Kenneth R. Chien

Kenneth R. Chien is an American doctor and medical scientist who has been a research director at Karolinska Institute, in Stockholm, since 2013. Chien has several papers with over 1,000 citations and a h-index of 132. His area of expertise is cardiovascular science. His research into regenerative cardiovascular medicine, specifically while director of the Cardiovascular Program of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, led to his co-founding, in 2013, of Moderna Therapeutics. In 2018, the company re-branded as Moderna, Inc. Chien is a recipient of the Walter Bradford Cannon Award of the American Physiology Society and the Pasarow Award. He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and has received an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh.
Education.
Kenneth Chien earned a BA from Harvard College in Biology before earning his PhD and MD from Pennsylvania's Temple University. He continued to study internal medicine and cardiology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. At Temple, Chien's PhD thesis was entitled "Biochemical events in irreversible, ischemic liver cell injury", which was published in 1982 and for which he conducted his dissertation in 1983.He is also a third generation Harvard alumnus, following his father and grandfather.
Career and research.
Chien became a member of the faculty at the University of California at San Diego, acting as director of the Institute for Molecular Medicine from 2000 to 2005, with an adjunct appointment as a Professor of the Salk Institute. During that period, Chien was also responsible for co-founding the Institute of Molecular Medicine at Beijing's Peking University. Chien then worked as Scientific Director of the Cardiovascular Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital from 2005 to 2012, concurrent to directing the Cardiovascular Program of the Harvard Stem Cell Institute from 2007 to 2013. In 2013 Chien took up a position as Professor of Cardiovascular Research and Research Director or the Wallenberg-Cardiovascular Initiative at Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden. In an interview, Chien discussed the opportunity at KI to work closely with Astrazeneca in Molndal to move forward discoveries in regenerative therapeutics made in his lab towards clinical application, as well as praising Sweden as “a country that has decided to put its faith in science and technology". Dr. Chien has received numerous grants from the National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute, dating back to 1985. He has also applied for several patents, securing a total of 17.
Moderna involvement.
While working at Harvard, Chien was approached by Derrick Rossi, a colleague at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, about co-founding a newco, based on findings in the Rossi lab on reprogramming stem cells with mRNA. This eventually turned into the medical research company Moderna Therapeutics, co-founded by Rossi, Chien and Bob Langer under the aegis of Flagship VentureLabs in 2011. In 2011, the Chien Lab made the discovery of the high efficiency expression of VEGF mRNA in heart muscle, resulting in a patent on the discovery that triggered mRNA towards therapeutic applications. In 2013, Chien and his associates documented the ability of VEGF mRNA for coronary vascular regeneration and to reverse the onset of heart dysfunction, thereby opening the potential of were researching the possibility of using synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce therapeutic desired effects in a patient's muscle cells:
"“What we have shown is that muscle cells take up this synthetic mRNA and will express almost any protein quickly. The technology will allow an intense, focused, one‐time application to drive a therapeutic effect that might have a long‐lasting effect by affecting, expanding and redirecting the fate of rare native tissue progenitors that are normally mobilized during injury and usually contribute to scar tissue.”"
At Karolinska, the Chien lab documented the ability to generate large numbers of human Islet heart progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells, which resulted in a partnership with Astrazeneca to move the project toward clinical application.
In February 2019, AstraZeneca and the Chien lab reported the first in human study of an mRNA therapeutic, noting reversal of vascular dysfunction in diabetic patients by VEGF mRNA.


Procovery

Procovery is a proprietary methodology focused on the process of how individuals with serious and chronic illnesses, trauma, addiction, injuries and loss can build healthier and more fulfilling lives, notwithstanding the possible continuing presence or worsening of symptoms or circumstances.
The concept of Procovery was created by writer Kathleen Crowley in 1996 and her program of Procovery principles and strategies, and Procovery Circles, resulted from years of research and interviews of individuals who found resilience, and those who supported and cared for them.


Congenital sinus of the lower lip


Pierre Adolphe Adrien Doyon

Pierre Adolphe Adrien Doyon (; November 1, 1827 – September 21, 1907) was a French dermatologist and balneologist born in Grenoble.
From 1848 he was "interne des hôpitaux" at Lyon, where he became affiliated with the hospice of Antiquaille. In 1858 he relocated to Saint-Martin-d'Uriage, where he participated in development of its spa. Here he was appointed medical inspector, a position he maintained until his death in 1907.
Doyon is chiefly remembered for his published works. With Ernest Henri Besnier, he founded the journal "Annales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie". He spoke fluent German, and had professional relationships with dermatologists in Austria and Germany. Doyon is responsible for translating the works of Ferdinand von Hebra, Albert Neisser, Heinrich Auspitz, and Moritz Kaposi from German into French. With French syphilologist Charles-Paul Diday (1812-1894), he co-authored works on venereal disease, such as "Les herpès génitaux" and "Thérapeutique des maladies vénériennes et des maladies cutannées".
Doyon was an officer of the Légion d'honneur and an associate member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine.


Richard Brocklesby

Richard Brocklesby (11 August 1722 – 11 December 1797), an English physician, was born at Minehead, Somerset.
He was educated at Ballitore, in Ireland, where Edmund Burke was one of his school fellows, studied medicine at Edinburgh, and finally graduated at Leiden in 1745. He succeeded John Pringle as Surgeon General of the British Army in 1758, and served in Germany during part of the Seven Years' War, and on his return settled down to practice in London. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and in 1758 delivered their Goulstonian Lectures, in 1763 their Croonian Lecture and in 1760 the Harveian Oratory. and in 1764 he published "Œconomical and Medical Observations", which contained suggestions for improving the hygiene of army hospitals. In his latter years he withdrew altogether into private life. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1757.
He was on the premises of the House of Lords when he attended the Earl of Chatham following the latter's ultimately fatal collapse while speaking at a debate in the House on the American War of Independence in April 1778.
The circle of his friends included some of the most distinguished literary men of the age. He was warmly attached to Dr. Samuel Johnson, to whom about 1784 he offered an annuity of £100 for life, and whom he attended on his deathbed, while in 1788 he presented Burke, of whom he was an intimate friend, with £1000, and offered to repeat the gift every year "until your merit is rewarded as it ought to be at court."
He died on 11 December 1797 aged 75, leaving his house and part of his fortune to his grandnephew, Dr. Thomas Young.
He was buried at St Clement Danes.


Medvivo

Medvivo is a provider of telehealth and related services based in Chippenham, Wiltshire, England and owned by the Eight Roads venture capital fund.
The company was founded in 2004 as Wiltshire Medical Services, in response to a change to the contract to run GP out-of-hours services for North Wiltshire Primary Care Group. Its name changed to Medvivo in 2013 after it was acquired by Moonray Investors, an arm of Fidelity Ventures, which became Eight Roads in 2015.
The company acquired Medvivo Careline Limited, an alarm monitoring service formerly known as Magna Careline, in 2014 from the Magna Housing Group. In the same year the company was said to be one the major UK players in the telehealth market. It is part of the Argenti telehealthcare partnership which has a contract with Hampshire County Council for technology-based care. It is a member of the Innovation Council of the New Engineering Foundation.
The company still runs the out-of-hours service for Wiltshire. It also runs an advice telephone line for health and social workers in Wiltshire and Bexley’s emergency link line. Its service in Surrey is claimed to be the largest telehealth deployment in the country.
Medvivo was involved, with other agencies, in a human trafficking operation at a travellers' site in Semington, Wiltshire, in April 2015.


Immunologic checkpoint

An immune checkpoint regulator is a modulator of the immune system, that allows initiation of a productive immune response and prevents the onset of autoimmunity. Examples of such a molecule are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4 or CD152), which is an inhibitory receptor found on immune cells and programmed cell death 1 (CD279), which has an important role in down-regulating the immune system by preventing the activation of T-cells.
Tumours involve certain immune-checkpoint pathways as a major mechanism of immune resistance, particularly against T cells that are specific for tumor antigens. Therefore, the strategy in using immunological checkpoints in cancer therapy is to inhibit inhibitory molecules of the immune system, thus stimulating the immune system. The ability to interfere with the inhibitory function of checkpoint receptors CD152 and CD279 (programmed death-1) in oncology has proved successful. In metastatic melanoma FDA approved an αCD152 monoclonal antibody Ipilimumab, that was found to prolong survival. In melanoma, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma there is hope with CD279 blocking Ab, that promotes antitumor responses. In hematologic malignancies a humanized αCD279 IgG1 needs further research. In solid tumors the use of CD279 IgG4 Ab is promising, and further CD273/PD-L2 in stage IV.
In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, impaired tolerance leads to the development of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, etc. Therefore, in autoimmune diseases the converse strategy of engaging immunological checkpoints may be beneficial: stimulate inhibitory molecules of the immune system, thus inhibiting the immune system (therefore, increase self-tolerance). What is known to work is Abatacept, an CD152-Ig used in treating rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Not studied enough yet are the therapeutic opportunities using Programmed death-1 pathway.


Hilda Margaret Northcroft

Hilda Margaret Northcroft (1882–1951) was a New Zealand doctor and community leader.
Early life.
Northcroft was born in Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand in 1882. She attended school in Auckland and studied medicine at the Edinburgh College of Medicine for Women, graduating in 1908. She followed this with an LM in obstetrics at the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin.
Career.
Northcroft returned to New Zealand in 1918 as medical officer on the troopship "Ayreshire" after practising medicine in England during the war. She practised obstetrics in Auckland.
In addition to her medical practice Northcroft served on many professional bodies. She was the Auckland president of the Association of Medical Women, the Auckland secretary of the New Zealand Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society and a member of the Auckland Hospital from 1938 to 1947.
In the community she was active in the National Council of Women, a member of the Auckland District Committee of the Women's War Service Committee and president of the International Federation of University Women. She was politically active in the Reform Party and then the New Zealand National Party.
Northcroft died in Auckland on 14 June 1951.


