Wherrytown

Wherrytown is a small settlement in west Cornwall, United Kingdom, on the east side of the Laregan River, between Newlyn and Penzance. It was formerly in the civil parish of Madron and was incorporated into the Borough of Penzance in 1934 when local government was reorganised.
The village bore the brunt of the Ash Wednesday storm on 7 March 1962, with most of the buildings destroyed along with nearly one mile of the seafront from the Battery Rocks to Tolcarne heavily damaged. The only Wherrytown building to survive was the Mount's Bay Inn. At low spring tides, and after storms partially fossilised trees can be exposed. The South West Coast Path follows the shore.
Submerged forest.
Offshore surveys of Mount's Bay have found submerged, erosional plains and valleys containing deposits of peat, sand and gravel. The deposits indicate cyclical changes from wetland, to coastal forest, to brackish conditions have been occurring over the past 12,000 years as sea levels rose. Either side of Penzance, on the beaches at Ponsandane and Wherrytown, evidence of a ′submerged forest′ can be seen at low tide in the form of several partially fossilised tree trunks. Divers and trawlers also find submerged tree trunks across Mount’s Bay and the forest may have covered a coastal plain 2 to 5 kilometres further south than today. The samples of peat and wood around Penzance have been radiocarbon dated and indicate that the forest was growing from at least 6,000 to around 4,000 years ago when rising sea levels finally killed the trees. Artefacts dating from the Mesolithic (10,000 to 5,000 BCE) have been found indicating some occupation contemporary with the forest. Marshes formed and were overlain by sand, gravel and by sand dunes which formed natural barriers to the sea. The Western Green (a sand dune system, now under Penzance promenade) was such a barrier. Storms sometimes destroyed the barriers depositing sand and gravel over peat beds in Marazion Marsh, and in the foundations of buildings in Wherrytown. The submerged forest in the intertidal area between Wherrytown and Long Rock is of national importance and is a Cornwall Geology Site.
History.
The settlement is named after the Wherry mine and is probably the name of a person.
Before 1845, the harbour at Penzance was tidal, had only one pier and was open to easterly winds. Wherrytown was then outside the Borough of Penzance, and to avoid congestion and harbour dues, vessels grounded at the mouth of the Lariggan river to discharge their cargos into carts at low water.
Wheal Wherry.
A record book from the Angarrack smelting house refers, in 1713 and 1714 to ""Penzance Work" and "Wheal Kathleen", although the actual sites are not known. Joseph Hawkins, writing in 1818, states that the reef at Wherrytown had been worked for tin from around the beginning of the 18th century, although he did not give any description or further details. Daniel Defoe, staying in Penzance in circa 1722 wrote in "A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain" – " ... the veins of lead, tinn, and copper ore, are said to be seen, even to the utmost extent of land at low water mark, and in the very sea ... "". In 1762 one-tenth of the Wherry bounds (the boundaries of a tin mine) formed part of the security for a mortgage to Rachel Hawkins of Penquite, Golant.
In or about 1778, Thomas Curtis of Breage sank a shaft on the rocks below the high tide mark. The shaft was protected by a stone breakwater and a wooden turret, to keep the sea out. On the death of Curtis in 1791 the mine was acquired by Thomas Gundry, along with unnamed partners, and a steam engine was built onshore to drain the mine. The operations are said to have come to a halt in 1798, when an American ship broke its moorings and drifted on to the rocks and demolishing the shafthead. An account, published in 1809 of the mine closure blames a storm, and a book published in 1820 blames high tides, storms and the ″declining state of the lode″ as the reasons why the adventurers decided to abandon the mine in 1798. Neither book blames an American ship for the closure of the mine, although the 1809 account may refer to a storm on 2 January 1796 which is said to have driven a ship out of the harbour at Penzance, and stranded her on a nearby rock. £70,000 worth of tin ore was sold in total. During a discussion at the 1881 AGM of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall on the production of cobalt in Cornwall, Mr T S Bolitho mentioned that prior to 1816 cobalt was produced at the Wherry mine. Production stopped in 1816 following the discovery of the ore in Germany, when the price fell from £3 3s to £3.
A proposal to reopen in 1823 came to nothing and in 1836 a new company was formed building a new pier and installing a 40-inch engine onshore. At that time there were low, grass, towans and the high-water mark was seaward of the present promenade. The water around the mine was not as deep as it is now, the shore was covered in sand and gravel with the nearby Laregan rocks covered in sand and the Lariggan stream flowing to the west of the rocks. By the side of the road from Newlyn was a ropewalk. The destruction of the towans began with the laying of the foundations for the engine house, count house (offices) and smiths' shop. Operations ceased in 1840 and the engine sold at auction. The stone from the engine house, chimney stack and walls was used to build houses in what became the village of Wherrytown.
A storm on 12 February 1883 changed the course of the Lariggan stream to the east of the reef and caused erosion to the sea wall, which was blamed on ″the continual removal of sand for agricultural purposes″. By 1905 much of the sand and gravel had been quarried for farming and building, lowering the beach.
The last attempt at opening the mine was in 1967, when a temporary quay was built to the end of the nearby Laregan rocks.
Serpentine works.
The derelict site of the Wherry mine was bought by three Penzance businessmen; John Bromley, Richard Millet and John Organ, and a large building erected. Serpentine was brought from the Lizard, across Mount's Bay to Penzance, and the finished goods were shipped out of Penzance harbour. A tour of the works, in 1846, by Prince Albert and the royal family, resulted in an order for mantelpieces and pedestals for Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. By 1848 the company employed thirty-seven men.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased products from all of the world and was visited by six million people. John Organ was one of the prize winners; for a pair of serpentine obelisks which were replicas of Cleopatra's Needle, and a carved font which was later exhibited in New York. A large Bacchanalian vase hand-carved by Arthur Harvey of Penzance was also exhibited. The exhibition brought serpentine to the attention of the British public and orders increased. Products included columns, fireplaces, obelisks, pedestals, pilasters and urns and customers included the Duke of Devonshire, the Earl of Darnley, the Marquis of Westminster and further items for the Royal Family. Chatsworth House. Hampton Court and Westminster Abbey were all destinations for objects, as well as numerous private and public buildings. The increase in demand and subsequent increases in administration and marketing necessitated the opening of offices. A partnership was formed in 1851 with a group of London businessmen to form the "London and Penzance Serpentine Company", with offices at 5 Waterloo Place, Pall Mall. The following year John Organ was the general manager of the company when the London partners bought control.
There was a further major craft exhibition in London in 1862 where items were shown, but there was now competition from the "Lizard Serpentine Company" based at Poltesco, and from Mr Pearce's workshop in Truro. At the height of the stone’s popularity there were at least eleven working quarries on the Lizard and Poltesco was soon to gain commercial superiority. As the company at Poltesco expanded, production at Wherrytown declined and the "London and Penzance Serpentine Company" closed in 1865.
In 1878 Col Heberden RA, IAAF inspected the 10th Battery of the DCAV (Duke of Cornwall Artillery Volunteers) in the Drill Hall, Wherrytown. After the closure the site was still referred to as the serpentine works and was damaged by a storm on 7 October 1880 and again in February 1883, when the armoury was flooded. It was finally demolished in 1916.
In 1883 Messrs Freeman and Sons employed nineteen men at the Wherrytown yard, who cut stones from their three granite quarries at Lamorna, New Mill and Sheffield. At that time the yard was shaping stones for the new harbour at Penzance.
Lifeboat station.
The first lifeboat in Cornwall was stationed at Penzance harbour in 1803, and in 1862 there was local controversy when, on several occasions, the boat did not launch. Proposals to move the lifeboat to Newlyn would have been unpopular with the residents of Penzance and as a compromise the lifeboat station moved to Wherrytown (which was at that time in the Parish of Madron). A new timber lifeboat house was opened in 1867 at the bottom of Alexandra Road, near the Coastguard Station and the lifeboat was stationed there until 1885, when the lifeboat returned to Penzance.
Other buildings.
In or about 1871 Messrs Coulsons set up a timber yard and by 1883 was employing nine people. The mill contained a thirteen horse-power steam engine which ran a vertical saw-frame and a circular bench. The saw-frame could run up to 27 saws at a time.
Bodilly & Co built a large flour mill near to the site of the Wheal Wherry Mine engine house in 1874. On 7 October 1880 the seawall protecting the drill hall, granary and a smith was levelled by the sea for more than and all three buildings and dwellings flooded. The road to Newlyn was swept away. In 1883 Bodilly's was the smaller of the three flour mills in or near Penzance with an average of 600 sacks per week and 800 when working at full capacity. The other mills were Branwell's next to the railway station and Bazeley's at Gulval. The mill was disused by 1906 and in 1920 demolished. The site was taken over and used as a bus depot by Western National and in the 20th century a Lidl supermarket. The supermarket moved to a nearby site in 2017.


