Oscar Health

Oscar Insurance Corporation is an American health insurance company, founded in 2012 by Joshua Kushner and Mario Schlosser, and is headquartered in New York City. The company focuses on the health insurance industry through telemedicine, healthcare focused technological interfaces, and transparent claims pricing systems which would make it easier for patients to navigate.
History.
2012–2015.
According to the company, it was founded in 2012 by Mario Schlosser, Josh Kushner, and Kevin Nazemi, who were classmates at Harvard Business School. "Mother Jones" reported in March 2020 that Jared Kushner and Joshua Kushner owned Oscar's parent company, Thrive Partners III, when the business was incorporated in 2013. Oscar began selling insurance for 2013, the same year that the Affordable Care Act exchanges and individual mandate went into effect for the 2014 plan year. In its first year, Oscar secured 16,000 members. In 2015, Oscar expanded coverage to New Jersey and grew to about 40,000 members.
2016.
In 2016, Oscar had 145,000 members in New York, New Jersey, California, and Texas. Oscar expanded its operations to Tempe, Arizona in August 2016, where it decided to locate its Concierge teams, their name for their member services model. On August 23, 2016, Oscar announced it would be exiting the New Jersey Marketplace at the end of 2016, citing uncertainties in the market that would make it challenging "to operate effectively and continue to deliver access to quality healthcare." Oscar also announced that it would halve the size of its provider network in New York amidst rising premiums in order to "gain more control over pricing and patient experience".
In November 2016, Oscar opened the Oscar Center in partnership with Mount Sinai Health System. Located in Brooklyn Heights, next to the Jay Street–MetroTech station, the Oscar Center had a primary care practice only available to Oscar policyholders, with a doctor, nurse practitioner, and a behavioral health specialist. It also hosted free classes for members, such as yoga classes or classes for expectant mothers. On March 13th, 2020, Oscar closed the Oscar Center "until further notice."
2017.
On April 25, 2017, Oscar announced its entrance into the small group insurance market, offering health plans in New York. On June 15, 2017, Oscar announced its partnership with Cleveland Clinic to offer individual health insurance plans to consumers in five counties in Northeastern Ohio.
On June 21, 2017, Oscar announced its intention to expand to additional markets in 2018 in areas of Tennessee, Ohio, Texas, New Jersey and California. On July 12, 2017, Oscar announced that it would be selling small group insurance in the Nashville metro area to companies with up to 50 employees through a strategic partnership with Humana.
A report by the New York Times in October 2017 speculated that Oscar Health had ties to Saudi Arabia. That month, Jared and Joshua Kushner visited Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman within days of each other. Despite Jared severing ties with Thrive Partners when he began working for the Trump administration, these coordinated visits raised questions about his ability to be impartial on Saudi affairs. Five months after Joshua's visit to Saudi Arabia in October 2017, Oscar Health announced a $165 million round of financing.
While a spokesman for Kushner said that Oscar Health's management didn't know of direct investment by the Saudis, he declined to disclose if Saudis had invested in Thrive funds. He only confirmed that Thrive hadn't received money from any Saudi parties since the presidential election. In May 2018, Jared Kushner disclosed $8.2 million in capital gains from Thrive funds.
2020.
In January 2020, Oscar announced a partnership with Cigna to bring health insurance plans to small businesses. The partnership, Cigna + Oscar, will "launch in select markets in 2020 and plan to expand the partnership over time."
As of June 2020, Oscar had sold individual health insurance plans, both directly and through health insurance marketplaces, in New York, Texas and California. Oscar sells Medicare Advantage plans in New York City and Houston, Texas. Mario Schlosser is the company's CEO, after serving as Co-CEO with Nazemi until the latter's departure in early 2015. While Kushner does not hold a formal role in Oscar's daily operations, he remains a major shareholder and Schlosser confirmed (as of 2017) that he has "significant input in multiple aspects of the company like strategy, hiring, and marketing."
2021.
Oscar Health raised $1.2 billion on March 3, 2021 after an IPO.
Marketing and brand.
Oscar Health has run marketing campaigns on the New York City Subway. "Bloomberg News" reported the advertising campaigns feature cartoons suggesting "an easier way of getting medical care." "AdWeek" described Oscar Health's print ads as featuring "whimsical, animated characters".
In 2015, "AdWeek" reported that Oscar was airing its first television campaign targeted at the demographics of "new parents who are too frazzled to shop for health insurance." The ad launched on network stations in New Jersey and New York areas, cable, movie theaters located in New Jersey and in advertising within the Spotify app.
In 2016, Oscar ran a subway ad campaign with an educational bent around what the problems are with the American healthcare system.
Finances.
Funding.
Oscar has raised capital through a series of funding rounds. Its investors include Thrive Capital, General Catalyst Partners, Khosla Ventures, CapitalG, and Fidelity Investments.
During the May 2014 Series A round, Peter Thiel's Founders Fund led the series investing $30 million. By the close of Series A, Forbes reported the valuation of the company at $800 million.
During the 2015 Series B round, Oscar Health raised $145 million, bringing the total capital raised to $300 million, thus valuing the company at $1.5 billion. Series B investors included Formation 8, Horizons Ventures, Wellington Management Company, and Goldman Sachs.
In September 2015, Oscar announced a funding round with Google Ventures and Google Capital, valuing the company at $1.75 billion.
During the 2016 Series C round, Oscar raised $400 million led by Fidelity Investments, with secondary participation from previous investors, with a reported valuation of $2.7 billion. In 2018, Alphabet invested $375 million in Oscar Health. As of 2019, the company had raised $1.3 billion, and was valued at $3.2 billion.
In June 2020, Oscar raised $225 million in funding, in which the funding round saw participation from previous investors and also new investors, namely Baillie Gifford and Coatue.
Revenue.
In 2014, "New York" magazine reported that as of May 2014, Oscar Health had 16,000 subscribers enrolled in its insurance program producing an estimated $72 million. In 2015, "Forbes" reported that Oscar Health had 40,000 subscribers with an average subscriber paying annual fees of $4,500, placing Oscar Health's revenue estimates at $180 million.
"Vox" reported that in 2015, Oscar Health lost $92.4 million in New York as the firm's analytical models failed to accurately forecast "the people who signed up for coverage were sicker than the company had expected."
By 2016, Oscar Health had 135,000 subscribers, with roughly half residing in New York State.
In February 2017, "Bloomberg" reported that Oscar had lost $204.9 million in 2016.
In May 2017, "Bloomberg" reported that Oscar's first quarter loss had narrowed by nearly half, writing that the company was "beginning to get a handle on its medical costs." In August 2017, "Bloomberg" also reported that Oscar had posted a $57.6 million loss in the first half of 2017, down from the $83 million lost posted the year prior.
In December 2017, TechCrunch reported that Oscar would expect to generate $1 billion in revenue and enroll 250,000 in 2018.
In January 2020, TechCrunch reported that Oscar served 400,000 members and expected to bring in $2 billion by the end of the year.
Headquarters and offices.
Oscar's headquarters are located in Tribeca, New York City. They also have a technology outpost in Los Angeles, an office in Dallas, and a member services operation in Tempe, Arizona.


Care England

Care England is a trade organisation for independent adult social care providers in England. It is the largest representative body for independent social care services in the UK. It is a registered charity based in London. Members provide a variety of services for older people and those with long term conditions, learning disabilities or mental health problems. Professor Martin Green, OBE, is the Chief Executive.
It presses local councils for improved funding and was particularly vocal in the COVID-19 pandemic in England, which caused big problems for the sector.
It described the increase in the standard weekly rate per person from £183.92 to £187.60 and the higher rate of Funded Nursing Care from £253.02 to £258.08 announced in March 2021 as showing contempt for the sector, but it welcomed the subsequent extension of the total infection control fund, enabling enhanced infection control procedures.
It welcomed the extension of the shortage occupation list to senior care workers and registered managers in March 2021. Martin Green said “We hope that this is the start of a process towards the creation of a migration system which supports rather than undermines the development of the adult social care workforce.”
The Housing, Communities and Local Government Committee announced an enquiry into the likely legacy of the coronavirus pandemic in adult social care in March 2021. Professor Green welcomed the announcement but expressed his frustration that "yet more discussions" were needed to see the prime minister deliver on his promise for reform.
The organisation welcomed the decision of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in March 2021 that care workers were not entitled to the minimum wage for sleep-in shifts. Care England was represented in the case at the Court of Appeal stage. Their solicitor said: “The Supreme Court’s decision means UK care providers no longer face a potentially catastrophic financial outcome that could have jeopardised the care of thousands of people." Martin Green said "Care England continues to call for a ten year plan for adult social a key part of which is a workforce plan, akin to that of the NHS, where career progression, pay and rewards are identified."
In April 2021 it organised a letter to Boris Johnson, signed by many prominent leaders in health and social care, calling "for a long-term and sustainable future for social care".


