Gymnotus tiquie

Gymnotus tiquie is an electric knifefish found in the Tiquié River, a tributary of the Vaupés River in the upper Negro basin, Amazonas, Brazil. It is sympatric with both "G. carapo" and "G. coropinae". Like the rest of its genus, it is exclusively a freshwater fish. It generates a weak electric field used for both navigation and communication.
It possesses a distinct color pattern of dark, oblique bands divided into pairs. "G. cataniapo" is the most similar-looking species, with both fish sharing several characteristics. It grows to a maximum length around .


SES-2 Enclosure Management

The introduction of Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) as the most recent evolution of SCSI required redefining the related standard for enclosure management, called SCSI Enclosure Services. SES-2, or SCSI Enclosure Management 2 first revision, was introduced in 2002 and is now at revision 20.
SES-2 SCSI Enclosure Services (SES) permit the management and sense the state of power supplies, cooling devices, LED displays, indicators, individual drives, and other non-SCSI elements installed in an enclosure. SES2 alerts users about drive, temperature and fan failures with an audible alarm and a fan failure LED.
SES-2 commands.
The SES-2 command set uses the SCSI SEND DIAGNOSTIC and RECEIVE DIAGNOSTIC RESULTS commands to obtain configuration information for the enclosure and to set and sense standard bits for each element installed in the enclosure.
The SEND DIAGNOSTIC command is used to send control information to internal or external LED indicators or to instruct one enclosure element to change its state or perform an operation.
The application client has two mechanisms for accessing the enclosure service process:
Subenclosures.
The SES-2 process handles a single primary subenclosure or multiple subenclosures. In the second case, one primary subenclosure will manage all the other secondary subenclosures.
Thresholds.
Like SES, SES-2 establishes two types of thresholds for elements with limited sensing capability, like voltage, temperature, current etcetera: critical and warning. So for example in the case of temperature we may have:
When managed values fall within the warning range, the SES-2 processor will communicate a warning signal to the application client, typically a Host Bus Adapter (HBA). When values fall outside acceptable ranges, depending from the commands supported by the device server, the sense code shall be HARDWARE FAILURE or ENCLOSURE FAILURE.
Reporting methods.
SES-2 lists four types of reporting methods:
The standard.
If you are a member of the T10 working group, the Standard, controlled by the T10 technical committee, can be found at:
http://www.t10.org/cgi-bin/ac.pl?t=f&f=ses2r19a.pdf
Due to INCITS policy changes the SCSI T10 drafts for released standards are no longer available online for non-T10 members and must be purchased from INCITS at http://www.incits.org . See the official INCITS policy at http://www.incits.org/rd1/INCITS_RD1.pdf .
Alternative technologies.
SES-2 over I²C is still used for storage backplanes enclosure management, although a competing method for enclosure management communication is now becoming prominent. Serial GPIO (SGPIO), provides a simpler, less expensive solution and is now more widespread than SES-2.
Existing products using SES-2.
American Megatrends’ Backplane controllers, the MG9071 and MG9072 can used either SES-2 or SGPIO for enclosure management with a simple configuration selection.
References.
Old link : [broken] http://www.t10.org/ftp/t10/drafts/ses2/ses2r19a.pdf
New link : [restricted] http://www.t10.org/cgi-bin/ac.pl?t=f&f=ses2r19a.pdf
American Megatrends, Inc. Company Website AMI
Backplane Controllers from AMI


Auto restaurant

An Auto Restaurant is a rest area facility found in Japan, equipped with food counters and vending machines. In many cases it is unmanned and it is open 24 hours a day, but the facilities that include an , amusement arcade may have established business hours. Some locations have bathing facilities such as public baths or onsen.
History.
Suburban type shops along the national highways of Japan developed for customers who eat at midnight, such as the truck drivers of the 1970s. Initially, the range of foods available at the vending machines included hamburgers, cup noodle, and Japanese curry dishes. They were prepared in a microwave or used hot water from an integrated water heater. Later, vending machines appeared that could automatically cook enriched meals with variations such as tempura, soba, and udon. There is also a sit down drive-in.
In 1978, the video game "Space Invaders" appeared, and then a fusion of the auto restaurant and the suburban game center at its peak. However, during the 1980s, when the 24-hour convenience store and fast food stores increased all over the country, it was possible to procure meals without relying on vending machines even at midnight. As a result, automatic vending machines that are complex and difficult to maintain became obsolete. Due to public security problems, the number of stores quickly fell.
Thereafter, business types like the Automatic Super Delis at "ampm" convenience stores, in which convenience chains set up vending machines for lunch and drinks at offices and the like also appeared. Moreover, in parking areas along expressways, there were increasing cases of abolishing the shops / light snack corner or making it unmanned, and there are increasing cases to shift to this form, and parking areas with only the toilet.


Dual-tracked roller coaster

A dual-tracked roller coaster is a roller coaster which consists of two tracks. There are three types of dual-tracked roller coasters: racing, dueling, and Möbius loop roller coasters.
Not all parks choose to operate both sides of their dual-tracked coasters; Rolling Thunder and Colossus are two examples of this. Other parks operate one side frontwards and one side backwards.


Wanda Austin

Wanda M. Austin (born 1954) is a former president and CEO of The Aerospace Corporation, a leading architect for the nation’s national security space programs. She was both the first woman, and the first African-American, to hold this position. The Aerospace Corporation has nearly 3,600 employees and annual revenues of more than $917 million. Austin assumed this position on January 1, 2008, and retired on October 1, 2016. She continues as a consultant for the corporation.
Austin was elected into the National Academy of Engineering in 2008 for leadership in the engineering and integration of national space intelligence systems.
Austin served as interim president for the University of Southern California, following the resignation of C. L. Max Nikias. She was both the first woman, and the first African-American, to hold this position.
She continues to serve on the board of directors of the Space Foundation and Chevron Corporation, and on the board of trustees for the University of Southern California and the National Geographic Society.
Early life and education.
Austin was born in The Bronx in New York City. She graduated from the Bronx High School of Science. She earned a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Franklin & Marshall College, a master's degree in systems engineering and mathematics (1977) from the University of Pittsburgh. After completing her Master's degree, she worked at Rockwell International for eighteen months, before moving to the Aerospace Corporation in El Segundo, California in 1979, where she worked on various aspects of satellite communications and defense. In 1988, she earned her doctorate (PhD) from the University of Southern California, with a dissertation entitled, "Understanding Natural Language in the Application of System Dynamics Modeling." Austin explains her work in the MILSAC (Military Satellite Communications) Program at Aerospace Corporation and talks about how the Cold War affected the satellite business and space technology..and a doctorate in systems engineering from .
Career.
Austin was senior vice president of Aerospace's National Systems Group before becoming the CEO. The company supports the national security space and intelligence community. Prior to that, she served as senior vice president of the corporation's Engineering and Technology Group. Before working at Aerospace, Austin worked at Rockwell International on the technical staff.
In 2015, Austin was selected by President Barack Obama to serve on the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. PCAST is an advisory group of the nation’s leading scientists and engineers who directly advise the President and the Executive Office of the President. In 2009, Austin served as a member of NASA Advisory Council and U.S. Human Space Flight Plans Committee, both of which were White House commissioned.
In 2010, Austin was appointed to the Defense Science Board. Austin is a member of the California Council on Science and Technology, the National Academy of Engineering, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the International Academy of Astronautics and a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. She serves on the board of directors of the Space Foundation, and on the board of trustees for the University of Southern California and the National Geographic Society.
On August 7, 2018, Austin was named the interim president of the University of Southern California after C. L. Max Nikias's resignation. She was succeeded by the university's permanent replacement, Carol Folt, in 2019. The University created an endowed scholarship in her name in thanks and recognition of her leadership during this tumultuous period.
Book.
In 2016, Austin published a book called "Making Space: Strategic Leadership for a Complex World".
Awards.
Austin is a recipient of the National Intelligence Medallion for Meritorious Service, the Air Force Scroll of Achievement, and the National Reconnaissance Office Gold Distinguished Service Medal. In 2010, she received the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' von Braun Award for Excellence in Space Program Management, and the Air Force Scroll of Achievement. She was also elected to the University of Southern California Board of Trustees in the same year. She is a recipient of the 2012 Horatio Alger Award and the 2012 NDIA Peter B. Teets Industry award. She also received the USC Presidential Medallion in 2018. In addition to these awards, Austin was selected to serve on President Obama Review of Human Spaceflight Plans Committee in 2009, and the Defense Science Board in 2010. In 2014, Austin was appointed to the NSA Advisory Council; and, the following year, was appointed to service on the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Austin also serves on the board of directors for Chevon and Amgen.


USNS Mission San Francisco

USNS "Mission San Francisco" (T-AO-123) was a that served in the United States Navy. The ship was originally intended as USS "Contoocook" (AO-104) for the U.S. Navy but her acquisition was canceled. The ship, a Type T2-SE-A3 tanker, was completed as SS "Mission San Francisco" and delivered after the end of World War II. The tanker was acquired by the U.S. Navy in 1947 as USS "Mission San Francisco" (AO-123), but was transferred to the Military Sea Transport Service (MSTS) upon its creation in 1949. During a second stint with the MSTS that began in 1954, "Mission San Francisco" collided with the freighter "Elna II" in the Delaware River coast and was declared unsalvageable by the U.S. Navy. The ship was one of two U.S. Navy vessels named for the Franciscan mission of San Francisco de Asís located in San Francisco, California.
Career.
"Mission San Francisco" was laid down on 5 May 1945 as "Contocook" under a Maritime Commission contract by Marinship Corporation, Sausalito, California; launched on 18 September 1945, sponsored by Mrs. John J. Manning; and delivered on 11 October 1945. Chartered to Deconhill Shipping Company, upon her delivery, for operations, she served until 14 April 1946 when she was returned to the Maritime Commission and laid up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Mobile, Alabama.
Acquired by the Navy on 28 October 1947, she was placed in service with the Naval Transportation Service as "Mission San Francisco" (AO-123). Taken over by the Military Sea Transportation Service on 1 October 1949 she was redesignated USNS "Mission San Francisco" (T-AO-123) and served under MSTS until 18 January 1954, when she was returned to the Maritime Administration and laid up in the Maritime Reserve Fleet at Beaumont, Texas.
Reacquired by the Navy on 20 October 1956, she was once again placed in service with MSTS and chartered to Mathiasens Tanker Industries. Her period of service with MSTS was short. On 7 March 1957 while passing New Castle, Delaware, she collided with the Liberian freighter "Elna II". The shock of the collision caused "Mission San Francisco" to catch fire and explode, breaking her in two. The explosion killed 10 men, including her master, Capt. William Allen. Immediately after the collision, "Elna II" backed off but in her attempts to avoid the burning hulk she ran aground. Due to bad weather, rescue attempts were slow, but all aboard "Elna II" and the survivors of "Mission San Francisco" were rescued by the United States Coast Guard. Declared unsalvageable by the Navy, "Mission San Francisco" was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 20 March 1957.