Keratosis obturans

Keratosis obturans is a relatively uncommon ear disease, where dense plug of keratin is present in the deep meatus of the ear. It is clinically diagnosed when removal of the debris shows silvery white peripheral matrix and causes excruciating pain.
Discovery.
Keratosis obturans was first properly described by Wreden of St. Petersburg in 1874, who differentiated this condition from impacted wax. Peipergedes and Behnke were the first to define the distinctions between the two.
Signs and symptoms.
The most common symptoms are hearing loss and severe pain secondary to the accumulation of keratin in the ear canal. Keratosis obturans has been classified into four grades depending on the severity of symptoms:
Diagnosis.
The diagnosis of keratosis obturans is clinical. Differentiation between keratosis obturans and impacted wax is difficult at first presentation. It is diagnosed only when attempted removal of the substance causes excruciating pain, and shows silvery white peripheral matrix. When the matrix is peeled, new capillaries that were formed within the matrix rupture, resulting in bleeding. It is possible that these new capillaries are formed as a result of inflammation of the surrounding bony canal.
Treatment.
Canaloplasty, where the ear canal is widened using grafts, was first proposed as the treatment for keratois obturans. However, with the migration of keratin within the canal, any amount of widening could not restore the migration of skin. Reconstruction of the bony canal with cartilage graft from temporalis fascia has showed some results.
But firstly prefereed is cleaning with 1 percent acetic acid.


Keith Conners

Carmen Keith Conners (March 20, 1933 – July 5, 2017) was an American psychologist, best known for establishing the first standards for the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Conners was born on March 20, 1933, in Bingham Canyon, Utah, one of three children of Michael Conners, a machinist, and Merle Conners, who worked in a department store.
Conners is credited by many as putting ADHD on the map in the USA, but in his later years he attacked the over diagnosis of ADHD, how science had moved to marketing, sloppy diagnosis, and the role drug companies played in promoting it. He practically apologized for taking pharma money himself in the past. This was after he learned about the suicide of Richard Fee, who was misdiagnosed with the condition and hanged himself in November 2011 aged 24, after two years of taking Adderall.
He believed the true amounts of childhood ADHD were 2-3%.
Conners died on July 5, 2017 in Durham, North Carolina, aged 84.


Esophageal atresia

Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition (birth defect) that affects the alimentary tract. It causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch rather than connecting normally to the stomach. It comprises a variety of congenital anatomic defects that are caused by an abnormal embryological development of the esophagus. It is characterized anatomically by a congenital obstruction of the esophagus with interruption of the continuity of the esophageal wall.
Signs and symptoms.
This birth defect arises in the fourth fetal week, when the trachea and esophagus should begin to separate from each other.
It can be associated with disorders of the tracheoesophageal septum.
Complications.
Any attempt at feeding could cause aspiration pneumonia as the milk collects in the blind pouch and overflows into the trachea and lungs. Furthermore, a fistula between the lower esophagus and trachea may allow stomach acid to flow into the lungs and cause damage. Because of these dangers, the condition must be treated as soon as possible after birth.
Associated birth defects.
Other birth defects may co-exist, particularly in the heart, but sometimes also in the anus, spinal column, or kidneys. This is known as VACTERL association because of the involvement of Vertebral column, Anorectal, Cardiac, Tracheal, Esophageal, Renal, and Limbs. It is associated with polyhydramnios in the third trimester.
Diagnosis.
This condition may be visible, after about 26 weeks, on an ultrasound. On antenatal USG, the finding of an absent or small stomach in the setting of polyhydramnios was considered a potential symptom of esophageal atresia. However, these findings have a low positive predictive value. The upper neck pouch sign is another sign that helps in the antenatal diagnosis of esophageal atresia and it may be detected soon after birth as the affected infant will be unable to swallow its own saliva.
On plain X-ray, a feeding tube will not be seen pass through the esophagus and remain coiled in the upper oesophageal pouch.
Classification.
This condition takes several different forms, often involving one or more fistulas connecting the trachea to the esophagus (tracheoesophageal fistula).
Treatment.
Treatment options.
Treatments for the condition vary depending on its severity. The most immediate and effective treatment in the majority of cases is a surgical repair to close the fistula/s and reconnect the two ends of the esophagus to each other. Although this is usually done through an incision between the ribs on right side of the baby, a technique using three small incisions (thoracoscopy) is being used at some centers.
In a minority of cases, the gap between upper and lower esophageal segments may be too long to bridge. In these situations traditional surgical approaches include gastrostomy followed by gastric pull-up, colonic transposition and jejunum transposition. Gastric pull-up has been the preferred approach at many specialized centers, including Great Ormond Street (London) and Mott Children's Hospital (Ann Arbor). Gastrostomy, or G-tube, allows for tube feedings into the stomach through the abdominal wall. Often a cervical esophagostomy will also be done, to allow the saliva which is swallowed to drain out a hole in the neck. Months or years later, the esophagus may be repaired, sometimes by using a segment of bowel brought up into the chest, interposing between the upper and lower segments of esophagus.
In some of these so-called long gap cases, though, an advanced surgical treatment developed by John Foker, MD, may be utilized to elongate and then join together the short esophageal segments. Using the Foker technique, surgeons place traction sutures in the tiny esophageal ends and increase the tension on these sutures daily until the ends are close enough to be sewn together. The result is a normally functioning esophagus, virtually indistinguishable from one congenitally well formed. Unfortunately, the results have been somewhat difficult to replicate by other surgeons and the need for multiple operations has tempered enthusiasm for this approach. The optimal treatment in cases of long gap esophageal atresia remains controversial.
Magnetic compression method is another method for repairing long-gap esophageal atresia. This method does not require replacing the missing section with grafts of the intestine or other body parts. Using electromagnetic force to attract the upper and lower ends of the esophagus together was first tried in the 1970s by using steel pellets attracted to each other by applying external electromagnets to the patient. In the 2000s a further refinement was developed by Mario Zaritzky's group and others. The newer method uses permanent magnets and a balloon.
In April 2015 Annalise Dapo became the first patient in the United States to have their esophageal atresia corrected using magnets.
Treatment complications.
Post operative complications may include a leak at the site of closure of the esophagus. Sometimes a stricture, or tight spot, will develop in the esophagus, making it difficult to swallow. Esophageal stricture can usually be dilated using medical instruments. In later life, most children with this disorder will have some trouble with either swallowing or heartburn or both. Esophageal dismotility occurs in 75-100% of patients. After esophageal repair (anastomosis) the relative flaccidity of former proximal pouch (blind pouch, above) along with esophageal dysmotility can cause fluid buildup during feeding. Owing to proximity, pouch ballooning can cause tracheal occlusion. Severe hypoxia ("dying spells") follows and medical intervention can often be required.
Other related complications.
Tracheomalacia a softening of the trachea, usually above the carina (carina of trachea), but sometimes extensive in the lower bronchial tree as well—is another possible serious complication. A variety of treatments for tracheomalacia associated with esophageal atresia are available. If not severe, the condition can be managed expectantly since the trachea will usually stiffen as the infant matures into the first year of life. When only the trachea above the carina is compromised, one of the "simplest" interventions is aortopexy wherein the aortic loop is attached to the rear of the sternum, thereby mechanically relieving pressure from the softened trachea. An even simpler intervention is stenting. However, epithelial cell proliferation and potential incorporation of the stent into the trachea can make subsequent removal dangerous.
The incidence of asthma, bronchitis, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and recurrent infections in adolescent and adult esophageal atresia survivors far exceeds that of their healthy peers. During the first decade of surgical repair of EA, as much as 20% of patients succumbed to pneumonia. From there on, pneumonia has remained as a major pulmonary complication and a reason for readmissions after repair of EA. The risk factors of pneumonia within the first five years of life include other acute respiratory infections and high number of esophageal dilatations.
Epidemiology.
It occurs in approximately 1 in 3000 live births.
Congenital esophageal atresia (EA) represents a failure of the esophagus to develop as a continuous passage. Instead, it ends as a blind pouch. Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) represents an abnormal opening between the trachea and esophagus. EA and TEF can occur separately or together. EA and TEF are diagnosed in the ICU at birth and treated immediately.
The presence of EA is suspected in an infant with excessive salivation (drooling) and in a newborn with drooling that is frequently accompanied by choking, coughing and sneezing. When fed, these infants swallow normally but begin to cough and struggle as the fluid returns through the nose and mouth. The infant may become cyanotic (turn bluish due to lack of oxygen) and may stop breathing as the overflow of fluid from the blind pouch is aspirated (sucked into) the trachea. The cyanosis is a result of laryngospasm (a protective mechanism that the body has to prevent aspiration into the trachea). Over time respiratory distress will develop.
If any of the above signs/symptoms are noticed, a catheter is gently passed into the esophagus to check for resistance. If resistance is noted, other studies will be done to confirm the diagnosis. A catheter can be inserted and will show up as white on a regular x-ray film to demonstrate the blind pouch ending. Sometimes a small amount of barium (chalk-like liquid) is placed through the mouth to diagnose the problems.
Treatment of EA and TEF is surgery to repair the defect. If EA or TEF is suspected, all oral feedings are stopped and intravenous fluids are started. The infant will be positioned to help drain secretions and decrease the likelihood of aspiration. Babies with EA may sometimes have other problems. Studies will be done to look at the heart, spine and kidneys. Surgery to repair EA is essential as the baby will not be able to feed and is highly likely to develop pneumonia. Once the baby is in condition for surgery, an incision is made on the side of the chest. The esophagus can usually be sewn together. Following surgery, the baby may be hospitalized for a variable length of time. Care for each infant is individualized. It's very commonly seen in a newborn with imperforate anus.


