OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver

The OTs-38 Stechkin is a 5-shot, double-action revolver, in production and service since 2002, chambered in the silent 7.62×41mm SP-4 cartridge.
Design.
The effective range of fire for the OTs-38 Stechkin is 50 m. The fired cases are kept in the cylinder, thus ensuring the absence of sound of ejected cases. The cartridge employs a captive piston, creating a gas seal so there is no flash or loud report upon discharge.
As the cartridge is rimless, the cylinder is fed via full moon clips. The SP-4 cartridges emit no report or flame because the propellant gases are retained in the case. The OTs-38 revolver is claimed to be effectively silent as the sound level of the live and dry firing is practically identical.
S&W QSPR.
This system is virtually identical to that employed by the Quiet Special Purpose Revolver (QSPR) a variant of the commercially available Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44 Magnum revolvers, rebuilt to fire specially manufactured dedicated integrally silenced ammunition:
Early prototypes had very short smooth-bore barrels with 0.40 inch (10mm) bore and matching chambers but later versions have longer barrels of up to four inches (100mm). QSPR ammunition (which pioneered the captive piston propellant gas containment system) ejected fifteen tungsten balls from the special cartridges, weighing 7.5 grain (0.5 grams) each, exiting at a muzzle velocity of around 730 fps (222ms) for a muzzle energy of roughly 135 ft-lbs (185J).
This load was tailored to wound at up to 100 ft (30m), and have a practical, and potentially fatal, effect at ranges below 30 ft (10m), deemed sufficient for the QSPR's intended and narrow application: clearing the confined and dimly-lit to pitch-black tunnels encountered by "tunnel rats" during the Vietnam War. No sights were fitted.
The acoustic signature of QSPR rounds was around 110 dB (similar to a traditionally silenced .22LR pistol), the captive piston totally eliminated muzzle flash (vital when most engagements occurred in near or total darkness). While effective, only 250 QSPRs were manufactured; production was discontinued after the US withdrawal from Vietnam.
OTs-38.
In contrast to its virtually stock predecessor the later OTs-38 is innovative to a degree unusual even in special purpose weapons:
The OTs-38 is fitted with an integral laser sight located above the cylinder axis (where a conventional revolver has its barrel) powered by three D-0.03D batteries.


New Zealand torpedo

Tetronarce fairchildi, commonly known as the New Zealand torpedo, is a species of electric ray of the family Torpedinidae found only around New Zealand, at depths of between 5 and 1,100 m. This species is placed in the genus "Tetronarce".
In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the "T. fairchildi" as "Data Deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.


Episode (music)


Jean-Baptiste Djebbari

Jean-Baptiste Djebbari (or Djebbari-Bonnet, born 26 February 1982) is a French aircraft pilot and politician of La République En Marche! (LREM) who has been serving as Secretary of State for Transport in the governments of successive Prime Ministers Édouard Philippe and Jean Castex since 2019. From 2017 until 2019, he was a member of the French National Assembly, representing the department of Haute-Vienne.
Early life and education.
Djebbari was born in Melun, son of a father of Kabyle origin and a housewife. He graduated from the École nationale de l'aviation civile in 2005, Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile training course.
Political career.
In parliament, Djebbari served as the LREM group's coordinator on the Committee on Sustainable Development and Regional Planning from 2017 until 2019. In this capacity, he was the rapporteur on a 2018 bill on the reform of the SNCF. From January until September 2019, he later served as one of his parliamentary group's spokespersons under the leadership of its chairman Gilles Le Gendre.
In September 2019, Djebbari joined the government of Prime Minister Édouard Philippe and was appointed Secretary of State for Transport in the Ministry of Ecology, led by Élisabeth Borne. Early in his tenure, he led unsuccessful efforts to rescue French airline Aigle Azur until a commercial court rejected financial rescue offers.
Within his LREM party, Djebarri was in charge of advising chairman Stanislas Guerini on campaign financing ahead of the 2022 French presidential election.
Political positions.
In July 2019, Djebarri voted in favor of the French ratification of the European Union’s Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with Canada.
Following the murder of Samuel Paty in 2020, Djebarri said he was "largely in favor" of using artificial intelligence to fight terrorism on public transport networks if individuals' privacy rights were respected.


Equivalent series resistance

Practical capacitors and inductors as used in electric circuits are not ideal components with only capacitance or inductance. However, they can be treated, to a very good degree of approximation, as being ideal capacitors and inductors in series with a resistance; this resistance is defined as the equivalent series resistance (ESR). If not otherwise specified, the ESR is always an AC resistance, which means it is measured at specified frequencies, 100 kHz for switched-mode power supply components, 120 Hz for linear power-supply components, and at its self-resonant frequency for general-application components. Additionally, audio components may report a "Q factor", incorporating ESR among other things, at 1000 Hz.
Overview.
Electrical circuit theory deals with ideal resistors, capacitors and inductors, each assumed to contribute only resistance, capacitance or inductance to the circuit. However, all components have a non-zero value of each of these parameters. In particular, all physical devices are constructed of materials with finite electrical resistance, so that physical components have some resistance in addition to their other properties. The physical origins of ESR depend on the device in question.
One way to deal with these inherent resistances in circuit analysis is to use a lumped element model to express each physical component as a combination of an ideal component and a small resistor in series, the ESR. The ESR can be measured and included in a component's datasheet. To some extent it can be calculated from the device properties.
Q factor, which is related to ESR and is sometimes a more convenient parameter than ESR to use in calculations of high-frequency non-ideal performance of real inductors, is quoted in inductor data sheets.
Capacitors, inductors, and resistors are usually designed to minimise other parameters. In many cases this can be done to a sufficient extent that "parasitic" capacitance and inductance of a resistor, for example, are so small as not to affect circuit operation. However, under some circumstances parasitics become important and even dominant.
Component models.
Pure capacitors and inductors do not dissipate energy; any component which dissipates energy must be treated in an equivalent circuit model incorporating one or more resistors. Actual passive two-terminal components can be represented by some network of lumped and distributed ideal inductors, capacitors, and resistors, in the sense that the real component behaves as the network does. Some of the components of the equivalent circuit can vary with conditions, e.g., frequency and temperature.
If driven by a periodic sinewave (alternating current) the component will be characterised by its complex impedance "Z"(ω) = "R" + "j" "X"(ω); the impedance can involve several minor resistances, inductances and capacitances in addition to the main property. These small deviations from the ideal behavior of the device can become significant under certain conditions, typically high frequency, where the reactance of small capacitances and inductances can become a significant element of circuit operation. Models of lesser or greater complexity can be used, depending upon the accuracy required. For many purposes, a simple model with an inductance or capacitance in series with an ESR is good enough.
These models, however simple or complex, can be inserted into a circuit to calculate performance. Computer tools are available for complex circuits; e.g., the SPICE program and its variants.
Inductors.
An inductor consists of a conducting insulated wire coil usually wound around a ferromagnetic core. Inductors have resistance inherent in the metal conductor, quoted as DCR in datasheets. This metallic resistance is small for small inductance values (typically below 1Ω). The DC wire resistance is an important parameter in transformer and general inductor design because it contributes to the impedance of the component, and current flowing through that resistance is dissipated as waste heat, and energy is lost from the circuit. It can be modeled as a resistor in series with the inductor, often leading to the DC resistance being referred to as the ESR. Though this is not precisely correct usage, the unimportant elements of ESR are often neglected in circuit discussion, since it is rare that all elements of ESR are significant to a particular application.
An inductor using a core to increase inductance will have losses such as hysteresis and eddy current in the core. At high frequencies there are also losses in the windings due to proximity and skin effects. These are in addition to wire resistance, and lead to a higher ESR.
Capacitors.
In a non-electrolytic capacitor and electrolytic capacitors with solid electrolyte, the metallic resistance of the leads and electrodes and losses in the dielectric cause the ESR. Typically quoted values of ESR for ceramic capacitors are between 0.01 and 0.1 ohms. ESR of non-electrolytic capacitors tends to be fairly stable over time; for most purposes real non-electrolytic capacitors can be treated as ideal components.
Aluminium and tantalum electrolytic capacitors with non solid electrolyte have much higher ESR values, up to several ohms; electrolytics of higher capacitance have lower ESR. ESR decreases with frequency up to the capacitor's self-resonant frequency. A very serious problem, particularly with aluminium electrolytics, is that ESR increases over time with use; ESR can increase enough to cause circuit malfunction and even component damage, although measured capacitance may remain within tolerance. While this happens with normal aging, high temperatures and large ripple current exacerbate the problem. In a circuit with significant ripple current, an increase in ESR will increase heat accumulation, thus accelerating aging.
Electrolytic capacitors rated for high-temperature operation and of higher quality than basic consumer-grade parts are less susceptible to become prematurely unusable due to ESR increase. A cheap electrolytic capacitor may be rated for a life of less than 1000 hours at 85 °C. (A year is 8760 hours.) Higher-grade parts are typically rated at a few thousand hours at maximum rated temperature, as can be seen from manufacturers' datasheets. If ESR is critical, specification of a part with higher temperature rating, "low ESR" or larger capacitance than is otherwise required may be advantageous. There is no standard for "low ESR" capacitor rating.
Polymer capacitors usually have lower ESR than wet-electrolytic of same value, and stable under varying temperature. Therefore, polymer capacitors can handle higher ripple current. From about 2007 it became common for better-quality computer motherboards to use only polymer capacitors where wet electrolytics had been used previously.
The ESR of capacitors larger than about 1 μF is easily measured in-circuit with an ESR meter.


