Kathryn Abel

Kathryn M. Abel FRCP FRCPsych is the NIHR National Lead for Mental Health Lead. She is an internationally recognised British psychiatrist specialising clinically in resistant schizophrenia and gender-specified service developments. She is a clinical academic, professor of Psychological Medicine and Director of both the Centre for Women's Mental Health and the GM.Digital (formally CAMHS.Digital) Research Unit at the University of Manchester.
She is a European Research Council Fellow and National Institutes of Health Research Senior Investigator and a former member of the Academic Faculty Executive at the Royal College of Psychiatrists. She also served as a member of the NICE Appraisal Committee C between 2008-2018.
Her research focusses on maternal condition, maternal early environment and how it influences brain development and later cognitive ability of offspring. She highlights sex differences and gender-specific approaches in research and in service development. She uses large, high quality population data in the UK, Scandinavia and Western Australia for epidemiological studies of maternal exposures and offspring outcomes. She also uses functional imaging in mothers to understand maternal brain and how it relates to maternal sensitivity to infants. More recently, she has developed paradigms for scanning infant brain as a way of examining the effects of maternal exposures on infant development. She has led a number of influential studies published in the Lancet on the population mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
She is currently collaborating with the Lata Medical Research Foundation, Nagpur, India http://www.latamedicalresearchfoundation.org to support development of screening and prevention of common mental disorders in women and girls in rural villages.
She is co-editor of a number of textbooks including 'The Female Mind' (RCPSYH 2017) and Comprehensive Women's Mental Health (Cambridge 2016).
Her publications can be viewed via the University of Manchester website
https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/search.html?lastName=&publicationYearsFrom=&affiliationStatus=&documents=%20&language=%20&publicationYearsTo=&type=%20&uri=&search=kathryn%20abel&organisationName=&peerreview=&page=0&logicalname=ResearchInstitutes_Networks_Beacons


American Academy of Environmental Medicine

The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM), founded in 1965 as the Society for Clinical Ecology, is an international association of physicians and associated professionals interested in the clinical aspects of ecological or environmental illnesses, which is called clinical ecology. The academy aims for recognition of ecologic illness as a medical diagnosis.
Composed primarily of traditionally trained physicians from many specialties, the principal goals of the AAEM are physician education and the expansion of medical knowledge about often-overlooked effects on human health of environmental exposures encountered in everyday life.
The AAEM opposes the use of mercury-containing compounds in any product for human consumption, including mercury in vaccines. The AAEM also opposes water fluoridation and has called for a moratorium on food from genetically modified crops. The AAEM has been cited as an illegitimate organization by Quackwatch, for promoting the diagnosis of multiple chemical sensitivity.
History.
The Society for Clinical Ecology was founded in 1965, and inspired by the ideas of Theron Randolph. Clinical ecologists claimed that exposure to low levels of certain chemical agents harm susceptible people, causing multiple chemical sensitivity and other disorders.
Members of the academy may have a background in the field of allergy, and their theoretical approach is derived in part from non-standard concepts of allergic responses that were first articulated by Randolph in the 1960s. Thus, proponents of clinical ecology may claim cause-and-effect relationships or low-dose effects that are not generally accepted by toxicologists. Randolph's theories about how allergies happen, which he promoted from the founding of the field, are the original basis for the suspicious attitude of mainstream medical, legal, and scientific experts towards clinical ecology as a whole.
In 1984 the Society changed its name to the American Academy of Environmental Medicine.
Objectives of the academy.
Some of the objectives of the academy are:
The academy aims at expanding the understanding of interactions between human individuals and their environment, with the ultimate objective of improving the individual's total health. The AAEM works towards the greater recognition, treatment and prevention of illnesses induced by exposures to various biological and chemical agents encountered in our environment, such as in air, food and water.
Criticism of legitimacy.
Quackwatch lists the American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) as a questionable organization, and its certifying board, the American Board of Environmental Medicine as a dubious certifying board. They are not recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties.
Accreditation.
The academy is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education.
Activities of the academy.
The academy holds meetings and seminars and provides information on diagnosis and treatment of ecologic illnesses.
The academy publishes a directory of members, which includes the procedures they employ in their practices. Proceedings of seminars, including some tape recordings, also have been published. The academy publishes a quarterly newsletter, "The Environmental Physician".


Te Kiato Riwai

Te Kiato Riwai (1912–1967) was a New Zealand nurse and māori welfare officer. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Ngāi Tahu iwi. She was born in the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, in 1912.
In the 1965 New Year Honours, Riwai was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services as a welfare officer to the Māori people.


Military psychiatry

Military psychiatry covers special aspects of psychiatry and mental disorders within the military context. The aim of military psychiatry is to keep as many serving personnel as possible fit for duty and to treat those disabled by psychiatric conditions. Military psychiatry encompasses counseling individuals and families on a variety of life issues, often from the standpoint of "life strategy counseling", as well as counseling for mental health issues, substance abuse prevention and substance abuse treatment; and where called for, medical treatment for biologically based mental illness, among other elements.
A military psychiatrist is a psychiatrist—whether uniformed officer or civilian consultant—specializing in the treatment of military personnel and military family members suffering from mental disorders that occur within the statistical norm for any population, as well as those disorders consequent to warfare and also stresses associated with military life.
By country.
Norway.
From the 1960s Arne Sund, the chief psychiatrist of the Norwegian Armed Forces medical service, "established Norwegian military psychiatry as leading within NATO" and became the "founder of the research field of disaster psychiatry," that evolved from military psychiatry.
United States.
Active duty members.
TRICARE is a health program offered to uniformed service members, national guard or reserve members, survivors, former spouses, Medal of Honor recipients, and their families through the United States Department of Defense Military Health System. Upon enrollment, active duty members and their families gain access to emergency and non-emergency mental health care. In the case of a mental health emergency, members are advised to go to the nearest hospital emergency department. There is no requirement for prior authorization. Admissions must be reported to your regional contractor within 24 hours or the next business day. For non-emergency situations, active duty members must receive a referral and prior authorization for all mental health care.
Veterans.
The United States Department of Veteran Affairs offers mental health care to veterans through enrollment in VA health care. Benefits include emergency and non-emergency care. Emergency mental health care is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, through VA medical centers and the Veterans Crisis Line. Non-emergency mental health care services provided include inpatient and outpatient care, rehabilitation treatment and residential (live-in) programs, and supported work settings. Conditions treated by the VA:
Epidemiology.
Psychiatric disorders have been related to the greatest number of casualties and discharges in several wars. Such conditions typically have somatic manifestations. On-site, emergency psychiatric treatment reduces the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity within the military context.


Cole Resource Center

The Jonathan O. Cole Mental Health Consumer Resource Center is a consumer to consumer mental health organization.
The Cole Resource Center provides information about a wide range of mental disorders, as well as consultation on housing, health insurance, low cost medications, volunteer employment, and legal advocacy for mental health consumers. It was co-founded by Everett Page, Evie Barkin and Anne Whitman, Ph.D. Barkin and Whitman have publicly revealed that they have bipolar disorder, in line with the Center's efforts to reduce the stigma of mental illness. It is located in the deMarneffe Building at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts.
The Center was named for Jonathan O. Cole, M.D., a professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, and a senior consultant in psychopharmacology at McLean Hospital, and the founder of the Manic-Depressive & Depressive Association (MDDA)-Boston.
The Center has helped to develop news stories, including collaborations with "The Wall Street Journal", "Time Magazine", "The Boston Globe", and the "Harvard Business Review". They have contributed to television segments on psychiatric issues for the "Discovery Channel", "20/20" and "Good Morning America".


Pedicellaria

A pedicellaria (plural: pedicellariae) is a small wrench- or claw-shaped appendage with movable jaws, called valves, commonly found on echinoderms (phylum Echinodermata), particularly in sea stars (class Asteroidea) and sea urchins (class Echinoidea). Each pedicellaria is an effector organ with its own set of muscles, neuropils, and sensory receptors and is therefore capable of reflex responses to the environment.
Pedicellariae are poorly understood but in some taxa, they are thought to keep the body surface clear of algae, encrusting organisms, and other debris in conjunction with the ciliated epidermis present in all echinoderms.
In sea stars.
Types.
There are two major types of pedicellaria in sea stars: straight and crossed. Straight pedicellaria are typically larger and located on the body surface, whereas crossed pedicellaria are smaller and found more commonly on stalks, raised above the body surface or in clumps circling the spines. The crossed type is connected to the test by an elastic ligament.
Location.
Sea star pedicellariae may be located on the test's surface or mounted on flexible stalks. Depending on the species, pedicellariae may be surrounding the spines, on the surface of the animal's body, in pits on the abactinal, marginal, or actinal surface, and/or within the adambulacral plate adjacent to the tube foot furrow. "Forcipulate" sea star are so called because each pedicellaria is typically composed of three forceps-like valves. Other asteroids can have pedicellariae composed of only two components.
Function.
Pedicellariae in some taxa, such as the deep-sea Brisingida, and the Antarctic "Labidiaster" are known to function in food capture.
In sea urchins.
Types.
Four main forms of pedicellariae are found in sea urchins : tridactylous, ophicephalous, triphyllous and globiferous. There are typically three valves that make up the jaw of sea urchin pedicellaria. The stalk is composed of a skeletal rod and a flexible neck portion.
Location.
They are generally attached by a long, inflexible stalk and may be found anywhere on the sea urchin's test.
Function.
In some families, globigerous pedicellariae have evolved into venomous structures, used for protection or maybe hunting. This is particularly the case in the family Toxopneustidae, some species such as "Tripneustes gratilla" and especially "Toxopneustes pileolus" being extremely venomous.


