IOS version history

The version history of the mobile operating system iOS, developed by Apple Inc., began with the release of iPhone OS 1 for the original iPhone on June 29, 2007. Since its initial release, it has been used as the operating system for iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and HomePod, seeing continuous development since then, resulting in new major releases of the software typically being announced at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference and later released in September, coinciding with the release of new iPhone models. The latest stable version, iOS 14.5.1, was released on May 3, 2021. The latest beta version is iOS 14.7 Beta 1, released on May 19, 2021.
Updates can be done over-the-air through settings (since iOS 5), or via the iTunes or Finder applications.
Overview.
June 2007 saw the official release of what eventually became iOS – concurrently with the first iPhone. iOS did not have an official name until the official release of the iPhone software development kit (iPhone SDK) on March 6, 2008. Before then, Apple marketing simply stated that iPhone ran a version of Mac OS X made specifically for the iPhone. When iOS was introduced, it was named "iPhone OS". It was officially renamed iOS on June 7, 2010, with the announcement and introduction of the first-generation iPad. The introduction of what would later become the iPad line, and the existence of iPod Touch, meant the iPhone was no longer the only device to run the mobile operating system. iOS 4 was the first major iOS release that reflected the name change. Apple licensed the "iOS" trademark from Cisco Systems.
Apple concurrently provides the same version of iOS for the comparable model of iPhone and iPod Touch, usually devices released in the same calendar year. iPhone users receive all software updates for free, while iPod Touch users paid for the 2.0 and 3.0 major software updates. As of iOS 4, Apple no longer charges money for iPod Touch updates.
 four versions of iOS were not publicly released, with the version numbers of three of them changed during development. iPhone OS 1.2 was replaced by a 2.0 version number after the first beta; the second beta was named 2.0 beta 2 instead of 1.2 beta 2. The second was iOS 4.2, replaced with 4.2.1 due to a Wi-Fi bug in 4.2 beta 3, causing Apple to release 2 golden masters (4.2 GM and 4.2.1 GM). The third was iOS 13.4.5, which was renamed to iOS 13.5 when Beta 3 was released, with the introduction of the Exposure Notification API, which required an SDK update. Similarly, iOS 13.5.5 was renamed to iOS 13.6 in beta 2, with the introduction of new features for the Health app.
One version of iOS was pulled back by Apple "after" being released: iOS 8.0.1 was pulled back by Apple because of issues with cellular service and Touch ID on iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus units.
Version history.
iPhone OS 1.
Apple announced iPhone OS 1 at the iPhone keynote on January 9, 2007, and it was released to the public alongside the original iPhone on June 29, 2007. No official name was given on its initial release; Apple marketing literature simply stated the iPhone runs a version of Apple's desktop operating system, OS X. The release of iPhone OS 1.1 brought support for the iPod Touch (1st generation). iPhone OS 1.1.5 was the final version of iPhone OS 1. It became unsupported on May 18, 2010. What Apple did not announce was the prototype operating system, code named "Acorn OS", which looked like the iPod Classic.
iPhone OS 2.
Apple announced iPhone OS 2 at the iPhone software roadmap keynote in March 2008, and it was released to the public on July 11, 2008, alongside the iPhone 3G. Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release. iPhone OS 2 was compatible with all devices released up to that time. The release of iPhone OS 2.1.1 brought support for the iPod Touch (2nd generation). iPhone OS 2.2.1 was the final version of iPhone OS 2. It became unsupported on December 3, 2011.
iPhone OS 3.
Apple announced iPhone OS 3 on March 17, 2009, and it was released to the public on June 17, 2009, alongside the iPhone 3GS. Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release. iPhone OS 3 was compatible with all devices released up to that time, but not all features were available on the original iPhone. The final release supported on the original iPhone and iPod Touch (1st generation) was iPhone OS 3.1.3. The first iPad was introduced along with iPhone OS 3.2. It became unsupported on December 9, 2012.
iOS 4.
Apple announced iOS 4 in March 2010 and it was released to the public on June 21, 2010, alongside the iPhone 4. With this release, Apple dropped support for the original iPhone and the 1st generation iPod Touch, which is the first time Apple had dropped support for any device in an iOS release. The iPhone 3G and the 2nd generation iPod Touch were capable of running iOS 4, but had limited features. For example, both devices lack multitasking capabilities and the ability to set a home screen wallpaper. However, iOS 4 was the first major release that iPod Touch users did not have to pay any money for. The release of iOS 4.2.1 brought compatibility to the original iPad and was the final release supported on the iPhone 3G and 2nd generation iPod Touch due to major performance issues. The release of iOS 4.3 brought iPad 2 compatibility. It became unsupported on December 18, 2013.
iOS 5.
Apple announced iOS 5 on June 6, 2011, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on October 12, 2011, alongside the iPhone 4S. Apple did not drop support for any devices with this release; support for the iPhone 3G and the iPod Touch (2nd generation) had already been dropped with the release of iOS 4.3 seven months earlier due to major performance issues. Therefore, iOS 5 was released for the iPhone 3GS onwards, iPod Touch (3rd generation) onwards, and the iPad (1st generation) and iPad 2. The release of iOS 5.1 brought support for the iPad (3rd generation). iOS 5.1.1 was the final release supported for the original iPad and iPod Touch (3rd generation). It became unsupported on August 12, 2015.
iOS 6.
Apple announced iOS 6 on June 11, 2012, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 19, 2012, alongside the iPhone 5, iPod Touch (5th generation), and iPad (4th generation). With this release, Apple dropped support for the iPod Touch (3rd generation) and the iPad (1st generation) due to performance issues, and offered only limited support on the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation). The iPhone 4 onwards, the iPod Touch (5th generation), the iPad 2 onwards and the iPad Mini (1st generation) were fully supported. iOS 6.1.6 was the final release supported for the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch (4th generation). It became unsupported on November 23, 2016.
iOS 7.
Apple announced iOS 7 on June 10, 2013, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 18, 2013, alongside the iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S. With this release, Apple dropped support for the iPhone 3GS due to hardware limitations and the iPod Touch (4th generation) due to performance issues. iOS 7 has limited support on the iPad 2 and the iPhone 4 since they do not support Siri. However, other devices from the iPhone 4S onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation) onwards, the iPad (3rd generation) onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards were fully supported. The release of iOS 7.0.3 brought support for the iPad Air and iPad Mini 2. iOS 7.1.2 was the final release on the iPhone 4. It became unsupported on November 23, 2018.
iOS 8.
Apple announced iOS 8 on June 2, 2014, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 17, 2014, alongside the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for one device, the iPhone 4. iOS 8 has limited support on the iPad 2, iPhone 4S, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), and the iPod Touch (5th generation), as Apple received widespread complaints of extremely poor/slow performance from owners of these devices. All other devices from the iPhone 5 onwards, iPod Touch (6th generation) onwards, the iPad (4th generation) onwards, and the iPad Mini 2 onwards were fully supported. The release of iOS 8.1 brought support for the iPad Air 2 and iPad Mini 3, and the release of iOS 8.4 brought support for the iPod Touch (6th generation). iOS 8.3 was the first version of iOS to have public beta testing available, where users could test the beta for upcoming releases of iOS and send feedback to Apple about bugs or issues. The final version of iOS 8 was iOS 8.4.1.
iOS 9.
Apple announced iOS 9 on June 8, 2015, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 16, 2015, alongside the iPhone 6S, iPhone 6S Plus and iPad Mini 4. With this release, Apple did not drop support for any iOS devices. Therefore, iOS 9 was supported on the iPhone 4S onwards, iPod Touch (5th generation) onwards, the iPad 2 onwards, and the iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards. However, iOS 9 has limited support on devices with an Apple A5 or A5X processor: the iPhone 4S, iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), and iPod Touch (5th generation). This release made the iPad 2 the first device to support six major releases of iOS, supporting iOS 4 thru iOS 9. Despite Apple's promise of better performance on these devices, there were still widespread complaints that the issue had not been fixed. iOS 9.3.5 is the final release on the iPod Touch (5th generation), the Wi-Fi-only iPad 2, the Wi-Fi-only iPad (3rd generation), and the Wi-Fi-only iPad Mini (1st generation); iOS 9.3.6 is the final release on the iPhone 4S, the Wi-Fi + cellular iPad 2, the Wi-Fi + cellular iPad (3rd generation), and the Wi-Fi + cellular iPad Mini (1st generation).
iOS 10.
Apple announced iOS 10 on June 13, 2016, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 13, 2016, alongside the iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for devices using an A5 or A5X processor: the iPhone 4S, the iPad 2, iPad (3rd generation), iPad Mini (1st generation), and iPod Touch (5th generation). iOS 10 has limited support on devices with 32-bit processors: the iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and iPad (4th generation). However, the iPhone 5S onwards, iPod Touch (6th generation), iPad Air onwards, and the iPad Mini 2 onwards are fully supported. The release of iOS 10.2.1 brought support for the iPad (5th generation), and iOS 10.3.2 brought support for the iPad Pro (10.5-inch) and the iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 2nd generation). iOS 10.3.3 is the final supported release for the iPhone 5C and the Wi-Fi-only iPad (4th generation). iOS 10.3.4 is the final supported release for the iPhone 5 and the Wi-Fi + cellular iPad (4th generation). iOS 10 is the last iOS version to run on 32-bit processors and also the last to run 32-bit apps.
iOS 11.
Apple announced iOS 11 on June 5, 2017, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 19, 2017, alongside the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus. With this release, Apple dropped support for the 32-bit iPhone 5, iPhone 5C, and iPad (4th generation), and also dropped support for 32-bit applications, making iOS a 64-bit-only OS that only runs 64-bit apps. iOS 11 has limited support on devices with the Apple A7 or A8 processors: the iPhone 5S, iPhone 6/6 Plus, iPod Touch (6th generation), iPad Air, iPad Air 2, iPad Mini 2, 3, and 4. However, all other devices from the iPhone 6S/6S Plus onwards, iPhone SE (1st generation), iPad Pro, and iPad (5th generation) onwards are fully supported. iOS 11.0.1 brought support for the iPhone X and iOS 11.3 brought support for the iPad (6th generation). The final version of iOS 11 to be released was iOS 11.4.1.
iOS 12.
Apple announced iOS 12 on June 4, 2018, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 17, 2018, alongside the iPhone XS, iPhone XS Max and iPhone XR. With this release, Apple did not drop support for any iOS devices. Therefore, iOS 12 was supported on the iPhone 5S onwards, iPod Touch (6th generation), the iPad Air onwards, and the iPad Mini 2 onwards. However, iOS 12 has limited support on devices with the Apple A7 or A8 processors: the iPhone 5S, iPhone 6/6 Plus, iPod Touch (6th generation), iPad Air, iPad Air 2, iPad Mini 2, 3, and 4. All other devices from the iPhone 6S/6S Plus onwards, the iPad Air (2019), the iPad (5th generation) onwards, and all iPad Pro models are fully supported. iOS 12.1 brought support to the iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 3rd generation) and iPad Pro (11-inch, 1st generation) and iOS 12.2 brought support to the iPad Mini (5th generation) and iPad Air (3rd generation).
iOS 13 / iPadOS 13.
Apple announced iOS 13 on June 3, 2019, at its annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) event, and it was released to the public on September 19, 2019 alongside the iPhone 11 series (11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max). The principal features include dark mode and Memoji support for A9+ devices. The NFC framework now supports reading several types of contactless smartcards and tags. The iPad gains several tablet-oriented features, and its operating system has been rebranded as iPadOS; iPadOS 13 was announced at the 2019 WWDC as well. With this release, Apple dropped support for all devices with less than 2 GB of RAM, which included the iPhone 5S and iPhone 6 and 6 Plus, iPod Touch (6th generation), iPad Mini 2, iPad Mini 3, and iPad Air. iOS 13/iPadOS 13 has limited support on devices with the A8/A8X. However, all other devices from the iPhone 6s/6s Plus onwards, iPod Touch (7th generation), iPad Pro (1st generation), iPad (5th generation), and iPad Mini (5th generation) onwards are fully supported (A9 and A10 devices having almost full support, A11 and on having full support). iOS 13 brought support for the iPhone 11 and iPhone 11 Pro / Pro Max, second-generation iPhone SE, and iPadOS 13 brought support for the iPad (7th generation), the iPad Pro (12.9-inch, 4th generation) and the iPad Pro (11-inch, 2nd generation).
iOS 14 / iPadOS 14.
Apple announced iOS 14 and iPadOS 14 on June 22, 2020 at its annual WWDC 2020 event, with a developer beta released on the same day and a public beta released on July 9, 2020. iOS 14 and iPadOS 14 were released on September 16, 2020. All devices that supported iOS 13 also support iOS 14. This makes the iPad Air 2 the first device to support seven versions of iOS and iPadOS, from iOS 8 to iPadOS 14. Some new features introduced in iOS 14 and iPadOS 14 include redesigned widgets that can now be placed directly on the homescreen, along with the App Library, which automatically categorizes apps into one page, Picture in Picture in iPhone and iPod touch, and the CarKey technology to unlock and start a car with NFC. iOS and iPadOS 14 also allow the user to have incoming calls shown in banners rather than taking up the whole screen (the latter view is still available as an optional function).
The release of iPadOS 14.0 brought support for the 8th generation iPad and the 4th generation iPad Air and the release of iOS 14.1 brought support for the iPhone 12, the iPhone 12 Mini and the iPhone 12 Pro and Pro Max. iOS 14 and iPadOS 14 have limited support on devices with A8, A8X, A9, A9X and A10 chips.