Patrick E. Crago

Patrick E. Crago is the Allen H. and Constance T.Ford Professor and Chairman of Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Crago is a biomedical engineer currently serving as a Principal Investigator at the Cleveland FES Center.
Academic Achievements.
Patrick Crago received the B.S.E.E. from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1967, and the M.S. and Ph.D. in biomedical engineering from Case Western Reserve University, in 1970 and 1973 respectively, followed by post-doctoral studies in neuromuscular physiology at Johns Hopkins University.
He returned to Case as a Senior Research Associate in 1976. He served as acting co-director for the Applied Neural Control Laboratory (currently Neural Engineering Center) at Case Western Reserve University from 1977 to 1978. He joined the BME faculty in 1982. In 1985, he received an appointment as a Biomedical Engineer at the Cleveland VA Medical Center. In 1996, Dr. Crago served as an organizer for the Engineering Foundation Conference in Biomechanics and Neural Control of Movement. He was a member of the NIH-NICHD Subcommittee on Medical Rehabilitation Research from 1996 to 2000, for which he served as chairman from 2000 to 2001. In 1999 he was appointed the Allen H. and Constance T. Ford Professor of Biomedical Engineering, and chairman of the department. He served as co-director of the NSF IGERT on Neuromechanical Systems at Case Western Reserve University from 2000-2003. He served as BioDirector for The Institute for Management and Engineering (TiME) at Case Western Reserve University in 2002, and received an appointment as associate staff at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation in 2003. He was part of the steering committee for the five-year plan for NIDRR from 2003 to 2004. From 2004 to 2005 Prof. Crago was the chairperson for the Council of chairs of Programs in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering. He currently serves in the Policy Committee for the MSTP Program at Case Western Reserve University.
Dr. Crago received fellowship awards from the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering and from the Biomedical Engineering Society in 2000 and 2005, respectively.
Research interests.
His major research interests are in the area of movement control and regulation of posture, particularly the restoration of movement by neuroprostheses employing neuromuscular stimulation. This research emphasizes the role of feedback, muscle mechanical properties of the limbs in the execution and regulation of movements. Current research projects include the control of wrist flexion/extension and elbow extension in patients with spinal cord injuries. Other projects involve the clinical implementation and evaluation of closed-loop stiffness regulation for hand grasp, and the development of muscle models suitable for use in the stimulations with neuronal models.
Professional Memberships.
Crago is a member of the Society for Neuroscience, American Society for Biomechanics, IEEE/Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, International FES Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Society for Engineering Education, and Biomedical Engineering Society.


Isabella Pringle

Isabella Pringle FRCPE (1 December 1876 – 27 May 1963) was the first female Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE), in 1929. She practised as a medical missionary in Manchuria before a pioneering career in child health. In official documents she is referred to as Dr I. F. Pringle.
Biography.
Isabella (nickname, "Ella") Ferrier Pringle was born on 1 December 1876 in Edinburgh, Scotland. She worked as a typist until the age of 29, and then entered the University of Edinburgh to study medicine. She received her MBChB in 1909. She worked as a United Free Church of Scotland medical missionary in Manchuria until ill-health forced her to return to Scotland in 1916.
She then studied for a Diploma in Public Health, and in 1917 was appointed the assistant medical officer for Paisley. In 1919, she became the first full-time female medical officer with responsibility for maternity and child health. From 1921 to 1941, Pringle worked in Edinburgh as the senior assistant medical officer, and by the end of her tenure in the role she had developed a complete child welfare and maternity service.
She received her MD in 1921 and took her MRCPEd examinations in 1925. She was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh in 1929.
She died on 27 May 1963. She is buried with her parents in Morningside Cemetery, Edinburgh. The grave is marked by a simple stone and lies near the war memorial in the north-east section of the cemetery.


Teddy Chester

Teddy Chester (1908–1990) was the first professor of Social Administration at Manchester University.
He was Jewish, born in Austria and came to England in 1938 with his brother, who was a dentist.
He was recruited to the University in 1955 having previously worked at the Acton Society Trust and the extra-mural department of University of Oxford. He directed the Manchester Health Service Management Unit from then until he retired in 1975, though he continued to work at the University on management training for clinicians until his death. He worked with Reg Revans who was appointed at the same time. He was involved with the foundation of the National Training Scheme for Hospital Administrators from 1961. Manchester Business School instituted an annual lecture in his memory in 2005.
He was a member of the Advisory Council on Management Efficiency for the NHS and was involved in the formation of the Manchester Business School in 1965.


Michael Drury (physician)

Sir Victor William Michael Drury (OBE) (5 August 1926 - 11 June 2014), was professor of General Practice at the University of Birmingham and in 1985 was elected president of the Royal College of General Practitioners.


Megalencephaly

Megalencephaly (or macrencephaly; abbreviated MEG) is a growth development disorder in which the brain is abnormally large. It is characterized by a brain with an average weight that is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean of the general population. Approximately 1 out of 50 children (2%) are said to have the characteristics of megalencephaly in the general population.
A mutation in the PI3K-AKT pathway is believed to be the primary cause of brain proliferation and ultimately the root cause of megalencephaly. This mutation has produced a classification of brain overdevelopment that consists of two syndromes including megalencephaly-capillary malformation (MCAP) and megalencephaly-polydactyly-polymicrogyria-hydrocephalus (MPPH). Megalencephaly is usually diagnosed at birth and is confirmed with an MRI.
There are several neuropsychiatric disorders linked with megalencephaly; however, studies have shown that autism is the most prevalent association with the malformation of MEG. Although no treatment currently exists for megalencephaly, management methods are focused at reducing deficits linked with autism. Most recent research is targeted at creating inhibitors to reduce the mutational pathway that causes megalencephaly.
Classification.
Macrocephaly.
Macrocephaly is a term used to refer to a person who has an abnormally large head. The circumference of the head must be above the 95th percentile or at least 2.5 standard deviations from the mean of normal weight and gender groups in the United States. A person with macrocephaly does not necessarily indicate that megalencephaly is also present. Large skulls usually exhibit no neurodevelopment conditions at all, meaning most individuals with macrocephaly are healthy.
Hemimegalencephaly.
Hemimegalencephaly is an extremely rare form of macrocephaly and is characterized by uneven development of brain hemispheres (one-half of brain is larger than other). The syndrome can be presented by itself or in association with phakomatosis or hemigigantism. Additionally, hemimegalencephaly will frequently cause severe epilepsy, focal neuro-logical deficits, macrocrania, and mild to severe mental retardation.
MCAP.
Megalencephaly-capillary (MCAP) is one of the two major syndromes of megalencephaly. Typically, MCAP and MPPH can be distinguished by somatic features. MCAP includes many characteristics that are observed at birth including: cutaneous vascular malformations, especially capillary malformations of the face and cutis marmorata, polydactyly, connective tissue dysplasia, and focal or segmental body overgrowth. Furthermore, MCAP can occasionally be linked with asymmetric brain overgrowth (hemimegalencephaly) as well as segmental overgrowth of the body (hemihypertrophy).
MPPH.
Megalencephaly-polymicrogyria-polydactyly-hydrocephalus (MPPH) is one of the two major syndromes contributing to megalencephaly. Typically MCAP and MPPH can be distinguished by somatic features. In differentiation to MCAP, MPPH lacks consistent somatic features other than postaxial polydactly. Furthermore, brain and body development is normally symmetric in the majority of patients that appear to have MPPH symptoms.
Presentation.
Autism.
There is an extremely high association between megalencephaly and autism. Approximately 20% of autistic children have megalencephaly, making it the most common physical characteristic of autism. People who present both megalencephaly and autistic characteristics usually also show signs of hyperactivity as a major symptom. However, there is no definitive evidence that autism is the primary cause/result of megalencephaly.
Since most children with megalencephaly also have autism, the goal of treatment for MEG is focused on managing the signs and symptoms associated with autism.
Causes.
Although very little is still known as to the direct cause of megalencephaly, recent studies have begun to provide early indications of possible sources for its formation. Recent research has shown that there is a strong link between genetic pathways that cause brain develop and mutations in that pathway that result in brain overgrowth.
PI3K-AKT.
Recent studies have shown that mutations in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT (also known as protein kinase B) pathway have been identified in MCAP and MPPH. This pathway has proven to be an integral part of brain growth and development and is an area of interest to many researchers who study the cause of megalencephaly. Mutations in this pathway have been shown to cause a gain of function in the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway. This cellular pathway is critical in the regulation of diverse cell functions including, cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis and most importantly in regards to megalencephaly, brain development. AKT is a crucial signaling molecule part of the PI3K pathway and is also involved in many cellular functions. These functions include, brain development, synaptic plasticity and neurodevelopment. Loss of function in AKT can cause microcephaly in humans while inactivation of the pathway can cause hemimegalencephaly. There are also several cancers that have been shown to be linked with mutations in the AKT pathway, including melanoma and lung cancer.
Pur-alpha.
Pur-alpha (purα) is a sequence-specific single-stranded DNA and RNA-binding protein. Studies have shown that the protein is primarily active during early development and is believed to have a role in brain enlargement. Although the exact function is still controversial, it is believed that pur-alpha is responsible for neuronal proliferation during neurogenesis as well as the maturation of dendrites. Thus, pur-alpha is also considered a potential root cause of megalencephaly and brain overgrowth.
Pathophysiology.
One impact of megalencephaly is the complete lack of motor development. One medical study assessed three patients presenting megalencephaly who showed severely impaired motor and speech development as well as distinct facial abnormalities including skull bossing, a low nasal bridge and large eyes.
Diagnoses.
Diagnosis of megalencephaly has changed over the years, however, with the development of more advanced equipment, physicians have been able to confirm the disorder with better accuracy. Usually, a physical exam is first performed when characteristics of megalencephaly have appeared. This typically occurs at birth or during early child development. A physician will then take head measurements in order to determine the circumference. This is known as the head circumference. Then a family background will be recorded in order to determine if there has been a history of megalencephaly in the family.
A neurological exam will then be performed using the technology of an MRI machine in order to confirm the diagnosis of megalencephaly. These imaging tests give detailed information regarding brain size, volume asymmetry and other irregular developments linked with MCAP, MPPH and hemimegalencephaly.
There is also a strong correlation of epilepsy and megalencephaly and this can aid doctors in their diagnosis.
If a diagnosis of megalencephaly is confirmed, the child is referred to a specialist who focuses on managing the symptoms and improving lifestyle. Since megalencephaly is usually presented with autism, the goal of treatment is to improve deficiencies associated with autistic causes. Additionally, since each patient has unique symptoms, there is no one specific treatment method and therefore is heavily reliant on symptoms associated with an individual.
Prevention.
Since there are very few treatment methods focused on managing megalencephaly, future research is targeted at inhibiting mutation of the pathway. However, this next step could be met with several complications as understanding the underlying mechanism of the mutation is a difficult task. The genetic coding that initiates a single mutation is sporadic and patterns are hard to detect in many cases.
Even though very little research has been done to create inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT pathway, several pharmaceutical companies have begun to focus their interests in designing a prevention method for this purpose.
Treatment.
There is currently no specific treatment for megalencephaly, however periodic head measurements may be assessed to determine the rate of brain growth.
Those individuals who develop neurological disorders may be prescribed anti-epileptic drugs for seizures. Studies have shown that reducing epilepsy can increase cell apoptosis and reduce the proliferation of neurons that ultimately leads to brain overgrowth.
Prognosis.
The prognosis of megalencephaly depends heavily on the underlying cause and associated neurological disorders. Because the majority of megalencephaly cases are linked with autism, the prognosis is equivalent to the corresponding condition.
Since hemimegalencephaly is associated with severe seizures, hemiparesis and intellectual disability, the result is a poor prognosis. In most cases, those diagnosed with this type of megalencephaly usually do not survive through adulthood.
Epidemiology.
Approximately one out of every 50 (2%) children in the general population are said to have megalencephaly. Additionally, it is said that megalencephaly affects 3–4 times more males than females.
Those individuals that are classified with macrocephaly, or general head overgrowth, are said to have megalencephaly at a rate of 10–30% of the time.
History.
It is believed that megalencephaly was discovered in 1972. Prior to diagnoses that used MRI scanning as a way to confirm brain overgrowth, cases of megalencephaly were diagnosed by autopsy in which the physical brain was measured and weighed.
Research.
Future research is targeted at further understanding mutations and how they lead to MCAP and MPPH syndromes. The majority of studies of megalencephaly have included mice who present brain abnormalities and overgrowth. The next step is to move to clinical trials involving humans in order to determine the exact genetic mutation causing the sequences. Additionally, scientists and pharmaceutical companies have begun to show interest in mutation inhibition and designing preventative methods to eliminate the underlying cause of megalencephaly altogether.
Other relations.
Intracranial volume also affects this pathology, since it is related with the size of the brain.


