Elisha Warfield

Elisha Warfield Jr. (February 5, 1781 – May 15, 1859) was an American physician and a Thoroughbred racehorse owner and breeder whom "Thoroughbred Heritage" calls "one of the most important early figures in Kentucky racing and breeding."
Early life and education.
Born in Maryland, Elisha Jr. moved with his family to Lexington, Kentucky when he was nine years old. He was tutored privately and obtained a degree in medicine from Transylvania University.
On January 15, 1805, he married Maria Barr, with whom he had ten children. Their daughter Mary Jane Warfield married Cassius Marcellus Clay, who became a prominent politician and abolitionist in Kentucky.
Warfield became a very successful medical practitioner in Lexington. He was selected as the first Professor of Surgery and Obstetrics at the newly established medical school at Transylvania University.
Active in community development, in 1830 Elisha Warfield was a founding shareholder of the Lexington & Ohio Railway Company. In 1834 it connected Lexington to the state capital of Frankfort, Kentucky.
Thoroughbred horses.
Around the time of his marriage, Elisha Warfield began racing and breeding Thoroughbred horses. In 1809 he was one of the founding members of the Lexington Jockey Club, consisting of owners of the racehorses and breeding farms.
In 1821 Warfield decided to devote his energies to breeding, training and racing Thoroughbreds full-time. In 1826, he was one of the founders of the Kentucky Association, which built a horse racetrack on land adjacent to his stud farm.
Known as The Meadows, Warfield's stud farm was located on Winchester Pike on the Northeast side of Lexington. It was where he bred Lexington, a U.S. Racing Hall of Fame Thoroughbred stallion. Foaled at The Meadows on March 29, 1850, and originally named Darley, the colt was very successful on the racetrack, winning six of his seven starts. As a breeding stallion, he is considered one of the greatest in United States history. Between 1861 and 1878, Lexington was ranked as the leading sire in North America a record sixteen times, of which fourteen were consecutive years. As of 2008, Lexington's record remains intact.
Warfield and his brother Benjamin, an attorney, were members of the group that founded Lexington Cemetery in 1849. Elisha Warfield was buried here following his 1859 death at his Lexington home.
The Meadows stud farm was eventually sold, with portions of the property parceled off. Prominent Kentucky horseman Daniel Swigert owned the stud for a time before selling it in August 1888. Increased population in the city put pressure on surrounding real estate. Developers acquired the property in 1945 and subdivided it for residential use as The Meadows.


Royal Football Fund

Royal Football Fund is a sports investment company based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, associated to the United Investment Bank Limited .
Deals with the sports club.
Portsmouth F.C..
On 2009, it was reported that Al-Fahim had signed a deal to take over the English Premier League club Portsmouth.
Mumbai City FC.
During the Mubadala Senior Leadership Forum, Al-Fahim became friends with Wilhelm Kayque Garbacchio Saldanha, son of a Russian billionaire shareholder of Gazprom, which had the same desires to buy football clubs. Mr Saldanha is the main investor of Mumbai City FC. It is a football franchise in Mumbai, Maharashtra, plays in the Indian Super League, owned by Guilherme Kayque G. Saldanha, Ranbir Kapoor and Bimal Parekh.
On 28 November 2019, it was revealed that City Football Group has bought the 65 percent stakes at the club, adding Mumbai City FC as the eighth club under city group.
CB Gran Canaria.
In April 2016 it was announced the Royal Football Fund as a new investor of the Spanish basketball club based in Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, CB Gran Canaria.
Partnership.
In November 2008 Al Fahim was honored with a gold medal of excellence from HM Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu, The King of Malaysia, for his work supporting Equestrian activities worldwide. Al Fahim was honored with this distinction during the FEI World Endurance Championship 2008 in Malaysia.
In 2015 initiated partnership with Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C., football club based in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. They also have a business relationship with Crystal Palace, club based in South Norwood, London.


World Badminton Federation

The World Badminton Federation is a former badminton organization, it was founded in February 1978 and ceased its operation on May 26, 1981 after it merged with the International Badminton Federation (now known as Badminton World Federation or BWF).
History.
Establishment.
The World Badminton Federation was established as a result of the dissatisfaction of some badminton nations, led by then non-IBF member China, with the policies of the International Badminton Federation, the governing body of international badminton formed in the 1930s. The two main issues were the IBF's acceptance of Taiwan (ROC) as a national organization, and its refusal to dismiss the South African association due to the apartheid policies of the then South African government.
Conferences called by the Asian Badminton Confederation (now known as the Badminton Asia Confederation) were held in September and November 1977 which resulted in the withdrawal of the African Badminton Union (now Badminton Confederation of Africa) from the IBF. The founding of the World Badminton Federation was officially proclaimed at a third conference held in Hong Kong in February 1978. Twenty-two nations and regions, nearly all from Asia or Africa joined the federation: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, Ghana, Guyana, Hong Kong, India, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Nigeria, North Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand and Zambia. Austria, France, Mexico (on behalf of the Pan American Badminton Confederation), Sweden, West Germany and Yugoslavia sent non-voting observers to attend the conference.
During its establishment, the World Badminton Federation organized two editions of its own World Championship, one held in Bangkok in 1978, the other in Hangzhou in 1979.
Union.
The union with the International Badminton Federation was brought into being following the decision of Taiwan to change the name of its organization to the Chinese Taipei Badminton Association and a promise from South African Badminton Union not to participate in the Thomas and Uber Cups or IBF World Championships. Relatively minor changes in voting rules were also approved.
In March 1981, a special conference was held with the voting result of 57 to 4 in support of unification. On May 26, 1981, the World Badminton Federation officially united with International Badminton Federation.


Commissioning support units

Commissioning support units were established in April 2013 from the remains of the primary care trusts and strategic health authorities as part of the reorganisation of the National Health Service in England following the Health and Social Care Act 2012.
Twenty five regional commissioning support units submitted outline business plans in 2012 to NHS England which hosted them. The commissioning support units were largely staffed by former employees of primary care trusts. They were intended to provide support to clinical commissioning groups by providing business intelligence, health and clinical procurement services and other back-office administrative functions, including contract management. The plan was to introduce competition into this market by making them independent businesses from 2016. By May 2014 there had been a number of amalgamations as some clinical commissioning groups brought their commissioning support services in-house.
Greater East Midlands Commissioning Support Unit was criticised by Liz Kendall MP who said it should no longer run NHS continuing healthcare services for patients with complex needs and that it only had one part-time person monitoring the quality of all its home care providers. It announced plans for a merger with NHS Arden CSU in November 2014. Between them they provide specialist support to 37 clinical commissioning groups.
North of England Commissioning Support Unit has expanded some of their services to other areas of the country such as their business intelligence tool RAIDR, which is now deployed in over 20% of GP Practices In England.
The South, South West and Central Southern Commissioning Support Units announced in January 2015 that they planned to merge into a new organisation to be called South, Central and West Commissioning Support which will span Sussex, Cornwall, Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire. The CSUs in the North West and in Yorkshire were not admitted to the NHS procurement framework in February 2015 and NHS England announced that they had no future. Services in Greater Manchester were transferred to Greater Manchester Shared Services.
On 1 April 2017, NHS South East CSU formed a partnership with NHS North and East London CSU (NEL CSU).
Eight organisations were accredited to provide CCGs with support:
in 2013/4 NHS England paid £125m for services from the 19 CSUs operational in that year. £602m of their income came from clinical commissioning groups, and £80m from “other sources” such as provider trusts and local councils.
A tendering exercise for the services supplied by the Yorkshire and Humber commissioning support unit was delayed in September 2015 because of lack of interest by potential suppliers in the contract, valued at £20 million pa. It appeared that the CCGs were planning to take a lot of the work in house, as the existing contract amounted to £85 million pa.
The North of England Commissioning Support Unit is to be converted into a community interest company owned by the 11 clinical commissioning groups covering the North East and Cumbria.


Richard Crutchfield

Richard Crutchfield (June 20, 1912 in Pittsburgh, USA – July 19, 1977 in Berkeley, California, USA) was an American experimental, personality and social psychologist who, in the 1930s, was instrumental in moving psychology from a tradition of single-factor experiments to an experimental design based on analysis of variance and covariance.
Crutchfield co-authored two influential texts with David Krech. The first is the very successful social psychology textbook "Theory and Problems of Social Psychology" (1948). The second was an introductory psychology text, first published in 1958, "Elements of Psychology", which has been widely used and has numerous editions and derivatives.
In the 1950s, Crutchfield's work helped to establish the linkage between cognitive-perceptual processes and significant facets of personality. His best-known research was a series of investigations of the nature of conformity in interpersonal sphere of social psychology, which were published during the height of what is known in psychological circles as the 'conformity era' in the United States. In the late 1950s and 1960s, Crutchfield collaborated with several colleagues to develop a programme of automated instruction in productive thinking.
Crutchfield was known as an excellent teacher. He was a student of Edward Tolman.


Journal of Behavioral Optometry

The Journal of Behavioral Optometry was a peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Optometric Extension Program Foundation. It covered clinically relevant behavioral, functional, and developmental aspects of the visual system. It included the following categories of articles:
It was discontinued in 2012 in favour of the new journal Optometry & Visual Performance.


