Joseph Cimpaye

Joseph Cimpaye (1929May 1972) was a Burundian politician and writer. Born into an educated family from the Hutu ethnic group, Cimpaye was considered one of Burundi's leading intellectuals in the late colonial period. He became involved in politics under Belgian colonial rule within the minor Christian Democratic Party ("Parti démocratique chrétien", PDC) which was opposed by the more popular anti-colonial Union for National Progress ("Union pour le Progres national", UPRONA). In 1961, he briefly held the position of prime minister before UPRONA was decisively returned in the country's first elections ahead of Burundi's independence in July 1962. Although retiring from politics, he was later arrested under the regime of Michel Micombero in 1969. While imprisoned, he wrote "L'Homme de ma colline" which has been acclaimed as the first Burundian novel but which remained unpublished in his lifetime. He was among a number of influential Hutus killed in the genocidal violence of 1972 instigated by the Micombero regime.
Biography.
Cimpaye was born in 1929 in Mugera, Gitega Province in Ruanda-Urundi which was then under Belgian rule. A member of the Hutu ethnic group, his father had been employed as a medical assistant ("assistant médical") and was literate. This background enabled Cimpaye to receive further education at the Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida where he graduated as a veterinary technician in 1951. As one writer has noted, Cimpaye's élite background and education made him "an intellectual almost without peers in his era in Burundi".
He entered colonial-era politics within the minor conservative Christian Democratic Party ("Parti démocratique chrétien", PDC) which formed part of an electoral coalition called the Union of Popular Parties ("Union des parties populaires", UPP) against the more popular Union for National Progress ("Union pour le Progrès national", UPRONA) under Prince Louis Rwagasore. Cimpaye served briefly as prime minister of an interim government between 26 January to 28 September 1961 shortly before the country gained full independence from Belgian colonial rule. However, UPRONA won the country's first elections decisively in September 1961 and Rwagasore replaced Cimpaye as prime minister. Rwagasore's assassination in October the same year, attributed to supporters of the PDC, led to the radicalisation of politics in Burundi and forced Cimpaye to leave politics to pursue studies in Europe. Burundi became independent in July 1962.
After returning to Burundi, Cimpaye worked for the Belgian airline Sabena as its head of public relations in Bujumbura. He was distrusted by Michel Micombero who came to power at the head of a radical Tutsi regime after a series of coups d'état in 1965–66. Cimpaye was arrested in October 1969 for "endangering state security" and imprisoned for five years. During this time, he authored a French-language novel entitled "L'homme de ma colline" (, or 'District') which followed the struggles of a protagonist named Benedikto living in a rural part of Burundi during the colonial era. It addressed the theme of exile and has been praised for its use of language, particular Kirundi proverbs in translation. It has been hailed as the country's first novel although it remained unpublished until 2012 when it was distributed by the Archives et musée de la littérature based in Brussels, Belgium. Cimpaye was among a number of Hutu public figures killed in the genocidal violence of 1972 under the Micombero regime.


Thomas Shortt

Dr Thomas Shortt FRSE FRCPE (17 June 1788 – 1843) was a Scottish physician. He is chiefly remembered for drafting Napoleon's official autopsy report while serving as the Principal Medical Officer on St Helena.
Life.
Shortt was born near Dumfries on 17 June 1788, the son of Francis Shortt (of Courance & White Laird) and his wife, Bridget Smith.
He studied Medicine at the University of Edinburgh graduating MB ChB. He joined the British Army in 1806 as assistant surgeon to the 10th Regiment of Foot. Most of his service was spent in Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. In 1813 he was promoted surgeon to the 20th Light Dragoons and in 1815 Physician to the Forces, before returning to practice in Edinburgh. In 1815 he gained his doctorate (MD) from the University of Edinburgh.
In 1819 he was appointed Physician Extraordinary to the King in Scotland and Principal Medical Officer in St Helena, arriving on St Helena in December 1820, during Napoleon's period of exile there. Shortt never saw Napoleon professionally, but was repeatedly consulted by the other doctors on St Helena.
From 1828 he worked at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. He was then living at 54 Queen Street in Edinburgh's New Town.
He died on 5 March 1843.
Family.
He married Henrietta Young. They had five children.


William Rutherford (physiologist)

William Rutherford (20 April 1839, Ancrum Craig, Roxburghshire – 21 February 1899, 14 Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh) was a Scottish physician and physiologist who was professor of physiology at Edinburgh University for 25 years, and contributed to the development of experimental physiology. He was Fullerian Professor of Physiology and Comparative Anatomy from 1872 to 1875.
Life.
Rutherford was born at Ancrum Craig Farm near Ancrum in Roxburghshire, the son of Thomas Rutherford, a farmer. He was educated at Jedburgh Grammar School then studied medicine at Edinburgh University, gaining his doctorate (MD) in 1863.
After studying in Berlin, Vienna, and Paris, he became assistant to John Hughes Bennett, professor of physiology at Edinburgh. After the Edinburgh anatomist John Goodsir told Rutherford about the new experimental physiology in Germany, William Rutherford and the ophthalmologist Douglas Argyll Robertson at Edinburgh became the first in the United Kingdom to introduce the new experimental apparatus of Hermann von Helmholtz, Emil du Bois-Reymond and Carl Ludwig.
In 1869 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being John Hughes Bennett.
In 1869 Rutherford became assistant professor of physiology at King's College, London. In 1871 he was appointed professor of physiology at the Royal Institution. In 1874 he returned to Edinburgh University to succeed Bennett as professor of physiology there.
Rutherford lectured at the University of Edinburgh when Arthur Conan Doyle studied medicine there. Like his fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who was based on a real person, Conan Doyle's Professor Challenger was based in part on Rutherford. From 1881 his laboratory assistant was Sutherland Simpson.
He died 21 February 1899 at 14 Douglas Crescent, Edinburgh. He was not married and had no children, so he was buried with his parents in Ancrum parish churchyard.
His chair at the university was filled by Prof Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer.


Victor Goertzel

Victor Goertzel (July 22, 1914 - May 23, 1999) was an American psychologist, author, and activist who stood up for Japanese internees in the United States during World War II. He wrote the book Cradles of Eminence in 1962 with his wife Mildred about the childhoods of accomplished people. Ted Goertzel is their son. He was a civil libertarian.
Goertzel was born in Chicago and moved with his family to New York City. He was expelled from high school for expressing support for the U.S.S.R. Goertzel graduated from the University of California at Berkeley with a degree in psychology in 1938. He received a doctorate in clinical psychology in 1953. Victor and Mildred Goertzel contributed to Ted and Ben Goertzel's book on Linus Pauling.


Franz Dittrich

Franz Dittrich (16 October 1815 – 29 August 1859) was an Austrian pathologist born in Nixdorf, Bohemia (today Mikulášovice, Czech Republic).
He studied medicine at the University of Prague under Joseph Hyrtl (1810-1894), receiving his doctorate in 1841. He continued his studies in Vienna, and in 1842 returned to Prague, where he worked as a medical assistant with Anton von Jaksch (1810-1887) and Franz Kiwisch von Rotterau (1814-1852). He later served as prosector of anatomical pathology, and in 1848 succeeded Anton Dlauhy (1807-1888) as professor of pathological anatomy. In 1850 he succeeded Karl Friedrich Canstatt (1807-1850) as director at the medical clinic in Erlangen. In 1856 Dittrich succumbed to brain disease that ultimately led to his death a few years later.
From 1845 Dittrich published reports on his activities in the Prague faculty journal, "Vierteljahrsschrift für praktische Heilkunde". Topics that he covered in the journal included stomach cancer, syphilis of the liver, heart stenosis, et al. His name is associated with the following two eponyms:


Compliance (physiology)

Compliance is the ability of a hollow organ (vessel) to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure or the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions on application of a distending or compressing force. It is the reciprocal of "elastance", hence elastance is a measure of the tendency of a hollow organ to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or compressing force.
Blood vessels.
The terms elastance and compliance are of particular significance in cardiovascular physiology and respiratory physiology. In compliance, an increase in volume occurs in a vessel when the pressure in that vessel is increased. The tendency of the arteries and veins to stretch in response to pressure has a large effect on perfusion and blood pressure. This physically means that blood vessels with a higher compliance deform easier than lower compliance blood vessels under the same pressure and volume conditions.
Venous compliance is approximately 30 times larger than arterial compliance.
Compliance is calculated using the following equation, where ΔV is the change in volume (mL), and ΔP is the change in pressure (mmHg):
Physiologic compliance is generally in agreement with the above and adds "dP/dt" as a common academic physiologic measurement of both pulmonary and cardiac tissues. Adaptation of equations initially applied to rubber and latex allow modeling of the dynamics of pulmonary and cardiac tissue compliance.
Veins have a much higher compliance than arteries (largely due to their thinner walls.) Veins which are abnormally compliant can be associated with edema. Pressure stockings are sometimes used to externally reduce compliance, and thus keep blood from pooling in the legs.
 Vasodilation and vasoconstriction are complex phenomena; they are functions not merely of the fluid mechanics of pressure and tissue elasticity but also of active homeostatic regulation with hormones and cell signaling, in which the body produces endogenous vasodilators and vasoconstrictors to modify its vessels' compliance. For example, the muscle tone of the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media can be adjusted by the renin–angiotensin system. In patients whose endogenous homeostatic regulation is not working well, dozens of pharmaceutical drugs that are also vasoactive can be added. The response of vessels to such vasoactive substances is called vasoactivity (or sometimes vasoreactivity). Vasoactivity can vary between persons because of genetic and epigenetic differences, and it can be impaired by pathosis and by age. This makes the topic of haemodynamic response (including vascular compliance and vascular resistance) a matter of medical and pharmacologic complexity beyond mere hydraulic considerations (which are complex enough by themselves).
The relationship between vascular compliance, pressure, and flow rate is Q=C(dP/dt) Q=flow rate (cm3/sec)
Arterial compliance.
The classic definition by MP Spencer and AB Denison of compliance (C) is the change in arterial blood volume (ΔV) due to a given change in arterial blood pressure (ΔP). They wrote this in the "Handbook of Physiology" in 1963 in work entitled "Pulsatile Flow in the Vascular System". So, C = ΔV/ΔP.
Arterial compliance is an index of the elasticity of large arteries such as the thoracic aorta. Arterial compliance is an important cardiovascular risk factor. Compliance diminishes with age and menopause. Arterial compliance is measured by ultrasound as a pressure (carotid artery) and volume (outflow into aorta) relationship.
Compliance, in simple terms, is the degree to which a container experiences pressure or force without disruption. It is used as an indication of arterial stiffness. An increase in the age and also in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) is accompanied with decrease on arterial compliance.
Endothelial dysfunction results in reduced compliance (increased arterial stiffness), especially in the smaller arteries. This is characteristic of patients with hypertension. However, it may be seen in normotensive patients (with normal blood pressure) before the appearance of clinical hypertension. Reduced arterial compliance is also seen in patients with diabetes and also in smokers. It is actually a part of a vicious cycle that further elevates blood pressure, aggravates atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), and leads to increased cardiovascular risk. Arterial compliance can be measured by several techniques. Most of them are invasive and are not clinically appropriate. Pulse contour analysis is a non-invasive method that allows easy measurement of arterial elasticity to identify patients at risk for cardiovascular events.
Natural factors that might counteract a decline in arterial compliance.
A study concluded that arterial compliance, which diminishes with menopause, was significantly improved with red clover isoflavones. The results of another study support the hypothesis that fish oil alters vascular reactivity and favorably influences arterial wall characteristics in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. These direct vascular effects, expressed at the level of the vessel wall, may contribute to the cardioprotective (protective for the heart) actions of fish oil in humans.
Another study concluded that one important measure of arterial health, systemic arterial compliance, was significantly improved in perimenopausal and menopausal women taking soy isoflavones to about the same extent as is achieved with conventional hormone replacement therapy.


Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is a disease in which there is permanent enlargement of parts of the airways of the lung. Symptoms typically include a chronic cough with mucus production. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and chest pain. Wheezing and nail clubbing may also occur. Those with the disease often get frequent lung infections.
Bronchiectasis may result from a number of infectious and acquired causes, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, immune system problems, as well as the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis eventually results in severe bronchiectasis in nearly all cases. The cause in 10–50% of those without cystic fibrosis is unknown. The mechanism of disease is breakdown of the airways due to an excessive inflammatory response. Involved airways (bronchi) become enlarged and thus less able to clear secretions. These secretions increase the amount of bacteria in the lungs, resulting in airway blockage and further breakdown of the airways. It is classified as an obstructive lung disease, along with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and confirmed using computed tomography. Cultures of the mucus produced may be useful to determine treatment in those who have acute worsening and at least once a year.
Periods of worsening may occur due to infection. In these cases, antibiotics are recommended. Common antibiotics used include amoxicillin, erythromycin, or doxycycline. Antibiotics, such as erythromycin, may also be used to prevent worsening of disease. Airway clearance techniques, a type of physical therapy, are also recommended. Medications to dilate the airways and inhaled steroids may be used during sudden worsening, but there are no studies to determine effectiveness. There are also no studies on the use of inhaled steroids in children. Surgery, while commonly done, has not been well studied. Lung transplantation may be an option in those with very severe disease.
The disease affects between 1 per 1000 and 1 per 250,000 adults. The disease is more common in women and increases as people age. It became less common since the 1950s with the introduction of antibiotics. It is more common among certain ethnic groups such as indigenous people. It was first described by René Laennec in 1819. The economic costs in the United States are estimated at $630 million per year.
Signs and symptoms.
Symptoms of bronchiectasis commonly include a cough productive of frequent green or yellow sputum lasting months to years. Other common symptoms include difficulty breathing, wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), and chest pain. Bronchiectasis may also present with coughing up blood in the absence of sputum, which has been called "dry bronchiectasis."
People often report frequent bouts of "bronchitis" requiring therapy with repeated courses of antibiotics. People with bronchiectasis may have bad breath from active infection. On examination, crepitations and expiratory rhonchi may be heard with auscultation. Nail clubbing is a rare symptom.
The complications of bronchiectasis include serious health conditions, such as respiratory failure and atelectasis:
collapse or closure of a lung. Respiratory failure occurs when not enough oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood. Atelectasis occur when one or more segments of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly. Other pulmonary complications include lung abscess and empyema. Cardiovascular complications include cor pulmonale, in which there is enlargement and failure of the right side of the heart as a result of disease of the lungs.
Causes.
There are many causes that can induce or contribute to the development of bronchiectasis. The frequency of these different causes varies with geographic location. Cystic fibrosis is identified as a cause in up to half of cases. Bronchiectasis without CF is known as non-CF bronchiectasis. Historically, about half of all case of non-CF bronchiectasis were found to be idiopathic, or without a known cause. However, more recent studies with a more thorough diagnostic work-up have found an etiology in 60 to 90% of patients.
Cystic fibrosis.
Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-threatening autosomal recessive disease in the United States and Europe. It is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR protein, a chloride channel expressed in epithelial cells. Lung disease results from clogging of the airways due to mucus build-up, decreased mucociliary clearance, and resulting inflammation. In later stages, changes to the structure of the lung, such as bronchiectasis, occur. Around 5 to 10% of all patients with cystic fibrosis develop bronchiectasis.
Airway obstruction.
An airway obstruction can be caused by either an intraluminal mass such as a tumor or a foreign body. The presence of an airway obstruction leads to a cycle of inflammation. It is important to identify the presence of an obstruction because surgical resection is often curative if obstruction is the cause. In adults, foreign body aspiration is often associated with an altered state of consciousness. The foreign body is often unchewed food, or part of a tooth or crown. Bronchiectasis that results from foreign body aspiration generally occurs in the right lung in the lower lobe or posterior segments of the upper lobe.
Lung infections.
A range of bacterial, mycobacterial, and viral lung infections are associated with the development of bronchiectasis. Bacterial infections commonly associated with bronchiectasis include "P. aeruginosa", "H. influenzae", and "S. pneumoniae". Gram-negative bacteria are more commonly implicated than gram-positive bacteria. A history of mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis can lead to damage of the airways that predisposes to bacterial colonization. Severe viral infections in childhood can also lead to bronchiectasis through a similar mechanism. Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections such as "Mycobacterium avium" complex are found to be a cause in some patients. Recent studies have also shown Nocardia infections to been implicated in bronchiectasis.
Impaired host defenses.
Impairments in host defenses that lead to bronchiectasis may be congenital, such as with primary ciliary dyskinesia, or acquired, such as with the prolonged use of immunosuppressive drugs. Additionally, these impairments may be localized to the lungs, or systemic throughout the body. In these states of immunodeficiency, there is a weakened or absent immune system response to severe infections that repeatedly affect the lung and eventually result in bronchial wall injury. HIV/AIDS is an example of an acquired immunodeficiency that can lead to the development of bronchiectasis.
Aspergillosis.
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an inflammatory disease caused by hypersensitivity to the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. It is suspected in patients with a long history of asthma and symptoms of bronchiectasis such as a productive, mucopurulent cough. Imaging often shows peripheral and central airway bronchiectasis, which is unusual in patients with bronchiectasis caused by other disorders.
Autoimmune diseases.
Several autoimmune diseases have been associated with bronchiectasis. Specifically, individuals with rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren syndrome have increased rates of bronchiectasis. In these diseases, the symptoms of bronchiectasis usually presents later in the disease course. Other autoimmune diseases such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease also have an association with bronchiectasis. Additionally, graft-versus-host disease in patients who have underwent stem cell transplantation can lead to bronchiectasis as well.
Lung injury.
Bronchiectasis could be caused by: inhalation of ammonia and other toxic gases, chronic pulmonary aspiration of stomach acid from esophageal reflux, or a hiatal hernia.
Congenital.
Bronchiectasis may result from congenital disorders that affect cilia motility or ion transport. A common genetic cause is cystic fibrosis, which affects chloride ion transport. Another genetic cause is primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare disorder that leads to immotility of cilia and can lead to situs inversus. When situs inversus is accompanied by chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis, this is known as Kartagener's syndrome. Other rare genetic causes include Young's syndrome and Williams-Campbell syndrome. Tracheobronchomegaly, or Mournier-Kuhn syndrome is a rare condition characterized by significant tracheobronchial dilation and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. Individuals with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency have been found to be particularly susceptible to bronchiectasis, due to the loss of inhibition to enzyme elastase which cleaves elastin. This decreases the ability of the alveoli to return to normal shape during expiration.
Cigarette smoking.
A causal role for tobacco smoke in bronchiectasis has not been demonstrated. Nonetheless, tobacco smoking can worsen pulmonary function and accelerate the progression of disease that is already present.
Pathophysiology.
The development of bronchiectasis requires two factors: an infectious insult and impaired drainage, obstruction, or a defect in host defense. This triggers a host immune response from neutrophils (elastases), reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines that results in progressive destruction of normal lung architecture. In particular, the elastic fibers of bronchi are affected. The result is permanent abnormal dilation and destruction of the major bronchi and bronchiole walls.
The "vicious cycle" theory is the generally accepted explanation for the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. In this model, a predisposed individual develops an excessive inflammatory response to pulmonary infection or tissue injury. The inflammation that results is partially responsible for the structural damage to the airways. The structural abnormalities allow for the stasis of mucus, which favors continued chronic infection and the persistence of the vicious cycle.
Endobronchial tuberculosis commonly leads to bronchiectasis, either from bronchial stenosis or secondary traction from fibrosis. Traction bronchiectasis characteristically affects peripheral bronchi (which lack cartilage support) in areas of end-stage fibrosis.
Diagnosis.
The goals of a diagnostic evaluation for bronchiectasis are radiographic confirmation of the diagnosis, identification of potential treatable causes, and functional assessment of the patient. A comprehensive evaluation consists of radiographic imaging, laboratory testing, and lung function testing.
A chest x-ray is abnormal in most patients with bronchiectasis. Computed tomography is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and is also used to describe the distribution and grade the severity of the disease. Radiographic findings include airway dilation, bronchial wall thickening, and atelectasis.
Laboratory tests that are commonly part of the initial evaluation include a complete blood count, sputum cultures for bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi, testing for cystic fibrosis, and immunoglobulin levels. Additional tests that are sometimes indicated include testing for specific genetic disorders.
Lung function testing is used for the assessment and monitoring of functional impairment due to bronchiectasis. These tests may include spirometry and walking tests. Obstructive lung impairment is the most common finding but restrictive lung impairment can be seen in advanced disease. Flexible bronchoscopy may be performed when sputum studies are negative and a focal obstructing lesion is suspected.
Prevention.
In preventing bronchiectasis, it is necessary to prevent the lung infections and lung damage that can cause it. Children should be immunized against measles, pertussis, pneumonia, and other acute respiratory infections of childhood. Additionally, parents should stay alert to keep children from inhaling objects such as pieces of food or small toys that may get stuck in small airways. Smoking and other toxic fumes and gases should be avoided by all patients with bronchiectasis to decrease the development of infections (such as bronchitis) and further complications.
Treatments to slow down the progression of this chronic disease include keeping bronchial airways clear and secretions weakened through various forms of airway clearance. Aggressively treating bronchial infections with antibiotics to prevent the destructive cycle of infection, damage to bronchi and bronchioles, and more infection is also standard treatment. Regular vaccination against pneumonia, influenza, and pertussis are generally advised. A healthy body mass index and regular doctor visits may have beneficial effects on the prevention of progressing bronchiectasis. The presence of hypoxemia, hypercapnia, dyspnea level and radiographic extent can greatly affect the mortality rate from this disease.
Management.
A comprehensive approach to the management of bronchiectasis is recommended. It is important to establish whether an underlying modifiable cause, such as immunoglobulin deficiency or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is present. The next steps include controlling infections and bronchial secretions, relieving airway obstructions, removing affected portions of lung by surgery, and preventing complications.
Airway clearance.
The goal of airway clearance therapy is to loosen secretions and interrupt the cycle of inflammation and infection. Airway clearance techniques improve difficulty breathing, cough, and help patients cough up phlegm and mucus plugs. Airway clearance usually uses an inhaled agent (hypertonic saline) with chest physiotherapy, such as high-frequency chest wall oscillation. Many airway clearance techniques and devices exist. The choice of a technique or device is based on the frequency and tenacity of phlegm, patient comfort, cost, and the patient's ability to use the technique or device with minimal interference to their lifestyle. Mucolytic agents such as dornase alfa are not recommended for individuals with non-CF bronchiectasis. Mannitol is a hyperosmolar agent that is thought to hydrate airway secretions, however, clinical trials with it have not demonstrated efficacy.
Anti-inflammatories.
The two most commonly used classes of anti-inflammatory therapies are macrolides and corticosteroids.
Despite also being antibiotics, macrolides exert immunomodulatory effects on the host inflammatory response without systemic suppression of the immune system. These effects include modifying mucus production, inhibition of biofilm production, and suppression of inflammatory mediators. Three large multicenter, randomized trials have shown reduced rates of exacerbations and improved cough and dyspnea with use of macrolide therapy. The impact of adverse effects of macrolides such as gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatotoxicity, and increased antimicrobial resistance needs ongoing review and study.
Inhaled corticosteroid therapy can reduce sputum production and decrease airway constriction over a period of time, helping prevent progression of bronchiectasis. Long term use of high-dose inhaled corticosteroids can lead to adverse consequences such as cataracts and osteoporosis. It is not recommended for routine use in children. One commonly used therapy is beclometasone dipropionate.
Antibiotics.
Antibiotics are used in bronchiectasis to eradicate "P. aeruginosa" or MRSA, to suppress the burden of chronic bacterial colonization, and to treat exacerbations. The use of daily oral non-macrolide antibiotic treatment has been studied in small case series, but not in randomized trials. The role of inhaled antibiotics in non-CF bronchiectasis has recently evolved with two society guidelines and a systematic review suggesting a therapeutic trial of inhaled antibiotics in patients with three or more exacerbations per year and "P. aeruginosa" in their sputum. Options for inhaled antibiotics include aerosolized tobramycin, inhaled ciprofloxacin, aerosolized aztreonam, and aerosolized colistin.
Bronchodilators.
Some clinical trials have shown a benefit with inhaled bronchodilators in certain people with bronchiectasis. In people with demonstrated bronchodilator reversibility on spirometry, the use of inhaled bronchodilators resulted in improved dyspnea, cough, and quality of life without any increase in adverse events. However, overall there is a lack of data to recommend use of bronchodilators in all patients with bronchiectasis.
Surgery.
The primary role of surgery in the management of bronchiectasis is in localized disease to remove segments of the lung or to control massive hemoptysis. Additionally, surgery is used to remove an airway obstruction that is contributing to bronchiectasis. The goals are conservative, aiming to control specific disease manifestations rather than cure or eliminate all areas of bronchiectasis. Surgical case series have shown low operative mortality rate (less than 2%) and improvement of symptoms in the majority of patients selected to receive surgery. However, no randomized clinical trials have been performed evaluating the efficacy of surgery in bronchiectasis.
Clinical trials.
Results from a phase 2 clinical trial have recently been published. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind study conducted in 256 patients worldwide, patients who received Brensocatib reported prolonged time to the first exacerbation and also reduced rate of yearly exacerbation.
Epidemiology.
The disease affects between 1 per 1000 and 1 per 250,000 adults. The disease is more common in women and increases as people age. It became less common since the 1950s, with the introduction of antibiotics. It is more common among certain ethnic groups such as indigenous people.
An estimated 350,000 to 500,000 adults have bronchiectasis in the United States. The disease is more common in women and in elderly individuals over the age of 65. Specifically, children of the indigenous populations of Australia, Alaska, Canada and New Zealand have significantly higher rates than other populations. Overall, a shortage of data exists concerning the epidemiology of bronchiectasis in Asia, Africa, and South America.
The exact rates of bronchiectasis are often unclear as the symptoms are variable. Rates of disease appeared to have increased in the United States between 2000 and 2007.
History.
René Laennec, the man who invented the stethoscope, used his invention to first discover bronchiectasis in 1819.
The disease was researched in greater detail by Sir William Osler, one of the four founding professors of Johns Hopkins Hospital, in the late 1800s. It is suspected that Osler himself died of complications from undiagnosed bronchiectasis. His biographies mention that he suffered frequent severe chest infections for many years.
The term "bronchiectasis" comes from the Greek words "bronkhia" (meaning "airway") and "ektasis ("meaning "widening").