Comx-35

The COMX-35 was a home computer that was one of the very few systems to use the RCA 1802 microprocessor, the same microprocessor that is also used in some space probes.
The COMX-35 had a keyboard with an integrated joystick in place of cursor keys. It was relatively inexpensive and came with a large collection of software. COMX-35 was manufactured in Hong Kong by "COMX World Operations Ltd" and was released in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, Finland, Norway, Italy, Singapore, Turkey and the People's Republic of China.
Hardware.
RAM.
The 'COMX 35' was called '35' due to the RAM in the machine, this included actual User RAM of which roughly was available for actual BASIC and the rest was used for system parameters and reserved for use by the BASIC System ROM. An additional was included as video RAM, for details see the Video Interface System (VIS) chapter.
Video interface system.
The COMX used the RCA CDP1869 and CDP1870 Video Interface System (VIS), consisting of the CDP1869 address and sound generator and the CDP1870 colour video generator.
The COMX automatically selected operation in PAL or NTSC, this was done via the PAL/NTSC input on the VIS. Also during start-up the system ROM detected PAL/NTSC by checking EF2. EF2 gave PAL/NTSC information before the first pulse on the Q line, after this EF2 was used for keyboard handling.
The VIS ran on for a PAL and for an NTSC machine. This frequency was divided by 2 and output via CPUCLK (pin 38) to the CDP 1802 for timing of the CPU (2.813 and ). The VIS was also responsible for the timing of the interrupt ()S and timing of the non display period via PREDISPLAY (pin 1). Video memory could only be accessed during the non display period which allowed for execution of 2160 machine cycles on a PAL and 1574 on an NTSC machine. Provided that not more instructions were executed than the indicated maximum number of machine cycles video memory could be accessed during the interrupt routine. Alternatively the program could be paused by waiting for a non display period by checking EF1.
The Video memory consisted of 2 parts, RAM page memory and RAM character memory.
The page memory stored the ASCII code for each character position on the screen. The screen had 960 characters where position 0 (left top corner) could be accessed by memory location @F800 (before scrolling). The character memory stored the character definition of each ASCII character and could be accessed by memory location @F400-@F7FF. Character memory could be accessed via different methods see also the VIS data sheet.
Models.
The COMX 35 came in two colours, either a white or black keyboard. Later models also included a monitor connection. The second COMX home computer was called the COMX PC1 which was basically the same hardware as the COMX-35 with a better keyboard and a joystick connection. There was also a clone of the COMX PC1 also known as the Savla PC1, which is sold in India.
Peripherals.
The COMX 35 had one 44-pin external connector for additional expansion options in the form of interface cards. Memory location @C000-DFFF was reserved for use by any interface card, either to connect ROM, additional RAM or for other purposes. The following hardware was available:
Software.
The company importing the COMX in The Netherlands, West Electronics, provided almost all their software for the COMX for free and without copyrights (or for a small fee for tape, disk and/or shipment). West Electronics also organized different competitions for homemade software.
Probably the most popular game on the COMX was 'Worm' known in The Netherlands as 'Eet een wurm'. This was a very basic game where you had to direct a snake over the screen and eat all the worms. If you managed to play 'Worm' long enough it would eventually run out of places to put new 'food' and as such slow down the game almost to a stop. There was a correction made for the game by F&M including some additional improvements.
The COMX was probably most popular in The Netherlands mainly due to the efforts from West Electronics to provide free software. As a result of the competitions quite a few excellent games were written by enthusiastic users. Here is a small subset of a list too extensive to publish here:
Emulator.
An emulator (Emma 02) running on Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X is available and can be downloaded from the Dutch COMX Club site or the Emma 02 site. The screenshots shown here are generated with this emulator. The emulator also supports the following other 1802 systems: Elf 2000, COSMAC VIP, COSMAC ELF, Netronis Elf II, Quest Super Elf, RCA Studio II, Victory MPT-02, Visicom COM-100, Cidelsa, Telmac TMC-600, Telmac TMC-2000, Telmac Nano, Pecom 64 and the ETI-660.
Known bugs.
The most famous bug in the COMX basic ROM was when you typed in the line number 65535 this resulted in the COMX hanging and the screen getting all messed up which could be very frustrating if the user had spent hours typing in a BASIC program.
A similar thing as when using line number 65535 was typing in 'READY', after this the COMX was not 'READY' anymore. F&M discovered this one when they designed the F&M screen editor and pressed 'CR' (return) on the 'READY' prompt. As such they decided to change the prompt into 'OK' to avoid too many accidental hangings when using a screen editor. This fault was actually caused by the basic READ command, when a READ Y (or any other READ) instruction is given when there is no DATA statement in the loaded basic program the COMX hangs.
Another bug in the standard character set was the '!' which displayed a red dot just above the black dot.


TI-95

The TI-95, also called the TI-95 Procalc, is a keystroke programmable calculator and was introduced in 1987 by Texas Instruments. It was rather large, measuring 3.7" by 8" by 1" and had a dot-matrix display. It had 8kB of RAM and could be connected to PC-324 compatible printers. Compatible ROM and extra RAM could be placed in the expansion slot at the upper right corner of the device. The compatible ROM were labeled Mathematics, Statistics, and Chemistry, indicating their respective applications.


SSLBridge

SSLBridge is a simple, lightweight web-based interface that allow computers access to a network using Samba.
SSLBridge users log in and navigate the network using an intuitive explorer-style interface programmed in Ajax to make it nearly as responsive as a desktop application.


Ted Livingston (Kik)

Ted Livingston (born 1987) is founder of Kik Messenger that provides mobile messaging service.
Early life.
Livingston was born in Toronto. As a child, Livingston had a passion for building Lego structures and automated machines in his basement. He continues following this interest on the school robotics team.
From 1997 to 2005, Livingston attended the Crescent School, in Toronto. He later stated that Crescent "provided an education which couldn't be more perfect for me as an individual. It allowed me to grow and develop my own philosophies and directions in life."
2005–Present: UWaterloo and Kik.
Livingston took a mechatronics bachelor's degree at the University of Waterloo from 2005 to 2009 in order to "pursue his dream of building robots." He participated in the Waterloo co-op program there, with placements at Honda and the City of Toronto government. Livingston eventually landed a co-op position as a system engineering project coordinator at Research in Motion.
In December 2007, eight months into his co-op, Livingston was promoted by Research in Motion to "Technical Product Management Coordinator". In 2008, he turned down a full-time job to return to school at the advice of his manager.
Back at Waterloo, Livingston decided to take part in the Velocity program, a startup-focused community where he founded Kik Messenger instead of completing his degree.
Kik now competes with Facebook and WeChat, boasts over 275 million registered users, and is used by approximately 40 percent of American teens. Chinese internet giant Tencent recently invested $50 million into kik, placing its value at $1 Billion.
In 2014, Forbes placed him on their "Top 30 under 30" in their technology list.
In November 2015, Torontolife ranked Livingston at #20 on their "Toronto's 50 Most Influential,".