Muhamad Aly Rifai

Muhamad Aly Rifai (Arabic الدكتور محمد علي الرفاعي) is a Syrian American internist and psychiatrist and a clinician researcher known for describing the association between psychiatric disorders and hepatitis C. He co-authored a clinical report detailing the association between hepatitis C infection and psychiatric disorders. Rifai is the Director of the Older Adults Behavioral Health Unit at Easton Hospital in Easton, Pennsylvania. He is the President and CEO of Blue Mountain Psychiatry which has locations in Pennsylvania.
In May 2000, Rifai was awarded the American Psychiatric Institute for Research and Education's Janssen Scholars Fellowship for research on severe mental illness. In 2006, he became the recipient of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine's William Webb Fellowship. As of 2007, he is a fellow of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. He is also a fellow of the American College of Physicians and the American Psychiatric Association.
He is a clinical professor of Medicine and Psychiatry at Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine and the Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine.
Training and career.
He obtained his M.D. with honors from University of Aleppo Faculty of Medicine in 1996 and received a Neuroscience National Research Service Award funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. Rifai completed a neuroscience research training fellowship at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine in Memphis (1996–1998). In 1998, he began training in the combined Internal Medicine and Psychiatry program at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, Carilion Health System Program (Carilion Clinic) in Roanoke and Salem, Virginia. He then completed fellowship training in psychosomatic medicine and psychiatric research at the National Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland (2003–2005).
Medical research.
Rifai demonstrated the first evidence indicating a significant association between hepatitis C and psychiatric disorders (psychotic, affective, anxiety and substance use). The United States Department of Veterans Affairs commissioned a larger study to replicate these findings and confirmed the significant association between hepatitis C and psychiatric disorders. Rifai advocates for screening patients with psychiatric disorders for hepatitis C.
In the mid 2000s, Rifai was involved in several studies on interferon-alpha (IFN-α) induced depression in hepatitis C patients and possible use of Paroxetine and other antidepressants for its treatment. He and his colleagues only recommend the use of IFN-α to eradicate hepatitis C along with "a comprehensive pretreatment assessment, a risk-benefit analysis, and intensive ongoing medical and psychiatric follow-up."
Rifai has coauthored a study on the proper intervention of agitated patients with goal of deescalating situations without the use of restraints or involuntary medication. He sometimes serves as a consultant to media, clinical, and judicial entities on a variety of topics related to behavioural sciences. Speaking to "The New York Times" about diseases including hepatitis C, he posited that the shame associated with diagnosis was also a major negative factor in treatment.


John Fielding Crigler

John Fielding Crigler (11 September 1919 - 13 May 2018) was American pediatrician. Along with Victor Assad Najjar, Crigler is known for Crigler–Najjar syndrome. He studied medicine at the Duke University School of Medicine, graduating in 1943. He trained in pediatrics at Boston Children's Hospital.


Vinnytsia National Medical University. N. I. Pirogov

National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya is a medical university located in Vinnytsia, Ukraine. It was founded in 1921. Its predecessors were the Vinnytsia Pharmaceutical Institute (1921), the Vinnytsia Branch of the All-Ukrainian Institute of Correspondence Medical Education (1930), the Vinnytsia Evening Industrial Medical Institute (1932), the Vinnytsia Medical Institute (1934).
In 1960 the institute was named after Nikolai Pirogov, in 1984 it was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour. Since 1994, Vinnytsia Medical Institute has been certified and accredited by IV level of accreditation as a university. In 2002, the university acquired national status
Rector of the University - Moroz Vasyl’ Maxymovych, Doctor of Science, Professor, Honored Worker of , Member of the and Hero of Ukraine.
Training at faculties.
There are 6 faculties: two medical (№ 1 and № 2) - training in the specialties of general medicine, pediatrics, medical psychology; dental - specialty dentistry; pharmaceutical - specialty pharmacy and clinical pharmacy; The Faculty of Postgraduate Education provides various forms of postgraduate training for doctors in 33 specialties. Correspondence training of pharmacists are organized at the Faculty of Pharmacy.
As of September 2016 among the structural units of the university there are 60 departments of clinical and theoretical profile. The university has 1730 employees, of which 1036 are scientific and pedagogical staff, including 119 doctors of sciences, 612 candidates of sciences, 88 professors, 344 associate professors.
History.
In 1960 the name of Nikolay Pirogov was given to the educational institution , in 1984 institution was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour. In 1994 the Vinnytsia Medical Institute was certified and accredited according to the IV level of accreditation, granted university status. National University was acquired in 2002. In the same year the University was awarded with certificates of honor by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine .
Since the acquisition of the status of University, the dental and pharmaceutical faculties were equipped with modern teaching staff, 10 new departments were opened at the medical, pharmaceutical, dental and postgraduate faculties.
According to many indicators of activity in the ratings of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the university has been in the leading position for many years.
Teaching staff.
The teaching staff consists of 645 people, including 89 doctors of sciences, 385 candidates of sciences, 69 professors, 248 associate professors, and 172 teachers.
The staff of scientific and pedagogical employees of the research center - 13 people, including doctors of sciences - 1, candidates of sciences - 10, without a scientific degree - 2.
Training of students, postgraduate training of doctors are organized at 54 departments, 44 of them are headed by doctors of sciences, professors. At 48 departments there is a personnel reserve for the position of the head of the department.
The Rector's Office carries out purposeful work on the preparation of the personnel reserve from among the best graduates who have proven themselves capable of scientific work during their student years and have completed master's and postgraduate studies. Every year teachers defend 4-6 doctoral and 30-35 candidate dissertations. In 2005, 6 doctoral and 45 candidate dissertations were defended.
The President of Ukraine, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, the Ministers of Education and Health, the President of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, have twice got acquainted with the experience of the university.
Since 1961, the university has been training foreign nationals. More than 5,000 foreigners from 98 countries have completed various forms of training. As of January 1, 2006, 834 foreign citizens provide various forms of training at the university.
Priority areas of research.
Particular attention is paid to the implementation of basic research, namely:
In addition to cathedral teams, in the implementation of these areas of research are actively involved:
These scientific laboratories have been accredited and received the appropriate certificates.


Louise Whitman Farnam

Louise Whitman Farnam (1890 - 1949) was an American physician. She was the first woman to graduate from Yale School of Medicine, class of 1916. She is best known for her work as a faculty member of the Hunan-Yale Hospital and the Hunan-Yale College of Medicine in Changsha from 1921 - 1933, during part of the Chinese Civil War.
Today, a Cluster at Yale Center for Research Computing is named for her.


List of medical schools in the United States

This list of medical schools in the United States includes current and developing academic institutions which award the Doctor of Medicine (MD), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO), and/or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree, a professional level of education that is required to become a physician or a surgeon in the United States. MD-granting medical schools are accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, DO-granting medical schools are accredited by the American Osteopathic Association Commission on Osteopathic College Accreditation, and DPM-granting medical schools are accredited by the Council on Podiatric Medical Education. There are currently 155 accredited MD-granting institutions, 37 accredited DO-granting institutions, and 9 accredited DPM-granting institutions in the United States.
While Alaska, Delaware, Montana, and Wyoming lack independent medical schools, these states participate in a regional campus model with the University of Washington School of Medicine known as WWAMI, which teaches all 4 years of medical school in each respective state.
Current schools and colleges of allopathic medicine.
These schools grant the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree.
Current schools and colleges of osteopathic medicine.
These schools grant the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) degree.
Current schools and colleges of podiatric medicine.
These schools grant the Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree.
Developing medical schools.
These medical schools are still in the process of undergoing accreditation and are not yet accepting student applications.


Accreditation Commission for Health Care

The Accreditation Commission for Health Care (ACHC) is a United States non-profit health care accrediting organization. It represents an alternative to the Joint Commission and CHAP, The Community Health Accreditation Program.
ACHC was established in 1985 by home care health providers to create an accreditation option which was more focused on the needs of small providers. The process began in Raleigh, North Carolina, with the group incorporated in August 1986. The first accredited organization was awarded certification in January 1987. The company began offering services on a national level in 1996. Today, ACHC offers 9 accredited programs, 3 of which are CMS approved (Home Health, Hospice, DMEPOS).
The Accreditation process follows a three-year accreditation cycle. The process allows for organizations to learn best practices to better serve its client base. The accreditation process starts with the organization looking at their policies and procedures and adding them to the Preliminary Evidence Report (PER) for ACHC to review. One of their surveyors will review and give required changes. Within 3–7 months an unannounced survey will take place. Once completed the organization may have some changes to make through a Plan of Correction (PoC). If the PoC is accepted the organization will be fully accredited and rewarded with the full benefits of ACHC Accreditation,
they tend to be high rated
In early 2013, ACHC moved to its all-new headquarters in Cary, North Carolina. It welcomed its new CEO, José Domingos, and it launched its Behavioral Health Program.
CMS/Regulatory.
In November 2006, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) approved ACHC to accredit suppliers of durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics and supplies (DMEPOS) as meeting new quality standards under Medicare Part B.
In January 2009, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) announced the approval of the ACHC for continued Deeming Authority for Home Health Agencies through 2015. Initial approval of Deeming Authority of ACHC for Home Health Agencies was granted in February 2006.
On November 27, 2009, ACHC was recognized by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) as a national accreditation organization for Hospices that request participation in the Medicare program.