Reg Elson

Reg Elson FRCS (born 1930) is a British orthopaedic surgeon, who was involved in developing hip replacement techniques.
Elson studied at Cambridge University graduating in 1954. After further training as an orthopaedic trauma surgeon he obtained in 1967 a position the Northern General Hospital in Sheffield. For a period from 1977 he worked at the , Hamburg, before returning to Sheffield.
A founder of the Cavendish Hip Fellowship Trust, he also served as president of the British Hip Society from 1994 to 1996. and of the European Hip Society.


Pneumostome

The pneumostome or breathing pore is a respiratory opening of the external body anatomy of an air-breathing land slug or land snail. It is a part of the respiratory system of gastropods.
It is an opening in the right side of the mantle of a stylommatophoran snail or slug. Air enters through the pneumostome into the animal's single lung, the air-filled mantle cavity. Inside the mantle cavity the animal has a highly vascularized area of tissue that functions as a lung.
The pneumostome is often much easier to see in slugs than in snails, because of the absence of a shell which can often block the view of this area. In a land slug, when the pneumostome is wide open, it is usually very clearly visible on the right side of the animal. However, the position of the pneumostome is often not at all easy to discern when this orifice is completely closed.
The pneumostome opens and closes in a cyclical manner. The frequency of pneumostome closing and opening is typically less than 0.5 closures per minute in fully hydrated slugs and snails. The rate of closures per minute increases the more dehydrated the slug is.
Position of pneumostome as a diagnostic feature.
The images in the gallery below show the position of the pneumostome in three different families of slugs:


Jane Dacre

Dame Jane Elizabeth Dacre, is a British rheumatologist and medical scholar. She is Professor of Medical Education at University College London, director of UCL Medical School, and past medical director of the MRCP(UK) exam. In April 2014, she was elected to succeed Sir Richard Thompson as President of the Royal College of Physicians of London. She had previously served as Academic Vice President of the College. In 2018 Andrew Goddard was elected as her successor; she served as president until 26 September 2018.
Biography.
She studied at the University College Hospital Medical School, graduating with a medical degree in 1980. She trained in rheumatology at St Bartholomew's Hospital and now practices at the Whittington Hospital in North London. She has made contributions to the physical examination of the musculoskeletal system and developed an interest in medical education.
Her more recent work has included study of the performance of doctors at postgraduate exams, including the influence of gender and ethnic background. She was formerly a member of the General Medical Council from 2009–12.
Accolades and honours.
She was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 46th most influential person in the English NHS in 2015. In May 2018 it was announced that Dacre would be leading a review into the gender pay gap in medicine in the UK. In the 2018 Birthday Honours, Dacre was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to medicine and medical education.


Ian Alger

Ian Ewart Alger (June 20, 1926, Oshawa, Ontario – February 21, 2009, New York City) was an innovative psychotherapist who was an early adopter of using videotape as a tool in therapy.


John Tracy Clinic

John Tracy Center (John Tracy Clinic dba John Tracy Center) is a private, nonprofit education center for infants and preschool children with hearing loss in Los Angeles, California, USA. It was founded by Louise Treadwell Tracy, wife of actor Spencer Tracy, in 1942. The center provides parent-centered services worldwide. The organization has provided education and support for children with hearing loss and their families for over 70 years expertise in the spoken language option, called oralism. It is located at 2160 West Adams Boulevard.
The center offers worldwide family services, local family services, professional education, preschool, hearing testing, and more.
History.
Louise and Spencer Tracy's son, John, was diagnosed with nerve deafness in 1925; the cause of his deafness was Usher syndrome, which rendered him blind as an adult. His family never signed with him, and when he went blind they traced letters into his hand instead of using the manual alphabet. They were initially told that nothing could be done to help it, but they continued looking for help. A specialist in New York told them John could live a “normal” life if he learned to lip read and talk. She then started an oralist daycare in 1942, next to the University of Southern California. The business incorporated into John Tracy Clinic the next year, with Walt Disney as one of the first board members alongside Spencer. Over the years it grew, developing a correspondence course in addition to on-site services to reach those who couldn't travel to them. In 1952 the clinic moved to more modern facilities.
Since its founding, JTC has helped more than 250,000 children develop speech, language and listening abilities. Today, JTC serves more than 3,400 children and families worldwide each year.
The organization is recognized as the leader in early childhood listening and spoken language education, as one of the top three centers for pediatric audiology in the Los Angeles area, and as the world’s largest private provider of services to young children with, or at risk of, hearing loss. JTC’s mission is to provide parent-centered services locally and globally to young children with hearing loss, offering families hope, guidance, and encouragement.