Beresford Richards

Beresford (Berry) Richards (August 26, 1914, Aiegnmouth, Cornwall, England – May 1982) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1943 to 1949. Elected as a candidate of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, he was twice expelled from that party during his tenure in the legislature.
Richards's father, Beresford Walter Richards, was a member of the Canadian Authors' Association. The younger Richards came to Canada in 1921, and was educated in Athabaska, Alberta and at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Mining Engineering.
Career.
He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in a by-election held in The Pas on August 17, 1943, to replace former Premier John Bracken after the latter's move to federal politics. Although the CCF had never elected a candidate in The Pas, Richards won an overwhelming victory against three opponents. During this campaign, he ran on a platform advocating socialism as it had been introduced by the Labour government of New Zealand. The CCF was the dominant opposition party in Manitoba during this period, and Richards sat with his party on the opposition benches.
Richards was a charismatic personality, known for a powerful debating style and flamboyant manner of dressing. He was soon appointed to the provincial CCF executive as the party's chief organizer, and built a powerful constituency base within the party. At one time, the CCF organization in The Pas was the largest in the province. Richards was a maverick on the left-wing of the CCF, and the similarity of his views with those of the communist Labor-Progressive Party made him many enemies in his own party.
In a 1945 letter to the Manitoba CCF executive committee, Richards and fellow maverick Dwight Johnson called for cooperation with other left-wing and progressive parties against the Progressive Conservatives in the upcoming federal election. Their position was identical to that promoted by the Labour Progressive Party, and many in the CCF leadership believed that Richards and Johnson were directly influenced by the LPP. The CCF leadership, including Stanley Knowles and Donovan Swailes, forcefully opposed Richards and Johnson's position. The party was especially upset at Richards's decision to meet with the CCF executive in Portage la Prairie, to discuss the possibility of running a "united front" candidate of the left.
Richards and Johnson were soon marginalized in the party. Stanley Knowles accused Richards of holding Communist sympathies at party gathering, and Richards was deliberately left uninformed of executive meetings. Denied the opportunity to promote his position in the CCF newspaper, Richards read a statement in the provincial legislature during the 1945 session, calling for cooperation with other progressive parties and advocating friendly relations with the Soviet Union. In making this statement, he also accused the CCF leadership of suppressing debate within party channels.
Richards later claimed that the party leadership had been "embarking on a right wing course" by its actions during this period. Ironically, some CCF members interpreted the Richards-Johnson position as a shift "away" from socialism, in that the "broad left" coalition they were advocating included left-leaning members of the Liberal Party. Many party members supported Richards and Johnson in their battles against the CCF hierarchy, however, and Richards in particular remained very popular with his riding association.
Suspension.
Richards and Johnson were both suspended from the CCF by the provincial council in 1945, by a vote of 33 to 5. Although the council could not expel members from the party, the two MLAs were immediately expelled from the CCF legislative caucus.
In the 1945 federal election, Richards supported federal Cooperative Commonwealth Federation candidate Ronald Moore in the riding of Churchill, on the grounds that Moore was the candidate best positioned to defeat the Progressive Conservative candidate. Moore was, in fact, elected.
A few months later, Richards ran for re-election in the 1945 provincial election as an "Independent CCF" candidate. He convinced the local CCF organization not to field a candidate against him, and was re-elected over Progressive Conservative candidate Robert Milton by 81 votes.
Richards wrote a conciliatory appeal to the Manitoba CCF after the election, and asked for reinstatement. At the party's general convention in December 1945, he was re-admitted to the party by a delegated vote of 80 to 35. Stanley Knowles continued to oppose him, but was in Britain when the convention took place.
Richards continued to support cooperation among left parties and to advocate friendly relations with the Soviet Union, but he avoided open criticism of the party leadership. In the legislature, he was known as the CCF's most skilled debater.
Richards was nominated from the convention floor for the leadership of the Manitoba CCF in 1948, following the resignation of Seymour Farmer the previous year, but declined to run and Edwin Hansford was elected the new party leader without opposition.
Even after his reinstatement, Richards's views continued to create tensions with others in the CCF. In 1948, he successfully passed a motion at the party's general convention calling for opposition to America's foreign policy in Europe. Similarly, in March 1949, he was the only other CCF caucus member who did not repudiate statements made by St. Clements MLA Wilbert Doneleyko, denouncing the Marshall Plan and plans for an Atlantic Treaty as a new American hegemony. Shortly thereafter, both Richards and Doneleyko signed a letter calling for the CCF to oppose the emerging North Atlantic Treaty Organisation.
After this letter was circulated, Stanley Knowles and Donovan Swailes again accused Richards of adopting Communist tactics to disrupt the CCF. At the party's 1949 convention, Richards and Doneleyko were expelled from the party by a vote of 56 to 18. The next day, the party passed a resolution in support of NATO.
Richards again ran as an "Independent CCF" candidate in the 1949 election, and was again endorsed by the local CCF association. However, at the behest of the provincial executive, a rival party organization was created in The Pas and an official CCF candidate nominated. Both candidates were resoundingly defeated by Liberal Francis Bud Jobin, who took nearly three times as many votes as Richards.
Election loss.
The loss ended Richards's political career. He quietly rejoined the CCF in the 1950s, but never again sought provincial or federal office.
Lloyd Stinson, who led the Manitoba CCF from 1952 to 1959, once wrote the following about Richards:
Richards returned to his profession as a mining engineer after leaving politics. In 1986, W.O. Kupsch and S.D. Hanson published a work entitled, "Gold and Other Stories as told to Berry Richards : Prospecting and Mining in Northern Saskatchewan".


George Wingfield

George Wingfield (August 16, 1876 - December 25, 1959) was a Nevada cattleman and gambler who became a financier, investor and one of the state's most powerful economic and political figures during the period from 1909 to 1932. With future senator George S. Nixon as his mentor after he settled in Winnemucca in 1899, and fellow gambler John Hennessy as his partner in the mining boomtown of Tonopah after 1901, Wingfield rose from faro-dealer to become richest man in Nevada in less than five years.
Early and family life.
George Wingfield was born at Fort Smith, Arkansas in 1876 to Thomas Yates Wingfield (1846-1906)and his wife, the former, the former Martha Matilda Spradling (1848-1940). His grandfather Edward Wingfield had moved his family (including his 3 sons, William, Thomas and Henry and their families) from Albemarle County, Virginia to Fort Smith in 1853, then moved to Missouri during the American Civil War, then back to Arkansas, and would move through Nevada, but settle in Oregon, only to resettle in Arizona, where two of his sons had settled and he died in 1880. Meanwhile, Thomas Wingfield's family moved with his extended family to Oregon when young George was five years old, and he would become a buckaroo on a ranch in Burns.
He married, but after he made his first fortune in 1906, as discussed below, his wife, May, filed for divorce; the couple received an annulment. He then married a divorced woman, Maud Azil Murdoch Hamlin (1890-1955) of San Francisco, and they had a son, George Wingfield Jr. (1914-1987). Wingfield later married Roxy Thoma (1892-1979), daughter of a prominent doctor in Reno, who would survive and like George Jr., be buried beside Wingfield.
Career.
By age 20, Wingfield had become a cattle drover, and drove herds from Oregon and California eastward to Winnemucca in Humboldt County (in the state's northwestern corner). Winnemucca was the Humboldt county seat, as well as (approximately since the Civil War) a stop on the Southern Pacific Railroad (the transcontinental railroad which acquired the Central Pacific). It was known for a variety of businesses more hidden in respectable towns, including saloons, gambling and brothels. In Winnemucca, Wingfield met former railroad man turned banker and future United States Senator George S. Nixon, sixteen years his senior, and who became his mentor. In 1899, Wingfield decided to leave the cattle business and opened a saloon in Golconda, also in Humboldt County, but sold it by 1901.
He used the proceeds to travel south, arriving in Tonopah, then the county seat of Nye County and a town of about 250 residents, which was booming because Jim Butler had discovered silver ore and established a mine nearby in 1900. At first, Wingfield played poker and dealt cards for faro at the Tonopah Club, but by 1902, he and fellow gambler John Hennessey took over the club and soon made $200,000 in profits.
By October 1902, Wingfield and Nixon formally became business partners, investing in mining and real estate. They soon owned the Boston-Tonopah Mining Company and the Nye County Bank, among other properties. By 1904, having grub-staked many miners after a gold strike the previous year about 27 miles away in Goldfield, Esmeralda County, Nevada, Wingfield moved to Goldfield, and also bought a saloon, which his millionaire mentor Nixon advised him to sell and concentrate on respectable investments, so over the next years they bought more real estate and all but one of the local mines. In 1904, Nixon became a U.S. Senator, representing the state.
By his 30th birthday in 1906 (also the year his father died in San Francisco), Wingfield had made a fortune in Nevada, based on mine ownership in Tonopah and Goldfield. After taking their Goldfield Consolidated Mining Company public in 1906 (which he and Nixon had organized with $50 million in capital), Wingfield alone was worth $30 million. However, when their Goldfield mines became an organizing target of the Industrial Workers of the World in 1907 (and knowing the IWW had called strikes elsewhere), the mine owners closed the mines. This put between 6,000 and 8000 miners out of work, which led not only to considerable publicity, but civil unrest. Nevada Governor John Sparks called up the national guard to restore order.
In 1908, Wingfield moved to Reno and became active in politics, banking, ranching, and hotel-keeping. His partnership with Nixon dissolved in 1909, with Wingfield taking the mining interests and Nixon the banks. He also invested in the Coalinga Oil Field. After Nixon's death, Wingfield bought the Golden Hotel in Reno, and he also bought the city's other major hotel (the Riverside Hotel) and the Spanish Springs hotel in Springs, would acquire many Nevada banks, and the mining company acquired international interests. Wingfield also returned to his cattle-ranching roots, operating a ranch and dairy farm in Fallon.
After his mentor Nixon died in 1912, Governor Tasker Oddie appointed Wingfield to serve out the remainder of Nixon's Senate term, but after consulting with Nixon's financier friends, including Bernard Baruch and Henry Clay Frick, Wingfield turned down the appointment. He cultivated friendships in both political parties, and his businesses survived the 1923 fire which devastated Goldfield. In the 1920s Wingfield worked with legislators to make Nevada a quickie divorce location, which helped his Reno hotel businesses. He also worked to legalize gambling, illegal in many states, especially California and other destinations easily reachable by railroad. Not only his businesses in Reno, but the entire state of Nevada became a tourist destination. In 1928, Wingfield was elected to the University Board of Regents for the University of Nevada.
Much of Wingfield's fortune was lost during the Great Depression. In 1931, $500,000 in state funds were missing and Wingfield was accused of embezzling them. He put up the money himself, but soon declared bankruptcy. However, by 1935 he was rebuilding his fortune, investing in the Getchell Mine near Winnemucca. By 1955, he was ready to retire, selling his Reno security company and the Riverside Hotel.
Death and Legacy.
George Wingfield died in Reno on December 25, 1959. He was survived by his widow and son, who were later buried beside him in Reno. In 1992, he was inducted into the National Mining Hall of Fame in Leadville, Colorado.
Wingfield Park, alongside the Truckee River in Reno, was built on land donated by George Wingfield. Starting in 1995, a new 1,660-acre, 400-home neighborhood was constructed on the site of George Wingfield's former Spanish Springs Ranch. Red Hawk at Wingfield Springs was completed in 2005 and named after Wingfield by its developer, Harvey Whittemore.