Joshua B. Bederson

Joshua B. Bederson is an American neurosurgeon and Professor and Chairman of Neurosurgery at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York City. He is a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons and an attending neurosurgeon at both Mount Sinai and Elmhurst Hospital in Elmhurst, Queens.
Bederson is co-author of "Treatment of Carotid Disease: A Practitioner's Manual" (), 12 chapters and 53 peer-reviewed articles.
Education and post-doctoral training.
In 1979, Bederson graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Cornell University, where he was the Ivy League Gymnastics All-Around Champion for three years. He earned his M.D. at the University of California, San Francisco in 1984, taking a year off to study sculpture in the master's degree program at New York University and hold a solo art show in New York City.
Bederson completed both his internship and residency at the University of California, San Francisco. During his residency, he also studied neuropathology at the University of Torino in Italy and microvascular and skull-base neurosurgery under Dr. M. Gazi Yasargil at the University Hospitals of Zurich, Switzerland and the University Medical Center in Ljubljana, Slovenia. He completed a fellowship in cerebrovascular surgery at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Arizona under Dr. Robert F. Spetzler.
Professional career.
Bederson joined Mount Sinai in 1992 as the Director of the Clinical Program for Cerebrovascular Disorders and served as Vice-Chairman after 2001. From 2002 until 2008 he directed the Neurosurgery Residency Program. He is currently the Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery.
Bederson established the first basic science laboratory in the Department of Neurosurgery at Mount Sinai, developing models of stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 2002 he was the first neurosurgeon at Mount Sinai to receive an NIH R01 grant as principal investigator.
A high-ranking member of many cerebrovascular societies, Bederson is chair of the AANS/CNS Cerebrovascular section. With Bederson serving as its Chairman, the American Heart Association Guidelines Writing Group on Subarachnoid Hemorrhage published updated guidelines on stroke treatment. He is also a member of the Society of Neurological Surgery.
Bederson's clinical interests include treatment of intracranial and spinal vascular and tumor pathology, including cerebral aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, trigeminal neuralgia, tumors of the skull base, carotid artery disease and problems of the cervical and lumbar spine.
Personal life.
During his surgical internship, he met and married Isabelle Germano, M.D. who is also Professor of Neurosurgery at Mount Sinai. They have two daughters, Lucia and Maria.
Book chapters.
Partial list:
Publications.
Partial list:


Ira James Cunningham

Ira James Cunningham (1905–1971) was a New Zealand researcher in trace element nutrition and animal science. He is best remembered as a past president of the New Zealand Veterinary Association.
Biography.
Early years.
Cunningham was born at Mangatainoka in the Wairarapa in New Zealand on 16 August 1905. He was dux of Dannevirke High School and later took a position as a cadet in the chemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture in Wellington. While at the Department, Cunningham studied part-time at Victoria University College.
In 1928, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree, and in 1929 with a Master's of Science with first-class honours in Chemistry.
In 1929, Cunningham attended the Rowett Research Institute at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland and this marked the beginning of his lifelong interest in trace element nutrition. He returned to New Zealand with a PhD in copper metabolism to become a research officer in animal nutrition at Wallaceville Veterinary Laboratory in Upper Hutt.
Cunningham then attended the University of Sydney and gained a Bachelor of Veterinary Science (BVSc).
Career.
Upon his return to Wallaceville, he was appointed chief biochemist and section leader and concentrated on his main work of improving livestock production.
In 1945, with the support of John Filmer, director of the Animal Research Division of the Department of Agriculture, Cunningham became superintendent of the Wallaceville station. He was in charge of Wallaceville from 1945 to 1958. The bacteriologist Sydney Josland worked under the direction of Cunningham at Wallaceville until he left to commence employment at the National Health Institute in Wellington in 1954.
Cunningham became Assistant Director General of Agriculture in 1958 and his services to agriculture were recognised in 1959 when he was made a CBE. The degree of DSc was conferred upon Cunningham the same year by Victoria University of Wellington for his research on copper metabolism, and he received an honorary DVSc from the University of Melbourne in 1967.
In 1962, Cunningham was appointed as foundation dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Science at Massey Agricultural College in Palmerston North.
Cunningham was made a fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1963 and was awarded the Society's Hector Memorial Medal and Prize in 1971. Among elected offices Cunningham held were those of chairman of the Veterinary Surgeons' Board, president of the New Zealand Veterinary Association and New Zealand Society of Animal Production.
Death and legacy.
Cunningham died at Palmerston North, New Zealand on 28 August 1971.


Liam Brennan

Liam Brennan is a consultant anaesthetist, deputy medical director of Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and chair of the Centre for Perioperative Care. He was formerly president of the Royal College of Anaesthetists from 2015 to 2018. He specialises in anaesthesia in children and those with difficult airways and in plastic surgery. As vice chair of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, he has a significant role in quality improvement and Brexit issues. Brennan has in addition been editor of the "British Journal of Anaesthesia".


Andrew Spielman

Andrew Spielman, Sc.D. (24 February 1930 – 20 December 2006) was a prominent American public health entomologist and Professor of Tropical Public Health in the Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH).
Spielman was a world-renowned expert in the vector-borne illnesses malaria, Lyme disease, babesiosis and in the ways in which they are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. He was a major figure in the modern history of public health entomology.
Biography.
Youth, education and military service.
Spielman earned a B.S. from Colorado College and an Sc. D. in the malaria lab at Johns Hopkins University in 1952, serving thereafter as a public health entomologist in the U.S. Navy (he left the service as a lieutenant commander).
Career.
Spielman became a member of the faculty at HSPH in 1959, where he divided his time between the lab and the field.
After George Healy, a researcher at the Centers for Disease Control, helped diagnose a second case of human babesiosis on Nantucket in 1973, Spielman traveled to the island for a series of visits to investigate the outbreaks of the disease which usually affects animals, destroying (like its relative malaria) their red blood cells.
Although a handful of human cases had been reported worldwide, babesiosis was not previously known as an established human disease. On Nantucket, he trapped voles and mice and picked ticks from the animals' hides. He then shifted to laboratory work, successfully infecting hamsters with the babesia protozoan through the bites of infected deer ticks ("Ixodes dammini", a species he named).
By this approach, he was able to identify the tick responsible for what he called “Nantucket fever" (it was not "Dermacentor variabilis", the dog tick, as alleged by other investigators) and to point to the white-footed mouse as the pathogen's reservoir. (Later, deer ticks were shown to be the vector of Lyme disease.)
In later years, he was granted an official title of Professor of Tropical Public Health under which he organized numerous symposia and consulted with governments, NGOs and corporations about the control of vector-borne diseases. He headed HSPH’s research laboratory of Public Health Entomology and directed a training program in Emerging Infectious Diseases for doctoral students and post-doctoral researchers. At Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, he directed the Malaria Epidemiology Program within the Center for International Development.
Personal life.
A mosquito expert with a productive career as a tick researcher, Spielman said this was not such a paradox: "I am not a mosquito specialist. I am not a tick specialist. I am a transmission specialist".
Spielman was beloved as mentor to two generations of students and postdoctoral fellows whom he encouraged in his special brand of combined lab and fieldwork, the latter including a boyish excitement for intrepid adventures such as spelunking and climbing cliffs.
Spielman had three children (David, Deborah, and Sue) by his wife Judy; he had seven grandchildren (Madeline, Jacob, and Maya Beeders, Sara, Julia, Samantha, and Alex Spielman) at his death.
Accomplishments and legacy.
"Ixodes dammini".
"Ixodes dammini", is responsible not only for the emergence of babesiosis in the U.S., but for a whole new group of tick-borne diseases, the best known of which is Lyme disease.
In 1979, Spielman officially proclaimed the Nantucket version of the deer tick a separate species, naming it "Ixodes dammini" after Gustave Dammin, a prominent pathologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital, because he had helped him with the research and was a property owner on Nantucket (Dammin's wife came from one of Nantucket's most prominent families).
Spielman built his case for "I. dammini" being a separate species from "Ixodes scapularis" on the observations that the two ticks had very distinct ranges ("I. dammini" in the Northeast, "I. scapularis" in the South) and that "I. dammini" was morphologically different, especially at the nymphal stage. He also marshaled DNA evidence to make his case.
Spielman fought a protracted, but probably ultimately losing, battle for "I. dammini"'s identity as a separate species.
Siding with researchers in Georgia, the editors of the "Journal of Medical Entomology" officially ruled that, taxonomically, "I. dammini" is identical to "I. scapularis" and that the two species should be "synonymized" under "Ixodes scapularis". Spielman disagreed, he asserted that maintaining "I. dammini"'s separate identity is key to understanding the ecology and epidemiology of tick-borne diseases.


Evelyn Fox

Dame Evelyn Emily Marian Fox, DBE (1874–1955) was a noted British health worker, specializing in mental health and epilepsy. She studied history at Somerville College, Oxford.
Fox, who was General Secretary of the National Association for Mental Health (NAMH – now known as MIND) in the late 1940s, along with Tyler Fox (no relation), Medical Director of the Epilepsy Colony at Lingfield, Surrey and Irene Gairdner, a social science graduate from the London School of Economics, were the driving forces for the creation of the British Epilepsy Association (BEA).
Legacy.
Dame Evelyn Fox School, Blackburn is named in her honour. The school closed in 2000.


Heterotopic neuroglial tissue


Isaac Chen

Isaac Chen is a neurosurgeon at the Presbyterian Medical Center of Philadelphia and the Veteran's Administration Medical Center. The Chen Laboratory works to "develop novel methods for restoring the function of the brain after it has been damaged by combining aspects of stem cell biology, neural tissue engineering, and neural interface technologies."
In November 2017 it was reported that a team including Chen has successfully implanted brain organoids into rodents.
Dr. Chen has made notable contributions to the field of human brain organoids. His work in the Cell journal Stem Cell discusses the controversial topic of the ethics of brain chimeras.
Education.
He graduated from Harvard University in 2002 with a BA in Biochemical Sciences followed by a MD from the University Of Pennsylvania in 2007.


Guillaume de Harsigny

Guillaume de Harsigny (1300 – 10 July 1393) was a French doctor and court physician to Charles V of France. One of the most notable physicians of his day, at age 92 Harsigny played a crucial role in the recovery of Charles VI of France from a coma brought about by a fit of insanity. Following his death in 1393, Harsigny was buried in a tomb at Laon which featured one of the earliest examples of medieval cadaver tomb sculpture.


Takeya Hiroshi

 was a professor and physician in Japan.
He was the second professor of internal medicine section of Kyushu University.
In 1923, he firstly introduced the insulin suppression in diabetical regimen in Japan.