Henry Atkins (physician)

Henry Atkins (1558–1635) was an English physician.
Life.
Atkins was the son of Richard Atkins of Great Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire. Matriculating at Trinity College, Oxford, in 1574, he graduated there and afterwards proceeded M.D. at Nantes. In 1588, he became fellow of the College of Physicians of London, and in 1606 president. He was re-elected in 1607, 1608, 1616, 1617, 1624, and 1625.
In 1597 Atkins sailed as physician to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex in the Islands Voyage, but was sea-sick, had to be put on shore, and resigned the appointment. His replacement was Thomas Moundeford. In 1604 Atkins was sent by James I to Scotland to bring back his son Charles. Prince Charles stayed at Dunfermline Palace for a year in the care of Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of Dunfermline after his mother Anne of Denmark had gone to England. Atkins wrote to her from Dunfermline in July 1604 saying the Prince, who was slow to learn to walk, could now walk the length of the "great chamber" or "longest chamber" several times daily without the use of a stick.
In 1611 the king is said to have offered Atkins the first baronet's patent. In 1612 Atkins was called into consultation during the last illness of Henry, Prince of Wales, and his opinion was that the disease was a putrid fever "without malignity, except that attending putridity". He suggested bleeding. His signature, as one of the king's physicians, stands next to that of Theodore Mayerne in the original report of the post-mortem examination.
Atkins also attended the deathbed of the Earl of Salisbury in May 1612. He attended Anne of Denmark with Theodore de Mayerne at Hampton Court in October 1618.
Of significance to the medical professions was the division of the Grocers' Company allowing the formation of the chartered Apothecaries' Company from 1617. Resistance to the proposals of Atkins for the split had come from Sir William Paddy. In 1618, under the active presidency of Atkins, the College of Physicians issued the first "London Pharmacopeia".
Atkins married Mary Pigot of Dodershall, Buckinghamshire. He lived in Warwick Court, enjoyed a large practice, and died rich on 21 September 1635. He left an only child, afterwards Sir Henry Atkins, and was buried in Cheshunt church, where a monument was placed. He was a benefactor of the College of Physicians.
In 1621 Alice Fortescue, widow of John Fortescue of Salden sold Tickford Priory in Newport Pagnell to Atkins for £4,500.


Peking Union Medical College Hospital

Peking Union Medical College Hospital, also known as Beijing Xiehe Hospital (), is a renowned general hospital in Beijing, China. It was founded in 1921 by Rockefeller Foundation and is affiliated to both Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS). During the Cultural Revolution, it was renamed the "Anti-imperialist Hospital".