Stanley Dudrick

Stanley John Dudrick (April 9, 1935 – January 18, 2020) was a surgeon who pioneered the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN).
Early life and education.
Dudrick was born in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, the grandson of Polish immigrants. His father was a coal miner and his mother a factory worker. At age seven he decided to become a doctor after seeing the care his mother received during a serious illness. He graduated Franklin and Marshall College in 1957. Graduating cum laude with a degreee in biology with honors, he was awarded the Williamson Medal, the highest honor for student achievement. His first research project, done in college, was growing tomato plants and studying the effects of magnesium doses in the soil. In an interview, Dudrick stated: The entire ethos of Franklin & Marshall College infected me and transformed me from a kid from the coal regions to an avid would-be scholar. They just imbued in me the importance of knowledge, that nothing was more precious than to gain knowledge and then to pass it on to others. He received his medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
Career.
As a surgical resident at the University of Pennsylvania, Dudrick realized that post-surgical malnutrition was a poorly recognized cause of death in patients who could not eat or absorb nutrients. From 1964 to 1966, he worked with his mentor, Dr. Jonathon Rhoads, in developing TPN. After many hours in the lab at the swing balances, measuring the precise amount of each chemical required, he was able to keep beagles alive for months with TPN, by-passing their digestive systems. After showing the feasibility in lab animals, in 1967 he applied the technique to sick infants and then adults. Nutrition including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals were given directly into the circulatory system. In the subsequent decades Dudrick continued making significant contributions to the field. His contribution to field of medicine has been compared to Joseph Lister and Alexander Fleming, among others. The Geisinger School of Medicine wrote: The number of lives of children that have been saved is estimated at over 10 million, and the benefit to adults with a range of conditions is no less substantial. TPN is a lifesaving mainstay of therapy for a great proportion of the most critically ill patients in hospitals worldwide and amounts to one of the most significant developments in the history of surgery. He stayed at the University of Pennsylvania after finishing his residency, and became a full professor after only five years. He left in 1972 to become the founding chairman of the Department of Surgery at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. He followed this up becoming chairman of surgery at the University of Pennsylvania, and then with professorships at Yale and Geisinger medical schools.
He received over 100 national and international awards, including the American Surgical Association’s first Flance-Karl Award in 1997 for his seminal and lifetime scientific contributions to surgery; the American College of Surgeons Jacobsen Innovation Award in 2005; named by Medscape in 2016 as one of the 50 most influential physicians in history; named a "Hero in Surgery" in 2014 by the American College of Surgeons, one of four people to have this distinction at that time; the American Surgial Association's highest honor in 2009, the Medallion for Scientific Achievement. He served on the Franklin and Marshall Board of Trustees and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the college.
Personal.
In medical school he married Theresa Keen, and had six children.
Stanley Dudrick died on January 18, 2020, in Eaton, New Hampshire, due to complications of ailments including kidney failure.


Vascular snare

A vascular snare is an endovascular device that is used to remove foreign bodies from inside arteries and veins. The snare consists of several radiopaque loops of wire inside a catheter, which when extended flower out, and which collapse when withdrawn into the catheter.
Uses.
Vascular snares are used to retrieve inferior vena cava filters, lost guide wires, or broken central venous catheters.
Vascular snaring is a component technique in endovascular aneurysm repair in some devices.
Technique.
A snare catheter is inserted using the Seldinger technique under fluoroscopic guidance. The snare wire is advanced under direct visualization and flowered open. The object being retrieved is captured within the loops of snare, and retrieved with the snare wire and catheter, being carried out of the body at the tip of the catheter.


Early goal-directed therapy

Early goal-directed therapy was introduced by Emanuel P. Rivers in "The New England Journal of Medicine" in 2001 and is a technique used in critical care medicine involving intensive monitoring and aggressive management of perioperative hemodynamics in patients with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. In cardiac surgery, goal directed therapy (GDT) has proved effective when commenced after surgery. The combination of GDT and Point-of-Care Testing has demonstrated a marked decrease in mortality for patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. Furthermore, a reduction in morbidity and mortality has been associated with GDT techniques when used in conjunction with an electronic medical record.
Early goal-directed therapy is a more specific form of therapy used for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. This approach involves adjustments of cardiac preload, afterload, and contractility to balance oxygen delivery with an increased oxygen demand before surgery.
Three trials published in 2014/2015 have shown that early goal directed therapy should be abandoned.
Evidence.
EGDT, as compared to usual modern care, does not appear to improve outcomes but results in greater expense.
Elements.
In the event of hypotension and/or lactate greater than 4 mmol/L, initial management includes a minimum fluid challenge of 30 ml/kg of crystalloid solution. Crystalloid solutions are recommended over colloid solutions given the cost and lack in difference of mortality benefit. Albumin may be considered if large amounts of crystalloid solution is needed.
Indications of a positive response to fluid resuscitation may include:
If hypotension persists despite fluid resuscitation (septic shock) and/or lactate > 4 mmol/L (36 mg/dl), goals in the first 6 hours of resuscitation include:


Pulmonary gas pressures

The factors that determine the values for alveolar pO2 and pCO2 are:
Partial pressures.
The partial pressures (in torr) for a human at rest:
Partial pressure of oxygen (at sea level).
The alveolar oxygen partial pressure is lower than the atmospheric O2 partial pressure for two reasons.
The alveolar pO2 is not routinely measured but is calculated from blood gas measurements by the alveolar gas equation.
Pathology.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide, along with the pH, can be used to differentiate between metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis.
Hypoventilation exists when the ratio of carbon dioxide production to alveolar ventilation increases above normal values – greater than 45mmHg. If pH is also less than 7.35 this is respiratory acidosis.
Hyperventilation exists when the same ratio decreases – less than 35mmHg. If the pH is also greater than 7.45 this is respiratory alkalosis.


Jean-Claude Tardif

Jean-Claude Tardif is a Canadian cardiologist, director of the Montreal Heart Institute Research Centre, and professor of clinical medicine at the Université de Montréal He currently holds the Canada Research Chair in Translational and Personalized Medicine, as well as the Université de Montréal Pfizer Chair in Atherosclerosis.


National Association of Sessional GPs

History and activities.
The National Association of Sessional GPs (NASGP) was founded 1997 by a group of sessional GPs (independent general practitioners) with the aim of representing all fully qualified GPs working as locums, assistants, salaried GPs, returners and retainers.
The organisation has a chairman, quality lead and business manager, and publishes "The Sessional GP", a bimonthly magazine on topics relating to sessional GPs. It also acts as an umbrella organisation for approximately 100 local sessional GP groups and GP locum chambers.
In 2015, the NASGP launched AppraisalAid, which is an online suite of information and templates specifically aimed at enabling freelance GP locums to keep record their reflections in preparation for their annual NHS appraisal. In 2016, the NASGP launched two new resources aimed at reducing waste in the National Health Service. The first was the online Standardised Practice Information Portal (Spip), replacing its paper predecessor (Standardised Practice Induction Pack), followed in autumn 2016 by the NASGP's online locum GP invoicing and booking system called LocumDeck.
Standardised Practice Information Portal (Spip).
Spip claims to be an 'information air traffic control system' for GP practices, and has been reported on by the Care Quality Commission and the Medical Protection Society. Using Spip, a GP practice manager can add up to 500 items of local, practice specific information and the disseminate it to all their staff, at the same time enabling some of them to edit and add information, thus creating a crowdsourced and interactive document.
LocumDeck.
With an estimated 17,000 locum GPs working in the UK, most of them working independently, the NASGP has recognised the complexity of individuals managing their workload by creating a sophisticated online platform to easily manage their workload. In particular, locums wishing to make use of the NHS superannuation scheme must use relatively complex claim forms called Locum Form As (for each individual practice every month) and a monthly Locum Form B as a record of all superannuable income from that month.
Aims and objectives.
The group represents sessional GPs at a national level, provides support for members and for local sessional GP groups and chambers. The NASGP is involved in lobbying other medical organisations to ensure equitable representation of sessional GPs.


Claude Fortier

Claude Fortier (June 11, 1921 – April 22, 1986) was a Canadian physiologist and expert on the pituitary gland. From 1974 to 1975, he was the President of the Royal Society of Canada.


Jenny Wolek

Jenny Wolek is a fictional character from the American soap opera "One Life to Live". The distant cousin of original characters Larry, Anna, and Vince Wolek, Jenny debuted June 1975, appearing continually until May 1986.
Casting and character history.
Tim.
Jenny Wolek was originated by actress Katherine Glass in June 1975 and introduced as a novitiate nun preparing to take her final vows. Instead, she falls in love with Jewish, blue-collar Tim Siegel (Tom Berenger). When Jenny announces she is leaving the Order to marry Tim, her cousin Vince "Vinny" Wolek (Jordan Charney) heatedly objects, complaining of how Tim is "stealing Jenny from the church". A fist fight ensues, leading Vinny to aggravate in Tim a latent brain injury, which results in his being taken to the hospital in critical condition. Jenny marries Tim on his deathbed April 5, 1976, and she remains resentful toward Vinny for the duration of his appearance on the serial.
Brad.
No longer planning to become a nun, Jenny takes a secretarial job with Dr. Will Vernon (Farley Granger) in 1976. Jenny grows enamored with Dr. Vernon but begins dating his son Brad (Jameson Parker) in 1977. The two marry on the episode aired January 3, 1978. Soon after marrying, Jenny learns Brad is a philanderer and the two suffer a rocky marriage. Actress Brynn Thayer, a fan of Katherine Glass' Jenny, assumed the role in August 1978 amid a contract dispute between Glass and ABC Daytime. Jenny becomes pregnant into 1979 and looks forward to motherhood. But the stress of a perpetually unfaithful Brad (Steve Fletcher onward) and learning he had raped her sister, Karen (Judith Light), causes Jenny to blackout, go into premature labor, and give birth stillborn daughter Mary Vernon in November. Not told her child was dead in the morgue instead of the maternity ward, misguided sister Karen conspires in a plot with ex-boyfriend-con man Marco Dane (Gerald Anthony) to switch dead Mary with a live newborn.
Mary Vernon and Peter.
Jenny rears a child born during Jenny's delivery to Karen's former fellow prostitutes, Katrina Karr (Nancy Snyder). She then divorces Brad, marrying Dr. Peter Janssen (Denny Albee) September 2, 1981. She is soon widowed for a second time when Peter is killed in a car accident in May 1982. Only a short time after losing her husband Peter, Jenny learns the truth about Karen's baby switch and makes the wrenching decision to give the child back to Katrina. Unknown to Jenny and Katrina, both of their children were fathered by Brad.
David Renaldi and death.
Jenny next engages in a relationship with David "David Renaldi" Reynolds (Michael Zaslow), the former lover of Dr. Dorian Lord (Robin Strasser) and father to Dorian's daughter, Cassie. Despite being married to Herb Callison (Anthony Call) at the time, Dorian does her best to split up Jenny and David. After finally getting Dorian to relent, Jenny and David wed June 1, 1984. She soon becomes worrisome upon learning David to be a secret agent investigating communist espionage activity for the American government. Jenny last appears onscreen making amends with cousin Larry and ex-husband Brad before relocating to Switzerland with David in May 1986.
David Renaldi returns to Llanview in 1997, divulging to Dorian that Jenny was assumed dead in Switzerland from an avalanche.
Reception.
Jenny Wolek was a part of a move by new head writer Gordon Russell in 1975 to incorporate younger talent into the cast following the 1973 onscreen death of Meredith Lord, played by Lynn Benesch. Katherine Glass garnered much fanfare and controversy as one-half of soap opera's first teen and interfaith supercouple alongside Tom Berenger (Tim Siegel). Glass' Jenny had particular resonance with younger viewers who identified with the Wolek heroine.
Brynn Thayer's work as a Jenny learning her daughter, Mary Vernon, was stillborn and switched soon after birth with the child she raised for two years, Kristine Karr, is considered one of "OLTL"s most tragic and riveting performances.