John R. Marshall

John R. Marshall, M.D., helped orchestrate the world's first embryonic transfer.
Education.
Marshall attended Pomona College and received his M.D. degree from the University of Pennsylvania. He has completed advanced study in pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania and in the executive MBA program at the Anderson School at UCLA.
Career.
Currently, Marshall is clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, adjunct professor at the Mercer University School of Medicine in Savannah, and adjunct professor of Public Health at Georgia Southern University. For 17 years he served as professor of obstetrics and gynecology at UCLA, vice chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at UCLA, and chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and residency program director of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Program at the Harbor/UCLA Medical Center. Marshall, along with John Buster, was one of the developers of the technique that resulted in the first successful transfer of a conceptus from the uterus of a donor to the uterus of a recipient with a resulting live birth. He has been a principal in three start-up medical companies and has been involved in medical and pharmaceutical marketing for over 20 years. He currently serves as a medical advisor to Counsyl. He is the author of over 100 scientific publications and has served as an examiner for the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, as chairman of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Test Committee of the National Board of Medical Examiners, and on the editorial board of "Obstetrics and Gynecology".


Libyan International Medical University

The Libyan International Medical University (Arabic: الجامعة الليبية الدولية للعلوم الطبية) is a private university established in Benghazi, Libya, with the purpose of teaching medicine. It is the first private medical university in Libya.
Its doors were opened to enrolled students on October 15, 2007. According to university references, over 200 students had enrolled under its faculties:
One of the university's major points is its focus on international partnerships and meeting the level of other international medical teaching institutes. The teaching policy emulates those of many established universities and is mainly problem-based learning.
The National Quality Assurance committee of Libya visited all the universities to evaluate them on two bases: facilities and program. The Libyan International Medical University attained a very advanced position in this evaluation in both aspects.
The Libyan Ministry of Health granted LIMU students the privilege of training at the national health care centers and hospitals.
Problem-based learning.
Since the establishment of LIMU, a clear objective was to use the problem-based learning (PBL) system. In 2009, with the enrollment of its third batch, this system was implemented from their first semester. LIMU is the only medical university in Libya that uses this modern system and one of the handful of universities in the Arab world.
A number of researches had shown that the PBL was more effective than traditional methods of teaching medicine. Overall, it was found to promote integration of concepts in addition to increasing the skill of students with patients.


Bernard Glueck Jr.

Bernard Charles Glueck Jr. (August 26, 1914 – July 24, 1999) was an American psychiatrist. He served as director of research at The Institute of Living, now part of Hartford Hospital. He is known for his work on transcendental meditation as part of preventive psychiatry.
Life and career.
His father Bernard Glueck Sr. was a prominent forensic psychiatrist. Glueck graduated from Columbia College, Columbia University in 1934 and Harvard Medical School in 1938. He then trained in psychoanalysis at Columbia University Psychoanalytic Clinic. Gleuck served as professor and director of research in the department of psychology at the University of Minnesota Medical School. Following in his father's footsteps, he was supervising psychiatrist at Ossining State Prison from 1949 to 1952. He was the first president of the Westchester County Psychiatric Association. He joined The Institute of Living in 1960.
He served as chairman of research and development for the American Psychiatric Association He also served as president of the American Psychopathological Association, chairman of the Narcotic Addiction and Drug Abuse Review Committee of the National Institute of Mental Health, and chairman of the Connecticut Council of Corrections Officers.
Glueck married in 1936 and remained married until their deaths 63 years later in Goshen, Connecticut within days of each other.


Omental cake

In radiology, omental cake is sign indicative of an abnormally thickened greater omentum. It refers to infiltration of the omental fat by material of soft-tissue density. Typically, it is caused by infiltration of metastatic tumours arising from the stomach, ovary, or colon. It can also result from tuberculous peritonitis. Another cause is lymphoma, in which omental caking is usually associated lymphadenopathy.


Nicholson challenge

The term "Nicholson challenge" refers to a set of mandates that the former (2006-2012) leader of the National Health Service in England, Sir David Nicholson, has put forth to the entirety of the NHS in a drive to find "efficiency savings" amidst a UK economy in upheaval.
The parameters of the "challenge" by Nicholson to the NHS collectively add up to a demand by Nicholson for the NHS to find £20 billion in "efficiency savings" by 2015. The claim is that better ways of working rather than more spending must be found, amidst a warning that if the challenge were not met, either more money would be needed or fewer desirable results would be achieved.
The Health and Social Care Bill 2011's provisions, which greatly alter the fundamentals of NHS "functioning" (not just financing), is technically not a part of this "challenge" at all, but is happening separately. The Nicholson challenge keeps NHS law and regulations as they have been prior to the Health And Social Care Bill's passage, but asks staff and administrators to find these "savings" within those present parameters nevertheless.
Problems.
Doctors and nurses across the NHS already complained early in 2011 that front-line NHS services of many different types were having to be cut immediately, and very heavily, in order to achieve these "savings", despite Nicholson alleging that they would not have to be. NHS workers still insist, up to the present day, that it is impossible to find these types of 'savings' in this amount of time without having to make drastic cutbacks to existing services. Even a late-March 2012 news article dealing with the risk register of the Health and Social Care Bill 2011 found fit to mention a few lines about the Nicholson Challenge's £20bn target, mentioning that in the 2010-dated risk register, "Civil servants ... rate highly the danger that the £20bn savings may not materialise as managers lose focus and ... quality of patient care suffers", even though "Ministers [today in 2012 say] that a report to be published on Tuesday shows that the NHS is on course to meet the so called "Nicholson challenge" to save £20bn over the course of this parliament."
On 18 October 2011, the allegations by doctors and nurses of a direct and immediate decline in care as a result of the Nicholson Challenge was backed up by research when "The Guardian" published an exposé revealing how the Nicholson Challenge is "really affecting the young, old and infirm".
The BBC released a 3 February 2012 article stating that twelve London hospital trusts were already "not financially viable" to withstand the pressures of current cost-saving measures plus the ultimate goals cited by the Nicholson Challenge. The article reports that those with knowledge of these trusts' financial performance allege that to remain viable the local total collection of 18 area hospital trusts alone would have to make a total of £1.2bn in efficiency savings by 2015 including £421m in nursing cuts.
On 10 February 2012, "The Independent" reported that the NHS spent £195 million on redundancy payments in 2010/11 and expected to spend £616.6 million on these payments in 2011/12. It is estimated that between 9,100 and 16,800 staff will be made redundant; apparently, these costs are accounted for in the £20 billion savings target of the Nicholson Challenge.
On 4 July 2012, "The Guardian" reported that the Institute for Fiscal Studies has been saying that the NHS will need to find "an extra £20bn a year by 2020" — a figure the IFS itself essentially admits is ironic given that the Nicholson Challenge's £20bn in 'savings' is meant to be completed by 5 years prior to that point, in 2015. The article states that the IFS reports that "England's NHS budget squeeze [from the Nicholson Challenge] is already the "tightest four-year period for the last 50 years". NHS spending will be essentially flat in real terms - at about £110bn a year - until 2015." Because of these shifts and the long-term financial hardship the IFS is saying these circumstances will cause, the IFS suggests in its report that from 2015 through 2020 a solution the NHS might have to consider could include "...a mixture of charging, tax rises and perhaps even greater borrowing". If what the IFS alleges becomes actual government policy, then it will be thereafter be unclear how either the government or the NHS would be able to reconcile the instituting of monetary charges from patients with the first fundamental NHS pillar, in place since its founding in 1948, which insists unequivocally that the NHS must be, and must remain, "free at the point of use".
Defending the challenge.
Defenders of the "challenge", such as James Ball of "The Daily Telegraph", point out that health service finance directors had already been fully aware, since the summer of 2009, of the kind of constraints that would have to be dealt with because of the UK deficit crisis. Nicholson first signalled his challenge in June 2009 while the UK government was under the previous administration, that of Gordon Brown and the policy received the full support of the then Secretary of State Andy Burnham.
In September 2012 the Guardian revealed a commercial sector report which, with significant irony, estimated that private companies can expect to benefit from £20 billion worth of income from the privatisation of health services resulting from the Health and Social Care Act 2012


James Schroder

James Duncan Schroder (27 August 1918 – 13 December 2013) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He practised and taught Veterinary medicine by career. He was born in Guelph, Ontario.
Schroder graduated from Ontario Veterinary College in 1942. He entered national politics at the Ontario riding of Guelph in the 1980 federal election, serving in the 32nd Canadian Parliament, but lost the seat in the 1984 election to William Winegard of the Progressive Conservative party. He died at his home on 13 December 2013.