Electron avalanche

An electron avalanche is a process in which a number of free electrons in a transmission medium are subjected to strong acceleration by an electric field and subsequently collide with other atoms of the medium, thereby ionizing them (impact ionization). This releases additional electrons which accelerate and collide with further atoms, releasing more electrons—a chain reaction. In a gas, this causes the affected region to become an electrically conductive plasma.
The avalanche effect was discovered by John Sealy Townsend in his work between 1897 and 1901, and is also known as the Townsend discharge.
Electron avalanches are essential to the dielectric breakdown process within gases. The process can culminate in corona discharges, streamers, leaders, or in a spark or continuous arc that completely bridges the gap between the electrical conductors that are applying the voltage. The process extends to huge sparks — streamers in lightning discharges propagate by formation of electron avalanches created in the high potential gradient ahead of the streamers' advancing tips. Once begun, avalanches are often intensified by the creation of photoelectrons as a result of ultraviolet radiation emitted by the excited medium's atoms in the aft-tip region.
The process can also be used to detect ionizing radiation by using the "gas multiplication effect" of the avalanche process. This is the ionisation mechanism of the Geiger–Müller tube and, to a limited extent, of the proportional counter and is also used in spark chambers and other wire chambers.
Analysis.
A plasma begins with a rare natural 'background' ionization event of a neutral air molecule, perhaps as the result of photoexcitation or background radiation. If this event occurs within an area that has a high potential gradient, the positively charged ion will be strongly attracted toward, or repelled away from, an electrode depending on its polarity, whereas the electron will be accelerated in the opposite direction. Because of the huge mass difference, electrons are accelerated to a much higher velocity than ions.
High-velocity electrons often collide with neutral atoms inelastically, sometimes ionizing them. In a chain-reaction — or an 'electron avalanche' — additional electrons recently separated from their positive ions by the strong potential gradient, cause a large cloud of electrons and positive ions to be momentarily generated by just a single initial electron. However, free electrons are easily "captured" by neutral oxygen or water vapor molecules (so-called electronegative gases), forming negative ions. In air at STP, free electrons exist for only about 11 nanoseconds before being captured. Captured electrons are effectively removed from play — they can no longer contribute to the avalanche process. If electrons are being created at a rate greater than they are being lost to capture, their number rapidly multiplies, a process characterized by exponential growth. The degree of multiplication that this process can provide is huge, up to several million-fold depending on the situation. The multiplication factor "M" is given by
formula_1
Where "X"1 and "X"2 are the positions that the multiplication is being measured between, and α is the ionization constant. In other words, one free electron at position "X"1 will result in "M" free electrons at position "X"2. Substituting the voltage gradients into this equation results in
formula_2
Where "V" is the applied voltage, "V"BR is the breakdown voltage and "n" is an empirically derived value between 2 and 6. As can be seen from this formula, the multiplication factor is very highly dependent on the applied voltage, and as the voltage nears the breakdown voltage of the material, the multiplication factor approaches infinity and the limiting factor becomes the availability of charge carriers.
Avalanche sustenance requires a reservoir of charge to sustain the applied voltage, as well as a continual source of triggering events. A number of mechanisms can sustain this process, creating avalanche after avalanche, to create a corona current. A secondary source of plasma electrons is required as the electrons are always accelerated by the field in one direction, meaning that avalanches always proceed linearly toward or away from an electrode. The dominant mechanism for the creation of secondary electrons depends on the polarity of a plasma. In each case, the energy emitted as photons by the initial avalanche is used to ionise a nearby gas molecule creating another accelerable electron. What differs is the source of this electron. When one or more electron avalanches occur between two electrodes of sufficient size, complete avalanche breakdown can occur, culminating in an electrical spark that bridges the gap.


Ruger Single-Six

The Ruger Single-Six is a single-action rimfire revolver produced by Sturm, Ruger & Co. The Single-Six was first released in June 1953.
The Single-Six is currently produced as the New Model Single-Six. The term "New Model" simply means that this model includes Ruger's transfer bar mechanism for increased safety, allowing one to carry the revolver safely with all six chambers loaded. Prior to 1973, the Single-Six was produced without the transfer bar mechanism, making it less safe to carry with all six chambers loaded, and with the hammer resting on a loaded chamber. The transfer bar safety allows the revolver to fire only when the trigger has been pulled. Ruger provides the transfer bar safety upgrade free of charge for owners of any old model Single-Six, though this may come with a significant trigger-feel penalty.
Specifications.
The New Model Single-Six is currently chambered in .22 LR, .22 WMR (.22 Magnum), and .17 HMR (initially offered with a second cylinder in .17 HM2). Barrel lengths include 4⅝, 5½, 6½, 7½, and 9½ inches, available in both blued and stainless steel.
Ruger manufactures several "convertible" models that ship with both a .22 LR cylinder and .22 WMR cylinder, allowing the use of both cartridges. The .22 Short and .22 Long cartridges can also be fired in the Long Rifle cylinder. For those models that ship with both cylinders, the last 3 digits of the serial number are engraved on the front of the cylinder; only cylinders that have been properly timed should be used with any given revolver. The term Super Single-Six refers to those models which have fully adjustable target sights.
In 2011 Ruger introduced the Single-Ten and in 2012 they introduced the Single-Nine. Both of these revolvers are stainless steel variants of the Single-Six design with fiber optic sights. The Single-Ten is chambered in .22 Long Rifle, with ten chambers and a 5.5 inch barrel, whereas the Single-Nine is chambered in .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire (.22 WMR), with nine chambers and a barrel length of 6.5 inches.
.32 centerfire models.
From 1984 to 1997 Ruger chambered the New Model Single-Six in .32 H&R Magnum (which allows the use of .32 S&W and .32 S&W Long cartridges). Ruger reintroduced this caliber option in 2002, and in September 2014 released the Single-Seven in .327 Federal Magnum as well, in a seven-shot stainless steel variant, with barrel lengths of 4.62 inches, 5.5 inches, and 7.5 inches.
External links.
[[Category:Ruger revolvers]]
[[Category:Single-action revolvers]]
[[Category:.22 LR revolvers]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1953]]


420th Flight Test Flight

The 420th Flight Test Flight is an inactive United States Air Force Reserve squadron. It was last assigned to the 413th Flight Test Group of Air Force Reserve Command at Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport, Arizona, where it was inactivated on 31 October 2007.
The squadron was first activated as the 420th Night Fighter Squadron, one of the first dedicated night fighter operational training squadrons of the Air Force. It trained replacement night fighter pilots who were then deployed overseas into combat until its inactivation in March 1944 due to a re-alignment of training unit designations.
It was reactivated as the 420th Air Refueling Squadron under Tactical Air Command in 1954 and moved to England, where it served under the United States Air Forces Europe. It was inactivated when Strategic Air Command assumed the role of single manager for USAF air refueling. In 1985 the night fighter and refueling squadrons were consolidated into a single unit.
The 6520th Test Squadron was organized in 1989 by Air Force Systems Command. In 1992, as the USAF eliminated Major Command controlled (MAJCON) units, the 6520th was consolidated with the 420th and re-designated as the 420th Flight Test Squadron. The squadron was inactivated as an active-duty unit in 1997, but was activated four years later in the Air Force Reserve Command as the 420th Flight Test Flight.
History.
World War II.
The squadron was activated on 1 June 1943 at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida as the third night fighter training squadron of the 481st Night Fighter Operational Training Group (481 NFOTG). Its mission was to be a Replacement Training Unit (RTU) for Night Fighter pilots. It accepted Army Air Forces Training Command's twin-engine flying training and B–25 transition school graduates and trained them as night fighter pilots.
The initial squadron personnel were veteran pilots of the 481 NFOTG, with some being transferred from the group's 348th and 349th Night Fighter Squadrons which performed Operational Training of new squadrons. It was initially equipped with Douglas DB-7s and Douglas P-70s.
As 1943 progressed additional aircraft and equipment arrived and the program expanded. In September, the first American-built dedicated night fighter began to arrive, the Northrup YP-61 Black Widow and a few production P-61As. In January 1944 the entire program moved to Hammer Field, California and was placed under IV Fighter Command. The move placed the squadron near Northrop manufacturing facility at Hawthorne, California and most programmed P-61 squadrons were planned for operations in the Pacific and China Burma India Theaters.
In March 1944 the 420th was disbanded when the AAF found that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization were proving less well adapted to the training mission. Accordingly, a more functional system was adopted in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit during a reorganization of units in the United States. The squadron's personnel and equipment were transferred to Squadron C of the 450th Army Air Forces Base Unit (Night Fighter Replacement Training Unit).
Air refueling.
The 420th Air Refueling Squadron was activated in 1954 by Tactical Air Command to provide dedicated air refueling for TAC bombers, fighters, and fighter bombers. The 420th was activated at Alexandria Air Force Base, Louisiana and was the first TAC air refueling squadron. The squadron received KB-29Ps fitted with the refueling boom.
In 1955 the unit deployed to United States Air Forces in Europe and was based at RAF Sculthorpe, Norfolk, England to provide air refueling for USAFE squadrons. However, the KB-29s were simply too slow to refuel jet fighters. The increasing performance of operational fighters made it necessary to boost the performance of the tankers, and this was done by re-equipping with the KB-50 Superfortress starting in December 1956 which provided greater speed to refuel jet aircraft. The squadron received its first KB-50J in 1958. This model added a J-47 turbojet engine underneath each wing in place of the auxiliary fuel tanks to increase the speed of the aircraft. The KB-29P was phased out in 1959.
Unfortunately, the elderly KB-50Js began to deteriorate almost as soon as they were delivered, and due to a chronic parts shortage TAC was forced to resort to cannibalization to keep the retrofitted tanker aircraft flying. Landing gear malfunctions were frequent, and many parts started to break simply because of old age. More and more maintenance had to be performed in order to keep the aircraft flying.
With the 47th Bombardment Wing's inactivation the 420th ARS at Sculthorpe was assigned to the 7375th Combat Support Group, a temporary unit at Sculthorpe after its turnover to the Air Ministry. On 1 September 1963 it was reassigned directly to Third Air Force.
By 1963 the squadron's aircraft began to be phased out, the mission being taken over primarily by Air National Guard Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers. rotating to Europe under Operation Creek Party. The squadron inactivated in early 1964 and its KB-50Js were sent to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base. Arizona.
B-2 Spirit Flight Testing.
Air Force Systems Command activated the 6520th Test Squadron in March 1989 at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Its mission was the pre-operational testing of the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber. The B-2 was first revealed to the public on 22 November 1988, when AV-1 (82-1066 "Spirit of America") was unveiled at Air Force Plant 42 near Palmdale, California. At this time the aircraft was still not ready for its first flight. Taxi tests began on 10 July 1989. The B-2 finally made its first flight on 17 July 1989 from Palmdale. The flight lasted 112 minutes and ended with a landing at Edwards and delivery to the 6520th.
After carrying out initial tests, AV-1 was used for radar cross section tests. In early 1993, AV-1 was placed in long term storage to await upgrading to full service configuration prior to joining the operational fleet. The second test aircraft (AV-2, 82–1067 "Spirit of Arizona") flew for the first time on 19 October 1990 from Palmdale, landing at Edwards AFB. It was heavily instrumented and served as the loads test aircraft.
AV-3 (82-1068 "Spirit of New York") took to the air for the first time on 18 June 1991. It was the first radar and navigation test aircraft. AV-4 (82-1069 "Spirit of Indiana") followed on 17 April 1992, and AV-5 (82-1070 "Spirit of Ohio") on 5 October 1992. These two planes were used for avionics and weapons testing. The first bomb to be tested with the B-2 was a 2000-lb Mk 84, which was dropped from AV-4 on 12 September 1992. AV-5 was the intended for armament, climactic, and low-observability testing.
On 1 October 1992, the 6520th Test Squadron was consolidated with the 420th Air Refueling Squadron. The next day the consolidated unit was renamed the 420th Test Squadron.
The last development aircraft, AV-6 (82-1071 "Spirit of Mississippi") flew on 2 February 1993. It was used for technical order validation and for further weapons and avionics testing. By January 1995 the six B-2s had logged more than 2300 hours in the air in more than 490 flights. Terrain-following certification flights were undertaken by AV-4 in September 1996. By January 1997, the B-2 had reached limited operational capability and testing at Edwards was phased down. B-2 flight testing was transferred to the 419th Flight Test Squadron and the squadron was inactivated at the end of 1997.
T-38 Talon Flight Testing.
The 420th was reactivated in 2001 at Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport, Arizona (formerly Williams Air Force Base) as the 420th Flight Test Flight. The flight acted as a Northrop T-38 Talon functional check flight organization. The 420th replaced Operating Location E of the 622d Regional Support Group, which originally stood up in May 2000. After the 413th Flight Test Group was created at Robins Air Force Base, Georgia, the flight was reassigned to the group in 2003.
The unit supported Boeing's modification of the T-38C trainer's flight, engine and navigational avionics and the addition of a heads-up display, inertial navigation system, and a flight recorder. The 420th flew depot-level test sorties and acceptance check flights after the upgrades were completed. In addition, pilots brought Talons to Mesa for upgrade and then delivered them to flying units after the work was complete. The squadron was inactivated on 31 October 2007 when the cockpit upgrade program was completed.
B-21 Raider Flight Testing.
In September 2019 it was reported that the squadron would be reactivated to support flight testing of the Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider, reprising a similar role it performed in the development of the B-2. The squadron was reactivated on 4 October 2019.
Lineage.
420th Night Fighter Squadron
420th Air Refueling Squadron
420th Flight Test Flight