American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) is an organization composed of biochemical, clinical, cytogenetic, medical and molecular geneticists, genetic counselors and other health care professionals committed to the practice of medical genetics.
History.
The ACMG, incorporated in 1991, stated mission to give national representation to providers of genetic services and their patients with genetic disorders; to provide education and resources for the medical genetics profession; to improve the health of the public by promoting the development and implementation of methods to diagnose, treat and prevent genetic disease.
In 1993, ACMG publishes the first edition of the "ACMG Standards and Guidelines for Clinical Genetic Laboratories" and supports the formation of the American Board of Genetic Counseling.
The first "Annual Clinical Genetic Meeting" is held in 1994. Next year, the College becomes a full member of the Council of Medical Specialty Societies.
ACMG has an Official Journal, "Genetics in Medicine." The first issue was released in 1998.
In 2011, the organization's board of directors voted to change its name from the "American College of Medical Genetics" to "American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics".
Mission statement.
ACMG aims to develop clinical practice guidelines; laboratory services directories, databases, population screening guidelines and to establish uniform laboratory standards, quality assurance and proficiency testing.
Ethical Guidelines for Pedatric Genetic Testing.
American Academy of Pediatrics AAP with ACMG posted guidelines in dealing with the Ethical Issues in Pediatric genetic testing.


Oran Wendle Eagleson

Oran Wendle Eagleson (1910–1997) was the Callaway Professor of Psychology at Spelman College, Atlanta. He was the eighth black person in the United States to receive a doctorate in psychology.
Early life.
Oran Wendle Eagleson was born in Unionville, Indiana in 1910. In Bloomington, Indiana he completed his PhD at Indiana University in 1935. He also earned a bachelor's degree in 1931 and a master's in 1932, both in Indiana. Eagleson worked as a shoe shiner and shoe repair finisher from high school through graduate years.
Career.
It was hard for Eagleson to find employment with his psychology degree. He found a job in 1936 in Durham, North Carolina at the North Carolina College for Negroes, where he taught psychology, sociology, economics, and philosophy. After financial issue in Durham, he moved to Atlanta, Georgia to teach at Spelman, a women's college. At Spelman, he was high paid, but psychology was not a major. It was an elective until a few years later. Eagleson also served as an exchange professor at Atlanta University where he taught graduate courses. He became the dean of instruction at Spelman in 1954 and in 1970 he was promoted as Callaway Professor of Psychology. He was co-director of Morehouse-Spelman Intensified Pre-College program. H was also a lecturer and consultant in orientation and training project conducted by the Peace Corps.


List of verrucous carcinoma subtypes

Verrucous carcinoma is a type of squamous cell carcinoma that may be associated with HPV infection (may be subtypes 16 or 18, but types 6 and 11 have also been reported, as have HPV negative variants). Several subtypes of verrucous carcinoma have been described. Treatment of verrucous carcinoma with radiation therapy should be avoided due to the risk of anaplastic transformation.


Alliance for Early Success

The Alliance for Early Success (the Alliance) is a national nonprofit that works at the state level to ensure that every child birth through eight has an equal opportunity to learn, grow, and succeed. Because many of the programs that contribute to early childhood development and success are administered by states, the Alliance focuses on connecting, equipping, and funding state advocates who push for policy that improves and scales early childhood success.
The Alliance receives investments from some of the nation’s leading investors and deploys them to provide highly customized support for — and strategic investment in — state-level advocacy for large-scale and sustained health, family, and learning outcomes.
History.
In 2004, leaders at the Buffet Early Childhood Fund began to explore ways to act on the new learning that had been emerging on the importance of early childhood education and support. The organization developed a strategy to align early childhood practice, research, and policy across the country and founded the Birth to Five Policy Alliance in 2005. Buffett was soon joined by three additional major investors: Irving Harris Foundation, George Kaiser Family Foundation, and the J.B. and M.K. Pritzker Family Foundation.
Over the next decade, research on the science of brain development, child development, and economic return on investment increasingly showed that the kids farthest behind make the greatest gains when intervention and prevention start at birth and continue through age eight. As a result, in 2012, the Birth to Five Policy Alliance widened its focus to encompass birth through age eight and rebranded as the Alliance for Early Success.
The organization has become central to early childhood advocacy at the state level in the United States, and its funders today include the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Annie E. Casey Foundation, Ballmer Group, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
50-State Alliance.
The Alliance for Early Success focuses on state policies that can change the calculus for children 0-8 through legislative, regulatory, executive or budgetary actions. Structuring recommendations and advocating for these policies is most effectively done at the state level, because each state has in place a unique and complex set of laws, regulations, funding mechanisms, and governance arrangements that shape services and supports for young children and their families.
Today, the organization is the 50-state alliance of state-level advocates for early childhood education, health, and family supports. The Alliance makes targeted strategic financial investments in these state organizations and the national experts that support them. In addition, it hosts national meetings, convenes policy-specific learning communities, offers high-level technical assistance and rapid-response support, and connects state advocates with each other for crucial information exchange.
Policy Objectives.
The Alliance for Early Success has developed a guiding “Birth Through Eight Policy Framework” that serves as a roadmap to guide state policy to improve opportunity for children in three areas: health, family support, and learning outcomes. The Framework features evidence-based, “best-bet” policy recommendations for each area. Alliance states set their own objectives in any given year, and the Alliance offers support for work that falls within the framework.


Patrick Chamusso

Patrick Chamusso (born in 1949 in Mozambique) is a member of the African National Congress (ANC) party of South Africa who participated in the militant actions of the organization during the apartheid era.
One of three sons, Patrick came to live in South Africa when as a teenager he followed his migrant worker father to work in the mines of South Africa performing odd jobs. After his father's death, Chamusso's mother remarried and bore another daughter. He worked in various jobs on the mines and later found work as a house painter and street photographer.
When he was 28, he got a job at the Sasol synthetic fuel plant at Secunda (Secunda CTL), the largest coal liquefaction plant in the world, located several hours east of Johannesburg. Although not formally educated, he advanced quickly and ended up as a driver, a position that was well-paid. His main job was to fetch coal from a neighboring mine and bring it into the refinery. A talented soccer player who had formerly played for local leagues, his abilities later made him popular among his co-workers and in the community.
Chamusso was arrested in 1980 by South African Special Branch for conspiring with the ANC to bomb the Secunda refinery, a crime he insisted he did not commit. He was later released without charges being laid. He reported that he had been tortured whilst a prisoner. He fled to Mozambique where he joined Umkhonto we Sizwe, the militant arm of the ANC.
After military training, he returned to South Africa where he single-handedly carried out a second, partly successful, bombing at Secunda, which—as was intended—resulted in no casualties. After a massive manhunt, he was arrested and ultimately sentenced to 24 years in prison on Robben Island. In 1994, as the apartheid system began to be dismantled, having served 10 years, Chamusso was released under the new government's amnesty policy.
After his release, Chamusso married a woman named Conney, and the couple had three children, in addition to fostering 80 AIDS orphans at their home in Mpumalanga.
Chamusso rose to world prominence in October 2006, when "Catch a Fire", a biographical film depicting his struggle against the system of Apartheid in South Africa, was released.


Tadeusz Chorzelski

Tadeusz P. Chorzelski (1928–1999) was a Polish dermatologist. He was one of the founders of immunodermatology. He published more than 400 original research papers, 28 book chapters, and 5 monographs. Chorzelski was elected a member "honoris causa" of the national societies of Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Mexico and Norway.


Schwartz Center for Compassionate Healthcare

The Schwartz Center for Compassionate Healthcare (informally the Schwartz Center; formerly the "Kenneth B. Schwartz Center" or "KBS") is a non-profit organization established in 1995 to increase compassion and more meaningful collaboration between patients and medical professionals.
The Schwartz center has over 550 organizational members in the U.S., U.K. and Canada and supports 200,000 health care professionals each year. by providing education and resources, and convening regular conferences to advance compassionate care.
History.
In November 1994, Boston health care attorney Kenneth Schwartz was diagnosed with lung cancer. During his 10-month illness, he discovered the importance of the human connection between caregiver and patient, saying that “the smallest acts of kindness made the unbearable bearable.”
At the end of his life Ken outlined the organization he wanted to create. It would be a center that would promote compassion in medicine, encouraging the sorts of caregiver-patient relationships that made all the difference to him. He founded the Schwartz Center in 1995, just days before his death.
Schwartz Center Rounds.
The center promotes their trademarked "Schwartz Center Rounds", which they claim take place in more than 400 healthcare organizations throughout the U.S. and Canada and more than 150 throughout the U.K. The aim is to offer healthcare providers a regularly scheduled time to discuss the social and emotional issues they face in caring for patients and families, and to share their experiences, thoughts and feelings on topics drawn from actual patient cases with colleagues from other healthcare disciplines. The sessions are led by a trained facilitator, and can include over 200 healthcare professionals at a time. The premise is that caregivers are better able to make personal connections with patients and colleagues when they have greater insight into their own responses and feelings. The rounds have been shown to reduce stress in doctors who attend them, and to improve the capacity to manage the psychosocial aspects of patient care.


Karl Herxheimer

Karl Herxheimer (; June 26, 1861 – December 6, 1942) was a German-Jewish dermatologist who was a native of Wiesbaden.
He studied medicine at the universities of Freiburg, Strasbourg and Würzburg, receiving his doctorate in 1885 with a thesis on cerebral syphilis. Following graduation he worked as an assistant to Karl Weigert at the Institute of Pathology in Frankfurt am Main, and to Albert Neisser at the university skin clinic in Breslau.
He later worked with his older brother, Salomon Herxheimer (1841–1899) in Frankfurt, where in 1894, he became director of the municipal dermatology clinic. Along with Paul Ehrlich, he was instrumental in founding the University of Frankfurt. In 1914 he became a professor for skin and venereal diseases at the new university. In August 1942, at the age of 81, he was taken to the Theresienstadt concentration camp, where he died a few months later.
Herxheimer is credited with providing an early description of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (Taylor's disease), which is a dermatological disorder associated with the later stages of Lyme disease. This condition is sometimes referred to as "Pick-Herxheimer disease", named along with co-discoverer Philipp Josef Pick (1834–1910). With Austrian dermatologist Adolf Jarisch (1850–1902), the Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction ("herxing") is named, which is an inflammatory reaction to Salvarsan, antibiotics or mercury, when using these agents to treat syphilis.
The clinical pharmacologist Andrew Herxheimer was his great nephew.