Friedrich Bezold

Friedrich Bezold (February 9, 1842 – October 5, 1908) was a German otologist and professor at the University of Munich. He made several contributions to early audiology.
He is best known for developing hearing tests with tuning forks and his work to improve education for the hearing impaired. He was also the first physician to provide a clear understanding of mastoiditis.
The following medical terms are named after him:


William Jenkins (veterinarian)

William Louis Jenkins is a South African-born veterinary scientist who served as the fourth President of the Louisiana State University System in the USA until his retirement in 2007. He has delivered more than 200 lectures and addresses in the USA and internationally, written more than 60 scientific articles and is the co-author of a textbook on veterinary pharmacology.
Biography.
Jenkins was born on a farm in South Africa. While Jenkins never intended to have a career in higher education, he did have an interest in veterinary medicine. Jenkins left South Africa for the United States, where he received a Ph.D. in veterinary medicine from the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1970.
Jenkins practiced veterinary medicine for four years before joining the Faculty at the University of Pretoria, where he became professor and head of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology.
After immigrating to the United States in 1978, Jenkins became a faculty member in the Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology at Texas A&M University. Jenkins was appointed Dean of the Louisiana State University’s (LSU) School of Veterinary Medicine in 1988 and was named Provost in 1993. Jenkins became Chancellor in 1996. He served as Chancellor at LSU for three years before his appointment as President of the LSU System, a nearly $3 billion enterprise that includes five academic campuses, a law centre, and 10 public hospitals.
Jenkins retired as the fourth President of the LSU System in 2007, and is now President Emeritus. Jenkins returned to LSU in 2012 to become interim President of the LSU System. Jenkins retired as interim President of the LSU System in 2013.
Education.
A Veterinary Science graduate from the University of Pretoria, South Africa in 1958, Jenkins was awarded a Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1970. He has delivered more than 200 lecturers and addresses in the USA and internationally, written more than 60 scientific articles and is the co-author of a textbook on veterinary pharmacology.
Awards and honours.
As a teacher and administrator, Jenkins has received numerous awards and accolades, including an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria (2000), the Volunteer of the Year Award by the Southern Economic Development Conference (2004), and the Sunshine Foundation Award in 2008 for his contribution to education in Louisiana.


Graham Gordon

Graham Rothwell Gordon (10 December 1927 – 29 February 2004) was a New Zealand general practitioner and surgeon.
Biography.
Gordon was born in Stratford in 1927, the third son of William Patteson Pollock Gordon and Doris Clifton Gordon (née Jolly), who ran a medical practice and the small Marire private hospital in Stratford. His older brother was Peter Gordon. He was educated at Nelson College from 1941 to 1944 and the University of Otago, from where he graduated MB ChB in 1951. He then trained and worked as a surgeon in the United Kingdom, returning to the family practice in Stratford in October 1957.
Gordon was a part-time visiting surgeon at Stratford Hospital from 1957 until 1991 when the theatre closed. He was also committed to the local emergency services, serving as a police surgeon for over 30 years and a St John Ambulance officer. He was an honorary surgeon with the Stratford Volunteer Fire Brigade, establishing the first rural GP first-response road trauma service in New Zealand, and was active in helicopter search and rescue work.
An executive member of the Taranaki division of the New Zealand Medical Association (NZMA) for 19 years, Gordon held the office of secretary and then president. He served as NZMA council chairman from 1977 to 1988, and NZMA president from 1990 to 1991. He was elected a fellow of the NZMA in 1981. In 2000 he received a Stratford District citizen's award.
In 1999, Gordon sold his medical practice but retained his involvement in local health issues and patient care until shortly before his death in 2004. He was buried at Kopuatama Cemetery.


Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome

Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) is a systemic, non IgE-mediated response to a specific trigger within food - most likely food protein. FPIES presents in two different forms: an acute form and a chronic form. In its acute form, FPIES presents with vomiting that usually beings 1 to 4 hours after trigger food ingestion (can be 30 minutes to 6 or more hours). Vomiting is often followed by a paleness to the skin, lethargy, and potentially watery, perhaps blood-tinged diarrhea. In the severe form of acute FPIES, a person will vomit until dehydration and until a shock-like state, which can occurs in 15% of patients. In its chronic form, which can be difficult to diagnose until a person has already met diagnostic criteria for acute FPIES, after repeated or regular ingestion of the trigger food, the person presents with chronic or episodic vomiting, failure to thrive, and watery, perhaps blood-tinged diarrhea. FPIES can potentially develop at any age but seems most commonly to develop within the first few years of life. FPIES has mainly been documented in young infants, but can exist in older children and adults. Some people develop both FPIES and an IgE-mediated type of reaction to the same food, and having FPIES can increase a person's risk of also developing IgE-mediated food allergies.
Signs and symptoms.
In the severe form, symptoms include abdominal pain, profuse vomiting, lethargy, potentially diarrhea, and even shock. Additional symptoms could potentially include - but are not limited to - headache, pallor, lethargy, constipation, and abdominal swelling (distension). Laboratory studies might reveal hypoalbuminemia, anemia, eosinophilia, and an elevated white blood cell count with a left shift. Over half of patients experiencing an acute FPIES reaction may develop thrombocytosis (platelets >500 x109/L). In both chronic and acute FPIES, both methemoglobinemia and metabolic acidosis (mean pH around 7.03 in one study) have been reported. Endoscopy may reveal a gastric erythema, edema, mucosal friability, and gastric antral erosions. The exact mechanism is unclear, but it is hypothesized to be a T cell driven disorder. Upon re-exposure to the offending food after a period of elimination, a subacute syndrome can present with repetitive emesis and dehydration.
Diagnosis.
Diagnosis is primarily based on history as specific IgE and skin prick tests are typically negative and the exclusion of other disorders that present similar clinical features, such as infectious gastroenteritis, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, food protein-induced enteropathy, food protein-induced proctocolitis, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis, among others.
Treatment.
Avoid feeding affected individuals the foods known to trigger an allergic response. Cow's milk, soy, and cereal grains are the most common trigger foods, but other foods have been reported including eggs, meats (poultry, beef, pork), seafood (fish, shrimp, mollusks), peanut, potatoes, nuts, and fruits (apple, pear, banana, peach, watermelon). The list of potential food triggers is varied and can be somewhat region specific. There are also cases of FPIES being transmitted through foods in breast milk in rare occasions. During an acute FPIES episode, ondansetron is often used to control symptoms in children over 6 months of age. Many breastfeeding mothers either eliminate the food from their diet although this is not always necessary or switch to an extensively hydrolyzed or elemental formula if there is a concern about cow's milk being an offending culprit. Some children tolerate soy based formulas if they have FPIES to cow's milk but many do not. Most infants diagnosed with FPIES outgrow it by the time they reach school age or sometime within their school-aged years.


Penetrance

Penetrance in genetics is the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant (or allele) of a gene (the genotype) that also express an associated trait (the phenotype). In medical genetics, the penetrance of a disease-causing mutation is the proportion of individuals with the mutation who exhibit clinical symptoms among all individuals with such mutation. For example, if a mutation in the gene responsible for a particular autosomal dominant disorder has 95% penetrance, then 95% of those with the mutation will develop the disease, while 5% will not.
A condition, most commonly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, is said to show complete penetrance if clinical symptoms are present in all individuals who have the disease-causing mutation. A condition which shows complete penetrance is neurofibromatosis type 1 – every person who has a mutation in the gene will show symptoms of the condition. The penetrance is 100%.
Common examples used to show degrees of penetrance are often highly penetrant. There are several reasons for this:
Determination.
Penetrance can be difficult to determine reliably, even for genetic diseases that are caused by a single polymorphic allele. For many hereditary diseases, the onset of symptoms is age related, and is affected by environmental factors such as nutrition and smoking, as well as genetic cofactors and epigenetic regulation of expression:
Ascertainment bias.
A consensus definition of what constitutes the presence of a phenotype is essential for determining the penetrance of an allele. For hereditary hemochromatosis, a disease caused by excess intestinal iron absorption, the degree of penetrance has been a subject of controversy for many years and illustrates the challenges facing investigators seeking a quantitative measure of penetrance. Individuals who are homozygotes for the C282Y allele of the HFE gene are at risk for developing lethal concentrations of iron, particularly in the liver. Typically patients develop clinical disease in late-middle age.
Determining the penetrance of the C282Y allele can be influenced when the medical community evaluates homozygotes. Many of those afflicted do not seek treatment until symptoms are advanced, and with age-related conditions, some individuals die first of other causes. This dilemma is known as an ascertainment bias. There can be a bias favoring only the ascertainment of the most severely affected, or there can be a bias in the other direction, deeming that a homozygote is "affected" with the disease if they simply have elevated blood iron levels, but no physiological evidence of organ disease such as cirrhosis.
Attributable risk.
For alleles with incomplete penetrance, the penetrance of the allele is not the same as the attributable risk. For example, many alleles have been shown, through association studies, to cause some form of cancer, often with low penetrance. But cases of the cancer would arise even without the presence of the allele. Attributable risk is that proportion of total risk that can be attributed to the presence of the allele.
Polygenic traits.
Most biological traits (such as height or intelligence in humans) are multifactorial, influenced by many genes as well as environmental conditions and epigenetic expression. Only a statistical measure of association is possible with such polygenic traits.


Robert Donald Cohen

Robert Donald Cohen (11 October 1933 – 17 October 2014) was a British physician, professor of medicine, and one of the leading experts on metabolic medicine.
Biography.
After education at Plymouth College and then from 1947 to 1951 at Clifton College, Bristol, Cohen studied from 1951 to 1954 at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with first class honours in the natural science tripos. He then studied medicine from 1954 to 1958 at the London Hospital Medical College (LHMC). He graduated in 1958 MB BChir (Cantab.) and in 1966 M.D. (Cantab.). He qualified MRCP in 1960. In 1961 he married Barbara J. Boucher, who was also a medical student at LHMC. After junior appointments from 1958 to 1959 at the London Hospital, Robert Cohen was from 1959 to 1960 house physician at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, where he worked at the endocrine and metabolic unit under Russell Fraser. At LHMC, Cohen was in 1960–1965 lecturer in medicine, in 1967–1969 senior lecturer, in 1969–1974 reader in medicine, in 1974–1982 professor of metabolic medicine, and in 1982–1995 professor of medicine and director of the academic medical unit. After LHMC merged in 1995, he was in 1995–1999 professor of medicine and director of the academic medical unit at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. He retired as professor emeritus in 1999.
Cohen was elected FRCP in 1971. He was chair of the editorial board of "Clinical Science" from 1973 to 1975. He gave the Bradshaw Lecture in 1981. He was an active member of numerous medical committees. He was elected FMedSci in 1998. He chaired from 1994 to 2001 the Imperial Cancer Research Fund and played a central role in its merger in 2002 with The Cancer Research Campaign to create Cancer Research UK. He was appointed CBE in 1997.
Upon his death Cohen was survived by his widow, a daughter, a son, and five grandsons.
Lactic acidosis.
In 1961 William E. Huckabee (1926–1986) described and defined the clinical problem of lactic acidosis. Cohen and H. Frank Woods introduced in 1976 what is now called the Cohen-Woods classification of the causes of lactic acidosis.