Caldicott guardian

The Caldicott Committee's December 1997 "Report on the Review of Patient-Identifiable Information", usually referred to as the Caldicott Report (named after its author Dame Fiona Caldicott), identified weaknesses in the way parts of NHS handled confidential patient data. The report made several recommendations, one of which was the appointment of Caldicott guardians, members of staff with a responsibility to ensure patient data is kept secure:
Recommendation 3: A senior person should be nominated in each NHS organisation, including the Department of Health and associated agencies, to act as a "guardian". The "guardian" should normally be a senior health professional or be closely supported by such a person. The NHS IM&T Security Manual (Section 18.4) requires each organisation to designate a senior medical officer to oversee all procedures affecting access to person-identifiable health data. This role and that of the "guardian" may be combined, providing there is no conflict of interest. The Department of Health should take the development of this role forward in partnership with interested parties.
It is now a requirement for every NHS organisation to have a Caldicott guardian. The Guardians are responsible for ensuring that their organisation adheres to the Caldicott principles.
In 2005, the UK Caldicott Guardian Council was established as the national body for Caldicott guardians.


Kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif

The term Kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (KTIM) was coined by a group of immunology researchers from McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 2008 to represent any immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory-like sequence motif, with the consensus sequence I/V/L/SxYxxL/V, found in a kinase and regulating its activity.
One major way in which cells respond to stimuli is through signal transduction pathways, whereby a ligand binds to a receptor, causing conformational changes that lead to a cascade of events in intracellular signalling molecules. This ultimately ends up in the translocation of transcription factors to the nucleus altering the expression of target genes, therefore affecting specific cellular functions. One way activation signals can be counteracted is through the triggering of different receptors bearing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails.
Several transmembrane receptors are negatively regulated through recruiting cytosolic SH2 domain-containing proteins such as SHP-1 to immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that they possess. ITIM-like motifs (KTIMs) were shown to exist in non-receptor proteins and to play a key role in their regulation.
Difference between KTIM and ITIM.
The main difference between ITIM and KTIM is that KTIM was shown to be found in a cytosolic protein (IL-1 receptor-associated Kinase 1 (IRAK-1)) and not in a transmembrane protein such as the case with ITIMs.
KTIM function.
KTIMs are speculated to play a regulatory role in the negative regulation of many kinases in addition to IRAK-1, and can thus represent a novel regulatory mechanism in a wide range of cellular kinases. The mode of action of KTIMs is similar to ITIMs and involves recruiting SH2 domain-containing proteins such as SHP-1.


John Cooke (physician)

John Cooke (1756–1838) was an English physician.
Life.
Cooke was born in Lancashire, and was educated by Philip Doddridge to be a dissenting minister. He preached at Rochdale and at Preston. He then became a medical student at Guy's Hospital in London, going on to the University of Edinburgh and University of Leyden, where he graduated.
Cooke became physician to the Royal General Dispensary in Bartholomew Close, in the City of London. In April 1784 he was elected physician to the London Hospital, a post he held for 23 years, and delivered the first clinical lectures given there. On 25 June in the same year he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians. In 1807 he was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, and ten years later a Fellow of the Royal Society. He delivered the Croonian lectures at the College of Physicians in 1819, 1820, and 1821, and the Harveian oration in 1828.
Cooke was president of the Medico-Chirurgical Society in 1822 and 1823. He was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London. In his latter years he gave up practice and went out little. He died at his house in Gower Street, London, 1 January 1838.
Works.
Cooke's thesis was on the use of Peruvian bark, in cases where there is no rise of temperature. In 1820 he began the publication of "A Treatise on Nervous Diseases", completed in 1823. An American edition, in one volume, was published at Boston in 1824. This work is based on his Croonian lectures. It gives an account of the existing knowledge of hemiplegia, paraplegia, paralysis of separate nerves, epilepsy, apoplexy, lethargy, and hydrocephalus internus, without major innovations. The method is comparable to that of his friend Thomas Young in his "Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Diseases" (1815).


Medical radiography


Claude Roy (physician)

Claude C. Roy (born October 21, 1928) is a Canadian doctor in Quebec. He is considered one of the founding fathers of the field of paediatric gastroenterology.
He was born in Quebec City and studied medicine at the Université Laval and pediatrics at McGill University and Harvard University. He spent the next six years at the University of Colorado. Roy returned to Canada and became director of research at the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine. He was, at various times, a member of the council, program director and principal adviser to the president of the Medical Research Council of Canada, later the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.
Roy's major research contributions have been in the areas of infant nutrition, chronic liver disease in infants and cystic fibrosis.
His book "Pediatric Clinical Gastroenterology" has been the primary textbook in its field for many years. The First International Symposium on Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition was held in his honour in Montreal in 1995.
He was named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1990. In 2013, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. Also in 2013, he was named an officer in the National Order of Quebec. Roy was awarded the Prix Michel-Sarrazin in 1993.
Dr. Roy died on July 2, 2015.


Zhang Xiaoniang

Zhang Xiaoniang (11th-century), was a Chinese physician. She is known as one of the famous four female physicians in Chinese history, along with Yi Jia of Western Han dynasty, Gu Bao of the Jin dynasty and Tan Yunxian, who was active during the Ming dynasty. She was active during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song.


List of medical universities in Ukraine

The list of medical universities in Ukraine includes state education institutions of Ukraine of the 3rd and 4th accreditation levels such as universities, academies, conservatories and institutes. The list only specialises in various schools for medical, dental, nursing and others.
The list of medical high schools at the web-page of Ministry


Jeremy Finn

Jeremy D. Finn is an American psychologist. He is currently a Distinguished Professor at the State University of New York, as well as a published author.


Ruth Frankel

Ruth Hartman Frankel, (c. 1903 – 3 November 1989) was honoured as a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1969 due to her work for the Canadian Cancer Society.
The Chicago-born Ruth Hartman emigrated to Canada in 1925 when she married Egmont Leo Frankel (d. 1964). She died in Toronto, predeceased by one of her three children.
Frankel was active with the Canadian Cancer Society in the late 1940s. In 1950, she founded the Toronto chapter of the Canadian Cancer Society. Subsequently, she worked towards the creation of a lodge at the Princess Margaret Hospital, a facility specialising in cancer treatment. She is also the author of the book "Three Cheers for Volunteers" (1965, Clarke Irwin).
In early 1954, Ontario provincial law was changed to permit Frankel to become the first woman to join the Board of Governors for the Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Foundation.
The Ruth Hartman Frankel Humanitarian Award was established by the society to honour those who have supported research into cancer. Isadore Sharp was the first recipient on 25 September 1983 for his support for Terry Fox and subsequent Terry Fox Run campaigns. However, as of May 2006, Internet searches that included the Canadian Cancer Society website have not yet found any cases where this award was presented after 1983.
In 1985, Frankel was given an honorary fellowship by what is now Ryerson University.


Medicaid coverage gap

Medicaid coverage gap refers to the group of uninsured people in the states that have opted out of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), who are both ineligible for Medicaid under its previous rules that still apply in these states, and too poor to qualify for the ACA's subsidies and credits designed to allow middle-class Americans to purchase health insurance. The number of Americans in this gap has been estimated to be almost 3 million as of January 2016, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. The Foundation has also said that 90% of the people in this gap live in the South. In states that have not expanded Medicaid, eligibility requirements for Medicaid are limited to parents making 44% or less of the poverty line, and in almost all such states, all adults without children are ineligible. The coverage gap results from this and a number of factors, such as the fact that the ACA was designed so that the poor would receive coverage through Medicaid and so did not include an alternative program for them. For example, as of April 2014, someone living in Texas, a non-expansion state, had to be making less than $3,737 per year to be eligible for Medicaid, and had to make at least $11,490 (if a single person) or $23,550 (for a family of four) to be eligible for ACA subsidies.
States such as Idaho, Utah, Maine, Oklahoma, and Missouri have addressed, or are addressing, the Medicaid gap through ballot measures, a form of direct democracy.


Augustin Charpentier

Augustin Charpentier (1852 – 4 August 1916) was a French physician.
In 1891 he carried out the first experiment providing evidence of the size-weight illusion. He carried out a various number of procedures comparing what people thought was the heaviness of lifted weights. He realized that lifters thought that larger objects were lighter than smaller objects of the same mass.