John Stollery

Professor John Leslie Stollery, (21 April 1930 – 28 June 2013) was a British engineer and academic. He was Professor of Aerodynamics at Cranfield University. He served as President of the Royal Aeronautical Society from 1987 to 1988 and Editor-in-Chief of its "The Aeronautical Journal" from 1996 to 2006. He pioneered the 'Gun Tunnel' that is widely used in aerospace engineering.
Early life.
Stollery was born on 21 April 1930 in Sible Hedingham, Essex, England, to Edgar and Emma Stollery. He was educated at East Barnet Grammar School, North London from 1941 to 1948. He sat the School Certificate and the Higher School Certificate. He went on to study aeronautical engineering at Imperial College London. In 1951, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree and stayed to complete a Master in Science (MSc) in 1953.
Career.
In 1952, he joined the Aerodynamics Department at De Havilland. However, he left the company in 1956 to return to academia.
In 1956, he was appointed lecturer in aerodynamics in the Department of Aeronautics at his "alma mater" Imperial College London. He worked with Donald Campbell as a part of the design team on both the Bluebird car and boat projects. There was a need to develop new test facilities as flight speeds increased and so he developed the 'Gun Tunnel'. He was promoted to Reader in Aerodynamics in 1962, in recognition of this important innovation. He was visiting professor at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Buffalo, New York, USA in 1964 and at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio in 1971.
In 1973, he was appointed to a Chair, as Professor of Aerodynamics, at Cranfield Institute of Technology (now Cranfield University). He served as head of the Institute's College of Aeronautics from 1976 to 1986. He served as Dean of the Faculty of Engineering between 1976 and 1979. He was Visiting Professor at the National Aeronautical Laboratory, Bangalore, India in 1977. He was Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the Institute between 1982 and 1985. He was Visiting Professor at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia in 1983. He once more headed the College of Aeronautics from 1992 to 1995. He retired from academia in 1995 and became Professor Emeritus of Cranfield University.
Outside academia, he held positions on government committees and aviation related organisations. He was Chairman of the Defence Technology Board, Ministry of Defence between 1986 and 1989. He was Chairman of the Aviation Committee, Department of Trade and Industry between 1986 and 1994. He was President of the Royal Aeronautical Society from 1987 to 1988. From 1990 to 2000, he was a member of the Airworthiness Requirements Board of the Civil Aviation Authority.
Later life.
Following his retirement from academia, he served as Editor-in-Chief of the Royal Aeronautical Society's "The Aeronautical Journal" from 1996 to 2006.
Stollery died on 28 June 2013, aged 83.
Honours.
In 1972, he was awarded the higher doctorate Doctor of Science (DSc) in recognition of his collective research. In 1992, Stollery was elected Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). In the 1994 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) 'for services to the Aviation Industry'.
In February 2013, his former students, colleagues and friends held a one-day colloquium on "High-Speed Flows" in his honour. Participants came from as far afield as the USA, Japan and Korea.


Charter Arms

Charter Arms Co. is an American manufacturer of revolvers. During its history from 1964 to the present day, Charter Arms has produced revolvers chambered in the following calibers: .22 Long Rifle, .22 Winchester Magnum, .32 Long, .32 H&R Magnum, .327 Federal Magnum, .357 Magnum, .38 Special, 9x19mm Parabellum, .40 Smith & Wesson, .41 Remington Magnum, .44 Special, .45 ACP and .45 Colt. The most famous revolvers manufactured by Charter Arms are the .44 Special Bulldog and .38 Special Bulldog Pug.
History.
Douglas McClenahan, a young gun designer who had previously worked for Colt, High Standard, and Sturm, Ruger founded Charter Arms in 1964 to produce handguns. His first pistol was a five-shot revolver called "The Undercover" chambered for .38 Special. McClenahan's innovation was to avoid using the side plate designs manufactured by other revolver makers for a one-piece frame, giving the new revolver a strength that allowed it to safely shoot high loads. McClenahan also reduced the number of moving parts used in the gun and created a safety device for the firing pin.
The company, then located in Stratford, Connecticut, went bankrupt in 1996, but the Charter design and mark were resurrected by Charter 2000, which was founded by the Ecker family. The new company capitalized on the fame of the old Charter Arms revolvers. Operations were moved to Shelton, Connecticut.
Basing their new line of weapons on the basic Charter Arms design, the new company has made a few improvements such as the use of a one-piece barrel and front sight. The one-piece barrels of the new models are machined with eight grooves instead of six for higher velocity, flatter trajectory and better accuracy. The new models feature a completely blocked hammer system so that the gun cannot fire unless the trigger is held in full rear position.
In addition to reintroducing the .38 Special Undercover and the .44 Special Bulldog, Charter 2000 produces revolvers chambered for .22 Long Rifle/.22 Magnum (the Pathfinder), .357 magnum (the Mag Pug) and .38 Special (the Off-Duty and the Police Bulldog).
In 2005, Charter 2000 announced that it would be filing for bankruptcy, blaming the costs associated with nuisance lawsuits for their financial trouble.
In September 2005, MKS Supply entered into an agreement with Charter Arms where MKS Supply would handle the sales, marketing and distribution for Charter Arms.
In 2008, Charter Arms brought the new Patriot revolvers to the market. The Patriot revolvers were chambered for the .327 Federal Magnum, and were available in 2.2" or 4" stainless steel models. The Charter Arms web site as of August 2011 no longer lists this model under the products category.
Also in 2008, Charter Arms announced a new revolver: the Charter Arms Rimless Revolver. The new revolver would be able to load and fire rimless cartridges such as the 9mm, .40 S&W, and .45 ACP without the need for moon clips. Initially, the revolver was to ship in early spring, however, reported problems with the patents delayed the introduction. Charter Arms set a release date of April 2009 for the CARR. However, Charter Arms missed this deadline, and company representatives have suggested the release date may not be until "late July" of 2009. The CARR which was subsequently called the Pitbull finally reached production in August 2011 and the first Pitbull models had a 2.3" barrel and were chambered for the .40 S&W cartridge as this is the most popular U.S. law enforcement round and would enable the Pitbull to be used as a back-up gun to the .40 service pistol.
In October 2010 MKS discontinued the sales and marketing of Charter Arms. Charter now has taken over the sales and marketing function.
At SHOT Show 2018 Charter introduced the .41 Remington Magnum Mag Pug and the .45 Colt Bulldog XL.