Nikolai Pomyalovsky

Nikolai Gerasimovich Pomyalovsky (), ( – ), was a Russian novelist and short story writer.
Early life.
Pomyalovsky was born in Saint Petersburg in 1835. His father was a deacon in the Orthodox Church in Malaya Okhta, a village on the bank of the Neva River, across from Saint Petersburg. Pomyalovsky studied at the Alexander Nevsky Theological School (1843–51), where his lifelong problem with alcoholism began, and at the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy (1851–1857). His work "Seminary Sketches" is a harrowing description of his years in these schools. Though a talented student, he graduated next to last in his class, and wasn't recommended for a deaconship.
Career.
Upon leaving the seminary, he earned a living by serving at funerals, singing in choirs, and giving private lessons. He also attended lectures at Saint Petersburg State University. His story "Vukol: A Psychological Sketch" was published in the "Journal for Education" in 1859. The story tells of the progress of an intelligent but awkward orphan boy under the abuse and mistreatment of guardians and educators before he finally finds a teacher whose fatherly love he can respond to. In 1860 he started teaching at the largest of Saint Petersburg's Sunday schools, which were staffed by volunteers, and designed to educate the children of the working class. He had high expectations for the usefulness and influence of the Sunday schools, but when these expectations went unrealized he turned to drinking again.
He published his first novel "Bourgeois Happiness" in "Sovremennik" (The Contemporary). He also became friends with the editor of "Sovremennik", Nikolay Nekrasov, and with its guiding spirit Nikolai Chernyshevsky. As a result of this success, he attended many parties, and drank heavily, which eventually landed him in the hospital with delirium tremens. His novel "Molotov" (1861- also published in "Sovremennik"), the sequel to "Bourgeois Happiness", secured his reputation, and brought him into the company of writers like Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The two novels tell the story of a poor young intellectual's search for self-realization and his place in the world. The protagonist Molotov, an orphan raised by a university professor, doesn't feel that he belongs anywhere or to any particular social class. The gentry family whose children he tutors are alien to him, and he's not seen by them as an equal, even though he's a college graduate. Molotov won't become a civil servant because he feels it would take away his freedom. His girlfriend Nadya must break all ties with her family, who want her to marry a middle-aged general, in order to be with Molotov. In the end Nadya chooses to be with Molotov as they try to enjoy a simple "bourgeois" lifestyle.
Last years.
He had hoped to find solidarity and fellowship in the Saint Petersburg literary circles, but found only backbiting, petty ambitions, and what he saw as condescension from the established gentry writers. He rebelled by getting drunk often and acting in a way that alienated his friends and literary connections. At a dinner party held by Dostoyevsky, he ended up passed out drunk on the floor. He began disappearing for weeks at a time, living in the Saint Petersburg slums among prostitutes and criminals, and continuing to feed his addiction to alcohol. His binges usually led to his being jailed or hospitalized. During this time he worked on his "Seminary Sketches", the first of which was published in Dostoyevsky's journal "Vremya" (Time). "Seminary Sketches" gives a fictionalized but accurate account of the 14 years that Pomyalovsky spent in the seminaries. He tells of the drudgery and mindless rote learning that Russia's future spiritual leaders were subjected to. He goes on to describe teacher-student favoritism, suppression of independent thinking, and an endless repetition of brutal floggings. The seminary is ruled by the strong and brings out the worst in the students while killing the good in them. Dmitry Pisarev reviewed "Seminary Sketches" together with Dostoyevsky's novel "The House of the Dead" under the title "Those Who Are Lost and Those Who Are About to be Lost", pointing out that Dostoyevsky's novel was more optimistic than Pomyalovsky's work.
Pomyalovsky attempted suicide several times, and spent the winter of 1862-63 in the hospital. In 1863 he moved to the country with his brother and two student acquaintances in an effort to break with his habits and find sobriety. Another binge, brought on by misunderstandings that broke up his living arrangement, nearly killed him. A few days into his recovery he noticed a sore on his leg. When doctors opened the sore, they found gangrene, which he soon died from. After "Seminary Sketches", Pomyalovsky had begun work on a major novel, "Brother and Sister", dealing with lower class Saint Petersburg life, but it went unfinished. What he was able to complete of "Brother and Sister" shows his growth as a novelist.
Pomyalovsky had a considerable influence on Maxim Gorky and others, and is ranked high among Russian realist writers.


School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge

The School of Clinical Medicine is the medical school of the University of Cambridge in England. According to the QS World University Rankings 2020, it ranks as the 3rd best medical school in the world. The school is located alongside Addenbrooke's Hospital and other institutions in multiple buildings across the Cambridge Biomedical Campus.
The Clinical School.
Students from the University of Cambridge typically enter the clinical school on completion of three years of pre-clinical training. Approximately half of clinical training in Cambridge takes place at the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, with the other half located in regional hospitals and general practices across the east of England.
The Clinical School was established in 1976 while construction of the new building at its present site was underway. The clinical course was restructured in 2005 with the addition of a new final year, as the clinical course had previously been less than three years in length. Before 2017, approximately half of medical students left Cambridge after the pre-clinical course as there were not enough places on the clinical course for them all; common destinations included medical schools based in Oxford, London and Manchester. From 2017, all medical students continue to study in Cambridge for the full six years provided they pass the pre-clinical component of the course.
Students at the School take either a six-year standard course or an accelerated graduate course. Around 280 students are accepted to the standard course each year (with 21 places for fee-status applicants). Around 40 students are accepted to the graduate course each year.
Entry.
Students enter the clinical course at Cambridge following satisfactory progression during the pre-clinical component of the combined medical course or as part of the graduate course.
Institutes.
Herchel Smith Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry.
The Herchel Smith Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry is a laboratory under the aegis of the Regius Professor of Physic in the School of Clinical Medicine.
Notable academics.
The Regius Professorship of Physic is based at the School of Clinical Medicine. It is currently held by Patrick Maxwell.
Other current academics:
Former academics:


Carlos Logario

Carlos Logario was a Spanish doctor practising in England in the 16th century.
Logario was the doctor to Cardinal Wolsey, the chief minister of Henry VIII.


Addiction medicine

Addiction medicine is a medical subspecialty that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, evaluation, treatment, and recovery of persons with addiction, of those with substance-related and addictive disorders, and of people who show unhealthy use of substances including alcohol, nicotine, prescription medicine and other illicit and licit drugs. The medical subspecialty often crosses over into other areas, since various aspects of addiction fall within the fields of public health, psychology, social work, mental health counseling, psychiatry, and internal medicine, among others. Incorporated within the specialty are the processes of detoxification, rehabilitation, harm reduction, abstinence-based treatment, individual and group therapies, oversight of halfway houses, treatment of withdrawal-related symptoms, acute intervention, and long term therapies designed to reduce likelihood of relapse. Some specialists, primarily those who also have expertise in family medicine or internal medicine, also provide treatment for disease states commonly associated with substance use, such as hepatitis and HIV infection.
Physicians specializing in the field are in general agreement concerning applicability of treatment to those with addiction to drugs, such as alcohol and heroin, and often also to gambling, which has similar characteristics and has been well-described in the scientific literature. There is less agreement concerning definition or treatment of other so-called addictive behavior such as sexual addiction and internet addiction, such behaviors not being marked generally by physiologic tolerance or withdrawal.
Doctors focusing on addiction medicine are medical specialists who focus on addictive disease and have had special study and training focusing on the prevention and treatment of such diseases. There are two routes to specialization in the addiction field: one via a psychiatric pathway and one via other fields of medicine. The American Society of Addiction Medicine notes that approximately 40% of its members are psychiatrists (MD/DO) while the remainder have received primary medical training in other fields.
Accreditation in the United States.
In March 2016, the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) announced recognition of the field of addiction medicine as a new medical subspecialty. In several countries around the world, specialist bodies have been set up to ensure high quality practice in addiction medicine. For example, within the United States, there are two accepted specialty examinations. One is a Board Certification in Addiction Psychiatry from the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. The other is a Board Certification in Addiction Medicine from the American Board of Preventive Medicine. The latter approach is available to all physicians with primary Board certification, while the former is available only to board-certified psychiatrists.
Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine may also seek board certification via the American Osteopathic Association (AOA). The Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine must have a primary board certification in Neurology & Psychiatry, Internal Medicine, or Family Practice from the American Osteopathic Association and complete an AOA approved addiction medicine fellowship. Successful completion of a board examination administered via the AOA will grant a certificate of added qualification (CAQ) in addiction medicine.
Accreditation internationally.
Within Australia, addiction medicine specialists are certified via the Chapter of Addiction Medicine, which is part of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians. They may alternatively be a member of the Section of Addiction Psychiatry, Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.
The International Society of Addiction Medicine also can provide certification of expertise.


School of Medicine, Walailak University

The School of Medicine, Walailak University () is a medical school in Tha Sala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province.
History.
In 2004, by support from the citizens of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, a project to improve healthcare in the province was proposed to the cabinet. On 11 March 2006, the Walailak University Council, along with the Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor (CPIRD), the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), the school of Medicine was set up and the Doctor of Medicine degree was approved by the Medical Council of Thailand. On 27 November 2006, the school made an agreement with the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University for it to act as a mentoring institution for the school. The school was officially opened on 24 September 2007, initially opening admission for 48 students from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang and Phuket Provinces only, for the 2008 academic year. This quota was extended to Krabi and Phang-Nga Provinces in the 2015 academic year.
References.
Article incorporates material from the corresponding article in the Thai wikipedia.


Combined particle therapy


Harold Wordsworth Barber

Harold Wordsworth Barber (1887–1955) was an English dermatologist.
Education and career.
After education at Repton, Harold Wordsworth Barber matriculated at Clare College, Cambridge and graduated there in natural sciences in 1908. After medical education at Guy's Hospital, he graduated in 1911 BCh and in 1912 MB from the University of Cambridge. For the academic year 1912–1913, supported by an Arthur Durham Travelling Fellowship, he studied dermatology for most of a year in Paris under Darier at Hôpital Saint-Louis and then briefly studied in Hamburg under Unna.
From 1913 to 1915 Barber was a medical registrar at Guy's Hospital and qualified MRCP in 1914. In 1915 he joined the RAMC and during WWI served in India, Mesopotamia, German East Africa, and France. He returned in 1919 to Guy's Hospital as medical registrar and later in that year was appointed physician-in-charge of the department for skin diseases. He was a consulting dermatologist to the Royal Navy. He remained on the active staff of St Guy's Hospital until 1951 when he became a consulting physician to the Hospital's department of dermatology. He wrote the section on skin diseases in the 12th edition of "Taylor's Practice of Medicine" (1922), edited by E. P. Poulton.
In 1922 Barber was elected FRCP. In 1928, under the auspices of the Medical Society of London, he gave the Lettsomian Lectures on "Dermatology in Relation to other Branches of Medicine". In 1932 at the annual meeting of the British Medical Association, he was president of the Association's Section on Dermatology and Venereal Diseases. He was president of the British Association of Dermatology in 1944 and again in 1955. In 1952, under the auspices of the St John's Hospital Dermatological Society, he gave the Prosser White Oration, which was published in the Society's "Transactions" in 1953.