Kanak Kanti Barua

Kanak Kanti Barua is a Bangladeshi neurosurgeon and academic. He has served as the 10th Vice Chancellor of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University(BSMMU).
Early life and education.
Barua was born in 1953. He passed MBBS from Dhaka Medical College in 1977. He obtained FCPS from Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1990. He achieved MS in Neurosurgery in 2003 and completed his Ph.D. in 2004 from Kobe University.
Career.
Barua joined the then IPGMR (Now Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University) in 1985. He served as Chairman of Neurosurgery and also as Dean of Faculty of Surgery at this University. He was appointed as 10th Vice Chancellor of BSMMU in March 2018. He also served as president of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons from 2017 to 2019.
Publications.
Barua published more than 47 papers in different national and international reputed journals.
Affiliations with professional organisations.
Barua served as President of Bangladesh Society of Neurosurgeons (BSNS) and was also the Founder Secretary General of the society. He was the President of SAARC Society of Neurosurgeons. He was also the secretary, Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons in 2000–2002.
Awards and recognition.
Barua was awarded with fellowship of International College of Surgeons from USA in 1993. He was awarded with honorary FSLCS from Sri Lanka College of Surgeons, Sri Lanka and honorary FCPS from College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan in 2012. He received Professr PS Ramani lifetime achievement award in 2019. He was awarded by BMA North American Chapter at New Orleans on 26 July 2018 for Outstanding Performance and service in the field of Neurosurgery.


Tropical medicine

Tropical medicine is an interdisciplinary branch of medicine that deals with health issues that occur uniquely, are more widespread, or are more difficult to control in tropical and subtropical regions.
Physicians in this field diagnose and treat a variety of diseases and ailments. Most infections they deal with are endemic to the tropics. A few of the most well-known include malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. They must be knowledgeable in the 18 lesser known neglected tropical diseases, which include Chagas disease, rabies, and dengue. Poor living conditions in underdeveloped tropical countries have led to a rising number of non-communicable diseases. These diseases include cancer and cardiovascular disease, which, in the past, have been more of a worry in developed countries. Physicians trained in tropical medicine must also be prepared to diagnose and treat these diseases.
Training for physicians wishing to specialize in tropical medicine varies widely over the different countries. They must study epidemiology, virology, parasitology, and statistics, as well as the training required of an ordinary MD. Research on tropical diseases and how to treat them comes from both field research and research centers, including those of the military.
Sir Patrick Manson is recognized as the father of tropical medicine. He founded the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine in 1899. He is credited with discovering the vector by which elephantiasis was being passed to humans. He learned it was a microscopic nematode worm called "filaria" "sanguinis hominis." He continued to study this worm and its life cycle and determined the worms underwent metamorphosis within female "culex fatigans" mosquitoes. Thus he discovered mosquitoes as a vector for elephantiasis. After this discovery he collaborated with Ronald Ross to examine the transmission of malaria via mosquito vector. His work with discovering vectors as modes of transmission was critical in the founding of tropical medicine and our current understanding of many tropical diseases.
Training.
Training in tropical medicine is quite different between countries. Most physicians are trained at institutes of tropical medicine or incorporated into the training of infectious diseases.
In the UK, if a physician wants to specialize in tropical medicine, they must first train in general internal medicine and get accepted into the Royal College of Physicians. They must simultaneously study the specialty of infectious diseases while completing a full-time course load to receive their Diploma of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Their studies are carried out at either the London or Liverpool schools of tropical medicine. Additionally, they must spend two years at one of the UK centers approved for tropical medicine (located in London, Liverpool, or Birmingham). Physicians in the UK who wish to be certified in tropical medicine must spend at least a year abroad in an area lacking resources. Only then can they become certified in tropical medicine.
The training of United States tropical doctors is similar, though it is not a board recognized specialty in America. Physicians must first complete medical school and a program focusing on infectious diseases. Once completed, physicians can take the certification exam from the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene in order to receive the Certificate of Knowledge in Clinical Tropical Medicine and Travelers' Health.
Challenges.
HIV.
In developing countries alone, 22 million people are living with HIV. Most infections are still in Africa, but Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean are now seeing large numbers of infections as well. 95% of expected new infections will occur in the low income countries in the tropics. The expected number of new infections is 3-4 million per year. Risk factors such as needle use and unprotected sex are much more prevalent in tropical and underdeveloped areas. Once HIV is transmitted to a tropical area it is spread throughout the sexually active population. Though how fast and how far it spreads varies, some African countries have an HIV prevalence of 10%. More alarming still, in urban areas, prevalence among pregnant women can get as high as 30%. Healthcare professionals themselves are at great risk of exposure to HIV. An HIV prevalence of 10% means any given workforce will also have a 10% prevalence, and this does not exclude the healthcare team. Tuberculosis is thought to cause a more rapid disease progression. Tuberculosis is prevalent in tropical and under-developed countries, only making HIV more devastating. Without the expensive and high-tech medical equipment of developed, western countries, physicians in the tropics are left with few options. If they are able to catch an HIV-related bacterial or mycobacterial disease they can diagnose and manage the disease with basic drugs and standard treatment protocol. Many under-developed countries do not have a care strategy, and of those that do, they aren't as effective as they need to be to stop the spread of HIV.
Malaria.
Malaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by an "Anopheles" mosquito to a human host. The parasite that causes malaria belongs to the genus "Plasmodium". Once infected, malaria can take a wide variety of forms and symptoms. The disease is placed into the uncomplicated category or the severe category. If quickly diagnosed and treated, malaria can be cured. However, some of the more serious symptoms, such as acute kidney failure, severe anemia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome can be fatal if not dealt with swiftly and properly. Certain types of "Plasmodium" can leave dormant parasites in the liver that can reawaken months or years later, causing additional relapses of the disease. In the "World Malaria Report" of 2016, the World Health Organization reported a malaria infection rate of 212 million, 90% of which occurred in the African region. However, malaria infection rates had fallen 21% since 2010 at the time of the report. The WHO also reported an estimated mortality rate of 429,000 deaths in the year 2015. The malaria mortality rate had fallen 29% globally since 2010. Children under 5 contract the malaria disease more easily than others, and in the year 2015, an estimated 303,000 children under the age of 5 were killed by malaria. Since the year 2010 however, the mortality rate of children under 5 fell by an estimated 35%.
Tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious bacterial disease that can affect any part of the body, though it primarily affects the lungs. It is a disease that affects the poor and weak, and is far more common in developing countries. TB can either be in its latent or active form. TB can be latent for years, sometimes over a decade. Though TB research receives a mere 1/6th the funding of HIV research, the disease has killed more people in the last 200 years than any other infectious disease. According to the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, an estimated 9 million people were infected with TB in the year 2013 alone. That same year 1.5 million people died from TB. Of those 1.5 million, 360,000 were HIV positive. Tuberculosis is extremely expensive to treat, and treatments are now becoming ineffective due to drug-resistant TB strains. In the year 2016, 1.3 million people died from TB. An additional 374,000 people died who were co-infected with both TB and HIV. Research has shown that if the subject is infected with HIV, the risk of latent TB becoming active TB is between 12 and 20 times higher.
Non-communicable diseases.
Non-communicable diseases are a series of chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, injuries, and respiratory diseases, among others. Historically these diseases have plagued developed countries far more than developing countries. In the Global Burden of Disease Study of 2001, it was discovered that 20% of deaths in sub-Saharan Africa were caused by non-communicable diseases. In 2005, the World Health Organization performed a study that showed 80% of chronic disease deaths occurred in low to middle income countries. Non-communicable disease prevalence has been rising in under-developed countries for a variety of reasons. Lack of education and preventive medicine in under-developed countries, along with malnutrition or poor diet lead to many risk factors for non-communicable diseases.
Neglected tropical diseases.
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as 18 tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide, especially in developing countries. These diseases are heterogeneous, meaning originating outside the organism affected by the disease. NTDs are caused by parasites, viruses, and bacteria. NTDs are neglected because they are not normally fatal on their own but are disabling. Persons with these diseases become more susceptible to other NTDs and fatal diseases such as HIV or malaria.
Neglected tropical diseases effect can be measured in disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Each DALY corresponds to one lost year of healthy life, whether by death or disability. In the year 2010, it was estimated 26.6 million DALYs were lost. In addition to this, it is estimated NTDs cause a loss of 15-30% of productivity in countries that NTDs are endemic too. According to the CDC, 100% of countries categorized as 'low income' were affected by 5 different NTDs at once.
Interdisciplinary approach.
Tropical medicine requires an interdisciplinary approach, as the infections and diseases tropical medicine faces are both broad and unique. Tropical medicine requires research and assistance from the fields of epidemiology, microbiology, virology, parasitology, and logistics. Physicians of tropical medicine must have effective communication skills, as many of the patients they interact with do not speak English comfortably. They must be proficient in their knowledge of clinical and diagnostic skills, as they are often without high-tech diagnostic tools when in the field. For example, in an attempt to manage the Chagas disease being brought into the almost Chagas-free Brazilian city São Paulo by Bolivian immigrants, an interdisciplinary team was set up. The Bolivian immigrant population in São Paulo had a prevalence of Chagas disease of 4.4%, while Chagas disease transmission in São Paulo has been under control since the 1970s. This influx of Chagas disease led to an interdisciplinary team being brought together, This team tested the feasibility of managing Chagas disease and transmission at the primary healthcare level. The interdisciplinary team consisted of community health agents and clerical healthcare workers to recruit Chagas infected persons for the study, physicians, nurses, lab workers, and community agents. A pediatrician and cardiologist were also on call. Each were trained in pathology, parasitology, ecoepidemiology, and how to prevent, diagnose, and control Chagas disease. Training from experts in these respective fields was required. They examined reasons for lack of adherence to treatment, and used this knowledge to improve the effectiveness of their interventions. This interdisciplinary approach has been used to train many teams across Brazil in the management of Chagas disease.
Tropical medicine also consists of a preventive approach, especially in an educational aspect. For example, from 2009 to 2011, the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine did an interventional study on a cohort of female sex workers (FSW) in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, a country in Western Africa. 321 HIV-unaffected FSWs were provided with peer-led HIV/STI education, HIV/STI testing and care, psychological support, general healthcare, and services for reproductive health. The same cohort would continue to follow up, quarterly, for 21 months. At each follow-up they were tested for HIV and were able to utilize the preventive interventions if need be. Using models based on the same study population had their been no interventions, the expected prevalence of HIV infections was 1.23 infection per 100 person years. In the actual cohort with access to interventions not a single HIV infection was observed in the collective 409 person-years of follow-up.
Tropical research in the military.
Throughout history, American military forces have been affected by many tropical diseases. In World War II alone, it was estimated almost one million soldiers had been infected by a tropical disease while serving. Most affected soldiers served in the Pacific, especially in the Philippines and New Guinea. Malaria was especially widespread in the Pacific, though soldiers in Southern Europe and Northern Africa also contracted tropical diseases. Many diseases now known as neglected tropical diseases affected America soldiers as well. These included helminthiasis, schistosomiasis, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis was such a problem it caused a $100 million evacuation of U.S troops out of New Guinea and the Tonga Islands.
In both the Korean and Vietnam Wars the United States army continued to be affected by tropical diseases. The most prevalent diseases to affect their military were malaria and dengue. Hepatitis A, scrub typhus, and hookworm infections were among the other tropical infections picked up by troops in these conflicts.
To combat the significant effects tropical diseases were having on their forces, the United States Military worked hard to develop drugs, vaccines, and other methods of disease control. Research done at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), the Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), and various affiliated research centers have greatly improved the military's preparedness against tropical disease. In 1967, Captain Robert Phillips earned the Lasker Award for developing a type of IV therapy that reduced cholera's fatality rate from 60% to less than 1%. Other interventions licensed by the US Army include vaccines for hepatitis A and Japanese encephalitis. They have also developed the drugs mefloquine and malarone, both used in the treatment of malaria.
Looking forward, the United States military currently has clinical trials testing for vaccines of malaria, adenovirus infection, dengue, and HIV/AIDS underway. However, with massive budget cuts to their military, these research centers are getting less and less funding and have lost many contractors already.