Vapor etching

Vapor etching refers to a process used in the fabrication of Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Sacrificial layers are isotropically etched using gaseous acids such as Hydrogen fluoride and Xenon difluoride to release the free standing components of the device.
Economic advantages and novel technological possibilities result from micron to nano scale size reductions. (MEMS to NEMS) The small dimensions make the use of isotropic wet etch processes traditionally used in mirco fabrication suffer from stiction, the permanent adherence of the free standing structure to the underlying substrate due to the scaling of surface effects occurring during the drying of the acid. Vapor etching overcomes stiction because no liquids are used during the etch process. Commonly, hydrogen fluoride and xenon difluorides are used to etch silicon dioxide and silicon sacrificial layers respectively.
HF vapor etching.
The wet etching of SiO2 in buffered hydrogen fluoride solutions is a common and well understood process in micro fabrication. In 1966, Holmes and Snell found that SiO2 can be etched in hydrogen fluoride vapor. Initially the interest in this finding was low, because wet etch processes have higher etch rates and did not require sophisticated equipment. During the advent of MEMS technology and the consecutive reduction of size however, stiction started to have a significant impact on the production yields. Therefore HF vapor etching became an interesting commercial fabrication technology. Water or an alcohol catalysts are required, because anhydrous HF does not etch SiO2.
Etch chemistry.
The etch chemistry depends on the catalyst used.
Etch reaction with water catalyst.
If water is used, the H2O is adsorbed at the SiO2 surface and forms silanol groups.SiO2 + H2O → Si(OH)4 The HF reacts with the silanol groups and forms SiF4 and H2O according to the following reaction.Si(OH)4 + 4 HF → SiF4 + 4 H2OThe etch process commonly takes place at reduced pressures, to promote the desorption of the reaction products. Water is formed during the etch reaction. The efficient H2O removal is critical to prevent the formation of a liquid layer.
Etch reaction with alcohol catalyst.
Alternatively, different alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol or IPA can be used to initiate the reaction. An example for this reaction, using methanol (CH3OH) is given below. Firstly the HF and the methanol are absorbed to the surface.CH3OH (g) ↔ CH3OH (ads)
HF (g) ↔ HF (ads)<chem>HF2-</chem> is formed by an ionization reaction of the absorbed HF and absorbed CH3OH<chem>2 HF (ads) + CH3OH (ads)-> HF2- (ads) + CH3OH2+ (ads)</chem>The ionized HF then reacts with the SiO2 according to the following reaction.<chem>SiO2(s) + 2 HF2- (ads) + 2 CH3OH2+ (ads) -> SiF4 (ads) + 2 H2O (ads) + 2 CH3OH</chem>Finally the reaction products are removed from the surface by desorption.
XeF2 vapor etching.
Xenon difluoride, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride and fluorine can be used for gaseous silicon etching. Xenon difluoride is most commonly used to etch silicon in academia and industry, because it has a high selectivity towards other semiconductor materials, allows high process control and is easy to use at room temperature.
Etch systems.
The synthesis of XeF2 is an endothermic process which results in a white powder which sublimes at low pressures. (P < 4 Torr) The low vapor pressure allowed early researchers and engineers to use it in comparatively simple set ups. Modern vapour etch tools are more sophisticated and are characterized by the way the gas is feed into the etch chamber. In pulsed systems the etchant is expanded, feed into the reaction chamber and remains there until it has been consumed by the reaction. Then the chamber is evacuated and this process is repeated for multiple cycles. In contrast to that, a carrier gas flows through a bubbler to continuously supply xenon difluoride into the etch chamber in continuous flow systems.
Etch chemistry.
The general etch reaction is summarized by the following equation.2 XeF2 + Si → SiF4 + 2 XeThe detailed etch kinetic is more complex reaction consisting of four steps. After the etchant has been mass transported to the silicon surface, the xenon difluoride is absorbed on the silicon surface.2 XeF2 (gas) + Si (s) → 2 XeF2 (abs) + Si (s)The XeF2 disassociates into absorbed fluorine and gaseous Xe.2 XeF2 (abs) + Si (s) → 2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s)The flurine bonds with the surface silicon to form silicon tetra fluoride.2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s) → 2 Xe (g) + SiF4 (ads)The reaction product is desorpted from the silicon surface.2 Xe (g) + SiF4 (ads) → " Xe (g) + SiF4 (g)The reaction products are mass transferred from the surface to the etch chamber, and ejected from there by a vacuum pump.


Epstein frame

An Epstein frame or Epstein square is a standardised measurement device for measuring the magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials, especially used for testing of electrical steels.
The International Standard for the measurement configuration and conditions are defined by the standard IEC 60404-2:2008 Magnetic materials - Part 2: Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheet and strip by means of an Epstein frame published by International Electrotechnical Commission.
An Epstein frame comprises a primary and a secondary winding. The sample under test should be prepared as a set of a number of strips (always a multiple of four) cut from electrical steel sheet or ribbon. Each layer of the sample is double-lapped in corners and weighted down with a force of 1 N (see photo).
The power losses are measured by means of a wattmeter method in which the primary current and secondary voltage are used. During the measurement, the Epstein frame behaves as an unloaded transformer.
Power loss, "Pc", is calculated as:
formula_1
where:

formula_2 is the number of turns of primary winding

formula_3 is the number of turns of secondary winding

formula_4 is the reading of the wattmeter in watts

formula_5 is the total resistance of the instruments in the secondary circuit in ohms and

formula_6 is the average secondary voltage in volts.
Specific power loss, Ps, is calculated as:
formula_7
where:

formula_8 is the length of the sample in metres

formula_9 is the average magnetic path length = 0.94 (constant value)

formula_10 is the mass of the sample in kilograms
If all conditions are as defined in the standard, the standard deviation of the reproducibility of the values is not greater than 1.5% up to 1.5 T for non-oriented electrical steel and up to 1.7 T for grain-oriented electrical steel.


Magnetic path length

Magnetic path length (MPL) is the effective length of a closed magnetic loop inside a magnetic core made of ferromagnetic material which may be also gapped. MPL is relevant in transformer and inductor design and more generally in all kinds of magnetic reactors, such as in magnetic amplifiers and electromagnets.


Switching frequency

In electronics, switching frequency refers to the rate at which an electronic switch performs its function. Switching frequency is an important design and operating parameter in systems such as:
This frequency is also used in different types of DC-DC converters like Battery Discharge Regulator, Universal Bus Regulator, Auxiliary Bus Regulator etc., switching frequency refers the switch on or off the circuit in the particular frequency


Zambezi parrotfish

The Zambezi Parrotfish ("Cyphomyrus discorhynchus") is an elephantfish in the family Mormyridae. It is currently the only member of its genus. It occurs in several river and lake systems across Central Africa and the northern half of Southern Africa. It grows to a length of .


Clock drive

In astronomy, a clock drive (also known as a field rotator) is a motor-controlled mechanism used to move an equatorial mounted telescope along one axis to keep the aim in exact sync with the apparent motion of the fixed stars on the celestial sphere.
Overview.
Clock drives work by rotating a telescope mount's polar axis, the axis parallel to the Earth's polar axis (also called the right ascension axis) in the opposite direction to the Earth's rotation one revolution every 23 hours and 56 minutes (called "sidereal day"), thereby canceling that motion. This allows the telescope to stay fixed on a certain point in the sky without having to be constantly re-aimed due to the Earth's rotation. The mechanism itself used to be clockwork but nowadays is usually electrically driven. Clock drives can be light and portable for smaller telescopes or can be exceedingly heavy and complex for larger ones such as the 60-inch telescope at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Clock-driven equatorial platforms are sometimes used in non-tracking type mounts, such as altazimuth mounts.
History.
The original inventor of the clock drive is unknown, being an idea that was tried in several ways throughout history. In China in 1094, during the Song Dynasty, Su Song built a water-driven clock tower that had many features, including a 20-ton bronze armillary sphere that stayed in alignment with the heavens.
Different types of equatorial clock-driven telescopes were built or proposed in the 17th and 18th century including English astronomer Robert Hooke's 1674 paper proposing their use in precision measurement, a clock-driven aerial telescope objective lens constructed in 1685 by Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini fitted with setting circles, and one supposedly built by English clockmaker and inventor George Graham early 18th century.
What is considered the first practical clock-driven telescope was constructed in 1824, Joseph von Fraunhofer's ‘Great Dorpat’ refractor, a telescope that combined other innovations, such as an achromatic lens and Fraunhofer's "German equatorial mount", making it the prototype of all future large refracting telescopes. Early telescope clock drives used a clock work with falling weights and pendulums, almost like grandfather clocks. Over time the falling weights and pendulums were replaced by an electric motor.


Remington Nylon 76

The Remington Nylon 76 "Trailrider" is the only lever action rifle known to have been made by Remington Arms and was billed as the world's fastest lever action rifle.
Design.
This gun has a locked-breech lever action, with a short stroke of only about thirty degrees. It was introduced by Remington Arms in 1962 and discontinued in 1965.
Approximately 26,927 of these rifles were made, and they originally retailed for $59.95.
Two grades of this rifle were available: The Nylon 76AB Apache Black (approximately 1600 were made of this type), and the Nylon 76MB Mohawk Brown. The Remington website states that there was a "standard" grade, but through correspondence with Remington, it was determined that this was a typo.
This rifle is chambered for a .22LR and has a tubular magazine that opens at the rear of the stock and holds 14 rounds.