Simon I. Hay

Simon Iain Hay, (born 15 January 1971, Rinteln, Germany) is a British epidemiologist. He is Professor for Global Health at the University of Washington and Director of Geospatial Science at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). From 2013-2015 he served as the 52nd President of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Education and career.
Hay attended the University of Bristol, where he studied zoology (B.Sc. 1993, summa cum laude). He matriculated at the University of Oxford in the same year and gained his doctorate in epidemiology (D.Phil., 1996) while at Green College, Oxford. Early influences during his doctoral studies were Sir Richard Doll and Sir Richard Southwood. Hay has remained at the University of Oxford where he is now a member of congregation and was awarded the title of Reader (2008) and then Professor (2012). In 2012 he also became a Research Fellow in the Sciences and Mathematics at St John's College, Oxford where he gained a higher doctorate (D.Sc., 2014). In 2015, he became Professor for Health at the University of Washington and Director of the Local Burden of Disease at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME).
"The Lancet Infectious Diseases" published a biographical sketch, Simon Hay: mapping the world's ills summarising Hay's education, early career and influences. His work on mapping malaria and other vector-borne diseases, and more recently adding a geospatial dimension to the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD), is described. Hay's future goal is to create high spatial resolution maps for all the diseases, risks, and injuries covered by the GBD, which could be possible in the next 10 years with advances in technology. Influential colleagues in the field, Peter Hotez and Jeremy Farrar acknowledge Prof. Hay's geospatial vision in presenting complex data sets in an accessible way that has led to policy changes worldwide.
Kofi Annan recognised the importance of Hay's recent work in his article, saying, “Such fine-grained insight brings tremendous responsibility to act.” Published in "Nature (journal)", these high-resolution maps of child growth failure (stunted growth, wasting and underweight), and educational attainment, clearly illustrate local progress made during the Millennium Development Goal era, as well as, some entrenched inequalities across the continent, that need significant attention in the Sustainable Development Goal era. As well as working on these "Nature (journal)" papers, Hay's Local Burden of Disease (LBD) team explores health trends at a high spatial resolution to provide information to local decision-makers.
Research.
Hay investigates spatial and temporal aspects of infectious disease epidemiology to support the more rational implementation of disease control and intervention strategies.
Honours and awards.
Hay was awarded the Scientific Medal of the Zoological Society of London (2008), the Back Award of the Royal Geographical Society (2012), for research contributing to public health policy, the Bailey K. Ashford Medal of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2013) and the Chalmers Medal of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (2015), both for exceptional contributions to tropical medicine.


Steve Parker (Neighbours)

Steve Parker is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera "Neighbours", played by Steve Bastoni. In 2007, "Neighbours" decided to return to focusing more on family dynamics and the characters of Steve and his family were created and introduced to help boost falling ratings in Australia. Steve made his first on-screen appearance on 23 July 2007 along with his wife, Miranda Parker, and their daughter Bridget Parker. The family moved into Ramsay Street and Steve opened a veterinary practice in the Lassiters complex. His storylines included taking the blame for the death of Chris Knight, being kissed and poisoned by Nicola West, breaking up and later reuniting with Miranda, becoming a grandfather and the death of his daughter. In March 2009, the decision was taken to write the Parker family out of the show after Bastoni and Eloise Mignon quit. Steve departed on 24 July 2009 with his wife, following Bridget's funeral.
Casting.
In 2007 "Neighbours" suffered one of its worst decline in ratings, so producers implemented several key changes, including the introduction of a new family. Network Ten drama executive Dan Bennett said the show would return to the focus on relationships and family dynamics. The arrival of the Parker family in July 2007 marked the start of the show's renovation.
Actor Steve Bastoni was cast in the role of patriarch Steve Parker. Bastoni's agent contacted him and asked if he would consider joining the cast of "Neighbours". He agreed to the role after struggling to find work following his move to Melbourne from Sydney with no prospects. Bastoni called the role "a little gift from God". He previously appeared in the serial as bank teller Alex Baxter in 1985. Bastoni admitted to feeling surprised by the pace of filming, saying "I was very shocked at how fast they shoot it all, and I wasn't prepared for the speed and volume of what you churn through every week." This contributed to the actor "mellowing out" following his arrival in Melbourne for the role.
On 18 February 2009, a reporter for "The Daily Telegraph" confirmed that Bastoni would be leaving "Neighbours" in April, after the producers decided to write the Parker family out of the show. Darren Rowe of Digital Spy later reported that the decision to write the family out came after Bastoni and Mignon decided to quit the serial. Of his exit, Bastoni said "I only planned to be on the show for a year to 18 months but I've been here two years now and have done enough – and there's nowhere else for the character to go."
Storylines.
Steve moves to Erinsborough from Sydney with his wife Miranda Parker (Nikki Coghill), and their two adoptive children Riley Parker (Sweeney Young) and Bridget Parker (Eloise Mignon), as Steve plans to open a new veterinary clinic. The family come to Ramsay Street to visit Steve's brother Ned Parker (Dan O'Connor). Steve discovers the apartment the family are moving into is already furnished and Janae Timmins (Eliza Taylor-Cotter) allows them to store their things in her garage. Shortly after opening his clinic, Steve and Miranda are forced to move in Ned and Janae when their apartment floods. Steve is surprised when Riley turns up and tells him that he has dropped out of university. Ned and Janae both depart Erinsborough and the house is put up for sale by auction. Tim Collins (Ben Anderson) tells the Parkers that he plans to buy the house to build flats on and Steve tells him that he also plans to buy the house. At the auction, Steve outbids Tim, but goes over his limit. Miranda then tells Steve that they will have to cut costs.
When Chris Knight (Luke Mitchell) is found with head injuries, Bridget confesses to Steve that she pushed him away when he tried to attack her. Chris later dies and, to protect his daughter, Steve confesses to attacking Chris. Steve is arrested and charged with murder. During his trial, Bridget runs in and tells the court the truth. Miranda's sister Nicola West (Imogen Bailey) arrives and she lets slip that Miranda was in love with another man when she got married. Steve is shocked and moves out, believing that Miranda does not love him. Nicola then tries to seduce Steve and she later poisons him. Steve recovers and Nicola is sent to a psychiatric hospital. Steve and Miranda continue having marital problems and Steve is unhappy when he discovers that Miranda slept with a former boyfriend. However, the couple later reconcile.
Steve is angry when he discovers that Bridget is pregnant. However, he later comes round to the idea and promises to help her through it. Steve is also unhappy when Bridget's boyfriend, Declan Napier (James Sorensen) moves in with the family. Bridget gives birth to Steve's first grandchild, India, at a music festival. Steve and Miranda are able to listen to the birth via Karl Kennedy's (Alan Fletcher) phone.
While on their way to take India to visit relatives in Oakey, Steve swerves the car to avoid an escaped horse and the car overturns. Steve is relatively unharmed and when the rescue services arrive, he helps out with the search for Bridget. Steve finds her and India and they are taken to the hospital. Bridget later dies from internal injuries, which devastates Steve and Miranda. Following her funeral, Steve and Miranda decide to move away.
Reception.
The Parker's entrance to the show was watched by an average 1.05 million viewers in Australia. Network Ten's head of drama Dan Bennett praised the new cast members saying "It's probably the strongest cast we've ever had". AnnMaree Bellman of "The Sydney Morning Herald" liked the family's entrance, writing that "they engage right off". She also thought that Steve and Miranda were played "confidently" by Bastoni and Coghill. The character was branded a "troubled family man" by a reporter for "The Daily Telegraph".
Steve has received mostly positive criticism from Ruth Deller of television website Lowculture. During his first year on the show, Deller said that Steve was "trying to fill the nice guy role of Philip Martin, but doesn't quite achieve it". In 2008, Deller said that the Parker family were improving and she singled Steve out, calling him "great". In July 2009, he was placed joint fifth with "Coronation Street's" Kevin Webster on the best soap characters list in 2009. Deller said "Both characters have been underrated 'good guys' for much of their tenure on the shows and deserve some credit for that. That's not the main reason they've made this month's chart though – it's because lots of people on the forums seem to have owned up to fancying these guys this month – and in a poor month for storylines and characterisation, being a DILF is qualification enough to get you into our top five."