Dental battalions of the United States Marine Corps


Michael V. Drake

Michael Vincent Drake (born July 9, 1950) is an American university administrator and physician who is the 21st president of the University of California. From 2014 to June 2020, he was the 15th president of Ohio State University. From 2005 to 2014, he was the chancellor of the University of California, Irvine and prior to that served as vice president for health affairs for the University of California system.
Early life and education.
Michael V. Drake was born in New York City and raised in Englewood, New Jersey, and Sacramento, California. He is the son of a doctor and a social worker. His mother graduated from East High School in Youngstown, Ohio, before attending college in Baltimore. The family lived in Baltimore, Nashville, Tennessee, New York, and New Jersey before settling in Northern California. During college summers in the early 1970s, he worked at the original Tower Records.
Drake graduated from C.K. McClatchy High School in 1967 and attended Stanford University. He received his medical degree from University of California, San Francisco and holds three honorary degrees.
Career.
Drake spent more than two decades on the faculty of the UCSF School of Medicine, ultimately becoming the Steven P. Shearing Professor of Ophthalmology and senior associate dean. He then served for five years as vice president for health affairs for the University of California system. From July 2005 to June 2014, Drake served as chancellor of the University of California, Irvine. He also served as a Professor of Ophthalmology (School of Medicine) and Education (School of Education).
University of California, Irvine chancellorship.
In 2005, Drake was appointed as the fifth chancellor of the University of California, Irvine (UCI). He officially began his term on July 1, 2005. His annual $350,000 salary remained unchanged from his previous position at the Office of the President. As of 2010 he earned $374,969.32.
Ohio State University presidency.
On January 30, 2014, the Ohio State University Board of Trustees named Drake as the 15th president of Ohio State University. He began his tenure at the university on June 30, 2014. At the time of his appointment, he was part of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the board of directors of NCAA Division I. In March 2015, Drake was appointed to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame board.
In November 2019, the university announced that Drake would retire in 2020.
University of California presidency.
On July 7, 2020, Drake was selected as the 21st president of the University of California system, making him the first Black president in UC's 152-year history.
Personal life.
Drake is married to Brenda Drake. Brenda Drake is an attorney and has served as a director or trustee of organizations focused on education, international health, finance, civil rights and the arts, including the National Urban League, City Arts & Lectures in San Francisco, San Francisco University High School and Golden Gate Bank. She is a director emerita and former board chair of Engender Health Inc., an international women’s health organization, and is currently on the board of the Wexner Centre Foundation and Legal Aid Society of Columbus. Drake and his wife have two adult sons and four grandchildren.
Drake's first job was working at Tower Records. He is quoted as saying he has a "passion for music, which is still a hobby today". In 2015, Drake was appointed to the board of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc. He has had a lifelong interest in music (notably rock and jazz), plays guitar, and teaches an undergraduate course on the music of the civil rights movement.
Philanthropy.
In 2017, Dr. Drake led the establishment of the Ohio State Tuition Guarantee, which freezes tuition, mandatory fees, housing and dining for four years for incoming, in-state freshmen. He also increased the value of Ohio State Land Grant Opportunity Scholarships to cover the full cost of attendance while doubling the size of the program in 2018.
Controversies.
Chemerinsky firing and rehiring.
Drake's first major firing scandal was to fire the Dean of the UCI law school, Erwin Chemerinsky. After Chemerinsky signed a contract on September 4, 2007, Drake rescinded the offer because he felt the law professor's commentaries were "polarizing"; Drake claimed the decision was his own and not the subject of any outside influence.
The action was criticized by both liberal and conservative scholars who felt it hindered the academic mission of the law school and violated principles of academic freedom. Few believed Drake's claims that it was not the result of outside influence. The issue was the subject of an editorial in "The New York Times" on September 14, 2007. Details emerged revealing that UCI had received criticism on the hire from the California Supreme Court's then-Chief Justice Ronald M. George, who criticized Chemerinsky's grasp of death penalty appeals, as well as a group of prominent local Republicans who wanted to stop the appointment, including Los Angeles County Supervisor Michael D. Antonovich. Drake traveled over a weekend to meet with Chemerinsky in Durham, North Carolina, where Chemerinsky was a professor at the Duke University School of Law at the time, and the two reached an agreement. On September 17, Chemerinsky issued a joint press release with Drake indicating that Chemerinsky would head the UCI law school. On September 20, 2007, Chemerinsky's hire was formally approved by the Regents of the University of California. In 2014, Chemerinsky said that he and Drake had since reconciled.
Waters firing.
Drake fired Ohio State marching band director Jon Waters on July 24, 2014, after a university investigation found that the band's "sexualized culture" was "inconsistent with the University's values and Title IX requirements". The university stated that there were "serious cultural issues and an environment conducive to sexual harassment within the Marching Band", and that the band director "was aware or reasonably should have known about" it. Waters sued for reinstatement, accusing the university, Drake, and a provost of discriminating against him by disciplining him differently than a female employee and denying him due process. Drake has stood by his decision to terminate Waters as marching band director. As of January 2015, the university had spent nearly $1 million in defense of the decision and subsequent actions.


Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar

V. N. Shirodkar or Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar (27 April 1899 – 1971) was a reputed Indian obstetrician and gynaecologist, hailing from the State of Goa.
Biography.
Shirodkar was born in Shiroda, Goa. After he graduated from Grant Medical College, he went to United Kingdom and obtained his Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1931. He was associated with Professor J. Chassar Moir, Victor Lack, J.D.Murdoch and others.
He returned to India and joined J.J.Group of Hospitals in 1935 as Honorary Obstetrician and Gynecologist. He was an inimitable teacher and innovator. His most widely known contribution is Cervical cerclage the "Shirodkar cerclage". His other contributions include operations for prolapse repair, tuboplasty and creation of neovagina. He published widely and took a keen interest in social medicine.
He was member of the Shantilal Shah Committee on Abortions and also established the Family Planning Association of India.
He was honored by the Government of India with Padma Bhushan in 1960 and Padma Vibhushan in 1971.
Shirodkar Cerclage.
A Shirodkar cerclage is very similar to the standard cervical cerclage, but the sutures pass through the walls of the cervix so they're not exposed. This type of cerclage is less common and technically more difficult than a McDonald, and is thought (though not proven) to reduce the risk of infection. The Shirodkar procedure sometimes involves a permanent stitch around the cervix which will not be removed and therefore a Caesarean section will be necessary to deliver the baby. The Shirodkar technique was first described by Dr. V. N. Shirodkar in Bombay in 1955. In 1963, Dr. Shirodkar traveled to NYC to perform the procedure at the New York Hospital of Special Surgery; the procedure was successful, and the baby lived to adulthood.


Richard G. Whitehead

Richard G. Whitehead is an American dental surgeon who has been designated as Southern Virginia University's interim president.
Whitehead has an associate degree from Dixie State College of Utah, a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University and a DDS from Creighton University. He did an internship at the University of Maryland. Starting in 1997 he was head of institutional advancement at Dixie State College. He later served as a mission president for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and then became a vice president for institutional advancement at Southern Virginia University.


Leszek Borysiewicz

Sir Leszek Krzysztof Borysiewicz (born 13 April 1951) is a British professor, immunologist and scientific administrator with Polish-Welsh roots. He served as the 345th Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, his term of office (a maximum of seven years) started on 1 October 2010 and ended on 1 October 2017. Borysiewicz also served as chief executive of the Medical Research Council of the UK from 2007-2010.
Education and early life.
Leszek Krzysztof Borysiewicz was born in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom, to Jan and Zofia (née Wołoszyn) Borysiewicz, ethnic Polish World War II-era refugees (from what is present-day Belarus) who came to Great Britain with the Anders' Army. He still speaks fluent Polish. After attending Cardiff High School, Borysiewicz studied at Welsh National School of Medicine of Cardiff University, where he obtained a BSc in anatomy 1972, followed by an MB BCh medical degree in 1975. He received a PhD degree from University of London (Imperial College London) in 1986 for his thesis on Cell mediated immunity to human cytomegalovirus infection (cytotoxic T cell and natural killer cell mediated lysis of human cytomegalovirus infected cells) supervised by J.G.P. Sissons and Keith Peters.
Career and research.
Borysiewicz pursued a career in academic medicine at the University of Cambridge, where he was a fellow of Wolfson College, and then as a consultant at Hammersmith Hospital. He headed the Department of Medicine at the University of Wales before joining Imperial College London, where he was promoted to Deputy Rector responsible "for the overall academic and scientific direction of the College," In September 2007, it was reported he would succeed Colin Blakemore as the 9th head of the Medical Research Council, a national organisation that supports medical science with an annual budget of around £500 million.
Borysiewicz's research focuses on viral immunology, infectious disease, and viral-induced cancer. He has co-authored and co-edited a number of books on these subjects, including "Vaccinations".
Awards and honours.
In the 2001 New Year Honours he was made a Knight Bachelor (Sir) for services to vaccine research.
In 2002 he was awarded the Moxon Trust Medal of the Royal College of Physicians. He is also a Governor of the Wellcome Trust, a council member of Cancer Research UK, a founding fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and co-chair of the MRC's advisory group on stem cell research. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of medicine in 2010 at the University of Sheffield. Borysiewicz is also a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
In October 2018 he was awarded with the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, the highest-ranked Polish order of merit awarded to foreigners or Poles resident abroad for their services to Poland. He collected it during a ceremony at the Polish Embassy in London in late April 2019.


Henry Dunant Medal

The Henry Dunant Medal is the highest award of the Red Cross Movement. It is named after Henry Dunant, the founder of the Red Cross Movement. The medal is presented every two years by the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. This body represents the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the various National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
History.
In 1963, the idea of creating a medal named in honour of the founder of the International Red Cross was submitted to and approved by the Council of Delegates. This coincided with the 100th anniversary of the Red Cross. In 1965, through the generosity of the Australian Red Cross, the Henry Dunant Medal was established by the International Red Cross Conference in Vienna. The first medals were presented in 1969.
Criteria.
The Henry Dunant Medal is awarded by the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. This body, representing all of the groups making up the Red Cross Movement, makes five awards of the medal every two years. These limits are placed to ensure the value and prestige of the medal as the highest honour the Red Cross Movement can bestow upon one of its members.
The medal is awarded to, "recognise and reward outstanding services and acts of great devotion, mainly of international significance, to the cause of the Red Cross/Red Crescent by any of its members". The Standing Commission gives special weight to the international significance of the a potential recipients' acts or service. If the international dimension is lacking, the Commission would likely not select the individual concerned. Though their acts of service may be great, but would likely best be recognized by their National Society.
Regulations still allow for the posthumous award of the medal. However, the various groups of the movement have been encouraged to create recognitions for those killed in service to the Red Cross. All posthumous nominations for the Henry Dunant Medal should be for, "truly exceptional cases."
Description.
The Henry Dunant Medal is in the shape of a Geneva or Greek cross. The arms of the cross are colored with red enamel. In the center of the cross is a circular bronze medallion bearing effigy of Henry Dunant, facing left. Circumscribed around the effigy are the words "HENRY DUNANT 1828-1910". The reverse of the medal is plain. To the top arm of the cross is attached a loop for ribbon suspension.
The ribbon is depicted as either solid green, or green with red edges.
External links.
List of winners


Ralph Hendrickse

Ralph George Hendrickse FRCP, FRCPE (1926–2010) was a South African physician, specialising in tropical paediatric medicine.
Hendrickse was born in Cape Town on 5 November 1926, the son of Johanna Theresa Hendrickse née Dennis, and William George Hendrickse, a schoolteacher, and – being of mixed race – raised in the segregated ghetto of Wynberg.
He graduated from the University of Cape Town, becoming senior registrar at the University College Hospital at Ibadan, Nigeria, as in 1955. He was promoted to senior lecturer, senior consultant paediatrician from 1957, and professor and head of paediatrics from 1962 to 1969.
In 1964 he also became director of the Institute of Child Health at Ibadan.
He was a senior lecturer at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine from 1969, becoming professor and head of the Department of Tropical Paediatrics in 1974, and dean from 1988 to 1991, when he retired and became emeritus.
Personal life.
In 1948 Hendrickse married Begum Abdurahman, the daughter of Abdullah Abdurahman. She predeceased him.
Hendrickse died in his home at Heswall on 6 May 2010. A seminar in his honour was held at Liverpool in November of the same year.