Tom McGuinness (artist)

Tom McGuinness (1926–2006) was a British coal miner and artist. At 18 he was conscripted as a Bevin Boy during World War II, and later studied at the Darlington School of Art, and was one of the artists at the Spennymoor Settlement, where his contemporaries included Norman Cornish, Herbert Dees and Robert Heslop.
In 2018 Frances O'Grady, General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress, exhibited his painting of Murton colliery in County Durham in her office. This is the same county as the other places mentioned (above) in his career.


W. S. Bodey

W. S. Bodey (1814 – 1859) was a prospector from Poughkeepsie, New York who discovered gold in Eastern California.
Biography.
Bodey's exact first name is uncertain. His name could be William, Waterman or Wakeman. In Poughkeepsie he owned his own business and was listed in the 1843 Poughkeepsie village directory. In the 1845 edition, he is listed as a tin manufacturer with his shop address of 345 Main Street. He is also listed in this same directory as having a home on the corner of South Hamilton and Montgomery streets.
Although Bodey was well respected within the community of Poughkeepsie, he desired a more adventurous life. In 1848, after receiving news of gold being discovered in California, Bodey said goodbye to his wife Sarah and his two children, and set sail for California and its gold on the "Mathew Vasser". After rounding Cape Horn, Bodey landed in San Francisco in 1849.
In 1859, Bodey discovered gold in Eastern California, north of Mono Lake. This discovery sparked a gold rush; the town of Bodie, California sprang up around Bodey's discovery. Bodey did not profit from the discovery however. He died in November 1859, after he decided to winter near his find with a Native American companion. He and his companion went out to make a supply trip to Monoville and got lost in a blizzard. When Bodey couldn't go any further, his companion left him and Bodey froze to death. Bodey's body was found the next spring.


Betioky mine

The Betioky mine is a large iron mine located in southern Madagascar in Atsimo-Andrefana. Betioky represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Madagascar and in the world having estimated reserves of 130 million tonnes of ore grading 14% iron metal.


Kentwood, Michigan

Kentwood is a city in Kent County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 48,707 as of the 2010 census.
History.
The city was incorporated in 1967 from what remained of Paris Township to prevent further annexation of land from the adjacent cities of Grand Rapids and Wyoming. The city was named after Kent County, which was named after jurist James Kent.
The city's first mayor was Peter M. Lamberts, who served in that post until 1979. Subsequent mayors have included Marvin Hoeflinger (1979–1981), Gerald DeRuiter (1981–1992), Bill Hardiman (1992–2002), Richard Root (2002–2012), Richard Clanton (2012–2013), and Stephen Kepley (2013–present).
Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. The city is bordered by Wyoming to the west, Grand Rapids and Grand Rapids Township to the north, Cascade Township to the east, and Gaines Township to the south.
Climate.
The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb" (Warm Summer Continental Climate).
Demographics.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 48,707 people, 19,741 households, and 12,345 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 21,584 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 70.1% White, 15.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 6.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.5% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.5% of the population.
There were 19,741 households, of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.5% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.10.
The median age in the city was 34.3 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.8% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $48,335, and the median income for a family was $60,391. The per capita income for the city was $24,261. About 9.8% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.
Government.
Kentwood has a Mayor, who also serves as the City Manager, and a legislature consisting of a City Commission. The current mayor is Stephen Kepley. The Mayor Pro Tempore is selected by the City Commission; Ward 1 Commissioner Robert Coughlin currently serves in this role. The mayor serves as a voting member of the City Commission and presides over Commission meetings. However, he does not have the power to veto a resolution or ordinance.
Voters in Kentwood elect a mayor, city clerk, and city treasurer to four-year terms, and elect six city commissioners to four-year, staggered terms. Every two years, voters in each of the city's two wards elect one commissioner, while another city commissioner is elected by the city at-large.
Major highways.
 runs along 28th Street.

 runs along East Beltline Avenue and Broadmoor Avenue to the south.

 links with Muskegon and downtown Grand Rapids to the west and Lansing and Detroit, Michigan to the east.
While not within Kentwood city limits, two other highways both pass within one mile of Kentwood: US-131 in Wyoming and M-6 to the south. Since Kentwood is a suburb of Grand Rapids, many commuters will use one or both of these highways en route to and from work.
Schools.
The main public school district in Kentwood is the Kentwood Public Schools, consisting of one high school, one freshman campus, three middle schools, ten active elementary schools, and one closed elementary school which has become home to the early childhood programs:
Also included within Kentwood's city limits are the Forest Hills Public Schools and Kelloggsville Public Schools.
Trails.
Kentwood has five trails:
Library.
Kentwood is located within the Kent District Library district. The Kentwood Branch Library opened in 2010 on Breton Avenue, next to Kentwood City Hall. Mayor Stephen Kepley, who at the time was the City Engineer, was the project manager for the new library. The library was named The Richard L. Root Library after Kentwood's fifth mayor who led the City Commission and residents in approving a dedicated millage for its construction.
The library is located next to an old landfill that received federal funds making it one of the many superfund sites in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency and Kent County installed a methane flare to burn excess methane from the decaying landfill in 2015. Previously, the Kentwood Library had been located on Kalamazoo Avenue south of 44th Street built on property donated by the Bowen/Stauffer family.
Kentwood Mine.
The Kentwood Mine is an underground gypsum mine in Kentwood, at Opened in 1971 and closed in 2000, it was operated by Georgia-Pacific.


The Bog

The Bog is a former mining community in Shropshire, England. It lies north of Bishops Castle, east of the A488, at grid reference . It was once a busy village with over 200 buildings. Now only a few remain. The local mines produced lead and barytes until the early 20th century.
The mine at The Bog and the adjacent Stiperstones outcrop were only viable because of a geological movement; over time the movement of the tectonic plates landed at this site, combined with the movement of the earth it crumpled the layers and the softest layers were then eroded away. After mining stopped, the undisturbed remnants provided a range of wildlife habitats: birds nest in the old buildings, bats roost in the old mine tunnels, and reservoirs and ponds are ideal for aquatic life.
Visitor centre.
The Bog Mine Visitor Centre, the main facility for visitors to the Stiperstones, is housed in the former village school and retains its old interior design. It provides historical information about the past workers, mining, and present-day work to restore the landscape. Facilities at the centre include toilets and car parking (with facilities for the disabled including reserved parking, toilets and ramps). Activities include walking, with two main circular walks called Mucklewick Walk and Flenny Bank Walk and a variety of riding routes.
Improvements to the building, made possible by a Heritage Lottery Grant, include increasing the understanding of the mine remnants, providing new interpretation within the visitor centre, and the installation of a landscape painting by a local artist of the Stiperstones. The centre was threatened with closure in 2009, as a new co-ordinator and more volunteering staff were needed. However, additional staff were found and the visitor centre is still open and running, staffed by the Bog Visitor Centre Volunteer Group.
The centre contains a framed tribute to 26 men and women from The Bog and nearby Pennerley who served the armed forces in World War II, of whom two men died in the war and the last survivor, an airwoman, died in 2010. Headed "Lest We Forget" and bearing photographs of each named person, it was compiled and funded by local man Clifford Evans who unveiled it in the latter year.


Zarudenskoye mine

The Zarudenskoye mine is a large iron mine located in central Ukraine in the Poltava Oblast. Zarudenskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Ukraine and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.5 billion tonnes of ore grading 31% iron metal.


Castle Dome Landing, Arizona

Castle Dome Landing, Arizona (also Castle Dome City) is a ghost town in the Castle Dome Mountains of Yuma County in the U.S. state of Arizona. It was first settled as a transport depot and mining camp around 1863 in what was then the Arizona Territory.
History.
When the first Americans reached the Castle Dome Mountains in the early 1860s, there were already signs of previous mining activity. It was generally held that Native Americans had engaged in mining in the Castle Dome Mountains some years before and backpacked the ore south to a processing site on the banks of the Gila River, where remnants of adobe furnaces were found.
As mineral deposits began to be discovered up and down the Colorado River in the early 1860s, numerous mining camps and steamboat ports grew into towns along the river. Heading north from Yuma, prospectors staked gold and silver claims along the river and in the surrounding mountains. The Castle Dome Mining Company, established in 1863 and owned by Conner and Jacob Snively, purchased many of these claims and planned out the site of Castle Dome Landing on the banks of the Colorado River to act as a shipping point for ore on its way to California for smelting. The Snivelys planned only to mine silver in the area, but in that same year, well-known geologist and mining engineer William P. Blake realized that the region's copper-lead ores held extensive value, and lined up investors to develop mining operations in the area.
Castle Dome Mining Camp.
Though prospecting and planning commenced years earlier, modern mining in the area didn't begin in earnest until 1869 due to hostilities with Native Americans. When the mines finally did begin operations, the mining camp that sprung up was known as Pitoti after a weed thought to be found only in that area. As the area grew, the town was renamed Castle Dome, and a post office was established in that name on December 17, 1875. Less than a year later, however, the post office was discontinued on December 4, 1876.
Castle Dome Landing.
While the mining camp itself went into decline, the nearby riverside landing established some years earlier for steamboats of the Colorado River began to thrive. The landing, setup for transport of ore and as a supply point for the mines some east of the river, provided a new town site for the region, and was soon established as Castle Dome Landing. The post office re-opened under this new name on August 6, 1878, and the small port became an active supply and shipping depot for the mines in the Castle Dome Mountain mining district. For the next six years, Castle Dome Landing served as the first stop for steamboats traveling up the Colorado River from Yuma, and the town thrived, both as a supply and shipping point and as a popular destination for travelers from Yuma who came up the Colorado River for various celebrations held at the numerous river towns. For Castle Dome Landing, Mexican Independence Day on September 16 was the main draw.
By some accounts, the population of the town peaked at over 3,000 people, and rivaled Yuma in size as of 1880, almost becoming Yuma County's namesake. Other sources put the full-time residents at only 50. At its peak, it housed a post office, a hotel, a saloon, a general store, and smelting facilities.
Decline.
As with many mining boomtowns, mining activity diminished, and the Castle Dome Landing post office closed down on June 16, 1884. The mines reopened in 1890, and the area became a significant source of lead for both World War I and World War II. In particular, when the Arizona Lead Company reopened the mines in 1943, they were able to produce significant amounts of lead in order to meet wartime demands.
After World War II, the demand for lead decreased, and the town again went into decline, though mining activity continued for some years in the area. The school was shut down in 1950, and the mines went into and out of use as the price of silver, still found in the area, rose and fell. By 1978, the mines were all shut down, and the last of the residents were gone.
Remnants.
The remains of Castle Dome Landing, once on the banks of the Colorado River, are now submerged beneath the Imperial Dam reservoir in Martinez Lake. The property that was previously Castle Dome town and mining camp was purchased in 1994 by Allen and Stephanie Armstrong, and turned into the Castle Dome Museum. The museum site houses over 50 restored and recreated buildings — seven original to the town, and the rest are period representations built mostly from locally scavenged materials. Each building, among them a saloon, a hotel, a mill, and a blacksmith, is staged to look like it might have looked in the town's heyday, some 100 years ago.
Mining.
Though silver was the original target for prospectors in the area, much of the early excitement over supposed silver deposits turned out to be veins of galena instead. As it turned out, the area was far more rich with lead ore than silver.
The Castle Dome mining district is one of Yuma County's oldest and most productive mining locations. Its proximity to the Colorado River and relatively low rates of freight at the time permitted the mining of even low grades of ore which wouldn't have been profitable at other locations. In addition to silver and lead, the area is rich in numerous other minerals, including zinc, copper, gold, and many others. Total production from the Castle Dome mines included of lead, of silver, of zinc, of copper, of gold, and of placer gold production, mostly prior to 1900.
The Castle Dome mining district is a popular district for mineral collectors. The region is known for striking combinations of cerussite, fluorite, vanadinite, wulfenite, barite, and mimetite, as well as galenite and anglesite. The Hull Mine and Puzzler Mine in particular have produced atypical green vanadinite and mimetite as well as yellow-hued wulfenite.
Geography.
Castle Dome Landing, now submerged, is located at (32.9650409, -114.4635592) about north of Yuma.
The original Castle Dome town and mining camp, now the site of the Castle Dome Museum, is located at , in close proximity to the Castle Dome Mine, located at .


