John Arbuthnot

John Arbuthnot FRS ("baptised" 29 April 1667 – 27 February 1735), often known simply as Dr Arbuthnot, was a Scottish physician, satirist and polymath in London. He is best remembered for his contributions to mathematics, his membership in the Scriblerus Club (where he inspired both Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels" book III and Alexander Pope's "Peri Bathous, Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry", "Memoirs of Martin Scriblerus," and possibly "The Dunciad"), and for inventing the figure of John Bull.
Biography.
In his mid-life, Arbuthnot, complaining of the work of Edmund Curll, among others, who commissioned and invented a biography as soon as an author died, said, "Biography is one of the new terrors of death," and so a biography of Arbuthnot is made difficult by his own reluctance to leave records. Alexander Pope noted to Joseph Spence that Arbuthnot allowed his infant children to play with, and even burn, his writings. Throughout his professional life, Arbuthnot exhibited a strong humility and social conviviality, and his friends often complained that he did not take sufficient credit for his own work.
Arbuthnot was born in Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire, on the north-eastern coast of Scotland, son of Rev Alexander Arbuthnot, an Episcopalian priest and Margaret, née Lammie. He "may" have graduated with an arts degree from Marischal College in 1685. Where John's brothers took part in Jacobite causes in 1689, he remained with his father. These brothers included Robert, who fled after fighting for King James VII in 1689 and became a banker in Rouen and half-brother George, who fled to France and became a wine merchant. However, when William and Mary came to the throne and the Scottish and English parliaments required all ministers to swear allegiance to them as king and queen, Arbuthnot's father did not comply. As a non-juror, he was removed from his church, and John was there to take care of affairs when, in 1691, his father died.
Arbuthnot went to London in 1691, where he is supposed to have supported himself by teaching mathematics (which had been his formal course of study). He lodged with William Pate, whom Swift knew and called a "bel esprit". He published "Of the Laws of Chance" in 1692, translated from Christiaan Huygens's "De ratiociniis in ludo aleae." This was the first work on probability published in English. The work, which applied the field of probability to common games, was a success, and Arbuthnot became the private tutor of one Edward Jeffreys, son of Jeffrey Jeffreys, an MP. He remained Jeffreys's tutor when the latter attended University College, Oxford in 1694, and he there met the variety of scholars then teaching mathematics and medicine, including Dr John Radcliffe, Isaac Newton, and Samuel Pepys. However, Arbuthnot lacked the money to be a full-time student and was already well educated, although informally. He went to the University of St Andrews and enrolled as a doctoral student in medicine on 11 September 1696. The "very same day" he defended seven theses on medicine and was awarded the doctorate.
He first wrote satire in 1697, when he answered Dr John Woodward's "An essay towards a natural history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, especially minerals..." with "An Examination of Dr Woodward's Account &c." He poked fun at the arrogance of the work and Woodward's misguided, Aristotelian insistence that what is theoretically attractive must be actually true. In 1701, Arbuthnot wrote another mathematical work, "An essay on the usefulness of mathematical learning, in a letter from a gentleman in the city to his friend in Oxford." The work was moderately successful, and Arbuthnot praises mathematics as a method of freeing the mind from superstition.
In 1702, he was at Epsom when Prince George of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne fell ill. According to tradition, Arbuthnot treated the prince successfully. According to tradition again, this treatment earned him an invitation to court. Also around 1702, he married Margaret, whose maiden name is possibly Wemyss. Although there are no baptismal records, it seems that his first son, George (named in honour of the prince), was born in 1703. He was elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1704. Also thanks to the Queen's presence, he was made an MD at Cambridge University on 16 April 1705.
Arbuthnot was an amiable individual, and Swift said that the only fault an enemy could lay upon him was a slight waddle in his walk. His conviviality and his royal connections made him an important figure in the Royal Society. In 1705, Arbuthnot became physician extraordinary to Queen Anne, and at the same time was put on the board trying to publish the "Historia coelestius." Newton and Edmund Halley wanted it published immediately, to support their work on orbits, while John Flamsteed, the Royal Astronomer whose observations they were, wanted to keep the data secret until he had perfected it. The result was that Arbuthnot used his leverage as friend and physician to Prince George, whose money was paying for the publication, to force Flamsteed to allow it out, albeit with serious errors, in 1712. Also as a scholar, Arbuthnot took up an interest in antiquities and published "Tables of Grecian, Roman, and Jewish measures, weights and coins; reduced to the English standard" in 1705, 1707, 1709, and, expanded with a preface (which indicated that his second son, Charles, was born in 1705), in 1727 and 1747.
Although Arbuthnot was not a Jacobite after the fashion of his brothers, he was a Tory, for national and familial reasons. Anne was advised (and many said controlled) by Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, who was a champion of Whig causes. In 1706, the Duchess of Marlborough fell out with Anne—a schism which the Tories were pleased to encourage. The marriage of lady-in-waiting Abigail Hill to Samuel Masham, which was the first overt sign of Anne's displeasure with Sarah Churchill, took place in Arbuthnot's apartments at St. James's Palace. The reasons for the choice of apartment and the degree of involvement of Arbuthnot in either the love match or Anne's estrangement, are not clear. As a Scotsman, Arbuthnot served the crown by writing "A sermon preach'd to the people at the Mercat Cross of Edinborough on the subject of the union. Ecclesiastes, Chapter 10, Verse 27." The work was designed to persuade Scots to accept the Act of Union. When the Act passed, Arbuthnot was made a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He was also made a physician in ordinary to the Queen, which made him part of the royal household.
Arbuthnot returned to mathematics in 1710 with "An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes" (linked below) in the Royal Society's "Philosophical Transactions." In this paper, Arbuthnot examined birth records in London for each of the 82 years from 1629 to 1710 and the human sex ratio at birth: in every year, the number of males born in London exceeded the number of females. If the probability of male and female birth were equal, the probability of the observed outcome would be 1/282, a vanishingly small number. This is vanishingly small, leading Arbuthnot that this was not due to chance, but to divine providence: "From whence it follows, that it is Art, not Chance, that governs." This paper was a landmark in the history of statistics; in modern terms he performed statistical hypothesis testing, computing the "p"-value (via a sign test), interpreted it as statistical significance, and rejected the null hypothesis. This is credited as "… the first use of significance tests …", the first example of reasoning about statistical significance and moral certainty, and "… perhaps the first published report of a nonparametric test …".
As a Scriblerian.
In 1710, Jonathan Swift moved to London. With Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (who was then the secretary of the treasury and not a peer), he produced the Tory "Examiner," and Arbuthnot made their acquaintance and began to provide "hints" to them. These "hints" were ideas for essays, satirical gambits, and facts, rather than secrets of any sort. From 1711 to 1713, Arbuthnot and Swift formed "The Brothers' Club," though Arbuthnot characteristically gave away his ideas and even his writings, never seeking credit for them.
In 1712, Arbuthnot and Swift both attempted to aid the Tory government of Harley and Henry St. John in their efforts to end the War of the Spanish Succession. The war had profited John and Sarah Churchill, and the Tory ministry sought to end it by withdrawing from all England's alliances and negotiating directly with France. Swift wrote "The Conduct of the Allies," and Arbuthnot wrote a series of five pamphlets featuring John Bull. The first of these, "Law Is a Bottomless Pit" (1712), introduced a simple allegory to explain the war. John Bull (England) is suing Louis Baboon (i.e. Louis Bourbon, or Louis XIV of France) over the estate of the dead Lord Strutt (Charles II of Spain). Bull's lawyer is the one who really enjoys the suit, and he is Humphrey Hocus (Marlborough). Bull has a sister named Peg (Scotland). The pamphlets are Swiftian in their satire, in that they make all of the characters hopelessly flawed and comic and none of their endeavour worth pursuing (which was Arbuthnot's intent, as he sought to make the war an object of scorn), but it is filled with homespun humour, a common touch, and a sympathy for the figures that is distinctly non-Swiftian.
In 1713, Arbuthnot continued his political satire with "Proposals for printing a very curious discourse... a treatise of the art of political lying, with an abstract of the first volume." As with other works that Arbuthnot encouraged, this systemizes a rhetoric of bad thinking and writing. He proposes to teach people to lie well. Similar lists and systems are in Alexander Pope's "Peri Bathos" and John Gay and Pope's "Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus." Also in 1713, Arbuthnot was made a physician of Chelsea Hospital, which provided him with a house. It was this house that hosted the meetings of the Scriblerus Club, which had as its members Harley (now Earl of Oxford), St. John (now Viscount Bolingbroke), Pope, Gay, Swift, and Thomas Parnell. According to all the members of the Club, Arbuthnot was the one who contributed the most in ideas, and he was the only source they could draw upon when satirizing the sciences, and his was the idea for the "Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus," a pedantic man who, like Arbuthnot's earlier opponent, Dr Woodward, would read three or four lines of Classical literature and deduce a universal (and absurd) truth from them.
The Club met for only a year, for Anne died in July 1714, and the Club met for the last time in November of that year. When Anne died, she had no will. Consequently, all her servants were left without positions and entirely at the mercy of the next administration — an administration that was chosen by the enemies of Arbuthnot and the other Scriblerans. When George I came to the throne, Arbuthnot lost all of his royal appointments and houses, but he still had a vigorous medical practice. He lived at "the second door from the left in Dover Street" in Piccadilly.
Life under the Hanoverians.
In 1717, Arbuthnot contributed somewhat to Pope and Gay's play, "Three Hours after Marriage," which ran for seven nights. He was a friend to George Frederic Handel and appointed director to the Royal Academy of Music (1719) from the start in 1719 till 1729.
In 1719 he took part in a pamphlet war over the treatment of smallpox. In particular, he attacked Dr Woodward, who had again presented a dogmatic and, Arbuthnot thought, irrational opinion. In 1723, Arbuthnot was made one of the censors of the Royal College of Physicians, and as such he was one of the campaigners to inspect and improve the drugs sold by apothecaries in London. In 1723, the apothecaries sued the RCP, and Arbuthnot wrote "Reasons humbly offered by the ... upholders (undertakers) against part of the bill for the better viewing, searching, and examining of drugs." The pamphlet suggested that the funeral directors of London might wish to sue the Royal College of Physicians as well to ensure that drug safety remained poor. In 1727, he was made an elect of the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1726 and 1727, Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope reunited at Arbuthnot's house during visits, and Swift showed Arbuthnot the manuscript of "Gulliver's Travels" ahead of time. The detailed parody of on-going Royal Society projects in book III of "Gulliver's Travels" likely came from "hints" from Arbuthnot. The visit also bore fruit in Pope's "The Dunciad" of 1729 (the second edition), where Arbuthnot probably wrote the "Virgilius restauratus" satirizing Richard Bentley.
Arbuthnot was guardian to Peter the Wild Boy on his first arrival in London.
In 1730, Arbuthnot's wife died. The next year, he produced a work of popular medicine, "An essay concerning the nature of aliments, and the choice of them, according to the different constitutions of human bodies." The book was quite popular, and a second edition, with advice on diet, came out the next year. It had four more full editions and translations into French and German. In 1733 he wrote another very popular work of medicine called "An Essay Concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies." As with the former work, it went through multiple editions and translations. He argued that the air itself had to have enormous effects on the personality and persons of humanity, and he believed that the air of locations resulted in the characteristics of the people, as well as particular maladies. He advised his readers to ventilate sickrooms and to seek fresh air in cities. Although the idea that airs carried sickness was incorrect, the practical upshot of Arbuthnot's advice was efficacious, as crowded, poorly sanitized Augustan era cities had bad air and infectious air.
His son Charles, studying to be a divine at Christ Church, Oxford, died in 1731, the same year that the Swift and Pope "Miscellanies, Volume the Third" (which was the first volume) appeared. He contributed "An Essay of the Learned Martinus Scriblerus Concerning the Origine of the Sciences" to the volume.
In 1734, his health began to decline. He had kidney stones and asthma, and he was also overweight. On 17 July 1734, Arbuthnot wrote to Pope to tell him that he had a terminal illness. In a response dated 2 August, Pope indicates that he planned to write more satire, and on 25 August told Arbuthnot that he was going to address one of his epistles to him, later characterizing it as a memorial to their friendship. Arbuthnot died at his house in Cork Street, in London on 27 February 1735, eight weeks after the poem "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" was published. He is buried at St James's Church, Piccadilly.
Literary significance.
Arbuthnot was one of the founding members of the Scriblerus Club, and was regarded by the other wits of the group as the funniest, but he left fewer literary remains than the other members. His satires are written with an ease, a humanity, and an apparent sympathy. Swift and Arbuthnot had similar styles in language (both preferred direct sentences and clear vocabulary) with a feigned frenzy of lists and taxonomies, and sometimes their works are attributed to each other. The treatise on political lying, for example, has been attributed to Swift in the past, although it was definitely Arbuthnot's. Generally, Arbuthnot's writings are not as vicious or nihilistic as Swift's, but they attack the same targets and both refuse to hold up a set of positive norms for their readers.
Because of Arbuthnot's own insistence on not being recognized, it is difficult to speak definitively of his literary significance. Dr. Johnson describes him as the 'most universal genius' and we know that he was at the heart of many of the greatest satires of his age. He was a conduit and source for a great many of the finest literary accomplishments for over half a century of writing, but Arbuthnot was zealous that he not receive credit.


