Clutch

A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission, especially from a drive shaft (driving shaft) to a driven shaft. The clutch acts as a mechanical linkage between the engine and transmission; and briefly disconnects, or separates the engine from the drivetrain, and therefore the drive wheels, whenever the pedal is depressed, allowing the driver to smoothly change gears.
In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts (drive shafts or line shafts). In these devices, one shaft is typically attached to an engine and other to power unit (the driving member).
While the other shaft (the driven member) provides output power for work and typically the motions involved are rotary, linear clutches are also possible.
In a torque-controlled drill, for instance, one shaft is driven by a motor, and the other drives a drill chuck. The clutch connects the two shafts so they may be locked together and spin at the same speed (engaged), locked together but spinning at different speeds (slipping), or unlocked and spinning at different speeds (disengaged).
Design.
Dry clutch.
A "dry clutch" uses dry friction to transfer power from the input shaft to the output shaft. The majority of clutches are dry clutches. Slippage of a friction clutch (where the clutch is partially engaged but the shafts are rotating at different speeds) is sometimes required, such as when a motor vehicle accelerates from a standstill; however the slippage should be minimised to avoid increased wear rates.
In a "pull-type" clutch, pressing the pedal pulls the release bearing to disengage the clutch. In a "push-type" clutch, pressing the pedal pushes the release bearing to disengage the clutch.
A "multi-plate clutch" consists of several friction plates arranged concentrically and is sometimes used in order to reduce the diameter of the clutch or to provide different 'stages' of slippage (for example in a drag racing car) to control the rate at which the engine's torque is transferred to the wheels during acceleration from a standing start.
Materials.
A common friction material is an organic compound resin with a copper wire facing or a ceramic material. Ceramic materials can often transmit higher torque loads, but they can cause increased wear rates of the flywheel. Until the mid 1990s asbestos was also used in clutch plates.
Sprung centres and clutch dampers.
A clutch disc can include springs which are designed to change the natural frequency of the clutch disc, in order to reduce vibration or audible rattling from the gearbox when the engine is idling in neutral.
A clutch damper is a device that softens the response of the clutch engagement/disengagement. In automotive applications, this is often provided by a mechanism in the clutch disc centre.
Wet clutch.
In a "wet clutch", the friction material sits in an oil bath (or has flow-through oil) which cools and lubricates the clutch. This can provide smoother engagement and a longer lifespan of the clutch, however wet clutches can have a lower efficiency due to some energy being transferred to the oil. Since the surfaces of a wet clutch can be slippery (as with a motorcycle clutch bathed in engine oil), stacking multiple clutch discs can compensate for the lower coefficient of friction and so eliminate slippage under power when fully engaged.
Wet clutches often used a composite paper material.
Centrifugal clutch.
A centrifugal clutch automatically engages as the speed of the input shaft increases, and disengages as the input shaft speed decreases. Applications include small motorcycles, motor scooters, chainsaws, and some older automobiles.
Cone clutch.
A cone clutch is similar to dry friction plate clutch, except the friction material is applied to the outside of a conical shaped object.
A common application for cone clutches is the synchronizer ring in a manual transmission.
Dog clutch.
A dog clutch is a non-slip design of clutch which was used in non-synchronous transmissions.
Single-revolution clutch.
The "single-revolution clutch" was developed in the 19th century to power machinery such as shears or presses where a single pull of the operating lever or (later) press of a button would trip the mechanism, engaging the clutch between the power source and the machine's crankshaft for exactly one revolution before disengaging the clutch. When the clutch is disengaged and the driven member is stationary. Early designs were typically dog clutches with a cam on the driven member used to disengage the dogs at the appropriate point.
Greatly simplified single-revolution clutches were developed in the 20th century, requiring much smaller operating forces and in some variations, allowing for a fixed fraction of a revolution per operation. Fast action friction clutches replaced dog clutches in some applications, eliminating the problem of impact loading on the dogs every time the clutch engaged.
In addition to their use in heavy manufacturing equipment, single-revolution clutches were applied to numerous small machines. In tabulating machines, for example, pressing the operate key would trip a single revolution clutch to process the most recently entered number. In typesetting machines, pressing any key selected a particular character and also engaged a single rotation clutch to cycle the mechanism to typeset that character. Similarly, in teleprinters, the receipt of each character tripped a single-revolution clutch to operate one cycle of the print mechanism.
In 1928, Frederick G. Creed developed a single-turn spring clutch (see above) that was particularly well suited to the repetitive start-stop action required in teleprinters. In 1942, two employees of Pitney Bowes Postage Meter Company developed an improved single turn spring clutch. In these clutches, a coil spring is wrapped around the driven shaft and held in an expanded configuration by the trip lever. When tripped, the spring rapidly contracts around the power shaft engaging the clutch. At the end of one revolution, if the trip lever has been reset, it catches the end of the spring (or a pawl attached to it), and the angular momentum of the driven member releases the tension on the spring. These clutches have long operating lives—many have performed tens and perhaps hundreds of millions of cycles without the need of maintenance other than occasional lubrication.
"Cascaded-pawl single-revolution clutches" superseded wrap-spring single-revolution clutches in page printers, such as teleprinters, including the Teletype Model 28 and its successors, using the same design principles. IBM Selectric typewriters also used them. These are typically disc-shaped assemblies mounted on the driven shaft. Inside the hollow disc-shaped drive drum are two or three freely floating pawls arranged so that when the clutch is tripped, the pawls spring outward much like the shoes in a drum brake. When engaged, the load torque on each pawl transfers to the others to keep them engaged. These clutches do not slip once locked up, and they engage very quickly, on the order of milliseconds. A trip projection extends out from the assembly. If the trip lever engaged this projection, the clutch was disengaged. When the trip lever releases this projection, internal springs and friction engage the clutch. The clutch then rotates one or more turns, stopping when the trip lever again engages the trip projection.
Kickback clutch-brakes.
These mechanisms were found in some types of synchronous-motor-driven electric clocks. Many different types of synchronous clock motors were used, including the pre-World War II Hammond manual-start clocks. Some types of self-starting synchronous motors always started when power was applied, but in detail, their behaviour was chaotic and they were equally likely to start rotating in the wrong direction. Coupled to the rotor by one (or possibly two) stages of reduction gearing was a wrap-spring clutch-brake. The spring did not rotate. One end was fixed; the other was free. It rode freely but closely on the rotating member, part of the clock's gear train. The clutch-brake locked up when rotated backwards, but also had some spring action. The inertia of the rotor going backwards engaged the clutch and wound the spring. As it unwound, it restarted the motor in the correct direction. Some designs had no explicit spring as such—but were simply compliant mechanisms. The mechanism was lubricated and wear did not present a problem.
Usage.
Automotive transmissions.
Most cars and trucks with a manual transmission have a clutch consisting of friction disc(s) which is operated using the left-most pedal with the motion transferred to the clutch using hydraulics (master and slave cylinders) or a cable. The clutch is only disengaged at times when the driver is pressing the clutch pedal towards the floor, therefore the default state is for the transmission to be connected to the engine. A "neutral" gear position is provided, so that the clutch pedal can be released with the vehicle remaining stationary.
In addition to standing starts, the clutch is usually required for gear changes. Although the gearbox does not stop rotating during a gear change, there is no torque transmitted through it, thus less friction between gears and their engagement dogs. The output shaft of the gearbox is permanently connected to the final drive, then the wheels, and so both always rotate together, at a fixed speed ratio. With the clutch disengaged, the gearbox input shaft is free to change its speed as the internal ratio is changed. Any resulting difference in speed between the engine and gearbox is evened out as the clutch slips slightly during re-engagement.
The clutch is usually mounted directly to the face of the engine's flywheel, as this already provides a convenient large-diameter steel disk that can act as one driving plate of the clutch. Some racing clutches use small multi-plate disk packs that are not part of the flywheel. Both clutch and flywheel are enclosed in a conical bellhousing for the gearbox. A small number of front-engine, rear-wheel drive cars (such as the Alfa Romeo Alfetta, Porsche 924 and Chevrolet Corvette C5 use a transaxle layout with the transmission located near the rear of the car; in this case the clutch is mounted with the transaxle (therefore the driveshaft rotates continuously with the engine, even when the clutch is disengaged).
Some automatic transmissions use a "lock-up clutch" to prevent slippage of the torque converter when cruising at higher speeds. The purpose of the lock-up clutch is to improve fuel economy by minimising energy losses caused by slippage of the torque converter.
Other automotive uses.
Cars use clutches in places other than the drive train. For example, a belt-driven engine cooling fan may have a heat-activated clutch. The driving and driven members are separated by a silicone-based fluid and a valve controlled by a bimetallic spring. When the temperature is low, the spring winds and closes the valve, which lets the fan spin at about 20% to 30% of the shaft speed. As the temperature of the spring rises, it unwinds and opens the valve, allowing fluid past the valve, makes the fan spin at about 60% to 90% of shaft speed.
Other clutches—such as for an air conditioning compressor—electronically engage clutches using magnetic force to couple the driving member to the driven member.
Motorcycles.
Motorcycles typically employ a wet clutch with the clutch riding in the same oil as the transmission. These clutches are usually made up of a stack of alternating friction plates and steel plates. The friction plates have lugs on their outer diameters that lock them into a basket that is turned by the crankshaft. The steel plates have lugs on their inner diameters that lock them to the transmission input shaft. A set of coil springs or a diaphragm spring plate force the plates together when the clutch is engaged.
On motorcycles the clutch is operated by a hand lever on the left handlebar. No pressure on the lever means that the clutch plates are engaged (driving), while pulling the lever back towards the rider disengages the clutch plates through cable or hydraulic actuation, allowing the rider to shift gears or coast. Racing motorcycles often use slipper clutches to eliminate the effects of engine braking, which, being applied only to the rear wheel, can cause instability.