Bob Margeas

Robert Margeas is an American based esthetic dentist and educationist.
Education.
Margeas holds a degree in dentistry from the University of Iowa College of Dentistry (1986). He completed his AEGD residency in 1987. As of march 2020, he was an adjunct professor in the department of Operative Dentistry at the University of Iowa.
Career.
Margeas is an esthetic dentist with focus on cosmetic dentistry, and restorative dentistry. He is based in Des Moines, Iowa.
Margeas lectures on esthetic and restorative dentistry in the United States and abroad. He has written various articles on a multitude topics relating to esthetic and comprehensive restorative dentistry.
 Margeas is editor in chief of "Inside Dentistry" and a contributing editor to "Oral Health in Canada". He is on the editorial board of "Compendium".
Professional associations.
Margeas is a diplomate of the "American Board of Aesthetic Dentistry" and a fellow of the "Academy of General Dentistry", American Society for Dental Aesthetics and "International Team of Oral implantologists" (ITI).
He is a member of "OKU Honor Dental Society", "American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry", and the "American Academy of Restorative Dentistry".


CHIVA method

CHIVA method is a type of surgery used to treat varicose veins that occur as a result of long term venous insufficiency. The term is a French acronym for Conservatrice Hémodynamique de l'Insuffisance Veineuse en Ambulatoire (ambulatory conservative hemodynamic treatment venous insufficiency).
As of 2015 there is tentative evidence of benefit with a relatively low risk of side effects. The method is based on the assumption that the symptoms of varicose veins are mainly the expression of an hemodynamic circulatory disorder, induced by various venous system malfunctions. CHIVA attempts to improve symptoms and signs without destroying the veins.
Procedure.
CHIVA involves Doppler ultrasonography to assess the hemodynamics. Specifically the ultrasound study is to figure out where in the venous system the reflux begins.
Then an operation is performed under local anesthesia, consisting of a few incisions and tying off of veins (usually one to four), without venous ablation. The ties are placed according to the ultrasound mapping. Areas where the veins are varicose may also be removed.
Clinical trials.
One study found that with CHIVA, recurrences was 18% rather than 35% with high ligation and stripping after 10 years follow-up. Patient symptoms at 10 years, however, did not differ.


Agnoprotein

Agnoprotein is a protein expressed by some members of the polyomavirus family from a gene called the agnogene. Polyomaviruses in which it occurs include two human polyomaviruses associated with disease, BK virus and JC virus, as well as the simian polyomavirus SV40.
Sequence and structure.
Agnoprotein is typically quite short: examples from BK virus, JC virus, and SV40 are 62, 71, and 66 amino acid residues long, respectively. Among other known polyomavirus genomes with a predicted agnogene, the length of the resulting predicted protein varies considerably, from as short as 30 to as long as 154 residues. It contains a highly hydrophobic central amino acid sequence, a "bipartite" nuclear localization sequence at the N-terminus, and highly basic amino acids at both termini. Comparison of the sequences of different viral agnoproteins suggests sequence conservation toward the N-terminus with greater variability toward the C-terminus. Formation of amphipathic alpha helices under laboratory conditions has been demonstrated for part of the sequence believed to have a role in mediating dimerization and oligomerization of the protein. The BK, JC, and SV40 agnoproteins have all been experimentally demonstrated to be phosphorylated "in vivo", which appears to improve both protein stability and viral propagation, but no other post-translational modifications have been detected.
Expression.
Agnoprotein is expressed from a region of the circular viral genome called the agnogene, an open reading frame contained in a region of the polyomavirus genome that codes for the viral capsid proteins and is known as the "late region" because it is expressed late in the cycle of viral infection and replication. The agnogene and its protein product received their name (from the Greek "agnosis", "without knowledge") because the presence of the open reading frame and corresponding RNA was detected before the existence of the protein product was confirmed.
Cellular localization.
Agnoprotein is consistently detected in the cytoplasm of infected cells, with particularly high concentrations in the perinuclear space. It is also detectable in the cell nucleus; in the case of JC virus, nuclear-localized agnoprotein comprises 15–20% of the total agnoprotein expressed.
Function.
Agnoprotein is a regulatory protein required for efficient proliferation of the viruses in which it is present, although many polyomaviruses do not have the gene. Its functions are poorly characterized even in well-studied viruses. Null mutant viruses without agnoprotein are generally either incapable of proliferation or are vastly impaired; some such mutants can produce virions, but they may be deficient in exiting the host cell or lack appropriately packaged genetic material. Agnoprotein null mutants can successfully proliferate if agnoprotein is present in "trans". Although the protein is not found in mature virions, there is some evidence that it can be secreted from infected cells, even before viral exit, and taken up by neighboring uninfected cells.
Agnoprotein has been associated with a number of processes in the viral life cycle, including transcription, replication, and encapsidation of the viral genome. It has also been suggested that agnoprotein functions as a viroporin – that is, a viral protein that alters membrane permeability to facilitate the virus particles' exit from the cell. In addition, effects on the behavior of the host cell itself have been observed, including impaired progression through the cell cycle and deficiencies in DNA repair.
Because it is highly basic, agnoprotein has been suspected to be a DNA-binding protein, but has not been shown to bind DNA. A large number of protein-protein interactions have been reported between agnoprotein and other proteins of both viral and host cell origin. Agnoprotein interacts with the viral proteins small tumor antigen and large tumor antigen as well as with the capsid protein VP1. Host cell proteins reported as binding partners for at least one virus species' agnoprotein include p53, Ku70, PP2A, YB-1, FEZ1, HP1α, α-SNAP, PCNA, and AP-3.
In some cases, the agnogene itself has functional significance, even if it cannot express agnoprotein. Deletion of the nucleotides in this region has been associated with a variant JC virus capable of infecting cell types not normally targeted by this virus. This variant has been associated with a disease recently described from case reports called JC virus encephalopathy, distinct from progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which has long been associated with JC in immunocompromised individuals.
Evolution.
Although agnoprotein is critical for proliferation in the polyomaviruses in which it occurs, its distribution among polyomaviruses whose genomes have been sequenced is patchy. It has been well studied in three viruses that infect mammalian hosts, including two human viruses – BK virus and JC virus – and the simian virus SV40; the BK, JC, and SV40 examples are by far the best-studied and have fairly high sequence conservation. Additional predicted agnogenes have been identified from the sequenced genomes of other polyomaviruses, and the predicted protein products vary considerably in length and have low sequence identity overall.
The distribution of agnoprotein among polyomaviruses has prompted speculation that there is little evolutionary selection pressure in favor of its presence. Among sequenced BK virus genomes, agnoprotein is the most variable viral protein in amino acid sequence. Differences in tissue tropism and in viral life cycle, particularly in viral exit from the host cell, have also been proposed as explanations for the presence or absence of agnoprotein in various human polyomaviruses.
Avian polyomaviruses.
A gene occurs in avian polyomaviruses in a similar genomic position and was originally annotated as an agnogene, but it has no detectable sequence similarity to the mammalian examples. The protein product of this gene has been detected in the capsids of mature virions, leading to its reclassification as VP4 to reflect its distinct role as a structural protein. However, it is still often referred to as "avian agnoprotein 1a".


American Roentgen Ray Society

The American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) is the first and oldest radiology society in the United States. It was founded in 1900, in the early days of X-ray and radiation study.
Headquartered in Leesburg, Virginia, the society publishes a monthly peer-reviewed journal: "American Journal of Roentgenology" (previously "American Journal of Radiology"), providing a forum for advances in radiology and related fields. It provides scholarships, and presents awards.
The quarterly ARRS "InPractice" magazine keeps members informed of annual meeting plans and general Society information.
Its educational programs include seminars and a program of continuing education for radiologic technologists.
Its 9th meeting, in 1908, was held in New York City. There, it announced that there was "no excuse whatever" for anyone being injured during medical X-rays, which "could be taken in a fraction of a second".


Transpulmonary pressure

Transpulmonary pressure is the difference between the alveolar pressure and the intrapleural pressure in the pleural cavity. During human ventilation, air flows because of pressure gradients.
Ptp = Palv – Pip. Where Ptp is transpulmonary pressure, Palv is alveolar pressure, and Pip is intrapleural pressure.
Physiology.
Since atmospheric pressure is relatively constant, pressure in the lungs must be higher or lower than atmospheric pressure for air to flow between the atmosphere and the alveoli.
If 'transpulmonary pressure' = 0 (alveolar pressure = intrapleural pressure), such as when the lungs are removed from the chest cavity or air enters the intrapleural space (a pneumothorax), the lungs collapse as a result of their inherent elastic recoil. Under physiological conditions the transpulmonary pressure is always positive; intrapleural pressure is always negative and relatively large, while alveolar pressure moves from slightly negative to slightly positive as a person breathes. For a given lung volume, the transpulmonary pressure is equal and opposite to the elastic recoil pressure of the lung.
The transpulmonary pressure vs Volume curve of inhalation (usually plotted as Volume in function of Pressure) is different from that of exhalation, the difference being described as hysteresis. Lung volume at any given pressure during inhalation is less than the lung volume at any given pressure during exhalation.
Measurement.
Transpulmonary pressure can be measured by placing pressure transducers. The alveolar pressure is estimated by measuring the pressure in the airways while holding one's breath. The intrapleural pressure is estimated by measuring the pressure inside a balloon placed in the esophagus.
Measurement of transpulmonary pressure assists in spirometry in availing for calculation of static lung compliance.


