Rampura Agucha

Rampura Agucha is a zinc and lead mine located on a massive sulfide deposit in the Bhilwara district of Rajasthan, India. Rampura Agucha is located 220 km from Jaipur. It is north of Bhilwara, and northwest of Shahpura. Rampura Agucha is 10 km southeast of Gulabpura on NH 79. The mine is owned by Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL), and has the world's largest deposits of zinc and lead.
History.
Rampura Agucha deposits were discovered in August, 1977 by T. C. Rampuria, a geologist with the Government of India's Directorate of Mines and Geology. Hindustan Zinc Limited started drilling in February, 1980 and a report regarding the estimate of the deposit was submitted in 1981. The development of this mine started in 1988 and the first ore production was in March 1991. Rampura Agucha has a combination of open pit mine and underground mine.
Geology.
Rampura Agucha is a zinc-lead sulfide deposit that is located in the Sikar belt which is part of the Aravalli-Delhi orogen. The Bhilwara belt is mostly metasedimentary, metamorphosed dolomite and a small amount of igneous rocks. The deposit was originally a sedimentary exhalative deposit before experiencing a metamorphic event. The high grade metamorphic event is theorized to have occurred approximately 1 billion years ago. There are a few sulphides and oxide minerals that form within the ore that are a particular interest, the major one being sphalerite. Galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite commonly occur with the sphalerite along with some minor arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Gahnite and rutile are the most common oxide minerals that form within the ore, with rutile being the most abundant. Graphite is also a mineral that is commonly found within the ore and surrounding rock.
Processing.
Extracted deposits through drilling, blasting, and underground mining methods are loaded and taken to be processed while leftover; debris, rock, and other waste, are brought to specific areas for removal. The first step to processing is feeding the deposits through a ball mill to broken into smaller material. Further breakdown of the material is then completed through the use of a semi-autogenous grinding mill an additional three times before specifically targeting the extraction of the ore from the parent material. The processed material is separated to retrieve the lead and zinc concentrates through flotation methods. The different densities of the material allow for the retrieval of the two different metals separately. The lead and zinc concentrates are transported to the Chanderiya smelter complex to further refine the metals collected. The Rampura Agucha mine has an ore production capacity of 6.15 metric tonnes per annum and in 2017 it was reported that the mine produced 528459 metric tonnes of lead and zinc.
Byproducts.
The process of retrieving the ore from the parent material results in a heterogeneous slurry of materials, such as; water, rock, and others, called tailings. Tailings have several different impacts on the environment due to the large amounts of sulfides contained in the waste. This waste is stored in an on-site dam structure after thickening to ensure no contamination to the surrounding environment occurs. The tailings are treated to neutralize the waste for reclamation purposes through the use of calcium hydroxide. This can allow for the potential use of using the water from tailings to be available for other uses in the mine. The Rampura Agucha mine produced 108000 metric tonnes per month of tailings waste in the year 2008.
Environmental effects.
There are several different forms of air pollutants produced during the mining process including suspended particulate matter and respirable suspended particulate matter. Preventive measures are taken to reduce these pollutants through practices such as using water to reduce dust accumulation during drilling and using several different forms of scrubbers along the mining and processing of the materials to prevent excess release of dust to surrounding areas.
The location of the mine has minimal surrounding water reserves for use in the mining process. All well water used is located at Banas river bed 60 km away from the mine, which makes a pipeline required to obtain the necessary water for mining. Drains and a 50000 cubic meter reservoir structure were implemented to collect any used run-off water during the mining process. Water is also retrieved from the tailings due to the extensive amount of water used during the processing of the extracted material . Retrieval of tailings water is achieved through flocculent additions in tailings thickeners to separate water from the waste material. The reclaimed water is then treated and used in all mining practices as a replacement for fresh water use when possible. Water conservation management of this extent resulted in a zero discharge status of contaminated water, which has reportedly resulted in no groundwater pollution in the surrounding mine site. The input of these practices has also shown a decrease in freshwater usage for the mine from 1.36 cubic meters per metric tonne of metal in 2003 to only 0.66 cubic meters per metric tonne in 2006.
Recovery of metals.
Efforts have been made to also retrieve low grade zinc and lead found in tailings through bioleaching. Minimal results have been shown through this method. Although, HZL research teams have been attempting to retrieve zinc from these tailings through microwave irradiation. It was concluded that this method showed a greater than 90% extraction of zinc found in tailings. This is a much higher recovery of zinc compared to more traditional methods such as bioleaching and conventional heating. This also provides a viable economic retrieval method to be used for the Rampura Agucha mines tailings for zinc.


List of countries by copper exports

The following is a list of countries by refined copper exports. Data is for 2012 and 2018, in millions of United States dollars, as reported by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Currently the top ten countries are listed.


Congress, Arizona

Congress is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. Once a gold-mining center for the Congress Mine and then a ghost town, Congress now serves as a retirement and bedroom community for nearby Wickenburg. The population was 1,717 at the 2000 census.
History.
Gold was discovered at the Congress Mine in 1884. By 1893, the Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway passed within three miles of the mine, at Congress Junction. Congress boomed, and remained prosperous until the mid-1930s, when the mines closed. Total gold production at the Congress Mine exceeded $8 million, at the then-current price of $20.67 per ounce — or about $400 million, at the 2007 price.
The post office moved to Congress Junction in 1938, where it remains. The community now known as Congress is the old Congress Junction. Little remains at the original townsite.
Geography.
Congress is located at (34.146068, -112.846533).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (0.08%) is water.
Climate.
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Congress has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.
Demographics.
At the 2000 census, there were 1,717 people, 821 households and 579 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 45.6 per square mile (17.6/km2). There were 1,070 housing units at an average density of 28.4 per square mile (11.0/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.9% White, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. 8.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 821 households, of which 12.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.43.
13.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 13.3% from 25 to 44, 32.1% from 45 to 64, and 37.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 60 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.
The median household income was $27,868 and the median family income was $32,250. Males had a median income of $25,588 and females $19,000. The per capita income was $15,926. About 10.0% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.


Energy Resources of Australia

Energy Resources of Australia Ltd () is a public company based in Australia. It is a subsidiary of the Rio Tinto Group which owns 68.4% of the company. The remainder is publicly held and traded on the Australian Securities Exchange. The chairman is Peter McMahon and Chief Executive is Andrea Sutton.
Production and sales.
ERA is one of the largest uranium producers in the world, through the Ranger Uranium Mine in the Northern Territory. Ranger mine is located near Jabiru, 260 km from Darwin in the Northern Territory. ERA sells its product to electric utilities in Asia, Europe and North America through an arrangement with Rio Tinto Uranium, which provides expertise in global uranium sales and marketing activities. Australia exports of uranium oxide are subject to strict safeguards and non-proliferation conditions to ensure that Australian uranium is only used for peaceful purposes.
After more than 31 years of operations and the production of more than 110,000 tonnes of uranium oxide, open pit mining at Ranger mine ceased, with the closure of Pit 3 in November 2012.
Expansion.
In August 2011, ERA approved $120 million for construction of an exploration decline to conduct close spaced underground exploration drilling and to explore areas adjacent to the Ranger 3 Deeps resource. The Ranger 3 Deeps mineralised zone is estimated to contain over 34,761 tonnes of uranium oxide, and is recognised as a significant resource by world standards. ERA is undertaking a $57 million Prefeasibility Study into the potential development of a Ranger 3 Deeps underground mine. The Prefeasibility Study will determine the economic viability of the proposed Ranger 3 Deeps underground mine, optimise mining methods and confirm metallurgical performance and production rates. ERA is targeting late 2015 for commencement of production if the underground mine proves viable and all Board and regulatory approvals are obtained.
Land ownership.
Ranger mine is surrounded by, but separate from, Kakadu National Park, and the Mirarr Aboriginal people are the traditional owners of the land on which ERA operates. ERA also holds title to the nearby Jabiluka ore body 20 km further north, which is under a long term care and maintenance agreement and will not be developed without the agreement of the Mirarr traditional owners.
Environmental incidents.
There have been a range of environmental incidents at the Ranger Uranium Mine with over 200 incidents documented, including major incidents in 1995, 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2013.


Paringin coal mine

The Paringin Coal Mine is a coal mine located in South Kalimantan. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 300 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world. The mine has an annual production capacity of 1 million tonnes of coal.


Sumoqagan mine

The Sumoqagan mine is a large mine located in the northern China in Inner Mongolia. Sumoqagan represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in China having estimated reserves of 10.3 million tonnes of ore grading 53.9% fluorite.