Robert C. Bolles

Robert C. Bolles (April 24, 1928 – April 8, 1994) was an American psychologist and author who conducted work on experimental psychology. He developed the species-specific defense reaction theory which contends that many avoidance behaviors are actually elicited behaviors rather than operant behaviors.


Immunologic Constant of Rejection

The Immunologic Constant of Rejection (ICR), is a notion introduced by biologists to group a shared set of genes expressed in tissue destructive-pathogenic conditions like cancer and infection, along a diverse set of physiological circumstances of tissue damage or organ failure, including autoimmune disease or allograft rejection. The identification of shared mechanisms and phenotypes by distinct immune pathologies, marked as a hallmarks or biomarkers, aids in the identification of novel treatment options, without necessarily assessing patients phenomenologies individually.
Concept.
The concept of immunologic constant of rejection is based on the proposition that:
Mechanism.
In the case of autoimmunity and/or allograft rejection, immunity broadens in the target organ by producing chemokines of the CXCL family that recruit the receptor CXCR3-bearing cytotoxic T cells. These initiate the following cascade:
As such, 20 genes involved in this cascade make up the ICR gene set, including:
Clinical significance.
Cancer.
The disrupted homeostasis of cancer cells is found to initiate processes promoting cell growth. To illustrate, growth factors and chemokines activated in response to injury are recruited by tumour cells, sustaining chronic inflammation; similarly to the immune phenotype found in chronic infection, allograft rejection and autoimmunity diseases. The role of immunity in cancer is demonstrated by the predictive and prognostic role of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and immune response gene signatures. In several cancers these genes show great correlation. A high expression of these genes indicates an active immune engagement, and at least a partial rejection of the cancer tissue.
Breast Cancer.
In breast cancer increased survival is observed in patients displaying a high level of ICR gene expression. This immune active phenotype was associated with an increased level of mutations while the poor immune phenotype was defined by perturbation in the MAPK signalling pathways.
The consensus clustering of tumours based on ICR gene expression provides an assessment of the prognosis and response to immunotherapy. To illustrate, classification of breast cancer into four classes (ranking from ICR4 to ICR1) have shown better levels of immune anti-tumour response in ICR4 tumours, as well as a prolonged survival in comparison to ICR1-3 tumours. Another study have assessed the clinico-biological value of ICR in breast cancer, via the classification of around 8700 breast tumours and assessment of metastasis-free survival and pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
It has been proven that ICR signature is associated with metastasis-free survival and pathological response to chemotherapy. The increased enrichment of immune signature reflects the expression of cells including T cells, cytotoxic T cells, Th-1 cells, CD8+ T cells, Tγδ cells, and APCs; which defines tumours as immune-active and immune-silent. [7] Although being associated with poor-prognosis, the infiltration of immune cells in ICR4 tumours have resulted in a longer metastasis-free survival and better response to chemotherapy, proving the importance of immune reaction in breast cancer. It was also shown that ICR classification is dependent upon intrinsic molecular subtype of breast tumours, being highly present in triple-negative and HER2+ tumours.
Pancancer.
A pre-existing intratumoral anti-tumor T helper (Th-1) immune response has been linked to favorable outcomes with immunotherapy, but not all immunologically active cancers respond to treatment. In a pan-cancer analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) including 31 cancer types from 9282 patients, high expression of the ICR signature was associated with significant prolonged survival in breast invasive carcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, sarcoma, and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, while this "hot" immune phenotype was associated with reduced overall survival in uveal melanoma, low grade glioma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. In a systemic analysis, cancer-specific pathways were found to modulate the prognostic value of ICR. In tumors with a high proliferation score, ICR was linked to better survival, while in tumors with low proliferation no association with survival was observed. In tumors dominated by cancer signaling, for example by increased TGF beta signaling, the "hot" immune phenotype did not have any survival benefit, suggesting that the immune response is heavily suppressed without protective effect.
The clinical relevance of this finding was demonstrated in the Van Allen dataset with tumor samples of melanoma patients treated with checkpoint inhibitor anti-CTLA4. Overall, a significantly increased expression of ICR was observed in responders compared to non-responders. However, an association of high ICR scores pretreatment with survival was only observed for samples with high proliferation scores. Conversely, ICR was only associated with survival in samples with low TGF beta expression.
Other diseases.
Molecular pathways including IFN-stimulated genes activation; the recruitment of NK cells and T cells, by the secretion of CCL5 and CXCL9-10; and the induction of immune effector mechanisms are found overlapping in conditions like autoimmunity, as a results of host-against-self reaction, where immune cells initiate tissue-specific destruction. Similarly, allografting results in a strong immune response, which clinically necessitates a continued immunosuppression to maintain graft survival. They are found to express conformational epitopes, such as MHC molecules, as nonself antigens, which activates both B and T cells.
Alternatives and Variations.
T cell–inflamed GEP or Tumor Inflammation Signature (TIS).
An 18-gene Gene Expression Profile that predicted response to pembrolizumab across multiple solid tumors. Can be used with a platform such as the NanoString nCounter platform and define tumor type–independent dimensions of the tumor microenvironment relevant to predicting clinical outcome for agents targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.
Gene Signature : CCL5, CD27, CD274 (PD-L1), CD276 (B7-H3), CD8A, CMKLR1, CXCL9, CXCR6, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DRB1, HLA-E, IDO1, LAG3, NKG7, PDCD1LG2 (PDL2), PSMB10, STAT1, and TIGIT.
Cytolytic Activity Score (CYT).
A simple 2 gene mean expression score of GZMA and PRF1 expression. High CYT within colorectal cancer is associated with improved survival, likely due to increased immunity and cytolytic activity of T cells and M1 macrophages. The 5-year recurrence-free survival of liver cancer patients with low CYT scores was significantly shorter than that of patients with high CYT scores.


Coogee Surf Life Saving Club

The Coogee Surf Life Saving Club is a foundation member of the surf lifesaving movement in Australia. It was founded in 1907 by a group of concerned locals and has a proud history of no lives being lost whilst its members have patrolled. Coogee SLSC celebrated its 100-year anniversary in 2007, the Year of the Lifesaver.
Coogee SLSC has a history, which includes many firsts in the lifesaving movement. These include the first night surf carnival, the first mass rescue, the first shark attack and the development of the resuscitation technique. The Coogee SLSC clubhouse sits at the southern end of Coogee beach. The club's activities are managed and run by volunteers, with the assistance of a variety of community concerned sponsors, including Sydney City Renault.
Coogee SLSC has a representative on the Wylie's Baths Trust and conducts patrols at Wylie's Baths during summer.
The Club conducts an annual swimming event around Wedding Cake Island each November. The event began in 2000 and attracts hundreds of competitors each year and is a prominent event on the Sydney Ocean Swim calendar.


John Gillies (anaesthetist)

John Gillies, (6 February 1895 18 July 1976) was a Scottish anaesthetist, who worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). For gallantry as a serving soldier in WWI he was awarded the Military Cross. He founded the department of anaesthetics in the RIE and became its first director. The Gillies anaesthetic machine which he devised was the first British closed circuit anaesthetic device and was in use until the 1960s. With his colleague HWC ('Griff') Griffiths he pioneered the technique of high spinal anaesthesia to produce hypotension and 'bloodless' operating fields. Gillies anaesthetised King George VI in Buckingham Palace and was made Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO) for this service. He was president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950.
Early life.
John Gillies was born in Edinburgh the son of Archibald George Gillies and his wife Jessie Jane Gillies. He was educated at Broughton High School, Edinburgh, going on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School from 1913. At the outbreak of WWI he volunteered for army service and served in the British Expeditionary Force. He was commissioned in the Highland Light Infantry, was awarded the Military Cross and spent the last seven months of the war as a prisoner of war in Germany. He returned to Edinburgh and completed his medical studies, graduating MB ChB in 1923.
Career.
Gillies was a house physician in Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle before entering general practice in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Much of his work involved giving anaesthetics for operations performed by one of his partners. To gain experience in this field he went to London in 1931 to study anaesthetic technique under Dr John Hunter and Dr (later Sir) Ivan Magill, a pioneer of endotracheal tube anaesthesia. The following year he returned to Edinburgh to work as an anaesthetist at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children. He was then appointed as anaesthetist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). Here he worked in the professorial surgical unit, initially with Sir John Fraser and subsequently with Sir James Learmonth and latterly with Sir John Bruce. In 1940 Gillies set up the Department of Anaesthetics in the RIE, the first such in Scotland with two junior anaesthetists whose training he supervised. When the National Health Service was established in 1948 he was appointed Director of Anaesthesia. He determined to make anaesthetics an academic discipline in Edinburgh and recommended that anaesthetists in the RIE should have university status. He was appointed lecturer in anaesthetics by the University. and was later promoted to J Y Simpson Reader in anaesthesia.
Among the contributions which he made was the invention of the Gillies anaesthetic machine, thought to be the first British closed circuit apparatus. The first commercial model was made by Charles King Ltd of London from 1941. A second improved version was available from 1948 and from 1951 the Mark III version was produced by the Coxeter–King division of the British Oxygen Company. The machine continued in use in Britain until the 1960s.
With his RIE anaesthetic colleague HWC Griffiths he popularised the technique of high spinal anaesthesia, which they had introduced to induce hypotension and to produce a 'bloodless' operating field.
Gillies, with RJ Minnitt, jointly wrote the sixth and seventh editions of "Textbook of Anaesthetics."
in March 1949, Gillies anaesthetised King George VI for the operation of lumbar sympathectomy, performed in Buckingham Palace by his colleague Sir James Learmonth. It is likely that he gave the anaesthetic using his own Gillies machine.
He retired in 1960 and died in 1976.
Honours and awards.
For services in anaesthetising King George VI he was appointed Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO). He was elected to numerous presidencies including president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland from 1947 to 1950, president of the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists in 1950, President of the section of anaesthesia of the Royal Society of Medicine the following year and president of the Association of Anaesthetists of Edinburgh in 1952. He was awarded the Hickman Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine, the John Snow Medal of the Association of Anaesthetists and was H. J. Shields Lecturer at the University of Toronto. He was awarded the Gold Medal of the Canadian Anesthsiologists' Society. Uniquely for an anaesthetist he was awarded the Lister Victoria Jubilee Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.
Family.
Gillies married Agnes McGilchrist Anderson and they had four children.
Legacy.
In 1977 the Scottish Society of Anaesthetists established the Gillies Memorial Lecture in his memory.
Selected publications.
Gillies, J. (1941) Anaesthesia in the shocked patient. "The Lancet, 237," 6129, 226-227.
Gillies, J. (1942). Modern anæsthesia. "Edinburgh Post-Graduate Lectures in Medicine, 2," 1940–41.
Gillies, J. (1943). The Time Factor in Surgical Operations. "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 36," 9, 457–462.
Gillies, J. (1949). Anæsthesia for the Surgical Treatment of Hypertension. "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 42," 5, 295–298.
Gillies, J. (1952). Physiological Trespass in Anæsthesia: President's Address. "Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45," 1, 1–6.
Minnitt, R. J., Gillies, J. (1948). "Textbook of Anaesthetics ... With a section on regional analgesia by L.B. Wevill, etc". Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.