Heinrich Philipp August Damerow

Heinrich Philipp August Damerow (28 December 1798 – 22 September 1866) was a German psychiatrist born in Stettin, Province of Pomerania, Prussia (today Szczecin, Poland). He made significant contributions in the field of institutional psychiatry.
In 1822 he earned his doctorate in Berlin, where he was a student of Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schleiermacher and psychiatrist Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn. He continued his education in Paris, where he studied under Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol, and at the Siegburg asylum north of Bonn, where he met with Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi. In 1830 he became an associate professor, and in 1836 was appointed director of "Provinzial-Irrenanstalt" (district mental asylum) near Halle. Two of his better-known assistants at the asylum were Rudolf Leubuscher (1822-1861) and Heinrich Laehr (1820-1905).
Damerow was one of the more influential German psychiatrists during the mid-19th century. He was an advocate of an holistic approach to treating mental illness, and felt that a physician must view the patient as a union of body, mind and soul. With Carl Friedrich Flemming (1799–1880) and Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Roller (1802–1878), he was co-founder of the psychiatric journal "Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie".


List of medical schools in the Caribbean

This is a list of medical schools in the Caribbean. Schools are listed in alphabetical order by country or territory, then by name. The list includes medical schools recognized by their local governments that award the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and/or Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degrees.
All recognized medical schools are listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools (WDMS). Several agencies may also accredit Caribbean medical schools, as listed in the FAIMER Directory of Organizations that Recognize/Accredit Medical Schools (DORA).
Categories: Regional vs. Off-shore.
Caribbean medical schools can be categorized as either "regional" or "offshore". Regional medical schools train students to practice in the country or region where the school is located. Offshore medical schools in the Caribbean primarily train students from the United States and Canada who intend to return home for residency and clinical practice after graduation. Most offshore medical schools are dual-campus programs: basic sciences are completed in the Caribbean, while clinical clerkships are completed at teaching hospitals in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.


Pre-health sciences

Pre-Health Sciences are the undergraduate courses that prepare American college students for admission in medical, dentistry, pharmacy, optometry, veterinary, and physical therapy schools, and for training as a physician assistant. In the United States, colleges have moved away from the impractical designation of students as "Pre-med" majors, as only a small percentage of applicants actually achieve admission into medical schools. As such, students are given the choice to focus on the coursework required for admission.
Standard Pre-Health courses.
Students focusing on Pre-Health can often major in any subject; however, they will also take a broad range of science courses including general chemistry and organic chemistry, often earning a minor in chemistry, mathematics, often up to basic calculus, general biology with overviews of genetics and taxonomy, and calculus or trigonometry-based physics.
The requirements beyond the sciences are often light, many schools require a human sciences or psychology course. No schools actually require anatomy or diagnostic courses as these are universally regarded as first year medical courses.


Washington University of Barbados

The Washington University of Barbados (WUB) was established in 2016 and was granted charter from the Ministry of Education of Barbados during the same year. The university claimed to be devoted to preparing and educating students from across the globe to become professional doctors, but has been named as part of an international medical school scam. Both Dr. Rap and Mr. Dalchand have been arrested and charged before the Magistrates Court at District C in Barbados. Both are charged that they defrauded Casa Grande Hotel in St Philip; Furniture Ltd and Builders Mart. These are all businesses owned Mrs Ram Merchandani the owner of Casa Grande Hotel; the campus of the University. The charges arose when cheques tendered for services by these companies were dishonoured by the bank. The sums of monies are in excess of $300000.00 BDS. Both men are remanded in prison in Barbados awaiting hearing. They are set to
reappear on Monday 22 September 2018.
Courses.
Washington University of Barbados is one of the few universities that implements the elements for USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) within its curriculum.
Basic science.
During 5 trimesters, students are introduced to the fundamental knowledge and skills of Preclinical Medicine and USMLE Step I Course. The core subjects are Physiology, Biochemistry, Medical Pathology and Anatomy. Basic Science program is designed to meet the health care needs of the society and lasts two years.
Pre-medical sciences.
Pre-medical Science is made available to students who have completed twelve years of study but need to obtain 120 credits to qualify for medical school. It includes Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Advanced Biology, Biochemistry and Community Medicine are introduced later in the program to provide students with a head start for USMLE preparation. The timeline of the course is two years. Additionally many of the students at this university have not taken the NEET examination in India. This examination is compulsory for any Indian national wishing to study the MBBS programme. These students in an effort to avoid this examination ran abroad to study. Herein lies the opportunity that fostered this fraudulent medical school.
Clinical rotations.
Clinical Rotations are taught over a period of two years in the United States of America, Canada and the United Kingdom. The subjects include Family Medicine, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Surgery and OB/GYN. Students who successfully complete these courses are then eligible to take elective rotations of clinical disciplines.
Campus.
The campus is 2,000 square meters with a 400-seat auditorium. It features a library, fitness center, student lounge, onsite dining and banking. There are computer labs and 19 classrooms.
Accommodation.
Students expected access to one of 100 units with en-suite bathroom for students living on campus. The occupancy for these rooms are 5 students per room. Each room is equipped with internet. There are 30 additional units for off-campus living, only 5-minutes walking distance from the campus. All off-campus units are available to students at an affordable rate and include a bed, internet connection, Direct-TV, A/C, en-suite bathroom, large and small kitchen appliances.
However, they were hosted at the Casa Grande Hotel, previously under fire for its treatment of Nigerian students, and were without water or electricity for at least 5 months.
Accreditation.
Washington University of Barbados remains unaccredited by the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and other Health Professions (CAAM-HP), the United States Department of Education's National Committee on Foreign Medical Education Accreditation (NCFMEA), or any other body empowered to certify medical schools in the region.
It had claimed to be recognised by the Ministry of Health Barbados, FAIMER Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research, WHO World Health Organization, IMED International Medical Education Directory and MCI Medical Council of India, Ministry of Education, Government of Barbados, Global Alliance For Medical Education (GAME), Canadian Association for Medical Education (CAME), Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE), World Federation for Medical Education (WFME), International Association of Medical Science Educators (IAMSE), Australian and New Zealand Association for Health Professional Educators (ANZAHPE), Association of Standardized Patient Educators(ASPE), Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN), World Medical Association (WMA).
Medical program.
Washington University of Barbados offers a 4-year Doctor of Medicine (MD) program for college graduates and a 5.5 years Doctor of Medicine (MD) program for high school graduates which includes Pre-medical program, Basic Sciences Program, and Clinical Rotations/Sciences. The Pre-Medical and the Basic Sciences program is taught at WUB, Barbados, and Clinical Rotations are practiced either at WUB, Barbados or in the USA.
Washington University of Barbados accepts students internationally three times per year: January, May, and September. Students are required to take the MCAT to study at WUB. The students at WUB attend all portions of the USMLE United States Medical Licensing Examination, with practicing in the USA is the main end goal.
Legal troubles.
Police escorted chief executive officer of the Washington University of Barbados, Gopi Venkat off the University's premises on the 5th of October 2018.
This action occurred just after a meeting with officials from the welfare and labour departments along with the Ministry of Education.
Minister of Elder Affairs and People Empowerment Cynthia Forde confirmed to NationNews that the authorities were looking into the matter and conducting their own fact checking.
Earlier that week some students took their plight to the Ministry of Education. After hearing their concerns Prime Minister Mia Mottley instructed a team to investigate the living conditions. Initial investigations revealed that the electricity and the water were off for the past five months among other issues. Forde gave the assurance that Government would be looking into how best they could assist the students.
External links.
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Antoine Hakim

