Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre

The Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre (ECRC), also known as the Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and the University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, is a center for basic, translational and clinical cancer research located in Edinburgh, Scotland. ECRC constitutes a part of the Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine (IGMM) and is positioned in direct proximity of the Western General Hospital, where most of its clinical activities take place.
Scientific activities.
A broad spectrum of tumor types are studied in the Centre although the main strengths of ECRC lay in the areas of breast, colorectal, ovarian and brain cancers. They include research focused on:
In these fields the ECRC has gained international recognition in innovative biomedical research and belongs to the Cancer Research UK Centres network of excellence. The ECRC investigators play also an important role in the palliative care practice and research.
As of 2015, research in the ECRC is carried out by 27 independent research teams. In addition, 9 clinical researchers and 14 affiliated research groups are associated with the Centre. Several technology platforms, including mass spectrometry, reverse phase protein arrays and advanced microscopy, support the research activities. Since 2011, the ECRC also hosts a dedicated drug discovery unit. Since 2010, the institute is led by Margaret Frame (as the Science Director) and David Cameron (as the Clinical Director) with help and advise from the ECRC Governance Board. The ECRC works closely with the Edinburgh Cancer Centre and NHS Lothian, supporting clinical trials and cancer informatics research that is embedded within the NHS care of Scottish cancer patients.
Recent highlights from ECRC scientists and clinicians include:
Governance Board.
The Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre was established in The University of Edinburgh (UoE) in close partnership with Cancer Research UK and the NHS Lothian, and has strong links to other Institutes and Colleges conducting cancer research in Edinburgh, in particular the Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine. The ECRC follows a partnership model in which key stakeholders are actively and directly involved in the strategic governance and growth of the Centre.
Teaching and Training.
As a part of the Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, ECRC is affiliated with the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine of the University of Edinburgh. It provides biomedical research and career training for over 30 PhD students. Many PhD positions are filled in the frame of IGMM 4 Year Graduate School Programme, but there are also some externally funded PhD-studentships and PhD positions specifically aimed for cancer clinicians. The available positions are awarded on competitive basis. ECRC scientists and clinicians actively participate in the teaching programmes of the University of Edinburgh. Ten researchers based in ECRC hold full professorships at the University.
The ECRC also offers training in biomedical research to postdoctoral fellows. Applications for these positions are opened to all nationalities and are highly competitive.
Public Engagement.
Rising awareness about cancer, cancer prevention, healthy lifestyle and science among patients, fundraisers and general public is an important part of the ECRC mission. Activities in this area are closely coordinated with Cancer Research UK and include many diverse events ranging from guided tours of the Centre to participation in fundraising events and science festivals.
History.
In 1978, the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF) - a major charity supporting cancer research in the United Kingdom at the time, decided to provide an £800,000 endowment to support creation of a Chair of Medical Oncology in the Faculty of Medicine in Edinburgh. Following an open competition, the University of Edinburgh appointed John F. Smyth (at the time a senior lecturer in medical oncology at the Institute of Cancer Research in London) for that position on 1 April 1979. After a short visit to the University of Chicago, professor Smyth assumed his duties in Edinburgh on 1 October 1979 (a date that can be considered as the beginning of the Centre).
Soon afterwards, additional posts were provided by the University and matched by appropriate staff positions by Lothian Health Board (NHS) to create first clinical service for medical oncology in Edinburgh. The service was based in the Western General Hospital where some beds and out-patient facilities were provided. In 1980 it was formally recognized as the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Medical Oncology Unit in Edinburgh with professor John Smyth as its director. This resulted in additional funding that allowed building of a small research laboratory which was commissioned in 1981. The laboratory was located in a portable cabin on the Western General Hospital campus. The main focus of the Unit was the development of more successful drug therapies for all forms of cancer and looking for new ways of reducing the side-effects of anti-cancer drugs.
With generous support from Imperial Cancer Research Fund and other organisations, the Unit was steadily growing enabling clinical trials for promising anticancer therapeutics. For example, the Unit was responsible for the very first clinical trial of a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, heralding in the dramatic changes in emesis control that subsequently followed the development of that class of compounds.
In 1984 the Unit moved to a new location at the top floor of the MRC Human Genetics Unit building which allowed for expansion of laboratory research activities. After a successful ICRF review in 1996, it had been recognized that further extension of scientific activities of the Unit required even more space and prof. Smyth obtained permission to rise funds to create a new purpose designed building. The work started in 2000 and the new £7M building was officially opened in 2002 by The Princess Royal.
It provides 3000 square meters of gross internal space and is a current base for majority of ECRC researchers. At that time (in 2002), following reorganisation of faculties into schools within the University of Edinburgh, the name Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre was created and used with reference to the Unit and the new building. In 2004 the successor of ICRF, Cancer Research UK, also started to refer to the Unit as the CRUK Clinical Cancer Centre to emphasize its status as a comprehensive cancer centre. In 2007 ECRC became part of the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine. In 2010, following a successful bid, ECRC has been formally recognized as Cancer Research UK Centre and is known as Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre.
ECRC Directors.
1980 – 2005 John Smyth (initially as a director of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund Medical Oncology Unit)
2005 – 2009 David Harrison
2010 – 2020 Margaret Frame (Science Director) and David Cameron (Clinical Director)
2020 – presentIan Tomlinson (Director) and Charlie Gourley (Clinical Director)


Preauricular appendage


Continuing healthcare

The English national framework for NHS continuing healthcare came into force on 1 October 2007 as a development in the light of the case of Coughlan which established that where a person's need is primarily for health care then the health service must fund the whole cost of nursing home placement. People who qualify are entitled to care paid for by the NHS, for which they do not have to pay, rather than social care, which is means-tested. Most of those who qualify need nursing home care. It is in the interests of local social services departments to establish entitlement to continuing healthcare as this relieves them of any financial responsibility. This system has existed in one form or another since the creation of the NHS.
Payments until 2013 were administered by primary care trusts, and this was transferred to clinical commissioning groups. Many CCGs found towards the end of 2014 that they were in financial difficulties facing the combination of an ageing population with complex health needs and increasingly expensive care packages.
To qualify a comprehensive assessment of the person's care needs must be carried out by a multidisciplinary team, including relevant specialist and non-specialist assessments. An eligible person must establish that they have complex medical condition and substantial and ongoing care needs. The framework replaced PCT's individual policies for assessing eligibility for continuing care and local care planning and review processes with the intention that the same criteria would be used throughout England. Funding already in place may be withdrawn following a joint reassessment of health and social care needs. A CCG's decision that someone is not eligible can be appealed through local resolution and then by an Independent Review Panel through NHS England. The final opportunity to challenge a decision is through the ombudsman. The decision can be challenged on grounds of process or application of the eligibility criteria.
In October 2014 the Northern, Eastern and Western Devon Clinical Commissioning Group found they were seeing an average of 34 CHC claims each month and planned to save up to £4.5 million by reviewing the decision making thresholds for these claims. It also aimed to bring the prices paid into line with other areas and possibly bring assessment of claims carried out by community providers back in house.
In 2015-16 about £3.1 billion was spent. From November 2018 new guidance, issued without any public consultation, comes into force. 37 CCGs have introduced policies to cap the cost of providing support in a person's home at the cost of a residential care placement.
The Equality and Human Rights Commission wrote to thirteen clinical commissioning groups which it considered had placed “arbitrary caps” on funding and failed to consider patients' individual needs. It threatened judicial review proceedings over such illegal discriminatory funding policies for people with serious long-term health conditions. The chief executive Rebecca Hilsenrath said: “It is utterly unacceptable that anyone should be forced into residential care when they are healthy enough to live independently and with their families. We will use our powers to ensure that the NHS thinks about this again.”
A new decision-making framework came into force on 1 October 2018, although there was no change to the eligibility criteria.
The assessment process was suspended at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in England, replaced by emergency funding, but restarted in September 2020, including all those discharged over the previous five months. This was greeted with protests from clinical commissioning groups as it is expected that eligibility will be assessed on patients' current needs rather than needs when they were first referred.
Retrospective continuing healthcare claims.
On 15 March 2012, the Department of Health announced a deadline of 30 September 2012 for individuals to request an assessment of eligibility for continuing healthcare funding, for cases during the period 1 April 2004 to 31 March 2011. Retrospective claims for previously unassessed periods of care can be considered regardless of whether the patient is still alive. Assessments of eligibility for CHC are the responsibility of the CCG, and are sometimes carried out by commissioning support units. The claim period dates from the completion of the initial screening checklist.


Tomas Ganz

Tomas Ganz is an American physician-scientist who has made important contributions to innate immunology and the pathophysiology of iron regulation. He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czechia) in 1948, and immigrated to the United States in 1966. He studied physics at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (B.S. 1970) and obtained a Ph.D. in Applied Physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1976 and an M.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1978. In 1983, after receiving training in pulmonology and internal medicine, he became a faculty member at UCLA in the Department of Medicine. Later he received a joint appointment in the graduate program in Cellular and Molecular Pathology. He has studied the role of small peptide mediators in human physiology and disease. In 2005, he received the Marcel Simon Prize of the International Bioiron Society for the discovery of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin and in 2014 was honored by the E. Donnall Thomas Award from the American Society of Hematology "... for his groundbreaking research in iron homeostasis, including the discovery of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin and investigation of its roles in iron metabolism". He is also credited with the discovery erythroferrone, the hormone produced by red cell precursors in the marrow to maintain the iron supply for the production of red cells. Currently he is a Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Pathology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.


