 1952 and began his own veterinary practice in 1954. In 1965, Borst became the founding leader of the Republican Action Committee. He served one year, 1967, in the Indiana House of Representatives, before his 1968 election to the Indiana Senate as a representative of district 36, which included Johnson and Marion Counties. Borst retained his state senatorial seat until 2005. He was also active in the local politics of Indianapolis. In 1971, Borst was named to the Mayor's Progress Committee of Indianapolis, and became a member of the executive council in 1973.
Borst wrote a memoir, "Gentlemen, It's Been My Pleasure: Four Decades in the Indiana Legislature" in 2003. He died on December 20, 2016 at the age of 89.


Creative Support

Creative Support is a Manchester-based charity which works with adults with learning difficulties and mental health issues providing supported housing and community services.
History.
It was established in 1990 and registered in 1991 as an Industrial and Provident Society with charitable status. It was then called Manchester Housing Consortium. It is a Registered Social Landlord and became a Community Benefit Society with charitable status under the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014. The present Chief Executive, Anna Lunts, a mental health nurse who had been involved in the closure of a long stay psychiatric hospital was the first employee. For the first five years resettling former patients of mental health hospitals was the main work of the organisation.
A head office was opened in Manchester city centre in 1996 and moved to Stockport in 2019. The organisation has since expanded both geographically and in the scope of its services. It merged with the charity SPACE, based in Preston, Lancashire, who provided sensory experiences for children and adults with a range of needs in 2013. In February 2014 it acquired Delos Community Limited which provided services to people with a learning disability and other needs in Northamptonshire. It now has more than 5000 staff. In 2014 over half of the services provided were for people with learning disabilities.
Services.
In 2020 it was supporting about 7000 people across England with learning disability, autism and mental health needs and people with a physical disability and older people with care and support needs, including people living with dementia. and an additional 1400 tenants in supported housing, and had more than 5000 staff.
It runs:


Alain de Weck

Alain L. de Weck, (July 26, 1928 – April 8, 2013), was a Swiss immunologist and allergist. His main scientific contributions were in the area of characterization and prevention of drug allergy. He was the founding director of the Institute of Clinical Immunology at the University of Bern from 1971 to 1993 and authored or co-authored over 600 peer-reviewed publications. He is the recipient of a number of patents that led to commercial allergy products and services. He served as president of international scientific organizations such as the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) and the International Association for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (IAACI) (now the World Allergy Organization) and was founder and later CEO of the Centre Médical des Grand-Places (CMG) company, acquired by Heska of Fort Collins (Nasdaq: HSKA) in 1997. In later years he continued his research at the University of Navarra in Spain and wrote on a wide range of topics such as the distinction between science and pseudo-science, the emergence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and comparative health care policy.
Education.
Alain de Weck grew up in Crans-Montana, attended the Collège Calvin in Geneva and later completed his Baccalauréat in classical studies at the Collège Saint-Michel in Fribourg in 1947. He obtained his M.D. degree from the University of Geneva in November 1953 after medical studies in Fribourg, Lausanne and Geneva. He did his residency in Paris at various hospitals including the Hôpital Bichat, and the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital. During this time he was an early resident at the Pavillon Suisse designed by the architect Le Corbusier at the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris. Starting in 1954, he came under the tutelage of Professor Werner Jadassohn, then the head of the Department of Dermatology in Geneva, the son of dermatologist, Joseph Jadassohn. There he started investigating the occurrence and root causes of inflammation as well as contact dermatitis due to lymphocytes using the guinea pig nipple as a model for the human skin. This led to the first histopathological demonstration that contact dermatitis is due to sensitized lymphocytes. He then stayed - as the first U.S. Public Health Service funded foreign research fellow from Switzerland - at Barnes Hospital at Washington University in St. Louis from 1958 to 1960 under the guidance of Prof. Herman Eisen. During this time, Alain de Weck made initial contributions to what later became one of his signature research areas: penicillin allergy. In particular he developed penicilloyl-polylysine (PPL) as a test reagent for detecting penicillin allergy.
Scientific contributions.
Starting in 1961, after his return to Switzerland, he established himself as an independent researcher and eventually full professor (Ordinarius) at the University of Bern with initial support from the Swiss National Science Foundation. From 1961 to 1971 he ran a successful clinical immunology and allergy program under Prof. Hans Kuske in the Department of Dermatology at the Inselspital Bern, the university hospital. During this time he investigated a growing variety of topics such as hapten-antibody interactions, contact dermatitis, immunological tolerance to simple chemicals, delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity and lymphocyte proliferation, among others. On October 1, 1971, he became the founding chairman of the Institute of Clinical Immunology and Allergy at the University of Bern, a position he held until his retirement in 1993. One of the noteworthy contributions was the first description of the now well-known "Cheese Washer’s Disease" (in German: "Kaesewascherkrankheit"), a special form of farmer's lung syndrome.
Prof. Alain de Weck was a specialist at translating immunological theory into new medical applications for both diagnosis and treatment. His main contributions range from the characterization of the molecular causes of penicillin allergy, the suppression of allergic reactions using hapten inhibition, the international standardization of allergens to the study of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis and associated receptors, and the development of new diagnostics techniques such as in-vitro cellular assays as well as flow cytometric tests. He elucidated the mechanism of action of lactobacillus vaccines used in recurrent nonspecific gynaecological infections.
Clinical activities included services such as allergy diagnostics using allergen-specific IgE antibodies (RAST test) and mediator analyses, leukocyte histocompatibility antigen (HLA group) typing for organ transplant (mainly kidney and liver), as well as cellular immunology testing particularly for the diagnosis of drug allergy and some autoimmune disorders such as HIV. The Institute offered a full curriculum in Immunology and Allergy at the University and also collaborated on textbooks of this rapidly evolving field. The Institute hosted a large number of foreign researchers and visitors starting in the 1970s.
Entrepreneurship.
In his entrepreneurial activities Alain de Weck focused initially on the immunological aspects of aging and was co-founder of an unsuccessful clinic called CLIMARLY (1978-1982). His second more successful venture resulted from research on cellular assays for low cost in-vitro allergy testing using the Immunodot technology for IgE-based detection of allergies and other diseases such as HIV using low-cost cellulose strips and optical density measurements. He subsequently founded the Centre Medical des Grand-Places (CMG) company with a number of investors, including the Japanese pharmaceutical firm Nippon Zoki. One of Alain de Weck’s main collaborators during this time was Dr. Michael Derer. CMG successfully developed, manufactured and sold a series of diagnostic allergy screening tests under the name “TOP SCREEN” to test for the presence of specific IgEs to a variety of about 40 of the most common allergens. In 1994-1995 CMG added diagnostic tests for dog allergy and was subsequently acquired by Heska of Fort Collins, Colorado, in 1997.
International scientific organizations and awards.
Alain de Weck was well known for was his leadership in and of international scientific organizations. He served as president of IUIS, the International Union of Immunological Societies from 1983-1986 as well as the International Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (IAACI), now World Allergy Organization (WAO) from 1985-1988. Other societies like the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA), the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Swiss Society, the German Society and the World Health Organization (WHO) also benefitted from his leadership. One of his accomplishments in science diplomacy was to bring new countries and scientists into these organizations, including those from the former Soviet Union and Taiwan. One of the highlights of these activities was his chairmanship of the XIIIth IAACI Congress in Montreux in 1988 with 5,600 participants
Alain de Weck received several awards and recognitions for his scientific work including, among others:
Retirement.
After his retirement from the University of Bern in 1993 Alain de Weck remained active as an Extraordinary Professor at the pontifical University of Navarra in Pamplona, Spain where he collaborated on further development and validation of flow cytometry for immunological testing, as well as a frequent columnist in newspapers voicing his opinion on a wide variety of topics such as the distinction between true science and pseudo-science, the immunological aspects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the future of health care policy in different countries.


Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University

The Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University () is a medical school located in Narathiwat, southern Thailand. The 18th medical school established in Thailand, founded in 2005, the Medical School is run in collaboration with Songkhla Hospital, Naradhiwas Rajanagarindra Hospital and Galyanivadhanakarun Hospital.
History.
Thailand currently has a problem related to health of population and more importantly, a problem of insufficient doctors in terms of quantity and distribution especially in provincial part. Population at the end of 2002 was at 62,779,872 accounted for a proportion at 1 : 2,745. Moreover, majority of doctors concentrates in big city and Bangkok therefore provincial part and the three southern border provinces of Thailand including Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat has the lowest density of doctor.
In 2005, in supporting a government policy in improving health care in the three southern border provinces, Princess of Naradhiwas University established faculty of medicine admitting students directly of the three southern border provinces including Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat in order to solve an ongoing severe problem, insufficient numbers of doctors as well as innovate a distribution of education. Supporting a potential student to study in college conforms with government security policy in a strategy used in solving a conflict crisis in the three southern border provinces. This brings about alleviation in conflict and violence and peaceful living together under very culture and lifestyle.
In 2007, the first-year medical students total 16 people.
Due to the fact that Princess of Naradhiwas University is relatively new, it still confronts with the problem of location, instructional equipment and human resources. Thus executives agrees up on the first three year of MD program, medical student will be studying preclinic (1st-3rd year) at Faculty of Science and Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai campus. and the developments of those elements are expected to prompt for self operation in the near future.
Programs of study.
Doctor of Medicine (MD)
International cooperations.
Memoranda of understanding (MOU)


Elastic recoil

Elastic recoil means the rebound of the lungs after having been stretched by inhalation, or rather, the ease with which the lung rebounds. With inhalation, the intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural cavity) of the lungs decreases. Relaxing the diaphragm during expiration allows the lungs to recoil and regain the intrapleural pressure experienced previously at rest. Elastic recoil is inversely related to lung compliance.
This phenomenon occurs because of the elastin in the elastic fibers in the connective tissue of the lungs, and because of the surface tension of the film of fluid that lines the alveoli. As water molecules pull together, they also pull on the alveolar walls causing the alveoli to recoil and become smaller. But two factors prevent the lungs from collapsing: surfactant and the intrapleural pressure. Surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that comprise surfactant have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. By absorbing to the air-water interface of alveoli with the hydrophilic head groups in the water and the hydrophobic tails facing towards the air, the main lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, reduces surface tension. It also means the rate of shrinking is more regular because of the stability of surface area caused by surfactant. Pleural pressure is the pressure in the pleural space. When this pressure is lower than the pressure of alveoli they tend to expand. This prevents the elastic fibers and outside pressure from crushing the lungs. It is a homeostatic mechanism.


Golden S sign

In medicine, the Golden S sign is a sign seen on imaging of the chest that suggests a central lung mass or lung collapse. It was first described by Dr. Ross Golden (1889-1975) in 1925 in association with bronchial carcinoma, but it is also seen in metastatic cancer, enlarged lymph nodes, and collapse of the right upper lobe of the lung.
Dr. Golden became the first professor of radiology when he joined Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in 1922. It was there that he became the first chairman of the Department of Radiology until his retirement in 1954. He then became the visiting professor of radiology at UCLA Medical, 1954–1975. Dr. Golden is considered a pioneer in the field of Diagnostic Radiology when it was in its infancy, and was the author of many books, journals and periodicals on the subject. He was (twice) president of the Roentgen Ray Society as well as a trustee of the New York Academy of Medicine, and chairman of Radiological Services for the American Medical Association. Among his many honors and accolades, he was honored by President Nehru of India in 1956 for his assistance in improving radiological services throughout that country.
Appearance.
The Golden S sign can be seen on plain radiographs as well as on computed tomography (CT) scans of the chest. The sign is seen in the right lung as a distorted minor fissure, whose lateral aspect is concave inferiorly and whose medial aspect is convex inferiorly. This produces a "reverse S" appearance, responsible for the sign being occasionally called the reverse S sign of Golden.


Chondroitin ABC lyase

Chondroitin ABC lyase ( , "chondroitinase", "chondroitin ABC eliminase", "chondroitinase ABC") is an enzyme with systematic name "chondroitin ABC lyase". This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
This enzyme acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate.
Uses.
Following a spinal cord injury, this enzyme can be used to erode scar tissue that can interfere with regeneration.