Antoine M. Hakim (born April 30, 1942) is a Canadian engineer and physician.
He first trained as a chemical engineer and worked for Syncrude in Alberta. Wishing to change careers, Hakim taught school for a short time in Montreal. He then earned a PhD in Biomedical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York and went on to study medicine at Albany Medical College. He completed his residency at the Montreal Neurological Institute and later became a professor at McGill University. In 1992, he became chair of the Neurology department and director of the Neuroscience Research Institute at the University of Ottawa. From 1992 to 2000, he was head of the Neurology division at The Ottawa Hospital.
When Hakim began his research, strokes were widely regarded as unpreventable and available treatments were limited. By gaining a better understanding of the process of a stroke and the nature of the damage to the brain, he was able to identify possible treatments and, later, how to reduce the likelihood of strokes.
Hakim helped create the Canadian Stroke Network and served as its CEO and scientific director. From 2001 to 2008, he was the founding scientific director of the Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery.
In 2007, he was named an Officer in the Order of Canada. In 2013, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 2017, he was selected for the prestigious Canada Gairdner Wightman Award for his outstanding research into strokes and their consequences and championing stroke prevention and treatment in Canada and beyond.
Hakim has written the book "Save your mind: seven rules to avoid dementia" in 2017 (), which is also available in French "Préservez votre vitalité mentale: 7 règles pour prévenir la démence".


New York County Medical Society

The New York County Medical Society is a professional membership organization for physicians who live or work in the Borough of Manhattan. As such, it is part of the larger network of medical organizations which includes the American Medical Association and the Medical Society of the State of New York.
According to its website, the mission of the NYCMS is
 ... to proactively identify and respond to the evolving needs of its members; to strive for the achievement of the highest standards of medical practice and quality of care by providing extended medical education and supporting advances in medical science; to champion the integrity of the patient-physician relationship; to improve public health through education initiatives and targeted community service efforts; and to serve as a strong advocate for both members and patients by working aggressively for enactment of supportive and enabling medical legislation.
The NYCMS was formed in 1806. It is operated and overseen by a board of directors and a board of trustees, and maintains several standing committees with specific areas of interest, including membership, medical credentialing, public health, and workmen's compensation, and has an advisory committee for young practitioners.


Nassau County Sports Commission

The Nassau County Sports Commission is a non-profit, 501(c)(3) organization created to enhance the quality of life of Nassau County, New York, residents through the promotion of physical fitness, healthy activity and positive sportsmanship to combat childhood obesity and performance-enhancing drug use within our community. The foundation of the Nassau County Sports Commission is community-wide health education and sports recognition.
Programs.
"Salute to Champions" Awards Dinner.
The Nassau County Sports Commission is home to the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame and the Dick Schaap Award for Outstanding Journalism.
Nassau County's elite high school and collegiate student athletes and coaches are honored annually at the Nassau County Sports Commission's "Salute to Champions" Awards Dinner where the above awards are also presented rounding into an all star recognition event for the community.
Fitness Trails.
In Summer 2007, the Nassau County Sports Commission, working with Nassau County's "Healthy Nassau" initiative, installed a fitness trail in Eisenhower Park for use by Nassau County residents of all ages. These fitness stations will cover a two-mile walking path and promote physical activity while teaching residents how to maximize their physical fitness experience. In summer 2008, a new Nassau County Sports Commission fitness trail was installed in Wantagh Park. A third fitness trail in Nassau County can also be found in Christopher Morley Park.
Educational Pocket Guides.
The Nassau County Sports Commission publishes and distributes educational pocket guides aimed at educating parents and youth on childhood obesity prevention, positive sportsmanship tips and the perils of performance-enhancing drugs.
Equipment Granting Program.
The Nassau County Sports Commission has granted ice hockey, roller hockey, lacrosse and tennis equipment to the Nassau County, New York Department of Parks and Recreation and the Children's Sports Connection to be distributed and used by Nassau County youth that are in need.
Website.
The Nassau County Sports Commission's official website has a local sports activities, organizations, and facilities database available for use by all community members.
Board of directors.
Drug Expert Gary I. Wadler was the Chairman and President of the Nassau County Sports Commission.


Glenn Rogers (politician)

Glenn Rogers (born January 24, 1956) is an American veterinarian, rancher and politician. He has represented the 60th District in the Texas House of Representatives since 2021. A member of the Republican Party, Rodgers also owns and operates Holt River Ranch.
Early life, education, and career.
Rogers graduated from Graham High School. He then went on an attended Texas A&M University, where he received a BS and then D.V.M. from the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences in 1980. He moved back after college to open up a rural mixed veterinary practice in Graham and Graford, Texas. During this time, Rogers served as president of the Palo Pinto County Farm Bureau and as a school board member for Graham Independent School District. In the 1990s Rogers attended Kansas State University and got his MS in Beef Production Medicine. He became a associate professor at North Carolina State University until 2000, when he returned to the ranch.
Glenn was awarded Conservation Rancher of the Year Award for the State of Texas in 2017.
Holt River Ranch.
The ranch has been in the Roger family since 1906, which is located near Graham, alongside the Brazos River. Glenn began ranching on the ranch in 1980 and moved his practice to the ranch in 1986. Originally referred to as River Ranch, until Glenn's son, Franklin Holt Rogers, died from an automobile accident in 1993. The ranch develops and market 800 heifer annually.
Election.
Glenn announced in September 2019 to run for the Texas House of Representatives District 60 seat, that was being held by Mike Lang at the time. Representative Lang announced in around the same time, that he would not seek re-election for the 87th legislature. Lang then reversed his statements two days later, which did not stop Rogers from running. Glenn defeated Jon Francis in the 2020 Republican Primary Runoff with 51% of the vote in July 2020. He ran unopposed in the November 2020 election. Governor Greg Abbott had endorsed Rogers prior the July runoff election. Glenn got endorsements from Rick Perry and Mike Conaway as well.


Jacques Guillemeau

Jacques Guillemeau (1550–1613) was a French surgeon from Orléans. He is credited for making pioneer contributions in the fields of obstetrics, ophthalmology and pediatrics.
He was a surgeon at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, and a favored student of Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), who was also his father-in-law. Guillemeau, like Paré, was a surgeon to French royalty.
In 1584 Guillemeau published "Traité des maladies de l'oeil" ("Treatise on eye diseases"), considered one of the best Renaissance-era works in ophthalmic medicine. He is also credited for providing the first description involving repair of palpebral coloboma, an eyelid defect he referred to as "paupieres accurcies".
In 1609 he published "De l'heureux accouchement des femmes" ("The happy delivery of women"), the first description of a method of assisted breech delivery popularized by other physicians, and sometimes known as the "Mauriceau-Smellie-Veit maneuver". Guillemeau was a practitioner of the podalic version for use in cases of placenta praevia, a procedure earlier revived by Ambroise Paré.
Other publications by Guillemeau include "Tables anatomiques" and "La chirurgie française".
External links.


Richard Bartlot

Richard Bartlot (Bartlet, Barthlet) (1471–1557), was an English physician.
Bartlot was a fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford and took the degree of M.B. at Oxford in 1501, and supplicated for that of M.D. in 1508. He was the first fellow admitted into the College of Physicians after its foundation in 1518, and he was president in 1527, 1528, 1531, 1548. He lived in Blackfriars, and was buried in the church of St. Bartholomew the Great. Dr. Caius, as president, with the whole college attended his funeral. He had considerable landed property, and endowed All Souls with his estate at Edgware, and left the foundation some plate at his death.


Hyman I. Goldstein

Hyman Isaac Goldstein (November 2, 1887 – 1954) was an American physician and medical historian born in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the eldest son of Rose (sister of Isidor Zuckermann) and Solomon Joseph Goldstein.
Background.
After his family moved to Camden, New Jersey, he attended public schools in that city and earned his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1909. This was followed by graduate work within the medical facilities of the University of Vienna, Austria. Dr. Goldstein specialized in gastroenterology and was a member of numerous national and international medical organizations. He was known to his personal friends and family as, "Doc."
He is responsible for the discovery of Goldstein's Toe Sign and involved with work on Rendu-Osler-Weber disease.
Dr. Goldstein initiated a path in medicine also followed by his two younger brothers, all earning their M.D.s from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Leopold Z. Goldstein (1899–1963) specialized in endocrinology, and was co-author of "Clinical Endocrinology of the Female". Dr. Henry Z. Goldstein (1903–1975) specialized in otolaryngology, and served during WWII in the Medical Corps, United States Army.
Their sister, Sadie (1895–1962), married David E. Cooper, who received his Doctorate in Dentistry from the University of Pennsylvania, Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, in 1916. Hyman I. Goldstein is interred in the New Camden Cemetery, Camden, New Jersey.


Rudolf Wlassak

Rudolf Wlassak (27 March 1865, Brno - 10 March 1930, Vienna) was an Austrian physiologist and neurologist. He was a pioneer in the hospital treatment of alcoholism.
He was born in Brno, Austrian Empire (now Czech Republic). He studied medicine at the University of Leipzig, and in 1893 qualified as a lecturer in Zürich. After time spent in Rome and Florence, he started a neurological practice in Vienna Neustadt (1919), and worked with Emil Redlich at the Maria-Theresien-Schlössel Hospital in Vienna. In 1922 he became director of a sanatorium for alcoholics called "Am Steinhof".
He conducted research on the structure of cerebellum and on the physiology of the senses and spatial perception.
He was active in the treatment of alcoholics in Vienna, and more widely in Europe. He is remembered for his contributions towards the workers' temperance movement. In 1897 he published ""Gegen den Alkohol" and his "Grundriss der Alkoholfrage" was published in 1922. From 1902 onward, he was editor of the journal "Der Abstinent"". In 1907 his treatise, "The influence of alcohol upon the functions of the brain", was published in English.
He died in Vienna.