Stephan Hamann

Stephan Hamann is an American psychologist and professor of psychology at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, where he has worked since 1996. He is known for researching how the human brain responds to certain visual stimuli, such as sexual images and images of cute animals, like baby pandas.


Kim Holt

Kim Holt is a British paediatrician at one time employed by Great Ormond Street Hospital. She founded Patients First after the Death of Baby P scandal, in order to support whistleblowers in the National Health Service.
Early life.
She was born in Coventry but grew up in Guernsey, where her father Raymond Fensome and mother Dorothy ran a guest house. She trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital. Her first job was at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital. Kim married David Holt in 1981. She has four children.
Whistleblowing.
She was the designated doctor for children in care at St Ann's Hospital in Haringey. In 2007, she and three other doctors wrote to the management of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, which ran the clinic, warning that staff shortages and poor record-keeping would lead to a tragedy. She then spent four years on special leave from 2007 to 2011 until eventually the hospital management apologised and reinstated her.
In 2011 she founded Patients First which works to protect whistleblowers in the NHS.
Since 2011, she has worked at Whittington Hospital. In 2013 she was voted among the most inspirational women in healthcare.


George Fielding Blandford

George Fielding Blandford (1829–1911) was a British physician, psychiatrist, and author of "Insanity and its Treatment" (1871), which went through four editions and was translated into German.
Biography.
After education from 1840 to 1841 at Tonbridge School and from 1841 to 1848 at Rugby School, G. Fielding Blandford matriculated in 1848 at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating BA in 1852 and MA in 1857. In October 1852 he began the study of medicine at St George's Hospital, London, graduating BM (Oxon.) in 1857. In 1857 he also qualified LSA. He qualified MRCS in 1858 and MRCP in 1860.
In 1857 Blandford sometimes took holiday duty (on an unofficial basis) at St Luke's Hospital, where he became a friend of several of the medical staff, including Alexander John Sutherland. Sutherland was the owner of Blacklands House, a London private asylum for gentlemen. Blandford was from 1859 to 1863 resident medical officer at Blacklands House and then in 1863 resigned his appointment to go into private consulting practice.
From 1865 to 1902 he was lecturer on psychological medicine at St George's Hospital. In 1869 he was elected FRCP. In 1877 he was president of the Medico-Psychological Association. In 1895 he gave the Lumleian Lectures on "The Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prophylaxis of Insanity".
His private practice, begun in 1863, was first in Clarges Street, then in Grosvenor Street, and finally at 48 Wimpole Street, and rapidly became large with an excellent reputation. In 1909 he retired from his London practice to live at Tunbridge Wells. He was a leading authority on legislation dealing with mental illness. His book "Insanity and its Treatment" maintained an international reputation for twenty years.
He was a member of the Athenaeum Club, London.
Family.
In 1864 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, G. Fielding Blandford married Louisa Holloway. They had two sons and two daughters. The elder son, Walter Fielding Holloway Blandford (1864–1952), became a lecturer in entomology and then worked as a law clerk and solicitor. The younger son, Maurice Fielding Holloway Blandford (1866–1957), married Louisa Kathleen Robinson in 1899. The elder daughter, Violet Elsie Fielding Blandford, was born in 1873. The younger daughter, Katherine Fielding Blandford, was born in 1871. When he died in 1911, G. Fielding Blandford was survived by his widow and all four of his children.


Gervais Baudoin

Gervais Baudoin (3 August 1686 – 30 June 1752) was born in Quebec, the son of Gervais Baudouin, a surgeon-major of Quebec. He decided to pursue the medical profession and became a surgeon.
Baudoin studied at the seminary of Quebec and then studied and practiced surgery. At one point in his career, he attempted to obtain his father's position as surgeon-major of Quebec but was unsuccessful. It appears that he applied himself almost exclusively to his profession after that point. He had a large family and had four children who entered religious orders as had his brother, Michel Baudouin, who was a Jesuit missionary.


Tomium

In anatomy, the tomium is the sharp cutting edge of the beak of a bird or turtle. Sometimes the edge is serrated for tearing through flesh or seaweed (in the case of sea turtles). Snapping turtle "tomia" can be dangerous because their bites are swift and powerful.


Maximilian Joseph von Chelius

Maximilian Joseph von Chelius (16 January 1794 – 17 August 1876) was a German surgeon and ophthalmologist born in Mannheim.
Chelius received his medical doctorate in 1812 at the University of Heidelberg, and afterwards worked as both a civilian and military physician in Munich. He was an army surgeon in the last phases of the Napoleonic Wars (1814-15). In 1817 he became an associate professor of surgery in Heidelberg, where soon afterwards he gained a full professorship (1819).
He was a catalyst in the development of the medical faculty at the University of Heidelberg, being considered the founder of the surgical tradition at the facility. Chelius specialized in the field of ophthalmic surgery.
One of his better-known patients was composer Frédéric Chopin, whom Chelius treated for sepsis of the finger. Afterwards, a grateful Chopin gave a private concert in Chelius' home. Today, the building where Chelius lived from 1830 until 1876 is the site of the Kurpfälzisches Museum in Heidelberg.


Current Eye Research

Current Eye Research is a medical journal covering all areas of ophthalmology. Areas covered include: clinical research, anatomy, physiology, biophysics, biochemistry, pharmacology, developmental biology, microbiology, and immunology
Editors.
The editors-in-chief of "Current Eye Research" are Gerd Geerling (University of Duesseldorf, Germany) and Robert Linsenmeier (Northwestern University, United States).
Impact factor.
According to the 2015 Journal Citation Reports, the journal's impact factor is 2.025, ranking it 22nd out of 56 journals in the category (Updated Year: 2015) "Ophthalmology".


International Sport and Culture Association

The International Sport this is a government order is a non-governmental and nonprofit international umbrella association of organizations working to bring sporting activities to all people, including youth and people of all cultures.
History.
ISCA was founded in 1995 with the purpose that for good health of providing an alternative image of sport in a world of increasingly performance-based attitude of international sports federations. Since its foundation in 1995, ISCA has grown rapidly it has today more than 130 mostly non-governmental affiliated member organizations in 4 continents, from more than 70 countries worldwide and more than 22 million individual members.
The association is governed by an executive committee of seven elected members and is steered by continental and technical committees. The secretariat is based in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Sport and Culture for All.
ISCA has a vision of sport that is not just about competition and exercise, but also involves learning, having a good time and making friends. Moreover, it is ISCA's philosophy that sport regulates social behavior and creates a feeling of belonging, which in turn leads to a more inclusive society. ISCA believes that everyone should be given the chance to participate in international activities such as festivals, exchanges and sports tournaments which are understood as unrivaled means of creating international understanding.
Role.
ISCA targets youth, sports, and culture associations from all over the world, primarily non-governmental & voluntary sport organizations which provide a value-based service to their members. The practical reality is to encourage all organizations to assist the members and regions/clubs in fulfilling their aims in providing services and instruments to achieve this. The international interest of the sports organizations’ members today demands that international opportunities are provided indeed, organizations have an interest in developing. Organizational development and inspiration are the basis for fulfilling the goals of the organization in the long run.
To fulfill the above, ISCA concentrates on three key areas: activities, education, and policy-making. In addition to event promotion and educational program administration, the ISCA has an instrumental role in the public debate on sport and culture while striving to influence policies in these areas. Overall, ISCA hopes to improve the general health and well being of individuals in creating a united society.
Aims and Objectives.
Supporting cross-border understanding through sport and culture.
Promoting sport as a bearer of cultural identity.
Encouraging the broadest possible participation in sports and cultural activities for affiliated members.
CultureSports.
ISCA has for the past 7 years published an annual magazine entitled CultureSports. The magazine focuses on a chosen thematic for each edition and gathers information from past experience through ISCA events, debates regarding the treated theme, updates from projects around the globe from its member organizations as well as various sources within thematic sector concerned.
CultureSports 2007 - Health & Integration
CultureSports 2006 - The health issue
CultureSports 2005 - People's Sport
CultureSports 2004 - Sport for unity and development
CultureSports 2003 - Education through sport
CultureSports 2002 - Across the world
CultureSports 2001 - An open mind
CultureSports online


Geoffrey Orbell

Geoffrey Buckland Orbell (7 October 1908 – 14 August 2007) was a New Zealand doctor and keen tramper (bush walker) best known for the rediscovery of the takahē in 1948. The takahē was widely thought to be extinct but Orbell suspected it might survive. While taking time off from his Invercargill practice to search for the takahē, he discovered a set of unfamiliar footprints and heard a strange bird call. After following the footprints with three companions, he rediscovered three of the species on 20 November 1948 in a remote valley of the Murchison Mountains near Lake Te Anau. A lake in the valley was named Lake Orbell in his honour.
Orbell was one of the founders of the New Zealand Deerstalkers' Association and was its first president, holding the position from 1938 to 1952. In the 1953 Coronation Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for scientific work. He retired from medical practice at the age of 70, and in later years lived in Mosgiel, near Dunedin. Orbell died on 14 August 2007.