David M. Brienza

David M. Brienza is a professor of rehabilitation science at University of Pittsburgh School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences with additional professorial appointments in bioengineering and electrical engineering.
He holds a B.S. from the University of Notre Dame in Electrical Engineering (1986) and a M.S. (1988) and Ph.D. (1991) in Electrical Engineering from the University of Virginia. From 1987 to 1991 he worked as a research assistant at the Rehabilitation Engineering Center at the University of Virginia, and in 1991 he joined the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh. Currently, he is the Director of the Seating and Soft Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory and continues to actively pursue research and development in the areas of wheelchair cushions, pressure sore and ulcer prevention, soft tissue biomechanics, telerehabilitation technology and wheelchair technology.


Rupa Bai Furdoonji

Rupa Bai Furdoonji, born to a Parsi family, was the world's first female anesthetist. She practiced medicine in Hyderabad, and played a major role in introducing the use of chloroform as an anesthetic in India.
Early life.
In 1885, Furdoonji began her studies and was one of five women to enroll in medical courses at Hyderabad Medical College. She obtained a degree of "Hakeem", equivalent to that of a Medical Doctor. Subsequently, she pursued a medical degree from Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore.
In those days, famous medical schools in England and America refused admission to female candidates. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore was one of the few institutes that were open for women.
Career.
Furdoonji was an influential voice at the First and Second Hyderabad Chloroform Commissions held in 1888 and 1891 respectively.
In 1909, Furdoonji went to Edinburgh, Scotland to gain more experience and knowledge in anesthetics. There, she obtained diplomas in Physics and Chemistry from The University of Edinburgh since no specialized course emphasized anesthetics. She chose to study Physics and Chemistry because the knowledge of these subjects was found useful for the doctors who handled anesthetics.
In 1920, she retired as the superintendent of Chaderghat Hospital, Hyderabad.


Jerome Frank (psychiatrist)

Jerome David Frank (May 30, 1909 in New York City – March 14, 2005) was an American psychiatrist who held the post of Professor of Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University Medical School. His book "Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy" was influential in his field. Frank's personal papers are archived in the Personal Papers Collections of the Alan Mason Chesney Medical Archives, Johns Hopkins University.
He conducted the "Soda Cracker Experiment", which inspired Stanley Milgram's famous experiment on obedience.
He was also an outspoken critic of nuclear weapons.


American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics

The American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics (ASLME) is a non-profit educational and professional organization. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, it is multidisciplinary in nature with members drawn from both the legal and medical professions. The society conducts research projects and conferences and publishes two journals, "The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics" and "American Journal of Law & Medicine".
The society's roots go back to 1911 with the founding of the Massachusetts Society of Examining Physicians. For 70 years it was the only statewide organization in Massachusetts with programs that combined both medical and legal issues. In 1968 attorneys were admitted as non-voting members. The American Society of Law and Medicine was incorporated as its successor in 1972 with Elliot L. Sagall as its president. Sagall was a cardiologist who also co-taught a course with George Annas on law and medicine at Boston College Law School. In 1992 the society was renamed American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics.
Past presidents of the society include the legal scholars Mary Anne Bobinski and Kathleen Boozang and the physicians John Lantos and Ronald Cranford.


Pilomatricoma

Pilomatricoma, is a benign skin tumor derived from the hair matrix. These neoplasms are relatively uncommon and typically occur on the scalp, face, and upper extremities. Clinically, pilomatricomas present as a subcutaneous nodule or cyst with unremarkable overlying epidermis that can range in size from 0.5-3.0 cm, but the largest reported case was 24 cm.
Presentation.
Associations.
Pilomatricomas have been observed in a variety of genetic disorders including Turner syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Trisomy 9, and Gardner syndrome. It has been reported that the prevalence of pilomatricomas in Turner syndrome is 2.6%.
Hybrid cysts that are composed of epidermal inclusion cysts and pilomatricoma-like changes have been repeatedly observed in Gardner syndrome. This association has prognostic import, since cutaneous findings in children with Gardner Syndrome generally precede colonic polyposis.
Histologic features.
Pilomatricomas consist of anucleate squamous cells (called "ghost cells"), benign viable squamous cells and foreign body giant cells. These neoplasms have a characteristic transition of cells. The lining of the cyst consists of basoloid cells with indistinct cell borders and basophilic nuclei that mature into the eosinophilic anucleated squamous cells. The presence of calcifications with foreign body giant cells is common within the tumors.
Pathogenesis.
Pilomatricoma is associated with high levels of beta-catenin caused by either a mutation in the APC gene or a stabilizing mutation in the beta-catenin gene, CTNNB1. High levels of beta-catenin increases cell proliferation, inhibit cell death, and ultimately leads to neoplastic growth.


Robert Maxwell Johnstone

Major General Robert Maxwell Johnstone (9 March 1914 – 11 March 1990) was a senior British Army officer.
Early life.
Johnstone was born in Edinburgh and educated at the Edinburgh Academy, Craigflower Preparatory School, Fettes College, Christ's College, Cambridge and the University of Edinburgh. He graduated M.A. M.B. B.Chir. from Cambridge and M.B. Ch.B. from Edinburgh in 1938. From 1938-1939 he was employed as a resident house physician and surgeon at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. He attained MRCPED in 1940, FRCPED in 1944 and MD in 1954.
Army.
Throughout World War II he served with the Royal Army Medical Corps. Between 1938-1941 he served with 129 Field Regiment and became company commander of the 167 Field Regiment from 1941-1943. In 1943 he was based at the Staff College, Haifa. Johnstone was awarded the Military Cross (MC) in August 1943, for his services at Enfidaville, Tunisia, in April/May 1943. From 1945-1946 he was commanding officer of 3 Field Ambulance.
Johnstone was medical advisor to HQ East Africa Command from 1950-1951. He served with the Commonwealth forces, Korea between 1954-1955. On 22 October 1954 he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in recognition of distinguished services in Malaya during the period 1 January to 30 June.
From 1955-1957 he was officer in charge of the medical division at the Cambridge Military Hospital, Aldershot Garrison, Hampshire. Between 1957-1959 he was based at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital (QAMH), Millbank, London.
In 1959 he became Professor of Medicine, University of Baghdad and honorary consultant physician to the Iraqi Army. From 1963-1965 he was commanding officer of British Military Hospital (BMH), Iserlohn, Germany, and from 1965-1967 he was consultant physician to HQ, Far East Land Forces (FARELF). Between 1967-1968 he was deputy director of medical services, Southern Command and Army Strategic Command from 1968-1969. In June 1969 he was appointed Commander of the Order of St John (CStJ).
Following his retirement from the Army in 1969 he served as assistant director (overseas) of the British Postgraduate Medical Federation from 1970-1976.


Louis Barnett

Sir Louis Edward Barnett (1865–1946) was a New Zealand professor of surgery and founder of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.
His work at the Otago Medical School, where he was one of the school's earliest students, and with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons led to the recognition of hydatid disease (see echinococcus), a potentially fatal parasitic disease.
Working and teaching in Dunedin, Barnett established a national reputation for safe and sound surgery. He was the first surgeon in New Zealand to wear rubber gloves and a gauze mask in the operating theatre.
Barnett retired in 1925 at the age of 60 and moved to Hampden where his home is protected today by Heritage New Zealand.
He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1927 King's Birthday Honours. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.


William Feinbloom

William Feinbloom (born Brooklyn 1904, died 1985) was an American optometrist considered to be a pioneer in the field of low vision, visual rehabilitation, and the development of low vision devices.
In 1936, he introduced a glass-plastic design contact lens, making them lighter and more convenient than the existing glass-blown lenses.
The Southern California College of Optometry makes an annual award in Feinbloom's name for a student showing outstanding clinical patient care.
The Pennsylvania College of Optometry's clinic, The Eye Institute, operates the William Feinbloom Vision Rehabilitation Center.


Cebocephaly

Cebocephaly (from Greek "kebos", monkey + "kephale", head) is a developmental anomaly, part of a group of defects called holoprosencephaly. Cepocephaly indicates the presence of two separate eyes set close together, and a small, flat nose with a single nostril. The presence of a nasal septum precludes a diagnosis of cebocephaly.


Moshe Arditi

Moshe Arditi is a Turkish-American physician who holds multiple appointments in the Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatrics at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and as a researcher at UCLA. Dr. Arditi is a contributor to more than 103 peer reviewed articles.
He received his medical degree from the Istanbul University School of Medicine and completed postgraduate training at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine and the Lurie Children's Hospital, affiliated with the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.


Bogomolets National Medical University

Bogomolets National Medical University (NMU) is a medical school founded in 1841 in Kyiv, Russian Empire by the Russian Tsar Nicolas I. The university is named after physiologist Alexander A. Bogomolets. NMU provides medical training for over 10,000 students, including about 1,300 foreigners from 56 countries. The university employs about 1,200 teaching staff.
Bogomolets National Medical University is one of the best medical universities in Ukraine. The degree of the university is recognized by the world's most credible organizations like WHO, UNESCO, MCI. It offers various courses in undergraduate and post-graduate levels to students. The university consists of 10 faculties. Bogomolets National Medical University also has a separate Institute for Post Graduate Education. The university is a pioneer in training medical specialists and research personnel in the field of healthcare. Bogomolets National Medical University has around 1500 professors. Included in the numbers are 855 Phd and 205 Doctors of Sciences. Thus, the students are trained by expert professionals and academicians in the field of medicine.


Blake Papsin

Blake Croll Papsin, FACS (born 1959) is a Canadian otolaryngologist who has worked at the Hospital for Sick Children since 1996. Following his graduation from the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, he worked at Mount Sinai Hospital as an associate professor, and following surgical training in cochlear implants, he became known for implantation of those techniques. In 2014 he led the team that discovered that putting infants too close to an improperly used white noise machine could put infants at a high risk of developing hearing loss.