Frankenteich

The Frankenteich (also called the Sägemüllerteich) is an old reservoir in the Harz Mountains of central Germany. It was constructed in 1716 under the direction of mining director ("Bergwerksdirektor"), Christian Zacharias Koch, for the mining industry and is the largest pond in the Lower Harz. Since 1901 it has supplied drinking water to the village of Straßberg. It impounds the Rödelbachgraben, which discharges into the Selke in Straßberg. A mining ditch runs past the foot of the dam from the Kiliansteich which, like the Frankenteich, belongs to the heritage area designated as the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System.
The dam, which is made of argillaceous and quartzitic shale, is sealed with an internal core of grass sods. The earth dam was overhauled in 1973, but not raised. During the overhaul, a section was cut in the bottom outlet in the centre of the embankment and then replaced with a new seal of clay and silt and new pipework.


Oktyabrskoye mine

The Oktyabrskoye mine is a large copper mine located in the center of Russia in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Oktyabrskoye represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 3.23 billion tonnes of ore grading 7.74% copper.


Charles Dickie

Charles Herbert Dickie (14 September 1859 – 16 September 1947) was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Beachville, Canada West and became a lumberman, miner and railway employee.
Dickie attended schools at Beachville and at Ann Arbor, Michigan. He was a Conservative provincial politician at the Cowichan riding from 1901 to 1903.
He was elected to Parliament at the Nanaimo riding in the 1921 general election then re-elected there in 1925, 1926 and 1930. Dickie was defeated in the 1935 federal election by James Samuel Taylor of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.


Frank Cave

Frank Cave (17 December 1942 – 7 January 2002) was a British trade unionist and political activist.
Cave was born in Edlington in Yorkshire and grew up in nearby Brodsworth. He became a coal miner on leaving school, and quickly became active in the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM). As a committed socialist, he became a key ally of Arthur Scargill, then a member of the branch committee at a nearby pit.
Cave rose through the ranks of the NUM, becoming the Brodsworth pit's delegate, then gaining election to the executive of the Yorkshire Area and, in 1982, becoming Agent for the Yorkshire Area, then a full-time post. Yorkshire was the largest area of the NUM, so he played a key role during the strike of 1984/5.
In 1990, Cave was elected as Vice President of the NUM, but the national programme of pit closures had reduced the importance of this role, and Cave had time to devote to other political activities. In particular, he was a strong support of Fidel Castro, and arranged aid convoys to Cuba, as a result of which he travelled to the country and met Castro. He also joined Scargill's Socialist Labour Party, and was elected as its President in 1997, serving until his death in 2002. In this role, he stood on the party list in the 1999 European Parliament election in Yorkshire and the Humber, but was not elected.
Scargill and Cave were removed as trustees of the Yorkshire Miners' Welfare Trust Fund Scheme and the Yorkshire Miners' Welfare Convalescent Homes in 1997, after the High Court found that they had ignored rules on the transfer of funds, in an attempt to avoid them becoming subject to partnership funding schemes, which they opposed. The Court agreed that the two had not attempted to profit from this transfer.


Isabel, Leyte

', officially the ' (; ; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
Geography.
Isabel is bounded to the east by the municipality of Merida and to the north by the municipality of Palompon. Nearest landfall south is Ponson Island (Camotes) at about . Nearest landfall west is coastal Tabogon, Cebu at about .
Barangays.
Isabel comprises 24 barangays.
Demographics.
In the , the population of Isabel, Leyte, was people, with a density of .
Economy.
Leyte Industrial Development Estate (LIDE) is a 425 ha special economic zone in the industrial town of Isabel. It currently has 2 locators: PASAR(Philippine Associated Smelting & Refining Corporation) & PHILPHOS(Philippine Phosphate Fertilizer Corporation).
History.
The town was formally established and created by carving out the villages of Quiot, Santa Cruz, Libertad, Matlang, Tolingon, Bantigue, Apale and Honan from the town of Merida, by the passage of Republic Act No. 191.


Jacques Aschenbroich

Jacques André Aschenbroich (born 3 June 1954 in Lyon, France) is the CEO of Valeo. He is married and is the father of three children.
Biography.
After holding different posts in the French civil service, he was a member of the Prime Minister’s cabinet in 1987 and 1988. He then moved into industry and was with the Saint-Gobain Group from 1988 to 2008. He directed the Group’s subsidiaries in Brazil and Germany before becoming Managing Director of the Flat Glass Division of the Compagnie de Saint-Gobain. He went on to become President of Saint-Gobain Vitrage in 1996. From October 2001 to December 2008, he was Senior Vice-President of Saint-Gobain, managing the Flat Glass and High Performance Materials sectors from January 2007, and the Group’s operations in the United States from September 2007.
An acknowledged specialist in the industry, he was appointed CEO and Member of the Board of the automotive parts maker Valeo in 2009. Since March 2009, he has implemented a new strategic plan to ensure the Group’s growth in two strategic directions: technologies for reducing CO2 emissions and emerging markets. He has launched a reorganisation of the Group around 4 main Business Groups: Comfort & Driving Assistance Systems, Powertrain Systems, Thermal Systems, and Visibility Systems.
Other activities.
He was:


Richard Porritt

Richard Valentine Porritt (February 14, 1901 – 1985) was a Canadian mining industry executive and an inductee to the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame.
Porritt was born 14 February 1901 in Simcoe, Ontario Richard was the fourth child of Frederick Richard Porritt and Honora Frances Bolster. Frederick had immigrated from England in 1880 and appears in the Canadian 1881 census as living at Turtle Mountain, South Western Extension, Manitoba with his two brothers, Frederick and Herbert. Richard's mother and father married on 15 August 1894 in Orillia, Ontario. They appear in the 1911 census living in Simcoe south, Ontario Canada. Richard attended the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston joining on 28 July 1917 aged 16 and graduated 23 June 1920. He was student number 1309. Afterwards, he attended McGill University, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science in mining in 1922. He worked as a miner at British America Nickel and then at International Nickel Company's Creighton mine in Sudbury.
He worked as a surveyor at Noranda Mines for 48 years from 1926 to 1974. He brought the Waite-Amulet mine near Rouyn, Quebec into production in 1927. In 1955, he was general manager of Noranda subsidiary Gaspé Copper Mines during the development and startup of the Gaspé copper mine in eastern Quebec. Porritt was appointed general manager of Gaspé Copper, a Noranda subsidiary, in September, 1952. In 1964, he became president of Noranda and vice-chairman in 1968 before retiring in 1974. He died in 1985, eleven years after retirement.


Pereyaslavskoye coal mine

The Pereyaslavskoye Coal Mine is a coal mine located in southern Russia in Krasnoyarsk Krai. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 900 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. The mine has an annual production capacity of 4 million tonnes of coal.


Brovarkovskoye mine

The Brovarkovskoye mine is a large iron mine located in central Ukraine in the Poltava Oblast. Brovarkovskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Ukraine and in the world having estimated reserves of 4 billion tonnes of ore grading 30% iron metal.