Dredge ball joint

A dredge ball joint is a connection between two pipes that are used to transport a mixture of water and sand from a dredger to the discharging area.
Dredge ball joint design.
The inner diameter of dredge ball joint pipes ranges from 400 mm to 1200 mm. Dredge ball joint liners can be produced from steel and hard iron materials. To allow for variations of the tilting angle, the ball turning angle of a dredge ball joint is 15 degrees to 18 degrees, and the discharge pipe variation for a dredge ball joint ranges from 10 mm to 30 mm. The dredge ball joints are made to operate at low, medium and high pressure.
Dredge ball joint materials.
Dredge ball joints can be made from Cast iron of a manganese, chromium, nickel and molybdenum alloy, ductile manganese iron, or hard chromium iron.


Frank Chester (politician)

Frank Leslie Chester (November 30, 1901 – August 13, 1966) was a politician in the Canadian province of Manitoba, who served on Winnipeg City Council and in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba.
Born in Winnipeg, Chester was educated in Vancouver, British Columbia, and returned to Winnipeg later in life. He worked as a hardware merchant, and served as an alderman in Winnipeg from 1947 to 1950.
He was elected to the Manitoba legislature as a Liberal-Progressive in the 1949 provincial election in the constituency of Winnipeg North, which elected four members by a single transferable ballot. Chester finished third on the first count, and was declared elected on the eighth and final count. He served as a backbench supporter of Douglas Campbell's government during his time in the legislature.
He did not seek re-election in the 1953 provincial election, but instead ran as a candidate of the Liberal Party of Canada for Winnipeg North in the 1953 federal election. He lost to CCF candidate Alistair Stewart by 5,911 votes.


Yvonne Sloan

Yvonne Sloan (born 1941) is a New Zealand weaver and textile artist.
Early life.
She was born in Remuera, Auckland in 1941 and began weaving in the 1960s during her time as an Art and Craft Advisor with the Department of Education. In 1966, Sloan travelled to Sweden where she studied weaving at Sätergläntan. Returning to New Zealand, she married weaver Ian Spalding and they established a professional partnership.
Her father Ralph Stanley Sloan had a brief career as a photographer with studios on Queen Street in Auckland, then as a movie theatre manager, however the bulk of his career was in agriculture. Although a strong history of seafaring is mentioned as inspiration for Sloan's Art practice, the family had a documented history of religious ministry and medical practitioners in the immediate family. Other notable members of the family were Sloan's grandfather, surgeon Hugh Rodger Sloan MD, BSc, DPH, Sir Donald McGavin and Lady Mary Allan McGavin, Dr. William Chapple a New Zealand-born British MP, British surgeon Donald Burns McGavin FRACS, and two reverends Thomas McDonald and Leonard Henry Hunt.
Career.
In 1983, she became a member of the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts and in 1986 was invited to exhibit in "Kahurangi" for the World Craft Council Conference in Vienna. Between 1998 and 1990, she served on the QEII Arts Council Crafts Advisory Panel.
In 1994, she undertook a residency at Waikato Polytechnic. The following year, she became President of the Auckland Handweavers & Spinners Guild, serving until 1997. From 1996 until 1997, she was also President of the Combined Textile Guilds of NZ. In 1998, she held an exhibition at the Crawford Art Centre in St. Andrews, Scotland, where she created a large-scale work titled "Sails", which drew upon concepts of voyaging and the Pacific. In 2000, "Sails" was installed at the New Zealand Academy of Fine Arts in Queens Wharf, Wellington.
Style.
Helen Schamroth described Sloan's style in "100 New Zealand Craft Artists", Sloan's weaving is based on traditional twill, and she has developed a system of inlaying motifs that depends on a lively interaction of warp and weft. Her designs are based on balanced colour bands, intersecting diagonals, verticals and horizontals. The structure produces small spots of colour, which react with each other in a manner that resembles pointillism."
Sloan’s "Sails" holds personal meaning and reflects New Zealand’s pacific heritage, she explained,
“Most of our ancestors have come to New Zealand by sail. Set in the South Pacific we are surrounded by the sea, regardless of one's origin and culture arriving by sail in NZ is historically important...I came from a long line of seafarers, originally from the Orkney Islands and London. This has influenced my perception of the importance of sail and what it represents...Sails are basic and timeless. My sail installations are an interpretation of the shapes, spaces, angles and movement that sails create.”
Recognition.
According to the Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu, “Sloan has contributed significantly to the acceptance of craft weaving as an art form in New Zealand."
In 1994, she was awarded the Committee Cup at the Auckland Handweavers Guild Exhibition, also winning a Merit Award that year at the Combined Textiles Guild Easter Show. In 1996, she won the Premier Award at the Combined Textiles Guild Easter Show. At the 2001 Easter Show was also won a Merit Award.
Collections.
Her work is held in the collections of Auckland War Memorial Museum, Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu and the Aigantighe Art Gallery, Timaru.


Irene Moreira

Irene Renée Moreira Fernández (born 1964) is a Uruguayan lawyer, rural businesswoman and politician of Open Cabildo (CA) serving as Minister of Housing and Territorial Planning of Uruguay since March 1, 2020.
Education.
Moreira enrolled at the University of the Republic, where she studied three years of Law. However, after the birth of her children she dropped out of school. Later, she resumed her studies at the Catholic University and graduated from it.
Political career.
She began her militancy for the National Party in the Artigas Department. There she served, for three periods, as deputy edila in the Artigas Departmental Board. From 2015 to 2020 she served as incumbent edila heading the 404 list of Luis Lacalle Pou. In that legislature she integrated the Committee on Culture and Gender.
In the 2014 general election, Moreira was a candidate for deputy in the Chamber of Representatives, without being elected.
In April 2019, after the foundation of Open Cabildo, Moreira decided to change her political affiliation to accompany her husband's presidential candidacy, so she left the National Party.
In the 2019 general election, she was a candidate for Senator of the Republic by Open Cabildo, being elected to the 49th Legislature. However, after the victory of Luis Lacalle Pou as President of Uruguay, she was appointed Minister of Housing, Territorial Planning and Environment, as a member of a party that makes up the electoral alliance, Coalición Multicolor. On February 15, 2020, she assumed her seat in the Senate pending her inauguration as head of the ministerial portfolio, on March 1. Her seat was occupied by Raúl Lozano, her first substitute.
Personal life.
Daughter of Roque Moreira, a retired colonel from the National Army, she first met Guido Manini Ríos at a wedding, when he was 21 and she was 15 years old. When she came of age, they entered into a relationship, and after three years they were married in the Seminary Church. Together they have two children: Bruno and Micaela.


Earthworks (archaeology)

In archaeology, earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil. Earthworks can themselves be archaeological features, or they can show features beneath the surface.
Types.
Earthworks of interest to archaeologists include hill forts, henges, mounds, platform mounds, effigy mounds, enclosures, long barrows, tumuli, ridge and furrow, mottes, round barrows, and other tombs.
Size.
Earthworks can vary in height from a few centimetres to the size of Silbury Hill at . They can date from the Neolithic to the present. The structures can also stretch for many tens of kilometres (e.g. Offa's Dyke and Antonine Wall). In area, they can cover many hectares; for example, Maiden Castle, which is .
Detection.
Shallow earthworks are often more visible as cropmarks or in aerial photographs if taken when the sun is low in the sky and shadows are more pronounced. Similarly, earthworks may be more visible after a frost or a light dusting of snow.
Earthworks can be detected and plotted using Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR). This technique is particularly useful for mapping small variations in land height that would be difficult to detect by eye. It can be used to map features beneath forest canopy and for features hidden by other vegetation. LIDAR results can be input into a geographic information system (GIS) to produce three-dimensional representations of the earthworks.
Interpretation.
An accurate survey of the earthworks can enable them to be interpreted without the need for excavation. For example, earthworks from deserted medieval villages can be used to determine the location, size, and layout of lost settlements. Often these earthworks can point to the purpose of such a settlement, as well the context in which it existed.
Examples.
 Earthworks in North America include mounds built by Native Americans known as the Mound Builders. Ancient people who lived in the American Midwest commonly built effigy mounds, which are mounds shaped like animals (real or imaginary) or people. Possibly the most famous of these effigy mounds is Serpent Mound. Located in the Ohio, this 411-meterlong earthen work is thought to memorialize alignments of the planets and stars that were of special significance to the Native Americans that constructed it. Cone-shaped or conical mounds are also numerous, with thousands of them scattered across the American Midwest, some over 80 feet tall. These conical mounds appear to be marking the graves of one person or even dozens of people. An example of a conical mound is the Miamisburg Mound in central Ohio, which has been estimated to have been built by people of the Adena culture in the time range of 800 B.C. to 100 AD. The American Plains also hold temple mounds, or platform mounds, which are giant pyramid-shaped mounds with flat tops that once held temples made of wood. Examples of temple mounds include Monks Mound located at the Cahokia site in Collinsville, Illinois, and Mound H at the Crystal River site in Citrus County, Florida. The earthworks at Poverty Point occupy one of the largest-area sites in North America, as they cover some 920 acres (320 ha) of land in Louisiana.
Military earthworks can result in subsequent archaeological earthworks. Examples include Roman marching forts which can leave small earthworks. During the American Civil War, earthwork fortifications were built throughout the country, by both Confederate and Union sides. The largest earthwork fort built during the war was Fortress Rosecrans, which originally encompassed .
In northeastern Somalia, near the city of Bosaso at the end of the Baladi valley, lies an earthwork 2 km to 3 km long. Local tradition recounts that the massive embankment marks the grave of a community matriarch. It is the largest such structure in the wider Horn region.
Bigo bya Mugenyi is an extensive earthworks site in the interlacustrine region of southwestern Uganda. On the south shore of the Katonga river, the Bigo earthworks consist of a series of ditches and berms comprising an outer arch that encompasses four interconnected enclosures. When combined, the Bigo earthworks measure more than 10 kilometers long. Radiometric dates from archaeological investigations at Bigo date the earthworks to roughly AD 1300 - 1500, and they have been called Uganda's "largest and most important ancient monument".
The Steppe Geoglyphs, discovered in 2007 using Google Earth, are an example of earthworks in Central Asia.