Immunity (medical)

In biology, immunity is the capability of multicellular organisms to resist harmful microorganisms. Immunity involves both specific and nonspecific components. The nonspecific components act as barriers or eliminators of a wide range of pathogens irrespective of their antigenic make-up. Other components of the immune system adapt themselves to each new disease encountered and can generate pathogen-specific immunity.
Immunity can be defined as a complex biological system endowed with the capacity to recognize and tolerate whatever belongs to the self, and to recognize and reject what is foreign (non-self).
Innate and adaptive.
The immune system has two components: innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immunity is present in all metazoans, while the adaptive immunity only occurs in vertebrates.
The innate system relies on the recognition of certain foreign molecules to stimulate two types of innate immune responses: inflammatory responses and phagocytosis. The adaptive system, on the other hand, is composed of more advanced lymphatic cells that are programmed to distinguish between specific "non-self" substances in the presence of "self". The reaction to foreign substances is etymologically described as inflammation, meaning "to set on fire". The non-reaction to self substances is described as immunity - meaning "to exempt". These two components of the immune system create a dynamic biological environment where "health" can be seen as a physical state where the self is immunologically spared, and what is foreign is inflammatorily and immunologically eliminated. "Disease" can arise when what is foreign cannot be eliminated or what is self is not spared.
Innate immunity, also known as native immunity, is a semi-specific and widely distributed form of immunity. It is defined as the first line of defense against pathogens, representing a critical systemic response to prevent infection and maintain homeostasis, contributing to the activation of an adaptive immune response. It does not adapt to specific external stimulus or a prior infection, but relies on genetically encoded recognition of particular patterns.
Adaptive or acquired immunity is the active component of the host immune response, mediated by antigen-specific lymphocytes. Unlike the innate immunity, the acquired immunity is highly specific to a particular pathogen, including the development of immunological memory. Like the innate system, the acquired system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired either 'naturally' (by infection) or 'artificially' (through deliberate actions such as vaccination). Adaptive immunity can also be classified as 'active' or 'passive'. Active immunity is acquired through the exposure to a pathogen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. Passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells derived from an immune host either artificially or through the placenta; it is short-lived, requiring booster doses for continued immunity.
The diagram below summarizes these divisions of immunity. Adaptive immunity recognizes more diverse patterns. Unlike innate immunity it is associated with memory of the pathogen.
History of theories.
The concept of immunity has intrigued mankind for thousands of years. The prehistoric view of disease was that supernatural forces caused it, and that illness was a form of theurgic punishment for "bad deeds" or "evil thoughts" visited upon the soul by the gods or by one's enemies. Between the time of Hippocrates and the 19th century, when the foundations of the scientific methods were laid, diseases were attributed to an alteration or imbalance in one of the four humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile or black bile). Also popular during this time before learning that communicable diseases came from germs/microbes was the miasma theory, which held that diseases such as cholera or the Black Plague were caused by a miasma, a noxious form of "bad air". If someone were exposed to the miasma in a swamp, in evening air, or breathing air in a sickroom or hospital ward, they could get a disease.
The modern word "immunity" derives from the Latin immunis, meaning exemption from military service, tax payments or other public services. The first written descriptions of the concept of immunity may have been made by the Athenian Thucydides who, in 430 BC, described that when the plague hit Athens: "the sick and the dying were tended by the pitying care of those who had recovered, because they knew the course of the disease and were themselves free from apprehensions. For no one was ever attacked a second time, or not with a fatal result". The term "immunes", is also found in the epic poem "Pharsalia" written around 60 B.C. by the poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus to describe a North African tribe's resistance to snake venom.
The first clinical description of immunity which arose from a specific disease-causing organism is probably "A Treatise on Smallpox and Measles" ("Kitab fi al-jadari wa-al-hasbah", translated 1848) written by the Islamic physician Al-Razi in the 9th century. In the treatise, Al Razi describes the clinical presentation of smallpox and measles and goes on to indicate that exposure to these specific agents confers lasting immunity (although he does not use this term). The first scientist who developed a full theory of immunity was Ilya Mechnikov after he revealed phagocytosis in 1882. With Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, the fledgling science of immunology began to explain how bacteria caused disease, and how, following infection, the human body gained the ability to resist further infections.
The birth of active immunotherapy may have begun with Mithridates VI of Pontus (120-63 B.C.). To induce active immunity for snake venom, he recommended using a method similar to modern toxoid serum therapy, by drinking the blood of animals which fed on venomous snakes. He is thought to have assumed that those animals acquired some detoxifying property, so that their blood would contain transformed components of the snake venom that could induce resistance to it instead of exerting a toxic effect. Mithridates reasoned that, by drinking the blood of these animals, he could acquire a similar resistance. Fearing assassination by poison, he took daily sub-lethal doses of venom to build tolerance. He is also said to have sought to create a 'universal antidote' to protect him from all poisons. For nearly 2000 years, poisons were thought to be the proximate cause of disease, and a complicated mixture of ingredients, called Mithridate, was used to cure poisoning during the Renaissance. An updated version of this cure, Theriacum Andromachi, was used well into the 19th century.
In 1888 Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin isolated diphtheria toxin, and following the 1890 discovery by Behring and Kitasato of antitoxin based immunity to diphtheria and tetanus, the antitoxin became the first major success of modern therapeutic Immunology.
In Europe, the induction of active immunity emerged in an attempt to contain smallpox. Immunization, however, had existed in various forms for at least a thousand years. The earliest use of immunization is unknown, however, around 1000 A.D. the Chinese began practicing a form of immunization by drying and inhaling powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions. Around the fifteenth century in India, the Ottoman Empire, and east Africa, the practice of inoculation (poking the skin with powdered material derived from smallpox crusts) became quite common. This practice was first introduced into the west in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. In 1798, Edward Jenner introduced the far safer method of deliberate infection with cowpox virus, (smallpox vaccine), which caused a mild infection that also induced immunity to smallpox. By 1800 the procedure was referred to as vaccination. To avoid confusion, smallpox inoculation was increasingly referred to as variolation, and it became common practice to use this term without regard for chronology. The success and general acceptance of Jenner's procedure would later drive the general nature of vaccination developed by Pasteur and others towards the end of the 19th century. In 1891, Pasteur widened the definition of vaccine in honour of Jenner and it then became essential to qualify the term, by referring to polio vaccine, measles vaccine etc.
Passive.
Passive immunity is the transfer of immunity, in the form of ready-made antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the foetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases. Passive immunity provides immediate protection, but the body does not develop memory, therefore the patient is at risk of being infected by the same pathogen later.
Naturally acquired.
Maternal passive immunity is a type of naturally acquired passive immunity, and refers to antibody-mediated immunity conveyed to a fetus by its mother during pregnancy. Maternal antibodies (MatAb) are passed through the placenta to the fetus by an FcRn receptor on placental cells. This occurs around the third month of gestation. IgG is the only antibody isotype that can pass through the placenta. Passive immunity is also provided through the transfer of IgA antibodies found in breast milk that are transferred to the gut of the infant, protecting against bacterial infections, until the newborn can synthesize its antibodies. Colostrum present in mothers milk is an example of passive immunity.
Artificially acquired.
Artificially acquired passive immunity is a short-term immunization induced by the transfer of antibodies, which can be administered in several forms; as human or animal blood plasma, as pooled human immunoglobulin for intravenous (IVIG) or intramuscular (IG) use, and in the form of monoclonal antibodies (MAb). Passive transfer is used prophylactically in the case of immunodeficiency diseases, such as hypogammaglobulinemia. It is also used in the treatment of several types of acute infection, and to treat poisoning. Immunity derived from passive immunization lasts for only a short period of time, and there is also a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions, and serum sickness, especially from gamma globulin of non-human origin.
The artificial induction of passive immunity has been used for over a century to treat infectious disease, and before the advent of antibiotics, was often the only specific treatment for certain infections. Immunoglobulin therapy continued to be a first line therapy in the treatment of severe respiratory diseases until the 1930s, even after sulfonamide lot antibiotics were introduced.
Transfer of activated T-cells.
Passive or "adoptive transfer" of cell-mediated immunity, is conferred by the transfer of "sensitized" or activated T-cells from one individual into another. It is rarely used in humans because it requires histocompatible (matched) donors, which are often difficult to find. In unmatched donors this type of transfer carries severe risks of graft versus host disease. It has, however, been used to treat certain diseases including some types of cancer and immunodeficiency. This type of transfer differs from a bone marrow transplant, in which (undifferentiated) hematopoietic stem cells are transferred.
Active.
When B cells and T cells are activated by a pathogen, memory B-cells and T- cells develop, and the primary immune response results. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these memory cells will "remember" each specific pathogen encountered, and can mount a strong secondary response if the pathogen is detected again. The primary and secondary responses were first described in 1921 by English immunologist Alexander Glenny although the mechanism involved was not discovered until later. This type of immunity is both active and adaptive because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges. Active immunity often involves both the cell-mediated and humoral aspects of immunity as well as input from the innate immune system.
Naturally acquired.
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory. This type of immunity is "natural" because deliberate exposure does not induce it. Many disorders of immune system function can affect the formation of active immunity such as immunodeficiency (both acquired and congenital forms) and immunosuppression.
Artificially acquired.
Artificially acquired active immunity can be induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains antigen. A vaccine stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease. Richard Dunning coined the term vaccination, a colleague of Edward Jenner, and adapted by Louis Pasteur for his pioneering work in vaccination. The method Pasteur used entailed treating the infectious agents for those diseases, so they lost the ability to cause serious disease. Pasteur adopted the name vaccine as a generic term in honor of Jenner's discovery, which Pasteur's work built upon.
In 1807, Bavaria became the first group to require that their military recruits be vaccinated against smallpox, as the spread of smallpox was linked to combat. Subsequently, the practice of vaccination would increase with the spread of war.
There are four types of traditional vaccines:
Two future vaccinations:
Most vaccines are given by hypodermic or intramuscular injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the gut. Live attenuated polio and some typhoid and cholera vaccines are given orally in order to produce immunity based in the bowel.