Jerzy Maj

Jerzy Michał Maj (14 July 1922 – 9 February 2003) was a Polish pharmacologist, professor of medical sciences, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, a director of the Institute of Pharmacology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1977–1993).
Biography.
In 1949 he graduated in pharmacy from Jagiellonian University. He obtained his Ph.D. in 1951. In 1978 he received the title of professor.
In 1988 the Medical Academy of Lublin awarded him with a degree "honoris causa".
Beside his scientific activity he was also a social activist as the chairman of the Jadwiga and Janusz Supniewski Foundation next to the Institute of Pharmacology.


Paul Cosford

Sir Paul Anthony Cosford (May 1963 – 5 April 2021) was emeritus medical director at Public Health England, in which role he provided professional advice to the chief executive of that body.
Cosford had executive roles from 2010 at PHE's predecessor, the Health Protection Agency, and transferred to PHE on its establishment in 2012 where he contributed to the response to emergencies including the 2014 Ebola outbreak and the 2018 Salisbury poisonings. A medical condition obliged him to step down from his role as Director for Health Protection and Medical Director in 2019.
He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2016 New Year Honours and Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2021 New Year Honours for services to public health. He died on 5 April 2021.


Maurice Goldenhar

Maurice Goldenhar (January 15, 1924 – September 11, 2001) was a Belgian–American ophthalmologist and general practitioner. He emigrated from Belgium to the United States in 1940. He later returned to Europe for medical studies, and then returned once again to the United States.
He first diagnosed what became known as Goldenhar syndrome in 1952.


Lars Georg Svensson

Lars Georg Svensson is a cardiac surgeon and the chairman of the heart and vascular institute at Cleveland Clinic. He is the Director of the Aorta Center, Director of the Marfan Syndrome and Connective Tissue Disorder Clinic, and is a professor of surgery at Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine and Case Western Reserve University. He is also the Director of Quality Outcomes and Process Improvement for the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Affiliate Cardiac Surgery Program at Cleveland Clinic.
Early life and education.
Born in Barberton, South Africa, Svensson completed his undergraduate studies at Treverton College in Mooi River, South Africa and earned his medical degree and Ph.D. from the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg.
He received his training in the fields of cardiology and general surgery at the Johannesburg Hospital. He completed a residency in cariothoracic surgery from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston and completed fellowships at Baylor and Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio.
Career.
Throughout his career, Svensson has contributed to the advances in the field of cardiovascular surgery.
Among Svensson's contributions include modifying the technically demanding operation of replacing the aortic arch (the "elephant procedure") to make it safer; extensive research on paralysis after aortic surgery that has led to reduction of paralysis risk to less than half; illustrated that certain methods of doing arch surgery can reduce the risk of stroke by 40%; illustrated techniques to reduce the risk of kidney failure after aortic surgery; simplified a method for preserving a patient's aortic valve and reimplanting it at the time of surgery so that patients (particularly young patients) do not require a valve replacement; developed a minimally invasive approach (the "J incision") for performing keyhole valve and aortic surgery; and has been involved from the beginning on the research of percutaneous aortic valves in transapical animal studies and the development of the randomized trials to prove the effectiveness and safety of percutaneous aortic valves. Svensson was also the first to do a replacement of the entire aorta during a single operation.
Svensson was named the King James IV Professor of Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 2005. He has also held academic appointments including Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Houston; Clinical Instructor in Surgery at Harvard Medical School; Clinical Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Tufts University in Boston; and Assistant Professor of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine.
He has authored the reference text book "Cardiovascular and Vascular Diseases of the Aorta" and has authored or co-authored hundreds of journal articles, reviews, book chapters, abstracts, and commentaries. He has been invited to lecture at hundreds of regional, national, and international symposia and conferences. He is the former associate editor of the Annals of Thoracic Surgery. He also serves on several editorial boards, including the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Journal for Minimal Invasive Cardiac Surgery, Journal of Cardiac Surgery, and the Annals of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery.
Svensson is a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa, the Royal College of Surgeons of Canada in Vascular and Cardiothoracic Surgery, the American College of Surgeons, the American College of Cardiology, and the American College of Physician Executives. In addition, he is an active member of several other professional organizations, including the DeBakey International Society.


Abraham Goldberg

Sir Abraham Goldberg (7 December 1923 – 1 September 2007) was a Scottish Regius Professor of the Practice of Medicine at the University of Glasgow. He was educated at George Heriot's School in Edinburgh and the University of Edinburgh.
Early life.
Sir Abraham (Abe) Goldberg was born in Edinburgh on 7 December 1923, the youngest of five children of immigrant parents from Lithuania and Ukraine.
Career.
After junior hospital medical posts and national service with the Royal Army Medical Corps in Egypt, Goldberg obtained a Nuffield fellowship in the Department of Chemical Pathology at University College Hospital, London. Here he worked with the Professor of Chemical Pathology, Claude Rimmington, in learning the techniques which were to underpin his future research studies on the blood pigment haem and its relation to the disease porphyria. After a year and a half spent on an Eli Lilly travelling fellowship in Salt Lake City with the haematologist Max Wintrobe, Goldberg returned to Scotland in 1956. He obtained his MD from the University of Edinburgh at this time, with his thesis "Acute intermittent porphyria", and began working as a lecturer in medicine in the Department of Medicine of the University of Glasgow, where he was to spend the remainder of his professional career.
The mid-1960s saw him being awarded DSc and securing a Personal Chair in the Department of Medicine, Western Infirmary, University of Glasgow. As editor of the "Scottish Medical Journal" in 1962-63, he presided over the initiation of a special series on Scottish medical education which was published in book form in April 1963. Subsequent to this, over the next 20 years, he made contributions to the development of medical education through, for example, the production of a bedside teaching manual for medical students (known as "the green book"), the production of a clinical examination slide-tape series (with Albert Yeung), and a major paper on the future of Scottish medical education in the Health Bulletin, in addition to his bedside teaching, lectures and supervision of students undertaking postgraduate degrees.
He became a world authority on porphyria, and a leading expert on lead poisoning, being influential in improving the safety of the water supply to Glasgow. He was appointed to the Regius Chair of Materia Medica, Stobhill Hospital in 1970, succeeding Stanley Alstead. He built up the Department of Materia Medica and supervised Brian Whiting, later to be Dean of the Faculty of Medicine, in the development of a drug interaction disc which ultimately was distributed to all practising doctors in the UK. This activity, together with other work on pharmacodynamics, laid the foundation for later achievements including the Chairmanship of the Committee on the Safety of Medicines and the Founding Presidency of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the UK. His work on lead poisoning, an interest of his in the 1960s, continued while at Stobhill Hospital and he was an influential figure in promoting a safer, lead-free water supply to the people of Glasgow. In 1974, he was responsible for establishing the West of Scotland Alcohol Research Group; he was interested in research associated with alcohol and, indeed, he was also a former member of the Scottish Council on Alcoholism.
In 1978, following the death of Graeme Wilson, he was appointed to the Regius Chair of the Practice of Medicine, Western Infirmary, Glasgow. A year later he was invited to Chair the UK Government's Committee on the Safety of Medicines. In 1982 he was knighted for services to medicine.
Personal life.
He married Clarice Cussin in 1957, with whom he had three children; Richard (Professor of Law at Durham University), David (Professor of Public Health at Glasgow Caledonian University) and Jennifer.