Eppie Archuleta

Epifania "Eppie" Archuleta (January 6, 1922 – April 11, 2014) was an American weaver and textile artisan at the annual Spanish Market in Santa Fe, New Mexico. While the more traditional Chimayo and Rio Grande tapestries used diamonds and stripes in their designs, Archuleta specialized in more contemporary woven designs. Examples of her work, including a tapestry depicting a wounded soldier during the Vietnam War, are on permanent display at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. Archuleta was a recipient of a 1985 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. She was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1997.
Early life.
Epifania Martinez was born to weaver Agueda Salazar Martinez and Eusebio Martinez, in Santa Cruz, New Mexico, on Epiphany, January 6, 1922. Archuleta, who was raised in Española and Medanales, New Mexico, was the fifth-generation of master weavers in her family. Her father was a schoolteacher who later became the postmaster in Medanales; he was a weaver as well. As a child, Archuleta said she didn't really enjoy weaving but it was necessary for her and her nine siblings to participate in the process to help support the large family. The children also worked on the family farm.
Career.
Archuleta purchased a wool mill in 1989, which she opened as the San Luis Valley Wool Mill. She produced wool yarn, which she sold to weavers throughout the United States.
She also worked as an instructor for both the Los Artes del Valle crafts cooperative and the Virginia Neal Blue Women's Resource Center, "which were established in the late 1950s to boost the local economy. These programs facilitated a revival of weaving and embroidery in the Valley and helped Archuleta and others to continue their work."
Archuleta was profiled in a January 1991 article in "National Geographic" magazine. She was awarded the master’s award for lifetime achievement from Spanish Market of Santa Fe in 2001. (Her sister, Cordelia Coronado, was also a recipient of the Spanish Market's lifetime award that same year). She was also a guest at the 1993 inauguration of U.S. President Bill Clinton and was honored at the White House. In 1995, Archuleta received an honorary Doctorate of Arts from Adams State University in Alamosa, Colorado. She was also the subject of a 2004 book titled "Eppie Archuleta and the Tale of Juan de la Burra".
Personal life.
In October 1940, she married Francisco Archuleta. The couple moved to the San Luis Valley of New Mexico in 1951, where Francisco worked as a farmer and rancher. Archuleta had ten children, eight of whom lived to adulthood. The Archuletas later moved to a ranch in Capulin, Colorado, where she built a small home next to a wool mill. She also resided in La Jara, Colorado.
Archuleta died on April 11, 2014, at Espanola Hospital in Española, New Mexico, at the age of 92. By 2001, she had 36 grandchildren and 18 great-grandchildren. Her survivors included her daughter, Norma Medina, who is also a master weaver.


Samuel Deacon


Karl Hengerer

Karl Hengerer (4 April 1863 – 25 June 1943) was a German architect.
Life.
Karl Christian Hengerer was born in Hessigheim (Besigheim), a small village approximately 25 km (16 miles) north of Stuttgart, the only recorded child of a Protestant stone mason who shortly after his son's birth became self-employed, setting himself up as a building contractor in Stuttgart.
Between 1882 and 1885 Hengerer studied architecture with Christian Friedrich von Leins at the Stuttgart Technical Academy (subsequently integrated into Stuttgart University). In 1884, while a student, he became a member of the (" Sängerschaft Schwaben"). There followed a brief period working in Cologne with an architect called Emil Schreiterer before he returned in 1888 to Stuttgart where he successfully undertook the second level examination for the "Government Master Builder" ("Regierungsbaumeister") qualification.
As a result of his contribution to the redevelopment and reconfiguration of central Stuttgart ("die bauliche Entwicklung und Gestaltung Stuttgarts " in the words of the official citation) on 9 January 1904 Karl Hengerer was given the title "City Planning Commissioner" by King William II of Württemberg. Between 1891 and 1893 Hengerer worked in a partnership with an architect called Karl Heim (1859-1944) Between 1902 and 1906 he was working in partnership with Richard Katz. By 1920 he had become prosperous. He died in Stuttgart in 1943.
Work.
Between 1890 and 1919 between 400 and 500 buildings were constructed according to plans drawn up by Karl Hengerer. That is not the only reason he is considered one of Stuttgart's most influential Master Builders. Many of his developments, whether individual buildings or larger scale housing developments, received considerable attention in the contemporary specialist press: some of his work attracted controversy. A century later, however, as a result of war destruction, subsequent redevelopments and other demolitions, more than half of his buildings have been destroyed.
His most important output involved residential developments between 1890 and 1919, including numerous residential villas on the hillsides directly beyond what was then the built extent of Stuttgart. He also completed contracts for several banks and other commercial buildings in Württemberg. His early work reflects the Gothic and Renaissance revival structures typical of the period. However, from around 1900 he was demonstrating increasing inventiveness and use of more sculptured shapes in his facades, developing in the process an increasingly distinctive and personal style.
Hengerer's overall body of work remains traditional and conservative, but he was able to incorporate modern trends in respects of materials, and details of style and decor, while always remaining faithful to the existing built character of the region. Between 1898 and about 1905 he was drawing inspiration not only from the Gothic and Renaissance revivals, but also from the growing interest in craft traditions. Deeply inset windows, sharply contoured details and bold shapes acknowledged dignified bourgeois traditions, while he was able to resist the fashion for endless glazed brickwork and superfluous attachments.
From 1904, with the Theodor Fischer increasingly influential across southern Germany, Henegerer's own later work took a more patriotic-romantic direction, with bay windows, arcades and half timbered effects. Some of these developments are apparent in his still assertive Villa Hauff (1904) and are most visible today in the "Stuttgart old town redevelopment" (1906-1909) with the Earl Eberhart ("Graf-Eberhard") development. It was under these romantic revival influences that he produced the Birkendörfle residential development (1907-1911), applying the style of traditional Black Forest houses.
Soon after this he returned to a heavier neo-baroque look, which was becoming increasingly prevalent across Germany directly before the First World War. He never followed the trend towards more overtly functional post imperial architecture which took hold after the German Revolution of 1918–19.
In terms simply of quantity, Hengerer's greatest output involved much social residential accommodation which proliferated in Stuttgart between 1891 and 1910. His principal client-partner in this work was the banker turned philanthropist and social reformer Eduard Pfeiffer (1835-1921) in connection with Pfeiffer's "Association for the Welfare of the Working Classes". Together they constructed large scale affordable housing developments at Stuttgart-Ostheim (1891-1895) and Stuttgart-Südheim (1901–1903) as well as Stuttgart-Ostenau (1911–1913. The "old town" redevelopment was also undertaken on the initiative of Pfeiffer.


William J. Street

William Jarvis Street (June 16, 1784 – December 18, 1847) (also recorded as William I. Street) was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk from 1817 to 1818. and a Warden of the Borough of Norwalk from 1842 to 1845.
He was the son of John Street, and Silvia Bessey. He was the father of William C. Street, who took over his father's hardware business, and also served as Warden of the Borough of Norwalk.