Paddy Webb

Patrick Charles Webb (30 November 1884 – 23 March 1950) was a New Zealand trade unionist and politician.
Early life.
Webb was born in Rutherglen, a small town in the Australian state of Victoria. His father, George Webb, was a miner, and Paddy Webb eventually worked in the mines himself. He quickly became active in the mining unions, becoming head of the local Amalgamated Miners' Association branch by 1904. During this time, he met Michael Joseph Savage, who would eventually become the first Labour Prime Minister of New Zealand.
As a result of his involvement in strike action, Webb was blacklisted, and in 1905, he moved to New Zealand to seek work. After briefly living in Dunedin, he moved to the West Coast, working in mines first on the Denniston plateau and then at Runanga. Webb became involved with the New Zealand Socialist Party, and was an advocate for socialist ideals. Working in the Runanga mine, Webb was somewhat sheltered from repercussions he would otherwise have suffered — the Runanga mine was state-owned, and the governing Liberal Party was more tolerant of his agitation than private interests were. Webb scored a considerable victory when he organised a successful strike at a mine in Blackball, and became prominent in the labour movement nationally.
Early political career.
Webb was one of the more radical figures in the unions. Many of the older leaders continued to support the loose alliance between the labour movement and the Liberal Party, but Webb believed that only independent action could advance workers' interests. Webb was involved in founding the radical New Zealand Federation of Labour (the "Red Feds"), and in the 1911 election, he stood unsuccessfully in the Grey electorate in Parliament. He then played a major role in the 1913 "unity conference", in which the Socialist Party and the more moderate United Labour Party merged to form the Social Democratic Party. The Grey electorate became vacant in 1913, and he was nominated as the Social Democrat candidate. In the by-election he was elected on the second ballot with Liberal Party support, and in the 1914 general election, he was re-elected. In 1916, the Social Democrats merged with the remnants of the United Labour Party that had resisted the previous merger, forming the modern Labour Party.
Jailed.
In World War I, Webb became a prominent critic of conscription, and in April 1917, he was briefly jailed on charges of sedition. In October that year, Webb was selected for military service himself, but refused to comply. In order to seek a public mandate for his decision, he resigned from his seat in Parliament, and challenged the government to fight the by-election on the issue. The government refused, and Webb was returned to Parliament unopposed. Webb was subsequently offered a non-combat role, but again refused. He was then sentenced to two years hard labour, and was barred from political office for ten years. In 1918, his vacant seat in Parliament was won in a by-election by Harry Holland, also a member of the Labour Party.
After completing his sentence (spent planting trees), Webb returned to mining. He eventually established a cooperative coal depot in Christchurch. This brought him into conflict with certain radical members of the labour movement, who believed that the cooperative structure undermined unionism, since in a cooperative corporation (where the workers are also the owners), there is no need for workers to organise against the owners.
Return to politics.
In the 1932 Motueka by-election, Webb attempted to return to Parliament, but was defeated by Keith Holyoake. The following year, the death of Harry Holland (who had won Webb's old seat in 1918, and who now represented Buller) resulted in another by-election. Although Webb's nomination was opposed by radical members of the union movement, Webb was re-elected to Parliament, for Buller.
In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.
When the Labour Party won the 1935 general election, Webb was appointed to Cabinet by Michael Joseph Savage, his old friend from the mines in Australia. He was given the position of Minister of Mines, a role in which he pressed for the nationalisation of the mining industry. Gradually, assisted by the heightened demand for coal during World War II, Webb oversaw the purchase of many major operations. During this slow process, Webb had to contend not only with opponents of nationalisation but with radicals who demanded the immediate nationalisation of the entire industry.
Webb had a reputation as Parliament's Lothario, and in mid-1939 he was being pursued by a woman for breach of promise to marry; the Hon Mark Fagan got Colin Scrimgeour then the head of commercial broadcasting to give her a job with radio station 1ZB in Auckland.
In 1946, Webb finally retired from politics. He died in Christchurch on 23 March 1950, and was buried at Bromley Cemetery.


Bissa mine

The Bissa mine is one of the largest gold mines in the Burkina Faso. The mine is located in the center of the country in Centre-Nord Region. The mine has estimated reserves of 4.9 million oz of gold and is operated by Nordgold.


Hunnu Coal

Hunnu Coal Limited is a mining company that is incorporated in Australia for the purpose of acquiring and developing coal projects in Mongolia.
The company runs mining operations through its subsidiary, Hunnu Resources LLC, in four provinces of Mongolia including South Gobi, Middles Gobi and Sukhbaatar. Hunnu Coal is expected to produce 1.5 million tonnes of coal from the Tsant Uul deposit in Mongolia in 2012 and three million tonnes in 2013. It started its first coal production in 2011.
Hunnu Coal Limited doubled the resource for its Unst Khudag thermal coal project to 676 million tons in mid-2011. On 21 July 2011, the management of Hunnu Coal has announced that the company would make 85% increase in their share of JORC Coal Resource at Tsant Uul.
The company listed at the Australian Stock Exchange on 12 February 2010. Among newly issued mining stocks in past 24 months, stocks of Hunnu Coal Limited performed best. Australia's Resource Stocks Magazine selected Hunnu Coal Limited's IPO as the Best Australian IPO of 2010. MICC, Mongolia's broker and dealer company, assessed Hunnu Coal's projects that they have a high-potential growth. Hunnu Coal Ltd. is also targeting the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange to issue shares.
On 19 September 2011 Hunnu Coal Limited has announced the issuance of new ordinary shares as part consideration for the acquisition of the Altai Nuurs coking coal project.
Banpu PCL's subsidiary, Banpu Minerals Pte Ltd, intends to make cash offers for all of the shares in Hunnu Coal Ltd that Banpu does not already own.


Decker Coal Company


James Halse

James Halse (bapt. 28 January 1769 – 14 May 1838) was an English lawyer and wealthy businessman in Cornwall. He was also a Tory (later Conservative) politician.
Halse settled in St Ives around 1790, where in addition to his solicitors's practice, he became town clerk and an alderman. He made his fortune through tin mines, mostly from the Wheal Reeth mine, but also from the St. Ives Consols mine.
He used the Consols mine to create a political base for himself, by building the village of Halsetown to accommodate the mine-workers. The village was within the boundaries of the parliamentary borough of St Ives, allowing Halse patronage of the borough's two seats in Parliament.
At the 1820 general election, both seats were taken by Halse's supporters, but his rival the borough-monger Sir Christopher Hawkins pursued him with charges of bribery, and at the 1826 election both Hawkins and Halse were elected.
He was defeated at the 1830 election by William Pole-Tylney-Long-Wellesley, nephew of the Duke of Wellington, but regained the seat in 1831 and held it until his death. In 1835, he was blackballed by the recently created "St. Ives Library and Institution".


China Nonferrous Metal Mining Group

China Nonferrous Metal Mining (Group) Co., Ltd. (abb. CNMC, ) is a Chinese corporation involved with the mining of non-ferrous mineral resources. Established in 1983, it is a large central enterprise managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.
It is managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.
The company was the parent company of four listed companies in China and in Hong Kong SAR, namely China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry’s Foreign Engineering and Construction Co., Ltd., Ningxia Orient Tantalum Industry Co., Ltd., China Nonferrous Mining Corporation Limited and China Daye Non-Ferrous Metals Mining Limited. It has mines in Zambia, Mongolia and Thailand, and a project in Laos. It invests in copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, tantalum, niobium, and beryllium.
History.
The company was founded in 1983, mainly to carry out international engineering business.
In 2005, with the approval of the state-owned assets supervision, the company changed their name to China Nonferrous Metal Mining.
Leadership.
Its president is Mr Luo Tao; its vice-presidents are Qiao Zou and Jiang Hao.
Company developments.
In 2013, the company signed a deal worth US$712 million to construct a steel factory in Iran, thereby defying the sanctions imposed on Tehran by the US and European Union at that time.
As of January 2017, the company is also in talks with Gecamines, a state-owned company of Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), over a copper mining joint venture.


Matthew Cullen (miner)

Matthew Cullen (1840–1918) struck it rich in silver mining in the U.S. west. He later built and operated the Cullen Hotel in Salt Lake City, Utah, and lived 35 years at the Keyser–Cullen House.
Early life.
He was born July 17, 1840 in Ireland and immigrated to the U.S. in 1852.
Career.
Born in Ireland on July 17, 1840, to Patrick and Catherine Rice Cullen, Matthew emigrated with his family to the United States in 1852, settling in Maryland. After apprenticing as a blacksmith at the age of fourteen, Matthew worked in the trade for three years before heading west, driving a team across the plains to Fort Bridger, Wyoming. He spent the next few years herding cattle and freighting between Fort Bridger and Fort Laramie. He was then placed in charge of government stock at what is now Stockton, where he remained until May 1860. Matthew then returned to Maryland after a stop at New Mexico with the United States Army. With the outbreak of the Civil War, Cullen embarked on an active and short-lived military career. He was stationed in several areas, and served in the First Division, Twentieth Corps, which accompanied General Sherman on his march through Atlanta. After the war he returned to Maryland for a short visit with his mother and sister before traveling to Chicago to secure the release of his brother, who had been a Confederate soldier, from the Camp Douglas military prison. From this point, Cullen continued west, ending up in Denver, Colorado, in the autumn of 1865. He became involved with mining for a couple of years, and then in 1867 became a railroad contractor, assisting in the construction of the Union Pacific line through Utah and Wyoming. He subsequently moved to Echo, Utah, where he made freighting trips between there and Salt Lake City. He also shuttled passengers to the mines and the railroads. His career path then took another turn when he became a prospector. Along with James C. O'Neil he discovered the rich Star District mines in Beaver
County, Utah, and also became a part owner of the Horn Silver Mine near Frisco, in Beaver County in 1876. With an investment of $25,000, Cullen and his three partners, A.G. Campbell, Dennis Ryan, and A. Byram would become owners of one of the richest silver mines in the world at the time. The partnership sold the mine three years later for $5,000,000. Cullen also became highly involved in real estate and his business activities contributed much to the development of the state. Along with his involvement with mines (which was not limited to Utah alone), he also owned the Cullen Hotel (demolished) in Salt Lake City, and the Gault House in Chicago, Illinois. He later purchased an interest in the Salt Lake Brewing Company, where he served as president (later, this would become the Cullen Ice and Beverage Company). It was most likely this association with the Salt Lake Brewery that Cullen met Aaron Keyser, although no documentation mentions anything about their acquaintanceship. It seems to have been common practice for brewery owners in Salt Lake City to live near their breweries. Albert Fisher, a major brewer in the city lived near his brewery; Keyser lived here until his death.
Death.
He died February 27, 1918.


Gorlovsky coal mine

The Gorlovsky Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Novosibirsk Oblast. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 5 billion tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Russia and the world and has an annual production of 5 million tonnes of coal.