Kush Bottles

KushCo Holdings is an American company that sells packaging, containers, and other ancillary products for the cannabis industry. It is based in Garden Grove, California and is publicly traded on the New York OTCQB marketplace under the stock ticker symbol, KSHB.
History.
KushCo Holdings FKA Kush Bottles was founded in 2010 by Nicholas Kovacevich and Dallas Imbimbo in Santa Ana, California. In 2013, the company lobbied for regulations requiring child-resistant packaging for medical and retail marijuana in Colorado. Ben Wu was appointed CEO of the company in 2014 while Kovacevich held the role of COO. KushCo Holdings incorporated in Nevada in 2014. It also acquired the KIM International Corporation in 2014.
In August 2014, Ben Wu became the company's COO while Kovacevich assumed the role of CEO soon after (a title he still holds). In May 2015, Kush acquired the Colorado-based packaging manufacturer, Dank Bottles. In October 2015, it launched an eCommerce site for its clients, mostly dispensaries and producers of cannabis. In December of that year, the company went public on the OTCQB marketplace with the stock ticker symbol, KSHB.
In May 2017, KushCo Holdings acquired CMP Wellness, a distributor of vaporizers and associated accessories. That same month, it also acquired Roll-Uh-Bowl, a supplier of silicone water pipes. By the end of 2017, the company had sold 100 million products in its history and maintained 4,000 legal cannabis clients. Also in 2017, revenue for the company rose 258% compared to the previous year. In February 2018,
Kush Co Holdings received $6 million in equity funding from Mérida Capital Partners with the goal of expanding product lines and entering new markets. In March 2018, the company announced its intention to open a distribution center in Massachusetts.
KushCo Holdings moved into the Cannabidiol market in 2018 with the purchase of Summit Innovations, a vaporizer brand that sells products to turn cannabis into CBD oil.
KushCo Holdings sells a variety of ancillary cannabis-related products.


Buba Badjie

Buba Badjie is a Gambian–Swedish veterinarian and entrepreneur born 1967 in the village of Jambanjelli, the Gambia.
Badjie was born into a farming community. His parents had cattle and grew mango and peanuts. He excelled in the village school and got the opportunity to attend an elite school, also used by the president of Gambia's children. His interest in academia and farming inspired him to become a veterinarian. He looked for scholarships around the world to acquire such a degree. He ended up attending veterinary studies in "Ukraine Agriculture University", Kiev (then part of the USSR). He learned Russian in 6 months and graduated a few years later.
Badjie made regular visits to Sweden and met his future wife Cecilia. When he arrived in Sweden it turned out he could not work as a veterinarian with a Soviet degree and attended Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, faculty of veterinary medicine in Uppsala, Sweden. After graduating as a veterinarian for the second time, Badjie worked as DVO in the province of Gästrikland as station manager and as the Manager Veterinary Services and Veterinary Technical Manager for Sweden and Finland for Procter & Gamble/ The Iams Company Europe (based in Switzerland). While he enjoyed his job with Procter & Gamble his dream was to return to his new home land Sweden and open his own veterinary clinic in Stockholm.
Today he owns and operates animal hospital "Bromma Djurklinik".
Television and media.
Badjie came to national attention in 2000 when he participated in Expedition Robinson (see Expedition Robinson 2000). It was the first production worldwide of the show that has since been produced in many countries under the name Survivor.
In 2005 he was the focal point in a documentary called "Mitt jobb: Buba – veterinär", the program was produced by The Swedish Educational Broadcasting Company to educate Swedish high school students about being a veterinarian.
In 2007, he was featured in ads and became a spokesperson for "Fri Företagsamhet" promoting entrepreneurship.


Robert Noble

Robert Laing Noble (February 3, 1910 – December 11, 1990) was a Canadian physician who was involved in the discovery of vinblastine.
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he received his M.D. from the University of Toronto in 1934 and a Ph.D. in 1937 from the University of London.
In the 1950s he helped with the discovery of vincristine and vinblastine, widely used anti-cancer drugs.
In 1997, he was inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame. In 1988, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1984, he was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award. He was a member of The Harvey Club of London, the oldest medical club in Canada.
The Robert L. Noble Prize is named in his honour.


Franco-Irish Ambulance Brigade

The Franco-Irish Ambulance Brigade (known in French as the Ambulance Irlandais) was a volunteer medical corps sent from Ireland to assist the French Army in the 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War. At the time Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and parliament had passed the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 which, in most circumstances, prohibited British citizens from enlisting in foreign armies. As a non-combatant force the ambulance brigade was not covered by the act. Around 280 men joined the brigade which arrived in France in early October 1870. They served with the French armies of the North and of the Loire until the signing of the armistice in January 1871. The unit was controversial as only a minority of the men who enlisted were retained for ambulance service, with many choosing instead to fight in the French Foreign Legion. The British government investigated the unit for breaches of the 1870 act but no prosecutions were brought.
Formation.
After a period of increasing tension between the two great powers France declared war on Prussia on 19 July 1870. The nation of Ireland had a long history of service in the French Army. The Wild Geese fought for France in the 17th and 18th centuries and Irishmen joined the Papal Brigade to garrison the Vatican in 1860 to deter annexation by Italy following the Second Italian War of Independence. Ireland in 1870 was a part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and as such was officially neutral during the Franco-Prussian War. The British government, concerned about becoming entangled in the war on the continent passed the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 which forbade British citizens from enlisting in the army of a nation which was at war with any nation with which the UK was at peace. Despite this a popular subscription was started in Ireland on 13 August to raise money for the treatment of wounded French soldiers. On 7 September the Committee for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded of the French Army and Navy was founded in Dublin, under the leadership of Father Tom Burke. The committee decided to raise a medical corps to serve alongside the French armed forces which, as a non-combatant unit, would not contravene the Foreign Enlistment Act.
Recruitment of volunteers proved relatively easy and soon 31 surgeons and 250 men had joined the brigade which was commanded by Dr Charles P Baxter, a former assistant surgeon with the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders. The unit comprised five companies commanded by a surgeon (a trained doctor) each of which had four sections led by an assistant surgeon (a medical student). Five ambulance wagons, tentage and bedding were also supplied. The men of the unit had little experience or much in the way of military discipline. The unit paraded at Dublin's Rotunda Gardens on 8 October before marching to the docks to embark on the French vessel "La Fontaine". The Dublin Metropolitan Police had ordered that no bands were to play on this occasion but this was ignored and numerous trades bands played from small boats in the harbour to the crowd of thousands who came to watch the embarkation.
By the time the unit had left Ireland the war was effectively already lost for the French. The French Army of Châlons was destroyed at the Battle of Sedan where Emperor Napoleon III was captured on 2 September; the Second French Empire fell two days later. The Franco-Irish Ambulance Brigade arrived at Le Havre on 11 October where it joined the army of the French Third Republic which continued the war with Prussia. The disembarkation was marked by a parade of the French garrison, during which the bands played and full military honours were rendered to the Irish volunteers.
War service.
Shortly after arrival Baxter determined that he had too many men for the number of ambulance wagons available and released all bar 100 of the volunteers. The majority of the men released stayed in France to form La Compagnie Irlandaise (The Irish Company) of the 2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment, a combatant unit led by Irishman Martin Waters Kirwan, formerly of the Glamorganshire Light Infantry Militia. A second Irish ambulance unit was raised in London but was turned away upon arrival at Caen as no arrangements had been made with the French authorities to accept it. Some reinforcements seem to have been accepted from Irishmen already in France including JJ O'Scanlon a merchant based at Le Havre. Additional support was provided by female volunteer nurses, nuns and convalescing soldiers.
Baxter's brigade was initially sent to serve with Colonel Mocquard's corps at Évreux. Upon arrival the brigade immediately went into action treating the wounded from a battle at Pacy-sur-Eure, three days prior, there being no French doctors available. After this the corps saw little action and Baxter complained that his men were underemployed. The brigade was subsequently divided with one part attached to the Army of the North and another to the Army of the Loire. The brigade subsequently served on the battlefield recovering the wounded and bringing them to casualty clearing stations run by the ambulance where treatments included a large number of amputations and bloodletting by leeches.
Upon arrival the detachment with the Army of the Loire was caught up in a crossfire Châteaudun and subsequently established a 60-bed hospital in preparation for the First Battle of Orleans, during which stretcher bearers were sent to the front lines. The brigade relocated to Patay on 22 November where a battle was fought shortly afterwards. The brigade moved hundreds of French wounded from there to the hospital at Châteaudun. The brigade ran out of funds at this point and subsequently Baxter paid the men's 2.5 francs per day allowance from his own pocket.
The brigade treated the wounded from 2 December Battle of Loigny–Poupry, after which they retreated back to Châteaudun ahead of the advancing Prussians. Following the loss of Vendôme and the harsh winter the morale of the detachment was low. They spent Christmas Day at Châteaudun before witnessing General Antoine Chanzy's defeat at the Battle of Le Mans on 12 January which effectively destroyed the army.
The detachment with the Army of the North also seems to have seen some action. During a cavalry skirmish at Buchy on 4 December one of the brigade's men, an assistant surgeon by the name of Ryan, was taken prisoner by the Prussians. He demanded release as a non-combatant before escaping on a Prussian officer's horse. He claimed to have escaped an attempt to recapture him by four Prussian soldiers, shooting two before making his escape to Honfleur.
Disbandment and legacy.
Shortly after the destruction of the Army of the Loire the French authorities issued orders to the Franco-Irish Ambulance Brigade releasing them from their duties on 5 January 1871. Men of both divisions travelled to Châteaudun where they were reunited for the first time in ten weeks, others headed straight to Le Havre to board ships headed for Ireland and some remained in France to enlist in the French Army. British consuls in France assisted the men of the brigade in returning home and provided transportation at British government expense. Men of the brigade who remained in France were later captured by Prussian forces who viewed them with suspicion and imprisoned them as enemy combatants. The corps was officially discharged at a meeting of its Committee on 17 August 1871. In the course of the war the unit suffered only one death, a wagon driver named William Hopkins who died of smallpox in November. With 1870–71 being a cold winter the unit was spared the usual large-scale outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid and dysentery usually associated with campaigns in the field.
It has been alleged by some historians that the unit was partly raised as a means of bringing Irishmen to France to enlist in the army in contravention of the Foreign Enlistment Act. The British National Archives holds documents from the time that claim that only 40 of the brigade were taken into service as ambulance men and the remainder become soldiers or else returning home. A British police officer was sent to France to collect evidence relating to the breach of the 1870 act but no prosecutions were brought. The men of the brigade who served in La Compagnie Irlandaise fought well at Montbéliard and in the subsequent retreat to Besançon before the 28 January 1871 Armistice of Versailles brought hostilities to a close.
The unit is regarded as one of the first volunteer aid missions and is said to have set the template for future operations. The National Museum of Ireland holds memorabilia related to the brigade and its work.
In July 2019 James Fitzgerald Lombard received France’s highest honour, the Légion d’Honneur, for founding the corps.