Genu varum

Genu varum (also called bow-leggedness, bandiness, bandy-leg, and tibia vara) is a varus deformity marked by (outward) bowing at the knee, which means that the lower leg is angled inward (medially) in relation to the thigh's axis, giving the limb overall the appearance of an archer's bow. Usually medial angulation of both lower limb bones (femur and tibia) is involved.
Causes.
If a child is sickly, either with rickets or any other ailment that prevents ossification of the bones, or is improperly fed, the bowed condition may persist. Thus the chief cause of this deformity is rickets. Skeletal problems, infection, and tumors can also affect the growth of the leg, sometimes giving rise to a one-sided bow-leggedness. The remaining causes are occupational, especially among jockeys, and from physical trauma, the condition being very likely to supervene after accidents involving the condyles of the femur.
Childhood.
Children until the age of 3 to 4 have a degree of genu varum. The child sits with the soles of the feet facing one another; the tibia and femur are curved outwards; and, if the limbs are extended, although the ankles are in contact, there is a distinct space between the knee-joints. During the first year of life, a gradual change takes place. The knee-joints approach one another; the femur slopes downward and inward towards the knee joints; the tibia become straight; and the sole of the foot faces almost directly downwards.
While these changes are occurring, the bones, which at first consist principally of cartilage, are gradually becoming ossified. By the time a normal child begins to walk, the lower limbs are prepared, both by their general direction and by the rigidity of the bones which form them, to support the weight of the body.
Rickets.
Nutritional rickets is an important cause of childhood genu varum or bow legs in some parts of the world. Nutritional rickets is due to unhealthy life style habits as insufficient exposure to sun light which is the main source of vitamin D. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium is another contributing factor. Rickets may also have genetic causes, occasionally called resistant rickets. Rickets usually causes bone deformities in all four extremities. Genu varum may resolve spontaneously with modification of life style activities or after receiving medical treatment. Some deformities do not correct spontaneously and need surgical intervention especially if they are severe and causing gait difficulties. The main surgical modality used to treat genu varum arising from rickets is guided growth surgery, also known as growth modulation surgery.
Blount's disease.
Blount's disease is a deformity in the legs, mostly from the knees to the ankles. The affected bone curves in or out and forms the usual "archers bow" which can also be called bow-legs. There are two types of Blount's disease. The first type is Infantile: this means that children under four are diagnosed with this disease. Blount's disease in this age is very risky because sometimes it is not detected and it passes to the second type of Blount's disease. The second type of Blount's disease is found mostly in older children and in teenagers, sometimes in one leg and sometimes in both; the patient's age determines how severe the diagnosis is.
Osteochondrodysplasia.
Osteochondrodysplasia are a diverse group of genetic bone diseases or genetic skeletal dysplasias that manifest in generalized bone deformities involving the extremities and the spine. Bow legs or genu varum is one of these deformities. The characteristic bone X-ray survey findings are important to confirm the diagnosis.
Diagnosis.
On projectional radiography, the degree of varus or valgus deformity can be quantified by the "hip-knee-ankle angle", which is an angle between the femoral mechanical axis and the center of the ankle joint. It is normally between 1.0° and 1.5° of varus in adults. Normal ranges are different in children.
Treatment.
Generally, no treatment is required for idiopathic presentation as it is a normal anatomical variant in young children. Treatment is indicated when it persists beyond 3 and a half years old. In the case of unilateral presentation or progressive worsening of the curvature, when caused by rickets, the most important thing is to treat the constitutional disease, at the same time instructing the care-giver never to place the child on its feet. In many cases this is quite sufficient in itself to effect a cure, but matters can be hastened somewhat by applying splints. When the deformity arises in older patients, either from trauma or occupation, the only permanent treatment is surgery, but orthopaedic bracing can provide relief.
Rickets.
Rickets usually causes bone deformities in all four extremities. Genu varum may resolve spontaneously with modification of life style activities or after receiving medical treatment. Some deformities do not correct spontaneously and need surgical intervention especially if they are severe and causing gait difficulties. The main surgical modality used to treat genu varum arising from rickets is guided growth surgery, also known as growth modulation surgery.
Blount's disease.
Treatment for children with Blount's disease is typically braces but surgery may also be necessary. In children guided growth surgery is used to gradually correct/straighten the bow legs. For teenagers osteotomy or bone cutting is often used to correct the bone deformity. The operation consists of removing a piece of tibia, breaking the fibula and straightening out the bone; there is also a choice of elongating the legs. If not treated early enough, the condition worsens quickly.
Osteochondrodysplasia.
Guided growth surgery in children is widely used to achieve gradual correction of knee deformities arising from Osteochondrodysplasia including genu varum. Yet, this treatment is associated with a high incidence of recurrence and repeated surgeries may be needed to maintain proper bone alignment.
Prognosis.
In most cases persisting after childhood, there is little or no effect on the ability to walk. Due to uneven stress and wear on the knees, however, even milder manifestations can see an accelerated onset of arthritis.


Huntington Medical Research Institutes

Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI) is an independent, nonprofit, applied medical research organization in Pasadena, California. The Institutes conduct laboratory and clinical work for the development of technology used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The Molecular Medicine programs, such as cancer genetics, molecular neurology, molecular pathology and tissue engineering, were conducted at the 99 North El Molino Avenue facility until April 2018. The Neural Engineering program is conducted at the 734 Fairmount Avenue building directly adjacent to Huntington Hospital. The Advanced Imaging Laboratory is located nearby at 10 Pico Street, as is the Liver Center at 660 South Fair Oaks Avenue. A new 35,000 square foot laboratory building for HMRI opened at 686 South Fair Oaks Avenue, Pasadena in April 2018. Programs in the new facility include neurolological and cardiovascular studies, as well as preeclampsia research.
Cellular and molecular medicine.
The original organization of HMRI was established in 1952. The El Molino Avenue laboratory began as the Pasadena Foundation for Medical Research, which placed emphasis on cancer research. Projects included pioneering work with the biomedical research application of laser energy, and in their cell culture laboratory they had developed a now widely used line of prostate cancer cells. Current work includes the study of protein abnormalities underlying susceptibility to migraine headaches, and the development of "histoid" tumor models.
Neural engineering.
The Fairmount laboratory was founded as the Institute of Medical Research of Huntington Memorial Hospital. It also housed the Pasadena Neurovascular Foundation. Past work included the proposal of improvements for automobile safety, the neurosurgical introduction of a silicone plastic material that made cerebrospinal fluid shunting practical for the treatment of hydrocephalus, advances in cardiovascular research, and the development of electronic neurological devices, including interface technology for vagus nerve stimulation. Current work in neuroprosthetics includes development of improved electrodes for deep brain stimulation for the treatment of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, the treatment of profound deafness by direct stimulation of the brain, and new methods of electrical stimulation to control bladder evacuation in paralyzed patients.
Imaging.
The El Molino and Fairmount operations merged in 1982 as the Huntington Medical Research Institutes. At that time research at the Pico Street location added clinical studies of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Earlier advances at Pico Street included development of methods for providing CT-scanner guidance of 3-dimensional brain stereotactic surgery systems. Comparative studies of CT versus MRI contributed to the regulatory approval of magnetic resonance for medical imaging. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) research at Pico has improved the precision of brain mapping and subsequent surgery to remove parts of the brain responsible for some kinds of epilepsy. Research on in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy focuses on brain metabolism and on development of hyperpolarization agents to enhance signal output from tissue. New work includes anatomical, functional and biochemical studies of mild traumatic brain injury.
Liver Center.
The Liver Center conducts clinical trials of new drugs to treat hepatitis B and hepatitis C, and is developing new ways to conduct surveillance and do early intervention for post-hepatitis liver cancer.
Fellowships and training.
HMRI conducts a joint postdoctoral fellowship program in conjunction with the California Institute of Technology as well its own undergraduate student research program. HMRI has a 25-year history of conducting clinical training courses in magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.


West Wakefield Health and Wellbeing Ltd

West Wakefield Health and Wellbeing Ltd is a Multispecialty community provider established in 2015 based on a federation of six neighbouring GP practices in Wakefield which was initially funded by the Prime Minister's Challenge Fund to extend GP opening hours. working with Wakefield Clinical Commissioning Group
The practices involved are
The company employed McChrystal Group based in Alexandria, Virginia at a cost of £420,000 to provide consultancy services. Funding came from the NHS New Models of Care Programme.
It claims to have saved 9,000 hours of GP time with pharmacists so far. It has established a social prescribing service. Care navigators have been recruited to signpost patients to local appropriate services. 114 had been trained by May 2016.
The HealthPod offers health checks in convenient locations, such as supermarket car parks. 16 sessions were delivered in April 2016, and 288 people participated.
It arranges assessments by a physiotherapist in the GP practice for patients with orthopaedic problems.
It works with Wakefield Connecting Care, another vanguard project established under the Five Year Forward View which delivers enhanced health in care homes.
It was managed and created by Dr Chris Jones and Sarah Fatchett. Leading the team to win both Prime Minister Challenge Fund and Vanguard monies.


Hilda Bynoe

Dame Hilda Louisa Bynoe, DBE ("née" Gibbs; 18 November 1921 – 6 April 2013) was the Governor of Grenada between 1967 and 1972.
A doctor and hospital administrator, Bynoe was, so far, the only woman to have been governor of one of the British Dependencies, Hilda Bynoe was the first woman Governor of a Commonwealth of Nations country, becoming Governor of Grenada, Cariacou and Petit Martinique. She spent most of her adult life as a teacher and doctor of medicine in Trinidad and Tobago.
Early life and career.
Born in Crochu, Grenada, West Indies, Bynoe was educated at the village school, where her father, Thomas Joseph Gibbs, was headmaster and where her mother, sister and aunts had at one time or the other been teachers, and at St. Joseph's Convent, the island's only Roman Catholic Secondary School for girls. The first few years of adulthood were spent as a teacher at the Convent of St. Joseph in San Fernando, Trinidad, and later at Bishop Anstey High School in Port of Spain, Trinidad, as a science student. In 1944 she left for Europe to study Medicine and graduated from the University of London's Royal Free Hospital, then the London School of Medicine for Women, in 1951.
Governor of Grenada.
In June 1968, she was appointed Governor of Grenada, the first woman governor in the British Commonwealth and the first Grenada native to occupy the post. She was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II in 1969.
In January 1974, following demonstrations calling for her resignation, Bynoe made a speech over the radio calling for public support. The Prime Minister, Eric Gairy, advised the Queen to dismiss Bynoe, accusing Bynoe of attempting to undermine the Premier's authority to recommend the appointment and dismissal of governors. Gainey then requested permission to retire from the Queen, which was granted.
Personal life.
While still a student, she met and married Peter Cecil Alexander Bynoe, a Trinidadian RAF Officer; they had two sons, Roland and Michael. The Bynoe family returned to the West Indies in 1953 and Hilda Bynoe served in Guyana and Trinidad for the next fifteen years.
In 1990, she retired to continue her writing and to assist in the care of her granddaughters Olukemi and Nandi. She continued as Patroness of several organizations, including the Caribbean College of Family Physicians, the John Hayes Memorial Kidney Foundation and the Caribbean Women’s Association. She died, aged 91, in Trinidad.


PELVIS syndrome

PELVIS syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by perineal hemangioma, external genitalia malformations, lipomyelomeningocele, vesicorenal abnormalities, imperforate anus, and skin tag.