George F. Bond

Captain George Foote Bond (November 14, 1915 – January 3, 1983) was a United States Navy physician who was known as a leader in the field of undersea and hyperbaric medicine and the "Father of Saturation Diving".
While serving as Officer-in-Charge at the Naval Medical Research Laboratory in Groton, Connecticut he conducted his earliest experiments into saturation diving techniques.
In 1957, Bond began the Genesis project to prove that humans could in fact withstand prolonged exposure to different breathing gases and increased environmental pressures. Once saturation is achieved, the amount of time needed for decompression depends only on the depth and gases breathed. This was the beginning of saturation diving and the US Navy's Man-in-the-Sea Program.
The first two phases of Project Genesis involved exposing animals to saturation in various breathing gases. In 1962, interest in helium-oxygen atmospheres for manned space flights made Phase C possible. Phase C involved saturation of three subjects at one atmosphere (surface) in a 21.6% oxygen, 4% nitrogen, and 74.4% helium environment for six days. In phase D experiments at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit in 1963, the subjects performed the world's first saturation dive at a depth of 100 feet of seawater (fsw) in a 7% oxygen, 7% nitrogen, and 86% helium environment for 6 days. In phase E trials in 1963 divers were saturated for 12 days at 198 fsw breathing 3.9% oxygen, 6.5% nitrogen and 89.6% helium. A 27-hour linear ascent was made from saturation.
"Papa Topside" Bond initiated and served as the Senior Medical Officer and principal investigator of the US Navy SEALAB program. SEALAB I was lowered off the coast of Bermuda in 1964 to a depth of 192 fsw below the sea's surface. The experiment was halted after 11 days due to an approaching tropical storm. SEALAB I proved that saturation diving in the open ocean was a viable means for expanding our ability to live and work in the sea. The experiment also provided engineering solutions to habitat placement, habitat umbilicals, humidity, and helium speech descrambling. SEALAB II was launched off the coast of California in 1965 to assess the feasibility of utilizing saturation techniques and tools accomplish a variety of tasks that would be difficult or impossible to accomplish by repeated dives from the surface." In addition to physiological testing, the divers tested new tools, methods of salvage, and an electrically heated drysuit. SEALAB III was placed in water three times as deep to test new salvage techniques and for oceanographic and fishery studies. On February 15, 1969, SEALAB III was lowered to 610 fsw (185 m), off San Clemente Island, California. The habitat soon began to leak and six divers were sent to repair it, but they were unsuccessful. During the second attempt, aquanaut Berry L. Cannon died, and the program came to a halt.
Early life.
George Foote Bond was born November 14, 1915 in Willoughby, Ohio to Robert and Louise Foot Bond. Bond received a Bachelor and Master of Arts from the University of Florida in 1939. While a student at UF, he became a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. He then attended medical school at McGill University where he completed his medical training in surgery in 1945. Bond performed his internship at the Memorial Hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1946, Bond established a rural medicine practice in Bat Cave, North Carolina. Seeing a need in the community, Bond established the Valley Clinic and Hospital in 1948. Bond was recognized by the community as "Doctor of the Year" in 1953. The people of the area showed their affection towards Bond when he appeared on the national television show "This Is Your Life" on June 22, 1955.
Navy career.
Bond entered active Navy service in 1953. Soon after he qualified as a Diving and Submarine Medical Officer and served as Squadron Medical Officer from 1954 to 1958. Later that year, Bond transferred to the Naval Medical Research Laboratory in Groton, Connecticut where he served as the Officer-in-Charge until 1964. It was during this time that Bond conducted his earliest experiments into saturation diving techniques.
On October 2, 1959, approximately 15 miles southwest of Key West, Commander Bond and Chief Engineman Cyril Tuckfield safely completed a 52-second, 302-foot buoyant ascent from the forward escape trunk of the U.S. Navy submarine USS "Archerfish". Both men received the Legion of Merit in 1960 for establishing the feasibility of deep submarine escape by locking out.
Project Genesis.
Albert R. Behnke proposed the idea of exposing humans to increased ambient pressures long enough for the blood and tissues to become saturated with inert gases in 1942. In 1957, Bond began the Genesis project proving that humans could in fact withstand prolonged exposure to different breathing gases and increased environmental pressures. Once saturation is achieved, the amount of time needed for decompression depends on the depth and gases breathed. This was the beginning of saturation diving and the US Navy's Man-in-the-Sea Program.
Genesis was conducted in phases. In 1957 and 1958, the first two phases (A and B) involved exposing animals to saturation in various breathing gases. The experiments are summarized in the table below:
Once the animal work was completed, Bond proposed offering "the opportunity for development of ecological systems which would permit man, as a free agent, to live and work to depths at 600 feet, and for periods in excess of 30 days." This proposal was rejected but in 1962, interest in helium-oxygen atmospheres for manned space flights made Phase C possible.
Fred Korth was the Secretary of the Navy in 1962 and authorized Phase C involving saturation of three subjects at one atmosphere (surface) in a 21.6% oxygen, 4% nitrogen, and 74.4% helium environment for six days. The divers for this trial were Lieutenants John C. Bull, Jr., Albert P. Fisher, Jr., and Chief Quartermaster Robert A. Barth. Physiologically, the subjects showed no changes though difficulty controlling their body temperature as well as changes in their speech from the helium were noted.
Phase D experiments were conducted at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit in 1963. The subjects for these trials were Robert A. Barth, Sanders W. Manning, and Raymond R. Lavois. The subjects performed the world's first saturation dive at a depth of 100 feet of seawater (fsw) in a 7% oxygen, 7% nitrogen, and 86% helium environment for 6 days. Light exercise and underwater swimming was performed periodically in the "wet pot" (a water-filled hyperbaric chamber). Again the difficulty controlling their body temperature was a concern and the helium speech became worse at the greater environmental pressure.
Bond returned the team to the Naval Medical Research Laboratory for the Phase E trials in 1963. The divers were John C. Bull, Jr., Robert A. Barth, and Sanders W. Manning. They were saturated for 12 days at 198 fsw breathing 3.9% oxygen, 6.5% nitrogen and 89.6% helium. The temperature and voice communications problems continued with communications with the surface being virtually impossible. A 27-hour linear ascent was made from saturation.
The Genesis chamber is still in use as a research facility today at the Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory.
SEALAB.
Following the success of the Genesis Project, Edwin Link initiated his Man-in-the-Sea dives followed shortly thereafter by Cousteau and his Conshelf experiments. "Papa Topside" Bond initiated and served as the Senior Medical Officer and principal investigator of the US Navy SEALAB program.
SEALAB I was lowered off the coast of Bermuda in 1964 to a depth of 192 fsw below the sea's surface. It was constructed from two converted floats and held in place with axles from railroad cars. Bond and Captain Walter Mazzone inspected the habitat prior to the beginning of the project. The experiment involved four divers (LCDR Robert Thompson, MC; Gunners Mate First Class Lester Anderson, Chief Quartermaster Robert A. Barth, and Chief Hospital Corpsman Sanders Manning), who were to stay submerged for three weeks. The experiment was halted after 11 days due to an approaching tropical storm. SEALAB I proved that saturation diving in the open ocean was a viable means for expanding our ability to live and work in the sea. The experiment also provided engineering solutions to habitat placement, habitat umbilicals, humidity, and helium speech descrambling.
SEALAB II was launched in 1965 to assess the feasibility of utilizing saturation techniques and tools "to remain deep beneath the ocean surface indefinitely and accomplish a variety of tasks that would be difficult or impossible to accomplish by repeated dives from the surface." It was placed in the La Jolla Canyon off the coast of California, at a depth of 205 fsw. On August 28, 1965, the first of three teams of divers moved into what became known as the "Tilton Hilton" (Tiltin' Hilton, because of the slope of the landing site). Unlike SEALAB I, it also included hot showers and refrigeration. Each team spent 15 days in the habitat, but aquanaut/astronaut Scott Carpenter remained below for a record 30 days. In addition to physiological testing, the divers tested new tools, methods of salvage, and an electrically heated drysuit. One case of decompression sickness was treated by Dr. Bond.
SEALAB III used a refurbished SEALAB II habitat, but was placed in water three times as deep. Five teams of nine divers were scheduled to spend 12 days each in the habitat, testing new salvage techniques and conducting oceanographic and fishery studies. According to John Piña Craven, the U.S. Navy's head of the Deep Submergence Systems Project of which SEALAB was a part, SEALAB III "was plagued with strange failures at the very start of operations". On February 15, 1969, SEALAB III was lowered to 610 fsw (185 m), off San Clemente Island, California. The habitat soon began to leak and six divers were sent to repair it, but they were unsuccessful. Tragically, during the second attempt, aquanaut Berry L. Cannon died. The SEALAB program came to a halt, and although the habitat was retrieved, it was eventually scrapped. Aspects of the research continued but no new habitats were built.
Memberships, awards, and recognition.
Bond was decorated with a Navy Commendation Medal for "heroic, professional, and scientific achievement" while he was the Medical Officer for Submarine Squadron One from 1954 to 1956. The Legion of Merit was awarded in 1960 for establishing the feasibility of deep submarine escape by locking out of a submarine at a depth of 302 fsw with two additional gold stars being earned for his work with SEALAB I (1964) and SEALAB II (1965).
The US Navy dedicated the new Ocean Simulation Facility at the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit in honor of Dr. Bond in 1974.
Bond served on the first Board of Advisors for the National Association of Underwater Instructors.
Bond's leadership helped establish the Man-In-The-Sea Museum in 1977 with a goal to preserve the history of undersea exploration.
Death.
Bond died on January 3, 1983 in North Carolina. He is buried in Bat Cave, NC.


John Callaghan

John Carter Callaghan, (October 1, 1923 – April 6, 2004) was a Canadian cardiac surgeon who "pioneered open-heart surgery in Alberta"
Born in Hamilton, Ontario on October 1, 1923, he received his medical degree from the University of Toronto in 1946. In 1955, he joined the Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery at the University of Alberta Hospital and performed Canada's first successful open heart surgery.
In 1985, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1986, he was inducted into the Alberta Order of Excellence.


Russell Viner

Russell Mardon Viner (born 1963) is the president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Viner studied at the University of Queensland and the University of Cambridge. He is currently Professor in Adolescent Health at the UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health.