W. Keith Campbell

William Keith Campbell is an American social psychologist known for his research on narcissism. He is a professor in the Department of Psychology in the University of Georgia's Franklin College of Arts and Sciences. He completed his BA at University of California, Berkeley, MA from University of California, San Diego, PhD at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He has published over 120 peer-reviewed papers and a number of books, including "The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments" (with Joshua Miller) and "The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement" (with Jean Twenge).


Congress of Chiropractic State Associations

Congress of Chiropractic State Associations (COCSA) is a nonprofit organization formed with the mission of promoting a more unified profession for chiropractors. The organization hosts an annual conference which serves as a platform for the leaders in each state's chiropractic association to meet and share ideas to better serve their members.
On April 2002, they organized National Backpack Safety Month. In 2011, the group sued UnitedHealth Group and OptumHealth. In November of that year, Foot Levelers gave them a grant for $25,000 for the COCSA's participation in their speakership program.


Microwave ablation

Microwave ablation is a form of thermal ablation used in interventional radiology to treat cancer. MWA uses electromagnetic waves in the microwave energy spectrum (300 MHz to 300 GHz) to produce tissue-heating effects. The oscillation of polar molecules produces frictional heating, ultimately generating tissue necrosis within solid tumors. It is generally used for the treatment and/or palliation of solid tumors in patients who are nonsurgical candidate.
Medical uses.
For isolated, nonmetastatic lung tumors, surgical resection remains the reference standard for treatment. However, many patients are precluded from surgery due to poor cardiopulmonary function, advanced age, or extensive disease burden. For these patients, minimally invasive therapeutic options such as radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation have emerged as possible alternatives.
Tumor ablation of thoracic malignancies should be considered a viable treatment option for patients with early stage, primary or secondary lung cancers who are not surgical candidates or for patients in whom palliation of tumor related symptoms is the intent. MWA is regarded as a particularly efficient option for the treatment of lung tumors since unlike RFA it does not rely on impedance to generate heat, rather electromagnetic microwave waves heat matter by agitating water molecules in the surrounding tissue, producing friction and heat.
Another common use for microwave ablation is the treatment of liver tumors. For nonsurgical patients, local thermal ablation techniques have enabled local control of tumors without resection. In particular, this therapy has grown in use for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, since many patients present with advanced disease or compromised liver function.
Clinical applications of MWA have also included treatment of renal, adrenal, and bone malignancies. The goals of ablation of thoracic malignancies include:
1. Ablating the entire tumor and a margin of normal parenchyma surrounding it
2. Avoiding injury to critical structures
3. Creating a large ablation area quickly.
Adverse effects.
The most common adverse effects of MWA for lung tumors include pain, fever, pneumothorax, and pleural effusions.[6-12] Rib fractures, following thermal ablation, particularly MWA, have been newly noted in the literature.[13]
One of the limitations of thermal-based ablation therapies, including MWA, is the risk of marginal recurrences and/or residual disease. Residual or recurrent tumor is particularly likely in areas adjacent to heat sinks, such as larger blood vessels or airways. Theoretically, the greater heat intensity generated in MWA compared to other thermal modalities should allow for more complete ablations in larger tumors and thus decreased incidence of residual disease or recurrence at the tumor margins.[3]
Procedure.
MWA allows for flexible treatment approaches, including percutaneous, laparoscopic, and open surgical access. Therapy is generally performed with the patient under conscious sedation; however, in cases where intra-procedural pain is problematic a general anesthetic may be used. Ablations can be performed using a single MW antenna or a cluster of three to achieve a greater ablation volume.[4] Tumor temperatures during ablation can be measured with a separate thermal couple; tumors are treated to over 60°C to achieve coagulation necrosis.
Platforms.
Currently, there are six MWA systems commercially available in the United States. The systems use either a 915 MHz generator (Evident, Covidien, Mansfield, MA; MicrothermX, BSD Medical, Salt Lake City, UT; Avecure, Medwaves, San Diego, CA) or a 2450 MHz generator (Certus 140, Neuwave, Madison, WI; Amica, Hospital Service, Rome, Italy; Acculis MTA, AngioDynamics, Latham, NY). The MW antennas used are straight applicators with active tips ranging in lengths from 0.6 to 4.0 cm. Five of the six available systems require that the antennas are internally cooled with either room-temperature fluid or carbon dioxide to reduce conductive heating and to prevent possible skin damage.[5]
History.
The technique for thermal ablation in the lung by using radiofrequency ablation was first described in 1995 for use in animal lung tumor models and then in 2000 in humans.[1-2] Microwave ablation has emerged as a newer ablation modality and an addition to the arsenal of minimally invasive cancer care.
The purported benefits of microwave ablation over other heat-based modalities such as radiofrequency ablation and laser include a larger and faster volume of tissue heating with a given application. Unlike radiofrequency ablation, MWA does not rely on an electrical circuit allowing for multiple applicators to be used simultaneously.[3]


Stephen Tsang

Stephen H. Tsang (Chinese: 曾慶霖; Pinyin: Zeng Qing-Lin) is an ophthalmologist and geneticist. He is currently the Laszlo T. Bito Professor of Ophthalmology, and Pathology and Cell Biology at Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, New York, in the United States.
Tsang studies metabolic signaling in retinal diseases, as well as gene therapy and stem cell therapy to treat such diseases. In 2010, Tsang led an international research team that used embryonic stem cells of mice to replace diseased retinal cells in mice with retinitis pigmentosa to restore sight. In 2012, Tsang produced long term visual improvement in retinitis pigmentosa mouse models in two experiments, one using induced pluripotent stem cells and the other gene therapy. In 2015, Tsang was among the leaders of a team which discovered a gene mutation that can cause achromatopsia. In 2016, Tsang's team, in partnership with University of Iowa scientists, used the genome editing tool called CRISPR to repair a mutation that causes retinitis pigmentosa in patient derived stem cells. In 2018, Tsang and his team created a new technique for CRISPR, restoring function in the retina of mice affected by retinitis pigmentosa. Additionally, Tsang contributes to scientific rigor with his service on the Diseases and Pathophysiology of the Visual System Study Section at the NIH until 2018, and on the Scientific Advisory Panel of Research to Prevent Blindness until 2029.
Biography.
Tsang is married and was born in British Hong Kong's Evangel Hospital 播道醫院. He went to St. Teresa's Kindergarten and St. Teresa's Primary school St. Teresa's School Kowloon (STS, 九龍聖德肋撒英文學校) , then onto La Salle College, all in Kowloon, Hong Kong. He immigrated to the United States after La Salle College, graduating college from Johns Hopkins University. During college, Tsang trained in medical genetics under Professor Victor A. McKusick. He obtained an M.D.-Ph.D. from the NIH-National Institute of General Medical Sciences Medical Scientist Training Program at Columbia University. Tsang did his residency at Jules Stein Eye Institute/UCLA, and then he studied with Professors Alan C. Bird and Graham E. Holder, researching how to improve care of people suffering macular degeneration. Tsang is the editor of two books on regenerative medicine and precision medicine. He has authored over 280 peer reviewed articles, including articles published in "Science" and the "Journal of Clinical Investigation".


William Gallie

William Edward Gallie (January 29, 1882 – September 25, 1959) was a Canadian medical educator and orthopedic surgeon.
He was born in Barrie, Ontario, studied medicine at the University of Toronto and interned at The Hospital for Sick Children and the Toronto General Hospital. Gallie spent one year at the Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled in New York City in 1905. He returned to Toronto the following year and joined the Hospital for Sick Children as an orthopaedic surgeon. From 1907 to 1910, he worked as a junior surgeon at Toronto General before returning to the Hospital for Sick Children. In 1921, he became chief surgeon at the Hospital for Sick Children and, in 1928, became a professor of surgery and chief surgeon at Toronto General. He established a training course for residents in surgery that would qualify them to take examinations with the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. In 1941, he was named president of the American College of Surgeons. He retired from general surgery in 1947. In 1951, he convinced Samuel McLaughlin to create a foundation that would fund post-graduate studies for potential teachers for Canadian medical schools.
Gallie died of squamous-cell carcinoma at the age of 77.
He was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2001.


Madreporite

The madreporite is a light colored calcareous opening used to filter water into the water vascular system of echinoderms. It acts like a pressure-equalizing valve. It is visible as a small red or yellow button-like structure, looking like a small wart, on the aboral surface of the central disk of a sea star or sea urchin. Close up, it is visibly structured, resembling a "madrepore" (stone coral, Scleractinia) colony. From this, it derives its name.
The water vascular system of the sea star consists of a series of seawater-filled ducts that function in locomotion and feeding and respiration. Its main parts are the madreporite, the stone canal, the ring canal, the radial canals, the lateral canals, and the tube feet. The sieve-like madreporite allows entry of seawater into the stone canal, which connects to the ring canal around the mouth. Five or more radial canals extend from the ring canal, one in each arm above the ambulacral groove. From the radial canals extend many lateral canals, each of which leads to a tube foot. Each tube foot is a closed cylinder with muscular walls, having a sucker at the outer end and a bulb-like ampulla at its inner end within the body cavity.