Tigers in the Snow

The Battle of the Bulge: Tigers in the Snow is a turn-based strategy video wargame, made in 1981 by Chuck Kroegel, David Landrey, and David Walker for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit, and TRS-80. It was later ported to the IBM PC and Commodore 64.
It was the first video game to feature the Battle of the Bulge of 1944 and 1945, a decisive Allied victory over German forces in World War II, as its subject. Heavily inspired by board games, the game was played on a hexagonal grid and included such features as a supply, terrain and weather system.
Reception.
Richard Charles Karr reviewed the game for "Computer Gaming World", and stated that ""Tigers In The Snow" is enjoyable as a "situation in doubt" game, with the possibility of German break-outs threatening to roll up the American line. The tension of hoping your perfectly laid plans don't disintegrate in your face can keep you riveted in your seat for hours. Although the game is not as innovative as other SSI games it is a design which deserves attention as part of the improving integration of wargames and computer software."
A 1993 "Computer Gaming World" survey of wargames gave "Tigers in the Snow" one star out of five, stating that its primitive graphics, play mechanics, and user interface "have been superseded by more recent efforts".


XTND

XTND was a document import/export system developed by Claris for their products on the Apple Macintosh. Products supporting XTND placed an additional popup menu in the open and save dialogs, allowing users to read and write documents of any supported format. The name is a four-letter contraction of "extend", the Mac using four-letter identifiers in its system resource files.
XTND was first introduced on some of Claris' "II" releases -- MacWrite II, FileMaker II and MacDraw II. The system proved popular and became a major selling point for Claris products, which were otherwise considered somewhat "low end". The system was soon used by a number of other products as well, and became fairly common during the early 1990s.
Around 1990/91 Claris gave the system to Apple, who eventually re-branded it as a basic part of the Mac OS known as the Translation Manager. They also added Macintosh Easy Open which offered to open unknown documents using software installed on the machine and converting it using XTND. A developer's guide, "XTND Programmer's Guide", was published in 1991 along with the "XTND Developer's Kit 1.3", which was placed on their FTP site. XTND broke on the Power Macs, but an extension-to-the-extension released in 1993 fixed that for a time. By the 1995/96 time frame it appears Apple had already abandoned the entire system.
XTND consisted of a simple runtime engine that listed, loaded and managed a series of "translators". The translators were stored in resource files placed in the Mac's System folder, allowing them to be found and used by any program supporting the XTND system. Almost all of the actual logic was located in the translators, the runtime simply handed off filenames and parameters to code stored inside.
A major technical problem with XTND was that the conversion process was "opaque". The system ran code in the translators which had no way to provide feedback to the user or ask questions. This made it difficult to distinguish if a long conversion was still processing or if the process locked. Program freezes were a common occurrence as the code base aged. The converters themselves varied widely in quality. For example, the Microsoft Word extension was particularly prone to errors.


CER-2

CER model 22 was an early digital computer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute in Yugoslavia in 1960s.
CER-2 was a prototype computer model (in 1963) only, for the early digital computers CER-20 or CER-22.


Sol (computer)

The SOL is a rugged, waterproof solar-powered laptop computer intended for use in African schools that do not have access to an electrical network. Sol was created by London, Ontario-based WeWi Telecommunications.
The laptop is preloaded with the Ubuntu variant of Linux.
Design and features.
The SOL is available in two editions, a standard edition and the Marine edition which uses hydrophobic coating to provide water repletion instead of waterproofing the laptop. The laptop has a reinforced polymer-based clam shell casing that houses the solar panels and makes the laptop more durable. The device uses four detachable monocrystalline photovoltaic panels which fold into the unit.
Developer.
WeWi Telecommunications was founded by David M. Snir in 2009 as an Internet service provider and then shifted to research and development. The company does ad hoc disaster recovery and connectivity services.


Troubled Souls

Troubled Souls is a puzzle game developed by Randy Reddig and released by Varcon Systems, Inc. on September 1, 1994 for the Macintosh. It was distributed by MacSoft. "Troubled Souls" is compatible with System Software 6 and later.
Gameplay.
In the game, the player must connect pieces to make a complete shape until a certain score is reached. "Troubled Souls" is similar to "Pipe Mania".
Reception.
"Next Generation" reviewed the Macintosh version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "With gorgeously bleak H.R. Giger/H.P. Lovecraft-style graphics, nicely gross pulsating hearts for continue markers, and an eerie background melody straddling the line between 'The Twilight Zone' them and the soundtrack from the movie 'Phantasm', this is one title every CRT zombie will enjoy."
"Troubled Souls" won "Electronic Entertainment"s 1994 "Best Brain-Drain Game" award. The editors wrote that its "game play is compelling, and its haunting music and graphics add to the atmospheric fun."
External links and references.
Reddig, Randy. Troubled Souls. 1994. Macintosh Garden. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Macintosh Garden. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. <http://www.macintoshgarden.org/games/troubled-souls>.


NC (file manager)


Monrobot XI

The Monroe Calculating Machine Mark XI (or "Monrobot XI") was a (general-purpose) stored-program electronic digital computer introduced in 1960 by the Monroe Calculating Machine Division of Litton Industries.
Economics and deployments.
Upon introduction in May 1960, the Monrobot XI sold for US$24,500. In March 1961, the US Army reported that seven units had been made. In November 1961, the price remained unchanged and leasing ran US$700 monthly. By 1966, there were about 350 machines in the field, but by 2013 no machines were believed to remain in existence.
A collector in NC has revealed that he owns half a dozen complete Monrobots, along with ancillary items, manuals, and tape programs.
Appearance and operating environment.
The bare-bones Monrobot XI resembled an ordinary steel desk in length, breadth, and height, surmounted by an ordinary typewriter and a breadbox-like-volume control panel. At a weight of , its purveyors pronounced it portable. It could operate outside of an air-conditioned room (tolerating +-25% voltage margins at ambient temperature), using a conventional mains power line (15 A, 110 V, 60 c.p.s. service) and about half as much electrical power (850 W) as a toaster.
Architectural philosophy.
Unlike virtually all electronic digital computers ever built, as an early machine, the Monrobot XI was one of the small family of computers which totally lacked random-access memory (RAM), which alternative would have allowed it to access all memory words equally fast. Even by the time it was introduced, it was not uncommon for electronic digital computers to use magnetic-core memory for RAM, the price (per bit) of which would fall from over US$1 in the early 1950s to about US$0.20 by the mid-1960s. But to keep the cost of the machine very low, instead the Monorobot XI used a form of memory in which words were cyclically accessible in sequential order, using an electromechanical moving part called magnetic drum memory. Thus, physically, it bore some resemblance to the hypothetical Turing machine of computer science, albeit with the latter's tape being of finite length and joined end-to-end, and then finally replicated many times collaterally. The long latency of memory access, which followed from intensive use of such a macroscopic moving part, made the Monrobot XI operate very slowly, despite the exploitation of non-mechanical electronics for logical functions.
The Monorobot XI might best be thought of as a modernized (solid-state), low cost version of the IBM 650, the world's first mass-produced computer, leased at US$3,250 per month, almost 2,000 of which were made between 1954 and 1962, 800 by 1958. Both the IBM 650 and Monrobot XI used a magnetic drum for primary memory, but the former used vacuum tubes and bi-quinary coding, rather than transistors and binary coding, for its electronics.
Persistent electro-mechanical memory.
The Monrobot XI's rewritable, persistent memory consisted of a rotating magnetic drum storing 1,024 words of 32-bits, which could record either a single integer or a pair of zero/single-address instructions. The average access time of 6,000 microseconds implies the drum made a rotation every 12 milliseconds, i.e. rotated at 5,000 RPM. Even the high-speed registers of the central processing unit (CPU) physically resided on the drum, being replicated 16 times (with 16 times as many re-write heads distributed around the drum periphery), so that they might be read or written 16 times as fast as the bulk of persistent memory.
Electronics.
Save for the neon lamps in the control panel and 10-30 vacuum tubes employed for output devices, the electronics used only discrete solid-state components, including 383 transistors and 2,300 diodes. (The arithmetic unit alone used 190 transistors and 1,675 diodes.) This astoundingly small (383) active component count - little more than in the Manchester Baby (250), the world's first (1948) stored-program Turing-complete computer, is in stark contrast to the many millions of transistors present in modern microprocessors; this was a key advantage of using its slow, now-primitive, electromechanical memory, which exploited measuring a drum's rotational angle, not adding switches, to multiplex bits. Even Intel's first (1971) microprocessor, the four-bit Intel 4004, required about 2,300 transistors in its monolithic design.
Construction was via pluggable printed-circuit boards, allowing economical partial replacement of a broken system as the principal means of repair. This continued an electronics tradition pioneered when relatively unreliable short-lived vacuum tubes had been used as active components, prior to the advance to more modern, highly reliable solid-state transistors which the Monorobot XI exploited. (Unlike vacuum tubes, which were always plugged into sockets, discrete transistors were almost always permanently soldered into place.)
Programming and operating speed.
The arithmetic unit performed computations using the binary number system, with machine-language programming using hexadecimal digits, employing the unusual digit nomenclature set of {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,S,T,U,V,W,X}. Statistically, addition of 32-bit integers required 3ms to 9ms, multiplication 28ms to 34ms, and division 500ms. The longer durations reflect the mean latency (6ms) of accessing a persistent memory location, rather than a register, for the second of the two operands.
The computer could be programmed using an assembly language system called QUIKOMP(TM), but its simple machine language instruction set and slow operation speed encouraged many programmers to code directly in machine language.
The Monrobot computer series in popular culture.
An episode of the animated television series "Futurama", originally airing in 2001, features a humanoid robot resembling mid-20th century sex symbol Marilyn Monroe, named Marilyn Monrobot, as a character within a film viewed by the episode cast.