Medical Mutual of Ohio

Medical Mutual of Ohio (MMOH) is an American mutual health insurance company. It is the oldest and largest health insurance company based in Cleveland, Ohio, and serves more than 1.6 million customers. Employing 2,500 people, Medical Mutual is one of the biggest employers in downtown Cleveland.
Headquartered in Cleveland’s historic Rose Building, the company also has statewide offices in Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, Independence, Richfield, Toledo and Youngstown, as well as an information systems facility in Beachwood. In 2019, Medical Mutual of Ohio ranked 718 out of the top 1,000 corporations in America.
Headquarters.
Headquartered in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, Medical Mutual of Ohio operates in the historic Rose Building. The Rose building was erected in 1900 and "its innovative steel-frame structure was one of the first in Cleveland." Meant to house dentists offices, the Rose building had almost 100 dentists by 1902.
History.
In 1926, Elyria Memorial Hospital administrator John R. Mannix began experimenting with the idea of hospital pre-payment and the basic principles of insurance, eventually leading to the formation of the Cleveland Hospital Service Association in 1934. At this time, hospital associations such as the CHSA became known as Blue Cross Plans. In 1939, Blue Cross Plans united to form the Blue Cross Association
In 1956, Medical Mutual of Cleveland was formed to provide coverage for doctor fees. CHSA merged with Akron Hospital Service to form Blue Cross of Northeast Ohio in 1957, and four years later, Medical Mutual of Cleveland became affiliated with the Blue Shield system.
In 1984, Blue Cross of Northeast Ohio and Medical Mutual of Cleveland merged to form Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Northern Ohio. Two years after the merger, the new company joined Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Northwest Ohio to form Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Ohio.
In 1997, the company left the Blue Cross/Blue Shield Association and re-claimed the name of one of its predecessors, becoming the present day Medical Mutual of Ohio.
Early in 2013, Medical Mutual issued an apology to its customers for a computer problem that caused prescriptions completed on the last day of 2012 to incur a higher charge than should have been the case.
In the community.
Medical Mutual is the "Official Health Insurer" of a variety of organizations. Medical Mutual insures numerous professional sports teams, including the Cleveland Cavaliers, Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Bengals and Columbus Blue Jackets. Besides professional teams, the company is also the official insurer of numerous colleges and universities and local organizations, like the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum.


William Tietz

William John Tietz Jr. (pronounced "TEE-tz"; March 6, 1927 – June 10, 2020) was an American veterinarian who was Dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University from 1971 to 1977 and president of Montana State University from 1977 to 1990. A group of historians named Tietz one of Montana State's four most important presidents in 2011.
Early life and education.
William Tietz was born in 1927 in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Irma Helen (Neuman) and William John Tietz. He grew up in nearby Hinsdale, and graduated from Hinsdale Central High School in 1945.
After a year in the United States Navy, he enrolled at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, where he ran track and was on the social committee. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1950. He immediately enrolled at the University of Wisconsin and graduated with a master's degree in zoology in 1952. He briefly studied the metabolism of small animals in arctic conditions in Alaska, and was employed for a short time by Baxter Laboratories in Illinois. He then entered the College of Veterinary Medicine at Colorado State University, and earned his doctor of veterinary medicine in 1957. He immediately pursued a doctorate in physiology and pathology at the Purdue University School of Veterinary Science and Medicine, graduating in 1961.
Academic career.
After receiving his doctorate, Tietz was appointed assistant professor of veterinary physiology at Purdue. He left in 1964 to take a position as an associate professor of radiobiology and physiology at Colorado State University (CSU). He was appointed Chair of the Department of Physiology and Biophysics on March 15, 1967. He later also was named the associate director of the CSU Agricultural Experiment Station. He was appointed CSU's Vice President for Student-University Relations in 1970. He served in the position for a year, during which time he acted as liaison between students and the university in an attempt to keep student unrest low. On September 1, 1971, he was appointed Dean of the CSU College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. While dean, he helped found a program whereby Montana State University students could begin their veterinary medical education at Bozeman, and then transfer to Colorado State.
Tietz was appointed the ninth president of Montana State University by unanimous vote of the Board of Regents on August 1, 1977.
Montana State University.
Tietz had an "aggressive, cocky, out-spoken, and dynamic" personal style. His governance of the university was very top-down, and controlled by a small, close-knit team of decision-makers. Tietz fought challenges to his authority vigorously. When the state commissioner of higher education told him to do something, he once replied, "Don't you tell me how to run Montana State University." This decision-making style was eagerly embraced by MSU administrators, faculty, and staff, who saw it as the kind of aggressive leadership lacking under the more soft-spoken, behind-the-scenes leadership of the previous president, Carl W. McIntosh.
Tietz believed that Montana State University (MSU) should be far more research-oriented. He encouraged faculty to engage in research, encouraged them to apply for federal research grant money, and required university administrators to seek out federal research funds to expand, renovate, and build new research buildings on campus. Research funding during his tenure rose to $18 million in 1990 from $7 million in 1977. As part of his emphasis on research, he began fully funding the university's teacher development, research development, and sabbatical leave programs. Under Tietz, faculty received full pay for sabbaticals.
Tietz arrived at MSU just as a severe, seven-year recession in the state was ending. Economic growth led to higher tax revenues, and this allowed the state legislature to revised the university's funding formula for the first time since the 1950s. Now funding would be based on a wide range of factors that included enrollment, faculty size, and school mission, and be adjusted based on a comparison with 15 other similarly situated colleges and universities in the Rocky Mountain region. When Tietz arrived at MSU, faculty salaries had declined 23 percent over the past decade and were in the bottom 10 percent nationally. In 1981, under the new formula, Tietz won a 16 percent university-wide budget increase and faculty received a 15 percent pay hike. The 1981 budget boost was followed by several more years of increases. This allowed for a major revamp of the undergraduate core curriculum for the first time in more than a decade. Under Tietz, MSU also expanded its international studies and university honors programs, started the Writing Center, rapidly expanded financial aid (primarily through scholarships), founded the Shakespeare in the Parks program, and founded an Office of Academic Affairs, an Alumni Association, and the Bobcat Boosters alumni network to support sports. Tietz also greatly expanded Native American programs at MSU (which he believes was one of his most important achievements).
Few buildings were constructed under Tietz. However, the state legislature did fund the Visual Communications Building (completed in 1983), the Animal Resources Center (completed in 1984), and the Plant Growth Center (completed in 1987). A third building, the modern home of the Museum of the Rockies, opened in 1989, but this structure was paid for by bonds and not state legislative appropriations. By the end of his tenure, however, planning for a new engineering building had begun. (This structure, the Engineering and Physical Science Building, would not be completed until 1999.) Despite the lack of building, enrollment continued to rise. It hit a then-historic high of 11,311 in 1982. (During the same period, the University of Montana lost 2,000 students in enrollment, despite seeing the number of out-of-state students rise to more than 30 percent of its student body.)
During his tenure at Montana State, Teitz also established the Advanced Technology Park. The goal was for MSU to act as a high technology development incubator, and then transfer the discoveries made to the private sector. Not only would MSU benefit from licensing and royalty income, but the state economy would grow and jobs would be created. Tietz won a six-month sabbatical in 1984 that allowed him to travel the nation to learn about these tech incubators. (Stanford University, for example, used its tech incubator to spark the creation of Silicon Valley.) But Governor Ted Schwinden believed MSU should continue to focus strongly on agronomy, animal husbandry, and agricultural economics rather than high technology or research. In 1987, the US West telecommunications company asked seven Western states to submit proposals for the location of its new technology development center (which would bring 1,500 jobs and a critical high technology company to whichever area was chosen). Tietz offered of Advanced Technology Park land and buildings to the company. But a new recession hit the state the same year, leading to deep cut-backs at MSU. Tietz worked hard to reverse the cuts, and failed. Schwinden, meanwhile, accused Tietz of "duplicity" in telling US West that Montana offered a superb location for the new technology center while telling the legislature that MSU was suffering from the budget cuts. Tietz was outraged, calling it an incredible accusation and later saying he had never been so mad in his entire life. The Advanced Technology Park struggled for the remainder of Tietz's tenure at MSU. (It later succeeded in luring a number of small companies to locate there, and as of 2007 had generated 350 new jobs. That same year, "Business Week" said MSU ranked in the top 10 universities encouraging and making technology transfer.)
The final three years of Tietz's presidency were marked by budgetary retrenchment. Tietz said he and his administrators spent 18 hours a day for two weeks to try to meet the cuts required by the legislature (which totalled more than 10 percent). Among the programs cut were membership in the Center for Research Libraries; sports like skiing, women's gymnastics, and wrestling; undergraduate degree programs like business education, engineering science, and industrial arts; and the Office of Institutional Research. The five departments of the College of Education were merged into two. The departments of home economics and physical education were merged, as were the departments of agricultural engineering and civil engineering. Two programs slated for closure were international studies and the School of Architecture. But after bitter battles with the public, students, faculty, professional associations, and the legislature, Tietz was forced to keep them both open. Architecture was saved only because students in the program agreed to tax themselves an extra $190 a semester to pay for faculty salaries.
In March 1989, Tietz decided to resign, worn out by the legislative cutbacks and lack of support from the governor. An auditor's report, released in April 1989, showed that researchers had overspent their federal grants by hundreds of thousands of dollars and Tietz had done nothing to rein in costs or stop the spending. (The report might possibly have forced his resignation, but he had already made the decision to retire.)
Other roles.
While serving as dean of the veterinary college at CSU, Tietz was a member of the Council of Deans of the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC), and served as AAVMC president for a year.
While serving as president of MSU, Tietz also held a number of other positions. He was a member of the board of directors of the Montana Energy Research and Development Institute from 1977 to 1985, and served as its chair for two years. He served on the Council of Presidents of the National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges (now known as the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities) from 1977 to 1990, on the board of directors of the Greater Montana Foundation from 1977 to 2004, and on the board of trustees of the Yellowstone Association from 1981 to 1993 (serving as chair from 1987 to 1992).
Even though retired, William Tietz remained active in his local community. As of 2007, he served as chair of the Board of Directors of MSU's Burton K. Wheeler Center, and was a member of Gallatin County Detention Center Planning Committee. From 1958 to 2006, he also served on the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease. Tietz was made a life member of the group in 2003.
Personal life.
Tietz was married twice. He and his first wife, Patricia Lane Wells Tietz, were married in 1953 and divorced in 1983. They had three children: Karyn, William John Tietz III (known as John), and Julia. A fourth child, Katherine Johanna Tietz, died in infancy.
He dated Montana politician Dorothy Bradley for a time until her run for governor in 1992. The two remained friends after their romantic relationship ended.
His second wife, the former Gwen Massey, was 25 years younger than Tietz. They lived in Bozeman, Montana, and raised horses.
For many years after his retirement, William Tietz got together every few weeks with his MSU VP Stu Knapp, and Carl McIntosh, to discuss current events, Montana State University, the state of Montana, Bozeman, and other topics. The meetings continued until McIntosh and Knapp's deaths. Tietz died on June 10, 2020.
Legacy.
In 2011, three historians who wrote a history of MSU were asked to name Montana State University's most important presidents. Pierce Mullen, Robert Rydell, and Jeffrey Safford named Tietz one of the four top presidents in the university's history. The others were James M. Hamilton, Roland Renne, and Leon H. Johnson. (Safford said Tietz was even more important than Renne.) Tietz "set MSU on the path it still follows today", and the group agreed that presidents Michael P. Malone, Geoffrey Gamble, and Waded Cruzado have only built on what Tietz accomplished.
William Tietz has won numerous honors throughout his life. Among the more important are the Distinguished Service Award bestowed by the Colorado Veterinary Medical Association in 1976, and the Distinguished Alumni Award bestowed by the Colorado State University School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences in 1977.
Upon his retirement in 1990, Tietz endowed MSU with funds to create the President's Native American Excellence Scholarships for American Indian Students. This scholarship goes to a Native American student who has been accepted into the master of arts program in Native American Studies.
On November 2, 2007, MSU renamed its Animal Resources Center the William J. Tietz Hall in honor of Tietz.