American Association of Bioanalysts

The American Association of Bioanalysts (AAB) is a professional association for clinical laboratory scientists, clinical laboratory supervisors, clinical laboratory directors, and clinical laboratory consultants. Its office is based in St. Louis, Missouri, U.S..
Profile.
The organization was formed in 1956 when the Council of American Bioanalysts (CAB) merged with the National Association of Clinical Laboratories (NACL) The AAB serves as an umbrella organization for the American Board of Bioanalysis, AAB Board of Registry AAB Associate Member Section, College of Reproductive Biology Environmental Biology and Public Health Section and National Independent Laboratory Association.
Role as a national certifying agency.
The American Board of Bioanalysis, is a national certifying agency in the United States of America, for clinical laboratory directors and supervisors. The AAB Board of Registry is a national certifying agency in the United States of America for medical technologist and medical laboratory technicians. Those certified either meet or exceed the minimum requirements for testing personnel under Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments.
Role as a trade association.
The National Independent Laboratory Association (NILA) functions as a trade association for community, regional, and health systems clinical laboratories. NILA has a long history of defending the clinical laboratory industry from legislation that would be detrimental and costly to both the clinical laboratory and patients in the United States. One of their first victories prevented the reinstatement of the 20% copayment on Part B Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (CLFS) payments. The organization is currently playing a role in preventing PAMA's proposed fee cuts
State Licensure.
The AAB officially supports state licensure for clinical laboratory personnel, but opposes laws it considers excessively restrictive. In 2014, the AAB clarified its licensure position in a response to Minnesota's H.F. 203 bill. AAB opposed the bill on the basis that it would create a hardship for United States trained military personnel to obtain a license, lead to creating loopholes where new standards would apply to only some of Minnesota's laboratories, and encouragedifferent wages based on education instead of work performed. The bill was successfully defeated allowing United States trained military personnel to continue working without additional education and training requirements.


Walter Dandy

Walter Edward Dandy (April 6, 1886 – April 19, 1946) was an American neurosurgeon and scientist. He is considered one of the founding fathers of neurosurgery, along with Victor Horsley (1857–1916) and Harvey Cushing (1869–1939). Dandy is credited with numerous neurosurgical discoveries and innovations, including the description of the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, surgical treatment of hydrocephalus, the invention of air ventriculography and pneumoencephalography, the description of brain endoscopy, the establishment of the first intensive care unit (Fox 1984, p. 82), and the first clipping of an intracranial aneurysm, which marked the birth of cerebrovascular neurosurgery.
During his 40-year medical career, Dandy published five books and more than 160 peer-reviewed articles while conducting a full-time, ground-breaking neurosurgical practice in which he performed during his peak years about 1000 operations per year (Sherman et al. 2006). He was recognized at the time as a remarkably fast and particularly dextrous surgeon. Dandy was associated with the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Hospital his entire medical career. The importance of his numerous contributions to neurosurgery in particular and to medicine in general has increased as the field of neurosurgery has evolved.
Early life and medical training.
Dandy was the only son of John Dandy, a railroad engineer, and Rachel Kilpatrick, who were immigrants from Lancashire, England, and Armagh, Ireland, respectively. Dandy graduated in 1903 from Summit High School in Sedalia, Missouri, as class valedictorian, and then graduated in 1907 from the University of Missouri. In September 1907, he enrolled in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as a second year student. (He had started medical studies during his junior year in college and accumulated enough credits to skip the first year of medical school at Johns Hopkins.) Dandy graduated from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the spring of 1910 at the age of 24, and became the sixth appointee to the Hunterian Laboratory of Experimental Medicine under Harvey W. Cushing from 1910 to 1911. In 1911, he earned a Master of Arts degree for his work in the Hunterian Laboratory, and went on to join the Johns Hopkins Hospital surgical housestaff for one year as Cushing's Assistant Resident (1911–1912). Dandy completed his general surgery residency at the Johns Hopkins Hospital under William S. Halsted in 1918. (He had been appointed Halsted's Chief Resident in 1916.) While Dandy was introduced to the nascent field of neurosurgery by Cushing, it was George J. Heuer who completed Dandy's neurosurgical training after Cushing's departure for the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston in September 1912. Heuer had graduated from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1908, worked as Cushing's first Assistant Resident from 1908 to 1909, and served as Halsted's Chief Resident from 1911 to 1914.
Dandy joined the staff of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1918 and immediately focused his energies on the surgical treatment of disorders of the brain and spinal cord. When Heuer left Hopkins in 1922 to become the head of surgery at the University of Cincinnati, Dandy remained as the only neurosurgeon at the Johns Hopkins Hospital until his death in that hospital in 1946.
Scientific and clinical contributions.
Contributions to pediatric neurosurgery.
Dandy's first scientific contribution was the detailed anatomical description of a 2 mm human embryo in Franklin P. Mall's collection. This paper was published in 1910, five months before he graduated from medical school. In 1911 and 1913, he described the blood supply and nerve supply, respectively, of the pituitary gland. In 1913 and 1914, Dandy and Kenneth D. Blackfan published two landmark papers on the production, circulation, and absorption of CSF in the brain and on the causes and potential treatments of hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus is the buildup of CSF within the brain, an often lethal condition if left untreated. They described two forms of hydrocephalus, namely "obstructive" and "communicating," thus establishing a theoretical framework for the rational treatment of this condition. This work is regarded by many as one of the finest pieces of surgical research ever done. Indeed, Halsted reportedly told Edwards A. Park that "Dandy will never do anything equal to this again. Few men make more than one great contribution to medicine." (Fox 1984, p. 36) Dandy, however, would prove to be one of these "few men." Modern pediatric neurosurgeons devote most of their time to the management of hydrocephalus.
The Dandy–Walker malformation is a congenital malformation associated with hydrocephalus. In 1921 Dandy reported a case of hydrocephalus caused by obstruction of outflow of CSF from the fourth ventricle. In 1944 A. Earl Walker (who eventually became chairman of neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins) described a similar case of congenital closure of the outflow of the fourth ventricle. This congenital anomaly became known as the Dandy-Walker cyst. It is associated with closure of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie (the outflow openings of the fourth ventricle), atrophy of the cerebellum and cerebellar vermis, dilation of the fourth ventricle, hydrocephalus, and often atrophy of the corpus callosum.
Contributions to neuroradiology.
In 1918 and 1919 Dandy published his landmark papers on air ventriculography and the associated technique of pneumoencephalography. For this contribution he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in 1933 by Hans Christian Jacobaeus, Chairman of the Nobel Committee of the Karolinska Institute (Ligon 1998, p. 607). Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography allowed neurosurgeons for the first time to visualize brain lesions on x-rays. To accomplish this, CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid space was replaced with air injected either directly into the ventricles (ventriculography) or into the lumbar subarachnoid space (pneumoencephalography). As a general surgeon, Dandy was aware of the ability of free air in the peritoneal cavity to outline the abdominal contents. He published a paper on this radiographic phenomenon ("pneumoperitoneum") in 1919 based on a clinical observation he had made in 1917. In 1918, the year that he finished his residency, he published the paper on air ventriculography. The importance of this advance cannot be overstated. Samuel J. Crowe described it as "the greatest single contribution ever made to brain surgery." (Fox 1984, p. 43) Gilbert Horrax stated:
"The importance of this diagnostic method, ... for the more accurate localization of many growths whose situation could not be ascertained with absolute exactness, can hardly be overemphasized. It brought immediately into the operable field at least one third more brain tumors than could be diagnosed and localized previously by the most refined neurological methods." (Fox 1984, p.45)
Air ventriculography, however, had the limitation that a burr hole had to be drilled in the skull to pass the needle into the ventricular system. In 1919, Dandy published a less invasive technique that he labelled pneumoencephalography. In this procedure, air was injected into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spinal canal and then the air bolus was maneuvered into the subarachnoid space around the brain and eventually into the ventricles by changing the patient's position. Ventriculography and pneumoencephalography allowed neurosurgeons to accurately identify the location and size of tumors and other lesions and then accurately target their operative approach. This technique remained the single most important way of localizing brain lesions until the introduction of CT scanning in the 1970s.
Contributions to operative neurosurgery.
Already by 1919, barely one year after finishing his surgical training, Dandy was recognized arguably as the premier surgeon at Johns Hopkins. Abraham Flexner, who was intimately familiar with the workings of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and in 1910 had produced the Flexner Report on American and Canadian Medical Education, wrote on January 30, 1919:
"The general sentiment hereabouts is that Dandy is the man for surgery. ... As Dr. Halsted comes about very little now, Dandy is carrying the whole thing, and, as far as I can judge, does it admirably. He has the devotion and confidence of all his associates and treats them in a really beautiful way ..." (Fox 1984, p.54)
Dandy's surgical innovations proceeded at an astounding rate as he became increasingly comfortable operating on the brain and spinal cord. He described in 1921 an operation for the removal of tumors of the pineal region, in 1922 complete removal of tumors of the cerebellopontine angle (namely acoustic neuromas), in 1922 the use of endoscopy for the treatment of hydrocephalus ("cerebral ventriculoscopy"), in 1925 sectioning the trigeminal nerve at the brainstem to treat trigeminal neuralgia, in 1928 treatment of Ménière's disease (recurrent vertiginous dizziness) by sectioning the vestibular nerves, in 1929 removal of a herniated disc in the spine, in 1930 treatment of spasmodic torticollis, in 1923 removal of the entire cerebral hemisphere ("hemispherectomy") for the treatment of malignant tumors, in 1933 removal of deep tumors within the ventricular system, in 1935 treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs), in 1938 ligation or "clipping" of an intracranial aneurysm, and in 1941 removal of orbital tumors. Remarkably, these operations continue to be performed today essentially in the same form described by Dandy. As medicine progresses, other contributions by Dandy have been replaced by alternative therapies. For instance, in 1943, Dandy published an operation for treatment of essential hypertension by sectioning the sympathetic nerves, but in the 21st century, hypertension is treated with medications.
Contributions to cerebrovascular neurosurgery.
Dandy's 1938 description of surgery for clipping of an intracranial aneurysm is particularly important because it marked the birth of the subspecialty of cerebrovascular neurosurgery. An aneurysm is a sac that grows from the wall of an artery in the brain. When an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of patients die immediately and the remaining are similarly expected to die if the aneurysm ruptures again, as it is likely to do. In 1937, a ruptured intracranial aneurysm was a uniformly fatal condition. On March 23, 1937, Dandy performed a frontotemporal craniotomy (which he had learned from Heuer) and placed a hemostatic clip on the neck of a posterior communicating artery region aneurysm arising from the internal carotid artery. The technical prowess involved in carrying out this operation successfully can not be overstated, particularly without the benefit of the surgical microscope for magnification. Even today this type of surgery is arguably the most complex and riskiest procedure done by neurosurgeons. This represented the first time that a vascular problem of the brain was treated successfully with surgery in a planned fashion. This experience led Dandy in the later part of his career to treat successfully a variety of vascular problems of the brain in addition to aneurysms, such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs), carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs), and cavernous malformations. In 1944, two years prior to his death, Dandy published a book entitled Intracranial Arterial Aneurysms in which he summarized his experience with these treacherous and technically formidable lesions. Currently, the Walter E. Dandy Professor of Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins, Rafael J. Tamargo , is a cerebrovascular neurosurgeon and the director of the Division of Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery , the field created by Dandy.
Dandy's "Brain Team".
Dandy established at the Johns Hopkins Hospital a clinical service that served the dual purpose of delivering outstanding care to his patients and also of training surgical residents and fellows to become neurosurgeons. This became a highly orchestrated and efficient system that allowed Dandy to perform over 1000 operations annually (excluding ventriculograms) and produced 12 neurosurgeons who then carried on Dandy's tradition. Dandy's service was known as the "Brain Team." By 1940, Dandy's Brain Team consisted of a resident, an assistant resident, a surgical intern, a full-time scrub nurse, a full-time nurse anesthetist, an assistant scrub nurse, a circulating nurse, a part-time nurse anesthetist, a full-time orderly, and Dandy's secretary. The resident and assistant resident each spent two years (out of their eight-year general surgery residency) on the Brain Team. (Sherman et al. 2006)
Personal life.
In 1923, five years after finishing his arduous surgical training, Dandy started to focus on his personal life. Throughout his training he had remained close to his parents, with whom he corresponded at times daily. Dandy made arrangements for his parents to move to Baltimore in early 1911, one year after he finished medical school. Dandy met his future wife, Sadie E. Martin, in 1923, got married on October 1, 1924, and had four children: Walter Edward Jr. (born 1925), Mary Ellen (1927), Kathleen Louise (1928), and Margaret Martin (1935). He described his family relations as "the finest thing in life." (Fox 1984, p. 118) He vacationed with his family regularly, when his children's school schedule allowed. He rarely traveled, however, for professional meetings, and preferred to stay in Baltimore close to his family and work. Upon being invited to join the Society of Neurological Surgeons as a charter member, he wrote to Cushing on June 30, 1921, that he was "very averse to joining societies of all kinds because I feel they are more social than beneficial and I cannot spare the time for them." (Fox 1984, p. 73)
Irving J. Sherman, who trained in neurosurgery under Dandy from 1941 to 1943, addressed this in his recollections:
"Historians are uniformly effusive in praise of Dandy's research and surgery, but they are less kind with regard to his personality, no doubt because they did not know him personally ... Dandy never charged schoolteachers, clergy, other medical workers, or patients who had no money to pay. At times, he also gave money to patients to help them with the expense of coming to Baltimore. ... There were stories of Dandy being dictatorial and demanding perfect service for his patients, and these were true. There were other stories, also true, of Dandy having outbursts of temper when "things did not go right in the operating room," firing assistant residents, scolding personnel, and occasionally throwing an instrument. However, during my time on the general surgery and neurosurgery housestaff (1940-1943), I never observed such incidents. ... although Dandy was at times dictatorial and demanding, his actions made it obvious that he cared deeply for our welfare, although not about how hard we worked." (Sherman et al. 2006)
Outside the hospital, Dandy's warmth and playfulness were evident in his interactions with his family, friends, and colleagues. (Tamargo 2002, p. 101). His personality is best summarized in his obituary in the "Baltimore Sun" of April 20, 1946:
"... Gruff of manner, hot of temper, and endowed with a tongue as sharp as his instruments, he exacted awe, respect, and the hardest kind of work from his students. ... And when they got to know him well, they found beneath the hard exterior - as is not uncommon in men of such temperament - a deep vein of tenderness."
Dandy enjoyed excellent health most of his life, except for November and December 1919, the year after completing his residency, when he became bedridden with sciatic neuralgia. (Fox 1984, p. 54) On April 1, 1946, five days before his 60th birthday, Dandy was hospitalized with a heart attack. He asked his secretary to help him prepare his will, which he signed on April 9 while in the hospital. He was discharged home, but suffered a second heart attack on April 18. He was taken again to the Johns Hopkins Hospital where he died on April 19. (Fox 1984, p. 221) He was buried in Druid Ridge Cemetery in Pikesville, Maryland.
Walter E. Dandy Neurosurgical Society.
The Walter E. Dandy Neurosurgical Society (WEDNS) was founded in St. Louis, Missouri in 2011. The society is a forum for surgeons around the world to enhance the education of both neurosurgery residents and fully trained neurosurgeons to take part in the development and distribution of guidelines for clinical decision making utilizing the best available science.