Tacoma Guitars

Tacoma Guitars was an American manufacturing company of musical instruments. It was founded in 1991 as a division of South Korean company Young Chang. Instruments were manufactured in Tacoma, Washington. The company and brand name were later acquired by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. The Tacoma plant closed, and production ceased, in 2008.
Tacoma manufactured mainly acoustic guitars, although its product range extended to basses and mandolins.
History.
Tacoma Guitars began as a division of Young Chang America in Tacoma, Washington that, starting in 1991, processed Northwest hardwood for export for piano soundboards. Sawmill general manager J. C. Kim persuaded Young Chang to build a guitar manufacturing plant nearby. For the first few years, the plant produced about 100 guitars a month for another guitar brand. In 1997, the Papoose and Chief models debuted at the 1997 winter Convention of the National Association of Musical Manufacturers (NAMM). That year, mass production of the unconventional Papoose model, the first sold under the Tacoma brand, also began.
Tacoma subsequently developed ranges of guitars—some with conventional round sound holes, others with the paisley sound hole introduced on the Papoose (as the "Wing Series"). A recession in the Asian economy caused by the Avian Flu epidemic prompted Young Chang to sell the division to Kim in 1999.
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation purchased the company in October 2004 for a price estimated between $2 million and $4 million and made it a division of Fender. In 2008, Fender announced it would close the 44,000 square foot Frederickson plant and lay off 70 employees, intending to move Tacoma production to existing Fender factories in Connecticut to take advantage of economies of scale. When the move was announced, former Tacoma Guitars CEO Ferdinand Boyce suggested that Fender's decision to close the plant was motivated in part by a desire to automate the Tacoma manufacturing process to cut costs. Fender never resumed production of Tacoma guitars.
Design features.
Tacoma incorporated unusual features in many of its guitars—notably, paisley-shaped soundholes and bolt-on necks.
Paisley soundhole.
Several of Tacoma's models featured an unusual sound hole shape, a paisley soundhole, on the left side of the upper bout. Their idea was that moving the sound hole to a relatively low-stress part of the top would increase top strength, reduce bracing, and make the top more resonant. Tacoma called guitars that use the paisley soundhole the Wing Series.
Voiced bracing support.
Tacoma guitars used their Voiced Bracing Support system to various extents. Their theory behind the system was to minimize bracing to what it needs to remain stable, such that the tone of the guitar is sacrificed as little as possible.
They applied the full extent of this philosophy to the Wing Series guitars, which used A-frame bracing instead of the more traditional X-frame bracing of conventional acoustics. Tacoma used a modification of the traditional X-frame bracing on their models with conventional sound holes. They placed two cross-braces on the outside of the X, which they said improves sound hole stability and rigidity, while leaving the edges more flexible and resonant. Tacoma contoured braces so they were thinner but wider near the edges of the top, and thicker but narrower near the center of the top.
Bridge.
Tacoma used asymmetrically shaped braces, which they said improves the response of each string. The bridge is curved, rather than flat, and has no sharp edges. Tacoma said this improves transmission of vibrations from the bridge to the top.
Bolt-on necks.
Most Tacoma guitars have bolt-on necks, without visible screw plates.
Models.
Papoose.
The P1 Papoose—designed by Terry Atkins and George Gruhn—was Tacoma's first guitar model. It has a relatively short 19.1" scale and is tuned to the same intervals as standard guitar tuning, but a fourth higher, to "A" rather than the conventional "E", making it equivalent to a conventional guitar with a capo on the fifth fret. It introduced the paisley sound hole and the Voiced Bracing Support system. It was available in six and 12 string (P112) models.
Papoose electric.
Tacoma offered solid body electric guitars based on the Papoose's proportions. This model, designated the SP1 featured a solid mahogany body, a bridge-mounted Duncan Designed humbucker, and an onboard headphone amplifier. The Papoose electric was discontinued by the end of 2006.
Chief.
The C1C Chief had normal tuning and a scale length of 25.5". It was Tacoma's first full-sized Wing Series guitar. It had a rounded body similar in style to a "jumbo" guitar.
Archtop.
Tacoma offered two archtop models based on the pattern of the Chief—the AJF22CE5, with natural wood color and satin finish, and the AJF28CE5 with high gloss finish. They made the AJF28 in natural and tobacco sunburst as standard colors, but offered many special order color schemes, including solid colors and various sunbursts. All AJF's featured tops that were carved (as opposed to steam bent) from solid Sitka spruce by modern CNC milling machines. Backs were CNC carved from solid (versus laminated) maple, with solid maple side panels.
Originally, the AJF series (aka: "Jazz King") used the "Chief-style" bolt-on neck construction, but Tacoma changed to a more traditional glued mortise and tenon neck joint. AJF's had a conventional ebony bridge with a composite tailpiece and pickguard/finger rest. EMG, Inc. designed a passive humbucking pickup for the AJF's. Volume and tone control wheels were cleverly hidden on the lower edge of the pickguard/finger rest.
Roadking.
The Roadking is a Dreadnaught-style Wing Series guitar. Roadking models include the Tacoma RM6C Roadking with a 25.5" scale length, the Tacoma RM6 (non-cutaway) with the same length, the 1998 Tacoma DM8C Roadking with 22 frets and a 25.75" scale length, and the 1999 Tacoma DR8C Roadking. The standard Roadking had a spruce front, but mahogony and rosewood were also an option. Some rare Koa Roadkings exist, and were probably made to specifications from a customer. When ordered direct from the factory (as opposed to buying from a retailer), many options could be hand picked, including the type of wood.
Thunderhawk Baritone.
The BM6C Thunderhawk and BF28C Thunderhawk were acoustic baritone guitars tuned to "B". They have a 29" scale length.
Thunderchief Bass.
The CB10C Thunderchief and CB28C Thunderchief were acoustic bass guitars featuring an oversized body with rosewood and ebony fretboards respectively. They have 34" scale lengths. They were available in 5-string versions as the CB105C and the CB285C respectively.
Tacoma CB285C 5 String Jumbo Acoustic Electric Bass Guitar.
A guitar identical to the Thunderchief was later produced under the "Olympia by Tacoma" brand, produced in the Far East. Though it was much cheaper, it was also very enjoyable.
Conventional models.
In addition to paisley-holed Wing Series, Tacoma also made conventional guitars in different series. The series differed in woods and decorations.
55 series.
55 Series instruments featured maple bindings, rosewood backs and sides, abalone floral inlays, and hand-rubbed UV gloss finishes. They include a Dreadnought model and a Jumbo model.
28 series.
28 Series instruments feature gold tuners, abalone trim, and hand-rubbed UV gloss finish. They include Dreadnought models in regular style (DM28), with cutaway (DM28C), as 12-string guitars (DM2812), and with rosewood back and sides (DR28), Jumbo models with cutaway (JK28C) and as 12-string guitars (JF2812), a Little Jumbo cutaway (ER28C) and a parlor model (PM28)
14 series.
14 Series instruments feature ebony fingerboards and bridges and hand-rubbed UV gloss top finishes. They include Dreadnought models and a Little Jumbo cutaway model.
9 series.
9 Series instruments feature all-solid construction, mahogany back and sides and satin finish. They include Dreadnought models, a Jumbo model and a Little Jumbo cutaway model.
Mandolins.
Tacoma made Wing Series mandolins with spruce tops and mahogany (model # M1), Indian rosewood (model # M2) or maple (model # M3) backs and sides.


SS Baron Gautsch

Baron Gautsch was an Austro-Hungarian passenger ship that sank in the northern Adriatic Sea on 13 August 1914, during its voyage from Kotor to Trieste, after running into a minefield laid by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The sinking resulted in the deaths of 127 passengers and crew members. The ship was operated by Österreichischer Lloyd, and was built by the Gourlay Brothers shipyard in Dundee, United Kingdom.
Background.
Österreichischer Lloyd () was the largest and most successful Austro-Hungarian shipping company of its time, founded in 1833. The company's fleet was constantly growing, especially under the leadership of Julius Derschatta von Standhalt (1852–1924), Minister of Railways in the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Council and president of Lloyd. During his tenure as president, three new modern sister ships were ordered. These were "Baron Gautsch" in May 1908 (2,069 GRT), "Prinz Hohenlohe" in October 1908 (1962 GRT), and "Baron Bruck" in the summer of 1913 (2085 GRT). Since one of the largest shipyards in Austria-Hungary, the Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino in Trieste, was busy, "Baron Gautsch" and "Prinz Hohenlohe" were built at the Gourlay Brothers shipyard in Dundee, Scotland.
The ship was named after the former Austrian Prime Minister and Interior Minister Paul Gautsch von Frankenthurn. "Baron Gautsch" and its sister ships were built for the so-called Dalmatian Express Line, a route that went south of the Austrian Riviera along the coast of Istria and Dalmatia. The home port of each ship was Trieste. "Baron Gautsch" carried commuters, business and leisure travelers and summer guests who wanted to visit the popular seaside resorts of the Adriatic. It had its maiden voyage on 16 June 1908.
Ship features.
The 2069 GRT steamer "Baron Gautsch" was built at the Gourlay Brothers shipyard in the Scottish city of Dundee. It was
transferred to the water on 3 May 1908. The ship was 84.5 meters long, 11.64 meters wide and had a maximum draft of 7.5 meters. The ship had three heated steam boilers, with heavy oil, that powered three bronze propellers via one steam engine. The engines had 4600 HP (3383 kW), which allowed a speed of 17 kn (31 km/h). Lloyd hoped to significantly increase the ship's performance with the installation of three steam engines, but when that did not happen Lloyd returned the ship to the shipyard for extensive modifications in Trieste at the cost of Gourlay Brothers. This was one of the reasons why the Gourlay Brothers shipyard went into bankruptcy and had to be liquidated in October 1910.
During World War I.
With the outbreak of World War I on 28 July 1914, all merchant ships in Austria-Hungary were put into the military service of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. Ships received camouflage and from that point served as auxiliary cruisers, troop carriers or supply ships. Many officers were reservists and entered the service of the Navy. On 27 July 1914 "Baron Gautsch" was pressed into service the Navy. This was followed by four sailings on which "Baron Gautsch" brought supplies for troops stationed in Kotor. During these four voyages, "Baron Gautsch" crossed 1810 miles and transported 2855 people. On each return trip, civilians were evacuated to the ports of the northern Adriatic. On 11 August 1914 "Baron Gautsch" completed all of its military tasks and was thus returned to Lloyd.
Sinking.
Before "Baron Gautsch" sailed one last time from Kotor back to Trieste, a conference of war naval authorities was held in Trieste. "Baron Gautsch"s second officer Tenze was present as a representative of Captain Paul Winter. At the conference, the commanders of ships were informed that the Navy planned to set mine fields in the northern Adriatic in order to protect the entrance to its main naval port, Pula. Tenze informed his captain about it, so the first officer Luppis set the ship's route for the following journey. Later, the crew of "Baron Gautsch" received further instructions regarding navigation from military authorities in Zadar via radio. On its way back, "Baron Gautsch" was carrying refugees from the territories of Bosnia and Herzegovina, people that were coming back home from holiday, including many women and children, as well as members of the Austro-Hungarian military that were on their way back to Austria. There were 66 crew members and 240 passengers on board (this data does not include children under 10 years of age and conscripted soldiers).
On 12 August 1914 "Baron Gautsch" sailed from Kotor to Trieste for the last time. The commander was Captain Paul Winter. On 13 August 1914, at 11:00 am, "Baron Gautsch" departed from harbour on the island of Veli Lošinj, and was sailing directly to the port of Trieste, where it was scheduled to arrive at 6.00 pm. From Veli Lošinj to Pula, the ship was officially sailing under the command of First Officer Josef Luppis, but this was not the case in reality. In fact, Luppis was handed over command by the captain in 2:00 pm, but he left the bridge, without Captain's knowledge, handing command to the relatively inexperienced second officer Tenze, and went to lunch with the first class passengers. Captain Winter was asleep in his cabin.
"Baron Gautsch" began sailing much further north than the military authorities had ordered earlier, and passed near the ship "Prinz Hohenloheom", which was sailing south to Dalmatian Islands more than 3 nautical miles away from the coast. Even warnings by several passengers did not cause Tenze to change the ship's course. Tenze made several references about minefields in surrounding areas, and how Austro-Hungarian Navy had placed them to protect the port of Pula, but that did not make him change course. At 2:45 pm, seven nautical miles from the Brijuni islands, "Baron Gautsch" entered at full speed into a minefield that had just been set by the Navy forces. At this time the minelayer "Basilisk" saw "Baron Gautsch" sailing directly into the danger zone, so it gave warning signals, but the signals were not noticed or understood. At the last moment, Tenze recognized the threat and turned the wheel so the ship would go to the open sea, but this maneuver came too late because the ship was already in the middle of a minefield.
It was then that the ship hit the first mine, triggering a huge explosion on the port side of the ship that caused the tailgate to fly open and shook the steamer. Shortly afterwards, a second explosion occurred, probably triggered by a boiler explosion. "Baron Gautsch" heeled hard to port and quickly began to run fully. Passengers on board began panicking, leading to general chaos. Passengers rushed to the lifeboats, which quickly became crowded before they were swung over the deck. In others, the holders were so tightly lashed or intricate that they could not be used. Many passengers jumped overboard and drowned. Heavy fuel oil was running out from the cracked oil tanks, which irritated the nose, eyes and ears of those floating in the water and prevented them from breathing. Also, the oil caught fire and many of the passengers tragically burned alive. Passengers that survived testified afterwards that many members of the crew failed to care for the passengers, instead only caring about themselves. This is supported by the fact there were more crew members than passengers in many lifeboats. "Baron Gautsch" sank within about five to seven minutes after the first explosion. The Austro-Hungarian destroyers "Csepel", "Triglav" and "Balaton" were nearby, so they were the first ships that came to the rescue of the victims. Together these ships saved 159 people from the water. However, 127 passengers, mostly women, children, and crew members, were killed. They were buried in the Military cemetery in Pula.
Aftermath of sinking.
Captain Winter and first officer Luppis survived and were placed under house arrest in Pula. Both of them were eventually found responsible for the disaster in a trial before Admiralty court. Nevertheless, it is known that both of them worked in the 1920s as skippers for the Lloyd Adriatico, during which time they also commanded transatlantic liners. Details from their trial and the verdict are unknown because the events were under war censorship, but also because it was believed that everything about the case should stay hidden from general public for morale reasons.
Survivors sued the Lloyd for damages. This was initially rejected, but Ministry of Commerce later allowed compensation in limited form of 200,000 crowns. Survivors who disagreed with this appealed in the courts. Almost all court documents about the sinking and the following processes were later lost. Numerous documents were lost during the July Revolt of 1927 when the Vienna Palace of Justice was burned down. Other documents were destroyed in Kristallnacht of 1938 because the lawyer of the survivors was a Jew and his office was ransacked.
In August 1994 a memorial service attended by representatives of the Catholic Church, the military and political parties was held in Rovinj for the 80th anniversary of the sinking. During this commemoration, Radiotelevisione italiana (RAI) presented its documentary about the tragedy. Floral wreaths were thrown into the sea, while a plaque was placed on the wreck. In October 1995, by the Decision of the Board for the Protection of Cultural Heritage, the wreck of "Baron Gautsch" was registered in the Register of Croatian Cultural Monuments.
Wreck.
The wreck of "Baron Gautsch" was found on 15 August 1958 by Slovenian diver Božo Dimnik. The wreck of "Baron Gautsch" is at the coordinates in 28 to 40 meters deep on sandy and stony ground. It is overgrown with algae and sponges. The wreck is not in a good condition because it is broken in many places and chimneys and masts are folded over. In addition, three propellers were removed. Nevertheless, this wreck is considered to be one of the most popular diving destinations for wreck divers in the northern Adriatic. In the 1920s, the Yugoslav Navy used this heavily damaged wreck as a practice target for attack maneuvers.


