Relative value unit

Relative value units (RVUs) are a measure of value used in the United States Medicare reimbursement formula for physician services. RVUs are a part of the resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS).
Background.
Before RVUs were used, Medicare paid for physician services using "usual, customary and reasonable" rate-setting which led to payment variability. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 enacted a Medicare fee schedule, and as of 2010 about 7,000 distinct physician services were listed. The services are classified under a nomenclature based on the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) to which the American Medical Association holds intellectual property rights. Each service in the fee schedule is scored under the resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) to determine a payment.
Use.
For each service, a payment formula contains three RVUs, one for "physician work", one for "practice expense", and one for "malpractice expense". On average, the proportion of costs for Medicare are 52%, 44% and 4%, respectively. The three RVUs for a given service are each multiplied by a unique geographic practice cost index, referred to as the GPCI adjustment. The GPCI adjustment has been implemented to account for differences in wages and overhead costs across regions of the country. The sum of the three geographically weighted RVU values is then multiplied by the Medicare conversion factor to obtain a final price. Historically, a private group of 29 (mostly specialist) physicians—the American Medical Association's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee (RUC)—have largely determined Medicare's RVU physician work values.


Paraveterinary workers in Turkey

Veterinary technicians and technologists in Turkey are represented by "Veteriner Saglik Teknisyenleri Dernegi" (Association of Veterinary Technicians in Turkey). Veterinary technicians are trained in Veterinary Health Technology High Schools ("Veteriner Sağlık Meslek Lisesi") of which there are four in the country:
Each of these high schools is equipped with a complete veterinary practice.
Veterinary technologists hold a university awarded associate degree for which graduation from a Veterinary Health Technology High School is prerequisite. Programs offering these degrees include:
While veterinary technicians and technologists function as support personnel for veterinarians in Turkey, some open their own limited practices where they are permitted to perform procedures such as vaccination, artificial insemination, animal health consulting, and male castration of livestock.


International Orthodontic Congress

International Orthodontic Congress is a meeting held every five years where world's leading Orthodontists and allied professionals come together to discuss Orthodontic related topics. The first meeting was held in 1926 in New York City, USA, and has had 8 meetings happen in its 90-year history. This is an official meeting of World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO).
History.
"1st International Orthodontic Congress" was held in 1926 in New York City, USA. It was the first worldwide congress ever held by a dental speciality at that time. Dr. William Fisher was the first President of the International Orthodontic Congress (IOC). He was also the President of American Society of Orthodontists (ASO). The ASO was celebrating its 25th anniversary of its founding in 1901. At that time, the International Congress consisted of fifteen orthodontic societies.
"2nd International Orthodontic Congress" was held in 1931 in London, England. Dr. J.H. Badcock was the President of 2nd International Congress, in addition to helming the Presidency of European Orthodontic Society (EOS) and British Society for Study of Orthodontics (BSSO).
"3rd International Orthodontic Congress" was to be held in 1938 in Montreal, Canada. Due to the tensions of WWII and death of Dr. Fisher, the 3rd international congress did not take place in Montreal. For next three decades, due to Korean and Vietnam War, the organization of the Congress was further delayed. Eventually the 3rd IOC was held in 1973 in London. Dr. William J. Tulley was the President of 3rd IOC. Dr. B.F. Dewel then served as Vice-President of IOC.
"4th International Orthodontic Congress" was held in 1995 in San Francisco, USA. Dr. William H. DeKock organized the 4th IOC. During this meeting, World Federation of Orthodontists (WFO) was created. The WFO acted as an accrediting body for orthodontic specialists throughout the world. After Dr. DeKock contacted many different Orthodontic societies around the world by sending them the bylawas of WFO. Ultimately 68 national and regional orthodontic societies signed the charter of World Federation of Orthodontics in San Francisco on May 15, 1995.
"5th International Orthodontic Congress" was held in Chicago, USA in 2000 along with the 100th session of the American Association of Orthodontists. "6th International Orthodontic Congress" was held in Paris, France in 2005 along with Societe Francaise d’Orthopedie Dento-Faciale and Syndicate des Specialistes Francais en Orthopedie Dento-Faciale.
"7th International Orthodontic Congress" was held in Sydney, Australia in 2010 and was sponsored by Australian Society of Orthodontists. "8th International Orthodontic Congress" was held in London, England in 2015 and was hosted by the British Orthodontic Society. This year 20 year anniversary of WFO was also celebrated. "9th International Orthodontic Congress" will be held in Yokohama, Japan in 2020.


Henri Albert Hartmann

Henri Albert Hartmann (16 June 1860 – 1 January 1952) was a French surgeon. He wrote numerous papers on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from war injuries to shoulder dislocations to gastrointestinal cancer. Hartmann is best known for Hartmann's operation, a two-stage colectomy he devised for colon cancer and diverticulitis.


NHS Supply Chain

NHS Supply Chain supports the National Health Service (NHS) in England, and other healthcare organisations in England and Wales, by providing procurement and logistics services.
History.
In February 2016, Lord Carter's report into efficiency and productivity identified unwarranted variation in procurement across the NHS. Following this report, a "new operating model" for NHS Supply Chain was established. The design of a new supply chain service was planned to help the NHS deliver clinically assured, quality products at the best value through a range of specialist buying functions, and leverage the buying power of the NHS to negotiate the best deals from suppliers, with the aim to deliver savings of £2.4 billion over five years.
Oversight and operational management of the new operating model are by Supply Chain Coordination Limited, a company wholly owned by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, which began operations in April 2018. Services were transferred to the new model in stages during 2018 and early 2019. Over 200 staff were transferred from DHL Supply Chain and NHS Business Services Authority to the new company. Some elements of the NHS Purchase and Supply Agency were also transferred to the new organisation.
Until April 2019, the contract to run the service was managed from 2006 by DHL Supply Chain on behalf of the NHS Business Services Authority. Earlier, the organisation was called NHS Logistics Authority and then NHS Logistics. In July 2018, logistical control of the supply chain was passed from DHL Supply Chain to Unipart.
In February 2018, NHS Supply Chain notified all its NHS clients that Mondelez International, owners of Cadbury chocolate, had been 'delisted' after the company put up its prices, which the agency was "not prepared to accept ... on behalf of [its] customers".
Jin Sahota the chief executive resigned in September 2020, shortly after the Department of Health and Social Care and the Cabinet Office announced a review of the agency following the crisis in the supply of personal protective equipment.
Locations.
The organisation has a number of warehouses:
There are three office sites:


British Orthodontic Society

The British Orthodontic Society (BOS) is a medical association for orthodontists in England. It publishes the "Journal of Orthodontics".
The British Orthodontic society represents all orthodontists and dentists carrying out orthodontics across the UK.
History.
The Orthodontic Societies.
The British Orthodontic Society (BOS) was founded on 1 July 1994. It represented the unification of the five existing UK orthodontic societies:
British Society for the Study of Orthodontics (BSSO)
Founded in 1907, this was the first national orthodontic society. It had its origins in London, where on 21 October 1907, George Northcroft invited 15 colleagues to discuss establishing a society to promote orthodontics.
The inaugural meeting of the BSSO took place on 5 December 1907, when JH Badcock was elected as the Society's first President. Originally conceived as a study group, it became a well respected scientific organisation. For most of its existence, it published the "Transactions of the BSSO" annually which contained all papers presented to the society in the preceding year. Following the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948 and the increasing demand for orthodontic treatment, there was a perceived need for representation nationally. The BSSO eschewed political involvement. This led to the creation of the BAO, COG, COS and AUTO, which represented orthodontists working in specialist practice, hospital orthodontics, community orthodontic clinics and the universities.
Consultant Orthodontists Group (COG)
The COG was formed in 1964 to represent the interests of orthodontic consultants working in the hospital service and membership was restricted to those holding an NHS consultant contract. The group held their own clinical and political meetings twice a year. The COG fostered and maintained strong links with the Royal Surgical Colleges and their Specialty Advisory Committee (SAC)as well as the British Dental Association (BDA). Some years later, the Senior Registrars in Orthodontics Group (SROG) was formed to represent those undergoing higher training to become hospital consultants.
British Association of Orthodontists (BAO)
Representing orthodontists in specialist practice, the BAO was established in 1965 following a meeting at the Unicorn Hotel in Stow-on-the-Wold. The unicorn logo was subsequently adopted by the BAO. The founding members were Jack Alexander, Hans Eirew and Bill Frankland who went on to become, respectively, the first Chairman, Treasurer and Secretary of the BAO. The Association sought recognition for specialists in orthodontic practice through specialist registration.For this reason, full membership was, in 1971, restricted to practitioners holding a postgraduate qualification. The Association produced its own publication, "The Orthodontist" for a number of years, as well as holding an annual conference. BAO meetings concentrated on practical and clinical issues as well as practice management, with an element of political discussion.
Community Orthodontists Section (COS)
This group was formed in 1978 under the aegis of the BAO, which provided financial support.It was established to look after the interests of orthodontists working in the Community Dental Service. The BAO continued to support the COS financially even after it became an autonomous organisation
Association of University Teachers of Orthodontics (AUTO)
AUTO was formed to represent those orthodontists employed by the universities and who devoted much of their time to teaching and research.
Unification.
The creation of the BOS as a unified Society took over 15 years. The process was initiated due to a realization that many members belonged to more than one group and also that the BSSO, BAO and COG were, to some extent, duplicating their activities. At a joint meeting of the BAO and BSSO in Oxford in 1975, one BAO member, Roger Thomas, proposed that the societies combine.
A further impetus to unification took place in 1978 with the creation of the British Orthodontic standards Working Party. This organization was set up jointly between the BSSO, BAO and COG under the chairmanship of Professor Barry Leighton. This joint Working Party had the objective of making recommendations regarding standards in Orthodontics. Subsequently, representatives from COS and AUTO joined. The Working Party has produced numerous authoritative reports on many aspects of orthodontic standards and has done much to improve the quality of national orthodontic care.
In 1980, Mr R Bird, President of the BSSO produced a discussion paper: "Organisation of the Orthodontic Societies into a single Society".
In 1983, a joint meeting of the officers of BSSO, BAO, COG and AUTO proposed the holding of a joint conference. The first meeting of the Conference Committee took place in December of that year and elected David DiBiase as the first Chairman.
The first British Orthodontic Conference took place in Bournemouth in 1986. The success of this conference further strengthened the move towards unification.
In September 1990, a Unification Working Party was set up, initially between the BSSO and BAO. The constitution was finally agreed at the BOC, held in Glasgow in 1993.
Following this, the BOS became a unified society on 1 July 1994.
Location.
The BOS was originally based at the Eastman Dental Institute in Grays Inn Road, London. In 2006 the Society moved to its current home, 12 Bridewell Place EC4, in the City of London.
Executive body.
The main executive body is the Board of Trustees. This comprises the President, Honorary Secretary and Honorary Treasurer as well as the Directors of the six directorates; namely, Clinical Governance, Clinical Practice, Education, External Relations, Professional Development and Research.


Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch

Dietrich Wilhelm Heinrich Busch (16 March 1788 – 15 March 1858) was a German obstetrician born in Marburg.
In 1806 he earned his medical doctorate at the University of Marburg, becoming an associate professor of surgery in 1814. In 1817 he was appointed professor of obstetrics at Marburg, where from 1820 to 1829 he was director of the department of obstetrics. In 1829 he succeeded Adam Elias von Siebold (1775-1828) as professor and director of the obstetrics clinic at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, serving as university rector in 1835/36. He would remain as director of the obstetrical clinic in Berlin until his death.
Among his better known students in Berlin were Carl Siegmund Franz Credé (1819-1892), Karl von Hecker (1827-1882) and Bernhard Sigmund Schultze (1827-1919). Following his death, he was succeeded in Berlin by Eduard Arnold Martin (1809-1875).
During his career he was an editor of the following journals; "Gemeinsame Zeitschrift für Geburtskunde" (1825–34), "Neue Zeitschrift für Geburtskunde" (1834-53) and "Monatsschrift für Geburtskunde" (1853–58).


Adolph Wilhelm Otto

Adolph Wilhelm Otto (3 August 1786 – 14 January 1845) was a German anatomist who was a native of Greifswald.
In 1808 he earned his medical doctorate at the University of Greifswald, and subsequently worked as a prosector and physician in Carl August Wilhelm Berends' clinic at the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. Later, he furthered his education on a scientific journey through Germany, the Netherlands and France, where he studied comparative anatomy with Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). In 1813 he became a professor of anatomy and director of the anatomical museum at the University of Breslau.
Otto specialized in the field of teratology, and performed extensive research involving the causes, development and classification of congenital malformations in plants and animals. In 1841 he published a popular atlas of teratology titled "Monstrorum sexcentorum descriptio anatomica" (600 Anatomic Descriptions of Monsters). He contributed articles to several journals and was a collaborator to Karl Gustav Carus' "Erläuterungstafeln zur vergleichenden Anatomie". He also wrote "Conspectus animalium quorundam maritimorum" (Inaug. dissert, Vratislaviae : 1-20) and many other scientific papers in which he described marine animals. He is honoured in the gastropod name "Calliotropis ottoi" ().
In 1831, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.


Selenite broth

Selenite broth is used as a selective medium for the isolation of "Salmonella" species. Selenite broth was originated by Leifson, while observing good recovery of Salmonella spp. and reduced
growth of fecal coliforms. Selenite broth is used as a selective enrichment for the cultivation of Salmonella
spp. that may be present in small numbers and competing with intestinal flora. This medium must not be autoclaved. Once prepared it is steamed at 100°C for 30 minutes. There should be a very slight red precipitate. To minimise the risk of teratogenicity to workers, sodium selenite must be added separately to the medium. It has a pH of approximately 7.1. Selenite broth gives pale or colourless colonies.
Selenite broth contains:


Texas Psychological Association

The Texas Psychological Association (TPA) is a professional association representing psychologists in the U.S. state of Texas. It was established in 1947 and is headquartered in Cedar Park, Texas.
About TPA.
The declared purpose of the Texas Psychological Association is to advance the field of psychology as a science, profession, and means of promoting human welfare. The TPA is a state affiliate of the American Psychological Association. For full membership of the TPA, a PhD degree in psychology is required, and for associate membership, a master's degree in psychology is needed. The TPA is governed by an elected executive committee. It was incorporated in December 1964. It concentrates on multiple aspects of psychology such as applied psychology, school psychology, and psychologists' trainers.
"Texas Psychologist" is the quarterly journal of TPA.
History.
The TPA was established on September 28, 1947, and the first annual meeting of the association was held in February 1948.
The original sixty members of the association shared scientific information through research and presentations at annual meetings of the association. The association concentrated on professional practice aspects of the discipline as licensure, education of practitioners, and applications of psychology in direct human services by the early 1960s. The early history of the association was dominated by the experimental psychologists from university faculties, but later they were replaced by the practicing psychologists.
The legislative committee of the association achieved passage of the Psychologist's Certification and Licensing Act, a statewide certification and licensing law for psychologists, in 1969. The law established the Texas State Board of Examiners of Psychologists, and it took effect in 1970.
In 1987 an executive director was hired by the association after its membership reached 2,000. It also rented office space at Austin, Texas. As the members and staff of the TPA expanded, the associations' influence with the legislature improved.


Pierre Charneau

Pierre Charneau is a French virologist and inventor and head of the Molecular Virology and Vaccinology Unit (VMV) at the Pasteur Institute and an acknowledged specialist of HIV, lentiviral gene transfer vectors and their medical applications. His discovery of the central DNA-flap structure in the HIV genome, and its role in viral entry into the nucleus of the infected cell, grounded the optimization of lentiviral vectors and paved the way to more than 20 years of development in gene therapy and vaccines based on this gene delivery technology. Charneau has published more than 100 research articles and holds 25 patents in the field of HIV and lentiviral vectors.
Education.
"Pierre Charneau studied at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC) in Paris from which he holds a research doctorate in Molecular and Cellular Biology (1995). After a short time in undergraduate research at the Curie Institute, he pursued his PhD thesis in Luc Montagnier’s Viral Oncology Lab at the Pasteur Institute on reverse transcription, nuclear import, and mitosis-independent integration of HIV genome.
Career and research.
Charneau's research led to the discovery and characterization of the central DNA flap structure within the HIV genome and its key function in nuclear import of the lentivirus/HIV genome in non-dividing cells. This discovery enabled the development of lentiviral vectors that can infect non-dividing cells, contrary to other types of retroviral gene transfer vectors, which can only target dividing cells. Since 2000, Charneau has led his own research group at the Pasteur Institute focusing on molecular virology and vectorology. His research has specialized in lentiviral vectors medicinal applications and his publications and patents have led to extensive developments in gene therapy, as well as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccinations in infectious diseases and oncology.
Charneau's development of lentiviral vectors are used in many therapeutic approaches such as those carried out by bluebird bio, CAR-T), Novartis (CAR-T), Kite (TCR), Immune Design (Cancer vaccines) and TheraVectys.


World Minifootball Federation

The World Minifootball Federation (WMF), is the highest authority of minifootball (5 a side to 8 a side association football, also called "indoor soccer") in the world. WMF exists to promote, supervise and direct minifootball in the world, to contribute to the positive development of society. Its members are national minifootball associations and continental minifootball federations from each continent.
Minifootball leagues and other competitions and events are organizing by the WMF or by its continental, national or local affiliates. The best teams from local leagues will advance to national championship. The best players are chosen for national team which participate in continental or world minifootball championships.
With a World Cup scheduled for every two years the WMF also begun hosting a WMF Continental Cup (top five nations of each federation), WMF World Cup U21, WMF Women's World Cup and WMF Champions Cup (top clubs of each federation).
In November 2013 it was announced that a WMF World Cup tournament sponsored by the WMF would be hosted in the United States. United States defeated Mexico 5–3 in the 2015 Final.
The second edition of the WMF World Cup was played in Tunisia in October 2017.


Linda Aranaydo

Dr. Linda Susan Aranaydo (Muscogee Creek, born 1948) is a Native American physician. She was one of the original landing party that arrived on November 9, 1969, setting the stage for the Occupation of Alcatraz. When the students returned to the island on November 20, she taught in the school and worked with Luwana Quitiquit (Pomo) to run the kitchen for the occupants.
Recognizing the health issues related to her Muscogee Indian Tribe, as a single mother of two Aranaydo decided to get a B.A. in social sciences at University of California, Berkeley. She taught school for a decade before earning an M.D. at the University of California, San Francisco. After earning her M.D., she worked in a variety of careers, from being a provider at Native American clinics, providing technical assistance to Native American clinics, direct, individual teaching services to Indian clinics.
Dr. Aranaydo's work to help her Native American community avoid preventable diseases earned her the David Vanderryn Award for Outstanding Community Service as a Family Physician in 1995. She has served on several councils and boards, including the Governor's Task Force on Early Childhood Education in 1977, the California State American Indian Education Council from 1978 to 1980, and is the current Director of Medical Services for the California Rural Indian Health Board.