Association of American Physicians

The Association of American Physicians (AAP) is an honorary medical society founded in 1885 by the Canadian physician Sir William Osler and six other distinguished physicians of his era for "the advancement of scientific and practical medicine." Election to the AAP is an honor extended to individuals with outstanding credentials in biomedical science and/or translational biomedical research and is limited to 60 persons per year. The AAP includes about 1000 active members and 550 emeritus and honorary members. The great majority are US citizens. However, other countries are also represented.
The overarching goals of the AAP include the promotion of professional and social interaction among biomedical scientists, the dissemination of important information related to biomedical science and teaching, the recognition of outstanding scientists through membership, and the establishment of role models to kindle new generations of high achievers in medicine and medical science.
The range of topics studied by members of the AAP is as broad as medicine itself, ranging from fundamental biological questions to translational research (development and testing of new treatments) to public policy issues. The "Transactions of the Association of American Physicians," published until 1995, recorded the presentations of members at the annual meeting. In that year, it was replaced by the bimonthly "Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians" (no longer published).
The AAP honors selected scientists with the George M. Kober medal, for outstanding contributions to medicine or medical science.
The AAP holds a joint meeting each year with the American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI), another honorary medical society with closely related goals.
History.
The AAP held its first meeting in 1886. Some of the most important advances in biomedical science were first reported at annual AAP meetings. These included the discovery of insulin by Banting and Macleod in 1922, and discovery, by Minot and Murphy in 1926, that pernicious anemia could be treated by feeding patients extracts of raw liver.
Members of the AAP have included Nobel laureates, and members of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. Living members of the AAP who have also been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine include Barry Marshall, Stanley Prusiner, Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, and others.


Joseph Paneth

Joseph Paneth (6 October 1857 – 4 January 1890) was an Austrian physiologist born in Vienna. Paneth is remembered for his description of "Paneth cells", which are cells that provide host defense against microbes in the mucosa of the small intestine.
He studied at the Universities of Heidelberg and Vienna, where he worked with physiologist Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819-1892). After a short stay at the University of Breslau, he returned to Vienna, where in 1886 he became a lecturer at the university. In 1883-84 he worked at the zoological station at Villefranche, near Nice.
He was a good friend of psychologist Sigmund Freud, who made a posthumous reference of Paneth in "The Interpretation of Dreams". Paneth is also remembered for his correspondence with philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
He was the father of chemist Friedrich Paneth (1887–1958).


NSG mouse

The NSG mouse (NOD scid gamma mouse) is a brand of immunodeficient laboratory mice, developed and marketed by Jackson Laboratory, which carries the strain NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ. NSG branded mice are among the most immunodeficient described to date. NSG branded mice lack mature T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. NSG branded mice are also deficient in multiple cytokine signaling pathways, and they have many defects in innate immunity. The compound immunodeficiencies in NSG branded mice permit the engraftment of a wide range of primary human cells, and enable sophisticated modeling of many areas of human biology and disease. NSG branded mice were developed in the laboratory of Dr. Leonard Shultz at Jackson Laboratory, which owns the NSG trade mark.


Slowly growing Mycobacteria

Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the naked eye in more than 7 days on subculture are termed slow growers.
They can cause disease in humans.
Photochromogenic.
Yellow and smooth
Yellow and rough


Peter L. Benson

Peter Lorimer Benson (1946–2011) was a psychologist and CEO/President of Search Institute. He pioneered the developmental assets framework, which became the predominant approach to research on positive facets of youth development. According to the "American Psychologist",