Frederick B. Moorehead

Frederick Brown Moorehead (14 October 1875-1944) was a notable oral surgeon, and led the fight to make what is now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry part of the University of Illinois.
Frederick Moorehead was born in 1875 in Mineral Point, Wisconsin, son of James Walter Moorehead and Mary Jane Brown. He graduated from Chicago College of Dental Surgery in 1899 and from Rush Medical College in 1905.
During his administration as dean (1913–1924), the college pioneered the use of electrically driven equipment, and entrance requirements were toughened to allow more time for advanced science training instead of teaching basic skills.
As professor and head of the Department of Oral and Plastic Surgery from 1913-1944, Moorehead was senior author of the textbook "Pathology of the Mouth" and many research articles, and made advances in reconstructive surgery. In the summer of 1921, Moorehead, along with Henry Sage Dunning of New York and Truman W. Brophy, met in Chicago to organize the 1st association in North America of specialists in what would come to be known as plastic surgery. He also found time to serve on the staff of four other medical facilities, and maintain a private practice.


Daniel X. Freedman

Daniel Xander Freedman (17 August 1921 – 3 June 1993) was a psychiatrist and educator, pioneer in biological psychiatry.
Biography.
Born in Lafayette, Indiana, he performed pioneering studies in the relationship between drugs and behavior. Researching brain mechanism in allergy, he discovered the link of hallucinogens to brain transmitters. He also found biological effects of environmental stress on the brain, and identified hyperserotonemia in autism.
After attending Harvard College, he enlisted in the army. He later attended Yale School of Medicine and ultimately became Professor of Psychiatry at Yale until 1966 when he left Yale to become Chairman of the Psychiatry department at the University of Chicago where he continued his psychopharmaceutical research, primarily concerned with 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). The final phase of his career was spent at UCLA as professor of Psychiatry. His wife, Mary Freedman is a talented artist.
As Dan Freedman, he was a talented and humorous musician. One of his specialties was accompanying himself on the piano while giving a fine impression of Groucho Marx singing "Lydia the Tattooed Lady".


DEBRA

DEBRA (formerly known as DebRA) is the name of an international medical research charity dedicated to the curing of epidermolysis bullosa, with national groups in over 40 countries (including the British and American) and growing.
History.
"Debra" is the first name of the daughter of Phyllis Hilton, the original founder of the organisation in the UK, which began as a support group for parents, guardians and carers of other young children with the condition.
Although the backronym of Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association has been used by DEBRA UK in the past, the organisation provides information, research funding and support for "all" forms of EB, not just dystrophic, which is one of three main sub-types of the condition; the others being EB simplex and junctional EB.
The DebRA US organisation have continued to use the aforementioned acronym DEBRA for the Dystrophic EB Research Association of America since their formation in 1980.
Work.
Epidermolysis bullosa is a genetic condition that in its most severe forms affects all of the body's linings, the skin, the linings of the mouth and oesophagus, and even the eyes. In its most severe forms the linings blister or rip away from the flesh under the lightest of frictions. For example, rolling over in bed can cause skin to tear away from behind the ears, and the sufferer may wake up with up to 30 blisters each morning.
There is no treatment bar the lancing and draining of these blisters to stop their growth. Sufferers of the severest form die prematurely of skin cancer (their life expectancy is usually reduced by 30–40 years); in some, death occurs in infancy. Each day sufferers face a battle against fluid loss and infections due to open wounds. Blistering can also affect inner body linings, such as the mouth and throat. Sufferers of the severest forms have difficulties with eating due to the rawness in their mouths and often have to have a feeding tube fitted.
EB has a number of distinct forms: in the least severe form, blistering is confined to the hands and feet. In more severe cases, the whole body is affected and wounds heal very slowly, giving rise to scarring, physical deformity and significant disability.
In the UK.
DEBRA UK is the national charity that supports individuals and families affected by EB. There are at least 5,000 people living with this devastating condition in the UK and 500,000 people worldwide.
DEBRA UK was founded in 1978 and provides an enhanced specialist EB nursing service, in partnership with the NHS, to deliver optimal healthcare to children and adults living with EB and community support staff to work directly with families. The charity also commissions world-leading research into the condition with the aim of finding effective treatments and, ultimately, a cure for EB. DEBRA UK has over 100 charity shops across the country run by combination of paid sales staff, volunteers, and people gaining work experience. Donations and proceeds from shops fund services for epidermolysis bullosa affected families and medical research into the condition. DEBRA UK's fundraising shops participate in the UK government's forced unpaid work programme where benefit claimants must work 20 to 40 hours per week uncompensated for periods that can be as long as six months. However, in 2015 DEBRA Trustee and current Vice Chairman Michael Jaega requested that DEBRA cease to take part in the program on the basis that DEBRA is a charity for disabled people and many of those disabled people, particularly those who suffer with EB, are unable to work due to the severe nature of their condition. The Workfare program was dropped by the government in 2017.
In the United States.
Debra of America was founded in 1980 by Arlene Pessar and her son, Eric Lopez, who was born with epidermolysis bullosa. It is the only U.S. nonprofit organization that provides all-inclusive support to the EB community, through funding research for a cure and by providing free programs and services for those with EB. The mission of debra of America is to improve the quality of life for all people living in the United States with EB, their families, and caregivers, through free programs and services while funding research to find a cure and treatments for EB.
In 2015, Debra of America launched a series of TV and web commercials alongside a campaign titled #ItWontHurtToWatch These commercials, produced by award-winning health and wellness advertising agency HAVAS Worldwide Tonic, are meant to spread awareness of the debilitating rare disease.
Other countries.
A list of national groups may be found at DEBRA International.