Randy Parsons

Randy Parsons (born 1965) is an American luthier whose client list includes Jack White, Jimmy Page, Sammy Hagar, Death Cab for Cutie, Peter Frampton, Joe Perry, and Modest Mouse.
Parsons uses hand tools and traditional guitar building methods, which he feels makes his work more authentic and personal. He strives to treat each new guitar as a one-of-a-kind sculpture, and embraces construction techniques of the '50s, '60s and '70s. He does not use newer technologies such as CNC machines, plek and fret machines. He is also known for using atypical items in his guitars, such as bones, skulls and other organic materials. Parsons created a line of high-end electric guitars built from recycled car tires, newspapers, non-endangered woods and ceramics.
Parsons creates unique finishes and treatments on his guitars. Parsons used peach colored rose petals that were dried in books and painstakingly applied to the guitar body for the model known as Peach Thief, which was built for singer/songwriter Karen Elson.
Despite starting with no training as a luthier, he has built a business with five different shops. Until 2013 he worked out of his main shop in Seattle, which was run by five women, three of whom are luthiers. In August 2013, Parsons moved with his main shop to Ventura, California.
Parsons has made five guitars for Jack White. White hired Parsons to have a custom Gretsch guitar made rather than working directly with the Gretsch Guitar Company. White wanted the color of the guitar to be copper for the Raconteurs. White's ideas were integrated into the guitar, which he called the Triple Jet. The original guitar was painted a copper color. Parsons later suggested using a real copper top. Parsons built the Triple Jet III, which is now White’s number one guitar.
Parsons and White are featured in the documentary "It Might Get Loud," directed by Davis Guggenheim. A modified Gretsch Anniversary Jr. production model is introduced in the movie, which represents an interesting collaboration between White as a creative musician, and Parsons as a guitar builder. Parsons installed a coil from an industrial vacuum cleaner in this guitar named The Green Machine, so that the body could hold a retractable green bullet microphone that White pulls out to sing into.
After seeing the movie, Gretsch Guitars asked Parsons to create his own signature guitar for them. Parsons built a dark, gothic, hot rod Gretsch prototype that uses dried red sunflower seed petals in the finish.
A documentary short film about Parsons, "", premiered at the ITSA Film Festival at the Historic Sonoma Opera Hall on October 1, 2011. The film made its television debut on Public Television as part of Reel NW | Season four. It was nominated for an Emmy Award in April, 2015.
Notable guitars.
Triple Jet.
The Triple Jet guitar was commissioned by Jack White "The Raconteurs" in 2006.
The Black Vampire.
The Black Vampire is completely built from Gabon ebony. From the carved ebony top, to the hollowed out ebony neck, everything except the red trim was built from the same piece of ebony. Looking under the headstock truss cover one can see 3 entombed Scorpions. The original Black Vampire was built for Microsoft co-founder Paul G. Allen. Its headstock is adorned with intricate scorpion carvings, and the back of the neck is inscribed with secret writings that are only visible under a black light. It is displayed under glass on Allen's yacht.
Strolling with Bones.
"Strolling With Bones" was built for Jimmy Page in 2010.
Green Machine.
Production Date: 2008
Peach Thief.
Production Date: 2009


Jean-Baptiste Ngnetchopa

Jean-Baptiste Ngnetchopa (born 1953) is a Cameroonian woodcarver who was born to a family of traditional woodcarvers from a village of the Bamileke people in Africa. His career as a woodcarver began at the age of sixteen when he entered into a seven-year apprenticeship. He has received no formal education from an institution that is on record. Since the end of his apprenticeship his work has evolved from more traditional Bamileke panels that depicted many aspects of village life into an exploration of, "the relationship among art, power and money" that balances between the worlds of pop-culture and contemporary art.
The work that has gained him the most attention recently is his series of banknotes from Africa and around the world that have earned him places in international exhibitions and shows like "Africa hoy" in 1991. The banknotes often utilize black ink on the wood panels to highlight the finely carved and incised details. Ngnetchopa has said in response to a question about his series of banknotes from around the world that, "Some rich people put their money in a vault. This money is dormant and loses value. I ask these rich people to surrender part of this money to me and I will carve them money of wood which they can live with and show to others. And this wooden money will also acquire value."


Swing boat

A swing boat, colloquially known as a "shuggy boat" in Northern England, is a fairground ride in which pairs of riders pull ropes to swing back and forth. A similar ride called a pirate ship swings in a similar motion but without the rider pulling on ropes.
Swing boats were one of the earliest fairground rides, common in the Victorian era. The Beamish open-air museum features an example from the 1830s, named "Skylark". The boats were originally powered by hand, but steam-driven versions began to be introduced in the 1880s.
Examples of Victorian-style manually-operated swing boats are still popular and are generally seen in traveling "period" fairs.


Logan and Hemingway

Logan and Hemingway was a firm of British civil engineering contractors.
The firm was an awarded a number of contracts by the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and its successor the Great Central Railway, including expansion of the company's No.1 Fish Dock at the Port of Grimsby in the 1870s. parts of the company's London extension (Great Central Main Line), the company's new station at Nottingham (Nottingham Victoria railway station), and work on the company's pier at New Holland .