Romanus lesion

In radiology, a Romanus lesion is the erosion of the anterior and posterior vertebral endplates in patients with an inflammatory spondyloarthropathy – such as ankylosing spondylitis or an enteropathic arthropathy. The anterior erosion in particular causes a loss of anterior vertebral body concavity, causing the vertebra to display a squared contour or even a barrel-shape. Healing of the erosion results in a sclerotic increase in density causing what is known as a shiny corner sign, which can later result in syndesmophyte formation. It is most easily diagnosed using MRI, compared to conventional radiography.
This type of erosion was initially described by Ragnar Romanus and Sven Ydén in a paper published in 1952.


Martin Kirschner

Martin Kirschner (28 October 1879 – 30 August 1942) was a German surgeon.
Kirschner was born in Breslau, the son of Margarethe Kalbeck (sister of Max Kalbeck) and Judge Martin Kirschner (1842–1912), who later served as city councillor (member of the city government) of Breslau since 1873 and a member of the city parliament as of 1879. In 1892 he became burgomaster of Berlin (vice-mayor) and advanced to its Lord Mayor (Oberbürgermeister) holding that office between 1899 and 1912.
Kirschner junior attended the universities of Freiburg, Strassburg, Zurich and Munich.
Following his promotion in Strassburg in 1904 he went to Berlin for postgraduate studies under Rudolf von Renvers (1854–1909). Between 1908 and 1910 he was at the university surgical clinic in Greifswald under Erwin Payr (1871–1947), then went to Königsberg to work with Payr and Paul Leopold Friedrich (1864–1916). He was appointed professor of surgery at Königsberg in 1916, and in 1927 accepted an invitation to move to the same chair in Tübingen.
On 18 March 1924, Kirschner performed the first successful pulmonary artery embolectomy — Trendelenburg's operation. He developed a new method for the making an artificial oesophagus and a method for the opening of the knee joint.
In 1933 he published the first stereotactic surgery in humans, for a method to treat trigeminal neuralgia by inserting an electrode into the trigeminal nerve and ablating it.
Kirschner died, aged 62, in Heidelberg,


Fylde Coast Medical Services

Fylde Coast Medical Services is a provider of Out of Hours medical services for the Blackpool, Fylde and Wyre areas.
The company was established in 1994 as a non-profit making GP co-operative. It now has more than a hundred clinical members.
In 2013 it was chosen to run Silver Line, a telephone service aimed at older people who feel isolated.
Apart from the Out of Hours service provided for GPs, which is integrated with the NHS 111 service for the area, it manages the front Gateway at the Blackpool Victoria Hospital Urgent Care Centre and the out of hours dental service for the area. From October 2017 it looks after patients with minor injuries, instead of the doctors in A&E, as well as less serious illnesses.
It runs The Silver Line a national free confidential telephone helpline offering information, friendship and advice to older people in the United Kingdom, and provides space for Addaction, a drug and alcohol treatment centre, in its offices at Whitegate Drive, Blackpool.
In 2014, FCMS, in conjunction with local health commissioners, became the Single point of access for the Care Coordination Scheme. Dealing with the top 1000 patients in Blackpool, the scheme aims to stop reoccurring attendances to Accident and Emergency. Instead, the patient can be redirect to the local healthcare community services, such as District Nursing Teams and the Hospice at Home service, run in conjunction with Trinity Hospice. The service now boasts over 6000 patients on its register.
The organisation has been part of the North West NHS 111 provision with the North West Ambulance Service and Urgent Care 24 from October 1, 2015.
It is part of the pilot project for the integrated digital care record run by Channel 3 Consulting on behalf of Doncaster Clinical Commissioning Group.
External-Links.
FCMS


Faculty of Medicine of Al-Baath University

The Faculty of Medicine of Al-Baath University () was founded in 1996 in the city of Homs, Syria.
An approximate number of 250 students are added each year.
Faculty Departments.
- Anatomy, Histology & Embryology.
- Physiology.
- Pharmacology.
- Pathology.
- Family Medicine.
- Radiology.
- Dermatology.
- Internal Medicine.
- Surgery.
- Pediatrics.
- Obstetrics & Gynecology.
- ENT.
- Oncology.
- Ophthalmology.
- Anasthiology.
- Forensic Medicine.
- Laboratory Medicine.
11 departments had been opened until now.


Progeria Research Foundation

The Progeria Research Foundation (PRF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to developing treatments and, ultimately, a cure for progeria, a congenital disorder. The Foundation was established in 1999 by the family and friends of Sam Berns, a child with progeria, including Dr. Leslie Gordon and Dr. Scott Berns, his parents, and Audrey Gordon, his aunt.
From their website, the Foundation's mission statement is: "To discover treatments and the cure for Progeria and its aging related disorders."
In 2003, The Progeria Research Foundation helped to discover the gene mutation that causes progeria and developed a diagnostic test for it. In 2020 the American Food and Drug Administration approved the use of lonafarnib in children with the disease based on research and funding provided by the Foundation. It is the first and only certified medical protocol for the disease.
One of PRF's major campaigns is "Find the Other 150", the goal of which is to identify and diagnose as many progeria patients as possible globally.


Frank G. Slaughter

Frank Gill Slaughter (February 25, 1908 – May 17, 2001), pen-name Frank G. Slaughter, pseudonym C.V. Terry, was an American novelist and physician whose books sold more than 60 million copies. His novels drew on his own experience as a doctor and his interest in history and the Bible. Through his novels, he often introduced readers to new findings in medical research and new medical technologies.
Biography.
Slaughter was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Stephen Lucious Slaughter and Sarah "Sallie" Nicholson Gill. When he was about five years old, his family moved to a farm near Berea, North Carolina, which is west of Oxford, North Carolina. He earned a bachelor's degree from Trinity College (now Duke University) at 17 and went to medical school at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He began writing fiction in 1935 while a physician at Riverside Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida, paying off a $60 typewriter at $5 a month. He rewrote the manuscript of "That None Should Die", a semi-autobiographical story of a young doctor, six times before Doubleday accepted it.
Several of Slaughter's novels became films, including "Sangaree", made into the 1953 film of that name starring Fernando Lamas; and "Doctors' Wives", made into the 1971 film of the same name starring Dyan Cannon and Gene Hackman.
Other books by Slaughter include "The Purple Quest", "Surgeon, U.S.A.", "Tomorrow's Miracle" and "The Scarlet Cord". Slaughter's last novel, "Transplant", was published in 1987. Slaughter died May 17, 2001 in Jacksonville, Florida.
William DuBois was a silent writer with Slaughter on 27 of Slaughter's historical novels.