Order of the Red Cross (Serbia)

The Order of the Red Cross (Serbian: Орден Црвеног крста) was a military decoration of the Kingdom of Serbia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Established in 1876 and first awarded in 1877 by the Serbian Red Cross Society, it was awarded for exceptional care of the wounded and sick during war time. Decorations of the Serbian Red Cross Society had the rank of state decorations.
History and Criteria.
The Order of the Red Cross or Cross of the Serbian Red Cross Society (Serbian: ) was founded in 1877, It was first awarded during the Wars of Independence against the Ottomans Empire (1876-1878).
The Cross was awarded by the Board of the Red Cross Society, with the approval of the Chancellor of Royal Orders, for exceptional merit and services rendered to the Serbian Red Cross in time of war or peace, and for care and assistance to the sick and wounded, philanthropy and personal merit. The Order of the Red Cross was founded in a single Class.
After 1918 and the Proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Cross of the Serbian Red Cross Society became known as the Order of the Red Cross.
Appearance.
Principality of Serbia.
The decoration was a cross-shaped silver breast badge with red enamel on both sides; the front features the Coat of arms of the Principality of Serbia and a crown with a metal loop at the top for attaching the ribbon. The reverse features the inscription: “1876”, date of the establishment of the Red Cross of Serbia.
The Cross was worn suspended from a tricolor ribbon
Kingdom of Serbia.
The appearance of the Cross was modified after the Proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbia in 1882, replacing the Coat of arms of the Principality of Serbia with the Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Serbia, it featured a crown with a metal loop at the top to attach the ribbon. The reverse had the same inscription as the first version: “1876”.
The Cross was worn suspended from a white ribbon when awarded for services during peacetime and white with red stripes on the edge for services during wartime.


Michael Dingake

Michael Kitso Dingake (born 11 February 1928, in Bobonong) is a Botswana political activist and writer.
Life.
Educated in South Africa, Dingake joined the African National Congress in 1952. In 1966 he was sentenced to 15 years on Robben Island. Released in 1981, he worked at the University of Botswana. In 1992 he entered national politics, becoming vice-president of the Botswana National Front in 1993 and entering the National Assembly as MP for Gaborone Central in 1994. In 1998 he led the breakaway Botswana Congress Party, but lost his seat to Margaret Nasha of the Botswana Democratic Party in 1999. Retiring from politics in 2004, he became a weekly columnist for the newspaper "Mmegi".


Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor, Mahidol University

Ministry of Public Health (MOPH)-Mahidol University's Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor () (), or previously named the Praboromarajchanok Institute until 2019, is the 13th medical program established in Thailand, and was founded in 1997. The project runs in the collaboration between Ministry of Public Health and Mahidol University which consists of a collection of Medical Education Centers (MEC) (). The university approved 4 hospitals as teaching affiliates in this project, and offers only the Doctor of Medicine program (M.D.), which produces around 132 medical doctors annually. The old abbreviation of PI from Praboromarajchanok Institute remains in use.
History.
In 1992, the Cabinet decided that Thailand health system needed more medical doctors especially in rural areas. Due to the urgent need to produce more rural medical doctors, the Cabinet approved the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Education to set up a new model of medical education in the rural areas of Thailand called the "Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor (CPIRD)" in 1994, responsible by Praboromarajchanok Institute. This was subsequently changed to "Office of Administration for Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor" in 1997.
The official agreement between the Ministry of Public Health and Mahidol University was signed in 1997 with its publication in the Government Gazette on September 14, 1999. Mahidol University approved 4 Hospitals as teaching affiliates in this project:
The first batch of 16 medical students from Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital started education in 1997. First batches of students started studying at Sawanpracharak Hospital, Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat Hospital and Ratchaburi Hospital in 1999.
Education.
The program offers one undergraduate program: the Doctor of Medicine program (M.D.) - PIMD/B. Students are separated into 2 main groups: Maharat Nakhon Ratchasima Hospital, Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat Hospital and Sawanpracharak Hospital as one cohort, abbreviated PI and Ratchaburi Hospital as another, abbreviated (PI* or PIRB). PI medical students study alongside medical students of the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University and HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science. PI* medical students study alongside medical students of the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. Both cohorts study the first year which consists of basic sciences at the Salaya Campus. However in the preclinical second and third year, PI students study at the Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, while PI* students study at the Siriraj Campus. For the clinical 4th-6th year, students will continue studying at their respective CPIRD Medical Education Center outside Bangkok.


Zaporizhzhia State Medical University

Zaporizhzhia State Medical University (ZSMU) is a medical university in the small city of Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine.
History.
Zaporizhzhia State Medical University, one of the oldest medical higher institutions of Ukraine, is a self-governing (autonomous) state higher educational establishment of the IVth (the top) level of accreditation. The University became an international higher institution long ago. In 1973 the preparatory faculty for foreign citizens was opened. More than 3,5 thousand students have been trained for their further studies on the medical-biological specialties in the other higher educational establishments of Ukraine since then.
Campus.
At present Zaporizhzhia State Medical University consists of:
Faculty and staff.
At 52 chairs about 70 professors and doctors of science, about 300 assistant-professors and candidates of science, the academicians of native Academies, Honorary workers of science and engineering, Honorary workers of higher institutions of Ukraine, State prize winners are engaged in pedagogical and scientific-research work. The total number of teachers with scientific degrees is above 81,3%. At many chairs their total number is 100%.
Training fields.
The system of training at Zaporizhzhia State Medical University includes the premedical, medical and post-diploma period of training. The premedical education is provided at the preparatory department for foreign citizens, which is the oldest one in the countries of CIS. It is the center of foreign students' training for further studies in other higher educational establishments of Ukraine.
The training of foreign students and their specializations is carried out at two departments:
medical and pharmaceutical.
At the Medical faculty the training is provided in the following specialties:
Medical services.
Medical obligatory insurance is $72 US.
Annually all students irrespective of their health have compulsory preventive check-ups and examinations and sick persons receive treatment both at the polyclinic and in the best clinics of the country.
The diagnostic complex is presented by a clinical biochemical laboratory, a functional diagnostic division, a room for endoscopic examination and X-ray room. The department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation fulfills an important work in the process of treatment. The consultative assistance is provided by the leading medical specialists of the Regional Clinical Hospital.
All students get a regular complex of preventive inoculations.
There is a medical unit on the territory of the University where students can get a qualified premedical and medical assistance in acute and urgent pathologic conditions. Qualified specialists - the University workers - give regular consultations here.
Student sanatorium-dispensary is situated in the campus, too. Students can take physiotherapy treatment here .
Student life.
The training is carried on the specialties: General medicine, Pediatrics, Pharmacy. The new specialties Laboratory diagnostics and Technology of perfumery and cosmetic preparations will be opened in the nearest future.
The University has good sport facilities. There is a unique sport complex at the University. Not far from the academic buildings and student hostels there is a stadium with track and field athletic sectors, football field, sports grounds for handball, mini-football, volleyball, basketball.
Our University has three gyms, a swimming pool, tennis courts, a shooting-range, a chess and draught club, a fitness club. Student's football matches take place regularly at the university. The best teachers of the university are in charge of all clubs and sport sections.
Studies on physical training go in accordance with academic curriculum for the 1-6 courses. There is a students' club at the university. Different circles of amateur activities for those who like to play musical instruments, sing and dance work there. There is a team of "Jolly and Quick-witted Club" which take part in the Ukrainian games of "JQC". Every year the festivals "Student's Autumn", "Hello, We Are Looking For Talents", many concerts and festivals are held at the university.
Ranking and reputation.
Zaporizhzhia State Medical University is ranked 11357 out of 20,000 universities in the world by Webometrics world university ranking and ranked at 8922 out of 11,000 universities in the world by 4icu world university ranking
Zaporizhzhia State Medical University is the first University in Ukraine to start English medium for international students.
Zaporizhzhia State Medical University is the first University to invite the parents to visit the campus before the admission during the semester & convocation.


Wilhelm Krause

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Krause (July 12, 1833 – February 4, 1910) was a German anatomist born in Hanover. He was the son of anatomist Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (1797-1868).
Krause studied at Göttingen, where he became member of Burschenschaft Hannovera (fraternity). In 1854 he earned his medical doctorate, and later (1860) became an associate professor at the University of Göttingen. In 1892 he was appointed head of the Anatomical Institute Laboratory in Berlin.
Krause is known for the discovery and description of mechanoreceptors that were to become known as "Krause's corpuscles", sometimes referred to as "Krause's end-bulbs". His name is also associated with:
Krause is also remembered for pioneer research in the field of embryology. Among his better known students at Göttingen was bacteriologist Robert Koch (1843-1910). Krause is credited with the publication of over 100 medical articles.