Geoffrey Hanks

Professor Geoffrey Warren Hanks DSc(Med), (1946-2013), also known as Geoff, was a British palliative care specialist.
Hanks was born in Bangalore, India, on 19 February 1946, the son of Kate, a housewife, and Frederick Condict Hanks, an accountant.
He attended Hackney Downs School, then studied medicine at University College Hospital Medical School, qualifying in 1970.
After working at University College Hospital, Nottingham General Hospital, in the pharmaceutical industry, and at the Oxford Regional Pain Unit, he was made Consultant Physician in charge of the Palliative Care Units at the Royal Marsden Hospitals London and Surrey, and Honorary Senior Lecturer in Medicine at the Institute of Cancer Research from 1983 to 1991. He was also a Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in the Department of Clinical Pharmacology at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College from 1986 to 1991.
He was then Sainsbury Professor of Palliative Medicine — the first ever chair of palliative medicine — at the United Medical and Dental Schools of Guys and St Thomas' Hospitals from 1991 until 1993, when he was appointed Professor of Palliative Medicine at the University of Bristol, becoming Emeritus there upon retirement in 2006. He was also a Professor in the Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim.
He served as Honorary President of the European Association for Palliative Care and as a vice-president of Macmillan Cancer Support.
He was senior editor of the "Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine", founding editor of the "European Journal of Palliative Care", and editor-in-chief of the journal "Palliative Medicine" from 2002 to 2012.
He was a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP), a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCPE), and a Fellow of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine, (FFPM).
He died on 27 June 2013.


Louis Gluck

Louis Gluck (1924–1997) was an American neonatologist who made many important contributions to the care of newborns, and who is considered "the father of neonatology."
Gluck designed the modern neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); developed protocols which reduced spread of serious bacterial infections in newborns; and developed a laboratory test, called the L/S ratio, which accurately predicted the chance that a newborn would develop infant respiratory distress syndrome.
He received over 35 national and international awards for his work in the field of neonatology. He is a member of the Rutgers University Hall of Distinguished Alumni.


Wilhelm Olivier Leube

Wilhelm Olivier Leube (14 September 1842 – 16 May 1922) was a German internist born in Ulm.
He studied medicine in Tübingen, Zurich, Berlin and Munich, and from 1868 worked as an assistant at the medical clinic in Erlangen. In 1872, at the University of Jena, he became a professor of pathology and special therapy, as well as director of the medical clinic. At Jena, one of his assistants was noted physician Ottomar Rosenbach (1851–1907). Afterwards he was a professor at the Universities of Erlangen (1874–1885) and Würzburg, where in 1895/96 he served as university rector.
Wilhelm Leube is remembered for his work with gastric and intestinal disorders that included pioneer research of "nervous dyspepsia". He believed that gastric irritation was often caused by the effects of food on the sensory nerves of the stomach, and performed extensive studies on digestion. In 1871 he introduced a procedure known as intubation in order to retrieve contents of the stomach for analysis. Later he introduced "test meals" of different types of food, which would be served to patients, and afterwards retrieved via Leube's "gastric tube" at scheduled times. Through these procedures, Leube researched the degree of digestion of the test meal, as well as the quantity and concentration of acid and pepsin in the patients' stomach. With physiologist Isidor Rosenthal (1836–1915), he developed the "Leube-Rosenthalsche Fleischsolution" (Leube-Rosenthal meat solution).
Among Leube's written works was an influential treatise on gastro-enterological diseases called ""Die Krankheiten des Magens und Darms" (1875), that was included in Hugo Wilhelm von Ziemssen's "Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie"". Leube died on 16 May 1922 at Montfort Castle on Lake Constance.


2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid

2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (conjugate base 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) (2,3-BPG), also known as 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (conjugate base 2,3-diphosphoglycerate) (2,3-DPG), is a three-carbon isomer of the glycolytic intermediate 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-BPG). 2,3-BPG is present in human red blood cells (RBC; erythrocyte) at approximately 5 mmol/L. It binds with greater affinity to deoxygenated hemoglobin (e.g. when the red blood cell is near respiring tissue) than it does to oxygenated hemoglobin (e.g., in the lungs) due to conformational differences: 2,3-BPG (with an estimated size of about 9 Å) fits in the deoxygenated hemoglobin conformation (with an 11 angstroms pocket), but not as well in the oxygenated conformation (5 angstroms). It interacts with deoxygenated hemoglobin beta subunits and so it decreases the affinity for oxygen and allosterically promotes the release of the remaining oxygen molecules bound to the hemoglobin; therefore it enhances the ability of RBCs to release oxygen near tissues that need it most. 2,3-BPG is thus an allosteric effector.
Its function was discovered in 1967 by Reinhold Benesch and Ruth Benesch.
Metabolism.
2,3-BPG is formed from 1,3-BPG by the enzyme BPG mutase. It can then be broken down by 2,3-BPG phosphatase to form 3-phosphoglycerate. Its synthesis and breakdown are, therefore, a way around a step of glycolysis, with the net expense of one ATP per molecule of 2,3-BPG generated as the high-energy carboxylic acid-phosphate mixed anhydride bond is cleaved by bisphosphoglycerate mutase.
The normal glycolytic pathway generates 1,3-BPG, which may be dephosphorylated by phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), generating ATP, or it may be shunted into the Luebering-Rapoport pathway, where bisphosphoglycerate mutase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphoryl group from C1 to C2 of 1,3-BPG, giving 2,3-BPG. 2,3-BPG, the most concentrated organophosphate in the erythrocyte, forms 3-PG by the action of bisphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The concentration of 2,3-BPG varies proportionately to the [H+].
There is a delicate balance between the need to generate ATP to support energy requirements for cell metabolism and the need to maintain appropriate oxygenation/deoxygenation status of hemoglobin. This balance is maintained by isomerisation of 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG, which enhances the deoxygenation of hemoglobin.
Effects of binding.
When 2,3-BPG binds to deoxyhemoglobin, it acts to stabilize the low oxygen affinity state (T state) of the oxygen carrier. It fits neatly into the cavity of the deoxy- conformation, exploiting the molecular symmetry and positive polarity by forming salt bridges with lysine and histidine residues in the ß subunits of hemoglobin. The R state, with oxygen bound to a heme group, has a different conformation and does not allow this interaction.
By itself, hemoglobin has sigmoid-like kinetics. In selectively binding to deoxyhemoglobin, 2,3-BPG stabilizes the T state conformation, making it harder for oxygen to bind hemoglobin and more likely to be released to adjacent tissues. 2,3-BPG is part of a feedback loop that can help prevent tissue hypoxia in conditions where it is most likely to occur. Conditions of low tissue oxygen concentration such as high altitude (2,3-BPG levels are higher in those acclimated to high altitudes), airway obstruction, or congestive heart failure will tend to cause RBCs to generate more 2,3-BPG, because changes in pH and oxygen modulate the enzymes that make and degrade it. The accumulation of 2,3-BPG decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Ultimately, this mechanism increases oxygen release from RBCs under circumstances where it is needed most. This release is potentiated by the Bohr effect, in which hemoglobin's binding affinity for oxygen is also reduced by a lower pH and high concentration of carbon dioxide. In tissues with high energetic demands, oxygen is rapidly consumed, which increases the concentration of H+ and carbon dioxide. Through the Bohr effect, hemoglobin is induced to release more oxygen to supply cells that need it. In contrast, 2,3-BPG has no effect on the related compound myoglobin.(reference required)
In pregnant women, there is a 30% increase in intracellular 2,3-BPG. This lowers the maternal hemoglobin affinity for oxygen, and therefore allows more oxygen to be offloaded to the fetus in the maternal uterine arteries. The fetus has a low sensitivity to 2,3-BPG, so its hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen. Therefore, although the pO2 in the uterine arteries is low, the fetal umbilical artery (which carries deoxygenated blood) can still get oxygenated from them.
Fetal hemoglobin.
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) exhibits a low affinity for 2,3-BPG, resulting in a higher binding affinity for oxygen. This increased oxygen-binding affinity relative to that of adult hemoglobin (HbA) is due to HbF's having two α/γ dimers as opposed to the two α/β dimers of HbA. The positive histidine residues of HbA β-subunits that are essential for forming the 2,3-BPG binding pocket are replaced by serine residues in HbF γ-subunits. Like that, histidine nº143 gets lost, so 2,3-BPG has difficulties in linking to the fetal hemoglobin, and it looks like the pure hemoglobin.
That’s the way O2 flows from the mother to the fetus.
As we can see in the following image, fetal hemoglobin has more affinity to oxygen than adult hemoglobin. Moreover, myoglobin has the highest affinity to oxygen.
Differences between myoglobin (Mb), fetal hemoglobin (Hb F), adult hemoglobin (Hb A)
Diseases related to 2,3-BPG.
Hyperthyroidism
A 2004 study checked the effects of thyroid hormone on 2,3-BPG levels. The result was that the hyperthyroidism modulates in vivo 2,3-BPG content in erythrocytes by changes in the expression of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM) and 2,3-BPG synthase.
This result shows that the increase in the 2,3-BPG content of erythrocytes observed in hyperthyroidism doesn’t depend on any variation in the rate of circulating hemoglobin, but seems to be a direct consequence of the stimulating effect of thyroid hormones on erythrocyte glycolytic activity.
Chronic anemia
Red cells increase their intracellular 2,3-BPG concentration as much as five times within one to two hours in patients with chronic anemia, when the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is diminished. This results in a rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve and more oxygen being released to the tissues.
Chronic respiratory disease with hypoxia
Recently, scientists have found similarities between low amounts of 2,3-BPG with the occurrence of high altitude pulmonary edema at high altitudes.
Hemodialysis.
In a 1998 study, erythrocyte 2,3-BPG concentration was analyzed during the hemodialysis process. The 2,3-BPG concentration was expressed relative to the hemoglobin tetramer (Hb4) concentration as the 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio. Physiologically, an increase in 2,3-BPG levels would be expected to counteract the hypoxia that is frequently observed in this process. Nevertheless, the results show a 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio decreased. This is due to the procedure itself: mechanical stress on the erythrocytes is believed to cause the 2,3-BPG escape, which is then removed by hemodialysis. The concentrations of calcium, phosphate, creatinine, urea and albumin did not correlate significantly with the total change in 2,3-BPG/Hb4 ratio. However, the ratio sampled just before dialysis correlated significantly and positively with the total weekly dosage of erythropoietin (main hormone in erythrocyte formation) given to the patients.