Kent Coalfield

The Kent Coalfield was a coalfield in the eastern part of the English county of Kent. The Coalfields Trust defines the Kent Coalfield as the wards of Barnham Downs and Marshside in the Canterbury district, and the wards of Aylesham, Eastry, Eythorne & Shepherdswell, Middle Deal & Sholden, Mill Hill and North Deal in the Dover district.
Coal was discovered in the area in 1890 while borings for an early Channel Tunnel project were taking place; the resultant Shakespeare colliery lasted until 1915.
In 1911, investigation into whether there was other workable coal was planned. Six ‘bore holes’ were put down in search of coal (at Rushbourne, Hoads Wood in Sturry, Herne Bay, Reculver, Chitty (which is near Chislet) and Chislet Park near the future site of Hersden). In the early years many collieries were sunk but were short-lived and the East Kent Light Railway was built to exploit the anticipated business.
Extensive plans had been drawn up by 1914 for major coal exploitation in east Kent, and the coalfield expanded rapidly in the late 1920s and early 1930s, with its maximum output reached in 1936. The outbreak of war and disappointing test results resulted in four collieries surviving: Betteshanger, Chislet, Snowdown and Tilmanstone. Had coal been more easily accessible, the open, rural landscape of east Kent could have changed beyond recognition.
Geology.
Various geologists, including Robert Godwin-Austen, theorised that the geological conditions in East Kent were conducive to the existence of coal and therefore the potential for coal mining. Godwin-Austen put forward his views in 1857, and they were accepted by Sir Joseph Prestwich, who was a member of the Royal Coal Commission from 1866 to 1871.
The rock sequences found in the "concealed coalfields", all those of the counties of Kent, Berkshire and Oxfordshire have been formally renamed in recent years using terms established for the South Wales Coalfield. Much of the strata now assigned to the Warwickshire Group was formerly assigned to the Upper Coal Measures. The following seams are recognised. They are listed in stratigraphical order with the uppermost/youngest at the top and the lowermost/oldest at the bottom:
Test bores.
Test bores were made at the following places:-
Collieries.
Betteshanger.
Standing to the northwest of [[Deal, Kent|Deal]], this colliery was served by a branch off the [[Kent Coast Line|Minster to Dover]] line. The colliery opened in 1924, the first coal was raised in 1927. In 1945, the workforce was 2,033, with 1,594 being employed sub-surface and 439 above. Betteshanger was infamously the only pit to [[Strike action|strike]] during [[World War II]] (in 1941) which raised much public contempt despite justification. Betteshanger was the last pit to return to work after the [[UK miners' strike (1984–1985)|1984–85 Miners' Strike]] and it closed on 26 August 1989. A few of the buildings survive today.
Chislet.
Work began at [[Chislet]] in 1914, and the colliery produced its first coal in 1918. The fact that its owners, the Anglo-Westphalian Kent Coalfield Ltd., had [[Germany|German]] connections caused questions to be asked in Parliament. The company changed its name to the North Kent Coalfield Ltd., and later to Chislet Colliery Ltd. The colliery was served by the [[Ashford to Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) line|Ashford to Minster railway]], and a [[Chislet Colliery Halt railway station|halt]] was built to serve the miners. In 1945, the workforce was 1,350, with 1,023 being employed sub-surface and 327 above. In 1963-4 a 550V.dc railway was built into the south eastern area of the mine. It had formerly used battery locomotives. The colliery closed on 25 July 1969, the abandonment of [[Steam locomotive|steam traction]] by [[British Rail]] having taken away the market for its coal. Houses for the miners were built at [[Hersden]], which still has a social club named the Chislet Colliery Social Club.
Snowdown.
[[File:Capped mine shaft and winding engine house.jpg|thumb|right|Snowdown Colliery, August 1992]]
Snowdown was the deepest mine in Kent at 3083 feet. Work commenced in 1908, and coal was first brought to the surface on 19 November 1912. The first shaft sunk hit water at and 22 men were drowned. [[Snowdown]], reaching a depth of . The colliery was served by the [[Chatham Main Line|Faversham to Dover railway]], and a [[Halt (railway)|halt]] ([[Snowdown railway station|Snowdown and Nonington Halt]]) was provided. In 1945 the workforce was 1,876, with 1,523 being employed sub-surface and 353 above. The colliery closed in 1987 and the shafts were capped in 1988. A few ruinous buildings remain today.
Snowdown Colliery railway.
[[File:Snowdown Colliery locomotives.jpg|thumb|Two of the Snowdown "saint" locomotives in 1968.]]
The colliery had an extensive internal [[standard gauge]] rail network, connected to the mainline at [[Snowdown railway station|Snowdown and Nonington Halt]]. The line was operated by steam locomotives, the last of which survived in working condition after the demise of steam traction on the national mainline in 1968. The colliery railway was by then using a mixed fleet of steam and diesel locomotives, with the final steam withdrawals taking place in the late 1970s. The final three steam locomotives were named after [[saint]]s with nearby [[Canterbury]] connections. "St Thomas" (named for [[St Thomas of Canterbury]]), "St Dunstan" (named for [[Dunstan]], also a medieval [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]), and "St Martin" (named for St Martin, patron of England's oldest parish church, [[St Martin's Church, Canterbury]]). The colliery railway network was dismantled following the closure of the colliery in 1987. "St Thomas" and "St Dunstan" both survive into preservation. "St Martin", which had been badly damaged when its tanks were left full of water which froze on a winter night, was scrapped.
In the final days before closure the railway was worked by [[British Rail Class 08]] shunter engines.
Tilmanstone.
[[File:PO wagon, Tilmanstone.jpg|thumb|An open wagon in the livery of Tilmanstone Colliery]]
Work was commenced at [[Tilmanstone]] in 1911. An accident in 1913 killed three men and destroyed the pumping system, causing the mine to flood and work was abandoned for nine months. The site was connected to the East Kent Light Railway in 1915 and coal first brought to the surface in March 1916. An accident at the pit on 27 February 1931 resulted in [[Sydney William Padfield]] being awarded a bronze [[Edward Medal]], the only one awarded in the Kent Coalfield. An [[aerial ropeway]] was built in 1930 to link the pit with [[Dover Harbour]]. This included [[tunnel]]ling through the cliff at [[Dover]] to deliver the coal to a 5,000 ton bunker at the harbour. It wasn't used much after 1935, and was dismantled in 1954. In 1945, the workforce was 914, with 631 being employed sub-surface and 283 above. The colliery closed in 1988, having produced over 20,000,000 tons of coal. A system of tokens was used in the pithead baths and canteen and a lamp check was operated, in common with the majority of pits. All buildings have been demolished.
Failed sinkings.
Adisham.
A colliery was planned at [[Adisham]]. It was not commenced.
Cobham.
A mine at [[Cobham, Kent|Cobham]] produced a small quantity of brown [[lignite]], although some [[bituminous coal]] had been found. It had been mined open-cast, the coal being used by [[Earl of Darnley|Lord Darnley]] to heat [[Cobham Hall]]. Two drifts were dug into the hillside in 1947; at one point the mine was producing 80 tons per week. The mine closed in 1953 and the site cleared.
Guilford.
The first test shaft was sunk in 1906, hoping to find the coal seams discovered under [[Waldershare]] Park. The [[East Kent Light Railway]] connected to the pit in November 1912. No coal had been found by 1918, and the colliery closed in the 1920s owing to geological problems. Two buildings remain at the site.
Hammill (Woodnesborough).
[[File:Hammill Brickworks.jpg|thumb|Former colliery building at Hammill Brickworks]]This site was located to the south of [[Woodnesborough]]. Work here was abandoned in 1914 without coal being found. It was served by a half mile branch off the East Kent Light Railway. The site was subsequently used by the Hammill [[Brickworks]]. Some buildings survive.
Maydensole.
This colliery was to have been located near [[East Langdon]]. Some boreholes were drilled but work was abandoned without any shafts being sunk.
Shakespeare.
Shakespeare was located in [[West Hougham]] on the site of the original Channel Tunnel workings. Coal had been discovered at a depth of below Shakespeare Cliff on 15 February 1890. The first shaft was stated on 21 August 1891. A [[mining accident]] on 6 March 1897 killed eight men. The cause was a sudden inrush of water at a depth of . This problem was solved by lining the shaft with [[cast iron]] tubes as the shaft was sunk. By February 1905, just 12 tons of coal had been brought to the surface. Only 1,000 tons had been raised by 1912 and the colliery closed in December 1915 due to geological problems. [[Shakespeare Cliff Halt railway station|Shakespeare Cliff Halt]] opened in 1913 to serve the miners. The site was obliterated by workings in connection with building the Channel Tunnel in the 1980s.
Stonehall.
This colliery was near [[Lydden]]. It was abandoned in 1914 without coal being found. It lay derelict until 1919 when work recommenced, only to be abandoned and most of the buildings demolished in 1921. A couple of buildings remain.
Wingham.
Work at [[Wingham, Kent|Wingham]] was abandoned in 1914, without coal being found. Water had been hit, and there was no finance to buy pumps. The buildings were mothballed and sold in 1924, being used for a [[Mill (grinding)|milling]] business. The colliery was to be served by the East Kent Light Railway.
Associated development.
The village of [[Aylesham, Kent|Aylesham]] was built in the 1920s to provide accommodation to service the Kent coal mines. It was planned to provide for around 30,000 residents, but in reality only 1,000 houses had been built by the 1960s.
External links.
[[Category:History of Kent]]
[[Category:Mining in Kent]]
[[Category:Coal mining regions in England]]
[[Category:Geology of Kent]]


Tampakan mine

The Tampakan deposit is a large copper and gold orebody located in the south of the Philippines in Tampakan, South Cotabato. Tampakan represents one of the largest copper resources in the Philippines and in the world having an estimated resource of 2.94 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.6% copper. The deposit also has a resource of 18 million oz of gold.
The proposed copper and gold mine is being developed by Sagittarius Mines, Inc. (SMI) under a Financial and Technical Assistance Agreement (FTAA) with the Government of the Republic of the Philippines. SMI is a joint venture between global giant Glencore, Australia's Indophil Resources, and Filipino firm Tampakan Group of Companies. The company is currently seeking local and national government approval of the proposed mine, including securing the consent of the indigenous people affected by the Project, as required under the Philippine Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act 7942).
Once approved for operations, the Tampakan Copper-Gold Project will be the largest in the Philippines and among the largest copper mines in the world.
The local government of Tampakan has cancelled its agreement with Sagittarius Mines to develop the reserves into a mine in 2020 alleging that the terms of the deal is lopsided against residents and the community.