Crawford Long

Crawford Williamson Long (November 1, 1815 – June 16, 1878) was an American surgeon and pharmacist best known for his first use of inhaled sulfuric ether as an anesthetic.
Life and work.
Long was born in Danielsville, Madison County, Georgia on November 1, 1815 to James and Elizabeth Long. His father was a state senator, a merchant and a planter, and named his son after his close friend and colleague, Georgia statesman William H. Crawford.
By the age of fourteen, he had graduated from the local academy and applied to the University of Georgia in Athens. It was here he met and shared a room with Alexander Stephens, future Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. In 1835, he received his A.M. degree. He began his study at Transylvania College in the fall of 1836 in Lexington, Kentucky. Here, Long was able to study under Benjamin Dudley, a revered surgeon. He observed and participated in many surgeries and noted the effects of operating without anesthesia. Long transferred to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia after spending only a year at Transylvania College, and was exposed to some of the most advanced medical technology of the time. He received his M.D. degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1839.
After an 18-month internship in New York, Long returned to Georgia. He took over a rural medical practice in Jefferson, Jackson County, in 1841. After observing the same physiological effects with diethyl ether ("ether") that Humphry Davy had described for nitrous oxide in 1800, Long used ether for the first time on March 30, 1842, to remove a tumor from the neck of a patient, James M. Venable. He administered sulfuric ether on a towel and simply had the patient inhale. He performed many other surgeries using this technique during the next few years, introducing the technique to his obstetrics practice as well. Long subsequently removed a second tumor from Venable and used ether as an anesthetic in amputations and childbirth. Despite his continued use of the ether anesthetic, Long did not immediately publish his findings. The results of these trials were eventually published in 1849 in "The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal". An original copy of this publication is held in the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
Crawford Long was a member of the Demosthenian Literary Society while a student at the University of Georgia. Long was also a cousin of the western legend Doc Holliday, and may have operated on Doc's cleft lip.
On October 16, 1846, unaware of Long's prior work with ether during surgery, William T. G. Morton administered ether anesthesia before a medical audience at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. His work was published in the December 1846 issue of "Medical Examiner" which alerted Long to this other claim. Furthermore, the January 1847 issue of the editorial featured more evidence and etherization experiments. Although Long had informed several surgical colleagues who had similarly administered ether in their practices, and performed six additional surgeries since his initial discovery, Morton is generally credited with the first public demonstration of ether anesthesia. After these articles surfaced, Long began documenting the details of his experiments, collecting patient accounts, and notarizing their letters. He reported his own findings to the Medical College of Georgia in 1849. While he was in Augusta, he learned of two additional physicians staking an ether claim – Charles Jackson and Horace Wells. It was at this time that his findings were finally published. An excerpt from his first publication, addressing the controversy is below:
A controversy soon ensued between Messrs. Jackson, Morton and Wells, in regard to who was entitled to the honor of being the discoverer of the anaesthetic powers of ether, and a considerable time elapsed before I was able to ascertain the exact period when their first operations were performed. Ascertaining this fact, through negligence I have now permitted a much longer time to elapse than I designed, or than my professional friends with whom I consulted advised; but as no account has been published, (so far as I have been able to ascertain), of the inhalation of ether being used to prevent pain in surgical operations as early as March 1842. My friends think I would be doing myself injustice, not to notify my brethren of the medical profession of my priority of the use of ether by inhalation in surgical practice.
In 1854, Long requested William Crosby Dawson, a U.S. Senator, to present his claims of ether anesthesia discovery to the attention of Congress. Despite his extensive petitioning and documented proof, he never received full credit for his discovery during his lifetime.
Long married Caroline Swain in 1842 and together they had twelve children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. The family moved to Atlanta in 1850, then again to Athens in 1851 to be closer to friends and family. Here, Long and his brother Robert opened a private practice and pharmacy on Broad Street, just across from campus. During the Civil War, he joined a militia unit in Athens, but was never called to duty. Instead he served there as a surgeon to soldiers on both sides. He died of a stroke on June 16, 1878 shortly after helping to deliver a baby. He is buried alongside his wife in Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens, Georgia. Throughout his professional career, Long was strongly convinced of his calling to serve humanity. He said that his profession was a "ministry from God" and that "his highest ambition was to do good and leave the world better by his labors."
Legacy.
Long was the first obstetric anesthetist. In 1845, he had his wife inhale while she was giving birth. Until recently, his practice of using inhalation anesthesia dominated obstetrics. In 1849, Long announced his discovery in a small local magazine. However, he did not receive significant recognition until Marion Sims, a New York surgeon, published the first major article about Long's contribution. Today, the majority of scholars concur that Long performed the first successful surgery using anesthesia. In fact, Long administered ether to 7 patients, none of whom felt any pain during their operations, several years prior to Morton's 1846 public exposition. One of Long's letters is very revealing as to the origins of Morton's ideas. He wrote,
Permit me to say then, that a Dentist and a surgeon from Boston, Mass. were in Jefferson Jackson County in 1842, 3 or 4 and remained for several weeks. The dentist practiced his profession & the surgeon operated for strabismus-I have always thought it probable, that the Dentist was Morton or Wells, & that a knowledge of my use of ether in surgical operations was obtained at that time. I have not been able to ascertain the name of the dentist, if you know the history of Dr. Wells, you can possibly asertain (sic) whether he travelled South at the time mentioned."
Reportedly, Long failed to publish his findings until 1849 for two reasons. Firstly, he wished to confirm the results of his experiments several times before propagating his ideas. Secondly, he wished to wait to see if another medical practitioner came forward to counter Morton's claims to discovery, a physician who potentially discovered anesthesia prior to himself. After reading about Morton's demonstration in the "Medical Examiner," Long began asking his patients to submit affidavits corroborating his discovery. Long almost certainly discovered the anesthetic powers of ether before Morton demonstrated its ability to dull pain during surgery to the general public, but several other men sought credit for their supposed joint contribution to surgery. The men included Morton, Horace Wells of Hartford, Connecticut, and Charles J. Jackson. Throughout what became known as the "ether controversy", the men vied for a reward of $200,000 from the US Congress. Initially, it appears as though many were reluctant to give Long any credit. William Welch reportedly said,
We cannot assign to him any influence upon the historical development of our knowledge of surgical anesthesia or any share in its introduction to the world at large."
In 1879, a year after Long's death, the National Eclectic Medical Association declared that he was the official discoverer of anesthesia. At Long's funeral, Chancellor Andrew Lipscomb said:
Standing here in the presence of his remains, I am this day but the voice of the church, of his professional brethren, and of this whole community when I say in Dr. Long's death we have lost an excellent man. He assumed nothing, and was thoroughly truthful in looks, tone, manner and action; lived simply, treated everyone courteously, and walked humbly before God. Modest even to the verge of timidity, he could be stern and bold, and utterly forgetful of self, if responsibility had to be met, or danger confronted. Gentle, forbearing, faithful to every wise instinct, he kept the covenant of a heart's true love until his days were numbered. He had strength of will and power of endurance. The minor heroisms which make up so large a share of a physician's experience, and of which the world knows so little, wrote many a paragraph in the annals of his life. We shall give the manly virtues of Christian integrity of Crawford Long a dwelling place where so many of the elect of our life already gathered."
In 1879, the National Eclectic Medical Association declared that Long was the official discoverer of anesthesia. "Doctors Day" is celebrated on March 30 every year to commemorate Long's contributions.
The University of Pennsylvania memorialized Crawford W. Long in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 1912, with a bulletin and bronze medallion.
On August 14, 1920, the Georgia state legislature proposed a constitutional amendment to create a new county from the western portions of Liberty County, to be named after Long. The amendment creating Long County was ratified on November 2, 1920. The county seat is Ludowici.
The Emory-University-operated Crawford W. Long Hospital in downtown Atlanta, Georgia was named in his honor in 1931 and retained that name for 78 years. In 2009 the hospital was renamed "Emory University Hospital Midtown". References to Crawford W. Long Memorial Hospital are retained on exterior monuments.
Long was honored in the "Famous American Series" of postage stamps in 1940, and in 1978 with a postcard.
The Crawford W. Long Museum in downtown Jefferson, Georgia has been in operation since 1957. A monument in honor of Long was unveiled in Jefferson on April 21, 1910.
A statue of Long stands in the crypt of the United States Capitol as one of the two designated monuments to represent Georgia in the National Statuary Hall Collection (the other is his college roommate, Alexander Stephens). Crawford Long Middle School, in Atlanta, Georgia, was also named in his honor.
Long's childhood home was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 6, 1977. It is on Crawford W. Long Street in Danielsville, Georgia. Its coordinates are .


Rollins A. Emerson

Rollins Adams Emerson (May 5, 1873 – December 8, 1947) was an American geneticist who rediscovered the laws of inheritance established by Gregor Mendel.
Early life.
Emerson was born on May 5, 1873 in tiny Pillar Point, New York, but at the age of seven his family moved to Kearney County, Nebraska, where he attended public school and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He enrolled in the College of Agriculture there, having developed an interest in the local flora and landscaping while quite young.
Education and Career.
Emerson graduated in 1897 and began work for the Department of Agriculture as an editor, and soon afterwards married Harriet Hardin, with whom he had four children. In 1899 he accepted a position at the University of Nebraska, as an assistant professor of horticulture. In 1910–1911 Emerson took a year's leave of absence to pursue graduate work at Harvard University, which awarded him a doctorate in 1913 with Edward M. East as his supervisor, although Emerson spent only one year at Harvard. Emerson continued his work at the U. of Nebraska until 1914 when he moved to Cornell University in 1914 as professor of plant breeding and head of the department of plant breeding, a position he held until his retirement in 1942. In 1947 he fell ill, and died on December 8, 1947, aged 74.
Research.
Emerson's interests while he was at Nebraska included a wide range of projects including culture methods for different fruit and vegetables and the possibility of domesticating wild plants. Using bean breeding techniques he set up an experiment to establish the same results as Mendel, of whom he had not heard at the time.
While at Nebraska he also became interested in using maize for his research, studying the heritability of pericarp variegation in calico maize. Ears on plants grown from variegated kernels show one pattern of striping, but the pigmentation of the kernel varies, as does the red area. Emerson discovered that the more red there was in the kernels planted, the larger the amount of red ears in the progeny. Emerson became one of the first people to suggest that mutations could cause variations in organisms. Cornell University, through Emerson's efforts, became a centre for maize genetics research. His doctoral students include George Wells Beadle, Milislav Demerec, Marcus Morton Rhoades, George F. Sprague, and Lewis Stadler.
Emerson was responsible for setting up The Maize Newsletter (http://www.maizegdb.org/mnl.php) in 1932. In 2018, the R. Emerson lifetime achievement award was named in his honor, and has since been awarded annually by the Maize Genetics Cooperation, an outgrowth of the community established by the maize news letter. It is a common exercise for today's maize geneticists to trace their academic lineage to Emerson.


Lateral umbilical fold

The lateral umbilical fold overlies the inferior epigastric artery (a branch of the external iliac artery) and its accompanying veins. Unlike the median and medial umbilical folds, the contents of the lateral umbilical fold remain functional after birth. It originates just medial to the deep inguinal ring to the arcuate line on the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall.
Clinical significance.
The lateral umbilical fold is an important reference site with regards to hernia classification. A direct hernia occurs medial to the lateral umbilical fold, whereas an indirect hernia originates lateral to the fold. This latter case is due to the placement of the opening of the deep inguinal ring in the space lateral to the lateral umbilical fold, which allows the passage of the ductus deferens, testicular artery, and other components of the spermatic cord in men, or the round ligament of the uterus in women.