Anthony Frew

Anthony James Frew FRCP (April 1955 – 28 November 2018) was professor of allergy and respiratory medicine at the Royal Sussex County Hospital.
Early life.
Frew grew up in Essex. His father was a GP. He was educated at a prep school near Ashdown Forest and won a scholarship to Westminster School. He studied medicine at Cambridge and trained in respiratory medicine.
Career.
Frew was a high-profile member of the acute medical, respiratory and allergy teams at the Royal Sussex County Hospital which he joined in 2005.
Frew died in Brighton in November 2018.
Personal life.
Frew was married to Helen Smith and had four children. He loved travelling and classical music.


UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health

The UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (ICH) is an academic department of the Faculty of Population Health Sciences of University College London (UCL) and is located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in 1946 and together with its clinical partner Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), forms the largest concentration of children's health research in Europe. In 1996 the Institute merged with University College London. Current research focusses on broad biomedical topics within child health, ranging from developmental biology, to genetics, to immunology and epidemiology.
History.
The Institute of Child Health was founded in 1946 by professor Alan Moncrieff with the funding of a chair in child health by the Nuffield Foundation. It acted as a postgraduate school of preventive and therapeutic paediatrics of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and the University of London. Moncrieff served as director until 1964.
Research.
ICH sets out its mission to improve the health and wellbeing of children, and the adults they will become, through world-class research, education and public engagement. To further this agenda, ICH joined the Faculty of Biomedical Sciences at University College London in 2006. The research is internationally recognised, with the ICH gaining Grade 5*A in the Higher Education Funding Council for England ratings. The institute also won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher Education in 2000.
Through the enabling of various funding bodies incl research councils, charities as well as industry, the Institute annually trains doctoral students, medical students and other postgraduates.
There are five academic programmes in the Institute: Developmental Biology and Cancer, Developmental Neuroscience, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Infection, Immunity, Inflammation, and Population Policy and Practice.
Library.
The Library provides information support and information skills training for staff and students at the Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health and the staff of Great Ormond Street Hospital. It is located on the 2nd floor of the UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health main building.
The Library was refurbished and reopened in August 2017. Its facilities include:
The Library holds a range of resources (databases, e-resources and books) as well as offering training sessions and online tutorials.
Historical collections.
The Friends of the Children of Great Ormond Street Library holds a substantial collection of historical books and reprints of papers published by staff at Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Institute of Child Health. The historical collections also include around 2500 volumes on paediatrics and the history of paediatrics, some dating from as early as 1819.
Library opening hours.
The Library is staffed from Monday to Friday, between 9:00am and 6:00pm.
Key facts.
"NB". "Paper numbers, percentage of highly cited papers and 5-year average citation impact (Evidence, Thomson Reuters Business) comparing papers published between 2088 and 2012 from GOSH/ICH with its international comparators".
Notable faculty.
Notable faculty of the institute, past and present, include:


John Silas Lundy

John Silas Lundy (July 6, 1894 – April 26, 1973) was an American physician and anesthesiologist who established the first post-anesthesia recovery room and the first blood bank in the United States.


Jean-Paul Grangaud

Jean-Paul Grangaud (7 February 1938 – 4 August 2020) was an Algerian pediatrician and university professor.
Biography.
At the age of 24, Grangaud began practicing medicine at the Hôpital El Kettar in Algiers. He joined the National Liberation Front during the Algerian War, and supplied the soldiers with medicines.
After Algeria gained independence, Grangaud became a member of the commission on health responsible for national immunization. He became a naturalized Algerian citizen in the 1970s. In 1994, he was appointed to the Ministry of Health as an advisor. He was appointed as director of preventative medicine in 2002. In addition to his public career, he served as a professor at the University of Algiers.
Grangaud was the first winner of the Prix Tedjini Haddam from the Académie algérienne d'allergologie.


Robin Patel

Robin Patel is an American microbiologist and was the 2019–2020 president of the American Society for Microbiology. She is the Elizabeth P. and Robert E. Allen Professor of Individualized Medicine at the Mayo Clinic and director of the Mayo Clinic's Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, where she studies biofilms, antimicrobial resistance, periprosthetic joint infection and diagnostic testing of bacteria.
Patel earned a BA degree in chemistry from Princeton University, graduating "Magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa," and "Sigma Xi" in 1985, and an MD from McGill University, graduating in 1989. At McGill University, she was supported by a Greville Smith scholarship and received several awards/prizes (Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Besner Prize, Mosby Scholarship Book Award, Newell W. Philpott Prize, Osler Medical Aid Foundation Bursary & Commonwealth Medical Elective Bursary and Elizabeth Ann Munro Gordon Prize). She then completed a residency in internal medicine at the Mayo Clinic (during which she received a Residency Program Outstanding Achievement Award), followed by fellowships in infectious diseases (during which she received the William H. J. Summerskill Award in Subspecialty Trainee Research and the Joseph E. Geraci Award for Infectious Diseases Outstanding Achievement) and clinical microbiology.
She began working at the Mayo Clinic after the completion of her fellowships in 1996. In 2003, she received a Department of Medicine Laureate Award - Mayo Clinic, and in 2008 an Outstanding Woman in Medicine award from the Mayo Chapters of the AMSA & AMWA. In 2012, she was named a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology. She was an editor for the "Journal of Clinical Microbiology" from 2009 to 2019. In 2015, she was honored with the American Society for Microbiology BD Award for Research in Clinical Microbiology and a Mayo Medical School Distinguished Service Award. In 2019, she delivered the Maxwell Finland Award Lecture at IDWeek (Washington, DC). Her biography was published in the "Journal of Clinical Microbiology" in 2020.
Early life.
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, she and her family moved to the suburbs of Montreal, Québec, when she was four years old. Her parents are Barbara A. Foster and Nagin K. Patel, and she has two younger siblings, Janice E Patel and Harish DS Patel. She attended John Rennie High School following which she spent a year at Marianapolis College in Montreal and then matriculated to Princeton University in 1982.