Rouchleau Mine

The Rouchleau Mine is an abandoned open-pit mine within the Mesabi Iron Range at Virginia, Minnesota, United States. The mine, located on the east side of the city, is roughly long and wide; its deepest point is below its surface, making it one of the deepest mines in the range. Named for Louis Rouchleau, who explored the area for its mining potential, the mine was initially created as a shaft mine. It was converted to a pit mine by the 1930s due to improvements in open-pit mining technology and increasingly unstable terrain which made shaft mining unsafe.
Ten companies have overseen mining operations at the Rouchleau Mine since it began operating in 1893. The majority owner has always been either present owner U.S. Steel or one of the firm's predecessors. The mine has produced 300 million gross tons of iron ore since it opened; it was last mined in 1977.
Since its closure, the mine became part of Mineview in the Sky, a local tourist attraction. Mineview in the Sky featured a viewing platform overlooking both the Rouchleau Mine and an active United Taconite mine; it also included a 240-ton mining truck, a production truck, a railroad car, and a visitor center. The attraction closed in 2015 due to United Taconite's planned expansion into the land it occupied. The mine expansion forced U.S. Route 53 to relocate; the Minnesota Department of Transportation built a bridge over the Rouchleau Mine to carry the highway. The new bridge opened in September 2017.


Macmahon Holdings

Macmahon Holdings Limited was founded by Brian Macmahon, an Adelaide civil engineer, in 1963. It is based in Perth, Western Australia, with offices in Queensland, Northern Territory, South Australia and Malaysia.
The company operates in the Mining and Construction sectors and is listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. It has an annual turnover of about A$850 million.
In June 2008, Macmahon made a hostile takeover bid for rival company Ausdrill Ltd.
In January 2013, MacMahon secured its largest ever contract from Fortescue Metals Group after it was awarded a $1.8 billion contract for the Christmas Creek mining operation's expansion. The five-year contract would deliver all aspects of mine operations, including drill and blast, overburden removal, ore harvesting, maintenance of equipment and associated services, for the expansion.
Macmahon Holdings also operates in the construction industry under the name Macmahon Contractors. It is unrelated to an Adelaide-based company named McMahon Services.


Wankie coal mine disaster

The Wankie coal mine disaster took place on 6 June 1972 when a series of underground explosions occurred at the Wankie No.2 colliery in Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe). With 427 fatalities, it remains the deadliest mine accident to date in the country's history.
The disaster took place at the Wankie No.2 colliery in Wankie, (now known as Hwange) in the Rhodesian province of Matabeleland North, when several gas explosions ripped through the mine. It was initially believed that 468 miners were trapped, but the number was lowered after the owners found a number of people had not shown up for work.
Eight men were pulled alive from the mine after the initial explosions. Two new explosions on 7 June poured clouds of poisonous gas into the 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) of tunnels, making further rescue attempts impossible.
On 9 June, the general manager of the Wankie colliery, Gordon Livingstone-Blevins, decided to leave the 424 bodies where they were. Three bodies had been recovered after the initial explosions. A mass memorial service took place on 11 June at a nearby football stadium, where a crowd of about 5,000 people paid tribute. "This has cast a gloom over the whole country," Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian Smith said during the service.
In response to the disaster, the President of Rhodesia Clifford Dupont set up the Wankie Disaster Relief Fund


Bersham

Bersham () is a small Welsh village in the suburbs of the county borough of Wrexham that lies next to the River Clywedog, and in the community of Esclusham. Wrexham owes a large amount of its original industrial heritage to Bersham, but despite this the village still retains a rural feeling.
Historical significance.
The village holds special importance for economic historians, for not only did it house the workshops of the skilled Davies brothers, it was one of the cradles of the Industrial Revolution. This is the place where British iron making began in 1670, where smelting iron ore with coke began in 1721, and where John Wilkinson, the 'Iron Mad' pioneer of the Industrial Revolution, set up shop in 1761. For many years the area was one of the most important iron manufacturing centres in the world. The Bersham Ironworks Museum tells the story of the man who bored cannon for the American War of Independence and cylinders for James Watt's revolutionary steam engine that changed the face of the world.
Bersham Colliery, the last working coal mine in the former Denbighshire Coalfield, was not actually in the village of Bersham but situated nearby in the village of Rhostyllen, it closed in 1986. The collapse of a shaft from the colliery in the 1970s seriously affected the structural security of the nearby Erddig House allowing compensation of £120,000 to be claimed by the National Trust against the National Coal Board.
Plas Power Woods.
Plas Power Woods comprise 33.7ha of woodland running along the River Clywedog between Coedpoeth and Bersham, and stretches to the Nant Mill Wood situated upstream to the east on the Clywedog Trail. The vast majority of the woodland is ancient woodland although some parts were replanted with conifers and, locally, with beech and/or sycamore as late as the 1960s. The Woodland Trust is gradually restoring the native broadleaf woodland character of the plantation areas.
Several features of historical importance are present; a section of Offa's Dyke runs across the Clywedog Valley through Plas Power Woods. Several Listed structures are also present including Plas Power Park wall, an ornate cast iron Victorian era bridge and railings and the Western Weir, Nant Bridge, Bersham Lodge and Caeau Wier.
Bersham Church and the FitzHugh family.
St Mary's in Plas Power is a 19th-century parish church in the heart of the village. The church was founded and built by Thomas Lloyd FitzHugh in 1875. His wife Emily Mary from Charlecote in Warwickshire took a great interest in the building and is the reason why the architect and organ builder were both from that county. It was originally built without a bell tower; however, one was added some years later. When Captain Godfrey FitzHugh was killed on active service in Palestine in 1917 his widow Ethel had the bells installed in his memory. They consist of a carillon of eight bells operated by hand and are still in use today.


Ankililoaka mine

The Ankililoaka mine is one of the largest titanium mines in Madagascar. The mine is located in Melaky. The mine has reserves amounting to 368 million tonnes of ore grading 6% titanium.


Helmsdale

Helmsdale (, ) is a village on the east coast of Sutherland, in the Highland council area of Scotland. The modern village was planned in 1814 to resettle communities that had been removed from the surrounding straths as part of the Highland Clearances.
Toponymy.
The River Helmsdale (Gaelic "Ilidh") was noted by Ptolemy as "Ila", which remains an obscure name. The Gaelic name for the village, "Bun Ilidh", means "Ilie-foot". Norse settlers called the strath "Hjalmundal", meaning "Dale of the Helmet", from which the modern village name "Helmsdale" is derived.
History.
Helmsdale Castle, the remains of which were demolished in the 1970s in order to build the new A9 road bridge, was the location of the murder of the 11th Earl of Sutherland in 1567. The Earl and his Countess Marie Seton were poisoned by Isobel Sinclair.
The previous bridge, which still stands, was designed by Thomas Telford and completed in 1811.
The last force-fire in Helmsdale was in about 1818.
Gold rush.
Two tributaries of the river were the scene of a gold rush in 1869. The history of Kildonan's gold started in 1818, when a single nugget of gold was found near the Suisgill and Kildonan burns.
Late in 1868, a brief announcement in a local newspaper stated that gold had been discovered at Kildonan in the county of Sutherland. The credit for the discovery goes to Robert Nelson Gilchrist, a native of Kildonan, who had spent 17 years in the goldfields of Australia. On his return home, the Duke of Sutherland gave him permission to pan the gravels of the Helmsdale River, and he prospected all the burns and tributaries.
World War II and after.
During World War II, the Royal Air Force built Loth Chain Home radar station at Crakaig, a few miles south-west of Helmsdale. There was also an RAF Chain Home Low radar station at Navidale, about a mile north-east of Helmsdale. During the Cold War there was a Composite Signals Organisation (CSO) radio monitoring station in Helmsdale itself. The CSO is associated with GCHQ.
Recent developments.
On 3 August 2008, the Highlands and Islands Council announced plans to modernise and catalyse industry in Helmsdale and its surrounding areas. This included a £3.5 million revamp of the harbour and the development of two battery processing factories. Work on the harbour was set to begin in spring 2009, while the battery plants were expected to open before May 2009. It was hoped up to 50 new jobs would be created.
Location and transport.
West Helmsdale lies across the river from the main village above the railway station; Old Helmsdale is immediately to the north while East Helmsdale is a settlement less than a mile to the east.
The village is on the A9 road, at a junction with the A897 to Melvich, and has a railway station on the Far North Line. Buses operate about every two hours from Monday to Saturday and infrequently on Sundays from Helmsdale to Brora, Golspie, Dornoch, Tain and Inverness in the south and Berriedale, Dunbeath, Halkirk, Thurso and Scrabster in the north. These are on routes X98 and X99 and are operated by Stagecoach in the Highlands, but tickets can be bought on the Citylink website.
Tourism, culture and sport.
Facilities in Helmsdale include an independent youth hostel, a heritage centre, an art gallery, and an inn.
Helmsdale hosts a Highland Games which are held on the third Saturday in August each year. For the evening Marquee Dance the village population of 700 doubles thanks to visitors attending the dance.
Helmsdale is home to Bunillidh Thistle F.C. and Helmsdale United.
Economy.
Helmsdale is a fishing port at the estuary of the River Helmsdale. It was once the home of one of the largest herring fleets in Europe.