Martin Barratt

Thomas Martin Barratt (13 February 193617 January 2014) was a British paediatrician and professor of paediatric nephrology. Barratt was most notable for developing a specialist service for children with kidney diseases in Britain, bringing peritoneal dialysis, haemodialysis, and later renal transplantation to ever younger children. Barratt was an early advocate for multidisciplinary care and developed a model that was later taken up by many other specialist centres across the world. His research led to a new treatments for many types of childhood kidney diseases., and for research into childhood Nephrotic syndrome and Hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
Life.
Barratt's father owned and ran a law firm, and his mother was one of the first women to matriculate at Cambridge University. He was the third of three children. Barratt's early schooling took place at Clifton College and after winning a scholarship to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he graduated with a First-class honours in Natural Sciences.
Throughout his life, Barratt suffered from facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, a disease that causes progressive weakness, which forced him to retire early, eventually forcing him to use wheelchair for movement. In retirement he kept up to date with the latest developments in paediatric nephrology.
Career.
Barratt completed his clinical training at St Thomas' medical school. After a number of house positions, he was appointed as a registrar at the Institute of Child Health, at Great Ormond Street Hospital, working with Professor Barbara Clayton. Barratt then spent a year as a research fellow at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, working within the Department pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, and researching fluid physiology with Mackenzie Walser. Upon returning to the UK in 1967, Barratt was appointed as a lecturer working on paediatric nephrology with Professor John Soothill at the institute. In 1971, Barratt was promoted to senior lecturer in the Institute of Child Health and consultant paediatric nephrologist at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and in 1978 promoted to professor of paediatric nephrology.
In 1966 Barratt married Gill Owen, a social worker who was later promoted to group analyst and psychotherapist.
Contributions.
Research.
When Barratt started his clinical career, the specialism of paediatric nephrology in the UK, outwith certain areas, was primitive. Barratt held the first post that was specifically committed, both academically and professionally to the treatment of children with renal disease.
Barratt initially worked by himself, but was joined by Michael Dillon in 1975, and together they built a major world class paediatric nephrology services department at Great Ormond Street Hospital and conducted a research programme at the Institute of Child Health. Barratt was later joined by Richard Trompeter and Lesley Rees who continued the work of Barratt.
Barratt early in his career realized that collaboration was needed in developing an interdisciplinary care model for the treatment of children with renal diseases, eventually working closely with the paediatric urologists David Innes Williams and Philip G. Ransley and the paediatric imager, Isky Gordon.
Barratt had a broad research focus, conducting research into GFR measurement, urolithiasis, renal cystic disease, Diabetes mellitus, kidney disorders, renal function after cardiopulmonary bypass, genetic studies in inherited kidney disorders and the urological disorders in children. It was research into childhood Nephrotic syndrome and the Hemolytic-uremic syndrome that was his most notable work, particularly the biological roles played by atopy, membrane charge and Cytokine release. Barratt undertook a number of trials to determine the best treatments with patients with nephrotic symptoms. In 1970, Barratt conducted a trial with the immunologist John Soothill, using cyclophosphamide treatment for nephrotic syndrome. Barratt tested the drugs Azathioprine, Levamisole and cyclosporine A in subsequent trials, eventually working with paediatrician Michael Levin and others to study pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the syndrome, including e.g. Platelet-derived growth factor and prostacyclin inhibition. Levin who was Barratt's registrar at Great Ormond Street stated of Barratt, that:
Barratt was considered an outstanding teacher and lecturer.
Association work.
From 1972 to 1976, Barratt was secretary of the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology, and from 1994 to 1997 he was president of the association. Barratt worked with the European Society for Paediatric Nephrology and the International Pediatric Nephrology Association. After his retirement, in 1998, Barratt was co-president along with the paediatrician Sir Cyril Chantler of the 11th Congress of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association.
Bibliography.
The following papers were his most well known and cited:
Barratt collaborated in the following books.
Awards and honours.
In 1997 Barratt was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to children and awarded the prestigious James Spence Medal in 2002.


Stephanie Factor

Stephanie Factor is an Infectious Disease Specialist at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and was an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer in the Respiratory Diseases Branch of CDC when she led the field investigations in the Central Asian Republics; medical epidemiologist in the CDC Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Program assigned to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to develop emergency response plans for New York City.
Factor is also an associate professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and assistant professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Science. She earned both an MPH and MD at Johns Hopkins University.


Strawberry hemangioma


Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University

The Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital () is a medical school located in Bangkok, Thailand. The Faculty has its origin as a medical college, previously known as BMA Medical College & Vajira Hospital (). The school is run in collaboration with Vajira Hospital, Mahidol University and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Medical Department. The Faculty has become a part of the newly established Navamindradhiraj University (formerly University of Bangkok Metropolis). The Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital was an affiliated college of Mahidol University between 1985 to 2011.
History.
Vajira Hospital is the fourth public hospital built in Siam, founded in 1913 (B.E. 2455) by H.M. the King Vajiravudh. It is one of the first hospitals to employ modern medicine and practices. Vajira Hospital intends to provide the people of Bangkok with efficient primary health care. It was named by the King Vajiravudh, who came to open the hospital on January 2, 1913 (B.E. 2455). Its earliest buildings are located on Samsen Road, in present-day Dusit District, Bangkok.
Vajira Hospital established a medical school in 1985, the 8th in Thailand, in cooperation with Srinakharinwirot University, as the Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Srinakharinwirot University. The Faculty was organized by Vajira Hospital and was funded by the University. A few years later Bangkok Metropolitan Administration planned to start their own medical program, established as BMA Medical College (. This became an affiliated institution with Mahidol University, as the 3rd medical school of Mahidol University. In 1993, the college began opening admission process for students.
In 1998, BMA Medical College was merged with Vajira Hospital into a single organization under the name BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital to form a union of medical education and healthcare services.
In 2010, BMA Medical College & Vajira Hospital, along with Kuakarun College of Nursing, joined to form University of Bangkok Metropolis (), with the medical school's name changed to Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, University of Bangkok Metropolis. It was officially declared in the "Royal Thai Government Gazette" on November 12, 2010. On June 3, 2011 H.M. the King Bhumibol Adulyadej presented the university with a new formal name, Navamindradhiraj University ().
Medical Education.
Vajira Hospital provides medical programs for both undergraduate and postgraduate medical students. Vajira accepts about 80 students each year, and also offers various residency and fellowship programs.
Vajira runs its medical program in cooperation with Mahidol University. Prior to the 2019 academic year, medical students attend their pre-clinical studies at Mahidol University with their first year at its main campus in Salaya. In their first year, the students study basic general studies, including subjects such as Biology Chemistry, Calculus, Statistics, and Physics. Students spend their second at the Faculty of Science, Mahidol University at Mahidol University's Phayathai campus, studying pre-clinic studies and basic medicine. The rest of pre-clinical studies and clinical training, starting from 3rd year, is provided at the Faculty's campus at Vajira Hospital. This affiliation ended in 2019.
Since the 2019 academic year, medical education is taught at the Vajira Hospital campus since first year. In 2020, a program was introduced where separate cohort of medical students were trained at the Dusit Campus for the preclinical years and at Taksin Hospital in the clinical years.
Vajira is one of the country's leading medical schools in terms of medical science, clinical training and urban medication. Doctors graduated from Vajira are not only highly qualified and well trained, but also ethical and moral. Students are well trained in areas of public service, teaching as well as research.
Programs.
The faculty offers three undergraduate programs related to medical and allied health sciences.


Gibbus deformity

Gibbus deformity is a form of structural kyphosis typically found in the upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged. Gibbus deformity most often develops in young children as a result of spinal tuberculosis and is the result of collapse of vertebral bodies. This can in turn lead to spinal cord compression causing paraplegia.
In addition to tuberculosis, other possible causes of gibbus deformity include pathological diseases, hereditary and congenital conditions, and physical trauma to the spine that results in injury. Gibbus deformity may result from the sail vertebrae associated with cretinism (the childhood form of hypothyroidism), mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), and certain congenital syndromes, including achondroplasia. Because most children with MPS I (Hurler Syndrome) also exhibit symptoms of a gibbus deformity, the latter can possibly be used to identify the former.
Gibbus deformity is included in a subset of structural kyphosis that is distinguished by a higher-degree angle in the spinal curve that is specific to these forms of kyphosis. Other conditions within this subset include Pott's disease and Scheuermann kyphosis, but gibbus deformity is marked by an especially sharp angle. Viewed from behind, the resulting hunchback is more easily seen when bending forward. A kyphosis of >70° can be an indication of the need for surgery and these surgeries can be necessary for children as young as two years old, with a reported average of 8 years of age.