John Swainson

John Burley Swainson (July 31, 1925 – May 13, 1994) was a Canadian-American politician and jurist from the U.S. state of Michigan and the 42nd Governor of Michigan.
Swainson was born in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. He moved to Port Huron, Michigan, at the age of two, with his family.
His father, John A. C. Swainson, of Port Huron, was a Democratic presidential elector for Michigan in 1964 and an alternate Michigan delegate to the 1972 Democratic National Convention.
He was captain of his high school football team and an Eagle Scout.
Swainson served in the United States Army during World War II with the 95th Infantry Division and lost both legs by amputation following a landmine explosion November 15, 1944, near Metz, Alsace-Lorraine. He was awarded France's "Croix de Guerre", the Presidential Unit Citation with two battle stars, and the Purple Heart, all before his twentieth birthday. After months of convalescence and rehabilitation at the Percy Jones Army Hospital in Battle Creek, Swainson learned to walk upright and unassisted.
Swainson received a B.A. from Olivet College, where he also met and married his wife, Alice Nielson. She accompanied him to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he received a law degree in 1951. While there, he was elected student president of the law school.
Politics.
Swainson was elected to the Michigan State Senate from the 18th District in 1954 and was reelected in 1956. In 1958, when Philip Hart was elected to the United States Senate, Swainson succeeded Hart as Lieutenant Governor of Michigan under Governor G. Mennen Williams. When the long-serving and popular Williams announced he would not seek re-election in 1960, Swainson decided to enter the race. He did so despite being pressured by influential Democratic Party members, including Williams, not to run in deference to three-term Michigan Secretary of State, James M. Hare. Swainson won the primary against the party favorite, largely due to strong support from labor unions.
On November 8, 1960, Swainson narrowly (1.28% margin) defeated Republican Paul D. Bagwell, a Michigan State University professor, in the 1960 Michigan gubernatorial election. As a result, the 35-year-old Swainson became the youngest governor of Michigan in the 20th century. He was also the state's second foreign-born governor.
Swainson's Lieutenant Governor was T. John Lesinski. His opponent in the Democratic primary, Hare, continued to serve as Michigan Secretary of State until 1971.
During his two years in office, a tax was secured on the usage of telegraphs, telephones, and leased wires; court procedures and medical care for the elderly were improved, legislative pensions were excluded from both local and state taxes; and taxes on liquor, beer, and cigarettes were raised to fund educational programs.
When the Bluewater International Bridge (which spans the St. Clair River between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario) was paid off, Swainson used an executive order to cancel the $0.25 toll that had been collected. "Stoically", he effectively cancelled his own father's "$6,115-a-year toll-collector's job," which John A. C. Swainson held since 1957.
He appointed the first African American to sit on the Michigan Supreme Court.
In 1962, Swainson was defeated by Republican George W. Romney, the chairman of the American Motors Corporation, who had never before held elected office. The win was attributed in part to Romney's appeal to independent voters, as well as to the increasing influence of suburban Detroit voters, who, by 1962, were more likely to vote Republican than the heavily Democratic city. (It also marks the only time in US history that a governor born in Canada was replaced by one born in Mexico.)
Later years.
On June 23, 1963, Swainson accompanied the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., Detroit mayor Jerome Cavanagh, and approximately 125,000 people on a "Walk for Freedom" march down Detroit's Woodward Avenue. The same year, he was also a member of Democratic National Committee from Michigan.
He served as Michigan Circuit Court judge of the 3rd Circuit from 1965 to 1971 and as a Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1971 to 1975. In 1975, he was accused of accepting a $20,000 bribe from a felon, who was seeking review by the Supreme Court. He was found not guilty but was convicted of perjury over his testimony to the grand jury. As a result, he resigned from the Supreme Court, was sentenced to 60 days in a minimum-security facility, and lost his license to practice law for three years.
The criminal charges derailed his expected run to replace the retiring senator, Phil Hart. There are pundits who maintain that he was the "victim of an overzealous prosecutor."
He later became an antiques dealer and became president of the Michigan Historical Commission. In the later years, he often represented the state at the Detroit Highland Games and apologized for not wearing a kilt: "I don't have the legs for it."
His life's journey was described as being an inspirational story of personal redemption: "By 1985, his reputation was restored when he was appointed president of the Michigan Historical Commission. (Michigan Supreme Court. Michigan Reports: Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of Michigan. Rochester, N.Y.: Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Co., 1949 - 1998, Vol. 419.)"
Death and legacy.
At the age of 68, Swainson died of a heart attack in Manchester, Michigan, and he is interred there at Oak Grove Cemetery. His wife, Alice, died on September 5, 2004 in Manchester at 77.
During his life, he was a member of American Legion, AMVETS, Disabled American Veterans, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Elks, Lions International, Delta Theta Phi, and Boy Scouts of America. In the Boy Scouts, Swainson was an active leader of the local Order of the Arrow lodge and served as secretary.
The Michigan Historical Commission established the Governor John B. Swainson Award in 1996 to honor him for his love of history and as one of the few public officials to have served in the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of state government. The commission presents the award to state, county, or municipal employees who have contributed to the preservation of Michigan history even if such activities are not part of their primary job responsibility. Swainson's last public office was president of the Michigan Historical Commission as an appointee of Governor James Blanchard.
His papers are 75.1 ft, collected at the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan. Particularly represented are documents regarding research, public policy, and programs concerning poliomyelitis and the Salk vaccine.
Swainson was honored by an official portrait painted by Dorthea R. Stockbridge. The portrait was dedicated at a Special Session of the Michigan Supreme Court's Special Session. The portrait hangs on the fourth floor of the Michigan Hall of Justice.
Hanging in the Michigan State Capitol on the second floor 'Hall of Governors' is "his gubernatorial portrait [that] is notable for appearing unfinished." It is said to be one of the most unusual portraits, a portent that Swainson's political career was not yet finished. The Republican legislature even authorized the painting of a more traditional replacement, which has not yet been accomplished.
At the dedication of his judicial portrait, Swainson said he left the final judgement of his public career to history.


Robert Goble

Robert Goble (1903–1991) was an English harpsichord builder.
The son of Harriet and John Goble, a wheelwright, he grew up in Thursley, Surrey. He first encountered pioneering early-instrument-maker Arnold Dolmetsch and his family in the autumn of 1917, when they took refuge from London air raids by renting a small house in Thursley before settling in nearby Jesses, Haslemere. He was later taken on by Dolmetsch as an assistant. In 1928, a music scholarship from Dolmetsch went to Elizabeth Brown, of Liverpool, who was to become Goble's wife in 1930; he survived her by 10 years. She was primarily a keyboard player; she later became a player of the bass viol.
In the late 1930s he set up independently, making recorders and furniture. He also made a harpsichord for his wife, using a plucking mechanism that he had invented and was to patent; though it was not practical in the long run and he did not take it further. He had two sons: Andrea, born in 1931, followed his father into the business, and Paul, born in 1933, became a painter.
During the Second World War, he went to work in a Gosport boatyard, making motor torpedo boats, and then at the branch of the Admiralty that was based at Haslemere, where he made apparatus for radar research.
In 1947, he moved to Headington, on the outskirts of Oxford, to a house with space for a large workshop. After his son Andrea left school to work with him, the firm of Robert Goble & Son came into being, making recorders (for the first five years), spinets, clavichords and harpsichords. His wife often decorated the soundboards.
At this period of the early instrument revival, harpsichord builders were interested in updating the instrument, not only adding more features such as a low 16' set of strings and pedals to change the registers. They were also keen to find new materials to build with, such as metal and plastic, and new methods of manufacture like those used in piano construction, so the instrument could be made to stand up to the demands of concert touring with a robustness not found in historical instruments. Goble produced his first concert model in 1952, which was a success. Further improvements were made and his harpsichords were played by noted musicians, such as Millicent Silver; they were exported to Australia, the Netherlands and the United States. The workforce remained small; seven at its highest. In the 25 years the workshop sent off about 700 keyboard instruments.
In about 1970, the historically informed performance movement caught up with him. Authenticity of sound was demanded, and this meant abandoning the search for improvement of previous decades and returning to the baroque models. But this was to be his son's task. The continuity of the firm was assured by the addition of his grandsons.
The harpsichord played by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos on her 1996 album Boys For Pele and the subsequent Dew Drop Inn Tour was made by Robert Goble & Son. The model she used is the Christian Zell double manual, Hamburg 1728.


Jinyu Hutong station

Jinyu Hutong station () is a station under construction on Line 8 of the Beijing Subway.
History.
Construction started in 2013. The station was originally called Wangfujing North station. The station is expected to open in 2021.
Station Layout.
This station will have an island platform. There will be 4 exits, all connected to malls. Only the southeast exit will be connected to the street.


Lintao Road station

Lintao Road () is a station under construction on the future Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Lintao Road and Cao'an Highway in the city's Jiading District, the station is scheduled to open with the rest of Line 14 in 2020.


Gavioli

Gavioli & Cie were a Franco–Italian organ builder company that manufactured fairground organs in both Italy and later France.
History.
Gavioli was founded in 1806 in Cavezzo, Italy, by Giacomo Gavioli (1786–1875). Giacamo's hobby was the development of automatic playing musical instruments like bird organs and flute clocks. In 1818, he moved to Modena, where he repaired Carillons and Tower Clocks. His son Lodovico Gavioli (1807–1875) was a very clever inventor; he built a large orchestrion organ the "Panharmonico" for the Duke of Modena, who refused to buy the instrument. Ludovico then took it to London and Paris. Additionally, he designed and build the Modena's Palazzo comunale, the city hall. In 1845 Ludovico moved the business to the trade capital of the organ trade, Paris, France. From 1858 on he started his own organ building company in the Rue d'Aligre. Ludovico had three sons: Anselme, Henry and Claude.
Each contributed to the business, but it is Anselme Gavioli (1828-1902) whose name is remembered. In 1878 he invented the frein, a piece of metal that allowed pipes to produce a sound similar to a cello or violin. In 1892 he patented the use of book music to play organs. Up until this point, pipe organs were played by a large wooden cylinder, using a system akin to the modern musical box. This limited the length of music which could be played to the size of the cylinder. Another inconvenience of cylinders was their size, which limited the number of tunes that could be played. Book music us a series of zig-zag folded sheets of cardboard in a folded book, which allowed mechanical arms to "feel" the holes and hence open the valves to allow compressed air to play the pipes of the organ. The development marked a turning point in the history of the mechanical organ, by allowing music to be almost infinitely long, and allowed Gavioli to become the most famous and prolific fair organ builders. The Gavioli family had branches in cities such as London, Manchester, New York City and Waldkirch.
After Anselmo's death in 1902 the business passed to Anselme's son Ludivico II. Then the business took a series of tragic circumstances. Gavioli ceased making organs in 1912 and the remainder of the business was transferred to Limonaire Frères of Paris. Afterwards, a number of their engineers went on to build their own organ companies, including Carl Frei.
The Steam Carousel in the Efteling theme park in the Netherlands features one of the many surviving Gavioli organs. Many Gavioli organs still exist, mainly in the UK, but there are also organs in the U.S. and in Japan. The Gavioli organ from Euclid Beach Park in Cleveland, Ohio still survives and is being restored.


Cg (programming language)


Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering

The Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering civil engineering. It was established in 2007 and is published by the Jordan University of Science and Technology. Subjects covered include applications of civil rehabilitations, structural control, smart materials, earthquake engineering, geotechnical engineering and soil/rock mechanics, dam engineering, traffic and transportation engineering, water and environmental engineering, construction management and project planning, surveying and mapping, and infrastructures engineering, as well as numerical and analytical methods.


Twixt animation system

Twixt was a 3D computer animation system created in 1984 by Julian Gomez at Sun Microsystems.
It featured keyframes and tweening in a track-based graphical interface, and was capable of realtime wireframe playback. An Apple Macintosh port, called MacTwixt, was the first known 3D animation software to be released for the Macintosh, and was used by Apple's Advanced Technology Group (including future Pixar principals John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, and Galyn Susman) to create the 1988 short film "Pencil Test". Maintained as open-source software until 1987 by a research group at Ohio State University, Twixt ultimately saw use in approximately 800 groundbreaking animated television and advertising projects.