William Brown (miner)

William Brown (1824 or 1825 – 21 September 1900) was a British coal miner who became a prominent trade unionist.
Born in Rothwell, West Yorkshire, Brown worked as a coalminer from the age of ten. He settled in Hunslet, near Leeds, working at Waterloo Colliery near Thorpe Stapleton. In March 1858 when the West Yorkshire coal owners implemented a 15% wage cut, the miners at Waterloo came out on strike and were supported by a levy raised from men at nearby pits. In September, the owners closed all the collieries throughout the West Yorkshire coalfield and introduced a lockout. Brown was one of the platform speakers at a large rally of miners on Woodhouse Moor, Leeds, called to protest the lockout. A few years later, Brown was sacked for his activity on behalf of the West Yorkshire Miners' Association (WYMA). Unable to find work in the mines, he became a greengrocer, and also earned money as a singer at a Methodist New Connexion chapel. In 1863, following wage cuts, the WYMA was re-established, and employed Brown as its secretary and agent. While in this role, he was probably responsible for compiling and publishing the "Miners' Hymn Book". When he held union meetings, they were opened and closed with songs from the book.
Brown was also active in the Miners' National Association (MNA), and in 1866 it sent him as the full-time organiser for the Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire Miners' Association. In 1867, members of the union at several mines objected to having their hours increased, and went on an unofficial strike. Although Brown initially discouraged this, he made the strike official as it spread to other pits. However, the union was unable to fund strike pay for so many miners, and eventually the strike collapsed, taking with it much of the union's membership.
In 1869, Brown was appointed by the MNA as the agent for the new North Staffordshire Miners' Federation. There, he was able to rapidly increase membership, which was more than 12,000 by 1871. Under his leadership, the union affiliated to the Amalgamated Association of Miners (AAM). Drawing on his experiences from previous posts, he always advocated arbitration in disputes rather than strikes, but when a strike occurred, he supported it. Brown was an accomplished public speaker and addressed many large gatherings in his role as a miners agent. By 1874, coal prices had fallen, and Brown received criticism for not taking a cut in his own wages. Some lodges left the federation, but Brown kept the majority of the union together, reorienting it back towards the MNA and strongly criticising the now-disintegrating AAM.
In 1875, Brown was elected to the General Council of the Trades Union Congress, but following protests that he belonged to the same trade as another member, he withdrew before the council was constituted.


Tuba, Benguet

', officially the ', (; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
Tuba is known as the "Gateway to Baguio", as the Asin–Nangalisan–San Pascual Road, Ben Palispis Highway or Marcos Highway, Kennon Road and Naguilian Road, four access highways of the adjacent city of Baguio, traverse the municipality.
History.
Tuba was originally a "barrio" of the township of Baguio in the early 1900s under the American Occupation of the Philippines.
It was separated from Baguio upon the latter's conversion into a chartered city on September 1, 1909, and became part of the township of Twin Peaks in Benguet.
Twin Peaks was abolished as a township on December 11, 1911 with the issuance of "Executive Order No. 77" by American Governor General William Cameron Forbes, creating the township of Tuba.
On June 25, 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal issued "Executive Order No. 42" and by operation of Section 2 of "Republic Act No. 1515", the municipal District of Tuba was converted into a regular municipality.
Geography.
Tuba is at the south-western tip of both Benguet and the Central Cordillera Mountain Range. South of the municipality lies the province of Pangasinan and to the west lies the Ilocos rolling hills of the province of La Union. It is bordered on the north by Sablan and La Trinidad; east by Baguio and Itogon; and south by Sison and San Manuel.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the has a land area of constituting of the total area of Benguet.
The municipality's urban area comprises the barangays of Poblacion and Camp 3, having a composite land area of , or 19.31% of the total land area.
Topography.
Tuba's topography is generally characterized by irregular rugged terrain and steep slopes with several mountain peaks rising from the table land itself. Mount Santo Tomas, the highest peak in the municipality soars to above sea level.
Four major rivers/streams and 49 tributary/minor rivers and creeks intersect the landform and serve as the drains of the municipality.
Barangays.
Tuba is politically subdivided into 13 barangays.
Climate.
Tuba has 2 pronounced seasons - wet and dry. The dry season starts in November and lasts until April while the wet season lasts from May to October.
Demographics.
In the , had a population of . The population density was .
Economy.
Mining is a major contributor to the economy of Tuba. The town's mining industry began upon the discovery of gold in the province of Benguet during the early 1930s. Since 1958, Philex Mining Corporation, the largest gold and copper producer in the Philippines, has been operating the first underground block cave mine in the Far East at Padcal in Barangay Camp 3.
A few abandoned mining sites such as those of Benguet Exploration Mine and Black Mountain, Inc. have been left unattended for years, which pose a threat to the local population and the environment.
The presence of waterfalls, hot springs and natural caves in the municipality boosts tourism.
Mount Cabuyao and Mount Santo Tomas, the highest mountain in the town, are frequently visited by mountaineers.
Transportation.
The four major highways that connect the lowlands to Baguio City pass through the municipality.
Education.
Public schools.
As of 2014, Tuba has 32 public elementary schools and 6 public secondary schools.


Louis Doremus Huntoon

Louis Doremus Huntoon, E.M., M.A. (1869–1937) was an American mining engineer, born at Paterson, New Jersey, and educated at the New York College of Pharmacy and the School of Mines of Columbia University (1895). He was employed as a chemist and assayer in Colorado in 1895-96 and mining and metallurgical engineer in New York in 1896-1903, and he remained in New York afterwards. He became consulting engineer in New York City after 1911.