Paddy Kirk

Patrick Cedric "Paddy" Dingle (also Kirk) is a fictional character from the British soap opera "Emmerdale", played by Dominic Brunt. He has been married four times: to Mandy Dingle (Lisa Riley) in 1999, to Emily Dingle (Kate McGregor) in 2002, to Rhona Goskirk (Zoe Henry) in 2012 and to Chas Dingle (Lucy Pargeter) in 2020. He has also had several affairs since arriving, notably with Viv Hope (Deena Payne) and Tess Harris (Nicola Stephenson). His other storylines in the series have included discovering his biological father and dealing with the loss of his child.
Storylines.
Paddy comes to Emmerdale as a locum for Zoe Tate (Leah Bracknell). He is drawn to Mandy Dingle (Lisa Riley) and they begin a rocky relationship. Paddy's mother, Barbara (Judi Jones), disapproves of Mandy, and offers her money to marry someone else. Needing money to stop her family from being evicted, Mandy takes it and marries her cousin, Butch (Paul Loughran), leaving Paddy depressed. After a bad date with Bernice Blackstock (Samantha Giles), Paddy proposes to Mandy and she accepts. They marry the following year but over the next two years, Mandy is frequently absent as her father, Caleb (Mike Kelly), is ill. She misses Paddy but begins an affair with her father's carer and their marriage breaks down. A heartbroken Paddy becomes close to Emily Dingle (Kate McGregor). They begin dating and later get engaged. On the day that Marlon (Mark Charnock) and Tricia Stokes (Sheree Murphy) were supposed to marry, Tricia gets cold feet, so Emily and Paddy get married instead. They become foster parents, looking after several children including Debbie Jones (Charley Webb) but over time, the marriage becomes stale. Paddy tells Emily about his affair with Viv Windsor (Deena Payne), and he is punched by Viv's estranged husband, Bob Hope (Antony Audenshaw) and Zak Dingle (Steve Halliwell). Soon after, Emily leaves the village with Debbie's young daughter, Sarah.
Paddy begins a relationship with Chas Dingle (Lucy Pargeter) and deals with her wayward son, Aaron Livesy (Danny Miller). The problems aren't helped by Carl King (Tom Lister), who informs Paddy that he and Chas had sex. Paddy initially refuses to believe it, but realises it is true and evicts Chas. He allows Aaron to stay, and the two grow closer and Paddy acts as a father to Aaron. Paddy realises that Aaron is gay, but unable to accept his own sexuality, Aaron viciously beats him. He is immediately remorseful, and the two have a long talk where he admits that he is gay. When Rhona Goskirk (Zoe Henry) returns to the village, she and Marlon reignite their relationship, but Rhona falls in love with Paddy. She later learns she is pregnant with Marlon's baby, but regardless, Paddy and Rhona begin a relationship and later get married. Their marriage is tested after Rhona becomes addicted to painkillers. Marlon invites Paddy to a night out and meets a woman named Tess Harris (Nicola Stephenson). They have sex in her car. Tess turns out to be the married teaching assistant of Leo, Rhona's son. They break it off, but resume things after a short while. Rhona suggests to Paddy that they adopt a child and Paddy eventually agrees. Amongst others, Aaron and Tess are asked to be references for the social worker. After Tess gives her reference, she texts Paddy but Rhona finds the phone and asks why he has a second phone, Paddy says that it's Aaron's and consequently tells him about the affair. Reeling, Aaron tells the social worker that Paddy and Rhona are having marital issues. They later decide to end their marriage.
Paddy and Chas rekindle their relationship, and Chas learns that she is pregnant. They are excited to have a baby, but they discover that their child has bilateral renal agenesis and will not survive long after birth. Despite this, they agree to continue with the pregnancy. They make plans to marry, but Chas tells Paddy that she doesn't want to marry him just yet. Chas goes into labour, and gives birth to their daughter Grace who lives an hour. During their time together, Paddy imagines the life he and Chas would have had with their daughter. Chas and Paddy later learn that they are pregnant again. Paddy's ex-wife Mandy returns to the village with her teenage son Vinny (Bradley Johnson) for Marlon's surprise wedding to Jessie Grant (Sandra Marvin). Chas initially suspects that Paddy is Vinny's father, but Mandy explains that he is not. She gives Chas and Marlon a letter for Paddy originally from his mother to pro wrestler Bear Wolf (Joshua Richards), explaining that Bear is Paddy's biological father. Paddy tries to ignore the revelation, but he eventually meets Bear at a convention in Belfast. Bear later arrives in the village, and Paddy and Chas allow him to stay with them. He and Paddy begin to form a relationship. Chas goes into labour, and the baby is revealed to be a girl, Eve (Bonnie and Billy Clement).
Casting and characterisation.
In 2020, Brunt stated that he has had "enough shady jobs to know this is one of the best in the world". He expressed his love and loyalty to working on "Emmerdale", but admitted that after 23 years, he still gets nervous and finds certain aspects of the job difficult. Brunt noted that as long as the writers keep giving him good material, he will "keep putting the effort in for them". However, Brunt admitted that he still worries about being written out every December. He explained: "Every Christmas when the contract is up, I still think that's probably it". He explained that this gives him motivation to push himself from an acting perspective, noting that "the thought that at any point [he] could be out" keeps him going. Brunt added that he still feels imposter syndrome working on "Emmerdale", despite his 23 years of experience on the soap, but stated that if he was offered another 23 years on the soap, he would "bite their hand off".
On his character profile on the ITV website, Paddy is described as a "loveable softy" that "rarely has a bad word to say about anyone and can usually be relied on". It notes that due to his clumsiness, he can tend to be "the butt of a joke", but since he has a good sense of humour, he rarely takes offence. The profile states that although Paddy makes mistakes, naming hitting a police officer and being suspended from practicing veterinary as examples, he "always works hard at correcting" what he has done wrong. Paddy is billed as a "Loveable, trust-worthy, middle-class" character, and it states he enjoys playing Xbox and dancing to ABBA, and that he dislikes seafood, horses and Vanessa Woodfield (Michelle Hardwick). The profile also notes his strong friendship with Marlon, and reveals that he has a tattoo on his lower back that reads "Marlon Forever", written inside of a heart shape.
Development.
Daughter's death.
In 2017, Chas and Paddy rekindled their relationship. The next year, Chas discovers she is pregnant with Paddy's baby. Brunt appeared on "This Morning" to talk about the storyline, where he stated that the baby would have "a rare defect". He did not detail what specifically the baby would be diagnosed with, but noted that it is "a specific situation that parents find themselves in", and accredited the diagnosis due to the two characters being "parents of a certain age". Scenes aired weeks later confirmed that the baby has bilateral renal agenesis, a condition where kidneys fail to develop in a foetus. Since the condition has no cure, it is established that their baby has no chance of survival. Speaking about his character's response to the diagnosis, Brunt explains that Paddy initially wants to stop the suffering immediately, and suggests an abortion to Chas. Chas informs him that some couples who learn of the diagnosis decide to have the baby, to spend whatever time they can with the baby post-birth, and Paddy agrees with her. Brunt explained: "They decide that they're having the child and that nobody is allowed to see them as victims. They decide to be positive for the baby and themselves. There will be difficulties and heartbreaking periods, but they decide this is what they're going to do and they're going to approach it in a positive way." Brunt also commended the producers for telling the story, and voiced his excitement to be involved in it. He stated that he is "over the moon" to be involved due to it being an "interesting" and "utterly fascinating" topic, but noted that he was thankful that he was not going through it in real life. He added that he hopes to do the storyline justice.
Months later, the two characters were allotted a standalone episode where they "say a heartbreaking farewell to their newborn daughter", whom they named Grace. In another interview with "This Morning", Brunt praised the writing team for the script. He explained that they had not exploited the topic for drama, but that they approached the episode "really delicately". The episode explores Grace's potential future with "flashforward fantasy scenes" showing her at certain ages, acted out through Chas and Paddy's imaginations. Brunt added: "It's not as depressing as it sounds. It's full of hope." Digital Spy described the episode as "groundbreaking", but Brunt stated that he would not care if the storyline did not win an award. He explained that in his 21 years at "Emmerdale", he has never won an award, so it is not important to him. Brunt confirmed that he knew the outcome of the birth, but that he did not know anything past this point. He stated that he likes to be surprised each time he receives a script, and that he became excited to film the aftermath of the birth, since it was a surprise to him. He added that he did not know if Chas and Paddy would stay together, and that both of them are "set to struggle in their own ways for a while" due to the emotional impact of their loss. When asked if he would want them to stay together, he opined that the drama of them not living "happily ever after" would be good to watch, but that eventually, he would want them to stay together.
Pregnancy and relationship with Chas Dingle.
In March 2019, it was announced that Chas would discover she is pregnant again. The couple decide not to know the sex of the baby, and leave the scan photo at Grace's grave. It is discovered by Paddy's father Bear, who reveals to Chas' mother Faith Dingle (Sally Dexter) that they are having a boy. However, Chas gives birth to a girl, Eve, and the mistake is explained when Bear reveals that he cannot read. When Paddy takes Marlon to the hospital, he accidentally leaves Eve in the backseat, unattended and with the car door open. Brunt explains that his character's reaction to the situation is that "all Paddy can think of is getting Marlon to the hospital", since he is worried about Marlon's health. He later realises he has left his daughter, and has a "blind panic". Eve is not in the car when he gets back to it, and Brunt called upon his own experiences as a parent, stating it "must be one of the worst things ever". Although Eve is found safe, social services get involved and Chas begins to "thinks of Paddy" differently, especially since they lost Grace. Brunt adds that Paddy is "pretty heavy on himself", and confirmed that his guilt would be explored further.
Bear informs Paddy of Chas' "potential unfaithfulness", to which Brunt claims Paddy is "in complete denial". He explained his character's mindset of not believing Bear by stating that Paddy thinks: "No, I'm not going to follow them up there, we're adults and she should never do that". However, when he overhears Chas telling Al Chapman (Michael Wildman) that they should "spend some time together somewhere like a pub or a hotel", he is "utterly devastated". Paddy and Chas then navigate through their problems with a break from each other, but in December 2020, Paddy makes the last-minute decision to surprise Chas with a wedding on Christmas Day. Brunt suggests that Paddy has "bitten off more than he can chew", leading him to ask for help from the villagers. He opined that the wedding episode is "very sweet and romantic", but admitted that his character is "an idiot", and that "he's not really thought it through". Asked why his character would plan a last-minute Christmas wedding, Brunt joked that Paddy is "insane". He goes on to explain that "the best present" Paddy feels he can give to Chas after "two really bad years for them", referring to the loss of Grace and their relationship problems, is a wedding. He stated: "He just loves her and wants to give her the best present he possibly can after the worst time they've both been through." Brunt also expressed his excitement at being "at the centre" of the festive episodes, since it is a big deal to him. He billed it "an iconic episode" which he felt lucky to be part of.
Reception.
At the 1999 British Soap Awards, Brunt was nominated for Best On-Screen Partnership at the British Soap Awards, alongside Riley (Mandy). He was nominated for the award again in 2009 with Charnock, who portrays the role of best friend Marlon. As well as receiving nominations for Best Comedy Performance in 2009, 2010 and 2013, he was nominated in the category of Best Actor at the 2011 British Soap Awards. In August 2017, Brunt was longlisted for Funniest Male at the "Inside Soap" Awards. He later made the viewer-voted shortlist. On 6 November 2017, Brunt won the "Funniest Male" accolade. At the 2019 British Soap Awards, Brunt was nominated for three awards. He received a longlist nomination for Best Actor, and shortlist nominations for Best Male Dramatic Performance and Best On-Screen Partnership, the latter with Pargeter (Chas).
In an interview with the "Daily Mirror", Brunt revealed that he often receives "sex letters" from older viewers of the soap. He accredited this due to Paddy being "very safe and kind", leading people to "project [their] sexual fantasies on to him". He commented: "I'd get sex letters from 60-year-olds, saying, 'I've had rumblings I've not had for 30 years' and telling me what they want to do to me. It's hilarious."