Michael Bond (physician)

Sir Michael Richard Bond (born 15 April 1936) is an English physician and medical researcher, whose specialism lies in the study of pain. He has held a number of national and international appointments in his field and was Professor of Psychological Medicine at the University of Glasgow from 1973 to 1998.
Early life.
Bond was educated at Magnus Grammar School in Newark, Nottinghamshire and studied Medicine at the University of Sheffield. He graduated MBChB in 1961, undertook general medical training at Sheffield Royal Infirmary from 1961 to 1962, and worked as an Assistant Lecturer and Resident Registrar at the Department of Surgery of the University from 1962 to 1964 whilst carrying out research, for which he was awarded an MD in 1964. He then lectured in the Department of Psychiatry whilst undertaking a PhD, moving to the Institute of Neurological Sciences of the University of Glasgow, based at the city's Southern General Hospital, in 1967.
Career.
Upon completing his PhD in 1971, Bond was promoted to Lecturer in Neurosurgery at Glasgow. He was a locum Consultant Neurosurgeon in Oxford in 1972, and in 1973 was appointed to the Chair in Psychological Medicine at Glasgow, succeeding Professor Ferguson Rodger. Whilst continuing his research, Bond was appointed Vice-Principal of the University in 1986, and took on the additional role of Administrative Dean of the Faculty of Medicine in 1991. He stepped down from these posts in 1997, and retired from the Chair in 1998, but maintains his involvement in the University, mainly within its Alumni and Development Office. He chaired the fundraising committees for the University Medical School's new teaching accommodation, the Wolfson Medical School Building, completed in 2002, and for the Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, completed in 2005. He is currently leading the appeal for the Beatson Pebble Appeal's new facilities at the Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre at the University's Garscube Estate.
Appointments.
Bond has held posts on university funding bodies, including the University Grants Committee and its successor, the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council, and the Joint Medical Advisory Committee. He was President (1999 to 2001) and Interim President (2009 to 2010) of the British Pain Society, Member of the Council (1981 to 1983 and 1996 to 2008) of the International Association for the Study of Pain, and its President from 2002 to 2005. He was Chairman of the Head Injuries Trust for Scotland from 1988 to 1999. He was also a member of the Council of the Prince & Princess of Wales Hospice from 1997–2002, was President of St Andrew's Ambulance from 1995 to 2000 and has been its Vice-President since 2001. He was a Governor of the High School of Glasgow from 1990 to 2006, and Chairman of the Governors from 2001. He was a trustee of the charitable Lloyds TSB Foundation from 1999 to 2005.
He has received the following honours:
Personal life.
Bond is married with two children and lives in Bearsden an affluent suburb of Glasgow. He is a member of the Athenaeum Club, London.


Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Ahlborn

Arkansas Department of Human Services v. Ahlborn, 547 U.S. 268 (2006), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States involving the ability of a state agency to claim a personal injury settlement as compensation for Medicaid benefits provided for treatment of the injuries. The Court ruled unanimously that a federal statutory prohibition against liens on personal property to recover Medicaid expenditures applied to settlements, so that only the portion of the settlement that represented payment for past medical expenses could be claimed by the state.
Background of the case.
Injury and settlement.
Heidi Ahlborn, a resident of Arkansas, suffered severe and permanently disabling injuries in a car accident on January 2, 1996, and filed suit against those she believed responsible. Following her accident, Ahlborn was granted Medicaid benefits to pay for her extensive medical treatment. The Arkansas Department of Human Services (ADHS), which administers Medicaid in Arkansas with state and federal funds, intervened pursuant to Ark. Code § 20-77-310, et seq., which required anyone receiving third-party compensation for Medicaid benefits to assign those rights to the State. ADHS accordingly sought to claim a lien on any damages Ahlborn might recover from the defendants.
In 2002, an out-of-court settlement was reached, under which the defendants paid a compromised sum of $550,000 to Ahlborn. Under Arkansas law, Ahlborn's injuries gave rise to five discrete elements of damage, one of which was damages for past medical expenses. However, no effort was made to allocate by agreement or adjudication the proceeds of the compromise settlement among these elements of damage.
District Court proceedings.
ADHS had not asked to participate in the settlement negotiations, nor did it seek to reopen the judgment after the case had been dismissed. However, the agency subsequently asserted a claim or lien in the amount of $219,156.78 against the settlement proceeds. Ahlborn subsequently filed a declaratory action in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas against the agency and its officials, arguing that ADHS could only recover that portion of her settlement representing payment for past medical expenses.
The parties characterized the sole issue in the case as one of statutory construction. Federal Medicaid statutes provided for the assignment of rights to third-party payments, but prohibited the placing of a lien on a Medicaid recipient's property. Ahlborn argued that the settlement was her "property," and that this prohibition accordingly limited the State's recovery to only those portions of the payments made for medical expenses. The parties stipulated that the State would recover $215,645.30 if it prevailed on the statutory construction issue, representing the total amount the State paid in relation to Ahlborn's care, but only $35,581.47 if Ahlborn prevailed, representing 16.5 percent of the total, which was considered a fair representation of the percentage of the settlement constituting payment by the defendants for past medical care.
The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and the district court granted the State's motion. The court interpreted the relevant federal statutory provisions to mean that the State may recover from Ahlborn's settlement the sum stipulated as the total amount of Medicaid benefits paid to her, regardless of whether the settlement funds represented payments for the cost of medical services.
Court of Appeal's decision.
On appeal, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. The court supported Ahlborn's interpretation of "property" in the Medicaid lien-prohibition provision as extending to the right to a settlement. It observed that the Arkansas assignment statute contemplates that the lien arises only after the injured party receives the settlement, and the court believed that the State could not circumvent this by requiring the assignment of rights before the settlement was liquidated and actually received as personal property.
The court's decision.
The U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed the Eighth Circuit's ruling in a decision delivered by Justice John Paul Stevens. The Court held that federal Medicaid law did not authorize ADHS to assert a lien on Ahlborn's settlement in excess of the stipulated amount for past medical expenses, and that the federal anti-lien provision furthermore affirmatively prohibited it from doing so. The state has no claim against those portions of a settlement the parties agreed were attributable to pain and suffering or lost wages, the high court ruled. The Arkansas statutes were therefore unenforceable to the extent they provided for a contrary result.
The opinion is also significant because the Court, without discussion, permitted a Medicaid suit to proceed where the cause of action was conferred by the Supremacy Clause. Most federal suits alleging violation of the Medicaid Act – which does not expressly confer a right of action – claim that the right of action is authorized by 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In recent years, the Supreme Court has made it more difficult to sue under § 1983 for statutory violations, requiring that the statutory provision in question unmistakably focus on individual rights. While some Medicaid suits have been permitted under § 1983, certain Medicaid provisions have been held unenforceable.
However, this case shows an alternative route to federal court for public interest litigants. Where a state statute or regulation conflicts with or is preempted by federal law, the right of action arguably is conferred by the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution. "Ahlborn" implicitly supports this premise.


Thomas Moore Philson

Thomas Moore Philson (10 August 1817 – 22 November 1899) was a New Zealand doctor and hospital superintendent.
He was born in Derry, County Londonderry, Ireland in 1817. After a military career, he set up a private practice as a surgeon in Auckland. Despite his relative youth, within a decade, he held all important administrative medical positions in Auckland. He was superintendent of Auckland Hospital from 1859.


Alexander von Winiwarter

Alexander von Winiwarter (April 22, 1848 – October 31, 1917) was an Austrian-Belgian surgeon who was a native of Vienna. He was the brother of physician Felix von Winiwarter (1852-1931).
Alexander Winiwarter obtained his medical doctorate in 1870 at the University of Vienna, and worked as a surgical assistant at the Vienna University Clinic under Theodor Billroth, a pioneer in the field of modern surgical practices. Later, he became head of the surgical department at the "Kronprinz-Rudolf-Kinderspitals" (Crown Prince Rudolf Children's Hospital), and in 1878 relocated to Belgium, where he became a professor of surgery at the University of Liège. Subsequently, he acquired Belgian citizenship.
In the latter part of the 19th century, Winiwarter introduced specialized massage and compression procedures to treat lymphedema, a disease that causes swollen arms and legs due to fluid retention in the lymphatic system. In 1932, Danish physiotherapist Emil Vodder refined and improved Winiwarter's technique to treat lymphedema. Vodder's treatment was to become known as manual lymphatic drainage.


Eric M. Genden

Eric M. Genden, MD, MHCA, FACS is a United States head and neck cancer surgeon at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Mount Sinai Health System in New York City. where he serves as the Isidore Friesner Professor and Chairman of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Professor of Neurosurgery and Immunology. According to his biography at Mount Sinai, Genden's professional titles also include Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, He is Executive Vice President of Ambulatory Surgery, and Director of the Head and Neck Institute at the Mount Sinai Health System.
Education.
Genden received his B.A. degree from Columbia University in 1987 and graduated from Mount Sinai School of Medicine in 1992 where he obtained his MD degree with Distinction in Research, and Harvard University School of Public Health with a Masters in Healthcare Management. His residency training at Washington University and Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis.
Career.
Genden's expertise is in thyroid, parathyroid surgery, head and neck cancer surgery, and airway reconstruction. Memberships include the New York Head and Neck Society, American Head and Neck Society, American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and the American Broncho-Esophagological Association.
In 2006, Genden performed the first jaw transplant using the patient's jaw and bone marrow.
Genden has authored six textbooks on oncology and microvascular head and neck reconstruction. He published more than 200 peer-reviewed articles and co-authored a chapter about facial transplantation in for Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. He served as a co-investigator on more than 15 clinical trials.
He received in 1983 the Brooks School and received the Distinguished Brooksian Recipient Award in 2018, and is a contributing editor at the Journal of the American Medical Association's "JAMAevidence".
Research.
A partial list of Genden's research areas include the debate between hemithyroidectomy or total thyroidectomy for well-differentiated stage T2 tumors; he has studied as well as written about palliative care for patients with head and neck cancer; and the role of human papillomavirus status in recurrent and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.


James Jamieson (New Zealand doctor)

James Peter Speid Jamieson (9 February 1880 – 18 January 1963) was a New Zealand doctor and political lobbyist. He was born in Cruisdale near Sandness in the Shetland islands of Scotland on 9 February 1880.
In the 1956 Queen's Birthday Honours, Jamieson was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in recognition of his services as a medical practitioner.