Vipw

vipw is a small computer program which enables a Unix system administrator to comfortably edit the "passwd" and "Shadow password" files. It comes bundled in the "Shadow" software package.
vigr does similar thing for /etc/group and /etc/gshadow.


Infoscope

An infoscope is a handheld device composed of a digital camera and wireless internet access. The device can be used to translate foreign languages by photographing the text then sending the image to a remote computer via the internet for translation. The device is in the prototype stage and was conceived and developed by Ismail Haritaoglu at IBM's Almaden Research Center. It was named as one of "Time Magazine"'s 2002 "Best Inventions."


Kelstar

Kelstar Atari was a British Atari diskmag distributed on Atari ST-compatible floppy disks. Beginning as a one-off spoof diskmag by Bob Kell circulated only among friends, it was picked up as a semi serious diskmag in the PD community of the time so then began life as a diskmag "proper". It ran for 7 issues until February 1997 when it morphed into KelAUG (KELstar Atari Atari User Group), which was created in order to expand the function of the Kelstar collective and take in more active content from its member user base. Still open to the public as a diskmag, members also received compilation disks of Public domain software and tutorials, and accompanying printed newsletters. The editor's chair was then passed around the main contributors of Kelaug for 10 issues until a change of name to "Tryst" for a single issue led to the death knell of Kelaug. Bob Kell then took back the editorship to release two further issues, titled Kelstar II issues 13 and 14, to officially say goodbye and wind up the magazine for good.
"Kelstar Atari" was founded by and named for Bob Kell with help from his friends, and had a peak distribution of more than 50 copies bi-monthly, although it is possible that further copies were made and distributed informally.
It relied heavily on contributions from its users, and topics included but were not limited to Atari news, games reviews, general discussions and jokes.


Macintosh Guide

Macintosh Guide, also referred to as Apple Guide, was Apple Computer's online help and documentation system, added to the classic Mac OS in System 7.5 and intended to work alongside Balloon Help. In addition to hypertext, indexing and searching of the text, Macintosh Guide also offered a system for teaching users how to accomplish tasks in an interactive manner. However, the process of creating guides was more complicated than non-interactive help and few developers took full advantage of its power. Apple enhanced the help system with HTML-based help in Mac OS 8.5 which worked in conjunction with Macintosh Guide providing links to Macintosh Guide sequences. Macintosh Guide was not carried over into Mac OS X, which uses an HTML-based help system.
Macintosh Guide made use of the AppleEvent Object Model (AEOM), allowing the system to examine the state of the application as it ran, and change the help in response. Help content was created in individual steps, and each step could have assigned to it conditions to determine if the step should be skipped, or if the step was needed. For instance, if the user had already completed several steps of an operation and needed help to complete it, Macintosh Guide could "see" where they were, and skip forward to the proper section of the documentation. Additionally AEOM allowed Macintosh Guide to drive the interface, completing tasks for the user if they clicked on the "Do it for me" buttons (or hypertext).
A distinctive feature of the system was support for Coaching. Using the AEOM, Macintosh Guide could find UI elements on the screen, and circle them using a "red marker" effect to draw the user's eye to it.
Macintosh Guide was also somewhat integrated with Balloon Help, optionally adding hypertext to balloons that would open the right portion of the documentation based on what object the user was currently pointing at with the mouse.


Canon EOS 200D

The Canon EOS 200D, known as the EOS Rebel SL2 in the Americas and EOS Kiss X9 in Japan, is a 24.2-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera made by Canon. It was announced on 28 June 2017, with a suggested retail price of US$549 for the body and US$699 with the Canon EF-S 18-55m f/4-5.6 IS STM lens. The European release price is significantly higher, at €599 for the body only, the equivalent of $671 at current conversion rates (but this price may include VAT).
The model features an APS-C CMOS sensor, Dual Pixel CMOS AF, DIGIC 7 image processor, ISO 100-25600 range, optical viewfinder with a 9-point AF system, 7.7 cm (3.0 inch) 1040k dot articulated touchscreen, 1080p60 video with microphone input, and built-in Wi-Fi, NFC, and Bluetooth. It became available in July 2017, alongside Canon's parallel announcement of the 6D Mk II. It weighs 453 grams, including battery and memory card.
Features.
The Canon 200D shares a similar set of features with the Canon EOS 100D. Both models are the smallest DSLR cameras produced by Canon, described as "the smallest and lightest DSLR" and are upper entry-level DSLRs. However, the 200D has the improved Dual-pixel CMOS AF system and the improved DIGIC 7 image processor.
Features include:


Sigma dp2 Quattro

The Sigma DP2 Quattro is a large sensor digital compact camera announced by Sigma Corporation on February 13, 2014. It is the first Sigma camera to feature a new, "Quattro" branded sensor.
Software.
Sigma Photo Pro.
Post-processing of RAW X3F and JPEG from all digital SIGMA-branded cameras
Version 6.x is free Download for Windows 7+ and Mac OS Version 10.7 (6.3.x). The actual latest version is 6.5.4 (MacOSX 10.9+, Win 7+).


Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ72

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ70 or Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ72 is a DSLR-like ultrazoom bridge camera announced by Panasonic on July 18, 2013. It succeeds the Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ62. FZ70 and FZ72 refer to the same camera model in different markets. The FZ70/72 has a 16 megapixel sensor and 20-1200mm equivalent, 60x optical zoom lens. Its successor is the FZ82 with a 18 megapixel sensor, 4K video and the same 60x optical zoom lens.
At the time of its release, the FZ70/72 had the largest advertised zoom range of available ultrazoom cameras, tying with the Canon PowerShot SX50 HS and Fujifilm FinePix SL1000 at the long end, and going to 20mm equivalent rather than the other cameras' 24mm in terms of wide angle.


NEC PC-98


Atari Program Exchange

Atari Program Exchange (officially abbreviated APX) was a division of Atari, Inc. that sold software via mail-order for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers. Quarterly APX catalogs were sent to all registered Atari 8-bit owners. APX encouraged any programmer, not just professionals, to submit software for commercial distribution. If selected, a program was added to the catalog, with credit given to the programmer. The top submissions in each category were awarded, and several popular APX titles were moved to Atari's official product line.
The brainchild of Dale Yocum, the Atari Program Exchange started in February 1981. In 1982 its management was taken over by Fred Thorlin, who operated it until it closed. APX published quarterly catalogs until 1984, when new Atari CEO James J. Morgan closed down the mail-order division.
History.
When Atari first launched the Atari 8-bit family in late 1979, the company kept most of the hardware details secret. It intended to be the primary supplier of software for the platform, as had been the case with the Atari 2600 console. By the end of the first year on the market increasingly sophisticated applications from outside Atari were nonetheless becoming available. There were, however, a limited number of distribution channels at the time.
Dale Yocum approached Atari with the idea of setting up their own third-party publishing arm. With Atari's distribution capabilities the products would be seen by many more prospective customers, and at the same time, Atari would make money with every sale, money that would otherwise be lost. Chris Crawford later stated:
Catalogs.
Atari mailed catalogs to all computer owners who sent in warranty cards. The first issue of the catalog, dated summer 1981, stated that while "Atari offers a wide variety of useful and entertaining software ... we've come across other interesting software deserving public recognition ... [APX] will make such software available quickly and inexpensively ... We'll keep costs down [by using] simple packaging and we'll rely on user-written documentation ... What we'll offer, then, is a lot of interesting software quickly and inexpensively".
The quarterly publication included descriptions and screenshots of each program, and advertisements for computer magazines. Other products sold included the book "De Re Atari" and various peripherals. Many APX programs were games, but it distributed a wide variety of applications, utilities, programming tools, and educational software.
Discontinuation.
According to Atari CEO Morgan, APX was losing money in its mail-order business so that part was shut down:
After the discontinuation of APX, "Antic" magazine published some APX titles as "APX Classics from Antic" and continued soliciting new software as Antic Software. The "Antic Software" catalog, created by Gary Yost, was bound into issues of the magazine.
Products.
Atari Star winners.
In 1981 APX announced an award program, the Atari Star, with quarterly and yearly cash awards. All programs submitted for publishing were eligible. The annual grand prize for the best program was a trophy and $25,000. The first winner was the educational game "My First Alphabet" by Fernando Herrera. He used the money to cofound video game developer and publisher First Star Software which sold several of his games, including "Astro Chase" and "Bristles".
The 1982 winner was "Typo Attack" by David Buehler, a game designed to improve touch typing skill. Atari published it as a cartridge in 1984.
The 1983 winner was "Getaway!" by Mark Reid, a maze chase game taking place across a large, scrolling city map. According to Reid, there was talk of moving the game into Atari's product line, but Atari's troubles stemming from the video game crash of 1983 kept this from happening.
Others.
"Eastern Front (1941)", written by Chris Crawford, was the Atari Program Exchange's most popular program. The source code for "Eastern Front", and a scenario editor, were sold separately. "Eastern Front " and vertically-scrolling shooter "Caverns of Mars" were both converted to ROM cartridges and became part of the official Atari product line. One of Crawford's later games, "Excalibur", was also sold through APX.
John Palevich's "Dandy" inspired the arcade game "Gauntlet" and became the home game "Dark Chambers".
One of APX's top sellers was neither software nor user-written: the book "De Re Atari", which contains information about the proprietary hardware of the Atari 8-bit computers.
Atari distributed two official arcade ports through APX: 1978's "Avalanche", credited to Dennis Koble, who wrote the original arcade game, and 1982 platformer "Kangaroo", which was uncredited.