Thomas Harrington Tuke

Thomas Harrington Tuke FRCPE FRCP (13 June 1826 - 1888) was a British physician who specialised in psychiatry. He ran and enlarged the private Manor House Asylum in Chiswick (founded by his father Edward Francis Tuke), published papers on general paralysis and related topics, and contributed to the development of lunacy legislation in Victorian England. Tuke specialised in non-restraint treatment.
Early life.
Thomas Harrington Tuke was born 13 June 1826, the son of the Quaker physician Edward Francis Tuke of Bristol and his wife Mary. He studied medicine at St George's Hospital; and also at the University of Edinburgh and Paris. Tuke took a University of St Andrews MD qualification in 1849.
Career.
Tuke specialised in the treatment of the insane with non-restraint methods. In 1846 he took over and began to extend the private Manor House asylum in Chiswick founded by his father. How far he expanded the asylum can be seen in the 1880 rate book. Not only did he own Manor Farm House, he was also renting 2 halves of a semi-detached house and the land behind it, plus another cottage, house and some more land.
In 1893 the Tukes moved out of the cottage, house and land and it became the ABC estate. In 1894 they moved out of the semi-detached houses which became part of Cranbrook Road on the Sulhamstead Estate, the houses they rented were knocked down much later and they became Stephen Fox House. In 1896 Manor Farm House was sold and it became Wilton Avenue.
He was the first to introduce nasogastric feeding of the insane. He was a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1858) and of the Royal College of Physicians in London (1878). He was secretary of the Medico-Psychological Association and testified before select committees of the House of Commons on amendments to the lunacy laws. Tuke was an experienced psychiatric witness and took part in the William Frederick Windham case (in which he took a position contrary to Dr Forbes Benignus Winslow), in the divorce action against Lady Mordaunt, and in the Bravo and George Victor Townley cases. His most famous patient was probably the Chartist leader Feargus O'Connor.
Family.
In January 1852, Tuke married Sophia Jane Conolly, daughter of Tuke's friend and teacher Dr John Conolly of The Lawn, Hanwell. Conolly was a pioneer in non-restraint methods of treatment of the insane. Tuke and his wife had seven sons and a daughter.
Two of their sons Thomas Seymour and Charles Molesworth Tuke, both doctors, continued running the asylum and supervised its move to Chiswick House in 1893, where it remained until its closure in 1929.
Death.
Tuke died in 1888. He was buried in Chiswick on 13 June.


Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye

Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye (born 20 May 1937) is a former professor of Veterinary Sciences from Senegal who has held many senior administrative positions in African educational institutions and organizations.
Birth and education.
Ahmadou Lamine Ndiaye was born on 20 May 1937 in Saint-Louis, Senegal. He attended the Lycée Faidherbe in Saint-Louis for his secondary education between 1950 and 1957.
He studied at the Lycée Marcelin Berthelot de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, France for a year, and then was admitted to the National Veterinary School of Lyon ("Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon"), where he studied from 1958 to 1962.
In 1963 he gained diplomas from the Faculty of Medicine of Lyon, the National Agronomic Institute of Paris and the Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine in tropical countries.
Teaching career.
Ndiaye worked at the Animal Science Research Center at Dahra, Senegal from 1963 to 1967, while completing an internship at the National Center for Agricultural Research Jouy-en-Josas, France in the Genetics Section.
In 1967 he became an assistant lecturer at the University of Dakar.
In 1971 he became a trainee lecturer in food nutrition at the National Veterinary School of Alfort in France.
In 1974 he became a fellow of this institute and a lecturer at the Inter-State School of Veterinary Sciences and Medicine of Dakar.
From 1976 to 1986 he was the first African director of the school, part of Dakar's Cheikh Anta Diop University.
In 1977 he was appointed a professor of animal nutrition, a position he held until 1988.
Other appointments.
Ndiaye was a staff adviser to the President of the Republic of Senegal from 1988 to 1990.
In January 1990 he was appointed Rector of the Gaston Berger University of Saint-Louis, the second university in Senegal, holding this position until November 1999.
He was then Minister and special adviser to the President of the Republic for a few months.
Ndiaye was a member of the Executive Council of the Association of African Universities from 1997 to 2005, and for a period served as President of this association.
He was the first president of the African Regional Committee for monitoring the World Conference on Higher Education (2000–2001).
In 2002 he became a member of the World Bank's Scientific Council for the reform of external training courses for higher education, and also Chairman of the Working Group for revitalization of the Institute of Natural Resources in Africa.
Other positions held included member of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World and founding member of the National Academy of Science and Technology of Senegal (ANSTS).
In February 2011 Ndiaye was elected president of the ANSTS, replacing Professor Souleymane Niang who had recently died.
Ndiaye was appointed Chairman of the High Level Panel created in 2009 by the African Union to establish the Pan African University (PAU).
The PAU is a network of universities across Africa that promotes post-graduate scientific education and research, mobility of students and teachers between institutions and standardization of qualifications, with five regional centers of excellence each focusing on a different area of science.
On 28 February 2011 Ndiaye was appointed President of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) based in Nairobi, Kenya, for a three-year term. He was the first francophone to hold this position since the AAS was founded in 1985.
Ndiaye said he wanted to rejuvenate the AAS, and felt that conditions were favorable.
He aimed to open up centers of excellence on the continent where French and English speakers could work on joint research programs.
Work and recognition.
Ndiaye has written over a hundred scientific articles, papers and reports, particularly in the areas of nutrition and higher education. He is also the author of more than thirty reports, such as one that UNESCO commissioned in 2009 on the Pan African University project.
He is an Officer in the Order of Agricultural Merit of France, Officer of the National Order of Ivory Coast, Chevalier of the National Order of the Lion of Senegal and Grand Officer of the Order of Merit Senegal.


Pseudotyping

Pseudotyping is the process of producing viruses or viral vectors in combination with foreign viral envelope proteins. The result is a pseudotyped virus particle, also called a pseudovirus. With this method, the foreign viral envelope proteins can be used to alter host tropism or increase or decrease the stability of the virus particles. Pseudotyped particles do not carry the genetic material to produce additional viral envelope proteins, so the phenotypic changes cannot be passed on to progeny viral particles. In some cases, the inability to produce viral envelope proteins renders the pseudovirus replication incompetent. In this way, the properties of dangerous viruses can be studied in a lower risk setting.
Pseudotyping allows one to control the expression of envelope proteins. A frequently used protein is the glycoprotein G (VSV-G) from the Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) which mediates entry via the LDL receptor. Envelope proteins incorporated into the pseudovirus allow the virus to readily enter different cell types with the corresponding host receptor.
Vaccine development.
Pseudotyped virus can be used to vaccinate animals against proteins expressed on the envelope of the virion. This approach has been used to produce vaccine candidates against HIV, "Nipah henipavirus", "Rabies lyssavirus", SARS-CoV, "Zaire ebolavirus," and SARS-CoV-2. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus–Zaire Ebola virus (rVSV-ZEBOV) was created by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) and is currently licensed in the European Union and United States for the prevention of Ebolavirus Disease (EVD) caused by "Zaire ebolavirus."
Serological testing.
Pseudotyped viruses, especially pseudotyped viruses carrying a recombinant luciferase gene (rLuc), can be used to test whether a treatment can protect host cells infection. For example, blood is drawn from an animal with serological immunity to a virus. A separate pseudovirus is generated with an envelope protein from the virus that the animal has immunity to. The pseudovirus is further engineered to contain a gene for luciferase. When the blood drawn from the animal is mixed with the pseudovirus, the protective antibodies bind and neutralize the introduced envelope protein. In cell culture, neutralized pseudoviruses will be prevented from infecting cells and producing the luminescent reporter gene product. When analysed, cell culture samples where an effective inhibitor of the virus is present will have reduced luminescence.


NHSX

NHSX is a United Kingdom Government unit with responsibility for setting national policy and developing best practice for National Health Service (NHS) technology, digital and data, including data sharing and transparency.
It was established in early 2019 by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, Matt Hancock, to bring together information technology teams from the Department of Health and Social Care, NHS England, and NHS Improvement. NHSX works closely with the Government Digital Service and other relevant government functions. It is led by Matthew Gould. The 'X' in NHSX stands for "user experience". As a budget-holder, NHSX commissions projects from NHS Digital.
In February 2021 it was announced that NHSX was to be merged into a new NHS England transformation directorate, which would bring together digital and operational improvement teams within NHS England and NHS Improvement. The NHSX brand would be retained.
Activities.
One of the first initiatives announced in April 2019 was a programme to improve patient experience in the therapy areas of cancer and mental health. It would be a collaboration between technologists, clinicians and policymakers. The goal was to improve access to services for patients, to deliver the right diagnostic information to clinicians, and to provide researchers with healthcare data.
In May 2019, Hancock announced plans to upgrade all hospitals, GP practices and community care services to full fibre connectivity, which is intended to enable more video consultations and improve the speed of access to clinical information.
In a speech delivered on 12 June 2019, Baroness Blackwood, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department of Health and Social Care, identified three delivery priorities for NHSX, which are "focused on how we can make things better for patients and staff as soon as possible". These priorities are:
Underlying these delivery priorities, she noted that the technical priority for NHSX is the creation of a "data-driven ecosystem". It was announced in January 2020 that £40 million was to be dedicated to improving login times for staff, using single sign-on technology.
One of the functions of the organisation is to manage the sharing of NHS patient data with industry.
In 2021 it was reported that the organisation was developing a programme aimed at accelerating the UK-wide adoption of digital records by social care providers. In September 2020 it found that 30% of social care providers were still using entirely paper-based systems and another 30% were only partially digitised. This initiative is intended to help the joining up of care across social care and the NHS.
Paperless NHS.
In June 2019 Gould admitted that the target of a paperless NHS by 2024 would be "a stretch". The target, first announced in 2013, has repeatedly been moved back from 2018, 2020, and 2023.
In September 2020 Gould told the public accounts committee that all 42 sustainability and transformation partnerships should have a shared care record for patients’ direct care in place by September 2021.
COVID-19 contact tracking app.
In March 2020, NHSX commissioned a contact tracking app to monitor the spread of COVID-19, developed by the Pivotal division of American software company VMware. The first public trial of the app began on the Isle of Wight on 5 May 2020.
The app stores anonymised data in a central database, in contrast to the decentralised Google / Apple contact tracing project. In early May, NHSX contracted for development of a second app using the Google / Apple method.


Jean-Michel Dubernard

Jean-Michel Dubernard (; born 17 May 1941 in Lyon) is a medical doctor specializing in transplant surgery, as well as a former Deputy in the French National Assembly.
Dr. Dubernard is most famous for performing the first successful hand transplant on Clint Hallam on 23 September 1998, the first successful double hand transplant shortly thereafter (but not announced until 14 January 2004), and assisting Prof. Bernard Devauchelle in performing the first partial face transplant on Isabelle Dinoire on 27 November 2005. Dubernard was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2010.


Sternopericardial ligaments

The fibrous pericardium is attached to the posterior surface of the sternum by the superior and inferior sternopericardiac ligaments (sternopericardial ligaments); the upper passing to the manubrium, and the lower to the xiphoid process.


Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University

The Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University (; abbr: MED SWU) is the medical school of Srinakharinwirot University, a public university in Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded in 1985, making it the eighth oldest medical school in Thailand. The school has two campuses: Prasarnmit Campus in Watthana, Bangkok and Ongkharak Campus in Ongkharak District, Nakhon Nayok Province.
History.
The project to set up the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University was planned since 1980 under the prime ministership of Prem Tinsulanonda and the faculty was officially set up on 13 June 1985, in a partnership with Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. In its early years, Vajira Hospital was used as the main clinical teaching site (Years 4-6), as well as a number of hospitals operating under governmental organisations, such as the Police General Hospital. In 1992, the university saw fit to expand to have a hospital of its own, so the HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center was constructed at Ongkharak and was completed in 1999. Currently, clinical year students rotate around the HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Medical Center and Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center as main teaching hospitals.
The faculty also holds an academic partnership with the University of Nottingham Medical School and holds a Joint Medical Programme with the university. Students will study at the University of Nottingham at the United Kingdom in the preclinical years (Year 1-3), before returning to study in Thailand in the clinical years.
A total of 200 medical students are annually accepted at the Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University in the 2018 academic year. 180 students are accepted via the Consortium of Thai Medical Schools Examination (กสพท) and study the whole MD course in Thailand, while 20 students are accepted into the Joint Medical Programme through BMAT Test and study half of the time in the United Kingdom and the other half in Thailand.
References.
Article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Thai Wikipedia.


Jean Courtial

Jean Auguste Courtial (19 September 1903 – 26 December 1966) was a French physician, former polytechnician who worked at Curie Institute from 1950 to 1966.
Courtial was born in Paris. He established the fact that any animal without growth hormone can't have cancer.
André Gernez celebrated the memory of Jean Courtial to Société d'Encouragement au Progrès in 2009.


Dimitar Dimov

Dimitar Todorov Dimov (, 25 June 1909 – 1 April 1966) was a Bulgarian dramatist, novelist and veterinary surgeon.
Biography.
Born in Lovech, Dimov is best known for his best-selling novel "Tobacco" (, translit. "Tyutyun", 1951) which was made into the 1962 film "Tobacco" directed by Nikola Korabov. The plot of Dimov's "Tobacco" deals with the fates of a number of characters connected to a major tobacco factory. The central thread of the plot is the story of Boris, an ambitious youth of poor origins who renounces his first love Irina to marry Maria, the heiress of the tobacco business. He proceeds to steer the business with great greed and ruthlessness. His wife's descent into insanity and death in the loveless marriage subsequently allows him to marry Irina, who has studied to become a doctor, but is seduced by the promise of the luxurious life as a mistress and eventually spouse of an affluent factory owner. However, their common life is poisoned by the preceding events and by their own selfishness and moral decay. Other characters, including a brother of Boris and a friend of Irina who works at the factory, are devoted to the Communist movement and its struggle; these and various other plot threads make the book into a broader picture of capitalist Bulgaria in the years leading up to the Communist seizure of power. The novel criticises the egoism, careerism, greed and exploitation characteristic of the class society that it depicts from a socialist perspective.
Other novels authored by Dimov are "Lieutenant Benz" (1938), a story of fatal love between flawed characters during World War I; and "Doomed Souls" (1945), a tragic tale of a dissolute young Englishwoman's passionate obsession with a fanatical and reactionary Jesuit set in Spain during the civil war. His plays included "Holiday in Arko Iris" and "Women with a Past".
Dimov died in Bucharest, Romania. There is a bust of Dimov in the Borisova gradina park behind the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. His daughter Theodora Dimova is also a writer. In addition, a number of elementary schools across Bulgaria are named in his honor (particularly in his hometown of Lovech and in Plovdiv).


Peter Wyman

Peter Lewis Wyman CBE DL was appointed chair of the Care Quality Commission in 2015.
He is an accountant, who worked for PricewaterhouseCoopers until 2010. He was described as one of their "most longstanding and famous beancounters" by "The Daily Telegraph" which said that he had "got as much exposure as Kylie Minogue’s bottom".
He was a special adviser on taxation and deregulation to the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Corporate Affairs, Neil Hamilton, from 1993 to 1994, a member of the Deregulation Task Force between 1994 and 1997 and external overseer of the Inland Revenue/Contributions Agency joint-working programme between 1995 and 1998.
He was president of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales during the aftermath of the Enron scandal between 2002 and 2003 and was a member of other committees and working parties, including chairman of the Professional Standards Office (1999–2000) and Deputy Chairman of the Financial Reporting Council.
He was awarded a CBE in the 2006 Birthday Honours for services to accountancy.
He was chair of Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.
He lives in Somerset, and is Deputy Lieutenant of Somerset and treasurer of the University of Bath.


Better Care Fund

The Better Care Fund is a partnership between NHS England, the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, the Department of Health and Social Care and the Local Government Association. Its pooled budget, initially £5.3 billion, was announced by the Cameron Government in the June 2013 Spending Round. It aims at "meeting the challenges of integrating health and social care in England in order to keep people healthy for longer". Local councils are allowed to increase the local fund. The intention was to shift resources into social care and community services from the NHS budget in England and so save £1 billion a year by keeping patients out of hospital. The pooled budget includes the Disabled Facilities Grants.
Better Care Fund Plans are agreed by the 151 local Health and wellbeing boards and then reviewed by health and local government partners regionally before formal approval by NHS England. Initial analysis of the first plans submitted showed that social care would benefit from the fund by about £2 billion. This was four times the amount projected for hospitals to save from reduced activity.
From April 2017 the improved Better Care Fund, a local authority social care grant, was introduced and required to be pooled in the Better Care Fund. In 2019-20, the mandatory minimum allocated was £6.4 billion. Local areas can make also voluntary additional contributions to local funds and in 2019-20, a national total of £9.2 billion of health and social care budgets were pooled.
Reception.
The National Audit Office said in November 2014 that the plans had been inadequately thought through and were based on “optimism rather than evidence”. There was no evidence that showed that integrated care reduces unplanned hospital admissions. Its second report in February 2017 suggested that the progress of integration and health and social care had been slower and less successful than envisaged, and had not delivered all of the expected benefits for patients, the NHS or local authorities. It concluded that the £5.3 billion spent in 2015-16 had not delivered value for money. However, the report concluded that the fund was successful in boosting work between local areas with over 90 per cent of local areas agreeing or strongly agreeing that delivery of their plan had improved joint working.
Francis Maude praised Inclusion Healthcare at a speech in December 2014 about the Fund saying the company could provide care more cheaply and simply than the NHS. He said the fund was unlikely to lift the pressure from overcrowded hospitals because of “endless process and bureaucracy” in the NHS. He related how Inclusion had helped a homeless man with leg ulcers who was refusing to go into hospital because he could not afford to put his dog in kennels while he was there by writing "a cheque for £200 or whatever it cost to have the dog vaccinated and put into kennels". According to Maude, the firm say "actually if we had still been in the NHS we could never have done that without endless process and bureaucracy and auditing and which budget does it come out of, and how do we account for it, and it would never have happened”.
The Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy and the Healthcare Financial Managers Association surveyed the ambitious plans for saving money through integration financed by the BCF in December 2015 and concluded that 80% were likely to fail and that many were hampering progress, and “giving integration a bad name”. Targets for reduced hospital admission had generally not been delivered.
In February 2017 the National Audit Office produced a report saying that the £5.3 billion spent in 2015/16 had not delivered value for money. Emergency hospital admissions had increased by 87,000 between 2014/15 and 2015/16, rather than the planned reduction of 106,000, which had cost an additional £311 million. Delayed transfers of care increased by 185,000 days, rather than the planned reduction of 293,000, which had cost £146 million more.
The Personal Social Services Research Unit at the University of Kent reported in 2018 that that, overall, the Fund had improved integrated working between health and social care.
In their Adult Social Care Funding and Integration survey in 2018, the Local Government Association found that 89% of respondents felt that the Better Care Fund had been fairly or very helpful in joining up care and support locally. It also found that 84% of respondents viewed it as either moderate or to a great extent, a key driver of local care integration.
The Department of Health and Social Care in 2019 asserted that the fund had been effective in helping to keep people living independently at home, providing joined-up reablement services, reducing delayed discharges across the system and achieving closer working between the NHS and social care services.