King Coal

King Coal is a 1917 novel by Upton Sinclair that describes the poor working conditions in the coal mining industry in the western United States during the 1910s, from the perspective of a single protagonist, Hal Warner. As in his earlier work, "The Jungle", Sinclair uses the novel to express his socialist viewpoint. The book is based on the 1913-1914 Colorado coal strikes and written just after the Ludlow massacre. The sequel to "King Coal" was posthumously published under the title, "The Coal War."
Plot.
Hal Warner, a rich young fellow determined to find the truth for himself about conditions in the mines, runs away from home and adopts the alias "Joe Smith." After being turned away by one coal mine for fear of Hal being a union organizer, he gets a job in another coal mine operated by the General Fuel Company, or GFC. In the mines he befriends many of the workers, and realizes their misery and exploitation at the hands of the bosses.
He befriends Mary Burke, who is a passionate fighter for the workers' rights. Her father is a mine worker who spends his days drinking and leaving her to take care of her siblings. She and Hal grow close, which tears at Hal's loyalty to his fiancée back home.
After dedicating himself to the workers' cause, he tells them that he will appeal to the bosses to become a check weigh man who measures the amount of coal, but the GFC, wanting to cheat the workers out of their pay, appoints a company check weigh man. Hal is eventually put into the jail by the marshal, who is teased by Hal over conditions of the mines and accused by Hal of being corrupted and unfair to the workers.
After an explosion in the mines, Hal seeks out Percy Harrigan, an old friend whose father, Peter Harrigan, owns the General Fuel Company. The workers organize a strike and union to demand their rights from the bosses, but the rescue effort goes longer than expected. The bosses are more intent on the tools and equipment than the miners. "Damn the man! save the Mules!" says a boss.
Hal appeals to the United Mine Workers to back the strike, but they refuse, telling him that the strike is primitive and unexpected and that to support it when its just started to participate in action would waste the union's resources. Hal is told to wait a few more years for the other unions to strike, and only with a massive course of action could the unions win. Hal is left to tell the workers the grievous news but the workers nevertheless cheer out his name (some calling out Joe Smith and others Hal) for standing up for them.
After a confrontation with his brother Edward, Hal resolves to return home and dedicate his life to the workers' cause. Hal leaves and concludes that he is in love with Mary Burke.


Sam Ramsey

Samuel Ramsey (1873 – 14 January 1956) was a Scottish-born rugby union forward who played club rugby for Treorchy and international rugby for Wales. Ramsey is noted as being one of the first 'Rhondda forwards', impact players selected by the Welsh Rugby Union to not only take, but also hand out physical abuse.
Rugby career.
Although born in Scotland, Ramsey moved to the Rhondda Valley in Wales where he became a collier during the industrial growth of the area in the late Victorian period. Ramsey joined local team Treorchy in the early 1890s and in the 1892/93 season was made team captain, holding the captaincy the next season too. In 1896 became the first 'Rhondda forward' when he was selected to represent Wales as part of the 1896 Home Nations Championship in an away game to England. Ramsey was brought in to replace Jim Hannan in an aging Welsh pack, under the captaincy of Arthur Gould. The game was disastrous for Wales, with England running in seven tries without reply. The selectors reacted by replacing six of the Welsh pack for the next game, including five new caps; Ramsey was one of those replaced.
Surprisingly, Ramsey was reselected eight years later for his second and final game, another encounter with England, this time as part of the 1904 Home Nations Championship. Ramsey was a temporary replacement for one of the most notable 'Rhondda forwards', Dai 'Tarw' Jones, another collier, who played club rugby for Treherbert. The Welsh team for the match against England, contained many greats of the Welsh game, including Teddy Morgan, Rhys Gabe and Gwyn Nicholls. The Welsh team should have been victorious, but were hampered by poor officiating from the referee. The match ended in a 14–all draw, but the next match Ramsey was replaced by Edwin Thomas Maynard, and never represented his country again.
International matches played.
Wales


Miocene Ditch

The Miocene Ditch is one of three historic ditches along the west side of the Nome River, on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. It and the other two, the Seward and Pioneer ditches, were built to provide water to early placer mining operations near Nome. The Miocene is the oldest and longest of the three ditches, and the highest in elevation. From suitable places along the Nome-Taylor Road the ditches form distinct parallel lines crossing tundra promontories west of the river.
The ditch begins on the Nome River near the confluence with Buffalo Creek. As recently as the mid-1990s, there was a substantial head gate visible at the upper end of the ditch (Smith 1997:cover photo). There is some difference of opinion regarding the precise length of the ditch. Purington puts the length of the ditch and its laterals at 54 miles (1905:124). Four years later, the length is stated to be 62 miles (Harrison 1909:553). On the north side of King Mountain, the ditch forks, carrying water to mines in both the Snake and Nome River drainages. The upper and lower sections of the ditch were built to be 8 feet wide at the bottom and 11 feet wide at the top, while the middle section was ten feet wide at the bottom and 14 feet at the top. It was designed to carry about 28,500 gallons per minute (Purington 1905:124).
Construction on the ditch began in 1901, making it the first major water conduit on the Seward Peninsula. It was conceived and built by W. L. Leland and J. M. Davidson. Major extensions in 1902 and 1903 lengthened the ditch to what appears to be its current length (Brooks 1908:29-33). In the period between 1910 and 1912 the ditch was widened using steam shovels, and two large tunnels were excavated to avoid problem areas (Daily Nome Industrial Worker 1911).
Horse-drawn plows and graders, along with gangs of men constructed the ditch. Once the ditch line was surveyed, plows were used to break up the soil, then graders cast the loosened soil to the downhill side of the ditch, building a large berm. When the graders finished, men with shovels leveled the bottom of the canal and that concluded basic construction. Construction crews consisted of 60 to 70 men and between 50 and 100 horses. There were problem areas, of course, where additional construction methods had to be applied. These included areas of permafrost, rocky outcrops where stonework was necessary to support the ditch, and the need to cross several creeks tributary to Nome River. To seal the bottom of the canal through permafrost and rocky locations, clay was hauled in small boats and dumped into the ditch. Originally, two inverted syphons were constructed to cross Manila and Dorothy creeks (Purington 1905:123-126).
Water from the Miocene Ditch was crucial for mining placer gold deposits in important creeks near Nome. It was used on Anvil Creek, in the Snake River drainage, and on Dexter Creek, a tributary of the Nome River. At least in the early years, mining on Dexter Creek was highly dependent on this water (Nome Nugget 1902; Nome News 1903).
In general, the working season of the ditch was from late June to early to mid-October (Henshaw 1908:279). Considerable work was required to get the ditch ready each season, and a small force maintained the ditch during the operating season (Purington 1905:126).
In 1987 the company that held the Miocene Ditch right-of-way across federal lands applied to relinquish the right-of-way. In response to this, the federal Bureau of Land Management conducted historical research and on-the-ground inventory of the Miocene Ditch and other water conduits in the area, and in 1990 the Miocene Ditch was determined to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.


Mbalam mine

The Mbalam mine is a large iron mine located in south-east Cameroon in the East Region. Mbalam represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Cameroon and in the world having estimated reserves of 800 million tonnes of ore grading 62% iron metal.


Tommy Taylor (rugby league)

Thomas "Tommy" Leslie Taylor (7 September 1911 – 22 November 1992) was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at representative level for England and Yorkshire, and at club level for Castleford, as a , i.e. number 8 or 10, during the era of contested scrums.
Background.
Tommy Taylor was born in Fitzwilliam, West Yorkshire, England, he was married with three sons, and he was a miner for all of his working life.
Playing career.
International honours.
Tommy Taylor won a cap for England while at Castleford in 1945 against Wales.
County honours.
Tommy Taylor won caps playing left-, i.e. number 8 for Yorkshire while at Castleford in the 16–5 victory over Lancashire at Widnes' stadium on 12 October 1935, the 16–16 draw with Lancashire at Swinton's stadium on 10 October 1945, and scoring 1-try in the 45–3 victory over Cumberland at Leeds' stadium on 31 October 1945.
County League appearances.
Taylor played in Castleford's victories in the Yorkshire County League during the 1932–33 season and 1938–39 season.
Challenge Cup Final appearances.
Taylor played right-, i.e. number 10, in Castleford's 11–8 victory over Huddersfield in the 1934–35 Challenge Cup Final during the 1934–35 season at Wembley Stadium, London on Saturday 4 May 1935, in front of a crowd of 39,000.


Kiliansteich

The Kiliansteich (literally "St. Kilian's Pond") is one of the oldest reservoirs in Germany. The reservoir is located near Straßberg (Harz) in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt and supplies drinking water. It impounds the Büschengraben stream. The lake is part of the heritage area ("Flächendenkmal") of the Lower Harz Pond and Ditch System.
The reservoir has a rockfill dam with a watertight clay core that sits on a shale bedrock.
History.
Originally there were four small ponds in a row on the site of the present-day reservoir that had been built for the mining industry. Two of those were broken in 1901 and 1944 and all were in a poor condition. As a result, from 1989-1994 a new, higher dam was built at the site of the lowest dam; the two middle ponds were removed and the upper one, the Upper Kilian Pond ("Oberer Kiliansteich"), built in 1703, was upgraded into a pre-dam ("Vorsperre").
Originally laid as a drinking water reservoir, the lake is used today for flood and drought protection.
The dam on the original "Lower Kilian Pond" ("Unterer Kiliansteich") was about 10 m high and had a retaining capacity of 165,000 m³. During the course of renovation the old wooden bottom outlet was salvaged on 25 September 1990 as the result on an initiative by Erika and Siegfried Lorenz. Following long-term conservation work at the "Harzwasserwerken" in Clausthal-Zellerfeld, who paid for the cost of transports and conservation, it was returned on 19 August 2010 to Straßberg. The wooden raceway is now a museum piece in the Glasebach Pit.
Sources.
Talsperren in Sachsen-Anhalt, Autorenkollegium, Hrsg. Talsperrenmeisterei des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 1994