Helen L. Smits

Helen L. Smits (1937–present) was a health policy influencer and advocate in the United States, and lent her voice to several healthcare initiatives abroad. Most notably, she was a recipient of the Fulbright scholarship and served under the Carter and Clinton administrations. She also held positions in government organizations including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Healthcare Financing Administration.
Childhood & Education.
Dr. Helen L. Smits was born to Fred Smits, who was a freelance sports writer and editor, and Anna Mary Wells, who was an associate professor of English, in 1937 in Long Beach, California. After graduating from high school, Smits went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She then attended Yale University, where she obtained her Master’s of Art with an emphasis in English, and eventually returned to complete her Medical Degree at the Yale School of Medicine. Smits was one of only eight women in her graduating class.
Career.
After graduating medical school, Helen L. Smits began her residency at the hospital at University of Pennsylvania, eventually becoming the chief resident in 1971. In the years following, she was employed as the associate administrator at this hospital and faculty member at the Wharton School.
In 1977, under the President Jimmy Carter administration, Smits was elected as the Director of the Health Standards and Quality Bureau at the Healthcare Financing Administration (now known as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services).
In 1981, Smits and her family relocated to Connecticut. She was a faculty member at the Yale School of Public Health before becoming the Director of John Dempsey Hospital at the University of Connecticut for seven years. Additionally, from 1991-1993 she was a member of the Board of Regents of the American College of Physicians, and the Board of Commissioners of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations.
Later in 1993, Smits was commissioned by President Bill Clinton to serve as the Deputy Administrator and Chief Medical Officer of the Healthcare Financing Administration. Her work included supervision of the review of the Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). At this time, Smits was also working alongside Hillary Clinton to reform healthcare policies. Following her review at the NIH, Smits was appointed to the Clinical Center's Board of Governors, and in 1997, she was elected to the Institute of Medicine.
In 2002, Smits received the Fulbright Fellowship, and moved to Maputo, Mozambique to teach at the Department of Community Medicine at Eduardo Mondlane University. Furthermore, Smits began her research and development of HIV/AIDS prevention with the William J. Clinton Presidential Foundation and the Ministry of Health. In the following year, Smits served as the Vice Chair of the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). While she was employed as the Vice Chair, the United States Congress passed the “United States Leadership against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act” which increased the allocation of antiretroviral treatment and the development of HIV/AIDS research and testing.
Currently, Smits is now retired and resides in Old Saybrook, Connecticut with her husband, but is still a senior consultant to the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation’s African Health Initiative.
Research.
Thought her career, Smits authored and contributed her intellect to over a dozen academic papers about healthcare and medicine. In 1967, Smits published her first study in The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine regarding a study of the ultrastructure of the embryonic rabbit lung, she received her medical degree in the same year. Smits went on to publish another paper in 1981 comparing the practices of new and established physicians. Her study concluded that experienced physicians were more likely to accept medicare and medicaid in relation to their new counterparts. On the other hand, the newer physicians billed more and sometimes charged slightly higher prices for care and procedures. In 1984, Smits co-authored a paper in the Medicare and Medicaid Research Review warning against a switch diagnosis-related group payment systems. Smits cited several weaknesses including inaccurate medical billing and that the system furthered the false idea that increased sickness always correlates with higher costs. Smits also spent a notable amount of time writing on issues within geriatric medicine including Medicaid, nursing homes, and health policy affecting the elderly. In her last known publication in 1995, "Commentary on Hospitals & Nursing Homes. New Insight into the Plight of 'Dual Eligibles"' she urges those in healthcare policy and the nursing home industry to "know as much as possible about the actual users of nursing homes and we need to look at ways to offer them care that is both cost effective and high quality." She also warns that while some may be quick to want to implement new policy that "changing the system in the wrong way will lead to poorer care and escalating costs."
Accomplishments and Awards.
In 2009, Helen L. Smits was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame.


Medical Society of Virginia

The Medical Society of Virginia (MSV), is a professional association of more than 11,000 Virginia physicians, medical students, residents, physician assistants and physician assistant students. It was founded in December 1820, and incorporated in 1824. It has been responsible for the creation of the State Board of Health, the State Board of Medical Examiners, the Board of Medicine and the MSV Review Organization (which has evolved into the Virginia Health Quality Center). Each of these now independent entities had their beginnings within the Medical Society of Virginia. This organization is the only association representing all Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) and Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.), regardless of specialty or type of practice setting in Virginia.
MSV Entities.
The MSV is made up of three entities; the nonprofit Foundation (MSVF), the Political Action Committee, the MSVPAC, and the for-profit Medical Society of Virginia Insurance Agency (MSVIA).


United States Navy Dental Corps

The Dental Corps of the United States Navy consists of naval officers who have a doctorate in either dental surgery (DDS) or dental medicine (DMD) and who practice dentistry for Sailors and Marines to ensure optimal oral health.
The U.S. Navy Dental Corps was established by an Act of Congress in 1912. Its membership consists of dental officers of the Navy and the United States Navy Reserve. The primary mission of the Corps is to prevent or remedy dental conditions that may interfere with the performance of duty by members of the active naval forces. In overseas locations, they sometimes also treat dependent family members.
History.
On 22 August 1912, the second session of the 62nd Congress passed an act (later signed by President Howard Taft) that established the Dental Corps. The Secretary of the Navy was authorized to appoint no more than 30 acting assistant dental surgeons to be a part of the Medical Department.
Dental officers are usually appointed to the rank of Lieutenant (LT) (O-3) but may be appointed to higher ranks with significant experience or advanced specialty training.
In October 1912, Emory Bryant and William N. Cogan were the first two dental officers to enter active duty with the U.S. Navy. Just over one year later, the Surgeon General of the United States reported to the Secretary of the Navy that the Medical Department now had the ability to provide dental care that would allow the Navy to accept recruits who would otherwise be rejected for defective teeth. In 1916, Congress authorized the president to appoint and commission dental surgeons in the Navy at the rate of one dentist per 1000 enlisted personnel.
World War I.
During World War I, the Surgeon General of the United States mandated that dental officers complete a 10-week course in advanced oral surgery at Naval Station Great Lakes. The Corps expanded from 35 to over 500, with 124 of those 500 commissioned in the regular Navy. With America's involvement in World War I, the Navy deployed dental officers on combatant ships and with Marine ground combat units.
The first dental officer stationed on a ship was LTJG Carl Ziesel aboard the transport , which at that time was the world's largest ship. Eventually, dental officers were assigned to 22 of the 43 transports active during the war. Two dental officers were awarded the Medal of Honor for their heroic actions while serving with the Marines in France, LTJG Alexander Lyle with the 5th Marine Regiment and LTJG Weedon Osborne posthumously with the 6th Marine Regiment during the advance on Bourches, France. The memory of LTJG Osborne lives on today with an annual award given in his name to the junior dental officer who exemplifies the qualities of high character, superior leadership, and devotion to duty.
Navy Dental School.
Early in 1922, a significant milestone occurred: the creation of a Dental Division in the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Shortly after on 3 February 1923, the U.S. Naval Dental School opened as the dental department of the United States Naval Medical School. Its purpose was to furnish postgraduate instruction in dental medicine to officers of the Dental Corps of the Navy and to train and equip men of the Hospital Corps as assistants to dental officers. There were 150 dental officers on duty at the time.
Expansion of dental practice.
In 1927, Navy Regulations authorized dental treatment to the officers and men on the retired list; before that, only enlisted were treated. During this era, Navy Dentistry began to focus heavily on prevention of disease, which was unique at the time and is now a quality that distinguishes the Corps today. Navy dentists demonstrated their skills throughout the 1920s and 1930s in Navy and Marine operations in places like Haiti, Nicaragua, and China. By 1939, 255 dental officers served at 22 major dental facilities ashore and afloat. Among them was the hospital ship .
World War II.
Two Dental Corps officers were killed and four were wounded in the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941; they would not be the last dental officers to die in the line of duty. As the US got ready for world conflict, Navy Dentistry's active duty numbers swelled to its highest levels ever – ultimately reaching 7,000 dental officers and 11,000 dental technicians. Active in nearly every engagement during the war, dental personnel who were assigned to operational units in the South Pacific often assisted in emergency medical operations ashore, especially facial trauma requiring surgery. Numerous dental officers were killed in action aboard war ships and in major battles in Guadalcanal, Tarawa, Saipan, and Iwo Jima. For their heroic efforts, 93 dental officers received personal awards, including the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, and the Bronze Star Medal.
Post-war advancement until the Korean War.
By 1943, more than 3,500 dentists were serving on active duty. In June 1944, the first female dentist in the armed forces, LT Sara Krout, DC, USNR, reported to Great Lakes, IL. She stayed in the Navy Reserves after the war and retired as a Commander on 1 December 1961.
In February 1945, the first self-contained mobile dental treatment unit began operation. Mobile units were developed to provide dental treatment to small groups of naval personnel in isolated areas or pier side, a practice common today at many fleet support areas. The concept of taking dental capabilities to the fleet became so popular that in August 1945, plans were authorized to build four dental clinic ships, but these plans were cancelled when the war ended. When the Japanese surrendered aboard the USS "Missouri", there were 1,545 dental clinics in operation, with 459 dental officers alone at the Navy's largest clinic at the Great Lakes.
During the post-war period, the Dental Corps shrank to only 913 dental officers on active duty in 1949, but not for long. During this period the Naval Dental College was commanded by Captain George Wm. "Bill" Ferguson, DDS, USN (dec.) who played a significant role in the desegregation of the military and in the creation of the State of Israel.
Korean War.
On 27 June 1950, President Harry S. Truman ordered the U.S. Armed Forces into action in Korea. As the 1st Marine Division deployed, dental officers and technicians marched shoulder to shoulder with Marines onto the battlefield, providing dental and medical support forward. Korea marked the first time in history that enlisted men of the Navy wore dental rating badges into combat. One such man was DN Thomas A. Christianson, awarded the Navy Cross posthumously for his gallant efforts while serving with the 1st Amphibious Tractor Battalion.
At the peak of the Korean War, 1,900 dental officers and 4,700 dental technicians were on active duty. As in World War I and World War II, dental personnel served heroically. Fifteen dental officers earned personal commendations, including the Silver Star, the Bronze Star, and the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Ribbon with Combat V.
Dental advancements.
Revolutionizing the field of dentistry worldwide, researchers led by Dr. Ferguson at the Naval Dental School developed pioneer models of the dental air turbine, hand piece and ultrasonic vibrating instruments, and sit-down lounge-type dental chair and stools. The late Dr. Ferguson was also mainly responsible for his creative ideas regarding sit-down, four-handed dentistry, Expanded Duty, and Dental Aux. Later in Dr. Ferguson's non-military career as Dean at SUNY Buffalo School of Dentistry, his efforts helped to promote the U.S.P.H.S. "Project ACORDE" to standardize all American dental schools. Dr. Ferguson was also a "Founding Father" of the American Academy of Operative Dentistry (A.A.O.D). His ideas and concepts were a tremendous leap forward for the dental profession today. The hardware that Dr. Ferguson helped to create's prototypes are currently displayed at the Smithsonian Institution.
Vietnam War.
By the beginning of the '60s, Navy Dentistry operated from 160 shore-based facilities and aboard 156 ships. To support Marine Corps operations, Navy Dentistry developed innovative ways to use their skills in the field. Able to deploy nine mobile dental units on trailers, they also developed more powerful rotary instruments and a field x-ray and developing unit.
These field dental capabilities proved their worth when a detachment of the 3rd Dental Company deployed with Marines to Vietnam in June 1965. Many more Dental teams would follow. Between 1965 and 1973, Dental Corps personnel from the 1st, 3rd, and 11th Dental Companies, along with detachments of the 15th Dental Company, deployed to Vietnam in support of Marine Ground and Air Combat Units. In addition to caring for Marines, dental personnel participated in many civic action programs rendering humanitarian aid to Vietnamese civilians. They were also busily training Vietnamese dentists in basic and advanced dental procedures, as part of the "Vietnamization" program.
At the peak of the Vietnam War, there were 420 dental officers and 790 dental technicians (approximately one-fifth of the Dental Corps) deployed with Marine units.
Post–Vietnam War until the 1990s.
In 1975, the nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, USS "Nimitz" (CVN–68) was commissioned. It was the most modern and capable dental facility afloat, supporting seven dental operating rooms, a prosthetic laboratory, a central sterilization room, an X-ray suite, and a preventive dentistry room. When a Navy jet crashed on the "Nimitz" flight deck on 26 May 1981, killing 14 and injuring 48, dental personnel were an integral asset to the mass casualty response and the overall team effort by the Medical and Dental Departments.
On 23 October 1983, the bombing of the Marine headquarters and barracks of Battalion Landing Team 1/8 of the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit at Beirut International Airport, Lebanon, left 241 American servicemen dead. The only on-scene Navy physician was killed, along with 18 Navy hospital corpsmen. Two dental officers assigned to the 24th Marine Amphibious Unit coordinated emergency trauma care with 15 hospital corpsmen, treating 65 casualties in the first two hours following the explosion. LTs' Bigelow and Ware would later be awarded Bronze Stars for their leadership and emergency medical services. Additional dental personnel aboard the USS "Iwo Jima" joined medical teams ashore to provide care and support for survivors.
In July 1984, the Navy began conversion of two supertankers to hospital ships. The USNS "Mercy" and the USNS "Comfort" were placed into service in December 1986. With 1,000 beds and 12 operating rooms, each ship can provide comprehensive dental services in two operating rooms, four dental treatment rooms, and a dental laboratory. More recently, when the four battleships– "Iowa", "New Jersey", "Missouri", and "Wisconsin"– were re-commissioned, dental spaces were upgraded to provide high quality dental support.
In March 1986, the Naval Dental School moved into its new spaces in Building 2 of the Bethesda Complex. What had begun as the Dental Department of the United States Naval Medical School in 1923 has evolved into a state of the art, fully accredited, Naval Graduate Dental School, recognized as one of the best in the world.
Navy Dental from the 1990s - today.
With the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 and the commitment of U.S. Forces to the region, detachments of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Dental Battalions deployed in support of the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions. Dental Battalion personnel ultimately established 21 dental clinics in 3 countries, in such places as the Marine Airfield at Shaik Iza, Bahrain; the Port of Jubail in Saudi Arabia, and in the desert sands of northern Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
The hospital ships "Comfort" and "Mercy" brought their dental assets to the war effort, and active and reserve dental personnel were deployed with each of the three Fleet Hospitals. In all, more than 90 dental officers and 300 dental technicians deployed in support of Desert Shield and Storm.
In 1992, civil unrest in Somalia erupted into all-out tribal war. In December, Marines of the 1st Force Service Support Group arrived in Mogadishu, and personnel from the 1st Dental Battalion provided dental care for Marines in country. In support of the State Department's peacekeeping efforts, they also provided humanitarian dental care to Somali citizens.
In June 1998, the Dental Corps answered the call to provide care in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Steve Clarke, a Dental Officer, was put in charge as Commander, Medical Task Force, 2nd Medical Battalion, to deploy to Haiti. This was a unit composed of 65 medical and dental personnel from the Navy, Marine Corps, and Army. For the next 6 months, the unit provided advanced health service support to assigned US Support Group military personnel, United Nations personnel, and specified contracted civilian employees. In addition, the Medical Task Force conducted humanitarian assistance missions in the Republic of Haiti.
On 11 September 2001, at the Pentagon, the Tri-service Branch Dental Clinic personnel were among the first responders to the carnage. Without regard for personal safety, five members ran into the burning building to save lives, while others began initial triage and treatment of the injured.
In 2003, Rear Admiral Carol I. Turner became the first female Chief of the Dental Corps.
Navy Dental today.
Today, the Dental Corps continues to maintain high operational readiness for operations in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The dental community is aggressively integrating with both the medical and line communities to prepare for the latest challenge, Homeland Defense. They deploy routinely with Marine Expeditionary Units and aboard ships, where beyond their dental duties, they assume roles in triage and surgical support at Marine Battalion Aid Stations and Battle Dressing Stations. Dental personnel continue to play a significant role in peacekeeping and nation-building through humanitarian assistance and disaster relief missions in third world countries.