Elxsi

Elxsi was a minicomputer manufacturing company established in the late 1970s in Silicon Valley, USA, along with a host of competitors (Trilogy Systems, Sequent, Convex Computer). The Elxsi processor was an Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) design that featured a 50-nanosecond clock, a 25-nanosecond back panel bus, IEEE floating-point arithmetic and a 64-bit architecture. It allowed multiple processors to communicate over a common bus called the Gigabus, believed to be the first company to do so. The operating system was a message-based operating system called EMBOS. The Elxsi CPU was a microcoded design, allowing custom instructions to be coded into microcode.
History.
Elxsi was founded in 1979 by Joe Rizzi (previously a manager at Intersil) and Thampy Thomas (who would go on to found NexGen Microsystems). It is believed that Elxsi was the first startup founded by an Indian in Silicon Valley. Much of the architecture of the Elxsi machine was designed by former Stanford University professors Len Shar and Balasubrimanian Kumar. Another key contributor to the design was Harold (Mac) McFarland, who was also a key designer on the team that created the PDP-11. George Taylor (on the IEEE standard committee and a student of UC Berkeley Professor William Kahan) provided a key design for the IEEE floating-point unit.
Elxsi was bought out by Gene Amdahl in 1985 with money that was leftover from the Trilogy venture. Venture investors in Elxsi included Tata Group (India) and Arthur Rock. In 1989, however, Elxsi left the computer business because of the general shift away from the use of mainframes in the global computer industry and the advent of the personal computer. The Tata Group kept the name Tata Elxsi but it now belongs to the Tata group of companies.
The original Elxsi Corporation, however, remained in business as a going concern. In 1989, the company sold its computer maintenance business to National Computer Systems. In 1991, the company entered two entirely different lines of business: restaurants and sewer inspection equipment. ELXSI is still engaged in these businesses, as well as its CUES unit, which makes video pipeline inspection equipment.
Before its withdrawal from the computer industry, the large range of hardware expansion gave the machine some success in departmental technical computing environments. The 64-bit registers and ability to do parallel adds within them gave it an unanticipated advantage in COBOL benchmarks, where it outperformed some mainframes. And the extreme independence of the CPUs (lack of cache snooping and invalidation), coupled with the ability to lock processes into register sets and later, the ability to partition the caches, gave it some success in real-time applications.
Hardware.
The machine was a mini-supercomputer: a category of computers that was larger than a VAX 11/780 and smaller than a mainframe. This market segment disappeared as high-end microprocessor-based systems became more powerful.
The architecture was unusual, especially for its day. The system bus connected as many as 12 CPUs and I/O processors. Each CPU was built from three large boards of ECL gate arrays. Key elements of its instruction set architecture were:
Software.
The EMBOS OS was written entirely from scratch in a slightly extended Pascal. It was a multi-server architecture (like GNU Hurd, but long predating that project). The UI was Unix-like, especially at the shell level, with similar concepts but different commands, syntax, etc. (e.g. "files" instead of "ls"; "find" instead of "grep"). Later, a Unix kernel was hosted on top of the lower-level servers so that EMBOS and Unix processes and users could co-exist (ENIX). VMS compatibility software running on top of EMBOS was also added to ease porting of VAX applications.
Famous employees.
Although Elxsi was not a financial success, many of its employees did go on to fame and fortune.


Casio FX-702P

The FX-702P is a Pocket Computer, manufactured by Casio from 1981 to 1984.
Display.
The FX-702P features a single line dot matrix liquid crystal display with 20 characters. A 10-digit mantissa is displayed (including minus sign) however internal calculations use a 12-digit mantissa.
Programming.
The programming model employed is a special BASIC dialect. Ten programming areas are supported, P0 through P9. BASIC lines can be numbered from 1 through to 9999. Subroutines are supported, but passing parameters to subroutines is not supported. The subroutine call stack can be up to 10 deep. Both GOTO lines and subroutines can be addressed indirectly via line number calculation. FOR/NEXT structures can be nested up to eight times.
A single one and/or two dimensional array is supported however array memory space must be reserved (subtracted) from the 1,680 character program space via the DEFM command. Array memory can be aliased to fixed variable names, for example codice_1 references the same location as variable codice_2.
Both programs and data can be stored to magnetic tape. Data can be stored under program control. Programs can be password protected from both listing and execution.
Interface.
The FX-702P uses the FA-2 interface which is also used by the Casio FX-602P series. The interface features a Kansas City standard Compact Cassette interface and printer port for the FP-10 thermal printer. The printer can also be connected directly to the calculator.
The FP-10 Spark printer was used with the FX-602P series of programmable calculator and the FX-702P Pocket Computer to print out programs, data register and display content. Although the feature was not documented, the FP-10 can also be used with the FX-502P series and was able to print out programs in Key-code notation.


STart

STart was a spin-off computer magazine from "Antic" magazine. While "Antic" focused on the Atari 8-bit family, "STart" covered the Atari ST computer line. The magazine lasted 42 issues, from Summer 1986 to April/May 1991, outliving its parent. It originally started from Atari ST specific sections in "Antic", later becoming a separate monthly publication in 1986. Each issue included a 3.5-inch cover disk.
Its main rivals were "ST-Log", which spun out of "ANALOG Computing" and Compute!'s "ST Magazine". Both of these also included a cover disk, and "STart" outlived both of them.


Spy Lantern


The Astonishing Adventures of Mr. Weems and the She Vampires

The Astonishing Adventures Of Mr Weems And The She Vampires is a video game developed by RamJam Corporation in 1987. The game is loosely based upon the 1985 Atari Games arcade title "Gauntlet".
Gameplay.
The player controls the eponymous Mr. Weems, the bespectacled protagonist who must wander through the six level, vampire-infested maze. The player fights vampires using his garlic gun. There is also a garlic pill which makes Mr. Weems immune from attack for a while. He also has to collect keys to open locked doors which block access to higher levels. The objective of the game is to reach the lair of the Great She Vampire and defeat her using a stake, mallet, mega-garlic piece, mirror and crucifix.


Iskra Delta Partner

Iskra Delta Partner was a computer developed by Iskra Delta in 1983.


Microsoft Modular Windows


Petro Tyschtschenko

Petro Taras Ostap Tyschtschenko (born 16 April 1943) is a German businessman best known for his work in the European market for the American computer company Commodore International.
Early life.
Tyschtschenko's father fled from his former homeland Ukraine to Austria during World War I, and met his wife there. They married in 1941 and had a son, Petro, in 1943. The family later moved to Bavaria in Germany, where Petro went to school and did his armed service in the German Bundeswehr in 1966.
Career.
Tyschtschenko first came into contact with Commodore in 1982, when he saw a job advertisement in a newspaper. Salomon+Schimmelmann, a German headhunter company, was looking for a new business administrator for Commodore. Tyschtschenko immediately signed up for a job interview, but was not hired. However, he later received a telephone call from Harald Speyer, the director of Commodore's German market, saying he would want to hire Tyschtschenko as a business administrator and wanted him to start as soon as possible. Tyschtschenko immediately resigned from his current job at the company Addressograph-Multigraph and joined Commodore the next day.
Tyschtschenko later became the director of logistics for the whole European market at Commodore, responsible for the sales and delivery of Commodore VIC-20s and Commodore 64s all over Germany and other European countries. He then became Commodore's global logistics manager. After Commodore bought the new computer start-up company Amiga Corporation, Tyschtschenko's duties expanded to the Amiga line as well.
Commodore Bankruptcy.
Petro worked on a bid with Escom, a company he had a previous sales relationship in his role as global logistics director for Commodore. During the Amiga Buyout He worked with Escom and New Star Electronics to bid against Dell and Creative Electronics International. Other parties did not bid such as Commodore Uk and Samsung. New Star Electronics were also doing a deal with Commodore UK and pulled out 48 hours before the bidding process, preventing Commodore Uk from bidding.
Amiga Technologies.
Petro became director of Amiga Technologies after the Escom Buy out. The subsidiary company revealed a new Amiga logo and released a hardware and software bundle called the Amiga Magic Pack. This was an Amiga 1200, sold for £400 in a single box, along with two games, the Deluxe Paint AGA painting software, the Wordsworth 2 word processor, and Print Manager. A £500 bundle was released that added a hard drive and more productivity software.
Amiga Technologies licensed its hardware to many companies such as Regent Electronics Corporation who created the Wonder TV A6000.
Petro was insistent that Amiga Technologies should operate as a viable business without asking for additional financial help from Escom.
Amiga Technologies developed the Prototype Amiga Walker
AMIGA International, Inc..
Under Gateway 2000 Petro became president of Amiga International. Amiga International granted the German company Haage & Partner licenses to develop AmigaOS 3.5 and AmigaOS OS 3.9
Current life.
Tyschtschenko is no longer professionally employed in the Amiga market. He has founded his own consulting company Power Service GmbH. Even though Tyschtschenko no longer works with Amigas, he is still active in the Amiga user and fan community, visiting numerous Amiga club meetings all over the world every year.
After an appearance at Amiga: 30 years in Amsterdam (an event to celebrate the 30th birthday of the Amiga computer), Tyschtschenko announced the sale of his Commodore/Amiga Technologies collection
Tyschtschenko is married since 1970 to his wife Erika and has a daughter Tanja (born 1972) and a son Taras (born 1974).