Benson Mines

The Benson Mine is an iron-ore mine located near Star Lake, a village in the southern St. Lawrence County, New York.
The ore body at Benson Mine was discovered in 1810 by engineers conducting a survey for a new military road from Albany to Ogdensburg. In the 1950s, mine was considered the largest open pit iron-ore mine in the world. The mine was finally closed in 1978.
History.
The engineers noticed the spinning of their compass needles due to the large quantities of magnetic ore under their feet. In 1889, the Magnetic Iron Company began developing the Star Lake ore body, which sat under some three-thousand acres of land. Production of ore halted in 1893 with a depression in the iron ore industry, but resumed in 1900. In 1910, the Benson Mines Company bought the site from the Magnetic Iron Company and continued operations on and off until 1918. At the onset of World War II, Benson Mines reopened when Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation leased the site. The U.S Department of Defense built ore processing facilities and the iron-ore was shipped to Pittsburgh for use in the war effort. The mining operation expanded significantly in the 1950s, and was renamed the New York Ore Division, although control remained in the hands of the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation. At its height, the company employed 840 workers in 1960.
With the economic prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s the Company took a leading role in community development. The company published a magazine called Men and Steel, which provided “general information about different parts of the plant… *as well as+…personal interest stories, *and+ weddings births, deaths, anniversaries, and other family news…” In 1952, the magazine highlighted the Company’s financial contributions to town projects, which included construction of the Central School building, water system, housing project, and hospital.
Mining.
The ore body at Benson Mine is composed of magnetite and non-magnetite ore. The average percentage of iron in both magnetite and non-magnetite ore was about 23%, less than the 40% at Chateauguay. Iron-ore deposits that contained 50% or more iron were depleted in the United States by the mid-1940s. The ability to concentrate “non-magnetite ores by gravity processes” at Benson mines ensured its economic expansion because these processes enabled lower grade iron ore to be used in steel-making. In 1952, a gravity plant was built, which allowed non-magnetic ore to be processed on site. Ore was extracted using open pit mining methods. Holes were bored in the ground and filled with explosives. “About two gross tons of crude ore… *were produced+ per pound of explosive used.” A four ton ball on a crane smashed the ore into smaller pieces, which were then loaded onto a dump truck and transported to the Coarse Crushing Plant, which broke the ore into pieces three-inches in diameter. A conveyor belt then took the ore to the Fine Crushing Plant, which reduced it in size to “one and one-half inch in diameter.” The ore was sometimes crushed into even smaller pieces of “five eights of an inch” before it was sintered, concentrated, and transported to steel manufacturing centers. Sintering merges ore with coke so it is easier to process in steel facilities.
On average, the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation shipped about 1 million tons of iron ore sinter each year to steel plants in Pittsburgh and Aliquippa, PA, and Cleveland, OH using the New York Central Railroad. Trains left from the Watertown Junction, traveled to the Benson Mine to pick up ore, returned to Watertown, and then continued on to Syracuse, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, and Ohio. The iron from Benson Mines was used in the steel production for Chrysler cars.
The process of open pit mining, which eliminated the need for costly underground mining, and “the relative softness of the rock, which simplified crushing and extraction…” served to the mine’s advantage; however, the “low iron-content of the ore…*and+…the remoteness of the mine from navigable water, necessitating relatively costly rail transportation” eventually hampered the mine’s financial success. Also, increasing pressure from foreign competitors, which were selling duty-free iron-ore products to the United States, caused the entire U.S steel industry to decline and collapse throughout the 1960s.
Closing of Mine.
The Benson Mine was a staple of the local economy. It employed hundreds of workers and supported over 1,900 people near the end of its operations. The mine also paid over 400,000 dollars each year in taxes, which helped to maintain local infrastructure and services. When the Benson Mine closed in August 1978 more than 365 people lost their jobs, and Star Lake slipped sharply into economic decline. The number of students enrolled in local schools dropped from 1,400 in 1978 to 625 the following year.


Chena Pump House

The Chena Pump House, also known just as the Pump House Restaurant, is a restaurant at 796 Chena Pump Road in Fairbanks, Alaska. The restaurant is located in the shell of a 1933 pumping station established by the Fairbanks Exploration Company, Alaska's largest gold mining operator at the time. The pump house was used to provide water to dredges operating on Cripple Creek in the Ester area. The building was abandoned by the company in 1958, and was enlarged and converted into a restaurant in 1978. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.


Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum

The Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM) is a not-for-profit technical society of professionals in the Canadian minerals, metals, materials and energy industries. CIM's members are convened from industry, academia and government.
History.
In March 1898, the Canadian Mining Institute was founded in Montreal at the second annual meeting of the Federated Canadian Mining Institute, which was dissolved. The Institute was incorporated by an Act of Parliament to include all former provincial groups except The Mining Society of Nova Scotia, which remained a separate body.
In 1902, The Institute formed its first Branches in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Kingston, Ontario, and Nelson, British Columbia. In 1918, the Mining Society of Nova Scotia formally became affiliated with the Canadian Mining Institute.
In 1920, Metallurgy was added to the name to recognize the inclusion of this discipline.
In 1942, the Institute made CIM its official abbreviation.
In 1990, "Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum" became the official name of the Institute by an Act of Parliament.
In 1996, CIM published its Guidelines for the Estimation, Classification and Reporting of Resources and Reserves. This document became an integral part of National Instrument 43-101 (NI 43-101), the set of rules for reporting and displaying information from mineral properties owned by companies listed on Canadian exchanges that came into effect on Feb. 1, 2001.
1998 was CIM's Centennial Year. A book entitled "Pride and Vision" by E. Tina Crossfield was published in commemoration of the event.
In 2018, CIM celebrated its 120th anniversary. It also launched a new a completely redesigned site for all of its Standards, Best Practices & Guidance for Mineral Resources & Mineral Reserves materials, including the 2014 update of CIM Definition Standards.
Branches.
CIM Branches are organized geographically within three Districts (Western, Central and Eastern) across Canada to address the local needs of members. They discuss regional issues concerning the industry and undertake CIM’s mission at a local level.
Canadian Branches by District
Western District
Central District
Eastern District
International
Technical Societies.
CIM’s 10 technical societies strive to promote the development of the many facets of Canada’s minerals, metals, materials and petroleum industries. Technically driven, they come together to discuss issues of concern in their specific field pertaining to the discovery, production and utilization of resources.
Canadian Mineral Processors Society
Environmental and Social Responsibility Society
Geological Society
Maintenance, Engineering and Reliability Society
Management & Economics Society
Metallurgy and Materials Society
Mining Society of Nova Scotia
Society for Rock Engineering
Surface Mining Society
Underground Mining Society
Awards of Excellence.
The institute bestows several awards annually to individuals for their outstanding achievements and contributions to their respective fields and to the mining and minerals industries in general.
Branch and Society Awards
Early Career Awards
Exploration Awards
Sustainability Awards
Safety Awards
Career Excellence Awards
Social Responsibility and Education Awards
References.
CIM official website


Abe Moffat

Abraham Moffat (24 September 1896 – 28 March 1975) was a Scottish trade unionist and communist activist. He was elected repeatedly to high office in the trade unions and represented the union on government coal boards. He held major union offices: President of the National Union of Scottish Mine Workers; member of the Executive Committee of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain; Vice-Chairman Scottish Regional Coal Board; and member National Coal Board. He served as president of the union from 1942 to his retirement in 1961, when he was succeeded by his younger brother Alex Moffat, also an activist.
Joining the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1922, Abe Moffat was active in a variety of ways. In 1924 he was elected as a communist candidate to the Ballingry Parish Council, serving for 5 years. He was appointed as a full-time official of the United Mineworkers of Scotland, a communist union, becoming its general secretary in 1931. He served until 1935, when the union dissolved. He was also elected to the Central Committee of the CPGB in 1932.
Early life.
Moffat was born in 1896 into a Plymouth Brethren family in Lumphinnans in Fife. His family had a long tradition of involvement in mining trade unionism; his grandfather had been a pioneer of the trade union in the Lothians in the 1860s, but was forced to move to Fife due to victimisation.
He left school at the age of fourteen to work at the local coal mine, while spending his spare time competing in middle-distance athletics. He joined the miners' strike of 1912. During World War I he served with the Royal Engineers. He did not become politically active until after the war.
Rise to prominence.
Abe and his brother, Alex Moffat, were central to the miners' struggle for economic rights. Many years later, the "Central Fife Times and Advertiser" reported that "the name Moffat was to become legend throughout the Fife, then Scottish, and ultimately the British mining industry. The Moffat brothers were reported to be in the thick of every struggle to defend and improve the conditions of the miners and their families."
Alex and another sibling, David, born seven years apart, were more than just younger brothers to Abe. They were brothers-in-arms, and usually biographies tend to combine them. Being born in Lumphinnans one of several pit towns dominated at the time by the Communist Party and called 'Little Moscow' by some they were almost destined to become mine unionists and communists.
Working in the pits for 16 years, Abe Moffat was frequently victimised. He actively supported miners' strike actions.
Moffat was prominent in the 1921 lock-out of miners, and afterwards was blacklisted. He turned to busking until he was able to regain work at the pit. Inspired by John Maclean and Bob Stewart, in 1922 he joined the recently founded Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). He helped publish the "Buzzer," a newsletter for militant miners at Glencraig Colliery, Lochgelly. In 1924, he was elected for the party to Ballingry Parish Council, holding the seat for five years.
Moffat held office in the Mineworkers' Reform Union, which split from the Fife, Kinross and Clackmannan Mineworkers' Association (FCKMU). It was active in the 1926 miners' strike, and Moffat arranged for the parish council to pay local miners during the dispute. This was illegal, and Moffat was fined £172, but he did not pay and the matter was dropped. However, after the strike, the industry owners did not hire him for twelve years. Although Moffat was unemployed for lengthy periods, he was elected as a checkweighman at Lumphinnans Colliery, also known as Peeweep, in 1928.
Due to his leadership in a dispute over payment systems, Moffat was appointed as a full-time official of the United Mineworkers of Scotland, a communist union. The union was struggling to survive, and Moffat rose quickly to become its general secretary in 1931, serving until it was dissolved in 1935. He was also elected to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1932.
National Union of Scottish Mineworkers.
The dissolution of the United Mineworkers left Moffat out of work again, but he was elected to Fife County Council in Valleyfield and Blairhall in 1938. Working a few days at the Brucefield mine made him eligible to become a member of the FCKMU. He became his branch delegate to the executive, then in 1940 was elected to the National Union of Scottish Mineworkers' executive.
Two years later, Moffat was elected president of the union, beating Jimmy McKendrick. He used the post to advocate increased output during World War II, and was re-elected in 1944 with a large majority over Hugh Brannan. He held three major union offices: President of the National Union of Scottish Mine Workers; member of the Executive Committee of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain; Vice-Chairman. Scottish Regional Coal Board; member National Coal Board.
In 1943, Moffat met King George VI at a reception at the Gleneagles Hotel. Newspaper reports noted that the two discussed production levels in Scottish mines. On 8 October 1947 Moffat testified at the Whitehaven Explosion Inquiry. Moffat was also involved in inquiries into disasters at pits in Knockshinnoch, Kames, Linday and Auchengeich. He was known for his passion and grasp of detail at the inquiries, and as a result was nicknamed the "Miners QC".
When the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) was formed in 1945, Moffat was elected to its executive, serving until his retirement. He stood for the presidency of the NUM in 1954, losing to Ernest Jones. In this period he also assisted Robin Page Arnot with writing his "History of the Scottish Miners".
Moffat retired in 1961. He was succeeded as president of the Scottish Mineworkers by his younger brother, Alex. In his later years, Abe Moffat devoted his time to the Scottish Old Age Pensioners' Association until his death in 1975.