Georges Daumezon

Georges Daumezon (3 June 1912 – 6 May 1979) was a French psychiatrist.


BacillaFilla

BacillaFilla is a genetically engineered strain of the bacterium "Bacillus subtilis" which was developed by a group of students at Newcastle University in 2010 in order to repair cracks in concrete as part of an International Genetically Engineered Machine competition.
The bacteria would be released as spores which would germinate upon coming into contact with the pH of concrete. Upon germination, the bacteria would descend into cracks in the concrete. The bacteria use quorum sensing to determine when enough bacteria have accumulated, triggering production of a mixture of calcium carbonate and a "bacterial glue", which combines with the bacterial cells to fill the crack. This mixture hardens to be as strong as the surrounding concrete.
Prolonging the life of concrete could reduce CO2 emissions derived from concrete production.


Geminiano de Ocampo

Geminiano T. de Ocampo was a Filipino ophthalmologist known to some as the "Father of Modern Philippine Ophthalmology". He was the founder of the Philippine Eye Bank. He graduated valedictorian of his class at the Bulacan High School in 1926.
He established the first eye hospital in the Philippines, De Ocampo Eye Hospital (1952) and the first Filipino President of the Philippine Ophthalmological Society (1958). He was the first Filipino to design a corneal dissector that was manufactured in the US. He received the Jose Rizal Medal in Ophthalmology from the Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology and was named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1982.


British Thoracic Society

The British Thoracic Society (BTS) was formed in 1982 by the amalgamation of the British Thoracic Association and the Thoracic Society. It is a registered charity and a company limited by guarantee.
Function.
The Society’s main charitable objective is to improve the care of people with respiratory and associated disorders, which it aims to achieve by:
Structure.
BTS is a membership organization, with nearly 3000 members from the respiratory health sector. These include doctors, nurses, respiratory physiotherapists, scientists and other professionals with an interest in respiratory disease.
It is situated a few hundred metres east of Great Ormond Street Hospital, off Gray's Inn Road.
The Society also works in partnership with a range of organisations to achieve its objectives. These partners include other respiratory health professional groups, organisations representing patients and carers, medical and surgical Royal Colleges and other specialist societies.
Governance and staff.
BTS currently has eight members of staff and a number of other associates who deal with the day-to-day running of the Society, including a Chief Executive and a Deputy Chief Executive.
BTS is managed by its Trustees, who are the officers and members of the Executive Committee. The President and President-elect are elected annually by the membership. The other officers serve for three years and nominations for these posts are sought from the membership.
BTS has five established Standing Committees, the chairs of which each sit on the Executive Committee. These Committees are:
In addition, the BTS has newly created a Public Liaison Committee to help the Society to place citizens and those with respiratory disease at the centre of their work. The Chair of this Committee will be a Trustee of the Society.
Specialist Advisory Groups.
BTS has a network of Specialist Advisory Groups which are made up of specialist professionals and provide expert support opinion.
Each Specialist Advisory Group focuses on a specific issue:
Guidelines.
The production of evidence-based Guidelines for good clinical practice lies at the heart of the Society’s work. Guidelines are produced by multidisciplinary groups working under the auspices of the Society’s Standards of Care Committee, and are published in the journal Thorax.
The British Guideline for the Management of Asthma, produced jointly by BTS and SIGN, enjoys international recognition and is updated annually.
Other recent Guidelines include the BTS Guideline for Emergency Oxygen Use in Adult Patients, and the BTS/ACPRC Guideline for Physiotherapy Management of the Adult Spontaneously Breathing Patient.
Copies of all BTS guidelines are available on the BTS website.
Meetings and Short Course Programme.
BTS holds two annual conferences; the Summer Meeting in the last week of June and the Winter Meeting which takes place at the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in London in the first week of December. These Meetings bring together medical professionals with an interest in respiratory medicine.
The Summer Meeting is the main annual educational event, with clinical updates and the opportunity for a multi-disciplinary audience to discuss key issues and share good practice.
There is also a wide-ranging programme of short courses.
The BTS Winter Meeting attracts over 2000 delegates each year and is the UK’s primary respiratory scientific meeting, with the emphasis on presenting updates on current respiratory research and symposia from leading researchers from all over the world. Young Investigators and Medical Students are encouraged to put forward abstracts and prizes are awarded in each category.


Frederick Forchheimer

Frederick Forchheimer (1853–1913) was an American pediatrician known for describing Forchheimer spots.
Biography.
Frederick Forchheimer was born in Cincinnati on September 25, 1853. He was educated in public schools and the Medical College of Ohio. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York in 1873.
He became an instructor at the Medical College of Ohio in 1875, and founded one of the first clinics for children in the United States. He became professor of diseases of children, and published "Diseases of the Mouth in Children" in 1892 in which he described his eponymous sign.
He married Edith Perry in 1885 and they had three children.
He became president of the Association of American Physicians in 1911 and was given an honorary Doctor of Science degree by Harvard University. He was professor of medicine at the University of Cincinnati at the time of his death, which occurred at Jewish Hospital on June 1, 1913 after a prostate operation. He was buried at Spring Grove Cemetery.


White Coats for Black Lives

White Coats for Black Lives (also known as WhiteCoats4BlackLives and WC4BL) is a nonprofit social justice student organization based in the United States. Founded in 2014 in response to the Black Lives Matter movement, WC4BL supports efforts to fight racism in medicine and health care.
The organization participates in and organized protests against systemic racism at medical schools and the health care system in general, including protests in support of the end of police brutality in the wake of the death of George Floyd. WC4BL members and supporters often wear white coats during events. Some events take the form of walkouts or die-ins.
WC4BL operates chapters at medical schools throughout the United States.


Anterior inferior iliac spine

The anterior inferior iliac spine (abbreviated: AIIS) is a bony eminence on the anterior border of the hip bone, or, more precisely, the wing of the ilium.
Structure.
The AIIS is a bony eminence on the anterior border of the ilium. It is below the anterior superior iliac spine.
Development.
The AIIS is formed from a separate ossification centre to the rest of the ilium.
Function.
The upper portion of the spine gives origin to the straight head of the rectus femoris muscle. A teardrop-shaped lower portion gives origin to the iliofemoral ligament of the hip joint and borders the rim of the acetabulum.
Anteromedially and inferiorly to the AIIS is the iliopsoas groove, the passage for the iliopsoas muscle as it passes down to the lesser trochanter of the femur. A vague line, the inferior gluteal line, might run from the AIIS to the greater sciatic notch which delineates the inferior extent of the origin of gluteus minimus muscle.
Clinical significance.
Rectus femoris muscle may avulse from the AIIS with significant mechanical stress. This may be surgically reattached.


Ferguson Rodger

Thomas Ferguson Rodger (4 November 1907 – 1 June 1978) was a Scottish physician who was Professor of Psychological Medicine at the University of Glasgow from 1948 to 1973, and Emeritus Professor thereafter. He joined the Royal Army Medical Corps during the Second World War and rose to become a consultant psychiatrist with the rank of Brigadier.
His son was Scottish lawyer Alan Rodger, Baron Rodger of Earlsferry, who became Lord President of the Court of Session and subsequently Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
Early life.
Rodger was born in Glasgow and educated at North Kelvinside School (merged with Cleveden Secondary School in the 1990s), before going on to study at the Medical School of the University of Glasgow (BSc 1927, MBChB 1929). After graduating and undertaking general medical training, he was appointed assistant to Sir David Henderson at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital at Gartnavel, and spent a year from 1931 to 1932 as assistant to Professor Adolph Meyer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
Career.
Rodger returned to Glasgow in 1934 as Deputy Superintendent of the Royal Mental Hospital and Assistant Lecturer in Psychiatry at the University. He remained there until 1940, when he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps as a Specialist in Psychiatry. By 1944, he was Consultant in Psychiatry with the rank of Brigadier, and was stationed in India and the South East Asia Command area (Burma, Ceylon, India, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya and Singapore). He increased the profile of psychiatry within military medicine and established psychiatry as an important tool in selection of officers. After the War, in 1945, he returned to Scotland as Senior Commissioner of the General Board of Control for Scotland (replaced in 1960 by the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland), but retained his connection to the Army throughout his life.
In 1948, he was appointed to the new Chair of Psychological Medicine at the University of Glasgow. He developed his unit at Glasgow's Southern General Hospital into a strong component of the University's Medical School, and was instrumental in developing it into a leader in the development of psychiatry within hospitals and the combination of psychological medicine with neurological sciences. In 1972, the unit was formed into the Institute of Neurological Sciences, where the Glasgow Coma Scale was devised by Graham Teasdale and Bryan J. Jennett in 1974. He was an external examiner at Edinburgh and Leeds Universities.
Rodger served on a number of government committees as well as the Committee on Mental Health of the World Health Organisation. He was Chairman of the Scottish
Division of the Royal Medico-Psychological Association in 1962 and President of the Association nationally in 1965, and was awarded an honorary fellowship in 1972 for his efforts during its application to become a Royal College. He was appointed CBE in 1967.
Honours.
Rodger was appointed:
Retirement.
Rodger fell ill in 1972 and retired from the Chair at Glasgow the following year. He was succeeded by Sir Michael Bond, previously a lecturer in neurosurgery at the university, who was knighted in 1995 for services to medicine. Bond retired in 1998, and the Chair is currently vacant.
Personal life.
Rodger married Jean Chalmers in 1934, with whom he had two sons and a daughter. His son, Alan, was Lord President of the Court of Session, the head of Scotland's judiciary, from 1996 to 2001, and served as a judicial member of the House of Lords and subsequently Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom until his death in 2011; his daughter is a consultant physician. The family lived in Bearsden, an affluent suburb of Glasgow.