Francis Champneys

Sir Francis Henry Champneys, 1st Baronet, FRCP (25 March 1848, London – 30 July 1930, Nutley, Sussex, England) was an eminent obstetrician known for raising the status of midwives in the early twentieth century, by his campaigning for their training and certification and for supporting the founding of the History of Medicine Society in 1912.
Early years.
Champneys was born in the rectory of St Mary's, Whitechapel on 25 March 1848. His father was William Champneys, then rector of St Mary's, later Canon of St Paul's Cathedral and later Dean of Lichfield from 1868 to 1875, and his mother, Mary Anne, was daughter of the goldsmith and silversmith Paul Storr (his cousins thus including Rev. Vernon Storr, Archdeacon of Westminster from 1931 to 1936, Rev. Frank Utterton, Archdeacon of Surrey from 1906 to 1908, the artists Rex Whistler and Laurence Whistler, and the academic Michael Lindsay, 2nd Baron Lindsay of Birker). Amongst his six siblings were the architect and author Basil Champneys and the rowing clergyman Weldon Champneys. As a child and before the invention of perforation, Champneys would spend Sunday afternoons cutting sheets of stamps. He was awarded a scholarship to be educated at Winchester College, one of the ancient public schools of England, and later Brasenose College, Oxford. He then, in 1871, became a medical student at St Bartholomew's Hospital, qualifying in 1888.
Career.
Champneys was a fellow of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and was elected president of its successor organisation, the Royal Society of Medicine, in 1912. He supported Sir William Osler in the founding of The History of Medicine Society at The Royal Society of Medicine, London, in the same year.
Legacy.
Champneys particularly championed raising the status of midwives and was the main driving force of the Midwives Act 1902, which he did by being the first chairman of the Central Midwives’ Board from 1902 until his death in 1930. The act required midwives to be trained and examined in a maternity hospital. They then had to be on the register of the central midwives board.
He was the crown nominee from 1911 to 1926 of the General Medical Council. Champneys was created a baronet in 1910.
Music.
Champneys was an amateur musician, studying under Charles Wesley at Winchester. Whilst at Brasenose, Champneys composed a number of glees and madrigals, founding at the same time, a glees club. Later, he was to study music under John Goss (composer) and held various musical positions between 1880 and 1913.
Personal life and death.
Champneys married Virginia Julian Dalrymple (1850-1922), daughter of Sir John Warrender Dalrymple, on 12 September 1876.
He died on 31 July 1930 at age 83 years at his Nutley home and was succeeded by his son, Weldon Dalrymple-Champneys, who also became a physician. Weldon never had children and the baronetcy therefore ended.


Joseph von Lindwurm

Joseph von Lindwurm (9 April 1824 – 21 February 1874), was a German physician and dermatologist born in Aschaffenburg.
He studied medicine in Würzburg and Heidelberg, obtaining his medical doctorate in 1849. Afterwards, he worked as an assistant in the medical clinic at Würzburg, then furthered his education in Vienna and Paris. In Paris, he demonstrated through inoculation experiments that secondary syphilis was as contagious as primary syphilis.
In 1853 he became privat-docent at Munich, followed by an associate professorship several years later (1859). In 1863 he was appointed a full professor of dermatology and venereal diseases in Munich, later becoming director of the second medical clinic at the general hospital (1869).
A thoroughfare in Munich, "Lindwurmstraße", is named in his honor. His surname refers to the "Lindwurm" of German mythology.
Publications.
Among his written works was a translation of William Stokes' "The Diseases of the Heart and Aorta" into German ("Handbuch der Krankheiten des Herzens und der Aorta"). Other writings by Lindwurm are:
Books about Joseph von Lindwurm


List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes

Many cutaneous neoplasms occur in the setting of systemic syndromes.
References.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 1983 May;8(5):639-44.
Pilomatricoma-like changes in the epidermal cysts of Gardner's syndrome.
Cooper PH, Fechner RE.


Jackie Daniel

Dame Jacqueline Lesley Daniel, normally known as Jackie Daniel, is a British health care administrator and NHS manager.
She started her career as a nurse and has been Chief Executive at
Daniel has a master's degree in Quality Assurance in Health and Social Care, and she is a qualified business and personal coach. She was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2018 New Year Honours and was appointed Chief Executive of Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust in March 2018.
Daniel's most recent total benefits including salary (for 2019/20) received from the Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust was in the band £280-285k.


Amateur Sports Alliance of North America

The Amateur Sports Alliance of North America (ASANA) is a non-profit women's softball organization.
ASANA formed in 2007 as an offshoot of the North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance (NAGAAA). The current commissioner is Angela Smith of Atlanta, Georgia.
Teams from 23 cities participate in the ASANA Softball World Series each year, with the venue rotating among the member cities.
The 2016 World Series will be held in Kansas City, Missouri
The 2017 World Series will be held in Austin, Texas.
ASANA offers softball for women softball players of various skill and age levels. Six divisions comprise the women's division: A, B, C, D, E and 50+. The "A" division is considered the most challenging division, and the E division consists of mostly recreational level players.


Fenway Sports Group

Fenway Sports Group Holdings, LLC (FSG), is an American holding company which owns or has investments in organisations with operations in sports, marketing, media, entertainment, and real estate. It is the ultimate parent company of Major League Baseball's Boston Red Sox and Liverpool F.C., a Premier League soccer team.
FSG was founded in 2001 as New England Sports Ventures (NESV) when John W. Henry joined forces with Tom Werner, Les Otten, The New York Times Company, and other investors to successfully bid for the Red Sox. NESV formally announced its name change to Fenway Sports Group in March 2011.
In addition to owning the Red Sox and Liverpool F.C., the Boston-based limited liability company also owns the home stadiums for both teams (Fenway Park and Anfield) and Fenway Sports Management (which in turn owns the Salem Red Sox of the Class A Carolina League, a minor league baseball franchise), plus 80% of the New England Sports Network (NESN) and 50% of Roush Fenway Racing, with cars entered (as of the 2021 season) in the NASCAR Cup Series racing competition.
In an April 2014 article in "Forbes", senior editor Kurt Badenhausen called FSG "the most sophisticated, synergistic player in the coming age of international sports conglomerates". In 2021, FSG was embroiled in a controversy over its attempts, together with the ownership groups of eleven other soccer clubs, to create a European Super League. In doing so, FSG sought to emulate elements of the North American sports model, creating a competition with strictly limited entry beyond a proposed fifteen total founding member clubs and appearing to largely eliminate the European system of meritocratic promotion and relegation. Principal owner John W. Henry later issued an apology in which he took sole responsibility for the club's involvement in the venture, which subsequently collapsed.
History.
New England Sports Ventures, LLC, was formed in accordance with Delaware State Law in 2001. The company registered to do business in Massachusetts in the same year.
Business interests.
Boston Red Sox.
The Boston Red Sox are a professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts, and a member of the Major League Baseball’s American League Eastern Division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the Red Sox's home ballpark has been Fenway Park since . The "Red Sox" name was chosen by the team owner, John I. Taylor, around , following previous Boston teams that had been known as the "Red Stockings." Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in and winning four more championships by .
In , the Red Sox were sold by the Yawkey Trust to Fenway Sports Group. They had endured one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history, called by some the "Curse of the Bambino" after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox's sale of Babe Ruth to the rival Yankees in 1919, an 86-year wait before the team's sixth World Championship in . Red Sox history has also been marked by the team's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees, arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports. Since , the Red Sox have been perennial playoff contenders and have won four World Series, emerging as one of the most successful MLB teams of the last decade.
Fenway Park.
Fenway Park is a baseball park near Kenmore Square in Boston, Massachusetts. Located at 4 Jersey Street, it has served as the home ballpark of the Boston Red Sox baseball club since it opened in 1912, and is the oldest Major League Baseball stadium currently in use. It is, along with Chicago's Wrigley Field, one of the pair of the original "jewel box" standard ballparks that are still in use. Considered to be one of the best-known sports venues in the U.S., Fenway Park became the oldest venue used by a professional sports team in the United States in 1999 when the Detroit Tigers moved out of Tiger Stadium which opened the same day as Fenway Park.
NESN.
The New England Sports Network (NESN) is a regional cable television network that covers the six New England states except Fairfield County, Connecticut and Southbury, Connecticut, a town in New Haven County that is covered by New York City sports networks. FSG is NESN's majority owner (80%) and the Boston Bruins own the remaining 20%. Although it mainly broadcasts non-national Boston Red Sox and Boston Bruins games, NESN also features minor league baseball, regional college sports including college hockey games on Friday nights, various outdoor shows, and sports talk shows featuring the sports columnists of "The Boston Globe", as that paper is also owned by John Henry.
Roush Fenway Racing.
Roush Fenway Racing (formerly Roush Racing) is a racing team competing in NASCAR racing. As one of NASCAR's largest premier racing teams, Roush runs the No. 6 and No. 17 Ford Mustangs in the Monster Energy Cup Series and previously competed in the Xfinity Series (1992–2018), NASCAR Gander Outdoors Truck Series (1996–2009) and ARCA RE/MAX Series.
Roush first entered NASCAR competition in 1988, but had competed and won championships in various drag racing and sports car racing series since the mid-1960s. The racing business was originally a small branch of co-owner Jack Roush's successful automotive engineering and road-racing equipment business based in Livonia, Michigan.
On February 14, 2007, FSG purchased 50% of Roush Racing to create a new corporate entity, Roush Fenway Racing.
Fenway Sports Management.
Fenway Sports Management (FSM) was established by FSG in 2004. It styles itself as a "new kind of sports marketing agency", created by FSG to expand its footprint beyond its most famous holdings, the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball and Fenway Park. FSM entered into an exclusive sponsorship sales agreement with MLB Advanced Media and Boston College's major intercollegiate sports in 2004 and as of 2014 counts the Red Sox, Liverpool F.C., LeBron James, Johnny Manziel, BC, Roush Fenway Racing, MLB.com, the PGA Tour's Deutsche Bank Championship, NESN, the Worcester Red Sox and the Salem Red Sox among its client base.
Liverpool F.C..
Having previously partnered with the English soccer club Fulham F.C., on October 6, 2010, FSG agreed to buy Liverpool F.C. from owners George N. Gillett, Jr. and Tom Hicks, after the board voted 3–2 to oust them from the club. It purchased through subsidiary, "N.E.S.V. I, LLC" (incorporated in Delaware) and UK based holding company "UKSV Holdings Company Limited." Liverpool won the 2018-19 UEFA Champions League, having finished runners-up in the previous year's competition. They won the 2019-20 Premier League season.
In 2021, FSG was embroiled in a controversy over its attempts, along with the owners of a few other soccer clubs, to create a European Super League. In doing so, FSG wanted to copy the NFL franchise model, creating a league without relegation and promotion, and ending the existing league pyramid system.
Anfield.
Anfield is a football stadium in the city of Liverpool, England. Built in 1884 and originally the home of Everton F.C., the stadium has been home to Liverpool F.C. since it was formed in 1892. FSG purchased Anfield along with Liverpool F.C. in October 2010.
Salem Red Sox.
In December 2007, Fenway Sports Group agreed to purchase the Salem Avalanche of the Carolina League, Single A Advanced affiliate of the Houston Astros with the anticipation of converting the team to a Boston-affiliated club. In 2009, the Salem, Virginia-based team adopted the Red Sox moniker, including a logo and color scheme to match their parent club. Since Fenway acquired the club, it has had a relative amount of success, claiming one league title, two division titles, and making three playoff appearances.
Partners.
John W. Henry is the principal owner, holding an estimated 40 percent of stock in FSG. Chairman Tom Werner controls the second-largest block of shares. "The Boston Globe" (owned by Henry) reported in March 2021 that RedBird Capital Partners, a New York private investment firm, had acquired a $750 million stake in Fenway Sports Group to become its third-largest partner, with Boston-based asset manager Michael S. Gordon, president of FSG, holding the fourth-largest share. On 31 March 2021, FSG officially announced that NBA superstar LeBron James and his longtime business partners, Maverick Carter and Paul Wachter – along with Boston Red Sox CEO Sam Kennedy – had also acquired partnerships in FSG.
Partners in Fenway Sports Group LLC as of 31 March 2021 include:
Ed Weiss is listed as executive vice president/corporate strategy and general counsel and Greg Morris as chief financial officer.