George Woolley (footballer)

George Arthur Woolley (1877 – 22 July 1917) was an English footballer who played in the English Football League for Chesterfield Town as a goalkeeper.
Personal life.
Prior to the First World War, Woolley worked as a miner in Codnor and Pinxton. At the outbreak of the First World War, he enlisted in the Sherwood Foresters; due to his profession, he was transferred to the Royal Engineers and joined the 177th Tunnelling Company. He was severely wounded in May 1915, but recovered and returned to his company, which was positioned at Railway Wood, Hooge. On 22 July 1917, Corporal Woolley was supervising a dugout when gas shells hit the position. He went inside the dugout to assist other soldiers, but was killed in the process of doing so. Woolley is commemorated on a memorial at the RE Grave, Railway Wood.


Berwind Corporation

Berwind Corporation (also known as Berwind-White Coal Mining Company) is a large privately held American corporation historically involved in the coal industry. Today it is a diversified company involved in property leasing and ownership of unrelated businesses.
It began as a partnership of Edward Julius Berwind, Charles Berwind, and Congressman Allison White and upon White's death became known as Berwind White Company in 1886. The company was one of the largest producers of coal at the turn of the twentieth century and created several towns in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, including Windber, Pennsylvania and Berwind, West Virginia. It was a litigant in two U.S. Supreme Court decisions: "Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. v. Chicago & Erie R. Co.", 235 U.S. 371 (1914) and "McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.", 309 U.S. 33 (1940). In 1962 the family corporation moved from directly producing coal to leasing its properties and diversification into ownership of other businesses, including Protective Industries (including Caplugs and Mokon) and, CRC Industries. By 2007 the company's investments in real estate alone totaled over $3 billion.


Metalloinvest

Metalloinvest Management Company LLC () is a Russian mining and metallurgy company specializing in the manufacture of steel. It was founded in 1999 and is composed of a mining division (Lebedinsky GOK and Mikhailovsky GOK) and a steel division (Oskol Elektrometallurgical Plant (OEMK) and Ural Steel). USM Holdings Business Development owns 100% of Metalloinvest JSC. Alisher Usmanov is the major beneficiary of USM Holdings (60%), with other major beneficiaries — the companies of Andrei Skoch and Farhad Moshiri — owning 30% and 10%, respectively.
Related companies and subsidiaries.
Investments
Mining
Metallurgy
Mechanical engineering
Distribution and other
Competition.
Domestic competitors include Evraz Group and Novolipetsk Steel.


Kirkconnel

Kirkconnel (Gaelic: "Cille Chonaill") is a small parish in Dumfries and Galloway, southwestern Scotland. It is located on the A76 near the head of Nithsdale. Principally it has been a sporting community. The name comes from The Church of Saint Conal. In 1850 the village had only a single street. Next to Kirkconnel is a separate village called Kelloholm.
It is also associated with the ballad "Helen of Kirkconnel".
History.
The early church and settlement were situated at the foot of Kirkland Hill on the drove road from Ayrshire to Lanarkshire, which followed the steep incline beside the Glenaylmer Burn. Whether Saint Conal was an Irish monk or the son of a local shepherd befriended and educated by Glasgow's Saint Mungo, Christianity came early to this part of Nithsdale. A Celtic cross, erected in 1880 by the Duke of Buccleuch at the instigation of the minister, the Rev. John Donaldson, marks the reputed burial place of Saint Conal. From the neighborhood of the cross, on a clear day, can be seen the churches at Kirkconnel, Sanquhar and Kirkbride, all associated with Saint Conal.
St Conal's Church is one of the oldest church sites in Southern Scotland with archaeological remains dating to the 9th century and the present foundations of a church dating back to the 12th and 13th centuries.
Life changed dramatically for this small town in the 1890s when a coal pit was opened at Fauldheld. Coal had always been mined in the district before, but never in large quantities. From then on coal dominated the life of the little town. The coal industry moved away in recent decades, and with it much of the population.
Transport.
The A76 road runs through the area. Kirkconnel is served by bus routes 221 and 246.
Kirkconnel is served by Kirkconnel railway station on the Glasgow South Western Line.
References.
"Kirkconnel, A Pictorial History", Kirkconnel Parish Heritage Society.
Lee Pagan - A pictoral history of sexual deviance and molestation.


Abu Dabab mine

The Abu Dabab mine is a large mine located in the eastern part of Egypt in Red Sea Governorate. Abu Dabab represents one of the largest tantalum reserves in Egypt having estimated reserves of 39.9 million tonnes of ore grading 0.025% tantalum.


C. F. J. Galloway

Christian Francis John Galloway BSc F.R.G.S., F.R.C.I. (13 May 1880 – 31 August 1969) was of Scottish descent, born at Llantrissant Dinas, Wales, the second son of Sir William Galloway (1840–1927), mining engineer, and Christiana Maud Mary Gordon (1853–1880), and younger brother of William Albert Denis Galloway (1878–1957). He qualified as a mining engineer, and was later employed by the governments of British Columbia and Sarawak in Borneo to survey coal deposits.
He joined the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers in 1897, and served with them in South Africa during the Boer War, in France during the World War I, and later in Mesopotania and Persia, rising to the rank of Major by 1920.
He is a well respected travel writer, whose insight into the country and people he encountered during his time in Canada are referred to in other journals up to the present day.
Military career.
On 1 December 1897 Christian Francis John Galloway, aged 17, was appointed 2nd Lieutenant of the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia)
He was promoted to Lieutenant 14 February 1900 and served with R.M.R.E. in South Africa during the Anglo-Boer War earning the Queen's South Africa Medal with 5 clasps – "Cape Colony", "Orange Free State", "Transvaal", "South Africa 1901" and "South Africa 1902". returning to England in 1902, being promoted to Captain 19 March 1904:
At the start of the First World War he returned to the R.M.R.E. as Temporary Captain 3 September 1914 with No. 4 Siege Co. He was wounded in 1915, and then posted to No. 6 Siege Co. landing in France in May 1916, by which time the preparations for the Battle of the Somme were in full swing. The Company's work consisted in the main of construction of new hutted camps, hospitals and base installations, e.g. ammunition depots. Captain Galloway ran a school for Australian N.C.O's and Sappers and was promoted to Acting Major 17 March 1917. He was sick and evacuated to England in July 1918.
After discharge from hospital in autumn 1918 he rejoined at Monmouth and was posted to York as D.O., R.E. (Garrison Engineer). He later served with the R.M.R.E. in Mesopotania (Iraq) in 1919 and Persia (Iran) in 1920, being promoted to the rank of Major 1 April 1920.
In addition to his Boer war medals he also received the 1914–15 Star, the British War Medal, Victory Medal and the General Service Medal with two clasps:Iraq and N.W. Persia.
Mining career.
Christian Galloway obtained his BSc in mining engineering at the University of Wales, Cardiff, attaining his Masters Certificate of Competency as a Manager of Mines in 1905, aged 25.
In 1908 he was commissioned by the British Columbian Ministry of Mines, Canada, to carry out coal surveys of the Peace River Valley and surrounding area. He stayed in the country for 5 years living in the backwoods of the area throughout the time travelling by steamer, train, packhorse or on foot, by canvas or log canoe to reach the less accessible areas. He and his companion, Falconer, were, they believed, the first white men to climb the 8,250 ft. mountain near Lake Chilco. They named it Mount Cardiff, after Christian's home town, a name it retains to this day in the Cardiff Mountain Ecological Reserve, British Columbia
In August 1913 he attended the International Geological Conference, 12th Session, at the University of Toronto, Canada and his work is referred to in the 'Peace River Coal Project' of February 1972 prepared for Canada West Petroleums Ltd. of Vancouver. and Reports on Coal in the Bowron River area by Esso Coal in 1986
In 1921 he was commissioned by the Government of Sarawak to carry out surveys of the country's coal deposits, his report being printed by the South Wales Institute of Engineers in 1923, and referred to in the Singapore Free Press & Mercantile Advertiser on 16 October 1923, Page 2.
The Call of the West.
His travel log book 'The Call of the West' gives a clear insight into the beauty of the area and hardship involved in being a settler in British Columbia in the early 20th century, especially in the winter when all roads and rail links could be blocked by snow. He describes in detail the different people, of all nationalities, he encountered, as well as the wild life. He includes photographs of the areas through which they travelled, their camp sites, modes of transport, etc. He describes life in his base in Vancouver and, in the final chapters, recounts his journey down the western coast of America by steamer (with photographs of San Francisco, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Panama). Pictures and written descriptions of the construction of the Panama Canal are shown, as well as his last port of call before sailing home, Jamaica. References to his comments on Vancouver, the importance of the railways to the isolated communities, and many other aspects of life in those times, are used by writers of today, for example, the attitudes of the new settlers towards the indigenous population, who had received payments to move their reservations, actually driving around in cars.
He writes of the contrasts between the mining communities in Wales and those in British Columbia
In 1911 he applied for membership of the Order of the Golden Age, a group of dedicated vegetarians or fruitarians. In 1912 he wrote to them describing his experiences of attempting to survive in the wilds of Canada without eating flesh of any kind, which they printed in their journal 'The Herald of the Golden Age', Vol XV, No. 2 April 1912, Page 43, under the heading 'Dietetic Heroism'
Later years.
He was a member of the Theosophical Society and used to travel and lecture for them.
He was also a Fellow of both the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Colonial Institute.
He wrote several short pamphlets covering some of his lectures as well as his philosophical views of belief, and of society during the years of the Depression of the 1930s.
He was also the author of some light stories and poetry, 'Peace River and Other Verse', 'The Exploits of Lancelot: A Satire' being examples.
Christian died on 31 August 1969 at St. Columba's Hospital, Hampstead, London aged 89 years. His occupation shown on his death certificate as Philatelist.