Tranent

Tranent is a town in East Lothian (formerly Haddingtonshire), in the south-east of Scotland. It lies beside the A1 road,the A1 runs through the parish splitting the parish from its associated villages and hamlets namely Meadowmill and the port of the parish Cockenzie.The original main post road ran straight through the town until the new A1 was built. east of Edinburgh. It is one of the oldest towns in East Lothian, and built on a gentle slope, about above sea level. The population of the town is approximately 12,140, an increase of over 4,000 since 2001, making it the second most populated town in East Lothian after Musselburgh. Tranent was formerly a major mining town, but now serves as a commuter town for Edinburgh.
History.
The name is thought to be of Brythonic origin, possibly containing the elements "Tre" and "Nant", meaning town over the stream Travernant.
Tranent was once an important mining town, and coal was first worked there in the thirteenth century by the monks of Newbattle Abbey who mined a nearby 2.5m / 7  ft thick coal deposit called the "Great Seam". The town possesses the oldest coal-mining charter (1202–1218) in Great Britain, and the history of coal mining in Scotland is mirrored in the history of the coal heughs, mines and pits of Tranent. Tranent is now a commuter town supporting the south-east of Scotland and, more specifically, Edinburgh.
The Massacre of Tranent took place in 1797, when local people were killed by soldiers after a protest against conscription into the county militia under the Militia Act of 1797. One of the 12 victims, Jackie Crookston, is depicted on the memorial that commemorates the dead in Tranent's Civic Square.
In connection with the annual commemoration of the Battle of Prestonpans (originally called the Battle of Gladsmuir, and then renamed the Battle of Tranent, before many decades later being renamed the Battle of Prestonpans) there are plans to recreate a small portion of the Tranent to Cockenzie Waggonway which dates back to 1722.
There is a long history of settlement in Tranent, perhaps dating back to prehistory. There are several historic buildings in and around the town, including the ruins of the old parish church, parts of which date from the 11th century and which was demolished in 1797, while a few miles south-west of the town stands Fa'side Castle, sometimes known as Falside or Fawside, a fourteenth-century L-shaped tower house.
Isabella Begg nee Burns, the youngest sister of Robert Burns, moved to Tranent from Ormiston with her family after her son William resigned his post as the schoolmaster. She supported her family with the help of her daughters Agnes and Isabella, working as dressmakers. In 1843 she moved to Bridge House in Alloway, South Ayrshire.
Industry.
Coal was first mined in Tranent Parish when Robert de Quincy granted rights in the early-thirteenth century to the monks of Newbattle to mine at Prestoungrange, which was then part of that parish. Soon many wealthy families in the parish joined the rush to mine coal. Heughs (surface mines), were being cut throughout the area. Longniddry, St. Germains, Fa'side, Ormiston (much later town) and Elphinstone, all parts of old Tranent, had their collieries and for the next 750 years, the industry prospered. Other industries grew to employ increasing populations: distilleries, breweries, tanneries and metal implement works. Quarries opened providing stone for homes. Farming was modernised and mills opened to provide food. The nineteenth-century saw a slowdown in industrial growth and, gradually, industry centralised and moved to larger centres. The coal industry had peaked and the twentieth century brought about a slow, but terminal decline. The last large deep mine closed in 1961, then in 2000, the opencast mine at Blindwells closed.
Literature.
William Dunbar's poem the "Lament for the Makaris" includes the name "Clerk of Tranent" as a poet, probably of the fifteenth century, citing him as an author of the "Anteris" "of Gawain". Some examples of such works exist but he has not been traced.
Tranent is the birthplace of Lizzie in Lucy Booth's novel 'The Life of Death', a chilling love story in which Lizzie/Death enters a pact with the devil to regain her life, live and love.
Tranent's Gala.
Since 1934 Tranent has held a Gala Week which is arranged by local volunteers who are part of the Gala Committee. Events during the gala week include the crowning of the Queen who is accompanied by 29 other children from the town, the celebrations on the fields at Ross High School and the grand parade which is made up of local groups and people and which goes through the town. Tranent Gala is funded by donations and fundraising.
The Gala was first formed in 1934 by the miners of Tranent who aimed to form a special event for people in the town.
Local amenities.
Supermarkets.
The town has two supermarkets. On the east of the town's High Street, there is an Asda supermarket which opened in August 2015. There is also an Aldi supermarket on the far east side of the town which opened in October 2015. The store is the second largest Store that Aldi operates in Scotland and the largest in the county of East Lothian. The town also has a Farmfoods store.
Convenience stores.
There are many small convenience stores in Tranent. On the town's High Street, convenience stores include Thomsons Convenience Store and an Edinburgh Evening News store. On the south side of the town, in the Windygoul area, there is a Co-operative food store and in the west of the town, there is a Day-Today store.
Sport & leisure.
The town has many football pitches, astroturf and rugby pitches. The town is also home to four children's play-parks. There are also three bookmakers – Ladbrokes, Betfred and William Hill. The town's leisure centre "The Loch Centre" has a swimming pool, children's soft play area, fitness gym and sports halls. There is also a major youth club in the town: "Recharge" supports teens and young adults from the area. A cinema and community centre is also located in the town centre: the "Fraser Centre" was formed in 2011 and "aims to provide a Learning, Development, Arts and Entertainment Centre at the heart of the Community of Tranent".
Food & drink.
Tranent is home to many take-away food establishments such as Mr Crolla's, Joe's & Marmaris Grills (all fish and chip shops), Altaf Khan & The Hill Station (both Indian takeaways) and The Tranent Villa, Canton Express & Gourmet Palace. Potter's sandwich shop, Snak Shack and Baguette Express are also located within the town.
Restaurants in the town include Giancarlo's (an Italian restaurant) and a small café-style restaurant called The Coffee Lounge. A dessert shop called Sweet Haven is also located in Tranent, which sells ice cream, sweet desserts and "pick and mix" candies.
The town is also home to A S Gardener & Son Butcher, Janet's Green Grocers, The Bakers bakery and a Greggs branch.
The Brigg Inn, a local pub, also sells food at the Brigg Bar & Grill.
Banking & finance.
The town has an RBS branch.
Location Travel Agency is the town's only travel agent and is located at 136 High Street.
Alex Lafferty Ltd is a lawyers firm also located in the town. The town is also home to three estate agents, Mckinnon and Forbes, Allan McDougall and GSB. All of these are located on the High Street
Local businesses
Local businesses within the town include Bisset & Steedman which sells electronics, Veerman's Hardware & Pet Supplies, Gardners the Butcher, Location Travel Agency, Ferguson's Pet supplies, City Savers, A1 Sheds, Sweet Haven, Hoi Barbers and The East Lothian Camera Shop.
Bars.
Bars in the town include The Tower Inn, The Keepers Arms, The Brigg Inn and Whispers Bar.
Healthcare.
Tranent falls within the NHS Lothian Health Board is home to two pharmacies: a Well Pharmacy and a Lloyds Pharmacy These pharmacies serve the local GP practice which is the responsibility of NHS Lothian. The nearest hospitals include The Roodlands General Hospital in Haddington which is a community hospital offering general medical and geriatric rehabilitation services to patients in East Lothian. It also provides older people's services, including continuing care for the elderly and the nearest Accident and Emergency hospital is the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.
Transport.
Roads.
The A1 road also runs by the town with a junction at the north of the town.
The A199 road runs through the town westbound to Edinburgh, and eastbound to Macmerry.
Public transport.
Transport For Edinburgh.
Most bus services in the town are operated by Transport For Edinburgh, these operations include Lothian Buses and East Coast Buses which provide services:
26 Clerwood - Edinburgh Zoo - Haymarket - Princes Street - Portobello - Eastfield - Musselburgh - Prestonpans - Tranent
104 West End - Princes Street - Abbeyhill - Meadowbank - Duddingston South - The Jewel - Wallyford - Tranent - Macmerry - Haddington
113 West Granton - Western General - Princes Street - Meadowbank - Eastfield - Musselburgh - Wallyford- Tranent - Ormiston - Pencaitland
106 Fort Kinnaird - Musselburgh - Wallyford - Tranent - Macmerry - Gladsmuir - Haddington - East Linton - West Barns - Belhaven - Dunbar
N44 Balerno - Currie - Slateford - Haymarket - Princes Street - Meadowbank - Willowbrae - Eastfield - Musselburgh - Wallyford - Tranent
N106 Frederick Street - Leith Street - Meadowbank - Willowbrae - Musselburgh - Tranent - Macmerry - Haddington - East Linton - Dunbar
Prentice of Haddington.
The town is also served by Prentice, a bus & coach company based in Haddington, East Lothian
108 Fort Kinnaird - Newcraighall - Musselburgh - Levenhall - Wallyford Station - Tranent - Macmerry - Gladsmuir - Haddington
110 Elphinstone - Tranent - Meadowmill Sports Centre - Prestonspans - Port Seton
122 Haddington - Pencaitland - Ormiston - New Winton - Elphinstone - Tranent - Meadowmill Sports Centre - Prestonpans
Education & learning.
Schools.
The town is home to three primary schools and one secondary school. The primary schools are; (largest to smallest) Windygoul Primary School, Sanderson's Wynd Primary School and St Martins Primary School. The secondary school Ross High School, Tranent established in 1954 accommodates over 1023 pupils from Tranent and villages around the area; these are Macmerry, Ormiston, Humbie, Elphinstone, Pencaitland, and Saltoun. The headteacher of Ross High School is Paul Reynolds.
Learning.
In October 2012 a new council building was opened under the name of The George Johnstone Centre which is named in honour of the miner who saved the lives of more than 50 men at Fleets Pit, Tranent when the mine flooded in 1929. The men took five hours to find an alternative way out, but all were rescued and survived thanks to the early warning given by George Johnstone. The building accommodates a range of services including a large library with a computer area, and council offices allowing residents to access housing and tenancy advice, report a housing repair, report minor crime to Police Scotland and make Council Tax and rent payments and general enquiries. The building is run by East Lothian Council.
Sport.
Football.
The local football team is Tranent Juniors who won the Scottish Junior Cup in 1934–35, being the runners up two seasons before. The Juniors play their football at Foresters Park in the centre of the town.
Rugby.
The Ross High Rugby Football Club currently plays in the RBS East Regional League Division 1 and play their home games at Blawearie Road, adjacent to the Ross High School.
Cricket.
The local club is Tranent Cricket Club which was established in 2010. The club currently plays in the East of Scotland Cricket Association Divisions 3, 6 and 7. The club has three Saturday league sides, two midweek social sides and a junior section, Tranent Titans. Tranent CC are the current holders of the East Lothian twenty20 Cup and the East of Scotland Plate.
Media.
Tranent is the home of Radio Saltire, Scotland's Online Community Radio Station. Its studios are on Civic Square.
Places of Worship.
Throughout the history of Tranent, there have been several places of Worship. Currently, there is:
Tranent Parish Church (Church of Scotland) - The present church at Tranent was built by John Simpson and opened in 1800, as what is believed to be at least the third church in the town. Local legend has it that a chapel dedicated to St. Martin of Tours and was associated with Lindisfarne in the 8th century. The first known mention of a church at Tranent came in 1145 when it was established by the archdeacon, Thor, son of a local landowner. The church was granted by Richard, Archbishop of St Andrews and later confirmed by Saer de Quincy, the local baron. Tranent parish came under the jurisdiction of the canons of Holyrood Abbey and the building was described as being of a higher standard than the normal country church. Although a settlement grew around the church by 1251, it remained in the hands of Holyrood. There are also canonical records of a chapel, dedicated to St. Peter, situated on a ridge overlooking a coal-bearing ravine at Travernant.
The church was badly damaged in 1544 and 1547, each time by the forces of the Earl of Hertford during the Rough Wooing. Tranent Parish Church joined the Scottish Reformation when Thomas Cranstoun, the first minister took over from the evicted canons and the last Roman Catholic priest, Thomas Moffat; the church of St. Peter was now a reformed Protestant church. The church remained a ruinous condition, after Somerset's attack, into the 17th century and, though it was refurbished, it is not known when. The church was said to have been restored, extended and improved throughout, but in 1799 the decision was made to build a new church which was opened in 1800, a church which still stands high above the ravine overlooking the Firth of Forth. At a total cost of over 10,000 pounds, the church was extensively refurbished and refurnished in 1954. The congregation had to meet in the town hall during the work, but the church they returned to is much the same as it is today. The church is a category B listed building.
Meets at 11 am every Sunday unless intimated at the church located on Church Street.
St Martins of Tours (Roman Catholic) - This is the third church building on the site in one hundred years and was built in 1969, to designs by the prolific church architect Charles W Gray, in an octagonal shape using a Scandinavian compressed timber girder design. Contains two rough stained glass windows and an early 20th-century Italian crucifix above the altar. Irish limestone statue of classical design of St Martin as a Roman soldier and an original icon of St Martin in Orthodox style. Sunday Mass 9.30 am; Monday Eucharistic Service, 9.00 am; Tuesday Mass, 7.30 pm; Wednesday Eucharistic Service, 10.00 am; Thursday Mass, 10.00 am; Thursday Mass, 10.00 am; Friday Eucharistic service, 10.00 am
Tranent and Cockenzie Methodist Church - Sunday service is at 11.00 am - In 2014, Cockenzie became a class of Tranent Methodist Church. In 2015, Tranent with Cockenzie began to meet and worship together at 28 Edinburgh Road, Prestonpans.
The Salvation Army - 10.30am, Sunday Worship. 25 Winton Place, Tranent.
Rivers of Fire Ministry - Formally the Fraser centre. Currently, meet and worship with the Salvation Army and are in the process of building a new centre.
Several independent congregations meet in and around Tranent.