M. M. S. Ahuja

Man Mohan Singh Ahuja (1929 – 12 July 1998) was Indian physician and endocrinologist.
He was born in 1929 in Multan in British India. He was graduated from Madras Medical College in 1952. He passed M.R.C.P. (London) in 1956, and did residency at Hammersmith Hospital, London. In 1958, he joined All India Institute of Medical Sciences as Registrar in Medicine department under Prof. K. L. Wig. He was promoted as Associate Professor and later as Head of the Department of Medicine in 1969. He became Head of the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, when it was formed in 1982 until 1989. He was Dean of the Institute in 1988–1989.
He played key role in founding 'Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India' in 1972 and 'Hormone Foundation, India.' He was the founding editor of International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.
He was Chief editor of medical publication series on "Progress in Medicine". They are unique and monumental documentations of scientific work done in India on problems of Indian Medicine.
Many generations of Medical students have been benefited from these volumes.
He died on 12 July 1998 in New Delhi. He was survived by his wife Dr. Meera Ahuja, daughter Sumati and son Vikas.


Frederick Kaplan

Frederick S. Kaplan is an American medical doctor specializing in research of muscoskeletal disorders such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).
Education.
Frederick Kaplan received a bachelor's degree from Johns Hopkins University in 1972. He also obtained his Doctor of Medicine (MD) from Johns Hopkins University, graduating in 1976.
FOP research.
In the mid 1980s, Kaplan met David Romanoff, the medical director of the Inglis House—a residential care facility for adults with disabilities. Two residents of the facility were diagnosed with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a very rare medical condition in which the soft tissue of the body ossifies, or turns to bone, over time. Romanoff was "grappling" with caring for the patients, and asked Kaplan if he would like to meet them, which he did. This was his first encounter with the disease beyond reading about it.
In 1988, Kaplan met immunologist and geneticist Michael Zasloff; Zasloff introduced him to a patient with FOP, a young child.
Kaplan stated that his reaction to meeting the young patient was "visceral and immediate", causing him to request a three-year sabbatical from his work so that he could begin to research FOP. Together, Zasloff and Kaplan collaborated to create the FOP Collaborative Research Project at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1992, Kaplan and Eileen Shore initiated the FOP Research Laboratory.
In 2006, Shore and Kaplan discovered the cause of FOP, publishing their findings as "A recurrent mutation in the BMP type I receptor ACVR1 causes inherited and sporadic fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva". The cause of the disease was traced to a single mutation in the activin A receptor, type I gene. After the discovery, Kaplan remarked, "It took our team of researchers and collaborators more than 15 years of diligent effort to unravel the genetic cause of FOP, which had been shrouded in mystery for so long."
As of 2015, Kaplan and Shore were the directors of the Center for Research in FOP and Related Disorders. They are considered the "world’s foremost experts on FOP".
POH research.
In 1994, Kaplan and his colleagues authored a publication describing a new muscoskeletal disorder, progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH).
POH was discovered as a distinct condition when Kaplan was investigating FOP. Some of the patients initially diagnosed with FOP were found to have a distinctly different manifestation of symptoms, though, like FOP, the disease still resulted in heterotopic ossification (formation of bone tissue outside the skeleton).
None of the patients had congenital abnormalities of the big toe, which is a diagnostic feature for FOP.
All of the patients also had ossification of the skin during infancy, which did not occur in FOP.
Also, the pattern of ossification was different in these patients, spreading in an intramembranous fashion rather than endochondral.
Awards and honors.
In 2006, the magazine "Newsweek" named Kaplan as one of their "15 People Who Make America Great".
In 2009, he was elected to the National Academy of Medicine.
In 2017, Kaplan received the Rare Impact Award from the National Organization for Rare Disorders.
In 2018, he received the Grand Hamdan International Award via the Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences for his work in medical sciences.


Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare

The Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare (FSRH) is a faculty of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. It is the standard-setting organisation for family planning and sexual health physicians in the United Kingdom.
Membership.
Membership of the faculty is open to physicians who have passed the faculty's examinations and maintain appropriate continuous professional development.
Examinations.
The faculty has three examinations:
Training and certification.
The faculty also oversees the training of physicians who wish to train in inserting the intrauterine device or Implanon, by issuing the Letter of Competence in Intra-Uterine Techniques (LoC IUT) and Letter of Competence in Sub-Dermal Implants (LoC SDI).
The faculty also awards several certificates in special skills applicable to physicians working in contraception, sexual and reproductive healthcare clinics:
Publications.
The faculty publishes a journal, the "Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Healthcare".


Gordon G. Gallup

Gordon G. Gallup Jr. (; born 1941) is an American psychologist in the University at Albany's psychology department, researching biopsychology.
Early life and education.
Gallup received his Ph.D. from Washington State University in 1968, after which he joined the faculty of the psychology department at Tulane University.
Career.
He is best known for developing the mirror test, also called the mirror self-recognition test, or MSR, in 1970, which gauges self-awareness of animals. In 1975, Gallup moved to the University at Albany.
During his tenure at Tulane, Gallup also developed a research interest in tonic immobility, or "animal hypnosis," which he continued at the University at Albany. His later work on animal behavior focused on ethological approaches to the study of animal behavior under laboratory conditions, which he pursued with Susan Suarez in the 1980s.
Since the 1990s, Gallup has researched human evolutionary psychology exclusively. Gallup's article entitled "Does Semen Have Antidepressant Properties?" attracted the attention of the media when it was published in 2002. Gallup commented, "I want to make it clear that we are not advocating that people abstain from using condoms. Clearly, an unwanted pregnancy or a sexually transmitted disease would more than offset any advantageous psychological effects of semen."


Zainulabedin Ismail Hamdulay

Zainulabedin Hamdulay (born 15 January 1970) is an Indian cardiac surgeon. He is the joint secretary and treasurer at Indian Association of Cardiovascular (IACTS). He is the director of cardiothoracic and vascular surgery at Global Hospital, Parel, Mumbai. He is also a Founder of Hamdulay Heart Foundation. Hamdulay has attended over 7,000 cardiac surgeries.
Early life.
Zainulabedin Hamdulay was born in Shirshee In Khed Taluka Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. His primary school education was at St. Joseph High School in Solapur. He joined D.B.F Dayanand College of Arts and Science for his Bachelor's degree in Science. He completed his MBBS in 1992. And then further went on to complete his M.S. in 1996. He completed his M.Ch Cardiovascular and thoracic surgery from the University of Mumbai. Hamdulay is the alumni of Sion Hospital and also has studied and trained in cardiac surgery at Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK and Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
Career.
Dr. Zainulabedin Hamdulay has accepted his first fellowship in Military Hospital Pune and then later he got accepted for a fellowship in U.K., Liverpool to train in the pediatric cardiac surgery at the Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital. He came back to India to serve the country and with his idea to make cardiac surgery affordable and subsidized he went to Prince Aly Khan Hospital and set up a center, where he continued for 10 years.
In the year 2013, he was appointed as the Chief Cardiac Surgeon in Wockhardt Hospital and continued there till 2016. He was the director of cardiothoracic and vascular surgery at Global Hospital Parel, Mumbai. Currently, he is the director of Masina Heart Institute of Masina Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai.