Simon Fraser Tolmie

Simon Fraser Tolmie, (January 25, 1867 – October 13, 1937) was a veterinarian, farmer, politician, and the 21st Premier of the Province of British Columbia, Canada.
Tolmie had an impeccable pioneer lineage, which aided him in his political aspirations. He was the son of Dr. William Fraser Tolmie, a prominent figure in the Hudson's Bay Company and a member of both the colonial assembly of Colony of Vancouver Island and the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. William Fraser was early supporter of Scottish industrialist reformer Robert Owen, and was a strong supporter of women's suffrage in British Columbia. His maternal ancestry was Indigenous and representative of the marriages of Indigenous women and French and Scottish men who worked in the fur trade. Tolmie's mother, Jane Work, was the daughter of John Work, a prominent Victoria resident, Hudson's Bay Company Chief Factor, and member of the former colony's assembly. Jane's ancestry was Indigenous. Her mother was Josette Legace, a daughter of an Indigenous woman from the Spokane area and Pierre Legace, a French-Canadian trapper father. Born in Victoria, Tolmie spent his early life on his family's vast farm, Cloverdale (the Victoria neighbourhood bears its name). He graduated from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1891 and later became the Dominion Inspector of Livestock.
Tolmie entered federal politics in the election of 1917, becoming Unionist MP for Victoria City. He was returned in the subsequent four elections as a Conservative (the riding changed its name to Victoria in 1924). Tolmie served as Minister of Agriculture in the governments of Sir Robert Borden and Arthur Meighen from 1919–1921, and in 1926.
Tolmie was part of a general anti-drug panic in 1922 with severe racist overtones. He supported amendments to drug laws calling for the deportation of all Asians convicted of trafficking and for the use of the 'lash'.
Tolmie was elected leader of the British Columbia Conservative Party in 1926 but continued to sit as a Member of Parliament until the 1928 provincial election, in which he ran and was elected MLA for Saanich. The Conservatives were victorious that year, taking 32 of the legislature's 48 seats, including every seat in Vancouver and Victoria. Tolmie thus became Premier of the province, also serving as Minister of Railways.
Like their federal counterparts, who returned to power in 1930, Tolmie's Tories' commitment to applying "business principles to the business of government," rebounded to their disadvantage when the Great Depression hit. By 1931, unemployment reached 28% - the highest in Canada - and Tolmie was finally forced to act, setting up remote relief camps. Tolmie acceded to the request from the business community that a royal commission be established to propose solutions to the province's increasingly dire financial situation. The Kidd Report, issued in 1932, recommended such sharp cuts to social services that mainstream British Columbians were enraged. They had come to expect more from their provincial government than its traditional functions of maintaining law and order, providing physical infrastructure and encouraging private enterprise.
The strained situation took its toll on the provincial party, which became so wracked by internal discord that the executive decided to run no candidates in the 1933 election. Rather, each local riding association acted on its own. Some candidates ran as independents, some as Independent Conservatives. Those supporting Tolmie, ran as Unionists, and those grouped around William John Bowser, a former premier, ran as Non-Partisans. The result was easily foreseen. The Liberals captured 42% of the vote and 34 of the 47 seats, the new social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation became the official opposition, and the Conservatives who had run under various banners picked up just five seats. Tolmie lost his own seat.
Tolmie returned to politics three years later, returning to his old federal seat of Victoria in a 1936 by-election. He died in Victoria a little over a year later.
Tolmie led the last Conservative provincial government in British Columbia.


Radiate ligament of head of rib

The radiate ligament connects the anterior part of the head of each rib with the side of the bodies of two vertebrae, and the intervertebral fibrocartilage between them.
It consists of three flat fasciculi, which are attached to the anterior part of the head of the rib, just beyond the articular surface.
The radiate ligament is in relation, in front, with the thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, the pleura, and, on the right side, with the azygos vein; behind, with the interarticular ligament and synovial membranes.
In the case of the first rib, this ligament is not divided into three fasciculi, but its fibers are attached to the body of the last cervical vertebra, as well as to that of the first thoracic.
In the articulations of the heads of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth ribs, each of which articulates with a single vertebra, the triradiate arrangement does not exist; but the fibers of the ligament in each case are connected to the vertebra above, as well as to that with which the rib articulates.


Robert Willis (physician)

Robert Willis (1799, Leith – 21 September 1878, Barnes) was a Scottish physician, librarian, and medical historian.
Education.
Willis was born at Leith of a good Edinburgh family. His father was Robert Willis, a merchant at Leith. He was educated at the High School of Edinburgh where he formed a lifelong friendship with his contemporary James Syme who became one of the greatest surgeons (LeFanu, 1974); Willis's sister married Syme, and their daughter, Agnes, married the pioneer of antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister. He graduated at Edinburgh (1819), went to the College of Surgeons (1823), the College of Physicians (1837), and was the first librarian of the College of Surgeons in London (1828–45).
Work as a librarian (1828–1845).
Willis compiled a catalogue of the books of the College of Surgeons which was published in 1831 (Cope, 1959)
Medical practice (1846–1878).
Willis lived and practised at The Homestead, Barnes, in succession to Dr. John Scott, from 1846 till his death.
Family.
Willis's son, Robert Watson Willis, served as secretary of the Football Association, and built Hinxton House, East Sheen, in 1877.
Scholarly work.
Willis is remembered for his scholarly translation from Latin of the complete works of William Harvey, published by the Sydenham Society in 1847 (Sykes, 2001).
Confusion with Robert Willis (1800–1875).
The acoustic work of another man with the same name, Robert Willis (1800–1875), is often mistakenly attributed to Willis. This is for instance the case in Robert Beyer's "Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics" (1998). Sometimes, it is the other way round: Thierry Mandoul's "Entre raison et utopie: l'Histoire de l'architecture d'Auguste Choisy" (2008) erroneously gives the dates 1799–1878 for the Willis who worked in architecture.


Robert H. Goetz

Robert Hans Goetz (17 April 1910, Frankfurt – 15 December 2000, Scarsdale, New York) was the surgeon who performed the first successful clinical (i.e., human) coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The surgery was performed May 2, 1960 using the left internal thoracic artery. The graft remained patent, as demonstrated by angiography, and the patient remained free of angina for one year. While names such as Michael Debakey, Christiaan Barnard (a student of Goetz in Cape Town), and others are well known, Goetz gained little recognition.
Goetz was associate professor of surgery at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1957 and later professor of surgery at Bronx Municipal Hospital in 1961. He retired in 1982.