American College of Radiology

The American College of Radiology (ACR), founded in 1923, is a professional medical society representing nearly 40,000 diagnostic radiologists, radiation oncologists, interventional radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians and medical physicists.
The ACR has 54 chapters in the United States, Canada and the Council of Affiliated Regional Radiation Oncology Societies (CARROS).
Medical imaging accreditation.
The ACR has accredited more than 39,000 medical imaging facilities in 10 imaging modalities since 1987, including:
ACR Appropriateness Criteria.
The ACR Appropriateness Criteria (ACR AC) are evidence-based guidelines that assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. The ACR AC includes 178 diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology topics with 912 clinical variants and over 1,550 clinical scenarios.
ACR AC are available to all physicians via ACR Select, a module contained within CareSelect Imaging.
In creating the ACR AC, the ACR Task Force on Appropriateness Criteria incorporated attributes for developing acceptable medical practice guidelines used by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as designed by the Institute of Medicine.
Data registries.
The ACR National Radiology Data Registry (NRDR) develops benchmarks and comparisons to help imaging facilities improve quality of patient care with its collection of registries related to a range of radiological procedures. The registries include:
NRDR was approved as a Qualified Clinical Data Registry (QCDR) for 2018 MIPS Reporting.
Collaborations.
The ACR provides patient information through the website Radiologyinfo.org, co-produced by the Radiological Society of North America, to help patients understand how various radiology procedures and radiation therapy are performed.
Imaging 3.0.
ACR's Imaging 3.0 initiative is a roadmap to transition the practice of radiology from volume-based to value-based care. Four main focus areas of Imaging 3.0 include;


Kona Williams

Kona Williams (born ca 1978) is a forensic pathologist, the first First Nations person in that profession in Canada.
The daughter of Gordon Williams, a Cree from Peguis First Nation in Manitoba, and Karen Jacobs-Williams, a Mohawk from Kahnawake, she was born in Ottawa. She studied medicine at the University of Ottawa, received her M.D. in 2009, and spent five more years as an anatomical pathology resident there. She continued with a post-graduate fellowship in the department of laboratory medicine and pathobiology at the University of Toronto. In 2016, she was hired by the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service, which provides pathology services for the Ontario police forces.


CD3 (immunology)

CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) is a protein complex and T cell co-receptor that is involved in activating both the cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ naive T cells) and T helper cells (CD4+ naive T cells). It is composed of four distinct chains. In mammals, the complex contains a CD3γ chain, a CD3δ chain, and two CD3ε chains. These chains associate with the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the ζ-chain (zeta-chain) to generate an activation signal in T lymphocytes. The TCR, ζ-chain, and CD3 molecules together constitute the TCR complex.
Structure.
The CD3γ, CD3δ, and CD3ε chains are highly related cell-surface proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily containing a single extracellular immunoglobulin domain.
A structure of the extracellular and transmembrane regions of the CD3γε/CD3δε/CD3ζζ/TCRαβ complex was solved with CryoEM, showing for the first time how the CD3 transmembrane regions enclose the TCR transmembrane regions in an open barrel.<ref name="doi-10.1038/s41586-019-1537-0"></ref>
Containing aspartate residues, the transmembrane region of the CD3 chains is negatively charged, a characteristic that allows these chains to associate with the positively charged TCR chains.
The intracellular tails of the CD3γ, CD3ε, and CD3δ molecules each contain a single conserved motif known as an "immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif" or ITAM for short, which is essential for the signaling capacity of the TCR. The intracellular tail of CD3ζ contains 3 ITAM motifs.
Regulation.
Phosphorylation of the ITAM on CD3 renders the CD3 chain capable of binding an enzyme called ZAP70 (zeta associated protein), a kinase that is important in the signaling cascade of the T cell.
As a drug target.
Because CD3 is required for T cell activation, drugs (often monoclonal antibodies) that target it are being investigated as immunosuppressant therapies (e.g., otelixizumab) for type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases.
As a drug target in cancer research.
New anticancer drug treatments are being developed based upon the CD3 (cluster of differentiation 3) T cell co-receptor, with molecules being designed for altering the co-stimulatory signal to help get the T-cell to recognize the cancer cell and become fully activated. Cancers that possess the B7-H3 immunoregulatory checkpoint receptor on the tumor cell have been one such target in clinical trials. This B7-H3 protein is expressed on cancer cell for several types of cancer. Often, the drug will contain two domains, one binding the T-cell's CD3 and the other targeting and binding cancer cells.
Immunohistochemistry.
CD3 is initially expressed in the cytoplasm of pro-thymocytes, the stem cells from which T-cells arise in the thymus. The pro-thymocytes differentiate into common thymocytes, and then into medullary thymocytes, and it is at this latter stage that CD3 antigen begins to migrate to the cell membrane. The antigen is found bound to the membranes of all mature T-cells, and in virtually no other cell type, although it does appear to be present in small amounts in Purkinje cells.
This high specificity, combined with the presence of CD3 at all stages of T-cell development, makes it a useful immunohistochemical marker for T-cells in tissue sections. The antigen remains present in almost all T-cell lymphomas and leukaemias, and can therefore be used to distinguish them from superficially similar B-cell and myeloid neoplasms.


James Stansfield Collier

James Stansfield Collier (1870–1935) was an English physician and neurologist.
Biography.
After education at the City and Guilds of London Institute, James Collier studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School, graduating BSc (Lond.) in 1890, MB in 1894, and MD in 1896 from the University of London. He held junior appointments at St Mary's Hospital and was a demonstrator of biology there. At London's National Hospital, Queen Square he was appointed house physician in 1898, registrar in 1899, pathologist in 1901, assistant physician in 1902, physician to out-patients in 1908, and physician in 1921. He also held appointments at St George's Hospital and lectured there on medicine and neurology. He lectured on neurology at Bethlem Royal Hospital and was consulting physician to the Royal Eye Hospital, Southwark.
On 1 September 1906 at All Souls Church, Langham Place, Collier married Minna Maude Summerhayes. They had one son and two daughters. James Collier's elder brother was Horace Stansfield Collier, F.R.C.S.


Azygos lobe

In human anatomy, an azygos lobe is a normal anatomical variation of the upper lobe of the right lung. It is seen in 1% of the population. Embryologically, it arises from an anomalous lateral course of the azygos vein, in a pleural septum within the apical segment of the right upper lobe or in other words an azygos lobe is formed when the right posterior cardinal vein, one of the precursors of the azygos vein, fails to migrate over the apex of the lung and penetrates it instead, carrying along two pleural layers that invaginates into the upper portion of the right upper lobe. As it has no bronchi, veins and arteries of its own or corresponding alteration in the segmental architecture of the lung, so it is not a true (misnomer), or even accessory, pulmonary lobe, but rather an anatomically separated part of the upper lobe.
Clinical significance.
An azygos lobe is usually an incidental finding on chest x-ray or CT scan, and is not associated with any morbidity. However, it can cause technical problems in thoracoscopic procedures.


R. F. Patrick Cronin

Robert Francis Patrick Cronin FRCPC FACP FRCP (1 September 1926 – 13 January 2007) was a cardiologist, researcher, professor, and healthcare consultant, who served as Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at McGill University from 1972 to 1977.
Cronin was born in London, the son of the celebrated Scottish writer and doctor, A.J. Cronin, and May Gibson, also a physician. His family moved to the United States at the outbreak of World War II, eventually moving to Greenwich, Connecticut. He had been a boarder at Ampleforth College in England, and upon moving to the U.S., he attended Portsmouth Abbey School. One of his classmates there was Robert F. Kennedy, and Cronin later dated Ethel Skakel before her marriage to Kennedy.
Having skipped a few grades, he enrolled at Princeton University at the age of sixteen, though he interrupted his study when he enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1943, training as a tail gunner at the Borden Base. He transferred to the British Army between 1945 and 1947, where he helped with demilitarization and reconstruction in England. In January 1948, Cronin re-enrolled at Princeton and finished two more years before attending medical school at McGill and earning his MD in 1953. He received his MRCP in 1955 and went to London to train at Hammersmith Hospital and the Brompton Hospital. Upon his return to Canada, he worked at the Montreal General Hospital as a cardiologist, an internist, and a researcher.
Cronin became widely recognized for his work in developing countries. In the early 1960s, he initiated an exchange program between McGill and local doctors in Nairobi, Kenya, and he later worked for the Osler Medical Aid Foundation, now known as the McGill International Health Initiative. Additionally, he collaborated with the Canadian International Development Agency to set up student exchange programs with Kenya, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Ethiopia, Pakistan and Tunisia. Known for his eye for logistics, Cronin was recruited by the Aga Khan in 1976, in an advisory capacity, to help set up a teaching hospital in Karachi. For the next fifteen years, he continued to work for the Aga Khan Health Services, overseeing the construction and operation of hospitals and healthcare facilities in Tanzania, Pakistan, and Nairobi, as well as setting up their curriculum for educating medical personnel.
Cronin later learned that he had not received his wartime equivalency degree at Princeton, as these were only conferred upon American students. Not having his undergraduate degree always bothered him, so in 1999, at the age of seventy-three, he enrolled once again at Princeton in order to resume the Bachelor of Arts degree which he had begun fifty years earlier. He took three courses, wrote his senior thesis, and was finally awarded his degree on 30 May 2000. He received an A.B. in history after completing a 73-page long senior thesis, titled "Tainted Blood: A Brief History of Blood Transfusion from the 17th Century Onwards", under the supervision of Angela Creager. In 2005, having taken 89 years and 111 days to earn this degree, he received a citation in the Guinness Book of World Records as the student who had spent the longest time in an undergraduate program.
In 1954, Cronin married a Canadian, Sis Robertson, and they had three children. He died of pneumonia on 13 January 2007, in Territet, Montreux, Switzerland.