Olivia Winters

Olivia Winters is a fictional character from the CBS Daytime soap opera, "The Young and the Restless". The role was portrayed by Tonya Williams, on contract beginning in June 1990, until agreeing with the show to drop to recurring status in 2005. She returned to the role in 2007 to 2012. In February, 2011, the character appeared on "The Bold and the Beautiful" for two episodes, when it was revealed that her cousin is that show's Justin Barber.
Storylines.
Character's background.
Previously, Olivia was a doctor at Genoa City Memorial Hospital and is a graduate of both the University of Colorado at Boulder and Seton Hall University Medical school. Currently, Olivia is a travelling lecturer for Doctors Without Borders. Prior to being married to Malcolm Winters (Shemar Moore), Olivia was married to Nathan Hastings, Sr. and the two are the parents of Nate Jr. Olivia, an honest and principled woman, is keenly aware of the importance of doing the right thing and lives by the code words "duty" and "responsibility," however, because of this, she is often quick to judge those who do not live by the same morals. She is, though, also known for her compassion, kindness and forgiveness. "Liv" (as she is known by family and close friends) has always been very close to her aunt, Mamie Johnson.
Olivia was a popular and central character. She and her sister, Drucilla (Victoria Rowell), became lead characters, becoming two of the most iconic African American characters for the daytime genre. A setback, however, was that the Barber sisters and the Winters brothers mainly only interacted with each other unless a storyline was business-related.
Under Bill Bell, Olivia was best friends with Ashley Abbott (most prominently portrayed by Eileen Davidson), an adversary of Drucilla's. John F. Smith, however, separated the two as friends in a controversial love triangle involving Ashley's then-husband, Brad Carlton (Don Diamont). This was Olivia's final storyline as a series regular.
1990–2005.
Lillie Belle and Walter Barber had two daughters who were as different as night and day, and bitter rivals. Older sister Olivia could do no wrong. Younger sister Drucilla could do no right. Their mother, Lillie Belle, admitted many years later that Dru was an unwanted child, the result of husband Walter's drunken lust. It was no wonder that Dru ran away as a teenager and spent years on the streets racking up a criminal record. Olivia was shocked by this revelation, needless to say and saw Dru in a new light for the first time in years. Walter assured Olivia that even though Dru's conception was not planned, he loved her regardless and had no regrets over having her. Olivia was relieved and grateful to hear this, but was furious with Lillie Belle for mistreating Dru all those years.
Nathan Hastings, detective with the Paul Williams Detective Agency, caught a shoplifter while working security for Fenmore's Department Store, the same Drucilla Barber. Nathan ended up talking the judge into releasing Dru into his custody and took her in once he realized another thing they shared, as Nathan was once illiterate too. Nathan taught Dru to read and be more ladylike, and eventually Dru fell in love with him. But lo and behold, Nathan's girlfriend was Olivia, Drucilla's "perfect" sister. The sisters were reunited, but it was obvious no love was lost between them. Nathan explained that his heart was with Olivia. Dru plotted to win him away by seducing him, but that didn't work. Olivia informed their parents of Dru's presence in Genoa City. They came to see Dru, but were rebuffed, so returned home.
Pushed by Olivia to produce her mystery "boyfriend", Drucilla talked Jabot executive trainee and Stanford MBA graduate, Neil Winters, into playing the part. Neil ended up falling in love with Olivia himself. Olivia decided that Dru was setting them up, so moved up her wedding date. This was the year of the grand masquerade ball. Olivia had to work, so Nathan dressed as an Arabian and took Dru dressed as "The Firebird" ballerina. Nathan and Olivia married with Dru as reluctant maid of honor. Dru and Neil commiserated, and ended up falling in love. It was obvious both couples were mismatched. The scholarly Olivia was married to the former criminal Nathan, and the former criminal Dru with the well-educated Neil Winters. Neil supported Dru in her rise to ballerina stardom. But she turned down a chance to tour with the ballet for a modeling career. Neil thought it unforgivable, to be giving up art for self-gratification and big money, so they broke up.
A pregnant Olivia was found to have ovarian cancer, but refused to abort the baby to save her life. After the birth, Olivia was to have a hysterectomy, but it and the cancer subject was dropped. Their son, Nathan Hastings, Jr., was delivered early to save Olivia's life.
Shortly after Dru and Neil were married at the Chancellor Estate, Lillie Belle left Walter and showed up in Genoa City. She stayed with Olivia and Nathan, and drove a huge wedge between them with her bizarre behavior due to clinical depression. Dru tried to talk Lillie Belle into staying with them in hopes of giving Liv and Nathan space to repair their marriage. But as always, Dru's mother rebuffed her in favor of her chosen daughter Olivia. Walter ended up claiming his wife and returning home with Lillie Belle in tow.
Neil's black sheep half-brother Malcolm Winters suddenly showed up in Genoa City, intent on patching up differences with Neil. Neil was convinced that Malcolm was only there to freeload, but Dru got Mal a job at Blade's photo studio which helped convince Neil he was wrong about Mal. One night, Dru over-medicated her cold and ended up being raped by Malcolm, knowing she mistook him for her husband, Neil. Malcolm had secretly been falling for Dru, but never thought she gave him a second look. Dru soon found herself pregnant, and not knowing which Winters brother was the father, considered abortion. But when her doctor told Dru that her former life on the streets had left her with a condition that made it lucky she had conceived, let alone ever would again, she reconsidered. Dru and Mal decided the baby would remain Neil's no matter what, and only they and her sister Olivia would know the rape had ever happened.
Meanwhile, Nathan and Olivia were still on the outs since Olivia took her mentally ill mother's side against Nathan. So Nathan began an affair with the beautiful Keesha Monroe. Olivia became suspicious, and both Dru and Neil tried to caution Nathan after they caught him with Keesha. Each time Nathan tried to end the affair, Olivia did something to drive Nathan back to Keesha's arms. Nathan finally ended the affair, and he and Liv began trying for another child. Just as Keesha was falling in love with Malcolm, he found out about the affair with Nathan and dumped her. Then Keesha began getting persistent calls from old boyfriend Stan, who later died of AIDS. Keesha went to Dr. Liv, turned out to be HIV positive, and had to tell Nathan. It was about this time that Dru decided to tell Olivia about Nathan's affair with Keesha. Liv was furious, not only that Nathan had betrayed her, but had also endangered her and Nate with HIV. She kicked Nathan out and forbade him to ever see their son again. All 3 of them were HIV negative, but Keesha was doomed now with AIDS. The compassionate Malcolm began seeing her again, helping her through the difficult times as she grew weaker and thinner, and would have otherwise been left all alone to die. Malcolm cared for her so, he brought her flowers and a veil and married her on her death bed so she could at least die happy. Nathan became desperate to see his son, and ended up kidnapping him. Life on the run was rough on Nate, so Nathan finally did the right thing, and was returning Nate to Olivia when he was struck by a car and killed.
After the birth of her baby, Lily, Dru signed a contract and returned to modeling, which took her away from home and infuriated Neil. Neil felt that unless a wife had a meaningful job (such as being a doctor like Liv), her place was in the home. In his loneliness he turned to Liv. Liv agreed with Neil's neanderthal ideas. Meanwhile, thanks mainly to Malcolm's bond with Nate since the death of his father, Malcolm (now a successful photographer) fell in love with Olivia and proposed. Time passed and Dru and Neil split and reunited again and again mostly for the sake of Lily, then thanks to Neil's beliefs conflicting with Dru's dreams, they split for good. Dru finally took off with Lily for the runways of Paris and filed for divorce.
Malcolm and Olivia were married, and Nate was thrilled to have the exciting and fun-loving Malcolm as his new "daddy." But eventually Liv began spending too much time at the hospital and not enough time on her marriage. Malcolm and Nate's nanny Julia were raising Nate. Olivia suddenly began being suspicious of Malcolm over nothing. When Malcolm's old love, singer Callie Rogers, arrived in town, Liv was convinced they were resuming their romance. Liv obsessed over Malcolm so, she ended up driving him to Callie, who had never stopped loving him. Malcolm tried to patch things up with Liv and convince her she was wrong about him, but Liv suddenly decided she didn't know if she wanted Malcolm or not. Her mind was on Malcolm's brother Neil, the man to which she was always drawn and much more suited. Much to Nate's disappointment, Malcolm asked Liv for a divorce and moved out. Liv made a play for Neil, but Neil was shocked and rebuffed her. So then, of course, Liv wanted Malcolm back and refused to let him go. Malcolm asked Callie to move in with him, Liv accepted the end, and the divorce did happen. Callie kept putting off marriage to Malcolm because, as it turned out, she was secretly married to her mobster manager Trey. When Malcolm was beaten to a pulp by the mobsters for "messing with Trey's wife", he broke it off with Callie. Of course, Liv found out and accused Malcolm of putting little Nate in jeopardy.
Then the always work-obsessive Olivia started getting symptoms she refused to recognize and ended up on her deathbed with aplastic anemia. She further alienated Malcolm when she changed her will so that Neil would raise Nate should she die. Dru returned to Genoa City with Lily in tow and donated necessary bone marrow to save Olivia's life. Olivia's near-death changed her holier-than-thou attitude, but it was short-lived. Then Olivia decided that Mal was not a fit role model for her son, refused to let them see each other, and set her sights on Neil. Malcolm sued for visitation and won.
Malcolm was presumed dead from an accident on a photo shoot in Kenya, and since Neil was hitting the bottle heavily, Liv, forbade him to see her son Nate. Liv's best friend Ashley's husband Brad Carlton began playing father figure in Nate's life.
Olivia's best friend, Ashley Abbott, faced the biggest crisis of her life: the discovery that she had rapidly spreading breast cancer. She has finished undergoing radiation and chemotherapy treatments and has lost her hair. The stress involved affected her relationship with her husband Brad Carlton (Don Diamont), and Ash drove him into Olivia's arms. Brad was wise enough to stop it at one kiss, but Liv had a hard time forgetting - especially once she uncovered Ashley's secret - that Ashley's daughter, Abby, was fathered by theft of Victor Newman's sperm. Liv and Dru coerced Ashley into telling Brad the truth - or they would. Ash did, Brad was furious and left. Only days later, he and Liv made love. Then Ashley discovered she was pregnant with Brad's child. They have now reunited, and Liv is left out in the cold. Liv turned to her sister's spurned boyfriend, Psychiatrist Wesley Carter, and they became engaged. But somewhere along the line, Wesley disappeared back to Paris, and the engagement was broken.
Three years after he was declared dead, Malcolm has shown up in Genoa City, very much alive, sporting cornrows and a bad attitude. Malcolm is out for revenge against the brother whom he thinks stole his fiancée and left him for dead in Kenya. Malcolm explained that a family took him in and nursed him back to health, then he ended up having to take care of them. But now mostly he returned to see Nate again. Olivia is resentful that Malcolm didn't make himself known to Nate as soon as possible, sparing him the devastation of his death, and is making Malcolm wait to reveal himself until Nate returns from boarding school at the end of the semester. Until then, Olivia convinced him to stay in her extra bedroom. But both Malcolm and Liv left town before that ever occurred. Olivia moved to Africa and took a position with "Doctors Without Borders".
2007–12.
In April 2007, Dru was presumed dead when she fell off a cliff at a NVP photo shoot. A prayer vigil was held at Indigo, where memories were shared by family and friends. Olivia remembered what a precocious child Dru had been, and how she had showed her love for Liv when she donated needed bone marrow when Liv was once on her deathbed. Sharon remembered her brutal honesty and her one-of-kind hats. Devon recalled that before Dru came into his life, no one had ever believed in him, and how she forced him through her love to believe in himself. Lily said Dru was the kind of woman who did it all - career and family, and was her role model. Neil believes Dru is still alive and he is not going to give up looking for her, called her loyal and passionate about life.
In 2010, Lily went to visit Olivia in New York City while she was lecturing there for Doctors Without Borders, and returned to Genoa City with her. She was surprised to learn that Neil's current flame Karen Taylor was a former patient in New York City.
She has then returned and is working at the hospital once again. She began treating Ashley Abbott in her pregnancy, but after some disagreements she has stopped treating her, but they are still good friends. She is now treating and supporting her niece, Lily Winters, during her fight against ovarian cancer.
In February 2011, Olivia met with her cousin Justin Barber in Los Angeles, who told her about his wedding plans and invited her to stay for the ceremony. She ended up being one of the guests seeing Justin marrying Donna Logan, the mother of his son Marcus. Liv also had an odd run-in with business man Bill Spencer, who thought he knew her from somewhere else.
She also returned to Genoa City that same year for Malcolm's wedding to Sofia Dupre, for the birth of Neil's son with Sofia, Moses Winters, and then again for Neil's wedding to Sofia.
Olivia made additional appearances when she accompanied the Winters family, Cane Ashby and Jill Abbott to Provence, France, for Lily's second wedding with Cane.