MV Gay Viking

Gay Viking was a blockade runner of the British Merchant Navy. Originally under construction as a Motor Gun Boat, "Gay Viking" was one of eight vessels that were ordered by the Turkish Navy, but were requisitioned by the Royal Navy to serve with Coastal Forces during the Second World War. Originally intended to be HMMGB 506, the vessel was instead completed as a blockade runner for the Merchant Navy and named "Gay Viking". She operated out of Hull on two separate operations to the Scandinavian countries. She was one of the more successful of her group, but was lost in a collision while returning from one of these operations. Reports indicate that she may have been salvaged after this and gone on to sail for a considerable number of years as a civilian vessel.
Construction.
"Gay Viking" was built by Camper and Nicholson as part of an order of eight Motor Gun Boats placed by the Turkish Navy. The outbreak of the Second World War led to the Royal Navy taking over the eight vessels giving them numbers (502-509). The Navy then completed 504, 505, 506, 507 and 508 as merchant vessels to take part in Operation Bridford.
The objective of Operation Bridford was to bring back to Britain quantities of ball bearings manufactured by Sweden's SKF. To do this, the vessels would have to reach Sweden by evading the German blockade of the Skagerrak. Once there, the vessels would load the ball bearings and return to Britain. British engineering plants needed the ball bearings, and other specialist equipment manufactured in Sweden and while some supplies were being flown in, the volumes were not sufficient to meet the demand.
The Navy modified five of the boats from Camper and Nicholson to accommodate cargo: most of the armament were removed, and the bridge moved aft, to make way for an internal cargo bay amidships. The need to conform to Sweden's neutrality meant that the Navy also had to implement a number of other measures. First, it gave the boats names: 504 became "Hopewell", 505 became "Nonsuch", 506 became "Gay Viking", 507 became "Gay Corsair" and 508 became "Master Standfast". Second, they sailed under the red ensign of the merchant marine. Third, their crews consisted of civilian sailors drawn from Hull trawlermen and officers from Ellerman Lines.
Their mission required the vessels to pass between German-occupied territories in waters habitually patrolled by German aircraft and surface vessels. To minimise the risk of detection, the Navy timed the voyages to pass areas of greatest danger during the hours of darkness. This meant that the vessels could only make their journeys during the winter months when the duration of darkness was sufficient to give the ships the time they needed to traverse the patrolled areas.
Operations.
The five boats, including "Gay Viking", were first deployed in September 1943. The plan was that having arrived at the Swedish port of Lysekil they would load their cargoes, before sailing back to the Humber. Each leg of the journey would take two days.
The first attempt was planned for 23 September, but had to be postponed after problems developed with the boats' engines. It instead took place on 26 October, but was plagued with mechanical problems and bad weather. "Gay Viking" was the only vessel to make a successful round trip, returning to Britain on 30 October carrying 40 tons of cargo. Further attempts were made, many of them successfully, despite the loss of "Master Standfast" to the Germans on 2 November, and "Nonsuch" being rendered inoperable by continuing engine problems that limited her to making only one successful round trip.
"Gay Viking" eventually made three trips, despite damaging her port engine crankshaft on 17 March 1944. The operation was considered a success, but the trips were brought to an end with the return of the shorter nights in 1944. The voyages were resumed in September 1944 under the name of Operation Moonshine, and involved carrying supplies and munitions to elements of the Danish resistance. Many of these attempts had to be canceled due to poor weather, or recurring difficulties with the Paxman diesel engines.
"Hopewell", "Nonsuch" and "Gay Corsair" all dropped their civilian names and returned to their official designation in 1944. By 1945 the Navy had advanced their numbers to the new numbering scheme and they became No. 2004, 2005 and 2007 respectively. For some reason, "Gay Viking" apparently continued to sail under that name.
Loss.
Three of the vessels, "Hopewell" (No. 2004), "Nonsuch" (No. 2005) and "Gay Viking" were deployed on one Moonshine run in early 1945. While making the return voyage on 5 February 1945, "Gay Viking" and "Hopewell" collided. The seamen of the "Gay Viking" were taken off and she subsequently sank. However she appears to have subsequently been re-floated and returned to service as a civilian vessel. She was sailed under a variety of names and eventually purchased for conversion as a pleasure craft for operation in the Bahamas, under the name "Bahama Viking", although the vessel remained in Denmark as late as 1973. The vessel subsequently sank at wharf in Copenhagen, and was broken up for salvage in the 1990s.


Drive bay

A drive bay is a standard-sized area for adding hardware to a computer. Most drive bays are fixed to the inside of a case, but some can be removed.
Over the years since the introduction of the IBM PC, it and its compatibles have had many form factors of drive bays. Four form factors are in common use today, the 5.25″, 3.5″, 2.5″ or 1.8″ drive bays. These names do not refer to the width of the bay itself, but rather to the width of the disks used by the drives mounted in these bays.
Form factors.
8.0″.
"8.0″" drive bays were found in early IBM computers, CP/M computers, and the TRS-80 Model II. They were high, wide, and approximately deep, and were used for hard disk drives and floppy disk drives. This form factor is obsolete.
5.25″.
"Full-height" bays were found in old PCs in the early to mid-1980s. They were high, wide, and up to deep, used mainly for hard disk drives and floppy disk drives. This is the size of the internal (screwed) part of the bay, as the front side is actually . The difference between those widths and the name of the bay size is because it is named after the size of floppy that would fit in those drives, a 5.25″-wide square.
"Half-height" drive bays are high by wide, and are the standard housing for CD and DVD drives in modern computers. They were sometimes used for other things in the past, including hard disk drives (roughly between 10 and 100 MB) and floppy disk drives. As the name indicates, two half-height devices can fit in one full-height bay. Often represented as 5.25-inch, these floppy disk drives are obsolete.
The dimensions of a "5.25″" floppy drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications which were incorporated into the EIA-741 "Specification for Small Form Factor 133.35 mm (5.25 in) Disk Drives" by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA). Dimensions of "5.25" optical drives are specified in the SFF standard (they are somewhat shorter and not only size of the body is standardized, but also size of the bezel).
3.5″.
"3.5″" bays, like their larger counterparts, are named after diskette dimensions; their actual dimensions are wide by high. Those with an opening in the front of the case are generally used for floppy or Zip drives. Hard drives in modern computers are typically mounted in fully internal 4″ (nominally 3.5″) bays. Most modern computers do not come with a floppy drive at all, and may lack any externally accessible 3.5″ bays. There are adapters, sometimes called a "sled", which can be used to mount a 3.5″ device in a 5.25″ bay.
More recently, it is becoming common to use 3.5″ bays for smart card and memory card readers, or for panels with additional USB ports.
The dimensions of a "3.5″" drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications SFF-8300 and SFF-8301 which were incorporated into the EIA-740 specification by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
2.5″.
For "2.5″" bays, actual dimensions are wide, between and high, and deep. However, most laptops have drive bays smaller than the 15 mm specification. 2.5″ hard drives may range from 7 mm to 15 mm in height, there are two sizes that appear to be prominent. 9.51 mm size drives are predominantly used by laptop manufacturers, however at present 2.5″ Velociraptor and some higher capacity drives (above 1 TB), are 15 mm in height. The greater height of the 15 mm drives allow more platters and therefore greater data capacities. Many laptop drive bays are designed to be removable trays in which the drives are mounted, to ease removal and replacement.
The dimensions of a "2.5″" drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications SFF-8200 and SFF-8201 which were incorporated into the EIA-720 specification by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
1.8″.
"1.8″" bays have two specifications, a 60 mm × 70 mm form factor, and a 54 mm × 78 mm form factor. The actual dimensions of the 60 mm × 70 mm are 2.75″ wide by 0.276–0.374″ high and 2.362″ deep (69.85 mm × 7–9.5 mm × 60 mm). The actual dimensions of the 54 mm × 78 mm are 2.126″ wide by 0.197 or 0.315″ high and 3.091″ deep (54 mm × 5 or 8 mm × 78.5 mm). These drives have been used in small devices including as add-ons to game systems.
The dimensions of a "1.8″" drive are specified in the SFF standard specifications SFF-8111 and SFF-8120 which were incorporated into the EIA-720 specification by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
Usage.
Drive bays are most commonly used to store disk drives, although they can also be used for front-end USB ports, I/O bays, card readers, fans, fan controllers, RAID controllers, tool storage, and other uses. Some computers have a small system monitor LCD mounted in a drive bay.
When installing a drive in a bay, it is usually secured with four screws that hold the drive in the bay, although toolless fasteners are becoming more common. Then, any necessary power, data transfer, and other cables are routed into and connected to the rear of the drive. The drive bay is usually just big enough for the drive to fit inside. Since computers have 12 V rails on their motherboards, some computer hobbyist websites even sell addons for cigarette lighter receptacles to power or recharge devices made to draw power from automobiles, though USB is already available for charging devices like cell phones and portable media players.
Drive bay-compatible computer case accessories that do not connect to the motherboard or power supply at all are also common, such as small storage drawers or even cup holders.


Kolmogorov automorphism

In mathematics, a Kolmogorov automorphism, K"-automorphism, K"-shift or K"-system is an invertible, measure-preserving automorphism defined on a standard probability space that obeys Kolmogorov's zero–one law. All Bernoulli automorphisms are "K"-automorphisms (one says they have the K"-property), but not vice versa. Many ergodic dynamical systems have been shown to have the "K"-property, although more recent research has shown that many of these are in fact Bernoulli automorphisms.
Although the definition of the "K"-property seems reasonably general, it stands in sharp distinction to the Bernoulli automorphism. In particular, the Ornstein isomorphism theorem does not apply to "K"-systems, and so the entropy is not sufficient to classify such systems – there exist uncountably many non-isomorphic "K"-systems with the same entropy. In essence, the collection of "K"-systems is large, messy and uncategorized; whereas the "B"-automorphisms are 'completely' described by Ornstein theory.
Formal definition.
Let formula_1 be a standard probability space, and let formula_2 be an invertible, measure-preserving transformation. Then formula_2 is called a "K"-automorphism, "K"-transform or "K"-shift, if there exists a sub-sigma algebra formula_4 such that the following three properties hold:
Here, the symbol formula_8 is the join of sigma algebras, while formula_9 is set intersection. The equality should be understood as holding almost everywhere, that is, differing at most on a set of measure zero.
Properties.
Assuming that the sigma algebra is not trivial, that is, if formula_10, then formula_11 It follows that "K"-automorphisms are strong mixing.
All Bernoulli automorphisms are "K"-automorphisms, but not "vice versa".


Orsis T-5000

The Orsis T-5000 () is a Russian bolt-action sniper rifle. It was the first product developed by ORSIS, and is produced in their Moscow factory. The rifle was introduced in 2011 at the international exhibition of Russian weapons in Nizhny Tagil, and is entirely original, using no third-party components. According to General Director of the Institute for Precision Machine Engineering TsNIITochMash, Dmitry Semiozerov: "As of 2017, the newest sniper complex T-5000 "Precision" was adopted by the FSB, the FSO, and Rosgvardiya".
Design.
In its standard configuration the T-5000 is equipped with a 660 mm fluted, stainless steel barrel (698 mm when chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum), cut to a twist rate between 1-in-10 and 1-in-12 depending on customer requirements.
The stainless steel stock adopts a highly "skeletal" design, with highly adjustable butt and cheekpiece components mounted on a folding stock that reduces the transport length of the T-5000 by around 250 mm. The trigger is adjustable from 500 g in its Varmint configuration, to over 1500 g depending on application, and a Picatinny rail is provided for the attachment of optics.
Variants.
The Federal Security Service, the Federal Protective Service and the National Guard in 2017 adopted a next-gen Orsis T-5000, and designated it as the Tochnost ("precision") sniper rifle chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO and .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70mm).
A next-gen T-5000 'Tochnost' sniper rifle chambered in .375 CheyTac (9.5×77mm) and made for rough military conditions was tested in the Moscow Region. Its range is over . The tests were successfully completed in 2019.
Users.
In Karabakh war, it was also seen in hand of Azerbaijani special forces


HyShot

HyShot is a research project of The University of Queensland, Australia Centre for Hypersonics, to demonstrate the possibility of supersonic combustion under flight conditions using two scramjet engines, one designed by The University of Queensland and one designed by QinetiQ (formerly the MOD's Defence Evaluation & Research Agency).
Overview.
The project has involved the successful launch of one engine designed by The University of Queensland, and one launch of the scramjet designed by the British company QinetiQ. Each combustion unit was launched on the nose of a Terrier-Orion Mk70 sounding rocket on a high ballistic trajectory, reaching altitudes of approximately 330 km. The rocket was rotated to face the ground, and the combustion unit ignited for a period of 6–10 seconds while falling between 35 km and 23 km at around Mach 7.6. The system is not designed to produce thrust.
The carrier rocket for the HyShot experiments was composed of a RIM-2 Terrier first stage (6 second burn, 4000 km/h) and an Orion second stage (26 second burn, 8600 km/h, 56 km altitude). A fairing over the payload was then jettisoned. The package then coasted to an altitude of around 300 km. Cold gas nitrogen attitude control thrusters were used to re-orient the payload for atmospheric reentry. The experiments each lasted for some 5 seconds as the payload descended between approximately 35 and 23 kilometers altitude, when liquid hydrogen fuel was fed to the scramjet. Telemetry reported results to receivers on the ground for later analysis. The payload landed about 400 km down range from the launch site, at which time its temperature was still expected to be about 300 degrees Celsius, which may be enough to cause a small brush fire and thereby make spotting and recovery easier even though a radio beacon was in the payload.
There has been much analysis of the data obtained in flight and comparison with results from experiments conducted in ground-testing facilities.
Legacy.
The team continue to work as part of the Australian Hypersonics Initiative, a joint program of The University of Queensland, the Australian National University and the University of New South Wales' Australian Defence Force Academy campus, the governments of Queensland and South Australia and the Australian Defence Department.
The Hyshot program spawned the HyCAUSE (Hypersonic Collaborative Australian/United States Experiment) program : a collaborative effort between the United States’ Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and Australia's Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), also representing the research collaborators in the Australian Hypersonics Initiative (AHI).
All tests were conducted at the Woomera Test Range in South Australia.
HIFiRE program.
The Hypersonic International Flight Research Experimentation (HIFiRE) program was created jointly by DSTO and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). HIFiRE was formed to investigate hypersonic flight technology, the fundamental science and technology required, and its potential for next generation aeronautical systems. This will involve up to ten flights with The University of Queensland involved in at least the first three:


Anita Sengupta

Anita Sengupta is an aerospace engineer. She is a graduate in aerospace and mechanical engineering (MS '00, Ph.D. '05) of the Viterbi School of Engineering at the University of Southern California. She was the lead systems engineer of the team that developed the parachute system that was deployed during the landing of Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity. She was subsequently the project manager of the Cold Atom Laboratory at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech. She was then the Senior Vice President of Systems Engineering at Virgin Hyperloop One. She is currently Chief Product Officer at Airspace Experience Technologies (ASX).
Early life.
Sengupta was born in Glasgow, Scotland before emigrating to New York where she was raised thereafter. Her father hailed from West Bengal, India, and was a mechanical engineer from the Indian Institute of Technology. Her British mother was an expert in French and German. Her parents met while pursuing a PhD at the University of Liverpool. From as young as age six, Sengupta admits being hooked on "" character Spock, and his adventures onboard a 23rd-century starship.
Cold Atom Laboratory.
Anita Sengupta was the CAL Project Manager.
CAL is a facility for the study of ultra-cold quantum gases in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS). It will enable research in a temperature regime and environment that is inaccessible to terrestrial laboratories. In the microgravity environment, up to 20 second long interaction times and as low as 1 picokelvin temperatures are achievable, unlocking the potential to observe new quantum phenomena. The CAL facility is designed for use by multiple scientific investigators and to be upgradable/maintainable on orbit. CAL will also be a pathfinder experiment for future quantum sensors based on laser cooled atoms.
CAL was scheduled to launch in 2016 on a Pressurized Cargo Vehicle in soft-stowage. After docking with ISS the CAL payload was to be installed by astronauts into an EXPRESS (EXpedite the PRocessing of Experiments to Space Station) rack inside the space station. The EXPRESS rack provides a standardized power, data, thermal, and mechanical interface to scientific payloads. CAL was to occupy a quad locker space due to its size and power requirements. Following installation the payload will be operated remotely via sequence control from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The initial mission was planned to have a duration of 12 months with up to five years of extended operation.


The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle Show


French corvette Forfait

Forfait was an unarmored screw corvette built for the French Navy in the late 1850s that entered service in 1860. She saw service in the French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s and was sunk in a collision in 1875.
Construction and commissioning.
"Forfait" had a steam engine and screw propulsion that gave her a top speed under steam of 12 knots, as well as a barque rig. She initially was armed with four 152-mm (6-inch) guns, which by the 1870s had been increased to six 152-mm (6-inch) guns. She was unarmored. Launched in 1859, she entered service in 1860. Classified as a "wing scout," she was intended to conduct reconnaissance for the French fleet's larger ships, as well as to undertake independent operations.
Service.
Early in her career, "Forfait" actively supported the French intervention in Mexico by transporting troops and equipment to Veracruz, Mexico, and landing a shore party to assist in the capture of Tuxpan, Mexico, in 1864. Later in the 1860s she operated in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean and conducted hydrographic surveys off the northwest coast of Borneo. By 1872 she was based at Toulon, France, and operating with the French Navy's Mediterranean Squadron.
Loss.
On 21 July 1875, "Forfait" was participating in a naval exercise involving six ironclads – the broadside ironclad "Magenta", operating as the flagship, and five "Alma"-class central battery ironclads – and a number of smaller ships in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the east coast of Corsica . The ironclads were steaming in beautiful weather at 8 knots in two parallel columns, with "Magenta" leading one column, followed by "Jeanne d′Arc" and "Reine Blanche", and "Armide" leading the other, followed by "Thétis" and "Alma". Operating as a dispatch vessel, "Forfait" was steaming outside of the columns. At 12:00 noon the admiral commanding the squadron ordered "Forfait" to pass astern of "Magenta" to receive orders. Attempting to place his ship in the column between "Magenta" and "Jeanne d′Arc", the commanding officer of "Forfait" misjudged his turn, and "Jeanne d′Arc" collided with "Forfait", her ram bow tearing into "Forfait"′s side. "Forfait" sank 14 minutes later, her crew of 160 taking safely to her boats. Her commanding officer remained on the bridge until "Forfait" sank beneath him, but floated free, clung to floating wreckage, and was rescued.


Campylomormyrus

Campylomormyrus is a genus of elephantfish in the family Mormyridae.
Species.
There are currently 15 recognized species in this genus:.


Parts of a theatre

Stage.
The area of the theatre in which the performance takes place is referred to as the stage.
Stage directions or stage positions.
In order to keep track of how performers and set pieces move around the space, the stage is divided up into sections oriented based on the performers perspective to the audience. Movement is choreographed by blocking which is organized movement on stage created by the director to synchronize the actor's movement onstage in order to use these positions.
Note that for performance spaces with audiences in more than one orientation, typically one direction is arbitrarily denoted as "downstage" and all other directions reference that point.
Stage components.
In the dressing room there is a makeup bench ,chairs and mirrors.
House.
The house can refer to any area which is not considered playing space or backstage area. Outside the theatre itself this includes the lobby, coat check, ticketing counters, and restrooms. More specifically, the house refers to any area in the theatre where the audience is seated. This can also include aisles, the orchestra pit, control booth, balconies and boxes.
Backstage or offstage.
The areas of a theatre that are not part of the house or stage are considered part of backstage. These areas include dressing rooms, green rooms, offstage areas (i.e. wings), cross-overs, fly rails or linesets, dimmer rooms, shops and storage areas.


Periodic steady-state analysis

Periodic Steady-State Analysis (PSS analysis) computes the periodic steady-state response of a circuit at a specified fundamental frequency, with a simulation time independent of the time constants of the circuit. The PSS analysis also determines the circuit's periodic operating point which is required starting point for the periodic time-varying small-signal analyses: PAC, PSP, PXF, and Pnoise. The PSS analysis works with both autonomous and driven circuits.
PSS is usually used after transient analysis.
Examples.
The current through a capacitance of value C in time domain is formula_1, which becomes formula_2 . For this component operating in a periodic steady state circuit, its voltage will be formula_3 when T is equal to its fundamental period. Referring back to the original voltage function formula_2, it can be determined that the average current flowing through the capacitor is zero in periodic steady state.


46th Test Group

The 46th Test Group was a United States Air Force group active from 1992 to 2012. It was last active with 46th Test Wing, at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The 46th Test Group was stationed as a tenant unit at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, throughout its existence. It was inactivated on 18 July 2012, being replaced by the 96th Test Group in an administrative reorganization.
History.
The Group served as the Air Force’s liaison with the United States Army White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), liaising with the U.S. Army and Test Center organizations. The group provided test sponsorship for all Air Force programs testing on WSMR, assisted test program customers in preparing the documentation necessary to execute tests as well as obtaining logistic and test support resources. The group also scheduled airspace for all Air Force tests and Air Force tactical training on WSMR.
On August 1, 1970, per Air Force Systems Command Special Order G-94, the Air Force Missile Development Center at Holloman AFB was inactivated and the Tactical Air Command assumed host responsibilities for the facility. Associate units and programs transferred to other locations within Air Force Systems Command. The inactivation resulted in the loss of more than 450 military and 570 civilian positions.
The Test & Evaluation activities that remained were the Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (CIGTF), the High Speed Test Track, the Radar Target Scatter Facility (RATSCAT), and the Target Drone Facility. These organizations were combined to form the nucleus of a Holloman AFB tenant organization, the 6585th Test Group
In 1976, AFSWC was disestablished, and the 6585th Test Group at Holloman became part of the 3246th Test Wing, Armament Development and Test Center (ADTC) at Eglin AFB, FL. The Group was inactivated on 30 September 1992 as part of a reorganization, with personnel and equipment being assigned to the new 46th Test Group at Holloman, upon activation it was transferred the 6585th's personnel, equipment and mission.
It was inactivated as a result of an organizational realignment at Eglin AFB, being replaced at Holloman by the new 96th Test Group.


Swedish Mauser

"Swedish Mausers" are a family of bolt-action rifles based on an improved variant of Mauser's earlier Model 1893, but using the 6.5×55mm cartridge, and incorporating unique design elements as requested by Sweden. These are the m/94 (Model 1894) carbine, m/96 (Model 1896) long rifle, m/38 (Model 1938) short rifle and m/41 (Model 1941) sniper rifle. In 1898 production began at Carl Gustafs stads Gevärsfaktori in Eskilstuna, Sweden.
All Swedish Mausers were chambered for the 6.5×55mm cartridge, and all Swedish-made actions were proof-tested with a single 6.5×55mm proof round developing approximately piezo pressure (55,000 CUP). Swedish Mausers were manufactured by Waffenfabrik Mauser AG in Oberndorf a/N in Germany and in Sweden by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori and Husqvarna Vapenfabriks Aktiebolag. All Swedish Mausers, whether built in Germany or Sweden, were fabricated using a Swedish-supplied high grade tool steel alloyed with nickel, copper, and vanadium, a product then noted for its strength and corrosion resistance.
These rifles, like other pre-M 98 system Mauser rifles, lack the third safety locking lug at the rear of the bolt and feature "cock-on-closing" (similar to the contemporary Lee–Enfield rifle) instead of the "cock-on-opening" style found on the German Gewehr 98 and most subsequent bolt-action rifles. The forward receiver ring diameter were the two forward locking lugs achieved lockup is . The internal magazine can be loaded with single 6.5×55mm rounds by pushing the cartridges into the receiver top opening or via stripper clips. Each stripper clip can hold 5 rounds to fill the magazine and is inserted into clip guides machined into the rear receiver bridge. After loading, the empty clip is ejected when the bolt is closed. For easier loading a crescent shaped thumb hole cutout was introduced at the left rear of the receiver top.
m/1892 Rifle and Carbine.
Submitted for Swedish trials were the M/1892 rifle and carbine based on elements of the m/1889 Belgian, m/1890 Turkish, and m/1891 Argentine Mauser rifles. One rifle is chambered in 8×58mmR Danish Krag caliber. One example exists in the Museum at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, US.
m/1894 Carbine.
The m/1894 carbine was adopted in 1894 with the first 12,000 carbines being manufactured by Waffenfabrik Mauser in Oberndorf am Neckar, Germany. This series of carbines were all manufactured in 1895, and a very few spare receivers dated 1895 were received from Mauser Oberndorf's manufacturers "Ludwig Loewe & Company". Some of these spare receivers have been found built as complete m/1896 rifles with serial numbers falling into the regular m/1896 rifle ranges. It is speculated that these were replacement receivers that were later given the same serial number as the replaced receivers, though this is not yet confirmed due to the extremely small number discovered so far.
Production in Sweden under license commenced in 1898. (The preparatory production development at Carl Gustafs stads Gevärsfaktori found a place in history by being the event that caused Carl Edvard Johansson to invent gauge blocks.) Swedish production continued sporadically until 1918. Very limited numbers were later produced with receiver dates of 1929 and more so 1932. The highest 1918 serial number noted is 111,002. The m/94 carbines have a unique serial number sequence beginning with 1. The highest number so far noted is 113,150 dated 1932. There have been no carbines noted with receiver dates of 1902, 1905, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912 and 1913. It may be surmised that carbines produced from the end of regular production in 1918 until 1932 numbered about 2,150.
Mauser produced 12,000 m/1894 carbines between 1894 and 1896 and Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori 115,000 m/1894 carbines between 1895 and 1933, giving a total of 127,000 m/1894 carbines.
Some carbines were lost from regular use by conversion to sub-caliber targeting & practice devices for artillery pieces.
The rear sighting element of iron sight lines of the carbines were adjustable for ranges from .
Sub variants.
m/1894-14 carbines have a steel nose piece, not dissimilar to the No.1 Mk3 Lee–Enfield, with a protruding stud under the muzzle for the bayonet ring. There were two bayonets intended for the 94-14 carbine. The most prevalent was the m/1914 long bayonet. The second minor bayonet was the very long bladed m/1915 navy bayonet with the edge facing upwards.
m/1894-67: This was an 1894 carbine modified to accept the m/1867 Yataghan blade saber bayonet. The modification involved a slot machined on the nose cap and a stud sleeve attached to the barrel. Numbers modified are unknown. Possibly only 100 or less. Several have shown up in the United States and one is known in the Netherlands.
Skolskjutningskarbin, (literally "school shooting carbine"): This carbine was manufactured for Swedish civilian schools for student training. All of these school carbines carry the receiver date of 1901. This model deviates from the standard m/1894 carbine in several ways. The serial number is prefixed with S and runs S.1 to S.1161 and possibly a few more. The serial number appears as S.500 on the left side-rail of the receiver. The bolt handle is the same straight handle of the m/1896 rifle. The sling swivels are on the bottom of the stock just as on the m/1896 rifle. There is no bayonet attachment. Many of these carbines have been found rebuilt as standard m/1894-14 carbines and in one case as a Carl Gustaf m/63 target rifle (CG63).
Kammarkarbin: also known as "gallery carbine". Unique serial numbers prefixed by K. Total number produced is unknown, with the highest reported serial number being K.193 currently in a private collection in the United States. One has been reported in Switzerland. Carbine K.91 is in the Carl Gustaf factory museum in Sweden. Other differences from the standard m/1894 carbine include the stock being dyed black. The rifling rate of twist is about 4 times faster than the m/1894 carbine due to the unique bullet and much slower velocity of the special cartridge intended for this carbine. The only two receiver dates noted so far are 1898 and 1901.
1894/96 Fortress Carbine: Another variant produced in unknown numbers and unknown years of production. This carbine is very similar to the standard m/1894 except in the manner of sling attachment. This carbine uses a sling attachment identical to the skolskjutningskarbin as the sling swivels are on the bottom of the stock instead of the side. The lower sling swivel is placed much further up the buttstock nearer the triggerguard than the m/1896 rifle.
Weapons Officers Carbines: These standard m/1894 carbines were hand-built by weapons officers as part of their training. Instead of having serial numbers, the name of the weapons officer is the identifying "serial" mark. Most of the parts are marked with the two letters of the officer's name and in some cases with a + sign. These carbines are among the most valuable of collectible m/1894 carbines.
The m/1894 carbine is still used today by the Royal Guards at Stockholm Palace.
m/1896 Long Rifle.
The Model 1896 rifle in 6.5×55mm (6,5 mm "Gevär" m/96) was adopted in 1896 for infantry use, replacing the Model 1867–1889 Remington rolling block rifle in 8×58mmR Danish Krag. Swedish production (under license) started in 1898 at Carl Gustafs, but additional rifles were produced by Mauser during 1899 and 1900 because of delays in shipping additional production machinery from Germany to Sweden.
Standard production at Carl Gustafs continued until 1925, but approximately 18,000 m/96 rifles were manufactured by Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB during World War II for civilian marksmanship training.
Mauser produced 40,000 m/1896 long rifles between 1899 and 1900, Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori 475,000 m/1896 between 1896 and 1932 and Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB 20,000 m/1896 between 1942 and 1944. Giving a total of 535,000 m/96 long rifles.
The m/96 rifle used a triangular front sight post and a rear tangent sight with a V-shaped notch. When folded down the rear sight is graduated from , in increments. When flipped up the rear sight is graduated from . The iron sights line was matched for the trajectory of 6.5×55mm m/94 ball service ammunition loaded with a round-nosed (B-projectile) bullet. A rifleman never used the flipped up position on his own - it was only used for simultaneous fire at ranks of enemies.
From 1941 onwards the introduction of 6.5×55mm m/94 ball ammunition loaded with a boat-tailed spitzer(D-projectile) bullet necessitated adapting the iron sight lines with a new m/41 rectangular post and altering the rear sight element was altered to have a U-shaped notch and match the flatter trajectory of the new service round.
m/1938 Short Rifle.
 The Model 1938 rifle (6,5 mm "Gevär" m/38) was adopted in 1938 as part of a worldwide trend (which began just before World War I) towards service rifles that were shorter in overall length than a standard infantry rifle, but longer than a cavalry carbine. Contemporary examples such as the Mauser Karabiner 98k, Short Magazine Lee–Enfield No I Mk III, MAS-36, and M1903 Springfield were all noticeably shorter than a standard late 19th century infantry rifle, and with another war on the horizon the Swedes felt it would be expedient to adopt a shorter rifle for use by mechanized troops and the Navy.
The original m/1938 rifles (Type I) were converted m/1896 rifles with barrels cut down by 5.5" (139mm) and almost always with the original straight bolt handles. These rifles are often referred to by collectors as "m/96-38" rifles, but there was never an official designation for this conversion. The majority of purpose-built m/1938s (Type II) had turned-down bolt handles and were manufactured by Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB, with production ending in 1944. However, the Swedish military made no distinction in service between the two types.
Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori converted 55,080 m/1896 long rifles to m/1938 short rifles in 1938–1940. In addition to that Husqvarna Vapenfabriks AB produced 88,150 new m/38 short rifles between 1942 and 1944. Giving a total of 143,230 m/1938 short rifles.
The rear sighting element of iron sight lines of the short rifles converted from old m/96 rles were adjustable for ranges from calibrated for 6.5×55mm m/94 round-nosed (B-projectile) ammunition.
The rear sighting element of iron sight lines of new production m/38 short rifles were adjustable for ranges from calibrated for 6.5×55mm m/94 round-nosed ammunition or alternatively calibrated for 6.5×55mm m/41 (B-projectile) boat-tailed spitzer ammunition. The rear sighting elements were adjustable in increments
m/1941 and m/1941B Sniper Rifles.
The m/1941 sniper rifles were m/1896 rifles of all three manufacturers, in 1941–1943 selected from the existing stock for accuracy and converted by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori into sniper rifles. This modification of some 5,300 rifles included the bolt handle turned-down in order to provide clearance for unimpaired operation of the bolt handle and three-position safety catch lever with a telescopic sight mounted. The optics fitted were initially the German AJACK 4×90 (4×38 in modern terminology) m/41 telescopic sight. "AJACK" refers to the German optics manufacturer Adolph Jackenroll Optische Anstalt GmbH. The AJACK 4×90 had bullet drop compensation in increments for ranges from . Because of the deteriorating war situation Germany after 4,000 copies however stopped selling telescopic sights to Sweden, resulting in domestically produced 1,300 AGA 3× m/42 and 3× m/44 telescopic sights (made by Svenska Ackumulatorfabriken Jungner) being used instead.
After World War 2, in 1955, the weapons were refurbished to the m/1941B standard. This included a stop screw on the mounting rail for the mounting arrestment lever, preventing it from being overtightened, the serial number on the receiver that the mount covered was now repeated on the mount and the fastening screws got peened into the holes of the now removed locking screws. The tangent-type rear sight element was replaced by a micrometer SM-sight. All the m/42 telescopic sights (which had a problem with the sealing and thus could fog up) and most of the m/44 telescopic sights were replaced with AJACK 4×90 telescopic sights, which a decade after World War II were available in sufficient numbers.
Model 1896 Swedish Mauser in Finnish service during WW II.
In 1940, Finland bought 77,000 M1896 Mausers from Sweden in 6.5×55mm. They were mainly used by second line units. Model 1896 rifles used by Finland in WW II can be recognized by a stamp with the letters SA (Suomen Armeija = Finnish Army) surrounded by a square with rounded corners. Most of the rifles were returned to Sweden after WW II but some remained in Finland.
End of service.
The m/1894 carbine and the m/1896 and m/1938 rifles were gradually phased out of Swedish service starting in the 1950s, although the sniper variants continued in service until the early 1980s. They were succeeded by the Ag m/42 semi-automatic rifle beginning in the late 1940s, followed by the Ak 4 battle rifle starting in the 1960s. However, some rear echelon logistic units were still equipped with m/1896 as late as 1983. The last unit to use m/1941(B) sniper rifles were the "Hemvärnet" (Home Guard) that replaced their m/1941(B) sniper rifles in 1995 by Ak 4OR rifles with Hensoldt 4×24 telescopic sights. The m/1894 carbine is still used for ceremonial and guard purposes by the Royal Guards.
Civilian use.
Both the m/1896 and m/1938 rifles are highly sought after by military rifle shooters and hunters. The 6.5×55mm is an ideal all-round hunting rifle cartridge, as it has a flat trajectory, low recoil, and high accuracy. Many rifles in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States and South Africa have been sporterized to make deer (or similar game) hunting rifles, and many firearms manufacturers, including SAKO, Ruger and Winchester, produce new hunting rifles chambered in this cartridge.
Civilian rifles built on the Swedish Mauser action.
When surplus Swedish Mausers became available after World War II many m/1896 and m/1938 rifles were successfully converted by Carl Gustafs and Norma into the CG 63 Competition/Target Rifle chambered in 6.5×55mm and 7.62×51mm NATO. A number of CG 63 match rifles were acquired by the Swedish Army, with their rifles colloquially known as "Gevär 6" if in 6.5×55mm and "Gevär 7" if in 7.62×51mm. These competition/target rifles were used by members of the Swedish Volunteer Sharpshooting Movement "Frivilliga Skytterörelsen" (FSR) and are known to be very accurate for their price. The FSR strived to keep the costs of participating in their shooting events reasonable, so the FSR rulings restricted the unchecked use of very expensive highly specialized target rifles, ammunition and other gear.
The CG 63 rifle was built on a Swedish Mauser receiver, to which a new heavy, non-stepped free-floating target barrel was fitted. The vertical thumb piece was removed from the bolt to improve lock time. The triggers were adjusted and smoothed to match quality and the rifles got diopter and globe sighting lines (from several Swedish manufacturers) and target stocks.
The CG 63 was further developed into the CG 73 / CG 74, also called m/74, and finally the CG 80 competition/target rifle. The CG competition/target rifles complied and evolved with the technical and dimensional FSR rulings then imposed for FSR shooting events. Starting at the end of the 20th century the FSR allowed the use of competition/target rifles that are not based on the Swedish Mauser receiver.
Husqvarna also made commercial m/1894 and m/1896 versions available as sporting rifles called Model 46 and its variants (Models 46A, 46AN and 46B) in 6.5×55mm, 9.3×57mm and 9.3×62mm. After World War II they used m/96 and m/38 actions without thumb notch to create the Model 640 series (646 in 6.5×55mm, 648 in 8×57mm, 649 in 9.3×62mm). These are not to be confused with the late-production Model 640 using FN Herstal M98 actions. Stiga also made sporterized versions in popular calibers, which are very well finished and balanced.


Combination machine

A combination machine is a woodworking machine that combines the functions of two or more separate machines into a single unit. For example, a combination machine might consist of a tablesaw with a side-mounted jointer. Another common example of this type of machine is the "jointer-thicknesser" (also known as an "over-under") which combines the function of a jointer with that of a planer.
Design.
Some combination machines run all of their functions from a single motor; others may use more than one. Cutter heads are often shared: for example a jointer-thicknesser may use the same cutter head for both functions. The machines rely upon well thought-out designs which allow the user to switch from one function to another easily.
Advantages.
One rationale for the production of these machines is space saving. A combination machine takes up much less space than the equivalent separate machines. Most European machines have a sliding table that tends to make them safer than typical North American table saws. Even though top end combination machines can be quite expensive, there usually is a cost saving over separate machines of similar quality.
Disadvantages.
There are some trade offs with combination machines. Set up time is increased when moving from one function to another and back. In some cases, machine settings are lost during the change over and have to be re-established when changing back. In some lower end machines, there may be compromises in design which limit the function or robustness of the machine. Finally, they represent a single point of failure in that a mechanical problem with the machine will generally mean that none of the machine's functions are available.
These disadvantages are offset by the small size of the machine footprint and potential cost saving and so they are very popular with hobbyists and workshops in which space is limited.
The Shopsmith.
The Shopsmith is a lathe-based multi-tool that uses a single motor to perform lathe, tablesaw, sanding, and drill press functions. Variations include horizontal boring and disc sander.
The original Shopsmith 10E and 10ER were invented by Dr. Hans Goldschmidt of Albany, CA, in 1947; made by the Magna America Corporation in Berkeley, CA, from 1947 to 1953; and sold by Montgomery Ward. The Mark 5 debuted in 1953 but went out of production in 1964. The earliest 10E/10ER Shopsmith machines could be accompanied by optional add-ons such as a jointer, a jig saw, as well as smaller accessories allowing use as a shaper. A bandsaw was introduced in 1957 for the Mark series of machines. Magna also made the Sawsmith radial arm saw, the Mark 2 (1958-60) and the short-lived Mark VII, all compatible with the Mark V accessories. The Shopsmith Mark V was resurrected by Shopsmith Inc. in 1972 in Dayton, OH, by John Folkerth, founder and first chairman of the company.
As of 2014 the machines were manufactured by RLF Brands, successor to Shopsmith Inc..
RLF Brands continues to manufacture and market a variety of add-on tools that can be run by the headstock. These tools include a bandsaw (little changed from the original 1957 version), wood shaper, jointer, belt sander, strip sander, scroll saw and thickness planer. Changes from one function to the other is usually less than 90 seconds.
One of the unique features of the Shopsmith is its method of speed control. Rather than multiple pairs of pulleys or an electronic speed control, the Mark V uses a Reeves-type continuously variable transmission consisting of two variable diameter pulleys controlled by a dial and worm gear. (Standard on the Mark V, this system was optionally available on the early 10ER machines.) Not only does this give theoretically infinite speed variation between the maximum and minimum speeds, it is also simple enough to be serviced fairly easily by a hobbyist. The new (as of 2010) Shopsmith Mark 7 uses a computer-controlled motor that offers more power, greater speed range, reversibility and easy conversion to 220 V.
An injury suffered by the user of a Shopsmith gave the Supreme Court of California the opportunity to create the modern rule of strict liability for defective products in 1963.
European Combination Machine.
Several companies in Austria, Italy, France and Belgium manufacture what is commonly known in North America as a Euro(pean) combination machine, which typically contains a sliding-table saw with a scoring blade, a shaper, a thicknesser, a jointer, and a mortiser. These machines generally have 3 motors, one for the table saw, one for the shaper, and one shared by the thickness planer/jointer and mortiser.
European combination machines are geared for the serious hobbyist or professional woodworker or cabinet maker. They are constructed of cast iron and heavy gauge steel, weigh from 1000 to 2000 lbs., and range in price from around $5,000 to over $30,000 (2010, U.S. dollars).
Manufacturers include Felder (Felder and Hammer brands), Kitty, Knapp, Lurem, Mini-Max, Robland, Rojek, Veba and others. Rojek and Robland manufacture entry level models, Hammer, Lurem, MiniMax and Veba mid-range models, Felder and Knapp high-end models. Robland purchased Knapp from the Metabo group in 2000.
The European combination machine allows efficient processing of both rough-cut timber and sheet stock (i.e. plywood). The sliding table can work in conjunction with either the table saw or the shaper. Outfitted with an 8-foot sliding table and outrigger, a single person can cut 4'x8' plywood very accurately and efficiently. Changing between most functions takes only a few seconds.
The sliding table allows a straight edge to be cut on rough lumber, without the use of a fence. It also allows a cut to be made accurately at any angle across a sheet of plywood in just seconds - something that cannot be done nearly as easily, if at all, on a table saw. Used in conjunction with the shaper, the sliding table allows molding, door panels, rails and stiles, to be milled quickly and more accurately than a stand-alone shaper.


Michel Wachenheim

Michel Wachenheim (born 16 January 1951 at Saint-Maur-des-Fossés) is a French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Biography.
Graduate from "École polytechnique" (promotion 1972) and "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (promotion 1975), Michel Wachenheim starts his career in 1977 at the air traffic department before moving to "Aéroports de Paris" (Paris airports) as air operations manager (1979) and then as French airports development manager (1983). In 1986, he is technical director of the French air transport institute before becoming in 1993 economical manager for the Direction générale de l'aviation civile. In 1995, he became technical manager for the air transport Secretary of State. In July 1997, he came back to ADP as Adviser and then Chief of staff for the President.
In July 2002, he became head of the Directorate General for Civil Aviation. He left this job in 2006 to be vice-president of Eurocontrol during one year, member of board of directors of Air France, ADP, Safran and SOGEPA.
In 2007, he became Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Transport Dominique Bussereau. On 1 September 2009, he became French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Michel Wachenheim is married, has three children and is "Officier de la Légion d'honneur". The 2009-2010 promotion of the "institut de formation universitaire et de recherche du transport aérien" (research and training air transport institute) bears his name.


WTS .50

WTS .50 BMG is a bolt action, .50 caliber pistol manufactured by WTS Waffentechnik in Suhl GmbH, a German firearm manufacturer. The gun is equipped with a grip safety and a muzzle brake featuring two chambers. The trigger is multi-stage and adjustable.


Mouse bungee

A mouse bungee is a device that secures the wire of a computer mouse, preventing the cable from tangling and providing full freedom of movement. It can be made out of plastic, metal, and silicon fabricated tools. In 1994 they were mostly used in offices, but their popularity rose within the gaming industry, and they are mostly marketed to esports players
Functionality.
The mouse bungee consists of a wide, stable base plate with non-slip bottom and a crane-like, oblique, sprung clamp for the cable, which rises about 10 cm high. In plastic frames a stabilisation weight is incorporated, which ensures the necessary weight. Ideally, it is in front of the Mouse and the cable length is manually set so that the entire mouse pad can be easily reached with the mouse, but does not create unnecessary loops in the cable. The back of the cable remains still on the table without causing an annoyance. Some of the models also feature a USB hub, which asks for an additional input cable from the computer, but offers several output options, like USB 2.0 and USB 3.0.
History.
Although DIY cord holders were popular since the introduction of corded computer mice, the first dedicated product came from the company Mouse Bungee, represented by the CEO Ed Larkin. Back in 1994, he introduced a simple solution which offered a mouse cord holder and a mouse pad. Since the idea didn't flourish within the business world, the company sold the project to Razer Inc back in 2010. Later that year Razer introduced a revised version without a mouse pad, and the product ended up as the current market leader within the field of Gaming Mouse Bungees. At that point the trend was created and other companies started following it. Soon enough all the major manufacturers of computer peripherals joined the market with their solution, and today there are over 20 different products on the market.


KOBO (whale)

KOBO (King of the Blue Ocean) is the skeleton of a juvenile blue whale on display at the New Bedford Whaling Museum in New Bedford, Massachusetts. The whale was accidentally struck and killed by a tanker and brought ashore in Rhode Island in March 1998. It was named by New Bedford sixth-grade student Katie Hallett and put on display in 2000. It shares the gallery with three other whale skeletons: a male humpback, a female North Atlantic right whale who was pregnant at the time of her death, and the right whale's fetus.
Discovery and necropsy.
KOBO was found on March 3, 1998 when the crew of a pilot boat in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island spotted a dead whale draped across the bulbous bow of the tanker "Botany Triumph". The tanker's crew appeared unaware that they had struck a whale, and the tanker reversed thrust in order to remove it from the bow. Several days later, scientists identified it as a juveline male blue whale between 4 and 6 years of age. This was an extremely rare find, as there are only an estimated 500 blue whales in the North Atlantic, and there had not been a recorded stranding of a blue whale on the East Coast since 1891.
After identification, the Coast Guard towed the carcass to Second Beach near Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge in Middletown, Rhode Island. There, a necropsy was performed, and the whale was dissected. Parts of the whale were donated to scientific institutions around the world for research on genetics, toxicology, vision, hearing, respiration, and other subjects. The necropsy found that the whale had a broken jaw and a deep cut on its jaw, as well as bruising around its midsection, but had been relatively healthy prior to its injuries. Researchers concluded that the whale had been first struck by a propeller, possibly belonging to a different ship, and then was killed when the "Botany Triumph" collided with it. The exact location and date of its death is uncertain, but it was estimated that the whale was struck off the southeast coast of Nova Scotia around March 1, 1998 and was stuck on the ship's bow until several days later, when it was discovered in Narragansett Bay.
Skeleton preparation.
After dissection, the National Marine Fisheries Service entrusted the whale to the New Bedford Whaling Museum, which agreed to display the entire skeleton free of charge to the public in its lobby gallery. The carcass was first brought to the New Bedford landfill, where volunteers and scientists removed the flesh from the bones. Sections of carcass were then placed in 22 specially-built cages and submerged for five months in New Bedford harbor so that marine life could clean the bones naturally. Finally, the bones were brought to the museum courtyard for drying and sun-bleaching. The skull and lower jaw alone weighed 1.5 tons and required a special shelter and workshop. It was also discovered that some of the vertebrae were badly damaged in the collision. The museum borrowed sample vertebrae from Harvard University and made fiberglass casts that were then painted to replicate the appearance of the original bones.
Blue whale bones are extremely oily, and while the skeleton was being prepared, the oil caused the bones to turn yellow and smell unpleasant. In order to account for this, the bones were soaked in a biodegradable leather-curing solution. Nevertheless, the skeleton has continued leaking oil, even years after the whale's death. The museum has responded by setting up tubing which collects the oil and deposits it in a beaker, where visitors can view it and learn about whale oil.
Naming.
In 2000, the New Bedford Whaling Museum held a children's essay contest to name the skeleton. They received about 1,200 entries, and the winner was New Bedford sixth-grader Katie Hallet, who chose the name KOBO, short for King of the Blue Ocean. The name was announced on June 5, 2000.
Display.
In July 2000, KOBO was put on display in the New Bedford Whaling Museum's entrance gallery, the Jacobs Family Gallery. It shares the gallery space with three other whale skeletons: a male humpback named Quasimodo, a female North Atlantic right whale named Reyna who was 10 months pregnant at the time of her death, and Reyna's female fetus. The museum uses the skeletons to teach visitors about whale conservation and the history of whaling in the United States.


Brush discharge

A brush discharge is an electrical disruptive discharge similar to a corona discharge that takes place at an electrode with a high voltage applied to it, embedded in a nonconducting fluid, usually air. It is characterized by multiple luminous writhing sparks, plasma streamers composed of ionized air molecules, which repeatedly strike out from the electrode into the air, often with a crackling sound. The streamers spread out in a fan shape, giving it the appearance of a "brush".
Corona and brush discharges are sometimes called "one-electrode discharges" because they occur in the vicinity of a single electrode, and don't extend as far as the electrode carrying opposite polarity voltage in the circuit, as an electric arc (a "two-electrode discharge") does.
Both brush and corona discharges represent regions next to conductors where due to the high voltage the air has ionized and become conductive, allowing current to leak into the air. They occur when the electric field at the conductor exceeds the dielectric strength of the air, the "disruptive potential gradient", roughly 30 kilovolts per centimeter. At that voltage, electrons in the air are accelerated by the electric field to a high enough velocity that they knock other electrons off gas molecules when they hit them, creating ions and additional electrons, which go on to ionize additional molecules in a chain reaction. The electric field is highest at sharp points on the conductor, so discharges tend to form at these points. Because the electric field decreases as the distance from the conductor increases, it eventually drops below the value needed for ionization, so corona and brush discharges have a limited extent and are localized near the conductor.
Occurring in very high voltage equipment like EHV power transmission lines, radio transmitters and their antennas, CRT power supplies, and power supplies for scientific equipment like lasers and particle accelerators, a brush discharge represents a serious failure of electrical insulation, and may be a fire hazard. Like other electric arcs, brush discharges produce ozone gas, which can be noxious to nearby people in an enclosed space and over time can cause embrittlement of some plastics. Tesla coils producing brush discharges and streamer discharges are displayed for entertainment at science fairs and rock concerts.
The ability of an electrical discharge to cause an explosion in flammable atmospheres is measured by the "effective energy" of the discharge. The effective energy of brush discharges is 10-20 mJ, much larger than that of corona discharges 0.1 mJ. Therefore, brush discharges are considered an explosion hazard, while corona discharges are not. Brush discharges can occur from charged insulating plastics (for example polythene) to a conductor.


Cutoff voltage

In electronics, the cut-off voltage is the voltage at which a battery is considered fully discharged, beyond which further discharge could cause harm. Some electronic devices, such as cell phones, will automatically shut down when the cut-off voltage has been reached.
Batteries.
In batteries, the cut-off (final) voltage is the prescribed lower-limit voltage at which battery discharge is considered complete. The cut-off voltage is usually chosen so that the maximum useful capacity of the battery is achieved. The cut-off voltage is different from one battery to the other and it is highly dependent on the type of battery and the kind of service in which the battery is used. When testing the capacity of a NiMH or NiCd battery a cut-off voltage of 1.0 V per cell is normally used, whereas 0.9 V is normally used as the cut-off voltage of an alkaline cell. Devices that have too high cut-off voltages may stop operating while the battery still has significant capacity remaining.
Voltage cut-off in portable electronics.
Some portable equipment does not fully use the low-end voltage spectrum of a battery. The power to the equipment cuts off before a relatively large portion of the battery life has been used.
A high cut-off voltage is more widespread than perhaps assumed. For example, a certain brand of mobile phone that is powered with a single-cell Lithium-ion battery cuts off at 3.3V. The Li‑ion can be discharged to 3V and lower; however, with a discharge to 3.3V (at room temperature), about 92–98% of the capacity is used.
Importantly, particularly in the case of lithium ion batteries which are used in the vast majority of portable electronics today, a voltage cut-off below 3.2V can lead to chemical instability in the cell, with the result being a reduced battery lifetime. For this reason, electronics manufacturers tend to use higher cut-off voltages, removing the need for consumers to buy battery replacements before other failure mechanisms in a device take effect .


Harold F. Smiddy

Harold Francis Smiddy (June 3, 1900 - 8 September 1978) was an American engineer, business manager, and management consultant, known as the 17th president of General Electric, and recipient of the Henry Laurence Gantt Medal in 1957.
Live and work.
Youth, education and early career.
Smiddy was born in 1900 in Southborough, Massachusetts to William Smiddy and Catherine E. (Eagan) Smiddy. After attending Peters High School from 1912 to 1916, he obtained his BSc from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1920.
Smiddy started his career in industry as engineer in training at the engineer in training Public Service Electrical Company in Newark. New Jersey, now part of PSE&G, in the year 1920-21. In 1921 he joined the West Penn Power Corporation in Pittsburgh, now part of FirstEnergy [where in the next nine years he climbed up from service engineer, assistant distribution engineer, assistant to the commercial manager and assistant to the r.p., to operating manager.
In 1930 Smiddy joined the Electric Bond and Share Company in New York, a holding company that sold securities of electric utilities created by General Electric in 1905. Here he was vice president of the operating department for a year, assistant to the executive for two years, and head of the commercial department for another two years. After the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 the company was restructured to the Ebasco Services, Inc., and he served another two years as head of its sales department.
Further career.
In 1937 Smiddy joined the Central Region corporation, where he was operation sponsor for three years, chief operating sponsor for a year, and head of the operation department and director for another year. In 1943 he joined Booz, Allen & Hamilton, where he started as consulting engineer, and was general partner from 1943 to 1948.
In 1948 he joined the president's staff of General Electric (GE) in New York, and was general manager at GE's chemical department in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. From 1948 to 1951 he was general manager at GE's air conditioning department in Bloomfield, New York. He eventually became Vice-President and then the 17th president of General Electric Company.
In 1957 the American Management Association and the ASME awarded Smiddy the annual Henry Laurence Gantt Medal. In 1958 he received the Wallace Clark Award, and in 1961 he was awarded an honorary LL.D. from Ithaca College. In 1962 he was elected President of the Academy of Management.


Fred McBagonluri

Fred McBagonluri (born 18 August 1970) is a Ghanaian engineer, inventor, novelist, educator and thought leader, who is currently Provost and President at Academic City College. He was previously the founding Dean at the Faculty of Engineering at Ashesi University College. He was also the founding Executive Director of the Ghana Climate Innovation Center, a new cleantech incubator backed by the World Bank. Prior to his role at Ashesi University College, Prof. McBagonluri lived and worked in the United States. He was the Vice President of the New Product Development Joerns Healthcare in Arlington, Texas. He has held various roles in engineering, strategy, marketing, and research, and has worked with numerous Institutions in the US, including Princeton University, where he was a visiting research associate, working for Prof. Wole Soboyejo (distinguished Dean of Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA), Siemens Healthcare, and Becton and Dickinson and Co.
He holds a Bachelor of Science degree (Summa Cum Laude) in Manufacturing Engineering from Central State University, with a minor in Applied Math, a Master of Science in Engineering Science and Mechanics from Virginia Tech and a Doctorate in Materials Engineering from the University of Dayton. He also holds a Masters of business administration degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
McBagonluri was the Black Engineer of the year's most promising scientist in 2008 and was the 2009 finalist of the NASA Astronaut Candidate Corps (ASCAN). In 2008, he won the New Jersey State Healthcare Business (NJBiz) Innovator Hero Award. He made incredible contributions to the development of Computer Aided Process Architecture and automation.
As a former director of R&D, McBagonluri made contributions in the areas of computer-aided design, artificial intelligence, 3D data processing and advanced hearing systems. McBagonluri has over forty patents and patents application in his name. He has authored nine books including three novels. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, and an MIT Alfred P. Sloan Fellow.
Early life and education.
Fred McBagonluri was born on 18 August 1970, at La Bawaleshie, East Legon in Ghana. He was the second of three sons born to David Mac-Bagonluri and Patience Mensah, and raised by his grandmother who never had any formal education. McBagonluri began his primary school at the University Staff Village, near University Hospital, Legon. He later attended St. Louis Preparatory near Wa. He proceeded to Nandom Senior High School (formerly Nandom Secondary school) where he obtained distinction at the Ordinary Level Certificate Examination (O level). He later went to St. Augustine's College in the central region of Ghana for his advanced level education but shortly proceeded to Central State University, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (summa cum laude) in Manufacturing Engineering. He obtained Masters in Engineering Mechanics from Virginia Tech. He holds an MBA from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. from the University of Dayton, where he studied Material Engineering. He has also successfully completed the Advanced Management Course and Mentoring Programs at Siemens and Advanced Leadership Development Program from BD University.
Work.
McBagonluri is currently the President and Provost at Academic City College. Prior to his current role, McBagonluri lived and worked in the United States of America. He was the Vice President of the New Product Development at Joerns Healthcare in Arlington, Texas. He was the Worldwide Director of R&D/Hypodermic Injection Systems ($700–800M) and subsequently Director of Market Development at Becton Dickinson and Co (BD Medical), a Fortune 500 Company located in Franklin Lakes, NJ. McBagonluri has held various roles in Engineering, Strategy, Marketing, and Research, and has worked with numerous Institutions in the US, including Princeton University and Siemens HealthCare.
McBagonluri is not only a Scientist but a writer, a poet, and a novelist. He has many poems and has written about nine books including more than three novels. His most recent books have been: "Harvest of Jenes", "Ultimate Surrender", "When Tears Stand Still", "A women to Marry", and "Dusk Recitals". He also writes in technical journals, conference proceedings, and book chapters.
Achievements.
McBagonluri won 2008 Black Engineering of the year's Most promising scientist. He was a finalist of the 2009 NASA astronauts Candidate Corps, a feat which nearly saw him land into space as the first African. He won the New Jersey State Healthcare Business (NJBiz) Innovator Hero Award in 2008. His incredible contributions to the development of Computer Aided Process Architecture and automation as the former director of R&D made an impact on the company's over 40 U.S./European/World patents and patent applications in the areas of Computer aided design, artificial intelligence, 3D processing and advanced hearing systems.
He is Co-Inventor on 22 issued US Patents. His massive contribution to engineering was recognized throughout the United States of America. McBagonluri has over forty patents and patents application in his name. He is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, and an MIT Alfred P. Sloan Fellow.


Theoretical strength of a solid

The theoretical strength of a solid is the maximum possible stress a perfect solid can withstand. It is often much higher than what current real materials can achieve. The lowered fracture stress is due to defects, such as interior or surface cracks. One of the goals for the study of mechanical properties of materials is to design and fabricate materials exhibiting strength close to the theoretical limit.
Definition.
When a solid is in tension, its atomic bonds stretch, elastically. Once a critical strain is reached, all the atomic bonds on the fracture plane rupture and the material fails mechanically. The stress at which the solid fractures is the theoretical strength, often denoted as formula_1. After fracture, the stretched atomic bonds return to their initial state, except that two surfaces have formed.
The theoretical strength is often approximated as:
where
Derivation.
The stress-displacement, or formula_4 vs x, relationship during fracture can be approximated by a sine curve, formula_5, up to formula_6/4. The initial slope of the formula_4 vs x curve can be related to Young's modulus through the following relationship:
where
The strain formula_10 can be related to the displacement x by formula_12, and formula_13 is the equilibrium inter-atomic spacing. The strain derivative is therefore given by
formula_14
The relationship of initial slope of the formula_4 vs x curve with Young's modulus thus becomes
The sinusoidal relationship of stress and displacement gives a derivative:
By setting the two formula_18 together, the theoretical strength becomes:
The theoretical strength can also be approximated using the fracture work per unit area, which result in slightly different numbers. However, the above derivation and final approximation is a commonly used metric for evaluating the advantages of a material's mechanical properties.


Saxophone tone hole

Saxophone tone holes are tone holes that exist in the body and bell of a saxophone. They are strategically placed in order to achieve a variety of notes while holding the best possible intonation.
Varieties.
There are two varieties of tone holes, straight and rolled. Straight tone holes are much more prevalent, but rolled tone holes are favored by some saxophonists as they supposedly produce a different timbre of sound. An American company based in Elkhart, Indiana named "Martin" manufactured saxophones with straight toneholes that were tapered, i.e. the circumference of the tone-hole chimneys was smaller at the point of contact with the leather pads than where they were soldered to the main body of the instrument.
Instruments with rolled toneholes have been manufactured by companies including Conn (between 1921 and 1947), Keilwerth, Kohlert and SML (Strasser-Marigaux-Lemaire). As of 2010, there are only two companies manufacturing rolled tone hole saxophones: Keilwerth and P. Mauriat. They each have their own ways of making their rolled tone holes. P. Mauriat’s tone holes are formed from the saxophone’s existing material. In other words, they are rolled from the instruments original tone hole. Keilwerth uses a rolled cap that is soldered onto the saxophone’s straight tone hole. Each process affects the sound differently.
Conn Res-o-Pads.
During the 1920s, C.G. Conn developed a special type of saxophone pad specifically designed for use on saxophones with rolled toneholes called Conn "Res-o-Pads". These have an internal metal reinforcing ring which is hidden under the leather covering around the circumference of the pad. Their most notable feature is that the diameter of the pad extends over the rim of the key-cup, thereby giving a slightly wider surface area for the rolled tone-hole to seal onto. Rim impressions from Res-o-Pads are minimal.
Unlike standard pads, Res-o-Pads cannot be "floated" into key-cups, as they are sized in 1/32nd-of-an-inch steps (unlike standard saxophone pads which come in 0.5 mm size steps) which may not always correspond closely to key-cup diameters. Though designed to fix into key-cups purely by friction, most saxophone repairers glue them in place using shellac or hot melt adhesive.
Newly produced Conn Res-o-Pads are still available from specialist suppliers, and are favored by some saxophone collectors because they give a fully authentic look and feel to vintage saxophones with rolled toneholes. It is possible, however, to fit standard pads to any saxophone with rolled toneholes (and many people do) without any noticeable disadvantage regarding the quality of sound produced.


List of haunted attractions

This is a list of haunted attractions, which are live entertainment venues that simulate the experience of visiting haunted locations or storylines typical of horror fiction.