Griffith Griffith (Penryn)

Griffith Griffith (1823 – 1889) was the founder of Penryn, California, and the proprietor of the Penryn granite quarries.
Biography.
Griffith Griffith was born December 8, 1823, at Ty Gwyn, Llanllyfni, Carnarvonshire, North Wales, the son of David and Mary (Roberts) Griffith. David Griffith was a superintendent of a large slate quarry. He died young leaving seven children. Griffith, being 14 years old, performed hard, back-breaking labor on the farm for the next five years to help his mother who was burdened by heavy taxes and high rents. At the age of 19, he went to work at the slate quarry in Penrhyn where his father had worked, and soon became a foreman over 30 men. In June 1847, Mr. Griffith immigrated to the United States. His first jobs were with quarry companies in Massachusetts and Connecticut. After hearing about the great quantities of gold in California, Griffith decided to try his luck as a miner. Upon landing in San Francisco on April 14, 1853, he went straightaway to Coloma where gold was first discovered. Later he went to Mormon Island and Negro Hill hoping for better luck. Along the banks of the South Fork of the American River, the experienced quarryman viewed the immense boulders and bedrock granite as showing promise of a vocation more suitable to his talents and more profitable than that of a gold miner. His experience with granite impressed businessmen, and soon Griffith obtained contracts for his own business. He thus became the pioneer of granite for building purposes in California.
California Granite Company.
In 1853, Griffith established his first quarry at Big Gulch, which was near Mormon Island and Folsom. The granite there was used for all buildings of importance in the State, such as the Adams & Co.’s Express, Sacramento, and fortifications at Fort Alcatraz and Fort Point in San Francisco. The granite was shipped by rail from Folsom to Sacramento over the recently completed Sacramento Valley Railroad, California's first railroad.
Wildwood Quarry.
With the extension of the Sacramento Valley Railroad, which was the Sacramento, Placer, and Nevada Railroad, Griffith moved his operations to Wildwood Station, seven miles north from Folsom in what is now Granite Bay, California. It was opened on July 16, 1862, the first quarry in Placer County. Demand for the cut granite in the San Francisco Bay Area and elsewhere was steadily increasing and these early railroads made delivery of massive granite tonnage relatively easy. From Wildwood Station, granite from Griffith's quarry would be loaded onto train cars and taken to Folsom, where it would be transferred to the train cars of the Sacramento Valley Railroad. The train would then travel 22½ miles to Sacramento, and there the granite would be transferred onto barges or boats for the final leg of the journey to the San Francisco Bay Area. This was quite a laborious process, but a profitable one for Mr. Griffith who kept busy between 1862 and 1864 supplying rough granite.
The railroad was largely responsible for the success of the Wildwood Quarry, but with the passage of the Pacific Railroad Act in June 1862 and the subsequent construction of the Central Pacific Railroad across the Sierra and eastward, much of the usefulness of the Sacramento, Placer, and Nevada Railroad was over. It continued business sporadically until June 1864 when the Central Pacific Railroad was finally completed up to Newcastle. Abruptly, the rails were taken up and the bankrupt Sacramento Valley and Sacramento, Placer, and Nevada railroads were no more. To continue in the quarry business, Griffith would have to find another granite site closer to the Central Pacific Railroad.
Penryn Granite Works.
Griffith was most fortunate to find a new granite outcropping north of Rocklin and south of Newcastle. He named his site Penryn after the Penrhyn Quarry in Wales. Small houses, a stone office, and a barn were erected. A rail linking the quarry to the Central Pacific Railroad a mile and a half away enabled loaded cars from the quarry to be sent down to the station by gravity. Then, teams of oxen hauled up the empty flat cars. This crucial rail extension, along with the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, opened the entire United States for Griffith Griffith's granite business.
Penryn Granite.
The Penryn granite was so pure because the location was nearly in the center of the granite belt, making the stone a “superior” quality—meaning it was entirely free of iron. Without iron, granite never changes color from atmospheric effects, or even when polished, does not corrode its perfect surface. It was beautifully mottled in white and black in equal proportions, with larger spots than that of granite from quarries nearer to the edges of the granite zone. At the quarry, there were other types of granite. “One of these was a beautiful black granite. When polished, the granite served as beautiful columns and ornaments which can be seen in most of the important business buildings and private mansions in California.” Samples of the several kinds of granite were sent to the Centennial Exposition, and were pronounced to be “the best in the world” with reference to being free from iron, and thus, assured not to stain or abrade. This fact was brought to the attention of the officials of the Interior Department, Washington, D.C., whose duty it was to report upon the building materials of the United States. They wrote to Griffith requesting samples, and he responded. By 1870, the Penryn Quarry was known throughout Northern California for its high quality of granite. It became one of the most successful manufacturing businesses in the county due to Griffith’s ability to secure many lucrative supply contracts.
Polishing Mill.
In 1874, Penryn Granite Works erected a polishing mill, the first and only one of its kind in the State. A 440-horsepower steam engine, weighing ten tons, gave the energy for polishing stones. The polishing mill enabled circular columns and pillars to be manufactured to adorn the foreground of buildings and mansions. Polished urns could also be produced.
Business continued to boom as the new year and a new decade neared. “There were 125 men employed at Griffith’s quarry in 1879, and Mr. Griffith had just contracted to furnish granite for the James Flood mansion at San Francisco.”
The End of Penryn Granite Works.
Griffith Griffith died in 1889; his nephew, David Griffith, took over the business. However, David was more interested in the booming fruit orchard business and shipping industry than he was in pursuing granite contracts. In addition, other materials such as concrete became more favorable to use. Eventually, he was doing nothing more than producing headstones for graves while mostly managing his fruit-growing ranches in the area. When David died in 1918, the Penryn Granite Works died with him. David's only child, Enid Griffith, died in 1976 and left the Penryn Granite Works office building and the adjacent quarry land to Placer County for use as a museum and park. The original stone office building is still standing and serves as the quarry museum. Enid Griffith, Penryn's First Lady, is buried in the family plot in Auburn, California, along with her great uncle, Griffith Griffith, founder of Penryn and the famed Penryn Granite Works.