Xenomai

Xenomai is a real-time development framework cooperating with the Linux kernel to provide pervasive, interface-agnostic, hard real-time support to user space applications seamlessly integrated into the Linux environment.
The Xenomai project was launched in August 2001. In 2003 it merged with the Real-Time Application Interface (RTAI) project to produce RTAI/fusion, a production-grade real-time free software platform for Linux on top of Xenomai's abstract real-time operating system (RTOS) core. Eventually, the RTAI/fusion effort became independent from RTAI in 2005 as the Xenomai project.
Xenomai is based on an abstract RTOS core, usable for building any kind of real-time interface, over a nucleus which exports a set of generic RTOS services. Any number of RTOS personalities called “skins” can then be built over the nucleus, providing their own specific interface to the applications, by using the services of a single generic core to implement it.
Xenomai vs. RTAI.
There is a long list of differences between Xenomai and RTAI, though both projects share a few ideas and support the RTDM layer. The major differences derive from the goals the projects aim for, and from their respective implementation. While RTAI is focused on lowest technically feasible latencies, Xenomai also considers clean extensibility (RTOS skins), portability, and maintainability as very important goals. Xenomai's path towards Ingo Molnár's PREEMPT_RT support is another major difference compared to RTAI's objectives.


Ln (Unix)

The command is a standard Unix command utility used to create a hard link or a symbolic link (symlink) to an existing file or directory. The use of a hard link allows multiple filenames to be associated with the same file since a hard link points to the inode of a given file, the data of which is stored on disk. On the other hand, symbolic links are special files that refer to other files by .
The command by default creates hard links, and when called with the command line parameter creates symbolic links. Most operating systems prevent hard links to directories from being created since such a capability could disrupt the structure of a file system and interfere with the operation of other utilities. The command can however be used to create symbolic links to non-existent files.
History.
ln appeared in Issue 2 of the X/Open Portability Guidelines. The version of bundled in GNU coreutils was written by Mike Parker and David MacKenzie.
The command has also been ported to the IBM i operating system.
Links.
Links allow more than one filename to refer to the same file as in the case of a hard link or act as pointers to a filename as in the case of a soft link. Both hard links and soft links can be created by the command. Specifically,
Specification.
The utility on systems compliant with the Single Unix Specification is specified in the Shell and Utilities (XCU) document, which forms a part of the Single Unix Specification. A mostly identical document is part of POSIX.
The specification describes two ways of invoking the utility. Specifically,
ln [-fs] [-L|-P] source_file target_file
ln [-fs] [-L|-P] source_file_1 source_file_2 ... target_dir
The specification also specifies the command line options that must be supported:
If neither target file nor target directory are specified, links will be created in the current working directory.


Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3

The Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3, or LX3, is a high-end compact "point and shoot" camera launched by Panasonic in late 2008 to succeed the Lumix LX2.
Features.
The LX3 has:.
Similar cameras.
Similar high-end compact cameras are the LX3's sister camera, the Leica D-Lux 4, the Canon PowerShot S90, and the Samsung TL500/EX1. A remarkable quality of the LX3 vs. the S90 is that the aperture of the LX3 only gradually, steadily narrows from 2.0 to 2.8, whereas that for the S90 quickly narrows. (And in later versions, the LX5 retained this gradual narrowing through the extended range (24-90 equiv.); the LX7 retained the extended range and gradual aperture narrowing while opening a full stop wider (1.4 - 2.3!!).)
Leica D-Lux 4.
The Leica D-Lux 4 is very similar to the LX3, sharing most of the design and the mechanical components. The main difference is the more pronounced grip on the LX3, the firmware which processes the JPG files in warmer hues on the D-Lux4 and the fact that D-Lux4 comes bundled with Capture One image processing software.
Upgrades.
Panasonic has continued to improve the firmware. The v. 2.1 firmware claims improved performance, a 20% improvement in autofocus speed, and new features such as a 1:1 aspect ratio and focus resume.
On July 30, 2010, Panasonic released another firmware update for the LX3. The stated reason behind the update is 'Optimization of software processing', with an additional comment stating 'Change in software version has no effect on camera performance'.
Panasonic launched the successor to the LX3, the LX5, on 21 July 2010.
The latest model features a revised sensor, longer zoom range and improved control layout without fundamentally changing the existing model's formula. It offers a more flexible 24–90 mm equivalent lens with a bright f/2.0–3.3 maximum aperture range and a comparatively large 10MP sensor in a small body. The body itself is barely changed compared to the LX3 – gaining an improved hand grip, clickable control dial, direct movie record button and a 1:1 position on the aspect ratio slider. Most significantly it gains a connector to add the DMW-LVF1 electronic viewfinder originally launched with the GF1. Other than this, the LX5 gains the AVCHD Lite format for its 720p video, and its image stabilization is branded with the company's latest 'Power O.I.S' designation.


Arctic Adventure (video game)

Arctic Adventure is a platform game written for DOS, published by Apogee Software. It is the sequel to "Pharaoh's Tomb". The protagonist, Nevada Smith, is an archaeologist searching for a Viking treasure in the Arctic. It was re-released on Steam in 2015 with support for Windows and macOS.
Gameplay.
The gameplay has many similarities to its predecessor, "Pharaoh's Tomb", both games being based on the same FAST engine. The main difference is that the game starts in an overworld map and the player has to enter each of the 20 levels to play them. The last level is blocked and all the other levels have to be completed to access it. Some of the levels are across the icy lakes, requiring the player to obtain a boat from one of the levels to proceed. Some levels are blocked by gates which can be unlocked with keys collected from other levels.
During the levels Nevada Smith has infinite lives. He is armed with a pistol with limited ammo, but can be charged up with various pickups. Sometimes passages are blocked by ice blocks which can broken by using up collectable pickaxes. If the player exits a level via a drainpipe, four random bonus levels can be played for additional points. In the last level, the player wins the game and ends the episode by collecting a map piece quarter.
Release.
The working title for the game was "Journey to the Center of the Earth", but it was later renamed Arctic Adventure. Arctic Adventure was distributed as shareware. It consists of four episodes (named Volume 1 to 4), with only the first episode distributed as shareware, and the rest available commercially. Each level consists of a single room, and there are 20 levels in each episode. The game includes a map screen that gives some flexibility into the order in which the levels can be played.
The game was discontinued in 2000 and released as freeware on March 20, 2009. On 23 October 2014, 3D Realms released "3D Realms Anthology", which included Arctic Adventure in the collection.


Samsung Galaxy Duos

The Samsung Galaxy (stylized as Samsung GALAXY) is a series of Android-powered mobile computing devices designed, manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics, including Dual SIM SmartPhones marketed as "Duos".
Range.
The Samsung Galaxy offerings consist of a number of different ranges of devices, including SmartPhones, Phablets and Tablets. Although widely known by marketing names, the underlying model ranges are best understood by looking at the model number. Since August 2011, all the smartphones of the Galaxy series are categorized in the following way:
Phone unlock its self now 19:50
where x = I, N or S and nnn = model number
Within the SmartPhone ranges, Samsung often produces a Dual SIM variant, but these on not often widely available in many markets where retail dominance by Mobile Network Operators (MNO) who operate a SIM-locked business model naturally deprecates Dual SIM devices.
The model number of Samsung SmartPhones will indicate the variant
Duos Models.
The following phones are available as Duos models
Samsung galaxy S8 Note also
Samsung "Dual SIM Always on" feature.
In their marketing materials Samsung use the term "Dual SIM Always on” to describe the Duos phones, although technically the term is misleading, since it does not mean quite what is says – both SIM cards are not always on. All phones with this feature are regular Dual SIM Stand-by (DSS) phones with 1 transceiver (radio) – 2nd SIM is always disconnected when a call is in progress on SIM 1 and vice versa.
The manual for such phones states: “Your device supports dual standby with two different networks. You cannot make or answer calls on both networks at the same time.”
These Android phones have a menu option “Dual SIM Always on” which when activated activates call forwarding on the carrier's network. This can be done manually on any phone, regardless of manufacturer, e.g. enable call forwarding to SIM 2 when SIM 1 is connected. Call Forwarding must be provided by the carrier, often for a fee, subscriber will also be charged for call forwarding on a minute by minute basis, this depends on the subscription agreement.
“Dual SIM Always on” might sound like it is enabling the dual SIM capability of the phone. However that control is elsewhere. Each SIM card in a Samsung dual SIM phone can be set to on or off independently in the top section of the SIM card Manager menu. When both are set to ON, then both are able to connect incoming calls, but only one at a time. If SIM 2 is in use, a caller to SIM 2 will be redirected by the carrier network as though the phone were off or out of range. E.g. to voicemail. This is the default behaviour, and it is what happens if “Dual SIM Always on” is set to "Offline ".
Setting “Dual SIM Always on” allows a call on one SIM to interrupt a call on the other SIM. The menu option “Dual SIM Always on” might be better named “Dual SIM when busy”.


RISC OS Open

RISC OS Open Ltd. (also referred to as ROOL) is a limited company engaged in computer software and IT consulting. It is managing the process of publishing the source code to RISC OS. Company founders include staff who formerly worked for Pace, the company which acquired RISC OS after Acorn's demise.
The source code publication was initially facilitated by a shared source initiative (SSI) between ROOL and Castle Technology (CTL), prior to a switch to the more widely recognised Apache licence in October 2018.
ROOL hopes that by making the RISC OS source code available for free it will help stimulate development of both the RISC OS source code and the platform as a whole.
Operations.
ROOL set initial goals to make the source code easily available (on the web), and also to establish a wiki, forum and bug tracker. These have been available since December 2006.
Operations exist to facilitate tasks related to ROOL's goals. Additionally, staff undertake development work on the code themselves. Since early 2009, ownership, development and sales of the tools were transferred to RISC OS Open. As an extension to the initial goals, in 2011 ROOL introduced a bounty scheme to encourage further development.
Attendance at computer shows is often arranged, with other knowledgeable coders sometimes standing in when ROOL staff are unavailable. A Facebook page was created in 2012.
Publishing.
A number of book titles have been published starting in 2015 with the RISC OS Style Guide, a three book set in support of the Desktop Development Environment, BBC BASIC Reference Manual and the RISC OS 5 User Guide.
Forum.
Discussions of a technical and more general nature take place on the forum. A thread entitled "Let's get started with a Pandora port" witnessed discussion of porting to the Cortex-A8 used in the Pandora handheld game console. The thread was started in September 2008.