Space Power Facility

Space Power Facility (SPF) is a NASA facility used to test spaceflight hardware under simulated launch and spaceflight conditions. The SPF is part of NASA's Plum Brook Station, which in turn is part of the Glenn Research Center. The Plum Brook Station and the SPF are located near Sandusky, Ohio (Oxford Township, Erie County, Ohio).
The SPF is able to simulate a spacecraft's launch environment, as well as in-space environments. NASA has developed these capabilities under one roof to optimize testing of spaceflight hardware while minimizing transportation issues. Space Power Facility has become a "One Stop Shop" to qualify flight hardware for manned space flight. This facility provides the capability to perform the following environmental testing:
Thermal-Vacuum Test Chamber.
The Space Power Facility (SPF) is a vacuum chamber built by NASA in 1969. It stands high and in diameter, enclosing a bullet-shaped space. It is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber. It was originally commissioned for nuclear-electric power studies under vacuum conditions, but was later decommissioned. Recently, it was recommissioned for use in testing spacecraft propulsion systems. Recent uses include testing the airbag landing systems for the Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, under simulated Mars atmospheric conditions.
The facility was designed and constructed to test both nuclear and non-nuclear space hardware in a simulated Low-Earth-Orbiting environment. Although the facility was designed for testing nuclear hardware, only non-nuclear tests have been performed throughout its history. Some of the test programs that have been performed at the facility include high-energy experiments, rocket-fairing separation tests, Mars Lander system tests, deployable Solar Sail tests and International Space Station hardware tests. The SPF is located at the NASA Glenn Research Center at the Plum Brook site.
The facility can sustain a high vacuum (10−6 torr, 130 μPa); simulate solar radiation via a 4 MW quartz heat lamp array, solar spectrum by a 400 kW arc lamp, and cold environments () with a variable geometry cryogenic cold shroud.
The facility is available on a full-cost reimbursable basis to government, universities, and the private sector.
In Spring 2013 SpaceX conducted a fairing separation test in the vacuum chamber.
Aluminum Test Chamber.
The Aluminum Test Chamber is a vacuum-tight aluminum plate vessel that is in diameter and high. Designed for an external pressure of and internal pressure of , the chamber is constructed of Type 5083 aluminum which is a clad on the interior surface with a thick type 3003 aluminum for corrosion resistance. This material was selected because of its low neutron absorption cross-section. The floor plate and vertical shell are (total) thick, while the dome shell is . Welded circumferentially to the exterior surface is aluminum structural T-section members that are deep and wide. The doors of the test chamber are in size and have double door seals to prevent leakage. The chamber floor was designed for a load of 300 tons.
Concrete Chamber Enclosure.
The concrete chamber enclosure serves not only as a radiological shield but also as a primary vacuum barrier from atmospheric pressure. in diameter and in height, the chamber was designed to withstand atmospheric pressure outside of the chamber at the same time vacuum conditions are occurring within. The concrete thickness varies from and contains a leak-tight steel containment barrier embedded within. The chamber's doors are and have inflatable seals. The space between the concrete enclosure and the aluminum test chamber is pumped down to a pressure of during a test.
Brian Cox of the BBC's Human Universe filmed a rock and feather drop episode at the Space Power Facility. Below is a YouTube clip:
Rock and Feather Drop at NASA's Space Power Facility
Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility (EMI/EMC) functionality.
Designed specifically as a large-scale thermal-vacuum test chamber for qualification testing of vehicles and equipment in outer-space conditions, it was discovered in the late 2000s that the unique construction of the SPF interior aluminum vacuum chamber also makes it an extremely large and electrically complex RF cavity with excellent reverberant RF characteristics. In 2009 these characteristics were measured by NIST and others after which the facility was understood to be, not only the world's largest Vacuum chamber, but also the world's largest EMI/EMC test facility. In 2011 NASA GRC successfully performed a calibration of the aluminum vacuum chamber using IEC 61000-4-21 methodologies. As a result of these activities, the SPF is capable of performing radiated susceptibility EMI tests for vehicles and equipment per MIL-STD-461 and able to achieve MIL-STD-461F limits above approximately 80 MHz. In the spring of 2017 the low-power characterizations and calibrations from 2009 and 2011 were proven correct in a series of high-power tests performed in the chamber to validate its capabilities. The SPF chamber is currently being prepared for EMI radiated susceptibility testing of the crew module for the Artemis 1 of NASA's Orion spacecraft.
Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility.
The Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility has 36 nitrogen-driven horns to simulate the high noise levels that will be experienced during a space vehicle launch and supersonic ascent conditions. The RATF is capable of an overall sound pressure level of 163 dB within a chamber.
Mechanical Vibration Test Facility.
The Mechanical Vibration Test Facility (MVF), is a three-axis vibration system. It will apply vibration in each of the three orthogonal axes (not simultaneously) with one direction in parallel to the Earth-launch thrust axis (X) at 5–150 Hz, 0-1.25 g-pk vertical, and 5–150 Hz 0-1.0 g-pk for the horizontal axes.
Vertical, or the thrust axis, shaking is accomplished by using 16 vertical actuators manufactured by TEAM Corporation, each capable of . The 16 vertical actuators allow for testing of up to a article at the previously stated frequency and amplitude limits.
Horizontal shaking is accomplished through use of 4 TEAM Corporation Horizontal Actuators. The horizontal actuators are used during Vertical testing to counteract cross axis forces and overturning moments.
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
Modal Test Facility.
In addition to the sine vibe table, a fixed-base Modal floor sufficient for the diameter test article is available. The fixed based Modal Test Facility is a thick steel floor on top of of concrete, that is tied to the earth using deep tensioned rock anchors.
There were over of rock anchors, and of concrete used in the construction of the fixed-base modal test facility and mechanical vibration test facility.
Assembly Area.
The SPF Facility layout is ideal for performing multiple test programs. The facility has two large high bay areas adjacent to either side of the vacuum chamber. The advantage of having both areas available is that it allows for two complex tests to be prepared simultaneously. One test can be prepared in a high bay while another test is being conducted in the vacuum chamber. Large chamber doors provide access to the test chamber from either high bay.
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction


Jet Star (Luna Park)

"Jet Star" is a steel roller coaster located at Luna Park in La Palmyre, France. It was formerly located at Knoebels Amusement Resort in Elysburg, Pennsylvania and at Morey's Piers in Wildwood, NJ. The ride is a standard production model Schwarzkopf Jet Star, which is a compact ride featuring many small dips and turns.
Jet Star was originally built in 1972 and located in Germany before being imported into the United States in 1976 into the hands of an independent operator near Astroland of Coney Island. Following the operator's financial troubles, the roller coaster was repossessed and sold to Knoebels Amusement Resort where it opened in 1977. The Jet Star operated at Knoebels until 1992, when it was sold and relocated to Morey's Piers in Wildwood, NJ. In its place, Whirlwind was added to Knoebels attraction lineup. Jet Star was eventually sold again to Luna Park La Palmyre in 1999 where it now operates, as Morey's Piers executed plans to replace it with RC-48.
Incidents.
In 1997, a young boy fell out of a train when the emergency brakes were engaged to stop the ride. The child landed below and survived with jaw fractures and various dental injuries. The ride did not include seat belts or any other restraints, and the cause of the accident is believed to be a result of engaging the emergency braking system as one train approached too closely to another.


Electromagnetic pump

An electromagnetic pump is a pump that moves liquid metal (or any electrically conductive liquid) using electromagnetism. A magnetic field is set at right angles to the direction the liquid moves in, and a current is passed through it. This causes an electromagnetic force that moves the liquid.
Applications include pumping liquid metal through a cooling system.
Working Principle.
A magnetic field (brc) always exists around the current (I) carrying conductor. When this current carrying conductor is subjected to an external magnetic field (Bap), the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of I and Bap. This is because the magnetic field produced by the conductor and the applied magnetic field attempt to align with each other. A similar effect can seen between two ordinary magnets.
This principle is used in an electromagnetic pump. The current is fed through a conducting liquid. Two permanent magnets are arranged to produce a magnetic field Bap as shown in the figure. The supplied current has a current density (J) and the magnetic field associated with this current can be called as 'Reaction magnetic Field (brc)'. The two magnetic fields Bap and brc attempt to align with each other. This causes mechanical motion of the fluid.
Bibliography.
R. S. Baker "Handbook of Electromagnetic pump technology"


Turning Technologies

Turning Technologies is an education technology company with a headquarters in Youngstown, Ohio, and additional offices in Scottsdale, Arizona and Belfast. Turning Technologies serves educational, corporate, government and military markets.
Turning Technologies History.
Turning Technologies was founded by former CEO Mike Broderick in 2002 as a member of the Youngstown Business Incubator. Starting with just three employees, the company soon expanded and, in 2007, was ranked among the seven fastest-growing small businesses in the nation by Entrepreneur magazine, and was named the fastest growing privately held software company in the U.S. by Inc. Magazine. In 2008, the company moved from the business incubator to the Taft Technology Center in order to accommodate an increase in employees.
In 2013, Turning Technologies acquired eInstruction, one of its biggest competitors in the education technology market. As part of the eInstruction purchase, Turning Technologies also acquired GTCO CalComp.
When Broderick retired in 2016, then-Chief Operating Officer and Chief Technology Officer Ethan Cohen took over as CEO. The current CEO, Kenneth Frank, stepped into the position in June 2019.
Company.
The company is headed by Chief Executive Officer Kenneth Frank. Although Turning Technologies continues to sell hardware products, including whiteboards and clickers, it operates primarily on a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model.
Products.
Turning Technologies offers software including TurningPoint audience response system and ExamView; response options including hardware clickers and a mobile app; and interactive whiteboards.