Arthur Scargill

Arthur Scargill (born 11 January 1938) is a British trade unionist who was President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) from 1982 to 2002. He is best known for leading the 1984–85 miners' strike, a major event in the history of the British labour movement
Joining the NUM at the age of nineteen in 1957, Scargill became one of its leading activists in the late 1960s. He led an unofficial strike in 1969, and played a key organising role during the strikes of 1972 and 1974, the latter of which helped in the downfall of Edward Heath's Conservative government.
A decade later, Scargill led the NUM through the 1984–85 miners' strike. It turned into a fierce confrontation with the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher in which the miners' union was defeated. A former Labour Party member, he is now the party leader of the Socialist Labour Party (SLP), which he founded in 1996. Scargill rarely appears in public and has been described as a recluse.
Early life.
Scargill was born in Worsbrough Dale near Barnsley, West Riding of Yorkshire. His father, Harold, was a miner and a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. His mother, Alice (née Pickering), was a professional cook. He did not take the Eleven-Plus exam and went to Worsbrough Dale School (now called the Elmhirst School). He left school in 1953 at fifteen years old to work as a coal miner at Woolley Colliery where he worked for nineteen years.
Early political and trade union activities.
Scargill recalled how after becoming a miner, the poor working conditions and "people who should never have been working, having to work to live ... on that first day I promised myself I would try one day to get things changed". He joined the Young Communist League in 1955, becoming its Yorkshire District Chair in 1956 and shortly after a member of its National Executive Committee. In 1957 he was elected NUM Yorkshire Area Youth Delegate, and attended the 6th World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow as a representative of the Yorkshire miners. In 1958, he attended the World Federation of Trade Unions youth congress in Prague. In a 1975 interview with "New Left Review" Scargill said:
In 1961, he was elected a member of the Woolley NUM Branch Committee. Scargill joined the Labour Party in 1962. He regularly attended Workers' Educational Association (WEA) classes and Co-operative Party educational programmes, and in 1962, undertook a three-year, part-time course at the University of Leeds, where he studied economics, industrial relations and social history. In 1965 he was elected Branch Delegate from Woolley to the Yorkshire NUM Area Council, and in 1969 was elected a member of the Yorkshire NUM Area Executive Committee. Although he never worked at Barrow Colliery in his home village, he was involved in the politics of the branch, where the membership was much more left-wing than in the conservative Woolley Colliery. In 1970, he was elected a member of the regional committee of the Co-operative Retail Services in Barnsley and a delegate to its national conference. He also represented the Barnsley Co-op at Cooperative congresses.
Scargill opposed civilian nuclear power and, during the first Wilson ministry, became highly critical of the government's energy policy. After a Labour Party conference speech on energy policy by Richard Marsh in July 1967, Scargill said:
I can honestly say that I never heard flannel like we got from the Minister... he said that we have nuclear power stations with us, whether we like it or not. I suggest to this Conference that we have coal mines with us... but they did something about this problem: they closed them down. This was a complete reversal of the policy... that was promised by the Labour Government before it was put into office... this represents a betrayal of the mining industry.
Scargill became involved in the Yorkshire Left, a group of left-wing activists involved in the Yorkshire region of the NUM, its largest region. He played an important role in the miners' strike of 1972 and was involved in the mass picket at Saltley Gate in Birmingham.
National Union of Mineworkers.
Scargill was a leader of the unofficial strike in 1969, which began in Yorkshire and spread across the country. He had challenged Sam Bullough, the President of the Yorkshire area NUM, to act on the working hours of surface workers, given that the union's conference had passed a resolution that their hours be shortened the previous year. When Bullough (unwell at the time) attempted to rule Scargill as "out of order", he was voted out by the area's delegates and a strike was declared across Yorkshire on the issue. Scargill saw this strike as a turning point in the union's attitude to militancy.
His major innovation was organising "flying pickets" involving hundreds or thousands of committed strikers who could be bussed to critical strike points to shut down a target. He gained fame for using the tactic to win the Battle of Saltley Gate in 1972, and made it his main tactical device in the 1984 strike. By 1984 however the police were ready and neutralized the tactic with superior force.
In 1973, Scargill was elected to the full-time post of compensation agent in the Yorkshire NUM. (The Yorkshire Left had already decided to stand him as their candidate even before the strike.) Scargill won widespread applause for his response to the disaster at Lofthouse Colliery in Outwood, West Yorkshire, at which he accompanied the rescue teams underground and was on site for six days with the relatives of the seven deceased. At the subsequent enquiry, he used notebooks of underground working from the 19th century, retrieved from the Institute of Geological Sciences in Leeds, to argue that the National Coal Board could have prevented the disaster had they acted on the information available. This performance strengthened his popularity with the Yorkshire miners.
A few months later, the president of the Yorkshire NUM died unexpectedly, and Scargill won the election for his replacement; the two posts were then combined and he held them until 1981. During this time, he earned the esteem of significant sections of the left and the British working class, who saw him as honest, hard-working and genuinely concerned with their welfare, and he was also respected for improving the administration of the compensation agent's post. In 1974, he was instrumental in organising the miners' strike that led Prime Minister Edward Heath to call a February general election.
Scargill was involved in a High Court case in 1978 that set a precedent in UK labour law, known as "Roebuck v NUM (Yorkshire Area) No 2". Templeman J held that it was unfair that Scargill was on the appeal panel in the NUM for journalists being disciplined for appearing as witnesses against a libel action by Scargill himself.
In the 1981 election for NUM president, Scargill secured around 70% of the vote. One of the main planks of his platform was to give more power to union conferences than to executive meetings, on the grounds that the former were more democratic. This had great implications for regional relations in the NUM; the executive was described as dominated by "Gormley's rotten boroughs", since every region – even quite small ones – had one delegate, and the larger regions had only a few more (Scotland and South Wales had two delegates each, Yorkshire had three).
Scargill had, before becoming president, favoured moving the head office of the NUM out of London, which he described as a "prostituting place". A motion from the Kent area was passed by the NUM conference to move the head office to a coalfield. Scargill subsequently decided to move to Sheffield, and said that he had spoken to each member of staff to ask them to move to Sheffield. The staff at headquarters issued a press statement in January 1983 to deny this and to list twelve grievances against Scargill's treatment of his staff. The section under "staff procedures" details how Scargill monitored head office staff:
Mr. Scargill's vendetta against Head Office staff has at times descended to the most puerile and paranoic [sic] levels. The names of all incoming telephone callers are recorded on a central log. A secret record is kept of the time at which all workers arrive and leave each day. Written authorization is required for the purchase of tea and coffee. Staff members suddenly taken ill, or with long-standing medical appointments, require his personal consent to be absent from the office.
The vast majority of head-office staff took redundancy rather than move to Sheffield.
Scargill was a very vocal opponent of Thatcher's Conservative government, frequently appearing on television to attack it. On the appointment of Ian MacGregor as head of the NCB in 1983, Scargill stated, "The policies of this government are clear – to destroy the coal industry and the NUM". However, Scargill's statements in the years after becoming NUM president divided left-wing opinion with his support of Soviet Communism, most notably when he refused to support the TUC's positions on the Solidarity union in Poland or on the Soviet shooting down of the Korean Air Lines Flight 007. One branch of the NUM, at Annesley in Nottinghamshire, put forward a vote of no confidence in Scargill in Autumn 1983 following his comments on these matters, but Scargill defeated this at a December meeting and won a vote of confidence instead.
Miners' strike.
The government announced on 6 March 1984 its intention to close 20 coal mines, revealing as well the plan in the long-term to close over 70 pits. Scargill led the union in the 1984–1985 miners' strike. He claimed that the government had a long-term strategy to destroy the industry by closing unprofitable pits, and that it listed pits it wanted to close each year. This was denied by the government at the time, although papers released in 2014 under the thirty-year rule suggest that Scargill was right.
Miners were split between those who supported the strike and those who opposed it (see Union of Democratic Mineworkers). Scargill never balloted NUM members for a strike; this was seen as an erosion of democracy within the union, but the role of ballots in decision-making had been made very unclear after previous leader, Joe Gormley, had ignored two ballots over wage reforms, and his decisions had been upheld after appeals to court were made. The NUM had previously held three ballots on a national strike, all of which rejected the proposal: 55% voted against in January 1982, and 61% voted against in both October 1982 and March 1983.
The media characterised the strike as "Scargill's strike" and his critics accused him of looking for an excuse for industrial action since becoming union president. There was some controversy in February 1985 when "Times" journalist Paul Routledge engaged the Queen in discussion on the strike, and the Queen said that the strike was "all about one man", which Routledge objected to. Many politicians, including the then Labour leader Neil Kinnock, believed Scargill had made a huge mistake in calling the strike in the summer rather than in the winter.
The strike ended on 3 March 1985 following a NUM vote to return to work. It was a defining moment in British industrial relations, and its defeat significantly weakened the trade union movement. It was a major political victory for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative Party. The strike became a symbolic struggle, as the NUM was one of the strongest unions in the country, viewed by many, including Conservatives in power, as having brought down the Heath government in the union's 1974 strike. Unlike the strikes in the 1970s, the later strike ended with the miners' defeat and the Thatcher government was able to consolidate its fiscally conservative programme. The political power of the NUM and of most British trade unions was severely reduced.
Assessments.
Some historians have provided interpretations and explanations of the defeat.
In January 2014, the Prime Minister, David Cameron stated, "I think if anyone needs to make an apology for their role in the miners' strike it should be Arthur Scargill for the appalling way that he led the union." This was in the Prime Minister's rejection of Labour calls for an apology for government actions during the 1984–85 miners' strike. His comments followed a question in the Commons from Labour MP Lisa Nandy, who said the miners and their families deserved an apology for the mine closures.
Later years.
Scargill, along with veteran left-wing Labour MP Tony Benn, campaigned to free strikers Russell Shankland and Dean Hancock from prison. The two men had been convicted of the murder of David Wilkie, a taxi driver, by throwing a block of concrete from a bridge onto his car. Scargill had condemned the killing at the time. Shankland's and Hancock's life sentences for murder were reduced to eight years for manslaughter on appeal. They were released from prison in November 1989.
After the miners' strike, he was elected to lifetime presidency of the NUM by an overwhelming national majority, in a controversial election in which some of the other candidates claimed that they were given very little time to prepare. He stepped down from leadership of the NUM at the end of July 2002, to become the honorary president. He was succeeded by Ian Lavery.
Accusations of financial impropriety.
In 1990, Scargill was accused in a series of "Daily Mirror" articles of mishandling money donated for the striking miners during the 1984-5 strike, with many of the sources being those who had previously worked with him in the NUM such as Kim Howells, Jim Parker and Roger Windsor. It was alleged that, of the money donated from Libya, Scargill took £29,000 for his own bridging loan and £25,000 for his home in Yorkshire, but gave only £10,000 to the striking Nottinghamshire miners. In addition, it was alleged that he had taken £1,000,000 of cash donated by the Soviet Union for the Welsh miners and placed it in a Dublin bank account for the "International Miners' Organisation", where it stayed until a year after the strike had finished. There was much criticism of Scargill within the NUM from the Welsh and Scottish areas, who briefly considered splitting from the NUM. An internal NUM report by Gavin Lightman QC found that Scargill had used some of the Libyan money to pay for improvements to his bungalow but not to pay off his mortgage (as had been alleged), and stated that Scargill's failure to make a full report on the Soviet money donated for the Welsh miners was "a remarkable breach of duty" and that he should repay the money back to the NUM. Scargill accepted Lightman's statement that many of his actions suffered from a lack of professional advice, which he was unwilling to be bound by.
In July 1990, the NUM executive voted unanimously to sue Scargill and general secretary Peter Heathfield. Negotiations between Scargill and the NUM took place in France. Airport staff at Leeds-Bradford Airport identified Scargill attempting to travel under a false name (Arthur Fenn) wearing a disguise on 20 July, and turned him away to purchase a genuine ticket with his true identity. In September 1990, the Certification Officer brought criminal charges against Scargill and Heathfield for wilfully neglecting to perform the union's duty to keep proper accounting records. Scargill reached an agreement to repay money to the NUM shortly after this. The prosecution brought by the Certification Officer was rejected in July 1991 on the grounds that it would be inappropriate to use the material provided in confidence to Lightman's enquiry.
The South Wales area leader, Des Dutfield, moved that Scargill should stand down and face re-election, but the motion was defeated.
Film director Ken Loach subsequently made "The Arthur Legend" as part of Channel 4's "Dispatches" series. The documentary suggests that the claims against Scargill were untrue. The editor of the "Daily Mirror" at the time, Roy Greenslade, wrote an article in "The Guardian" in May 2002 to apologise to Scargill for the false claims about paying off the mortgage and for putting too much trust in Roger Windsor, who at the time had still not repaid the £29,500 that he had taken from the Miners' Welfare Fund and that the Lightman Report had asked that he repay.
During the media controversy, the antiperspirant Mitchum used Scargill's image, without his consent, under the slogan "Mitchum, for when you're really sweating!" Scargill complained to the Advertising Standards Authority who criticised the advertisement as "highly distasteful".
Legal disputes.
In 1993, Scargill tried to use Thatcher's flagship Right to Buy scheme to buy a flat on the Barbican estate in central London. His application was refused because the flat in the Barbican Estate's Shakespeare Tower was not Scargill's primary residence. Former Scargill loyalist Jimmy Kelly, a miner at the Edlington Main pit near Doncaster in the 1980s, said he was astonished to learn of the attempt to buy the flat. "It's so hypocritical it's unreal," he said. "It was Thatcher's legislation, actually giving council tenants the right to buy their own houses. I think if it had been made public before then there'd have been a huge outcry. I think people would be astounded if they knew that."
On 25 August 2010, it was reported that Scargill had been told that he no longer qualified for full membership of the NUM under union rules that he had helped draw up, but was only eligible for "life", "retired" or "honorary" membership, none of which carried voting rights. In February 2012, Scargill won £13,000 in a court action against the NUM, primarily for car expenses, and for the earlier temporary denial of membership.
Scargill admitted there was 'bad blood' between him and the NUM general secretary Chris Kitchen, who said, "I honestly do believe that Arthur, in his own world, believes that the NUM is here to afford him the lifestyle that he's become accustomed to." However, in December 2012, Scargill lost a similar case concerning rent on his flat in the Barbican, London. In 2012, the flat was valued at £1,500,000, and had 24/7 access to concierge services.
For years the NUM had been paying £34,000 annual rent for the flat on Scargill's instructions, without the knowledge of NUM members or many senior officials; Scargill claimed the NUM should continue funding his flat for the rest of his life, and thereafter for any widow who survived him. Chris Kitchen said: "I would say it's time to walk away, Mr Scargill. You've been found out. The NUM is not your personal bank account and never will be again." Kitchen says that Scargill "has had 30 years of decent living out of the union, and he's got a pension that's second to none. Had he done the humble thing and walked away with what he were entitled to, his reputation would still be intact... I've always said that if Arthur can no longer control the NUM, he'll try and destroy it. That's what I believe".
Recluse.
"The Guardian" in February 2014 said that Scargill had become a recluse. He was not attending any of the events to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the 1984 strike at the NUM.
Following Margaret Thatcher's death in April 2013, ITN made Scargill several offers for a five-minute interview, with the final offer reaching £16,000, but Scargill refused all the offers and did not speak to any media organisation.
However, an article published in "The Times" in August 2015 stated that Scargill had spoken to the Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union conference in June 2015, and that he was due to appear alongside Jeremy Corbyn at the Orgreave Truth & Justice Campaign in September 2015.
Socialist Labour Party.
In 1996, Scargill founded the Socialist Labour Party after the Labour Party abandoned the original wording of Clause IV – advocating the public democratic ownership of key industries and utilities – from their constitution. He has contested two parliamentary elections. In the 1997 general election, he ran against Alan Howarth, a defector from the Conservative Party to Labour, who had been given the safe seat of Newport East to contest. In the 2001 general election, he ran against Peter Mandelson in Hartlepool. He lost on both occasions, winning 2.4% of the vote in Hartlepool at the 2001 general election. In May 2009, he was the number one candidate for the Socialist Labour Party for one of London's seats in the European Parliament.
After stepping down from leadership of the NUM, Scargill became active in the UK's Stalin Society saying that the "ideas of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin explain the real world". Scargill had long criticised Poland's Solidarity trade union for its attacks upon the communist system in Poland, which Scargill saw as deformed but reformable.
In 2017, Scargill spoke at an event in Cardiff setting out how British manufacturing could be rebuilt after Britain leaves the EU. He called for the cotton mills, steel plants and mines to be re-opened and that under EU rules, the government had not been able to subsidise the coal mines. He also stated regarding Brexit that “we should just invoke the first clause of Article 50 – and that means we could leave the EU tomorrow.”
Elections.
UK Parliament elections
London Assembly elections (Entire London city)
Welsh Assembly elections
European Parliament elections