United States Medical Licensing Examination

The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a three-step examination for medical licensure in the United States and is sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). Physicians with an MD degree are required to pass this examination before being permitted to practice medicine in the United States unsupervised Individual states often add their own additional requirements.) Physicians with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) degree are permitted to take either the USMLE or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX) exam for medical licensure.
Purpose.
The USMLE assesses a physician's ability to apply knowledge, concepts, and principles, and to determine fundamental patient-centered skills that are important in health and disease and that constitute the basis of safe and effective patient care. Examination committees composed of medical educators and clinicians from across the United States and its territories create the examination materials each year. At least two committees critically appraise each test item or case, revising or discarding any materials that are in doubt.
History.
The USMLE was first designed in the late 1980s and introduced during the period 1992 to 1994. The program replaced the NBME Part Examination program and the FSMB's Federation Licensing Examination (FLEX) program, which were the widely accepted medical licensing examination programs at the time in the medical profession. In 2004, a clinical-skills examination was added to Step 2 of the USMLE (USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills, and beginning with the medical school graduating class of 2005, students have been required to pass it in order to be licensed. In 2005, a clinical-skills component was also added to the examination program of the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination of the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, which physicians with the D.O. degree take to achieve medical licensure in the United States. On May 26, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the USMLE "suspended Step 2 CS test administrations for the next 12-18 months." On January 26, 2021, the USMLE announced that the work to relaunch a modified form USMLE Step 2 CS had been discontinued citing rapidly evolving medical education and changes in other standardized exams, like computer-based simulations in Step 3, that would supplement medical students' education in place of Step 2 CS.
Steps.
The USMLE comprises three steps, all of which must be passed before a physician with an M.D. degree is eligible to apply for an unrestricted license to practice medicine in the United States. U.S. Students who have graduated from medical schools outside the US and Canada must pass all three steps of the USMLE to be licensed to practice in the US, regardless of the title of their degree.
Step 1.
USMLE Step 1 assesses whether medical school students or graduates understand and can apply important concepts of the basic sciences to the practice of medicine. Step 1 ensures mastery of not only the sciences that provide a foundation for the safe and competent practice of medicine in the present, but also the scientific principles required for maintenance of competence through lifelong learning. Step 1 is constructed according to an integrated content outline that organizes basic science material along two dimensions: system and process. It includes the following subjects: Anatomy, Behavioral Sciences, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Physiology, and
interdisciplinary topics such as nutrition, genetics, and aging.
Step 1 is a one-day examination. It is divided into seven 60-minute blocks and administered in one 8-hour testing session. The number of questions per block on a given examination form will be 40. The total number of items on the overall examination form will not exceed 280. US medical students take Step 1 at the end of the Basic Sciences portion of the curriculum, usually after the second year of medical school. If the student passes the exam, he or she may not repeat it to achieve a higher score, and any failed attempt is permanently recorded. This situation of the Step 1 exam being a "one-time deal" is the reason it is broadly viewed as the most arduous and paramount examination a medical student will ever sit during his or her career. Its three-digit result has substantial bearing on the specialties and location (tier of hospital) for which a residency applicant is competitive.
In recent years, an applicant's Step 1 score has been cited by medical residency program directors as their most important criterion in selecting graduating medical students for their residency program, despite lack of evidence or data to support that emphasis.
Average USMLE Step 1 scores for various residencies are available in Charting Outcomes in the Match. The current use of Step 1 scoring as a major determinant for granting residency interviews has been met with tremendous criticism by the medical community, citing that the Step 1 exam was intended to be one of four licensing tests.
In response to public outcry, in February 2020, the USMLE program announced a plan to change Step 1 score reporting to a pass/fail system in an effort "to reduce overemphasis on Step 1 performance while allowing licensing authorities to continue the original intention to use the test to determine medical license eligibility."
However, this transition will occur no earlier than January 1, 2022. The USMLE wrote on their site, "Changing Step 1 score reporting to pass/fail can help reduce the current overemphasis on USMLE performance, while retaining the ability of medical licensing...This change is an important first step toward facilitating broader, systemic change." However, critics of this decision argued that this would just shift the importance of the three-digit number score on to the Step 2 Clinical Knowledge test, as well as put international medical graduates (IMGs) at a disadvantage, as traditionally IMGs strive to score exceptionally high on Step 1 in order to distinguish themselves and obtain residency positions in coveted specialties or hospitals.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the USMLE wrote on their COVID-FAQ page and on Twitter that despite receiving many inquiries to move to immediate pass/fail, they would not consider any early changes to Step 1 reporting as this would affect their "stakeholders."
As of June 2020, the USMLE has not yet decided how the Step 1 will be reported on the ERAS transcripts for the Class of 2022 or later when applying to residency. The USMLE wrote on their website that if you received a score on the STEP before 2022, the "USMLE program has not yet determined how the policy change will impact score reports and transcripts."
Step 2.
USMLE Step 2 is designed to assess whether medical school students or graduates can apply medical knowledge, skills and understanding of clinical science essential for provision of patient care under supervision and includes emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Step 2 ensures that due attention is devoted to principles of clinical sciences and basic patient-centered skills that provide the foundation for the safe and competent practice of medicine. US medical students typically take Step 2 between the third and fourth year of medical school. Step 2 is divided into two separate exams: Step 2 CK & Step 2 CS:
Step 2 CK.
USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge is a one-day examination. It is divided into eight 60-minute blocks, administered in one 9-hour testing session. Test item formats may vary within each block. It is constructed according to an integrated content outline that organizes clinical science material along two dimensions: physician task and disease category. It includes the following subjects:
internal medicine,
obstetrics and gynecology,
pediatrics,
preventive medicine,
psychiatry,
surgery,
other areas relevant to provision of care under supervision.
Step 2 CS.
The USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills exam was discontinued in 2021. It contained the following subjects:
Step 2 CS used standardized patients to test medical students and graduates on their ability to gather information from patients, perform physical examinations, and communicate their findings to patients and colleagues. The examination was offered in five U.S. cities: Philadelphia, Chicago, Atlanta, Houston, and Los Angeles.
Administration of the Step 2-CS began in 2004. Prior to 2004, a similar exam, the Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) was used to assess the clinical skills of foreign medical graduates.
On May 26, 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the USMLE "suspended Step 2 CS test administrations for the next 12-18 months."
On January 26, 2021, the USMLE discontinued Step 2 CS.
Step 3.
USMLE Step 3 is the final exam in the USMLE sequence and assesses whether medical school students or graduates can apply medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical science essential for the unsupervised practice of medicine, with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings. Graduates of US medical schools typically take this exam at the end of the first year of residency. Examinees are tested on the following subjects:
central nervous system, eye/ear/nose/mouth/throat, respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system, behavioral/emotional disorders, musculoskeletal system, skin/subcutaneous tissue, endocrine/nutrition/metabolic disorders, kidneys/urinary tract, reproductive system, pregnancy/childbirth, neonate/childhood illnesses, blood and blood-forming organs, infectious/parasitic diseases, injuries/wound/toxic effects/burns, and health maintenance issues.
Step 3 is a two-day examination. The first day of testing includes 233 multiple-choice items divided into 6 blocks of 38-40 items; 60 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items. Items with an associated pharmaceutical advertisement or scientific abstract are included in each of these multiple-choice blocks. There are approximately 7 hours in the test session on the first day.
There are approximately 9 hours in the test session on the second day. This day of testing includes 180 multiple-choice items, divided into 6 blocks of 30 items; 45 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items. This is followed by 13 case simulations, each of which is allotted a maximum of 10 or 20 minutes of real time.
Test sites and preparation.
The USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK exams can be taken at Prometric test centers worldwide. The Step 2 CS and the Step 3 can only be taken in the United States.
The USMLE Step 1 is typically taken during a student's second year of medical school. The one-day exam tests them on basic science principles, including behavioral science, microbiology, physiology, and anatomy. The exam announced a move to a pass/fail model on February 12, 2020 along with other changes due to an attempt by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) to balance focus between exams and actual coursework.
USMLE mean and median scores have increased significantly in the past decades—so much so that the testing board had to increase the score it takes to pass. A large part of the increase was attributed in empirically-based research articles to performance improvement factors such as using a question bank to prepare for the test.
Relevance of predictive measures.
A study from 2016 showed little to no correlation between MCAT scores and USMLE Step 1 scores, as well as little to no correlation between MCAT scores and the NBME scores. However, since the 82 students on whom this study was conducted all attended the same medical school, the usefulness of these results in the broader medical school population may be of limited value.
Furthermore, research conducted on students between 1998 and 2004, although outdated, and conducted on an undisclosed number of students, was conducted on a longer timeline, and shows that the Biological Science (BS) section of the MCAT did indeed predict better performance on the USMLE Step 1, but not any other section, and found that grade point average in undergraduate science courses is a strong predictor of performance on the USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 exams, and that the Biological Science section of the MCAT, but not any other section, predicted USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 exam performance, though this information is outdated, and unclear of whether this was also only conducted at a single institution or more than one, making this study's results of limited value. The same study claims that the selectivity of undergraduate institution is also a predictor of step 1 and step 2 performance, even when controlling for undergraduate GPA and MCAT score.
Controversies.
USMLE response to COVID-19.
The USMLE was met with heavy criticism for their lack of adaptability during the COVID. The criticism was two-fold: First, for the mishandling and poor communication of exam cancellations by both USMLE program administrators and the third-party exam administrator, Prometric. Second, the pandemic crisis exacerbated existing resentment towards the high-stakes nature of the exam: namely, several students and physicians were upset that the USMLE refused to move up the 2022 deadline of making Step 1 into a pass or fail exam.
Exam Cancellations.
Students received little to no information or, in some cases, contradictory information about whether their examination appointments would be upheld. Medscape in an article entitled "USMLE Testing Chaos May Harm Current and Future Doctors" reports:
Earlier Implementation of Pass/Fail.
Some students and physicians were upset that the USMLE refused to move up the 2022 deadline of making Step 1 pass or fail, in light of the testing barriers created by COVID. Students signed a letter of concern "detailing their concerns and offering alternatives".
Current recommendations under consideration include retroactive Step 1 pass/fail reporting for the class of 2022, or having each student choose how their Step 1 score is reported on their ERAS transcript (pass/fail or scored) beginning with the class of 2021.
Racial Bias in Using USMLE Step 1 Scores to Grant Residency Interviews.
Research demonstrates some differences in USMLE scores attributable to race and ethnicity, with self-identified Black, Asian, and Hispanic examinees showing score differences when compared with self-identified White examinees. "The mean USMLE step 1 score was significantly greater among white applicants (223) as compared to black and Hispanic applicants (216). Depending on the threshold score, an African American was 3-6x less likely to be offered an interview."
"61% of minority applicants were accepted into an orthopaedic residency versus 73% of White applicants. White and Asian applicants and residents had higher USMLE Step 1. White applicants and matriculated candidates had odds of Alpha Omega Alpha membership compared with Black, Hispanic, and Other groups.
One of the recommendations for Step 1 changing to pass or fail was to address racial differences. "Among self-identified racial groups, research shows that white students perform higher on the USMLE than any other group."
The American Academy of Family Physicians and Association of American Medical Colleges supported changing Step 1 to pass or fail to reduce racial bias.
Katsufrakis & Chaudhry comments against Step 1 changes.
In Dec 2018, NBME President Peter Katsufrakis and FSMB President Humayun Chaudhry wrote in opposition of USMLE Step 1 changes in "from Improving Residency Selection Requires Close Study and Better Understanding of Stakeholder Needs":
"If students reduce time and effort devoted to preparing for Step 1, they may indeed devote attention to other activities that will prepare them to be good physicians. This would arguably be an ideal outcome of such a change. However, if students were to devote more time to activities that make them less prepared to provide quality care, such as binge-watching the most recent Netflix series or compulsively updating their Instagram account, this could negatively impact residency performance and ultimately patient safety. We know that assessment drives learning, so another concern resulting from a shift to pass/fail scoring may be a less knowledgeable physician population."
Financial consideration.
NBME Executive Salary.
The NBME executives received public criticism after their salaries were released after increasing costs for students, showing many executives receiving high said to seven figures.
"Former NBME President Dr. Melnick's compensation increased from $399,160 in 2001 to over $1.2 million in 2016, almost perfectly in parallel with the tripling of USMLE costs." "As of 2016, NBME President also gets free first-class airfare for himself and his travel partner, as well as a membership to a Philadelphia social club. According to the 2017 Form 990, Schedule J, two lower executives received total compensation over $700,000; another two over $600,000; another three receiving over $500,000; and another 6 receiving over $400,000...Yet, the total number of test-takers for the USMLE Step 1 has been essentially unchanged for the past 10-15 years."
Pricing.
USMLE was met with criticism when they announced their raising cost for STEP standardized tests.
Kevin MD wrote, "Safeguards are needed to ensure fees for mandatory testing such as the USMLE do not exceed reasonable operating costs, particularly for financially vulnerable medical students."
As part of a broader public plea for systemic changes to the improper use of USMLE STEP exams, STAT wrote that this "multimillion-dollar industry has exploited the opportunity to extract thousands of dollars from already overly indebted students. Registering for STEP exams test cost $645-$1300, while Step preparation materials and courses run much higher."
As of 2020, the USMLE currently charges:


Gus Mitges

Constantine George "Gus" Mitges, B.V.Sc., D.V.M., V.S. (5 February 1919 – 1 November 2009) was a Greek-Canadian member of the House of Commons of Canada from 1972 to 1993. By career, he was a veterinarian.
Mitges was born in Psili Vrisi, Greece. He came to Canada at the age of six and grew up in Guelph. A veterinarian by profession, he entered politics when he served as a school board member. In 1966, he was elected as an alderman in Owen Sound, where he served until his election to the House of Commons.
Mitges was elected to Parliament in the 1972 federal election for the Progressive Conservative Party in the riding of Grey—Simcoe. He was subsequently re-elected for consecutive terms until the 1988 federal election, serving from the 29th through the 34th Canadian Parliaments. After ridings were rearranged in 1987, Mitges sought re-election for his final political term in the Bruce—Grey riding. He left federal politics in 1993, not seeking re-election in that year's federal election.
He was married twice: first to Velma Martin and later to Yolanda Odorico. Mitges was president of the Owen Sound Little Theatre and served as a director of Theatre Ontario in 1971. In 1995, he was named a Commander of the Greek Order of the Phoenix.
On 1 November 2009, Mitges died at Guelph General Hospital, aged 90.


Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation

The Collaboration for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation (CASMI) (CASMI) is hosted by University College London and is committed to understanding and developing better and more sustainable means of effecting medical innovation. It aims to address the issues that have led to current failures in the translation of basic bioscience into affordable and widely adopted new treatments.
Historically, CASMI, then known as the 'Centre for the Advancement of Sustainable Medical Innovation', was founded by the inaugural Director, Professor Richard Barker, and was coordinated both by Oxford University and University College London. In 2018, it was agreed with Oxford that for CASMI to improve the productivity, speed and sustainability of the medical innovation system is a multidisciplinary, inter-institutional and multi-sectoral endeavour demanding effective collaboration, best served by a single coordinating governance arrangement. Thus, UCL took on the mantle to lead CASMI and slightly changed the wording in the title from 'Centre' to 'Collaboration'. Close collaborative links between the founding partners persisted, whilst new alliances are forged.
Leadership.
Sir John Tooke – Chair
Richard Barker – Founder
Fellows.
Oxford Fellows.
Professor Houman Ashrafian
Professor Chas Bountra
Professor Sir Rory Collins
Professor Kay Davies
Professor Sue Dopson
Professor Andrew Farmer
Professor Adrian Hill
Professor Stephen MacMahon
Professor Robyn Norton
Professor Michael Parker
Professor Len Seymour
Professor Hugh Watkins
UCL Fellows.
Professor Nick Freemantle
Professor Dame Hazel Genn
Professor Aroon Hingorani
Professor Robert Horne
Professor Alun Hughes
Professor Philip Luthert
Professor Quentin Pankhurst
Professor Rosalind Raine
Professor David Taylor
Professor Bryan Williams
Professor Martin Utley
Projects.
Adaptive licensing.
CASMI is leading an evaluation of whether the UK would be a suitable test site for a potential adaptive licensing pilot through the European Medicines Agency. This was recently announced in the government's ‘Strategy for UK Life Sciences: One Year On’ report. The project was initiated by a workshop held at the Wellcome Trust on 2 April 2012.
Stratified medicine.
CASMI is developing recommendations on how the regulatory environment and pharmaceutical R&D process should be adapted to the needs of stratified medicine and companion diagnostics.
Regulation of cell therapy.
CASMI, supported by the Technology Strategy Board, is investigating current and anticipated regulatory obstacles to the successful commercialisation of cell-based therapies, seeking to integrate the opinion of key stakeholders to support the development of a sustainable and globally competitive UK cell therapy industry.
Partners.
SENS Foundation
Technology Strategy Board
University of Oxford
UCL
Wellcome Trust
Recent publications.
Adaptive drug development and licensing, Richard Barker & Sarah Garner, Regulatory Rapporteur. Oct 2012
A flexible blueprint for the future of drug development, Richard Barker, Lancet. Jan 2010


Hospital of St Mary Magdalene, Bawtry

The Hospital of St Mary Magdalene, Bawtry was a charity established in Bawtry in the thirteenth century. The surviving chapel building is now a masonic lodge and Grade II listed.
History.
It was probably in the episcopacy of Geoffrey Plantagenet or his immediate predecessor, that the foundation of St. Mary Magdalene was laid, and it has remained under patronage of the Archbishop of York up to the present time. (1891) ... in the year 1289 the first recorded name if its incumbents occurs, The Rev.THomas langtoft.
The exact date of the foundation of the hospital is uncertain but it was in existence by the end of the thirteenth century. The patronage for the appointment of the Master was in the hands of the Archbishops of York. Archbishop William de Wickwane granted permission for Gilbert and his wife to live in the hospital in 1281.
In 1390, Robert Morton extended the foundation by granting Nostell Priory a sum of money which was to be used to fund a chaplain to the Hospital. On his death in 1396 a sum of money was also left directly to the hospital.
The purpose of the hospital was as a place of residence for the poor.
It survived the dissolution of the monasteries but through the lack of care of subsequent masters, by 1834 the chapel was derelict. It was restored in 1839 by Mr. Edward Harwood Greaves of Hesley Hall.
The chapel fell into disuse again in the 1920s and was converted into a masonic lodge in 1930 when the almshouses were demolished.


Ukrainian medical Lyceum

Ukrainian medical Lyceum at Bogomolets National Medical University (UML NMU) pursuant to its Charter (License from Chief Administration of education and science in city Kyiv No 111098, dd. 11.06.09) is the state secondary establishment of general education that provides with acquisition of education over state educational minimum, carries out pre-professional education of youth, prepares it to study at higher medical (pharmaceutical) school and to work at health care establishments as junior medical staff.
From history of Lyceum’s establishment.
Ukrainian O.O. Bogomolets medical university (now O.O. Bogomolets National medical university) on 18, April, 1990 opened the medical classes for the first time in ex-USSR and Ukraine at the initiative of academician in NAS, AMS and APS of Ukraine Ye.G. Goncharuk; these classes in 1991 acquired the status of state medical lyceums on the base of Lesia Ukrainka classical gymnasium No 117 (director – L.M. Boyko) and natural lyceum No 157 (director – V.I. Kostenko), which became the necessary component in construction of system for continuous medical education.
The uniform Ukrainian medical lyceum, which founders were O.O. Bogomolets National medical university and Starokyivska (now Shevchenkivska) district state administration in c. Kyiv, was established on 11, June, 1997 with assistance from Ministry of education and science of Ukraine, Ministry of Health care of Ukraine, Kyiv city state administration.
The Guardian Council of lyceum by 2014 was headed by Hero of Ukraine, Councilor of President of Ukraine, People's deputy of Ukraine from I-VI convocation, Chairman of Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine from I and III convocations, President of International P. Kulish Charitable Fund I.S. Pliusch.
Entrance to lyceum.
Pupils from all regions of Ukraine, CIS countries and foreign citizens (according to existing legislation of Ukraine), who have graduated from 8-9th classes at general education school and passed through competitive selection, are enrolled to lyceum.
The competitive selection is carried out pursuant to complex occupational tests (Ukrainian language and literature, biology) by Admission commission at O.O. Bogomolets National medical university.
The study period at Lyceum for pupils that enter after the 8th class is three years, for pupils, who enter after the 9th class – two years.
Achievements.
Today Lyceum is a highly skilled scientific pedagogical collective that unites seven departments at O.O. Bogomolets National medical university (medical and biological physics, biology, bioorganic, biological and pharmaceutical chemistry, medical and general chemistry, foreign language, Latin language, propaedeutics of internal medicine No 1), medical gymnasium No 33 in c. Kyiv.
Lyceum teaches pursuant to state programs and has over 20 integrated author's programs.
The educational process is provided by over 90 teachers, among them 67 teachers of the University (8 professors, 45 assistant professors and senior teachers, the rest of them are candidates of sciences) and 23 teachers-Methodists. Among them there are 5 academicians and corresponding members of NAS, NAMS, NAPS of Ukraine, 10 Honorary scientists and technicians of Ukraine, Honorary doctors of Ukraine, Honorary educationalists of Ukraine, 4 laureates of State prize in the sphere of science and technology in Ukraine.
Scientific pedagogical schools of all-Ukrainian and European level were established and work at lyceum.
Special and elective courses: Medical psychology, Basics of business ethics and medical deontology, History of medicine, Vocational-oriented education of pupils to medical specialties, Bioethics, Latin and Old Greek language, Chinese language, Ecology, Basics of health and future professional medical activity.
During its existence Lyceum educated over 2,500 pupils, among them over 100 foreign citizens. Each tenth graduate from O.O. Bogomolets National medical university is a graduate from Lyceum. Among them 50 graduates from Lyceum are included into Golden honorary book of University, 360 persons defended Master's, Candidate's and Doctor's dissertations in Ukraine, 45 graduates defended Master's and Doctor's dissertations (PhD, MD) in leading countries over the world.
Pre-professional training is carried out on the base of the best clinical and medical preventive health care establishments in city Kyiv.
Graduates from lyceum are awarded with qualification “Junior hospital nurse on care for patients” and received Certificates of established form.
For the first time among medical schools in Ukraine lyceum was awarded with the Great Silver Medal from International Pedagogical Academy (Russia, c. Moscow, 2000) for achievements in the sphere of education, culture and science.
The educational establishment was awarded with the Honorary diploma from Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, Ministry of health care of Ukraine, Honorary Diploma from Ministry of education and science, youth and sport of Ukraine, Kyiv city state administration.
Lyceum was awarded with 20 Golden medal of International educational exhibitions and contests, according to National rating of Ukraine it was acknowledged as “Flagman of science and education” (2008), Honorary title “Leader in modern education” (2009).
Winners in all-Ukrainian Olympiads and contests, famous sportsmen, champions of Ukraine and Europe studied and continue studying at lyceum.
The confirmation for high level of quality in study at lyceum is the results from External independent assessment of quality in education. Among graduates from Lyceum (2008–2012) 19 persons received per 200 scores in Ukrainian language and literature, biology, chemistry, physics.
Lyceum has its own press organ – “Herald of Ukrainian medical lyceum at O.O. Bogomolets National medical university”.
Administration of lyceum.
Deputy directors
Ivanenko Ruslana Valeriyivna – Candidate of Pedagogy, assistant professor, Outstanding worker of Ukraine, Laureate of P. Kulish and A.P. Romodanov prizes, awarded with Honorary diploma from Chairman of KCSA, Honorary diploma from MHC of Ukraine
Pereymybida Larysa Valentynivna – Candidate of Pedagogy, assistant professor, Outstanding worker of Ukraine, Laureate of P. Kulish and A.P. Romodanov prizes, awarded with Honorary diploma from Chairman of KCSA, Honorary diploma from MHC of Ukraine
Scientific activity.
Lyceum is a member society in Minor academy of sciences of Ukraine since 1997.
A.P. Romodanov scientific society of Lyceum pupils for the first time among general education establishment in 2001 was awarded with the highest decoration “Golden Owl” from Presidium in Minor academy of sciences of Ukraine, which was presented at the General meeting of the academy by Hero of Ukraine, President of NAS of Ukraine, academician B.Ye. Paton.
Since 2000 lyceum keeps the first place among general education establishments in city Kyiv due to results from scientific contests-presentations at Minor academy of sciences of Ukraine.
Lyceum is the Absolute winner in all-Ukrainian contest of scientific research works by pupils-members in MAS among 9-11th classes in city Kyiv. Ukrainian medical lyceum was announced as the Leader in implementation of new forms for organization of scientific research work among 9-11th classes from the high tribune of Presidium of Academy of sciences of Ukraine.
Every year graduates from lyceum become winners in III stage of all-Ukrainian contest-presentation of scientific research works by pupils-members in MAS of Ukraine and IV stage of all-Ukrainian pupils’ Olympiads.
International activity.
Ukrainian medical lyceum is a member in foundation of UNESCO associated schools (2000).
Lyceum has the international educational and scientific contacts, anticipated by bilateral agreements with over 30 foreign educational establishments in Europe and USA.
Lyceum is a partner of Institute of biophysics at RAS and experimental school-laboratory at APS of Russia (Russia, c. Puschyno, 1997), concluded Agreements about cooperation with department of biophysics at M.M. Lomonosov Moscow state university, P. Kulish gymnasium (c. Borzna, Chernihiv region)