Damen station (CTA Green Line)

Damen is a Chicago "L" station that is planned to open on the Green Line in 2023. There was formerly a station at the same location from 1893 to 1948. The removal of the old station created a gap between the remaining stations. As the surrounding neighborhood gentrified, the need for a replacement station grew. The station will also provide closer access to the United Center sports arena.
New station.
The Damen Green Line station will be located in Chicago's Near West Side neighborhood. The new station was announced by the Chicago Transit Authority on February 9, 2017, as an infill station located at Damen Avenue and Lake Street. At the time of the announcement, design and engineering was planned to commence in 2017, construction of the new station was expected to begin in spring 2019 and be completed in 2020. Groundbreaking of the new station actually began in May 2019, with construction of the new station to begin in late 2019 and is expected to be completed in 2021. It will fill the distance between the California and Ashland stations on the Green line. The most recently constructed "in-fill" station had been the Green Line Cermak–McCormick Place station near Wintrust Arena and McCormick Place completed in 2015, and this marks the third new CTA station announced during Rahm Emanuel's tenure as Mayor of Chicago. It will become the closest "L" station to the United Center, with public transportation service to an emerging business corridor and residential neighborhood. At the time of the announcement, the estimate cost was $50 million, but no designs for the station were announced. State and federal agencies were being lobbied for funding for the station by 27th ward alderman Walter Burnett Jr. although tax increment funding (TIF) was planned if no other funding is received. TIF funds are local property tax allotments from an area designated as being in need of development financing for necessary projects that are not likely to have sufficient funding from other sources.
On April 25, 2018, the city began the Lake Street reconstruction project, which includes the Damen Station.
On July 9, 2018, the design for the new station was revealed. A glass-covered pedestrian bridge will enable foot traffic between the inbound and outbound platforms, and provide a view of the city's skyline. The station was designed by the architecture firm Perkins and Will.
Former station.
A station had been previously opened at this location on November 6, 1893. On April 4, 1948, the station closed when the CTA closed 10 stations along the Lake Street line to speed up its flow.


Silver Spring Library station

Silver Spring Library is a light rail station that is currently under construction. It will be part of the Purple Line in Maryland.
History.
The Silver Spring Library station was envisioned as early as 2015, when space for the station was left in the design of the Silver Spring Library. The station itself will be added to the library, and is expected to open to the public in June 2023.
Station layout.
The station consists of two side platforms.


Indio station

Indio is a former and future train station in Indio, California.
Rail service began in 1876 by the Southern Pacific. The station was a stop on the transcontinental "Sunset Limited"; that service was commuted to Amtrak in 1971. The "Eagle" (later "Texas Eagle") started serving the city with that line's commencement. Indio continued to see service until October 1998, closing due to low ridership. On the south side of the tracks is the Indio Bus Station, served by Greyhound Lines and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach.
The Riverside County Transportation Commission was awarded $8.6 million in 2019 to construct a temporary platform to reestablish limited service to the city during major festivals, but these plans were canceled in 2020 amid the COVID-19 pandemic after arrangements with Union Pacific could not be resolved. The commission is also investigating the possibility of reinstating normal passenger service from Los Angeles to Indio along the Coachella Valley–San Gorgonio Pass Rail Corridor.


Peaks of Otter

The Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks in the Blue Ridge Mountains, overlooking the town of Bedford, Virginia, which lies nine miles (14 km) to the southeast along State Route 43. These peaks are Sharp Top, Flat Top, and Harkening Hill.
Manmade Abbott Lake lies in the valley between the three peaks, behind the Peaks of Otter Lodge and restaurant. The National Park Service preserves the peaks and lake as part of the Blue Ridge Parkway.
Thomas Jefferson once wrote that "the mountains of the Blue Ridge, and of these the Peaks of Otter, are thought to be of a greater height, measured from their base, than any others in our country, and perhaps in North America." Of course this later turned out not to be the case, but not before Virginia had sent stones from the peaks to be its part of the Washington Monument.
History.
At milepost marker 86 of the Blue Ridge Parkway stands the Peaks of Otter. Archaeological evidence under Abbott Lake indicates that Native Americans have been visiting the Peaks of Otter for at least 8,000 years for hunting, travel, and rest. European settlers started establishing the area in the mid-1700s. In 1766 Thomas Wood and his family from Pennsylvania settled a homestead on the area; National Park Service documents indicate other early residents included brothers Charles and Robert Ewing, who are asserted by some to have named the Peaks after the Ewing surname as it is pronounced in Scottish Gaelic – "Clann Eóghain na h-Oitrich", or "Clan Ewing of Otter." This view may be given credence by similarly Otter-themed place names in Scotland, and the resemblance of Flat Top to Beinn Dorain in the ancestral Ewing area of Argyll and Bute. Other theories for the naming off the Peaks of Otter include the anglicizing of the Cherokee word "Otari" meaning "high places" or the naming of the mountains after the Otter River, which starts nearby and presumably got named for otters downstream.
In 1834 the first local inn was created by Polly Wood, a widow who opened an "Ordinary" in her log cabin where settlers could stay the night and get a warm meal. By the 1870s, Benjamin Wilkes had opened the famous Mons Hotel, and the Peaks of Otter was home to over 20 families, a school, a church, and the hotel. One of the families included the Johnson family, which lived for 3 generations until the 1930s on the now-preserve Johnson farmstead. By the early 1900s the Peaks of Otter became a popular local tourist spot and became especially noticed by the National Park Service. Abbott Lake, the lake at the base of the peaks, was man made and created in 1964 along with the official Peaks of Otter Lodge, which still stands today.
Activities.
The primary activity at Peaks of Otter is hiking. There are three main peaks; Flat Top, Sharp Top, and Harkening Hill in order from highest peak altitude to lowest peak altitude. Sharp Top is the most famous hike with its spectacular 360° view at the top. There is also a separate cliff formation on the other side of Sharp Top called Buzzard's Roost, which also has good views. For those who cannot hike 1.5 mile and 1,300 ft elevation gain trail up to the top of Sharp Top, there is a shuttle service that people up to within a 15-minute walk from the top. Combined within the three peaks is a little over 12 miles of hiking and extra attractions along the way. There is a flat, one-mile paved trail around Abbott Lake along with a 1.6-mile-loop trail to a waterfall roughly 2 miles north on the Blue Ridge Parkway. Johnson Farm is a historically restored site along one of the side trails towards Harkening Hill. The house and outbuildings are preserved in their 1930's form along with gardens and a small orchard. Visitors can take free tours of the farmhouse from June–September. From June–October the National Park Service provides various Ranger programs. There is also a small visitor center run by the National Park Service.
Lodging includes the Peaks of Otter Lodge and the Peaks of Otter campground. There is also a large picnic area with outdoor grills.
From atop the peaks, the nearbytown of Bedford can be seen. On the summit of the far side of Sharp Top is the site where a B-25 bomber crashed into the mountain during a training exercise during World War II. The wreckage was never removed, as it was too heavy and the side of the mountain was too steep to retrieve it. There is a small memorial on a rock at the top of the site, but the majority of the plane can still be found along the mountain. A bigger, more recent D-Day Memorial is located in Bedford. You can also visit orchards and vineyards of the descendants of the Johnson and Gross families, who have been living in the area since the late 1800s.


Clifford Malden

Major-General Clifford Cecil Malden (1892 – 25 March 1941) was a British Army officer.
Military career.
Malden was commissioned into the Royal Sussex Regiment on 4 April 1908 and saw service as a captain during the First World War. He became Director of Infantry at the War Office in August 1939, Director of Military Training at the War Office in October 1939 and General Officer Commanding 47th (London) Infantry Division in November 1940. He was inadvertently killed after setting off a mine at Shoreham-by-Sea in March 1941.


James Akins (tubist)

James Akins is an American tubist, music professor, and both a player and maker of Native American flutes.
Life and career.
Akins studied the tuba with Ronald Bishop, Cleveland Orchestra; Arnold Jacobs, Chicago Symphony Orchestra; Robert Ryker, Montreal Symphony; Fredrick Schaufele Jr, Lakewood High School; and Robert LeBlanc, Professor Emeritus at Ohio State University. He received his Bachelor of Music in 1978 and Master of Music in 1982 from Ohio State University.
He is Associate Professor of tuba and euphonium at Ohio State University and has been principal tuba of the Columbus Symphony Orchestra since 1981. He is a member of the Columbus Symphony Orchestra Brass Quintet, and the Ohio Brass Quintet. Akins is also a clinician/consultant for the Tuba Exchange in Durham, North Carolina and has been a design consultant for various tuba companies including the G+P Instrument Company in Milan, Italy. As a consultant for the United Musical Instrument Company, working with the Conn Instrument Co. division, he collaborates in the development of professional tubas, developing several new designs. As a clinician for these companies, Akins has given tuba masterclasses and recitals for high schools and colleges throughout the United States. He has also presented masterclasses with the Native American flute and is himself a flute maker. He has taught several tubists, including Carol Jantsch as a beginner. His studio at Ohio State University is one of the largest in the country.


Buck Creek Gap

Buck Creek Gap (el. ) is a mountain pass along the Blue Ridge Mountains. NC 80 connects with the Blue Ridge Parkway at the gap, where it travelers can go either towards Burnsville, Marion, Mount Mitchell or Little Switzerland. A scenic overlook is located at the gap, along NC 80; which is sometimes also used as a staging area for motorcycle enthusiasts. The gap is also along the Eastern Continental Divide and the McDowell–Yancey county line.