Toshikazu Wakatsuki

 was a Japanese medical doctor. He received a M.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1936 and a PhD from the same institution in 1947, after imprisonment for anti-war views during World War II. In 1946, Wakatsuki performed Japan's first tubercular spinal caries and also organised its first blood bank. He founded the Japanese Association of Rural Medicine. Wakatsuki was awarded the 1976 Ramon Magsaysay Award for his contributions to rural medicine, as well as the Order of the Rising Sun with Gold and Silver Star in 1981. He died of pneumonia in August 2006, at the age of 96.


Edward Harrison (physician)

Edward Harrison (1766, Lancashire – 6 May 1838, Marlborough) was a British physician who described Harrison's groove. He studied in London under John and William Hunter, and in Edinburgh where he received his doctorate in 1784. He practised in Horncastle, Lincolnshire for 30 years, founding the Horncastle Dispensary and the Lincolnshire Medical Benevolent Society. He was an advocate of medical reform, reporting on the lack of regulation of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries, and suggesting that regulation of education and licensing was needed. This plan was thwarted by opposition from the Royal College of Physicians. He also founded the first infirmary for spinal diseases in London in 1837. He was a member of the Royal Society.


James Malcolm Mason

James Malcolm Mason (22 August 1864 – 9 May 1924) was a New Zealand doctor and public health administrator. He was born in Arbroath, Angus, Scotland on 22 August 1864.


Walter Karl Koch

Walter Karl Koch (May 3, 1880 in Dortmund, Germany – 1962 ) was a German surgeon best known for the discovery of "Koch's triangle", a triangular shaped area in the right atrium of the heart, and of Tawara's node, the atrioventricular node which is the beginning of the auricular-ventricular bundle.
Educated in Freiburg im Breisgau and at the Kaiser Wilhelm Academy in Berlin, he obtained his doctorate in 1907 at Freiburg. As a military physician, he served at the Heidelberg pathological institute and the 2nd medical clinic in Berlin. Here he habilitated in general pathology and pathological anatomy in 1921. After being named a professor in 1922, he worked as head of department at Berlin's Westend hospital. Koch became known for his work on the motor centres of the human heart, and coined the term "sinus node".


Nathan Edwin Brill

Nathan Edwin Brill (January 3, 1860– December 13, 1925) was an American physician who, while at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, discovered Brill-Zinsser disease (or, often, simply Brill's disease), a late relapse of epidemic typhus.
Biography.
Brill was born in New York City and earned his medical degree at New York University College in 1880. He completed his internship at the Bellevue Hospital in 1881.
In 1882 he was appointed physician at the Mount Sinai Hospital, later becoming professor at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Brill's medical accomplishments include:
Brill-Zinsser Disease.
Brill-Zinsser Disease (commonly known as Brill's Disease) is a form of epidemic typhus that occurs only in patients who have previously been infected by "Rickettsia prowazekii"that was most likely transmitted to the body through lice. Brill's Disease itself is not related to the presence of louse, but instead appears randomly many years after the original infection. The same symptoms seen in patients suffering from epidemic typhus are seen in patients with Brill's Disease, only in less severe form. Brill's Disease can affect patients for the entirety of their lives, with cases being documented after more than forty years of contracting epidemic typhus.


James Leatham Birley

James Leatham Birley (1884–1934) was a British physician and neurologist, known for his work on fatigue and stress in WWI pilots.
Biography.
After education at Winchester College, James Birley matriculated at University College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1908 with a first-class degree in natural science. He then studied medicine at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School. In 1911 he qualified from the University of Oxford BM Pathology and BM Forensic Medicine and Public Health. He graduated BM BCh (Oxon.)in 1912 and qualified MRCP in 1913. He held house appointments at St Thomas's Hospital and at the National Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System, Queen Square. In 1915 he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps. During WWI he was stationed in France with the Royal Flying Corps from 1916 to 1919.
By 1921 Birley had graduated MD (Oxon.) and had published an article, co-authored by Leonard S. Dudgeon, in the journal "Brain". At St Thomas's Hospital Birley was appointed assistant physician in 1919 and in 1928 full physician and director of the neurological department (as successor to Sir Farquhar Buzzard). Birley worked at St Thomas's Hospital until his death in 1934. He was simultaneously an assistant physician at the National Hospital, Queen Square for a few years.
On 11 August 1922 he married Margaret Edith Mercer, née Tennant. She was born in 1890 and was the widow, married in 1913, of Major Archibald Ariel Mercer (1884?–1914) and daughter of William Augustus Tennant of Ugley, Essex. There were two sons and a daughter from the marriage. The younger son was James Leatham Tennant Birley.


Francis Oswald Bennett

Francis Oswald Bennett (19 February 1898 – 4 August 1976) was a New Zealand doctor, military medical administrator and writer. He was born in Christchurch, New Zealand on 19 February 1898.


Burroughs Wellcome Fund

The Burroughs Wellcome Fund (BWF) is an American non-profit medical research organization that provides funding for biomedical research, STEM education, and areas of career development for scientists. Since 1970, it has been headquartered in North Carolina's Research Triangle Park.
Founded in 1955 as an extension of the England-based Wellcome Trust, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund's two-part mission is “to help scientists early in their careers develop as independent investigators” and “to advance fields in the basic biomedical sciences that are undervalued or in need of particular encouragement”.
The fund grants more than $40 million each year to research focusing on infectious disease, biomedical science, and other health-related fields. The Fund also supports STEM education efforts in North Carolina, including the North Carolina Science, Mathematics, and Technology Education Center.
History.
The Burroughs Wellcome Fund was founded in 1955 as an American extension of the Wellcome Trust in England. These foundations trace their origins to the American pharmaceutical magnates Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs, who founded Burroughs Wellcome and Co. in England in 1880. This pharmaceutical company was one of the four large organizations that eventually merged to become GlaxoSmithKline.
After Silas Burroughs died in 1895, Henry Wellcome expanded the company into several continents and numerous countries, including the United States. In 1924, Wellcome consolidated all of the company's holdings under a corporate umbrella that he named The Wellcome Foundation Ltd. When he died in 1936, his will vested all of the corporate shares in a new charity entity – the Wellcome Trust. The Trust's purpose was to use profits from the Wellcome Foundation to advance research in medicine and medical history.
In 1955, Sir Henry Dale, one of the Trust's original trustees and its chair for 21 years, and William N. Creasy, president and chair of Burroughs Wellcome Co. USA, created a U.S. extension of the Wellcome Trust called the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. From 1955 to 1993, it operated as a corporate foundation to support scientific research. In 1993 a $400 million gift from the trustees allowed it to become an independent entity with no ties to the Wellcome Foundation or to GlaxoSmithKline, which by 2000 had purchased all shares of Wellcome Foundation.
Activities.
Since its founding, the BWF has funded medical and biological science research across the United States and Canada. This has mainly consisted of individual recognition and funding like the Investigator in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease Award, the Physician-Scientist Institutional Award, and the Innovation in Regulatory Science Award. The BWF also supports larger research projects conducted by multiple teams, such as a report on" The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic."
One example of large-scale research supported in part by the fund was the genetic sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite behind most malaria deaths. The BWF partnered with the World Health Organization and the Department of Defense to fund this research at the University of Pennsylvania. In addition to financial support, the Fund facilitated collaboration among the research participants.
The Fund is a sponsor of the North Carolina Teacher of the Year program through the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction.
In 2013, BWF created the Innovation in Regulatory Science Award to fund regulatory science researchers in the U.S. and Canada.


Adolph Albrecht Erlenmeyer

Adolph Albrecht Erlenmeyer (11 July 1822 – 9 August 1877) was a German physician and psychiatrist born in Wiesbaden.
He studied medicine in Marburg, Bonn and Berlin. At the University of Bonn he studied under surgeon Karl Wilhelm Wutzer (1789–1863), and after receiving his doctorate from the University of Berlin, he was an assistant to psychiatrist Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi (1777–1858) at the asylum in Siegburg. As a young man, Erlenmeyer was influenced by Jacobi's somatic approach to psychiatry, and felt that there needed to be a close unity of psychiatry and neurology.
In 1848 he opened a private asylum in Bendorf bei Koblenz that was to become known as "Asyl für Gehirn- und Nervenkranke". During the ensuing years the facility expanded, eventually having a department of neurology (1866) and an "agricultural colony" called "Albrechtshöhe" (1867).
In 1854 Erlenmeyer became a co-founder of the "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und gerichtliche Psychologie" (German Society for Psychiatry and Forensic Psychology). His son, psychiatrist Friedrich Albrecht Erlenmeyer (1849–1926) is remembered for his research of morphine addiction.


Allianze University College of Medical Sciences

Allianze University College of Medical Sciences was a private higher learning institution located at Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang that ran courses in medicine, hospitality, tourism, sports science and allied health sciences. It closed in 2014 after protests from unpaid staff, and a failed bid to open a branch in London, England.
In 2013 the university acquired Trent Park House in north London for £30 million (US$47 million) from Middlesex University but the building and campus was never developed and it has been speculated that the size of the deal led to the closure of the college in 2014. Trent Park House was subsequently sold to Berkeley Homes.
It already ceased operations as of today.