William Paul Fife

Colonel William Paul "Bill" Fife USAF (Ret) (November 23, 1917 – October 13, 2008) was a United States Air Force officer that first proved the feasibility for U.S. Air Force Security Service airborne Communications Intelligence (COMINT) collection and Fife is considered the "Father of Airborne Intercept". Fife was also a hyperbaric medicine specialist who was known for his pioneering research on pressurized environments ranging from high altitude to underwater habitats. Fife was a Professor Emeritus at Texas A&M University.
Education.
Fife began his training in anatomy from the University of Washington in 1935 and had started his first year of medical school when World War II began. Fife earned a Bachelor of Science in biology from the University of Oregon in 1956. He later completed a Ph.D. in physiology at Ohio State University in 1962.
Fife was a Certified Hyperbaric Technologist (CHT) through the National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology.
Military career.
Fife left medical school and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in U.S. Army in June 1939. Fife then reported to the 15th Infantry at Fort Lewis, Washington for training in Aug 1940. After receiving his basic infantry training, he reported to the 60th Infantry at Fort Bragg in North Carolina where he served as an Assistant Operations Officer in September 1940. Fife volunteered for the 18th class of Parachute Jump School in Fort Benning, Georgia in April 1942. Following his training in May 1942, he joined the newly formed 503rd parachute infantry battalion as Company Commander. As Company Commanding Officer of the 503rd parachute infantry regiment in Sept 1943, Fife led his company in a jump in the Markham Valley, New Guinea. This was the first successful airborne combat jump in the Pacific Theater of Operations. His first combat jump was planned with the ground elevation 500 feet lower than it actually was and Fife found himself in a coconut tree. Fife had completed 35 training and combat jumps by the time WWII ended.
Fife reported to the U.S. Army FE Headquarters Office of Intelligence in January 1944 then to the 68th Airborne Air Control Squadrons (AACS) combat operations in SW Pacific in September. He then went on to the 141st AACS special ops in New Guinea & P.I. in January 1945. Fife reported to the AACS Headquarters Office of Intelligence in Washington, DC in August 1945. Hoping for a chance to ride in the planes more often, Fife transferred to the Air Force in November 1947 where he was immediately sent to the Defense Language Institute to learn Russian. He became the first Russian linguist of the USAF Security Service (USAFSS) command. Fife was among the first inductees to the Defense Language Institute Hall of Fame.
Fife was sent to 1st Radio Squadron Mobile, Johnson Air Base, Japan during the Allied Occupation where he earned the unofficial title, "Father of USAFSS Command in the Far East". Part of his duties included intelligence briefings for General Douglas MacArthur. Russian forces were beginning to build up and the Far East Air Force needs were changing, Fife proposed airborne Communications Intelligence (COMINT) collection. In 1950, Fife planned and flew the first USAF Security Service reconnaissance missions from Kadena Air Base over the Sea of Japan with a wire recorder and jury-rigged receiver on an RB-29 air plane. As a result of these missions proved the feasibility for USAFSS airborne COMINT collection and Fife is considered the "Father of Airborne Intercept". He also managed to earn a first degree black belt. In 2006, Fife was inducted into the Air Intelligence Agency Hall of Honor.
Fife was then sent to North Korea where he served as USAFSS 1st RSM's liaison officer to Fifth Air Force Headquarters located in Kim Il-sung's palace and stayed until the then Capt. Fife, ordered the evacuation of USAFSS COMINT personnel as Chinese entered the Korean War. Fife's position was the beginning of the future USAFSS Special Security Office program. In 1951, Fife set up USAFSS linguist team operations in Pyeongtaek with the 606th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron. Fife had a great respect for the Korean operators he worked with noting they were "the best I have ever seen".
In 1951, Fife returned to Japan until transfer to Moscow shortly after Stalin died. Lieutenant Colonel Fife, with his wife Ann, served as Assistant Air Attaché at the U.S. Embassy with military intelligence as a Russian expert. Following his time in Moscow, he spent time at The Pentagon as the Intelligence Briefing Officer for General Twining and General LeMay. Colonel Fife translated for President Dwight D. Eisenhower a radio transmission from a Soviet fighter pilot intercepted after shooting down a USAF C-130 ACRP (60528) over Armenia in September 1958.
In 1962, after obtaining his Ph.D., he served as Assistant Chief of the Aerospace Medical Research Division at Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas where he performed research essential to the space race. His work was in cardiovascular responses and measurement tools critical for tests of g-force and near-vacuum survival. The Air Force did not have a training program in hyperbaric medicine so Fife was trained by the Navy. His first test dive was performed with Micky Goodwin and Robert Workman.
Col. Fife retired from the Air Force in 1967.
Academic career.
Dr. Fife joined the Texas A&M University Department of Biology faculty in 1967. In his time there he served as the Chairman of the Biology Department, Dean of Research and Vice President for Academic Affairs as well as chairman for numerous academic committees.
Dr. Fife was instrumental in the founding of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences.
He retired from Texas A&M in 1997.
Contributions to hyperbaric medicine.
Fife was a pioneer in undersea medicine and served as director of the Texas A&M University Hyperbaric laboratory.
Fife was active with the HydroLab saturation diving research program funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Fife was an aquanaut having spent 28 days in saturation in the habitat performing physiology experiments.
The first uses of hydrox, a gas mixture of hydrogen and oxygen is used as a breathing gas in very deep diving are usually attributed to six ocean dive trials by the Swedish engineer, Arne Zetterström in 1945. Fife later showed that hydrox would allow divers to descend and work at great depths. Fife also developed the first decompression tables for the use of the mixture. The French engineering company COMEX (Compagnie maritime d'expertises) later applied Fife's work in developing their HYDRA dive series.
Much of his other diving medical research was focused on women in diving and spinal cord decompression sickness.
Fife's interest in clinical hyperbaric medicine lead to several research projects to look for new indications for the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It has been estimated that about half of the 2,000 patient treatments done by his lab were for research.
These projects included the treatment of:
HyperTrak clinical documentation software, marketed by Intellicure, Inc., was started at Texas A&M University with Dr. Fife and David Walker in 1996.
Professional societies.
Fife was a member of the Aerospace Medical Association, the American Physiological Society, Sigma Xi and the American Academy of Underwater Sciences. He served on the Executive Committee of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society.
Awards.
Texas A&M University presented Fife with the University Outstanding Award for Teaching in 1975. The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society conveyed their Paul Bert Award for Distinguished Research to Fife in 1983 and their Oceaneering Award for Research in 1994. On his 78th birthday in 1995, Fife and a team from Diving Diseases Research Centre received "The Duke of Edinburgh's Prize of the British Sub-Aqua Club" which was presented by H.R.H. Prince Philip for their work on "Men and Women in Diving".