Norman Bethune Sr.

Norman Bethune (13 August 1822 – 12 October 1892) was the son of Angus Bethune who was a fur trader. Norman was born in Moose Factory, Ontario. Because of his father's family connections, such as his brother, Donald Bethune, the family moved to Toronto in 1840 where Norman was enrolled in Upper Canada College. From there he went for an arts degree at King's College and then to medical school in England where he graduated in 1848 as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
In 1849, Norman and four other doctors started a third medical school in Toronto called the Upper Canada School of Medicine. When a big dispute broke out over the conversion of Kings College to a secular school, the University of Toronto, Bishop John Strachan started Trinity College as a new Anglican alternative. The Upper Canada Medical Group, including Bethune, became the medical faculty of the new college. However, the medical school had difficulty in attracting enough paying Anglican students and started offering instruction to others as well. A dispute broke out with Strachan, causing the mass resignation of the medical faculty.
Bethune and many other faculty joined the Toronto School of Medicine. He taught successfully there and then returned to Trinity College in 1871. He was professor of surgery there until 1881. His career drew little recorded notice from that time until his death. His career spans an era when science separated itself from religion and government became increasingly involved in the funding of medical education.
In 1859, while traveling in Europe, he journeyed to Italy, to tend those wounded in the Battle of Solferino. Henri Dunant was impressed by Bethune's efforts, and mentioned him as "Norman Bettun" in "A Memory of Solferino".
He had a grandson, Henry Norman Bethune who also became a physician and achieved high recognition for his medical work and his activity in China with Mao Zedong's army.


Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates

According to the US Department of Education, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates is "the authorized credential evaluation and guidance agency for non-U.S. physicians and graduates of non-U.S. medical schools who seek to practice in the United States or apply for a U.S. medical residency program. It provides comprehensive information and resources on licensure, the U.S. Medical Licensure Examination (USMLE), residencies, and recognition."
Through its program of certification, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) assesses the readiness of international medical graduates to enter residency or fellowship programs in the United States that are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).
ECFMG acts as the registration and score-reporting agency for the USMLE for foreign medical students/ graduates, or in short, it acts as the designated Dean's office for International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in contrast to the American Medical Graduates (AMGs).
Medical schools in Canada that award the M.D. are not assessed by ECFMG, because the Liaison Committee on Medical Education historically accredited M.D.-granting institutions in both the U.S. and Canada (today, Canada has its own accrediting body that generally follows U.S. standards). M.D. graduates of American and Canadian institutions are not considered IMGs in either country.
History.
ECFMG was founded in 1956, in response to the increase need for the evaluation of the readiness of international medical graduates entering the physician workforce during the 1950 expansion of US healthcare system. Its initial name was Evaluation Service for Foreign Medical Graduates (ESFMG). Later that year, it was renamed Educational Council for Foreign Medical Graduates. In conjunction with NBME,
it created what became known as the ECFMG certification which included examinations and
assessments of English language proficiency. In 1974, it merged with the Commission on Foreign Medical Graduates and changed its name
to its current name Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates.
Certification.
The main pathway for international medical graduates who wish to be licensed as a physician in the United States is to complete a U.S. residency hospital program. The general method to apply for residency programs is through the National Resident Matching Program (abbreviated NRMP, but also called "the Match"). To participate in the NRMP, an IMG is required to have an ECFMG certification by the "rank order list certification deadline" time (usually in February of the year of the match).
To acquire an ECFMG certification, the candidate must meet these requirements:
In comparison, regular graduates from medical schools in the United States need to complete USMLE Steps 1 and 2 as well, but can participate in the NRMP while still doing their final year of medical school before acquiring their medical diplomas. In effect, taking regular administrative delays into account, and with residency programs starting around July, there is a gap of at least half a year for IMGs between graduation from medical school and beginning of a residency program.
Clinical and communication skills requirements.
The COVID-19 global pandemic has brought some changes to the ECFMG certification process. First as AAMC suspended temporarily and later eliminated the Step 2 CS examination, ECFMG moved to a pathways model for verification of clinical skills. IMGs who have already taken Step 2 CS may still use it to fulfill this requirement. All other IMGs will need:
Certification Expiration.
As of April 2021, ECFMG certifications obtained by fulfilling the clinical and communication skills requirements through a pathway will expire in 2022 if the applicant does not enter an ACGME-accredited training program in 2021 or 2022. If the applicant enters a training program they become permanent after one year of residency.
Projects.
A pilot project was started in 2012 for an electronic verification system of medical credentials from international medical schools, with participation from approximately 20 international medical schools. After completion of this pilot project, ECFMG now allows allows all medical schools to register for free.
Effective in 2024, the ECFMG will restrict eligibility to USMLE and employment as a doctor in the United States to graduates from medical schools accredited by an agency which is recognized by the World Federation for Medical Education or to an equivalent standard. The accrediting agencies that meet these requirements are:
Communication.
International medical schools can send Medical Student Performance Evaluations (MSPEs), medical school transcripts, and letters of recommendation (LoRs) on behalf of their students and graduates to ECFMG by means of mail, or through digital documents by the ECFMG Medical School Web Portal (EMSWP).


Chris Ireland

Chris Ireland is an American pharmacist, currently the Dean and L. S. Skaggs Presidential Endow Chair for Pharmacy and Distinguished Professor at University of Utah.


Uganda Red Cross Society

Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS) was founded in 1962 and previously it was part of the British Red Cross. It has its headquarters in Kampala.
The Uganda Red Cross the biggest indigenous humanitarian organization in Uganda.
History of the Uganda Red Cross.
It started as a branch of the British Red Cross in 1941. In 1964 under an act of Parliament, the Uganda Red Cross Constitution was adopted bringing into existence the Uganda Red Cross Society. A year later in 1965, the Society was admitted as a member of the International Committee of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Uganda Red Cross Society has continued to grow over the years and it now has 51 branches and 30 sub-branches spanning the whole of Uganda. The National Society also works with a number of partners in the execution of its mission. These include the Government of Uganda, United Nations agencies, international funding agencies, companies and practicing sister Red Cross National Societies.
The Uganda Red Cross Society operates throughout the country through its 51 branches and several sub branches.
Website.
Official website


Karol Ignacy Lorinser

Karl Ignatius Lorinser (1796–1853) was an Austrian physician.


Carl Fischer (homeopath)

Carl Frank Fischer (year of birth unknown – 1893) was a New Zealand doctor, homoeopath and viticulturist. He was born in Germany.


Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association (CVMA) (, ACMV), founded in 1876, provides leadership on national veterinary issues, advocates for animal welfare, and works to encourage life balance in veterinary professionals.
The CVMA publishes two scientific journals: the Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research ('), a peer-reviewed quarterly publication available online focusing on comparative and veterinary medicine, as well as the Canadian Veterinary Journal ('), a peer-reviewed monthly publication, focusing on scientific articles, regular columns, news, and information about new products.
The CVMA also publishes information about pet care for the public.
Veterinary students in Canada are automatically members of the CVMA and are referred to as Students of the CVMA (SCVMA) (", ÉACMV). Each of Canada's five veterinary schools has a student representative who sits on the CVMA's Student committee. Veterinary students can attend an annual symposium in veterinary medicine including lectures and labs. Students can also apply for CVMA scholarships.
While veterinary schools in Canada are accredited by the Council on Education of the American Veterinary Medical Association, licensing exams for Canadian veterinary students are administered by the National Examination Board of the CVMA.
Position statements.
As part of CVMA's leadership on veterinary issues, they publish official position statements of national and international veterinary interest intended to serve as guidelines for veterinarians across the country as well as educate the public on the veterinary profession's opinion on various topics. The CVMA has 13 general position statements and 36 animal welfare position statements.
Vaccination.
A recent increase in preventable infectious disease in pets has been seen in conjunction with a decrease in vaccinations. The CVMA supports vaccination of animals as preventative medicine to reduce disease risk. Despite this stance, there has been some controversy that veterinarians may be over-vaccinating pets; in response to this criticism, the CVMA maintains that research on longevity of vaccine coverage remains controversial, and vaccination schedules should be developed on an individual basis, depending on exposure risk.
On the issue of the northward migration of the West Nile virus, according to the Canadian Veterinary Medical Association - BC chapter's Dr. John Twidale, chair of the equine committee, stated that though the West Nile virus has been in British Columbia for five years, 2014 saw the first two cases of West Nile virus in two horses in Cache Creek and Ashcroft, and warned horse owners to get their animals vaccinated.
Cosmetic body alterations.
The January 2014 position statement reads:
Provincial veterinary associations had been addressing ear cropping and tail docking with various levels of bylaws or codes of practice banning veterinarians from these procedures. Vets are banned from cropping ears in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and BC, which in November 2015, citing the position statement of the CVMA also decided to ban ear-cropping in dogs.
Following the 2014 CVMA statement, veterinary associations in three provinces have banned vets from performing any cosmetic surgeries: Québec (by the "), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, while the government of Prince Edward Island has passed an Animal Welfare Act also banning all cosmetic surgeries. (Newfoundland was the earliest to ban these surgeries in 1978).
The CVMA also provides specific position statements for sheep, horses, and cattle.
Mental health of veterinarians.
The CVMA Task Force on Member Wellness (2010) showed 19% of Canadian veterinarians had seriously contemplated suicide, confirming conclusions of a 2010 British study which found that the suicide rate among veterinarians is four times that of the general population and twice that of other healthcare professions.
Work with public health concerns.
With increasing global concern over development of aantimicrobial resistance, the CVMA has taken an active role in Canada on the responsible use of antimicrobials. The CVMA has urged the government for further regulatory changes to provide increased veterinary oversight of antibiotic use in Canada. In 2015, the CVMA revised their statement to include a position on use of antimicrobials of high importance in human medicine (VDD Category I to III), stating they should only be used under veterinary oversight with a veterinary prescription. The CVMA, in conjunction with Health Canada and other partner organizations, developed a Therapeutic Decision Cascade for Animal and Public Safety. This document is intended to assist veterinarians in prescribing drugs, including antimicrobials, in a conscientious way for both animals and public health.
In 2014, the CMVA released their Antimicrobial Smartvet App that guides veterinarians through prescribing appropriate antimicrobials for specific bacterial infections in dogs and cats.
In Canada two major concerns of ticks are Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). With global warming ticks are found further north and according to the CMVA, pet owners should increase their awareness of ticks on their pets as the prevalence of diseases carried by ticks is on the increase. As the ticks often migrate via birds, pet owners must start their pet maintenance routines in early spring, as soon as the weather passes zero Celsius.