Sakubei Yamamoto

Sakubei Yamamoto (, 17 May 1892 – 19 December 1984) was a Japanese coal miner and artist. His sumi-e and watercolour work, which was heavily annotated, depicted the life he had experienced as a miner, and a collection of his paintings and diaries formed the first Japanese entry in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, inscribed in 2011.
Early life and mining.
Yamamoto was born in a village in the Kama district () of Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, on 17 May 1892 (Meiji 25). The village is now part of the city of Iizuka while Kama is part of Kaho District. His father, Tarō Yamamoto, was a riverboat worker on the before becoming a miner in the Chikuhō coalfield. His mother was Shina Yamamoto.
From the age of 7 or 8, Yamamota helped his brother as a trammer moving mine carts and, aged 15, after a truncated apprenticeship, he began a career as a coal miner and metalsmith. Over the next 50 years he worked for 18 different mines and his last position was at the Ito Mine in Iikane-mura, Tagawa (also in Fukuoka Prefecture) where he worked from 1940 (Shōwa 15) until it shut down in 1955 (Shōwa 30).
Art.
Yamamoto had been interested in art since he was a young child and recalled repeatedly drawing a figure of Katō Kiyomasa (a famous 16th century daimyō) that his younger brother, then 8, received as a present. After about the age of 20, he left drawing and painting behind as life as a miner took over, and he did not pick it up again until 1957, two years after the closure, when he was 64 and working as a nightwatchman at the mining company's main office in Tagawa. He took first to drawing and painting sumi-e (ink wash drawing) in journals and on scraps of paper.
The head of the mining company, Tatsuo Nagao, learned of the paintings in 1961. Through Nagao's encouragement and connections, a collection of the paintings was published privately in 1963 and Yamamoto was put in touch with the curator of the Tagawa City Public Library, Toshio Nagasue. Yamamoto donated work to the library, who asked him to produce watercolour versions – in colour – of much of his earlier black-and-white work, providing him with high-quality paper and paint. Yamamoto was initially resistant to working in colour, since the mines were in reality very dark, but he did so and continued to work in colour thereafter, producing, at least for the next year, roughly one painting every two days.
By the time of his death on 19 December 1984, Yamamoto had produced some 2,000 paintings between the sketchbooks he filled and his stand-alone work.
Style.
Yamamoto's work has been described as naïve art, consisting primarily of watercolour paintings of mining scenes, accompanied by a great deal of text. His motivation for producing the work was to record his memories of mining life for posterity and his grandchildren as industrial development meant that the way of life he had known in mining was fading away. The blend of images and explanatory, reflective text puts his work somewhere between purely artistic painting and something more intentionally documentary, intended to record and explain the times he lived through. Reviewing a 2015 exhibition at Fukuoka City Museum for "Artscape", critic Ren Fukuzumi described his technique as basic, even childish, but the images as captivating. He said that because of both his technique and his subjects, Yamamoto's work is generally described as outsider art but it differs from other work bearing that label by not being insular, instead expressing an eagerness to teach, inviting in viewers who might not know anything about mining.
Recognition and exhibitions.
A programme about Yamamoto's life and art called "A Life, A Mountain of Rubble" was broadcast in 1967. This led to two publications anthologising his work: "Life in the Coal Mines: An Anthology" from Kodansha later in 1967, and "Sakubei Yamamoto Anthology: The Chikuho Coal Mine Collection" in 1973.
In 2011, a collection of Yamamoto's diaries and paintings were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register as a "totally authentic personal view of a period of great historical significance to the world" that, by contrast with other records of the time, which tended to be official and abstracted, had a "rawness and immediacy". This was the first time that Japan had been included in the register.
The collection consists of 589 paintings, 65 diaries, 15 notebooks, and other documents. Almost all of the paintings are at the , while most of the written work is held by Fukuoka Prefectural University.
Exhibitions of his work outside Fukuoka include one in 2013 at Tokyo Tower. An exhibition at the Tokyo Fuji Art Museum to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Memory of the World inclusion is planned for 2022 (delayed from 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic).
As part of the "Japan–UK Season of Culture" in 2019 and 2020, selections of Yamamoto's work were exhibited in the UK, at the Japanese embassy in London, Big Pit National Coal Museum in Wales, and the Brunei Gallery of SOAS University of London. It was supposed to continue to the National Mining Museum Scotland but, owing to the pandemic, that could not take place at the time. The Season of Culture was extended to the end of 2021.


El Arco mine

The El Arco mine is a large copper mine located in the north-west of Mexico in Baja California. El Arco represents one of the largest copper reserve in Mexico and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.5 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.41% copper.


Sepon mine

The Sepon mine is one of the largest gold mines in Laos and in the world. The mine is in Savannakhet Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 7.65 million oz of gold.