Erich Lindemann

Erich Lindemann (born 2 May 1900 in Witten, Germany) was a German-American author and psychiatrist, specializing in bereavement. He worked at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston as the Chief of Psychiatry and is noted for his extensive study on the effects of traumatic events on survivors and families after the Cocoanut Grove night club fire in 1942. His contributions to the field of mental health led to the naming of a joint Harvard University–Commonwealth of Massachusetts-run mental health complex in Boston in his honor.
Education.
Lindemann was a graduate of the University hospital Gießen und Marburg and the Academy of Medicine in Düsseldorf, earning his doctorate in psychology in 1922 and his doctorate in medicine in 1927. In the same year he earned a fellowship to Harvard Medical School, and in 1929 made his move to the United States permanent.
Work.
Author of "Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief", a paper on posttraumatic stress disorder. It was published in September 1944.
Studied the survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire (1942), which was the deadliest nightclub fire in United States history.


Advanced Computer Software

Advanced Computer Software Group Ltd. (operating as Advanced) is a Private British company founded by Vin Murria in 2008 with its main headquarters based in Slough, Berkshire. It provides Information Technology services including hosting and cloud based systems to the NHS and many other organisations. Through various acquisitions, in 2016 it became the third largest software provider in the UK market while employing over 2,000 people with a customer base of more than 20,000 organisations. Later in the year it would go on to rebrand itself to "Advanced" while opening a new central headquarters in Birmingham's Mailbox.
History.
Advanced was founded by Vin Murria in 2008. Originally listed on the Alternative Investment Market in 2008 with a cash value of £3 million it was bought by Vista Equity Partners in 2014 for £765 million. From the 18% stake Murria held in Advanced she took £140.2m from the sale making her one of the wealthiest women in the UK. Murria was awarded an OBE for services to the UK digital economy and advancing women in the software sector in the 2018 New Year Honours.
At the time of sale, Vista bought in a new leadership team including currently serving Chief Executive Officer - Gordon Wilson and Chief Financial Officer - Andrew Hicks.
In August 2019, Vista sold a 50% stake in Advanced to BC Partners for £2 billion including debt.
Locations.
Advanced's head office, is located in Slough, Berkshire, with offices in Birmingham, Leeds, Gateshead, Ashford, Knutsford, Castleford and Willerby. The US head office is located in Atlanta, Georgia. Advanced also have offices in Bangalore and Baroda in Gujarat, India which is where the primary Development function is located.
Acquisitions.
Serco Learning.
A £7.25m deal for Serco's education unit, Serco Learning was agreed in December 2012. This would bring software including Facility CMIS Administration with Facility ePortal and Progresso for primary and secondary schools, timetabling software Scheduler, and CMIS and CMIS Go for the higher education sector.
Computer Software Holdings.
In March 2013, Advanced acquired Computer Software Holdings for £110m paid for partly by the recent share placing that helped raise £44m for ACS.
Compass.
In February 2014, it extended its reach in the education software market by spending £14.5m for Chester-based CRM specialist Compass Computer Consultants.
Compass was later renamed "ProSuite".
ConsultCRM.
In April 2014, it acquired ConsultCRM, a customer relationship management tool.
Hudman.
In July 2017, it acquired Hudman, a Welsh cloud SaaS solution. Hudman was later renamed "Business Cloud Essentials".
Information Balance.
Acquired March 2018 for £2.5 million.
Science Warehouse.
In March 2018, Advanced acquired Science Warehouse, a British developer of Cloud-based SaaS procurement solutions for £17 million. Science Warehouse was later renamed "Cloud Marketplace"
Docman.
In July 2018, Advanced acquired PCTI Solutions for £90 million. Their product, Docman, maintains one billion records and documents for more than 40,000,000 patients in the UK, including the whole of Scotland. A problem with version 7 of the Docman platform in September 2018 meant letters received through NHSmail, automatically scanned to be added to patient records, were not uploaded. About 6,000 GP practices using the electronic document transfer function were affected.
Oyez Professional Services.
Acquired March 2019. The company was valued at an estimated £16-18 million
Kirona.
Acquired April 2019 from Livingbridge. The company was valued at an estimated £55-60m.
Modern Systems.
Acquired April 2019.
Careworks.
Acquired November 2019 for €21.5 million.
Tikit.
Acquired March 2020, from BT for an undisclosed amount. Reported significantly less than the £80 million asking price.


Richard D. Feinman

Richard David Feinman (born 1940) is a professor of biochemistry and medical researcher at State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, better known as SUNY Downstate Medical Center, who studies nutrition and metabolism. His current area of research is the area of diet composition and energy balance. He is generally credited for doing the first serious scientific research on the Atkins Diet. He has published articles on application of thermodynamics to nutrition. His articles counter the view that "a calorie is a calorie".
He is a director of the Metabolism Society and a former co-Editor-in-Chief of the Open Access online medical journal, "Nutrition & Metabolism".


List of military veterinary services

This is a list of Military Veterinary Services from around the world. Some are still active while others were disbanded, mostly around the decline of horses in military service.
In general, Military Veterinary Services provide care for service animals, public health services (food inspection, water quality), development assistance and research services. However each service varies significantly from others based on national mandates and interests.