Moses H. Cone Memorial Park

The Moses H. Cone Memorial Park is a country estate in honor of Moses H. Cone in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. It is on the Blue Ridge Parkway between mileposts 292 and 295 with access at milepost 294. Most locals call it Cone Park. The park is run by the National Park Service and is open to the public. It contains , a trout lake, a bass lake, and of carriage trails for hiking and horses. The main feature of the park is a twenty-three room mansion called Flat Top Manor built around the early 1900s. At the manor, there is a craft shop and demonstration center, along with an information desk and book store.
The activities in the park are walking, hiking, cross-country skiing, and horseback riding. More people use the park for hiking and horseback riding than any other activity. There is also fishing available at the two nearby fishing lakes. Many people also do amateur and professional photography, especially in the autumn. The park is open year-round and sees 225,000 people each year being the most visited recreational place on the Blue Ridge Parkway and second in visitors after the Folk Art Center that sees 250,000 visitors. Together with the Julian Price Memorial Park, it is the largest developed area set aside for public recreation on the Blue Ridge Parkway.
Moses obtained advice from noted conservationist Gifford Pinchot, the pioneering forester at the Biltmore Estate and First Chief of the US Forest Service, on planting white pine forests and hemlock hedges.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 as Flat Top Estate, a national historic district. The district encompasses four contributing buildings and two contributing sites. They include the historic landscape, Flat Top Manor house (1899-1900), carriage house (c. 1899-1905), Cone Cemetery (1908), Sandy Flat Missionary Baptist Church (1908), and the apple barn.


Wayne Stuart


Crank-rocker


Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project

The Special Loan Program for China-Latin America Infrastructure Project (中拉基础设施专项贷款) is a special credit line established by the Chinese government of US$20 billion for financing of infrastructure projects in Latin America. The program was announced in July 2014 during the inaugural China-LAC Summit with a commitment to implement the "special loans for Chinese-Latin American infrastructure".
The program is administered by China Development Bank and the capital is contributed from the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.
According to an analysis published on the China and Latin America blog, the program could be a source of financing for the Bolivian segment of the planned Central Bi-Oceanic railway, a project vigorously pursued by Bolivian officials in 2016.


Judy Patience

Judith Ann Patience (born 1939) is a New Zealand artist specialising in weaving. Her work is held in the permanent collections of the Christchurch Art Gallery, the National Art Gallery, New Zealand and the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
Biography.
Patience was born in England, and emigrated to New Zealand as a child. Patience's work was influenced by the German American textile artist Anni Albers, who headed the Bauhaus weaving movement. In 1974, a piece by Patience won the design competition for the entrance foyer installation at the Dowse Art Museum.
In 2017, her work was included in an exhibition at the Dowse Art Museum.


W. E. P. Duncan

Wilfred Eben Pinkerton Duncan (1897 – 28 January 1977) was an important figure in the early period of the Toronto Transit Commission's history.
He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and graduated with a B.Sc. degree in engineering from Glasgow University. He emigrated to Canada and worked from 1910 to 1914 in the construction department of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Between 1915 and 1919 he served overseas in the Great War with the Canadian Expeditionary Force and the Royal Engineers, attaining the rank of Major. After the war he worked as a construction engineer in Toronto. He joined the Toronto Transportation Commission in 1921, and served in various engineering roles. By 1945 he was the TTC's Chief Engineer, and he became General Manager, the senior staff position, in 1952. In 1959, when the senior position was split in two, he became General Manager – Subway Construction, while John G. Inglis assumed the role of General Manager - Operations. Duncan retired in 1961 but remained active as a General Consultant to the TTC until the opening of the University Subway in 1963.
He was instrumental in the growth of the system and was in charge of the TTC during the building of the Yonge Subway.
The Duncan Shops, a heavy bus maintenance facility at the TTC's Hillcrest Complex, is named in his honour.


Thomas Hawksley

Thomas Hawksley ( – ) was an English civil engineer of the 19th century, particularly associated with early water supply and coal gas engineering projects. Hawksley was, with John Frederick Bateman, the leading British water engineer of the nineteenth century and was personally responsible for upwards of 150 water-supply schemes, in the British Isles and overseas.
Biography.
The son of John Hawksley and Sarah Thompson and born in Arnot Hill House, Arnold, near Nottingham on , Hawksley was largely self-taught from the age of 15 onwards—despite his education at Nottingham High School—having at that point become articled to a local firm of architects under the supervision of Edward Staveley that also undertook a variety of water-related engineering projects.
Locally, he remains particularly associated with schemes in his home county. He was engineer to the Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company and Nottingham Waterworks Company for more than half a century, having, early in his career, completed the Trent Bridge waterworks (1831). This scheme delivered Britain's first high pressure 'constant supply', preventing contamination entering the supply of clean water mains.
Hawksley first rose to national prominence at the time of the health of towns inquiry in 1844. His advocacy of a constant supply of water to consumers brought him immediate acclaim. Edwin Chadwick adopted Hawksley as an ally for a time, but Hawksley adopted a more pragmatic approach and was prepared to act for others' undertakings. This approach led him to be appointed to many major water supply projects across England, including schemes for Liverpool, Sheffield, Leicester, Lincoln, Leeds, Derby, Darlington, Oxford, Cambridge, Sunderland, Wakefield and Northampton. He also undertook drainage projects, including schemes for Birmingham, Worcester and Windsor.
In 1852, Hawksley set up his own engineering practice in Westminster, London. He was the first president of the Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (serving for three years from 1863), a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was elected President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1871 (a post his son Charles later occupied in 1901).
Between 1869 and 1879, Hawksley acted as consultant to the construction of Lindley Wood, Swinsty and Fewston reservoirs for the Leeds Waterworks Company. At Tunstall Reservoir in 1876, and at Cowm Reservoir in 1877–78, he is credited with the first two uses of pressure grouting to control water leakage under an embankment dam. Glossop comments, "This procedure of rock grouting, which is now standard practice in dam construction, was an invention of the greatest importance to engineering practice, but its adoption by civil engineers was slow."
Hawksley died in Kensington, London in 1893 and is buried in his family plot at Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey. In December 2007 a granite memorial was placed over his previously unmarked grave.
Thomas Hawksley was the first of four generations of eminent water engineers, having been followed into the profession by his son, Charles Hawksley, grandson Kenneth Phipson Hawksley, and great grandson, Thomas Edwin Hawksley (died 1972). The Institution of Mechanical Engineers still holds an annual lecture in his memory,


Rose Frank (artist)

Rose Frank (born April 6, 1912, in Sweetwater, Idaho, death date unknown) was a Native American artist of the Nez Perce tribe, known for her cornhusk weaving. Frank used her art as a way to preserve her tribe's craft, traditions, and rituals by creating artwork and instructing others.
Her exact date of death is unknown, as there are no public records for this information.
Personal life and career.
Frank was born on April 6, 1912, in Sweetwater, Idaho into the Nez Perce tribe. When she was six years old Frank became an orphan and was taken to the St. Joseph Mission at Slickpoo. During World War II she worked in the shipyards of Portland, Oregon and after the war, returned to the reservation at Lapwai. She married and lived as a housewife for the majority of her life until she took a class with Ida Blackeagle, who is credited as the impetus for Frank becoming a professional artist.
Blackeagle was an instructor at Lewis-Clark State College in Lewiston, Idaho and was teaching a textile arts class that Frank chose to attend. Some sources have stated that the class was held at the nearby Lapwai High School as opposed to the college campus. Blackeagle found Frank's work to be well-executed and suggested that she sell her cornhusk bags. Frank lacked confidence in her work and was astonished to discover that not only did her bags sell, but that one sold for $25. When asked about her art, Frank stated that she believed that her past experience with crocheting contributed to her successes with cornhusk weaving.
She continued to practice her weaving for more than 40 years, during which time she created hundreds of projects. Frank reported spending six hours a day on her projects, as a single stitch on a cornhusk bag could take one hour to produce, and would proudly claim that she never repeated her designs. She followed by stating that on average, it took four weeks to produce one bag if she worked approximately six to seven hours each day.
Frank mainly focused on traditional, geometric Nez Percé patterns such as diamonds, but would also produce floral patterns as requested by a customer. She later taught others the art of cornhusk weaving to ensure that the traditional techniques were passed down to the next generation. Frank stated that she praised every piece of work her students created, as this would encourage them to apply consistent effort and potentially lead to improve their work.
There is no public record of Frank's exact date of death and ABC-CLIO has noted that one record noting her death was an article written for "Native Peoples Magazine" in November 2005, which referred to her as the "late Rose Frank".
Artwork styles.
Frank used twined cornhusk to create bags and other weavings. She would also incorporate other materials such as acrylic yarn or dyed twine for added color. Frank would use traditional Nez Perce geometric designs, which she created by weaving yarn and cornhusk around the weft as it crossed the warp. Her bags were capable of holding items as opposed to being only for display and her work was valued "not only for her meticulous craftsmanship, but also for her equally tenacious maintenance of traditional aesthetic principles."
Colors used by Frank could include pale yellow, black, blue, pink, purple, red, and green.
Collections and exhibitions.
Frank's artwork has been displayed in multiple exhibitions and permanent collections in locations such as the Nez Percé National Historical Park Museum and the Smithsonian's Modern American Indian collection. Her artwork can also be found in the collections of the National Endowment for the Arts.


Edward Hall (New York politician)

Edward Hall (January 1, 1852 – July 14, 1914) was an American civil engineer and politician from New York.
Life.
Hall was born on January 1, 1852 in Fort Ann, New York.
After studying civil engineering, Hall moved to Lyon Mountain and worked for Chateaugay Ore and Iron Co. as general manager. He later worked as the active agent in San Domingo for the San Domingo Improvement Co. He was a civil engineer there and helped build and operate a 50-mile long railroad from Puerto to Santiago, leaving when the company ended ties with the country. He also helped build the Delaware and Hudson Railway track between Plattsburgh and Whitehall, worked as assistant engineer in locating and building the state narrow gauge railroad to Dannemora, and laid out and built the Chateaugay road from Dannemora to Saranac Lake.
Hall was town supervisor of Dannemora for ten years and was a member of the 1889 United States Assay Commission. In 1891, he was elected to the New York State Assembly as a Democrat, representing Clinton County. He served in the Assembly in 1892. He later moved to Plattsburgh.
Hall died in Albany City Hospital on July 14, 1914.