Formation Z

 is a 1984 horizontally scrolling shooter developed and published by Jaleco. The arcade release was distributed by Williams and known as Aeroboto outside Japan. It was later ported to the MSX and to the Famicom (by Hect), the latter being included as part of "Jaleco Collection Vol. 1" for the PlayStation. More recently the Famicom version of the game was made downloadable via the Wii's Virtual Console download service in Japan.
Gameplay.
Taking place in the year 2701, the player controls a robot which can transform into an aero fighter on a mission to stop an alien super weapon from reaching the Earth. The robot may move forwards, backwards and jump, and the aero fighter may travel anywhere on screen but has limited fuel in which to do so. A combination of the two must be used to avoid obstacles, as well as to destroy any on-screen enemies for extra points.
Release.
The game was re-released on the Nintendo Switch in the Nintendo eShop by Hamster Corporation as part of their Arcade Archives series and also on the PlayStation 4 on 19 March 2020 as part of the same series.
Reception.
According to the Japanese magazine "Game Machine", "Formation Z" was only a moderate success in arcades.


Team Win Recovery Project

Team Win Recovery Project (TWRP) is an open-source software custom recovery image for Android-based devices. It provides a touchscreen-enabled interface that allows users to install third-party firmware and back up the current system which are functions often unsupported by stock recovery images. It is, therefore, often installed when flashing, installing, or rooting Android devices, although it isn't dependent on a device being rooted prior to installation.
Functions.
Since February 2016 the first three digits of the version number specify the version, and the fourth digit, separated from the others by a dash, specifies an update for a specific device. This could be a performance improvement, hotfix, bugfix, or just simply an update for a device.
The main method of installing ("flashing") this custom recovery on an Android device requires downloading a version made specifically for the device, and then using a tool such as fastboot, Odin. Also, some custom ROMs come with TWRP as the default recovery image.
TWRP gives users the option to fully back up their device (including bootloader, system data, private applications, etc.) to revert to at any time, and a built-in file manager to delete files that may be causing problems on the device or add some to fix issues.
, TWRP supported the installation of custom ROMs (i.e. custom operating systems such as LineageOS, or the latest Android release), kernels, add-ons (Google Apps, Magisk, themes, etc.), and other various mods.
Wiping, backing up, restoring, and mounting various device partitions, such as the system, boot, userdata, cache, and internal storage partitions are also supported. TWRP also features file transfer via MTP, as well as a basic file manager, and a terminal emulator. It is fully themeable.
In January 2017, the TWRP team released an Android application that allows flashing the recovery using root access. However, unlike the recovery, the app is not open source. This app is also shipped via the official TWRP images to rooted and non-rooted devices. It is installed in the system partition, making it a system-level app by default, thus making it not uninstallable from within Android without root access. However, TWRP now provides the user the freedom of choice for having the app.


Zemmix

Zemmix, trade mark and brand name of South Korean electronics company Daewoo Electronics Co., Ltd., is an MSX-based video game console brand. The brand name "Zemmix" is no longer in use.
Under the name "Zemmix", Daewoo released a series of gaming consoles compatible with the MSX home computer standards. The consoles were in production between 1985 and 1995. The consoles were not sold outside South Korea.
Hardware.
Console Models.
All consoles were designed to broadcast standard NTSC, have low and high outputs for connecting to a TV and have a universal adapter for connection to the mains 110/220 volts.
The consoles also had a letter coming after the serial number. These letters indicated the color combination of the console. The key is as follows.
For example, CPC 51W would be a white or silver Zemmix V (see below).
Peripherals.
Other "Zemmix" products:
Software.
Korean software companies that produced software for the "Zemmix" gaming console:
Most Zemmix software works with other MSX/MSX2/MSX2+ computers too.


Surface Laptop Go

The Surface Laptop Go is a portable computer introduced by Microsoft in October 2020. Marketed as a more affordable alternative to the brand's premium laptops, it is part of the company's Surface line of personal computing devices and the first of its generation.
The laptop was announced alongside updated Surface Pro X models and several Surface accessories on October 1, 2020. Retail availability began October 13, 2020.
Hardware.
The Surface Laptop Go is a new addition to Surface lineup. The new laptop is smaller, lighter, and less powerful and is aimed to compete with Chromebooks. Microsoft claims a 13-hour battery life when running Windows 10 S. It comes in three colors: Platinum, Ice Blue and Sandstone as advertised.
It has a 12.4-inch "PixelSense" Display at 1536 × 1024 using a 3:2 aspect ratio with 10-point touch but without Surface Pen support unlike prior Surface devices.
The Surface Laptop Go uses a tenth-generation Intel Core i5 processor with Intel UHD Graphics. The base model of the device has 4GB RAM and 64GB eMMC storage.
The device will have a USB-C and a USB-A ports, alongside a headphone jack and Surface Connect for charging. The laptop is also equipped with Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.
Select models have a fingerprint power button with Windows Hello.
Software.
Surface Laptop Go models ship with a pre-installed 64-bit version of Windows 10 Home in S Mode and a 30-day trial of Microsoft Office 365. Users may only install software from Windows Store. Users can opt out of the S Mode of the OS and upgrade to Home for free or Pro for a fee and be able to install apps from outside the Windows Store. Business models come pre-installed with Windows 10 Pro.


Olympus PEN E-PL6

The Olympus PEN E-PL6 is a digital rangefinder-style mirrorless interchangeable lens camera in the Micro Four Thirds system. It was announced by Olympus Corporation on May 10, 2013.
It succeeds the Olympus PEN E-PL5 and has itself been succeeded by the Olympus PEN E-PL7.


Samsung Ativ Tab 5

The Samsung Ativ Tab 5, previously known as the "Samsung Ativ Smart PC", is a tablet manufactured by Samsung. The Ativ Tab 5 was announced on August 29, 2012 at IFA 2012 in Berlin, incorporates a dual-core 1.8 GHz Intel Atom Z2760 processor, and runs the Windows 8 operating system.
The incorporation of Windows 8 has received mostly favourable reviews. Also the Ativ Tab 5 itself received positive reviews for its lightweight design, inclusion of S-Pen, and its overall performance for a device positioned as a budget device.
Hardware.
The design of the Ativ Tab 5 is relatively similar to its smaller Android-based counterparts (such as the Galaxy Tab 2 10.1 and the Galaxy Note 10.1)built using a mixture of plastic and glass. A micro HDMI port, MicroSD slot, and a full-size USB port are incorporated into the design, as well as a volume rocker, power button, and headphone jack located on the top. A physical Windows button is located directly below the screen. A charging port and dock connector are located on the bottom. The Ativ Tab 5 uses a IPS display at a resolution of 1366x768. The tablet is available with either 64 or 128 GB of internal storage (in form of a solid-state drive), expandable via an external micro-sd card.
Reception.
Whilst demoing the device at the IFA 2012, TechRadar praised the Ativ Tab 5's Windows 8 operating system, lightweight design, and the ability to expand its functionality and storage with its S-Pen and attachable keyboard. However, it was also said though that there is a minimal amount of USB ports which was due to its slim design which was seen as similar only to that of its android counterparts. Overall they deemed the device as a greatly underpowered but overtly overpriced compared to the competition.
CNET said that not having the lightning speeds of processors such as the Intel i5, the Ativ Tab 5 performs sluggishly, sometimes even in basic tasks for a mid-end Windows 8 tablet. The tablet's battery life, S-Pen, and lightweight design were regarded as positive aspectsdespite considering the design itself to be merely cheap and easily smudges. The Intel Z2760 chipset used in the Ativ Tab 5 was also judged as a mediocre processor for the device noting that its performance was laggy and irresponsive at times in comparison to the chipsets used in competing Windows 8 devices. Over-all they viewed the Ativ tab 5 as tablet with a Surface RT specs and Surface Pro price.