Advance ratio

In aeronautics and marine hydrodynamics, the "advance ratio" is the ratio of the freestream fluid speed to the propeller, rotor, or cyclorotor tip speed. When a propeller-driven vehicle is moving at high speed relative to the fluid, or the propeller is rotating slowly, the advance ratio of its propeller(s) is a high number; and when it is moving at low speed, or the propeller is rotating at high speed, the advance ratio is a low number. The advance ratio is a useful non-dimensional velocity in helicopter and propeller theory, since propellers and rotors will experience the same angle of attack on every blade airfoil section at the same advance ratio regardless of actual forward speed. It is the inverse of the tip speed ratio used for wind turbines.
Mathematical definition.
Propellers.
The advance ratio J is a non-dimensional term given by:
where
Helicopter rotors and cyclorotors.
The advance ratio μ is defined as:
where
Significance.
Helicopters.
Single rotor helicopters are limited in forward speed by a combination of sonic tip speed and retreating blade stall. As the advance ratio increases, the relative velocity experienced by the retreating blade decreases so that the tip of the blade experiences zero velocity at an advance ratio of one. Helicopter rotors pitch the retreating blade to a higher angle of attack to maintain lift as the relative velocity decreases. At a sufficiently high advance ratio, the blade will reach the stalling angle of attack and experience retreating blade stall. Specially designed airfoils can increase the operating advance ratio by utilizing high lift coefficient airfoils. Currently, single rotor helicopters are practically limited to advance ratios less than 0.7.
Propellers.
The advance ratio allow to calculate the performance of the propeller for any flight conditions. For a specific propeller geometry, charts can be used, providing the traction coefficient Kt and the torque coefficient Kq given as a function of the advance number J. These dimensionless numbers allows to calculate the actual thrust & torque of the propeller. These coefficients are experimentally determined for boat by: by so-called open water tests, usually performed in a cavitation tunnel or a towing tank.
The thrust can be calculated as: formula_3
where
The torque can be calculated as: formula_4
where
Relation to tip speed ratio.
The advance ratio is the inverse of the tip speed ratio, formula_5, used in wind turbine aerodynamics:
In operation, propellers and rotors are generally spinning, but could be immersed in a stationary fluid. Thus the tip speed is placed in the denominator so the advance ratio increases from zero to a positive non-infinite value as the velocity increases. Wind turbines use the reciprocal to prevent infinite values since they start stationary in a moving fluid.


Eastern State Penitentiary

The Eastern State Penitentiary, also known as ESP, is a former American prison in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located at 2027 Fairmount Avenue between Corinthian Avenue and North 22nd Street in the Fairmount section of the city, and was operational from 1829 until 1971. The penitentiary refined the revolutionary system of separate incarceration first pioneered at the Walnut Street Jail which emphasized principles of reform rather than punishment.
Notorious criminals such as Al Capone and bank robber Willie Sutton were held inside its innovative wagon wheel design. James Bruno (Big Joe) and several male relatives were incarcerated here between 1936 and 1948 for the alleged murders in the Kelayres massacre of 1934, before they were paroled. At its completion, the building was the largest and most expensive public structure ever erected in the United States, and quickly became a model for more than 300 prisons worldwide.
The prison is currently a U.S. National Historic Landmark, which is open to the public as a museum for tours seven days a week, twelve months a year, 10 am to 5 pm.
History.
Designed by John Haviland and opened on October 25, 1829, Eastern State is considered to be the world's first true penitentiary. Eastern State's revolutionary system of incarceration, dubbed the "Pennsylvania system" or separate system, encouraged separate confinement as a form of rehabilitation. The warden was legally required to visit every inmate every day, and the overseers were mandated to see each inmate three times a day.
The Pennsylvania system was opposed contemporaneously by the Auburn system (also known as the New York system), which held that prisoners should be forced to work together in silence, and could be subjected to physical punishment (Sing Sing prison was an example of the Auburn system). Although the Auburn system was favored in the United States, Eastern State's radial floor plan and system of solitary confinement was the model for over 300 prisons worldwide. Critic and activist John Neal in 1841 expressed revulsion at the international reputation of "a nation that broke away from all its bands and fetters, only fifty or sixty years ago — overthrowing prisons, palaces, and thrones in her march toward universal emancipation, already renowned throughout the whole earth, for her prisons, her manacles, and her badges of servitude."
Originally, inmates were housed in cells that could only be accessed by entering through a small exercise yard attached to the back of the prison; only a small portal, just large enough to pass meals, opened onto the cell blocks. This design proved impractical, and in the middle of construction, cells were constructed that allowed prisoners to enter and leave the cell blocks through metal doors that were covered by a heavy wooden door to filter out noise. The halls were designed to have the feel of a church.
Some believe that the doors were small so prisoners would have a harder time getting out, minimizing an attack on an officer. Others have explained the small doors forced the prisoners to bow while entering their cell. This design is related to penance and ties to the religious inspiration of the prison. The cells were made of concrete with a single glass skylight, representing the "Eye of God", suggesting to the prisoners that God was always watching them.
Outside the cell was an individual area for exercise, enclosed by high walls so prisoners could not communicate. Exercise time for each prisoner was synchronized so no two prisoners next to each other would be out at the same time. Prisoners were allowed to garden and even keep pets in their exercise yards. When a prisoner left his cell, an accompanying guard would wrap a hood over his head to prevent him from being recognized by other prisoners.
Cell accommodations were advanced for their time, including a faucet with running water over a flush toilet, as well as curved pipes along part of one wall which served as central heating during the winter months where hot water would be run through the pipes to keep the cells reasonably heated. Toilets were remotely flushed twice a week by the guards of the cellblock.
The original design of the building was for seven one-story cell blocks, but by the time cell block three was completed, the prison was already over capacity. All subsequent cell blocks had two floors. Toward the end, cell blocks 14 and 15 were hastily built due to overcrowding. They were built and designed by prisoners. Cell block 15 was for the worst behaved prisoners, and the guards were gated off from there entirely.
Inmates were punished with the "individual-treatment system." At the time this form of punishment was thought to be most effective. They would be separated from others.
In 1924, Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot allegedly sentenced Pep "The Cat-Murdering Dog" (an actual dog) to a life sentence at Eastern State. Pep allegedly murdered the governor's wife's cherished cat. Prison records reflect that Pep was assigned an inmate number (no. C2559), which is seen in his mug shot. However, the reason for Pep's incarceration remains a subject of some debate. A contemporary newspaper article reported that the governor donated his own dog to the prison to increase inmate morale.
On April 3, 1945, a major escape was carried out by twelve inmates (including the infamous Willie Sutton), who over the course of a year managed to dig an undiscovered tunnel under the prison wall. During renovations in the 1930s an additional 30 incomplete inmate-dug tunnels were discovered.
It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.
The prison was closed in 1971. Many prisoners and guards were transferred to Graterford Prison, about northwest of Eastern State. The City of Philadelphia purchased the property with the intention of redeveloping it. The site had several proposals, including a mall and a luxury apartment complex surrounded by the old prison walls.
During the abandoned era (from closing until the late 80s) a "forest" grew in the cell blocks and outside within the walls. The prison also became home to many stray cats.
In 1988, the Eastern State Penitentiary Task Force successfully petitioned Mayor Wilson Goode to halt redevelopment. In 1994, Eastern State opened to the public for history tours.
End of the solitary confinement system.
The solitary confinement system eventually collapsed due to overcrowding problems. By 1913, Eastern State officially abandoned the solitary system and operated as a congregate prison until it closed in 1970 (Eastern State was briefly used to house city inmates in 1971 after a riot at Holmesburg Prison).
The prison was one of the largest public-works projects of the early republic, and was a tourist destination in the 19th century. Notable visitors included Charles Dickens and Alexis de Tocqueville while notable inmates included Willie Sutton and Al Capone in 1929. Visitors spoke with prisoners in their cells, proving that inmates were not isolated, though the prisoners themselves were not allowed to have any visits with family or friends during their stay.
Most of the early prisoners were petty criminals incarcerated for various robbery and theft charges (muggers, pickpockets, purse-snatchers, burglars, etc.) and the first-time offenders often served two years.
The Penitentiary was intended not simply to punish, but to move the criminal toward spiritual reflection and change. While some have argued that the Pennsylvania system was Quaker-inspired, there is little evidence to support this; the organization that promoted Eastern State's creation, the Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons (today's Pennsylvania Prison Society) was less than half Quaker, and was led for nearly fifty years by Philadelphia's Anglican bishop, William White. Proponents of the system believed strongly that the criminals, exposed, in silence, to thoughts of their behavior and the ugliness of their crimes, would become genuinely penitent.
In reality, the guards and councilors of the facility designed a variety of physical and psychological torture regimens for various infractions, including dousing prisoners in freezing water outside during winter months, chaining their tongues to their wrists in a fashion such that struggling against the chains could cause the tongue to tear, strapping prisoners into chairs with tight leather restraints for days on end, and putting the worst behaved prisoners into a pit called "The Hole", an underground cellblock dug under cellblock 14 where they would have no light, no human contact, and little food for as long as two weeks.
Prison reform and rehabilitation.
SCI Graterford opened in the 1920s after disturbances occurred at Eastern State; the Pennsylvania prison board opened Graterford to assume functions previously held by Eastern State.
Prior to its closing in late 1969, Eastern State Penitentiary (then known as State Correctional Institution, Philadelphia) had established a far reaching program of group therapy with the goal of having all inmates involved. From 1967, when the plan was initiated, the program appears to have been moderately successful as many inmates were involved in the groups which were voluntary. An interesting aspect was that the groups were led by two therapists, one from the psych or social work staff, and the second from the prison officer staff.
Architectural significance.
When the Eastern State Penitentiary, or Cherry Hill as it was known at the time, was erected in 1829 in Francisville (the idea of this new prison was created in a meeting held at Benjamin Franklin's house in 1787) it was the largest and most expensive public structure in the country. Its architectural significance first arose in 1821, when British architect John Haviland was chosen to design the building. Haviland found most of his inspiration for his plan for the penitentiary from prisons and asylums built beginning in the 1780s in England and Ireland. He gave the prison a neo-Gothic look to instill fear into those who thought of committing a crime.
These complexes consist of cell wings radiating in a semi or full circle array from a center tower whence the prison could be kept under constant surveillance. The design for the penitentiary which Haviland devised became known as the hub-and-spoke plan which consisted of an octagonal center connected by corridors to seven radiating single-story cell blocks, each containing two ranges of large single cells—8 × 12 feet × 10 feet high—with hot water heating, a water tap, toilet, and individual exercise yards the same width as the cell.
There were rectangular openings in the cell wall through which food and work materials could be passed to the prisoner, as well as peepholes for guards to observe prisoners without being seen. To minimize the opportunities for communication between inmates Haviland designed a basic flush toilet for each cell with individual pipes leading to a central sewer which he hoped would prevent the sending of messages between adjacent cells.
Despite his efforts, prisoners were still able to communicate with each other and the flushing system had to be redesigned several times. Haviland remarked that he chose the design to promote "watching, convenience, economy, and ventilation". Once construction of the prison was completed in 1836, it could house 450 prisoners.
Haviland completed the architecture of the Eastern state penitentiary in 1836. Each cell was lit only by a single lighting source from either skylights or windows, which was considered the "Window of God" or "Eye of God". The church viewed imprisonment, usually in isolation, as an instrument that would modify sinful or disruptive behavior. The time spent in prison would help inmates reflect on their crimes committed, giving them the mission for redemption.
Modern-day historic site.
The Eastern State Penitentiary operates as a museum and historic site, open year-round. Guided tours are offered during the winter, and during the warmer months, self-guided recorded tours with headphones are also available (narrated mainly by Steve Buscemi, with former guards, wardens and prisoners also contributing). A scavenger hunt is available for children.
Visitors are allowed to walk into several specially marked solitary confinement cells, but most of them remain off limits and filled with original rubble and debris from years of neglect. The city skyline of Philadelphia is visible from the prison courtyard, which still has the original baseball backstop and a chain link fence atop the "outfield wall," the outer prison wall, to attempt to keep home run balls inside the grounds. There is also a camera located in the center guard tower, that lets visitors experience a correctional officer view of the prison.
In addition, Eastern State holds many special events throughout the year. Each July, there is a Bastille Day celebration, complete with a comedic reinterpretation of the storming of the Bastille and the tossing of thousands of Tastykakes from the towers, accompanied by a cry of "let them eat Tastykake!" from an actor portraying Marie Antoinette. (This Philadelphia tradition sadly ended in 2018.)
The museum attracts close to 220,000 visitors each year.
Religious murals in the prison chaplain's office, painted in 1955 by inmate Lester Smith, remain visible to guests despite damage from exposure to sunlight.
The tour ends with an exhibit titled "Prisons Today: Questions in the Age of Mass Incarceration" which informs guests about the US prison system today and its failings.
Restoration.
The facility was kept in "preserved ruin", meaning no significant renovation or restoration was attempted, until 1991, when The Pew Charitable Trusts provided funding so that stabilization and preservation efforts could begin.
Fundraising and projects.
In 1996 and 2000, the World Monuments Fund included Eastern State Penitentiary on its World Monuments Watch, its biennial list of the "Most Endangered" cultural heritage sites.
Terror Behind the Walls.
"Terror Behind the Walls" is an annual Haunted House Halloween event run by the Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site, Inc. (ESPHS). The first Halloween fundraiser took place on Halloween weekend in 1991. The early events took various forms, including short theatrical performances and true tales of prison murder and violence. In 1995, the event was rebranded as "Terror Behind the Walls", becoming a high startle, low gore walkthrough haunted attraction.
In 2001, it was broken up into three separate, smaller haunted attractions, including a 3-D haunted house. At the time, it was the only 3-D haunted house in Southeastern Pennsylvania and one of the first in the United States. In 2003, four semi-permanent haunted attractions were constructed inside the penitentiary complex.
The 2014 event included six attractions: Lock Down, The Machine Shop, Detritus, Infirmary, The Experiment, and Night Watch. The 2016 event also included six attractions: Lock Down: The Uprising, The Machine Shop, Break Out, Detritus, Infirmary, and Quarantine 4-D. The haunted attraction Blood Yard was added in 2017.
Cultural references.
Due to its ominous appearance, gloomy atmosphere, and long history, Eastern State has been used as a location for television programs and films about hauntings. Paranormal TV shows like "Ghost Hunters", "Ghost Adventures", BuzzFeed Unsolved and "MTV's Fear" explored the paranormal at Eastern State. Eastern State was also used in an episode of "Cold Case" titled "The House" which dealt with a murder after an inmate escape. For the show, the prison was renamed Northern State Penitentiary.
On June 1, 2007, "Most Haunted Live!" conducted and broadcast a paranormal investigation live (for the first time in the United States) from Eastern State Penitentiary for seven continuous hours hoping to come in contact with supernatural beings. In the PlayStation 2 game "The Suffering", players can find a video documentary of Eastern State Penitentary, one of the inspirations for the game.
At least two music videos have been filmed in Eastern State: On July 29, 1985 Tina Turner filmed her "One of the Living" video in the abandoned prison. Philadelphia punk band the Dead Milkmen's breakout hit "Punk Rock Girl" included footage of the band in the prison as well as driving through the surrounding Fairmount neighborhood.
Eastern State has also served as a location in several feature films. Terry Gilliam's 1995 film "Twelve Monkeys" used it as the setting for a mental hospital. The 1998 film "Return to Paradise" used it as a substitute for a prison in Malaysia. The 2000 film "Animal Factory", directed by Steve Buscemi relied heavily on Eastern State in its portrayal of a prison in a state of advancing decay. In June 2008, Paramount Pictures used parts of Eastern State Penitentiary for the filming of "".
In September 2008, the History Press released "Eastern State Penitentiary: A History", the only comprehensive history book currently in print about Eastern State. It was written by Paul Kahan, a historian and former tour guide, with the assistance of the site's education director; the book has a foreword written by the penitentiary's former social worker.
In 2012, the soundtrack to the film "Alpha Girls" was recorded in Eastern State Penitentiary by the band Southwork.


Remington R5 RGP

R5 RGP (Remington Gas Piston) is a carbine that was designed and manufactured by Remington Arms. It is one of many AR-15 type rifles which uses a gas piston operating system in an attempt to improve the reliability of the weapon.


Diversity factor

In the context of electricity, the diversity factor (or simultaneity factor formula_1) is the ratio of the sum of the individual non-coincident maximum loads of various subdivisions of the system to the maximum demand of the complete system.
The diversity factor is always greater than 1. The aggregate load formula_3 is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this time interdependence or "diversity." For example, one might have ten air conditioning units that are 20 tons each at a facility with an average full load equivalent operating hours of 2000 hours per year. However, since the units are each thermostatically controlled, it is not known exactly when each unit turns on. If the ten units are substantially larger than the facility's actual peak AC load, then fewer than all ten units will likely come on at once. Thus, even though each unit runs a total of 2000 hours a year, they do not all come on at the same time to affect the facility's peak load. The diversity factor provides a correction factor to use, resulting in a lower total power load for the ten AC units. If the energy balance done for this facility comes out within reason, but the demand balance shows far too much power for the peak load, then one can use the diversity factor to bring the power into line with the facility's true peak load. The diversity factor does not affect the energy; it only affects the power.
Coincidence factor.
The coincidence factor is the reciprocal of the diversity factor. However, differing sources define the simultaneity factor to be identical to either the coincidence factor or the diversity factor. The International Electrotechnical Commission defines the coincidence and simultaneity factors identically with the diversity factor being the reciprocal. Since the only change in definition is to take the inverse, all one needs to know is if the factor is greater than or less than one.
Diversity.
The unofficial term diversity, as distinguished from diversity factor refers to the percent of time available that a machine, piece of equipment, or facility has its maximum or nominal load or demand; a 70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level 70% of the time that it is connected and turned on.
Diversified load and diversification factor.
The diversified load is the total expected power, or "load", to be drawn during a peak period by a device or system of devices. The diversified load is the combination of each device's full load capacity, Utilization Factor, Diversity Factor, Demand Factor and the load factor. This process is referred to as load diversification. The diversification factor is then defined as:
In mathematics.
Diversity factor is commonly used for a number of mathematics-related topics. One such instance is when completing a coordination study for a system. This diversity factor is used to estimate the load of a particular node in the system.


Glitch (astronomy)

A glitch is a sudden increase (around 1 part in 106) in the rotational frequency of a rotation-powered pulsar, which usually decreases steadily due to braking provided by the emission of radiation and high-energy particles. It is unknown whether they are related to the timing noise which all pulsars exhibit. Following a glitch is a period of gradual recovery where the observed periodicity slows to a period close to that observed before the glitch. These gradual recovery periods have been observed to last from days to years. Currently, only multiple glitches of the Crab and Vela pulsars have been observed and studied extensively.
Cause.
While the exact cause of glitches is unknown, they are thought to be caused by an internal process within the pulsar. This differs from the steady decrease in the star's rotational frequency which is caused by external processes. Although the details of the glitch process are unknown, it is thought that the resulting increase in the pulsar's rotational frequency is caused by a brief coupling of the pulsar's faster-spinning superfluid core to the crust, which are usually decoupled. This brief coupling transfers angular momentum from core to the surface, which causes a decrease in the measured period. It is thought that the coupling could be caused by a breaking of the pulsar's magnetic dipole, which would apply a torque to the crust, causing a brief coupling between the two parts.
Implications.
Assuming that the mechanism described above is correct, observed pulsar glitches set a limit on the moment of inertia of the pulsar being observed and, thus, the mass-radius relation possible in dense nuclear matter. From extrapolating from a linear fit to the angular momentum transfer implied by the glitches observed in the Vela and Crab Pulsars, a so-called "causality limit" can be placed on the mass-radius relation of approximately
formula_1.


Marlin Model XT-22

The Marlin Model XT is a series of rimfire bolt-action rifles produced by Marlin Firearms, first saw production in 2011. The rifle comes in several different models in both the .17 (XT-17s) and .22 calibers (XT-22s), with either a detachable box magazine or a fixed tubular magazine, and with various stocks and finishes. It has Marlin's patented Micro-Groove riflings, and the Pro-Fire® Adjustable trigger, which is similar to the Savage AccuTrigger.


HMS H42

HMS "H42" was a British H class submarine built by Armstrong Whitworth, Newcastle Upon Tyne. She was laid down in September 1917 and was commissioned on 1 May 1919.
On 23 March 1922, "H42" was practising torpedo attacks against British destroyers steaming off Europa Point, Gibraltar, when she surfaced unexpectedly only 30 or 120 yards (27 or 110 metres) – sources differ – ahead of the destroyer . "Versatile", making 20 knots, went to full speed astern on her engines and put her helm over hard to port, but had not yet begun to answer her helm when she rammed "H42" abaft the conning tower, almost slicing the submarine in half. "H42" sank with the loss of all hands. An investigation found "H42" at fault for surfacing where she did against instructions.
Design.
Like all post-"H20" British H-class submarines, "H42" had a displacement of at the surface and while submerged. It had a total length of , a beam length of , and a draught length of . It contained a diesel engines providing a total power of and two electric motors each providing power. The use of its electric motors made the submarine travel at . It would normally carry of fuel and had a maximum capacity of .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a submerged speed of . Post-"H20" British H-class submarines had ranges of at speeds of when surfaced. "H42" was fitted with an anti-aircraft gun and four torpedo tubes. Its torpedo tubes were fitted to the bows and the submarine was loaded with eight torpedoes. It is a Holland 602 type submarine but was designed to meet Royal Navy specifications. Its complement was twenty-two crew members.


Ain Dubai

Ain Dubai () is an observation wheel on Bluewaters Island, near the Dubai Marina in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is due to open in 2021 as the world's tallest Ferris wheel.
Background.
The "Ain Dubai" (previously named the Dubai Eye or Dubai-I) at Bluewaters Island in the United Arab Emirates was announced in February 2013. At that time construction was planned to begin in June 2013 and completion expected sometime during 2015, at an estimated cost of US$1.6 billion for the entire Blue Island project, and Hyundai Engineering & Construction and Starneth Engineering were appointed as the primary design and construction contractors. Construction eventually began almost two years behind schedule in May 2015, anticipating completion in early to mid-2019. Further delays pushed the target opening to October 20, 2020, in order to coincide with Expo 2020, but this itself has been postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The project for the wheel itself has an estimated cost of AED 1 billion ($270m). When completed, it will be taller than the current world's tallest Ferris wheel, the High Roller, which opened in Las Vegas in March 2014, and taller than the New York Wheel planned for Staten Island.
Design and construction are being undertaken by Hyundai Contracting and Starneth Engineering, with actual construction being undertaken from May 2015 onwards.
The wheel will be able to carry up to 1,400 passengers, in its 48 capsules, and provide views of Dubai Marina and landmarks such as Burj Al Arab, Palm Jumeirah, and Burj Khalifa. Its base will serve as an entertainment zone, and an LED screen will be mounted on the wheel creating an electronic platform for broadcasting, advertisements, and other information. The first passenger capsule was installed on August 21, 2020.


Spook-a-Rama

Spook-a-Rama is a dark ride from the Pretzel Amusement Ride Company located at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park on Coney Island and run by Million Amusement Corp. It opened in 1955. The rider is pulled around in a car resembling an old wooden barrel. These barrels look like connected cars, but separate from each other at the beginning of the ride, so the rider must go in alone, passing paintings that change imagery, and a skeleton before the car itself forces the doors open. Inside, the ride is one large, poorly lit room. The ride had a major renovation done by Scarefactory Inc. prior to the 2013 season.
Some of the old views included zombies, the face of an ogre composed of light bulbs, a demon slashing an axe toward the rider, a man in a straitjacket being electrically shocked, heads popping out of barrels, and a gruesome man being killed in an electric chair. On the way out of the ride, stringy objects hang from the ceiling that provided an extra fright.
These old scenes inside the ride have been replaced. New scenes include several skeletons emerging from a crypt and two giants rats. At least two air cannons have been installed in the ride. There is also a camera that takes photos of guests when they're hit with the first air cannon.
The ride would last about 45 seconds and proceed in roughly a u-shape, with small sharp curves. At one time, the ride ran over ten minutes and was billed as the longest ride on Coney Island, and the longest spook ride in the world. The current area is less than one-third of the original ride, and its views may be quite different from what was once located there. The arcade and shooting gallery that now stand next to it were once part of the ride, while another portion of the ride was outdoors, the displays there lit only at night. This area is now the walled walkway to the children's portion of the park.
 the admission price is $8.00, or 8 credits at Deno's Wonder World Amusement Park.


Eileen Harkin-Jones

Eileen M. A. Harkin-Jones is the Bombardier Aerospace-Royal Academy of Engineering professor of composites engineering at the Ulster University.
Education.
Harkin-Jones studied mechanical engineering at University College Dublin, and received first class honours in 1983. She completed her PhD at Queen's University Belfast working on materials for rotational moulding in 1992.
Research and career.
Harkin-Jones was appointed a lecturer at Queen's in 1993. In 1999 Harkin-Jones became the first woman to be appointed an engineering professor in Ireland. Her research is on polymer processing and the development of materials. In 2015 she was appointed the Bombardier-Royal Academy of Engineering professor of composite engineering at Ulster University. At Ulster University she focuses on aerospace composites and sustainable plastic manufacture. Using injection moulding, thermoforming and additive manufacture Harkin-Jones is exploring advanced thermoplastic composite materials for medical devices and aerospace. She has published over 200 peer reviewed papers, and secured funding over £12 million.
She is a member of the Royal Academy of Engineering Higher Education committee and Deputy Chair of the Northern Ireland Higher Education Authority. She is campaigns for gender equality in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) at a national level. She is a member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group for Manufacturing.
Awards and honours.
In 2017 she was appointed a Fellow of the Irish Academy of Engineering. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 2011. In 2013 she was appointed Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to higher education.


Central Fighter Establishment

The Central Fighter Establishment was a Royal Air Force formation that dealt with the development of fighter aircraft tactics. It also tested new fighter aircraft and equipment. It also dealt with the training of squadron and flight commanders. It was formed on 1 October 1944 as part of No. 12 Group RAF, and was disbanded on 1 February 1966.


Pentax Q-mount


Olympus OM system

The Olympus OM System was a line of 35mm single-lens reflex cameras, lenses and accessories sold by Olympus between 1972 and 2002. The system was introduced by Olympus in 1972. The range was designed by Yoshihisa Maitani, chief designer for Olympus, and his staff; "OM" stands for "Olympus Maitani".
The nucleus of the system was a series of compact bodies divided into an advanced series and a later consumer-oriented series. The first model was the all-mechanical M-1 which, after pressure from Leica (which already had an M1 model), was renamed OM-1. At the same time the M system was renamed OM System. The camera included a full-aperture TTL Cadmium-sulphide (CdS) exposure meter, and a bayonet lens mount of relatively large diameter. By the end of the 1970s it was joined by the semi-automatic OM-2 and consumer-oriented OM-10. Olympus continued the naming pattern with the 'professional' OM-3 and OM-4, and the consumer-level OM-20, OM-30 and OM-40. The cameras were accompanied by a series of Zuiko-branded lenses, as well as a generous selection of accessories. The majority of OM bodies and lenses were manual-focus only; the OM-707 of 1986 was the only true autofocus model.
Camera models.
Olympus produced a wide variety of OM camera models over the years. These were divided into two distinct series. Cameras with single-digit model numbers were the 'professional' series, optimized for more advanced features and durability. Two-digit (or more) model numbers, or letters, meant a 'consumer' camera designed for ease of use.
All the consumer-grade models were discontinued after 1992, since the market for manual-focus SLR cameras had declined greatly. The consumer line returned in 1997 with the Cosina-sourced OM-2000 model. Professional and advanced-amateur demand for the high-end models continued, and they were produced until 2002, along with the consumer-grade OM-2000.
Professional cameras.
OM-1.
The Olympus OM-1 was a manually-operated 35 mm single-lens reflex camera forming the basis of the OM system in 1972. At first called the Olympus M-1, Leica disputed this designation and it was changed to OM-1. It was designed by a team led by Yoshihisa Maitani with a through-the-lens exposure meter controlling a needle visible in the viewfinder. It was noted for its reduction of size, weight and noise. One feature unique to the OM-1, compared to the rest of the OM system, was its mirror lock-up facility which made it ideal for astrophotography and macrophotography.
OM-2.
Introduced in 1975, the Olympus OM-2 was a semi-automatic, aperture-priority camera featuring an electronically controlled shutter. It was based on the OM-1 body, and retained compatibility with OM-1 accessories and lenses. It boasted automatic through-the-lens (TTL) off-the-film (OTF) metering, and exposure was considered very accurate. This was calculated by the measured light reflected off the surface of the shutter, and/or the film surface during the actual exposure. The camera also offered a manual-exposure mode, as in the OM-1. It also introduced the integration of electronic flash into the exposure system using the TTL exposure system.
OM-3.
The OM-3 was an updated version of the OM-1, a manual camera without automatic exposure modes, and an entirely mechanical shutter. It featured a multi-spot metering system (shared with the OM-4) in addition to the centre-weighted metering of the earlier body. It also featured an LCD similar to the OM-4 which could be illuminated in low light. Its main advantage over the OM-4 was its ability to operate without batteries due to its mechanical design. Batteries were only needed for the exposure meter and LCD. It lacked a self-timer and mirror lock-up functions, however.
In 1995, nine years after the OM-3 was discontinued, the OM-3Ti was released. It shared the improvements over the OM-3 that the OM-4Ti held over the OM-4.