Up-down cues

Up-down cues are human sensory cues built into an environment to indicate which direction is "up", even if "up" is arbitrary.
For example, a cluttered desk has a number of unattached objects on one surface but not on the others. We can assume that the objects are being held to that surface by gravity, and that the surface in question is the "top" of the desk. This establishes the up and down directions. In humans, the visual sensory system can overpower other sources of environmental information, such as the vestibular system. Conflicting signals are resolved by deference to the information gathered by the eyes. For example, astronauts in a space shuttle may experience space sickness when their vestibular systems are indicating free-fall and their visual sensory systems are indicating no movement. Building visual "hints" into the environment allows the visual system to override other senses and provide a solid sense of orientation and motion.


Michael Liebowitz

Dr. Michael R. Liebowitz is a Columbia University psychiatrist and founder of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic, the first of its kind, at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Liebowitz pioneered research on the molecular basis of love and wrote a book on the topic, "The Chemistry of Love."
Early life and education.
He was educated at Yale University, graduating with a B.A. (Cum Laude) in 1965, and with an M.D. degree from its medical school in 1969.
Leibowitz did his medical internship and medical residency at Harlem Hospital in New York City from 1969 to 1971 and, from 1974 to 1977, his psychiatric residencies were completed at the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont and the New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Career.
In 1985, he researched and highlighted an under-recognized status of social anxiety disorder (SAD). This led to subsequent cognitive research and treatments for anxiety disorders. He created the Liebowitz social anxiety scale, now a widely used primary outcome measure in clinical research on SAD.
In 1997 he established the Medical Research Network in New York City which performs studies on medicines.
In 2007, Liebowitz retired as Director of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, a position which he had held since 1982.
Since 1977, he has been an instructor and professor of Medicine (Clinical Psychiatry) at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.


Mike Grocott

Mike Grocott is professor of anaesthesia and critical care medicine at the University of Southampton and director designate of the Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. He is an NIHR Senior Investigator (2018-22 and national specialty group lead for Anaesthesia Perioperative Medicine and Pain within the NIHR Clinical Research Network (2015-2022). He is a consultant in critical care medicine at University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust.
Grocott is an elected council member and vice-president of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.
He has served as the chair of the board of the National Institute of Academic Anaesthesia (NIAA) since 2018 and was previously the founding director of the NIAA Health Services Research Centre at the Royal College of Anaesthetists (2011-2016) and founding chair of the HQIP funded National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (2012-2017).
In 2007 Grocott summited Everest as leader of the Caudwell Xtreme Everest medical research expedition and is the founding chair of the Xtreme Everest Oxygen Research Consortium.
He lives in the New Forest with his wife, Professor Denny Levett, three children and two degus.


Stephen Roodhouse Gloyne

Stephen Roodhouse Gloyne (24 December 1882 – 25 September 1950) was an English pathologist who worked at the London Chest Hospital from 1911 to 1948. There he built up the pathology department almost from scratch. He kept a large animal house, was director of the Barnes Research Department, and expanded the specimen collection started by Peacock. In 1941, during the Second World War, all but 18 of the 400 specimens in the collection were destroyed, causing Gloyne to comment that his life's work had gone up in smoke.
He wrote a biography of the Scottish surgeon John Hunter.


Perichondrium

The perichondrium (from Greek and ) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibres. The chondrogenic layer remains undifferentiated and can form chondroblasts. Perichondrium can be found around the perimeter of elastic cartilage and hyaline cartilage.
Perichondrium is a type of irregular collagenous ordinary connective tissue, and also functions in the growth and repair of cartilage. Perichondrium contains type I collagen and type XII collagen.


Marc Hollender

Marc Hale Hollender (1916–1998) was an American psychiatrist.
Biography.
Hollender was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 19, 1916. He primarily grew up there, but also spent parts of his early life in Mineral Point and Linden, Wisconsin. He was educated at Loyola University, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois College of Medicine. He became a clinical assistant professor at the University of Illinois College of Medicine in 1946, and was promoted to associate professor there in 1950. In 1956, he was named professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University. While there, he reassigned Thomas Szasz, who was then a professor at the university, to only teach classes in the medical school, not in the university's hospital. Hollender instead reassigned Szasz to teach at the Veterans Administration hospital near the university, a decision Szasz initially tolerated but later decided was unacceptable. Hollender ultimately resigned from the university in 1966. In 1970, he became Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center, a position he continued to hold until 1983. He died on August 9, 1998.


Michael L. Brodman

Michael L. Brodman, M.D. is an American gynecologist and obstetrician and currently the Ellen and Howard C. Katz Professor and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science at Mount Sinai Hospital, Mount Sinai Health System, and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. He is recognized internationally as a pioneer in the field of urogynecology.
Brodman is a Board Examiner for the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and has been a member of both the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Association of Professors in Obstetrics and Gynecology. He has twice received Council and Association Awards for Teaching Excellence in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Brodman has been the Principal or co-investigator on 19 grants and has published multiple book chapters and abstracts. He appeared in the documentary film, "The Business of Being Born", in 2008.
Biography.
Brodman received his B.S. from Rutgers College of Engineering in New Brunswick, New Jersey in 1975. He earned his M.S. from the University of South Carolina's College of Engineering in 1977, and his M.D. from Mount Sinai School of Medicine in 1982. His post-doctoral training included a residency and a fellowship in pelvic surgery at Mount Sinai.
Brodman is involved in several global health initiatives and serves on the board of the International Organization for Women and Development, an organization that performs fistula repair surgery in Niger.
Books and chapters.
Partial list:
Publications.
Partial list:


NHS Credit Union

NHS (Scotland and North England) Credit Union Limited is a not-for-profit member-owned financial co-operative, based in Glasgow and operating throughout Scotland and the north of England. It has 9,100 members and manages over £12m in savings.
History.
The credit union was formed as Glasgow NHS Employees Credit Union in 1998, on the initiative of the UNISON Southern General Hospital Branch Secretary, with the support of the then Greater Glasgow Health Board. It became West of Scotland NHS Employees Credit Union in 2003, before adopting the present name in 2009. NHS Credit Union is a registered trading name of NHS (Scotland and North England) Credit Union.
In 2015, the credit union was awarded a grant of £100,000 by the Lloyds Banking Group Credit Union Development Fund to increase its capital asset ratio to support growth in both membership and assets.
Activities.
Membership of NHS Credit Union is currently restricted by common bond to NHS employees in Scotland and the North of England (North East, North West and Yorkshire & Humberside regions) and their families living at the same address.
A member of the Association of British Credit Unions, registered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Acts, NHS Credit Union is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and PRA. Ultimately, like the banks and building societies, members’ savings are protected against business failure by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.