Lerdsin Hospital

Lerdsin Hospital () is a hospital located in Bang Rak District, Bangkok, Thailand. It is a main teaching hospital for the College of Medicine, Rangsit University. It is an affiliated teaching hospital of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.
History.
The earliest records of the hospital can be traced to the presence of Bang Rak Hospital at the junction of Silom and Charoen Krung Roads, run by American doctor Thomas Heyward Hays. Hays was instrumental in laying the foundations of Western medicine in Thailand and was also the first director of Siriraj Hospital and the first lecturer of Western medicine in Thailand at the Bhatayakorn School. Lerdsin was also the hospital where injured soldiers and civilians were treated following the Paknam incident. In 1929 plans were set up to build a Bang Rak Health Station for general treatment and paediatric treatment. Following a sexually-trainsmitted infection (STI) epidemic in 1936, an STI unit was established in 1939.
During the Second World War, Lerdsin Hospital was damaged following the Bombing of Bangkok and general treatment was temporarily halted, while only the STI unit remained open. Following the war after years of successful operation of the STI unit, it became upgraded to the Division of Sexually-transmitted Infection Control of the Department of Medical Services (DMS) and hospital operations were transferred to the DMS and renamed Lerdsin Hospital.
In 1973, the first residency training started at Lerdsin in the field of general surgery. In 2013, Lerdsin Hospital cooperated with the College of Medicine, Rangsit University to provide medical education. Students in this group study at Lerdsin Hospital only.


Potentilla reptans

Potentilla reptans, known as the creeping cinquefoil, European cinquefoil or creeping tormentil, is a flowering plant in the family Rosaceae.
A creeping perennial plant native to Eurasia and Northern Africa, "Potentilla reptans" has been naturalized elsewhere. Its trailing stems root at the nodes, and leaves are on long stalks. The plant blooms between June and August with yellow flowers that are about 2 cm in diameter and have five heart-shaped petals. "P. reptans", which can be easily confused with silverweed, often grows in crushed masonry in the South of England. The grizzled skipper butterfly favors the plant.
Alcoholic extracts from roots of "Potentilla reptans" showed a moderate antimicrobial activity against common wound pathogens.
"Potentilla reptans" can be an invasive weed in lawns and flowerbeds and difficult to eradicate, particularly when it competes with and infests established groundcovers. All of the taproots must be dug up, or the plant will reappear.


J. S. Mahashabde

Janardan Shankar Mahashabde was an Indian ophthalmologist. He was the founder of Mahashabde Netralaya and the Indore Eye Hospital. He was one of the early members of the Indore Divisional Ophthalmologist Society (IDOS). The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri in 1992. The All India Ophthalmological Society has instituted an award, "Mahashabde Award", in memory of the ophthalmologist.


Andrew Simone

Andrew Alexander Simone, (born May 12, 1938) is a Canadian physician, dermatologist and founder of Canadian Food for Children, a charity which collects funds and food for starving children around the world.
Biography.
Born and raised in Etobicoke, he is the son of a Sicilian immigrant father and a French-Canadian mother. He graduated as Doctor of Medicine in 1963 from Queen's University and became a dermatologist in 1968 after specializing at Harvard Medical School. He is married to Joan Simone née Hoare, an English-Canadian, and has 13 children, one of whom is adopted.
In 1985, after meeting Mother Teresa, he founded Canadian Food for Children.
In 2000, he was made a Member of the Order of Canada.


Frederick Gibbons

Frederick X. "Rick" Gibbons is an American psychologist who has been a professor of psychology at the University of Connecticut since August 2012. His research focuses on social psychology and health psychology.
Biography.
Gibbons received his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1976. His Ph.D. thesis was entitled "Self-focused attention and the enhancement of response awareness", and was supervised by Robert Wicklund. Before joining the faculty of the University of Connecticut, he taught at Iowa State University, where he became a distinguished professor before leaving to become a professor at Dartmouth College in 2008.


Bispecific monoclonal antibody

A bispecific monoclonal antibody (BsMAb, BsAb) is an artificial protein that can simultaneously bind to two different types of antigen. Naturally occurring antibodies typically only target one antigen. BsMabs can be manufactured in several structural formats, and current applications have been explored for cancer immunotherapy and drug delivery.
Structural types and manufacturing methods.
There are many formats of bsMab, but the two main categories are IgG-like and non-IgG-like. The main types of manufacturing methods are quadromas, chemical conjugation, and genetic recombination, and each method results in a unique format.
IgG-like.
This format retains the traditional monoclonal antibody (mAb) structure of two Fab arms and one Fc region, except the two Fab sites bind different antigens. The most common types are called trifunctional antibodies, as they have three unique binding sites on the antibody: the two Fab regions, and the Fc region. Each heavy and light chain pair is from a unique mAb. The Fc region made from the two heavy chains forms the third binding site. These bsMabs are often manufactured with the quadroma, or the hybrid hybridoma, method.
However, the quadroma method relies on random chance to form usable bsMabs, and can be inefficient. Another method for manufacturing IgG-like bsMabs is called "knobs into holes," and relies on introducing a mutation for a large amino acid in the heavy chain from one mAb, and a mutation for a small amino acid in the other mAb's heavy chain. This allows the target heavy chains (and their corresponding light chains) to fit together better, and makes bsMab production more reliable.
Non-IgG-like.
There are other bsMabs that lack an Fc region entirely. These include chemically linked Fabs, consisting of only the Fab regions, and various types of bivalent and trivalent single-chain variable fragments (scFvs). There are also fusion proteins mimicking the variable domains of two antibodies. The furthest developed of these newer formats are the bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs).
Mechanism of action.
The binding of a bsMab to its target antigens can lead to a variety of effects. The most widely used application of this approach is in cancer immunotherapy, where bsMabs are engineered to simultaneously bind a cytotoxic cell and a target like a tumour cell to be destroyed. It is possible to observe the bridging effect that bsAbs have on T-cell/cancer cell interactions using label-free live cell imaging. Catumaxomab, one of the first trifunctional antibodies approved for therapeutic use, binds both CD3 on cytotoxic T cells and EpCAM on human adenocarcinomas. The Fc region additionally binds to a cell that expresses Fc receptors, like a macrophage, natural killer cell or dendritic cell. Since the Fc region is still intact, this allows for the bsMab to trigger common immune responses when recognized by an Fc receptor, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity or complement-dependent cytotoxicity.
In work with Ebolavirus vaccines, a study has shown that a DVD-Ig antibody can be used to prevent viral escape from the endosome. Ebolaviruses infect cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Researchers developed DVD-Igs where the outer variable regions bind to the surface glycoproteins of the viral coat and enter the cell with the virus. These outer regions are cleaved in the viral endosome, revealing the inner variable regions that then bind to both the virus and internal receptors in the endosome. Blocking the interaction between the virus and endosomal proteins prevents viral escape from the endosome and further infection.
Advantages over ordinary monoclonal antibodies.
Cancer immunotherapy with ordinary monoclonal antibodies does not activate T-lymphocytes because the Fab regions are already used for binding the tumour cells, and this type of cell does not have Fc receptors. Bispecific antibodies also have a higher cytotoxic potential, and bind to antigens that are expressed relatively weakly. The effective dose is around 0.01 mg·m−2·d−1 (milligrams per square metre body surface area per day), which is several orders of magnitude lower than with ordinary antibodies. For non-IgG-like bsMabs, their smaller size allows them to reach antigens usually unavailable to conventional antibodies. In the case of Ebola vaccines, this method allows the antibody to target intracellular targets not usually accessible by traditional monoclonal antibody treatments.
Additionally, targeting more than one molecule can be useful to circumvent the regulation of parallel pathways and avoid resistance to the treatment. Binding or blocking multiple targets in a pathway can be beneficial to stopping disease, as most conditions have complicated multifaceted effects throughout the body. Together with combination therapies, bsMab are being used more and more to treat certain types of cancers, as, over time, some tumors develop resistances to checkpoint inhibitors and/or co-stimulatory molecules.
Problems and current disadvantages.
IgG-like antibodies can be immunogenic, which means the Fc region could cause detrimental downstream immune responses caused by cells that are activated by Fc receptors. The therapeutic use of bsMabs as a whole is still largely in development, with many clinical trials currently ongoing that are determining the efficacy and safety of bsMabs for treatment.
Clinical use.
Two bispecific antibodies are presently in clinical use. Blinatumomab, which targets CD19 and CD3, is used in the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome negative B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Emicizumab, which targets clotting factors IXa and X, is used in the treatment of hemophilia A. Catumaxomab was withdrawn from the European market in 2017 for commercial reasons.