Lord High Admiral of the Wash

The position of Lord High Admiral of the Wash is an ancient hereditary naval office of England. In medieval times, the Lord High Admiral of the Wash was a nobleman with responsibility for the defence and protection of The Wash coast in north East Anglia. The post was granted to the le Strange family after the Norman Conquest.
In the 16th century the post became obsolete and the Royal Navy took over the defence of the area. However, the post was never formally abolished, and remains a hereditary dignity that now has no responsibilities or privileges of any kind. The present Lord High Admiral of the Wash lives in Hunstanton, Norfolk, and inherited the Admiralty through his mother's line.


Ira Jones

Ira Jones (July 10, 1923 – July 11, 2004) was an author, best known as the first sergeant in charge of Elvis Presley for a portion of the time Elvis served in the army.
Early life & family.
Ira Jones was born in Johnson county, Arkansas the tenth child of Elihu Jones and Bethany Francis McAlister. His siblings; Granville Enos Jones (1905-1977), Sarah Jane (Jones) Townsend (1907-1977), Elmer Jones (1909-1970), Leona (Jones) Pitts (1911-2000), Beulah (Jones) Tumbleson (1913-2004), Columbus Jones (1914-2001), Leonard Jones (1916–1959), Eula (Jones) Owen (1919-2012), Iva (Jones) Rushing (1921-2013), Elihu Jones Jr (1925-2008), Nana Lou (Jones) Hodges (1928-2004), and Wanda Earline (Jones) Page-Davis.
His grandfather Fee Gregory Jones was a Baptist Minister and a son of Robert Jones who was a colporteur who sold publications of the American Tract Society and anti-slavery documents. Robert Jones traveled Kentucky with John Gregg Fee and in January of 1858 Jones was beaten by a mob for their anti-slavery stance. Around 1860 Robert Jones along with two other men, Rev. George Candee and Rev. William Kendrick were shaved, tarred and feathered.
Military career.
Ira Jones enlisted December 23, 1940. On September 9, 1944 Ira Jones was awarded the Purple Heart for "wounds incurred in action on 27 August 1944" near Paris, France. On May 9, 1945 Ira Jones was awarded The Silver Star Medal for "gallantry in action against the enemy on January 7, 1945." On December 12, 1949 Ira Jones was awarded the Bronze Star Medal for "exemplary conduct in ground combat" while assigned to the 313th Infantry regiment on or about 21 July 1944.
Stationed in Germany with Elvis Presley.
In May of 1956 Ira Jones was stationed in Bremmerhaven, Friedberg, Germany. Scout Platoon, 1st Medium Tank Battalion, 32nd Armor, of the 3rd Armored Division, part of the U.S. Seventh Army. Ira Jones and Elvis Presley first met in the autumn of 1958 when Elvis was among the replacement troops arriving aboard the USS "General Randall."
Elvis drove Jones in a jeep named "HQ 31" for nine months while serving in the Scout Platoon. Although Jones had no idea what Elvis looked like before they met, it has been reported that the two formed a close bond during their time together. 1
On May 6, 1959, Sgt Jones appeared on the popular television game show "I've Got A Secret". He was stationed at Fort Benning, Georgia at the time.
Ira Jones retired from the Army in 1963 and in 1978, Jones began writing a book about the time he spent with Elvis, entitled "Soldier Boy Elvis". The book was published in 1992. In the years that followed, Jones became a regular speaker at Elvis-related conventions, Bill E. Burk's Elvis World breakfasts and fan club meetings all over the world including in Germany.
Jones appeared in numerous television specials, documentaries and videos including the short-lived newsmagazine "Instant Recall", hosted by John Palmer, former news anchor from NBC's "The Today Show" and the 2001 documentary "" , which also included interviews with comedian Steve Allen and others.
Jones died of a heart attack in July 2004 in the U.S. state of Arkansas where he grew up.


Military ranks of Malta

The Military ranks of Malta are the military insignia used by the Armed Forces of Malta. Being a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Malta shares a rank structure similar to that of the United Kingdom, but has no sleeve insignia for its air force.
Commissioned officers.
The rank insignia for commissioned officers for the army and Maritime Squadron respectively.
Enlisted.
The rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army and Maritime Squadron respectively.


Robert J. Yered

Robert James Yered was a United States Coast Guardsman who was awarded the Silver Star Medal for his actions during the Vietnam War.
Career.
According to the "Milford Daily News", his local paper, Yered enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard at seventeen years old.
He rose to the highest enlisted rank, master chief petty officer, prior to his retirement after 24 years of service.
Yered's 82-foot "Point"-class cutter was moored in a river port at Cát Lái, Vietnam, on February 18, 1968, when the base was attacked by mortars and rockets.
According to his official biography:
Yered was also awarded a Purple Heart.
Personal life.
After he retired from the U.S. Coast Guard Yered was a groundskeeper at a high school in Massachusetts.
Legacy.
In 2010, when the U.S. Coast Guard decided that all the new Sentinel-class cutters would be named after U.S. Coast Guardsmen who had been recognized for their heroism, Yered was one of those to be honored.
The fourth cutter in the class was named the .


Chris Mathias

Christopher P. Mathias (born May 14, 1978) is an American politician and attorney serving as a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from the 19th district, which includes a portion of Boise, Idaho.
Early life and education.
Mathias enlisted in the United States Coast Guard after graduating from high school. During his service, Mathias engaged in search and rescue and law enforcement operations, and later secured Top Secret clearance to conduct shipboard communications on the USCGC "Polar Star", the nation's heaviest non-nuclear icebreaker.
He used the G.I. Bill to earn a Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice administration from Boise State University, where he was student body president and the university's first McNair Scholar. Mathias later earned a Juris Doctor from Vermont Law School and a Ph.D. in law and public policy from Northeastern University. His dissertation focused on how Idaho has implemented the National Incident Management System.
Career.
Mathias worked as law clerk for Senator Patrick Leahy and later as a lecturer at Northeastern University. After completing his Ph.D., he worked as the chief academic officer for the Idaho State Board of Education and then for the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Mathias is the recipient of the Idaho Governor's Commendation for Distinguished Public Service and the Idaho Business Review's Accomplished 40 Under 40 award.
Personal life.
Mathias lives in the North End neighborhood of Boise, Idaho with his wife, Katie, and their two children.


Camp Wildcat Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Camp Wildcat (also known as Wildcat Mountain and Camp Wild Cat) of the American Civil War on October 21, 1861, in Laurel County, Kentucky. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Union Army.
BG Albin F. Schoepf
Col Theophilus T. Garrard [in command until the arrival of Schoepf]


List of vice-admirals of Cornwall

This is a list of people who have served as Vice-Admiral of Cornwall. This vice-admiralty jurisdiction was divided into North and South Cornwall between 1601 and 1715, with a separate vice-admiral for each; in addition, two members of the Godolphin family were vice-admirals of the Isles of Scilly between 1570 and 1638. The Vice-Admiral of Cornwall is an office of the Duchy of Cornwall, and is also sometimes referred to as the Lord High Admiral of Cornwall.


45th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 45th Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade of the British Army that saw active service in both the First and Second World Wars with 15th (Scottish) Division.
First World War.
The brigade was raised, as 45th Brigade, in 1914 as part of Kitchener's New Armies shortly after the outbreak of the First World War. With the 15th (Scottish) Division, the brigade saw active service on the Western Front in Belgium and France.
The brigade command the following units in World War I:
The 7th (Service) Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers was an original member of the brigade. It merged with the 6th (Service) Battalion in May 1916 to form the 6th/7th Battalion.
Second World War.
The brigade was reformed just before the Second World War, as the 45th Infantry Brigade. The brigade was a 2nd Line Territorial Army formation and was part of the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, which was the duplicate of the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division and served in the Second World War. The brigade was formed as a duplicate of the 156th Infantry Brigade. It remained in the United Kingdom throughout the war and, in early January 1943, left the 15th Division and was replaced by 6th Guards Tank Brigade. The Brigade was then assigned to the 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division for training purposes. Once the 80th was disbanded, the brigade was assigned to the 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division whose control it remained under for the duration of the war.
During the war, the brigade contained the following units:


59th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 59th Brigade was a formation of British Army. It was part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army. It was assigned to the 20th (Light) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.


Globe Tavern Confederate order of battle

The following units and commanders of the Confederate army fought in the Battle of Globe Tavern from August 18 to 21, 1864. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
August 18–19.
Operations south of Petersburg.
Gen P. G. T. Beauregard, Petersburg Defense Force
August 21.
Operations south of Petersburg.
Gen P.G.T. Beauregard, Petersburg Defense Force
Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia.
LTG A. P. Hill


Island Number Ten Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Island Number Ten during the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the official reports.
Forces at Madrid Bend, February 28-March 17, 1862.
BG John P. McCown
New Madrid Garrison.
BG Alexander P. Stewart
Forces at Madrid Bend, March 19-April 7, 1862.
MG John P. McCown<br>
BG William W. Mackall
Confederate Navy Mississippi Flotilla.
Commodore George N. Hollins