ILLIAC

ILLIAC (Illinois Automatic Computer) was a series of supercomputers built at a variety of locations, some at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. In all, five computers were built in this series between 1951 and 1974. Some more modern projects also use the name.
Architectural blueprint.
The architecture for the first two UIUC computers was taken from a technical report from a committee at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) at Princeton, "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" (1945), edited by John von Neumann (but with ideas from Eckert, Mauchley, and many others.) The designs in this report were not tested at Princeton until a later machine, JOHNNIAC, was completed in 1953. However, the technical report was a major influence on computing in the 1950s, and was used as a blueprint for , including two at the University of Illinois, which were both completed before Princeton finished Johnniac. The University of Illinois was the only institution to build two instances of the IAS machine. In fairness, several of the other universities, including Princeton, invented new technology (new types of memory or I/O devices) during the construction of their computers, which delayed those projects. For ILLIAC I, II, and IV, students associated with IAS at Princeton (Abraham H. Taub, Donald B. Gillies, Daniel Slotnick) played a key role in the computer designs.
ORDVAC.
ORDVAC was the first of two computers built under contract at the University of Illinois. ORDVAC was completed the spring of 1951 and checked out in the summer. In the fall it was delivered to the US Army's Aberdeen Proving Grounds and was checked out in roughly one week. As part of the contract, funds were provided to the University of Illinois to build a second identical computer known as ILLIAC I.
ILLIAC I.
ILLIAC I was built at the University of Illinois based on the same design as the ORDVAC. It was the first von Neumann architecture computer built and owned by an American university. It was put into service on September 22, 1952.
ILLIAC I was built with 2,800 vacuum tubes and weighed about 5 tons. By 1956 it had gained more computing power than all computers in Bell Labs combined. Data was represented in 40-bit words, of which 1,024 could be stored in the main memory, and 12,800 on drum memory.
Immediately after the 1957 launch of Sputnik, the ILLIAC I was used to calculate an ephemeris of the satellite's orbit, later published in "Nature".
ILLIAC I was decommissioned in 1963 when ILLIAC II (see below) became operational.
ILLIAC II.
The ILLIAC II was the first transistorized and pipelined supercomputer built by the University of Illinois. ILLIAC II and The IBM 7030 Stretch were two competing projects to build 1st-generation transistorized supercomputers
. ILLIAC II was an asynchronous logic design. At its inception in 1958 it was 100 times faster than competing machines of that day. It became operational in 1962, two years later than expected.
ILLIAC II had 8192 words of core memory, backed up by 65,536 words of storage on magnetic drums. The core memory access time was 1.8 to 2 µs. The magnetic drum access time was 7 µs. A "fast buffer" was also provided for storage of short loops and intermediate results (similar in concept to what is now called cache). The "fast buffer" access time was 0.25 µs
The word size was 52 bits. Floating-point numbers used a format with 7 bits of exponent (power of 4) and 45 bits of mantissa. Instructions were either 26 bits or 13 bits long, allowing packing of up to 4 instructions per memory word. The pipelined functional units were called "advanced control", "delayed control", and "interplay". The computer used Muller speed-independent circuitry (i.e. Muller C-Element) for a portion of the control circuitry.
In 1963 Donald B. Gillies (who designed the control) used the ILLIAC II to find three Mersenne primes, with 2917, 2993, and 3376 digits - the largest primes known at the time.
 from Japan participated in the development program and designed the arithmetic logic unit from September 1960.
ILLIAC III.
The ILLIAC III was a fine-grained SIMD pattern recognition computer built by the University of Illinois in 1966.
This ILLIAC's initial task was image processing of bubble chamber experiments used to detect nuclear particles. Later it was used on biological images. The machine was destroyed in a fire, caused by a Variac shorting on one of the wooden-top benches, in 1968.
ILLIAC IV.
The ILLIAC IV was one of the first attempts at a massively parallel computer. Key to the design as conceived by Daniel Slotnick, the director of the project, was fairly high parallelism with up to 256 processors, used to allow the machine to work on large data sets in what would later be known as array processing. The machine was to have 4 quadrants. Each quadrant had a Control Unit (CU) and 64 Processor Elements (PEs). Originally Texas Instruments made a commitment to build the Processing Elements (PEs) out of large scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Several years into the project, TI backed out and said that they could not produce the LSI chips at the contracted price. This required a complete redesign using medium scale integrated circuits, leading to large delays and greatly increasing costs. This also led to scaling the system back from four quadrants to a single quadrant, owing to the fact that the MSI version was going to be many times larger than the LSI version would have been. This led to the CU having pull out 'cards' that were on the order of two feet square. For the PEs what should have been chips about 1 inch in diameter were now roughly 6 by 10 inches. Space, power and air conditioning (not to mention budget) did not allow for a four quadrant machine. The machine was 10' high, 8' deep and 50' long. There could be 10-12 instructions being sent from the CU on the wires to the PEs at any time. The power supplies for the machine were so large that it required designing a single tongue fork lift to remove and reinstall the power supply. The power supply buss bars on the machine spanned distances greater than three feet, and were octopus-like in design. Thick copper, the busses were coated in epoxy that often cracked resulting in shorts and an array of other issues. ILLIAC IV was designed by Burroughs Corporation and built in quadrants in Great Valley, PA during the years of 1967 through 1972. It had a traditional one address accumulator architecture, rather than the revolutionary stack architecture pioneered by Burroughs in the 5500/6500 machines. Illiac IV was designed in fact to be a "back end processor" to a B6700. The cost overruns caused by not getting the LSI chips and other design errors by Burroughs (the control unit was built with positive logic and the PEs with negative logic, etc.) made the project untenable.
Starting in 1970, the machine became the subject of student demonstrations at Illinois. First, that the project had been secretly created on campus. When this claim proved to be false, the focus shifted to the role of Universities in secret military research. Slotnick was not in favor of running classified programs on the machine. ARPA wanted the machine room encased in copper to prevent off site snooping of classified data. Slotnick refused to do that. He went further and insisted that all research performed on Illiac IV would be published. If the machine had been installed in Urbana this would have been the case. However, two things caused the machine to be delivered to NASA Ames. One was that Slotnick was concerned that the physical presence of the machine on campus might attract violence on the part of student radicals. This and the requirement to do secret research with the machine led ARPA to move the machine to NASA Ames Research Center, where it was installed in a secure environment. The machine was never delivered to Illinois, arriving in 1972. In 1972, when the first (and only quadrant) was operational at NASA, it was 13 times faster than any other machine operating at the time. The Control Unit, a few PEs, and its 10 megabyte drives may be seen today at the Computer History Museum in California.
CEDAR.
CEDAR was a hierarchical shared-memory supercomputer completed in 1988. The development team was led by Professor David Kuck. This SMP (symmetric multiprocessing) system embodied advances in interconnection networks, control unit support of parallelism, optimizing compilers and parallel algorithms and applications. It is occasionally referred to as ILLIAC V.
ILLIAC 6.
Design of the ILLIAC 6 began in early 2005 at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign led by Luddy Harrison. It was intended as a 65536 node communications supercomputer utilizing commodity digital signal processors as the computation nodes. It was designed for over 1.2 quadrillion multiply-accumulate operations per second and a bi-sectional bandwidth of over 4 terabytes per second.
Trusted ILLIAC.
The Trusted ILLIAC was completed in 2006 at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign's Coordinated Science Laboratory and Information Trust Institute. It was a 256 node Linux cluster, with each node having two processors.
Trusted ILLIAC nodes contained onboard FPGAs to enable smart compilers and programming models, system assessment and validation, configurable trust mechanisms, automated fault management, on-line adaptation, and numerous other configurable trust frameworks. The nodes each had access to 8 GB memory on a 6.4 GB/s bus, and were connected via 8 GB/s PCI-Express to the FPGAs. A 2.5 GB/s InfiniBand network provides the internode connectivity. The system was constructed using the help and support of Hewlett-Packard, AMD and Xilinx.


Vmstat

vmstat ("virtual memory statistics") is a computer system monitoring tool that collects and displays summary information about operating system memory, processes, interrupts, paging and block I/O. Users of codice_1 can specify a sampling interval which permits observing system activity in near-real time.
The vmstat tool is available on most Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as FreeBSD, Linux or Solaris.
Syntax.
The syntax and output of vmstat often differs slightly between different operating systems.
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
 r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
 0 0 2536 21496 185684 1353000 0 0 0 14 1 2 0 0 100 0
 0 0 2536 21496 185684 1353000 0 0 0 28 1030 145 0 0 100 0
 0 0 2536 21496 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1026 132 0 0 100 0
 0 0 2536 21520 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1033 186 1 0 99 0
 0 0 2536 21520 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1024 141 0 0 100 0
 0 0 2536 21584 185684 1353000 0 0 0 0 1025 131 0 0 100 0
In the above example the tool reports every two seconds for six iterations.
We can get the customized or required outputs by using various options with vmstat command.


Leica M9

The Leica M9 is a full-frame digital rangefinder camera from Leica Camera AG. It was introduced in September 2009. It uses an 18.5-megapixel Kodak image sensor, and is compatible with almost all M mount lenses.
Features.
The M9 uses an 18.5-megapixel Kodak (KAF-18500) CCD image sensor that was developed specifically for the camera.
The M9 supports most M-mount lenses—with only a few older models not suitable due to protruding elements of the lens into the camera body.
Reception.
The M9 was introduced by Leica on 9 September 2009, in New York City. The launch (which also introduced the Leica X1 and Leica S2 models) included a live video webcast, and featured a guest appearance by the musician Seal.
In 2011, Leica verified a malfunction that may prevent the camera from saving images to certain SanDisk cards and issued a firmware update in July 2012, that made "further improvements of SD-Card compatibility".
Leica M9 Titanium.
In 2010, Leica released the Leica M9 Titanium camera body (a variant of the M9), which was designed by Walter de Silva. The body and supplied lens (a Summilux-M 35mm f/1.4 ASPH FLE) are both built from solid titanium.
Leica M9-P.
The Leica M9-P camera body was announced in 2011; it was not intended as a replacement for the M9, however, as —the two camera bodies were sold concurrently. Leica added a scratch-resistant sapphire LCD cover on the M9-P, and the steel grey paint option was replaced with a classic chrome cover. The black paint option is still available. The M9-P also replaces the body covering with vulcanite, as used on earlier M cameras. Leica removed the red circular logo on the front of the camera (as found on the M9), and replaced it with the company's name etched on the top of the M9-P.
Leica M-E.
The Leica M-E camera body was announced in September 2012. It is similar to the M9 and M9-P cameras, but is missing the frame-line selection lever (a mechanism which allows the photographer to assess the field of view of lenses with different focal lengths without having to mount them), and the USB port. This is the cheapest model in the Leica M range.


Sony Alpha 33

The Sony α33 or Sony Alpha 33 (model name SLT-A33) is a digital SLT camera announced by Sony on August 24, 2010, at the same time as the Sony Alpha 55. These two cameras are the joint first production DSLT cameras to be announced.
Lens mount.
Sony Alpha SLT-a33 uses A-mount lens bayonet.


IBM 602

The IBM 602 Calculating Punch, introduced in 1946, was an electromechanical calculator capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The 602 was IBM's first machine that did division. (The IBM 601, introduced in 1931, only multiplied.) Like other IBM calculators, it was programmed using a control panel. Input data was read from a punched card, the results could be punched in the same card or a trailing card.
The 602 was available in four models: Model 1, Model 2, Model 50, and Model 51. The "Series 50" models were low-cost versions that ran at a slower speed, with half as many program steps, and fewer storage registers and counters.
Two additional counters were available as an optional feature.
Program steps execute in one machine cycle, except for steps performing multiplication or division which take as many machine cycles as needed for the operation. Punching rate is roughly four columns per machine cycle. The total number of machine cycles required per card varies depending on the data and programming.
Programming the 602 for each problem involved two things: