Personal health budgets

Professor Lord Darzi's review of the NHS in 2008 introduced the idea of personal health budgets (PHBs) in the English National Health Service. Since October 2014 people eligible for NHS Continuing Healthcare were given the legal right to have a personal health budget. NHS England’s Five Year Forward View called for a ‘major expansion’ of the scheme. NHS Choices describes personal health budgets as a way "to give people with long-term conditions and disabilities greater choice and control over the healthcare and support they receive."
Practical arrangements.
A personal health budget may be used by a patient to buy a range of services to meet their health and well-being needs. This might include things not traditionally commissioned by the NHS, or may be used to pay for services like nursing care which are provided by the NHS, but giving them more autonomy in deciding where, how and when their care and support is provided.
A personal health budget can be managed in three different ways:
The Royal College of General Practitioners produced guidance for its members on the use of Personal health budgets in 2012. PHBs have been mainly used for people with continuing health needs. The RCGP explained that "At the heart of a personal health budget is a care or support plan – an agreement between the local NHS and the individual that sets out the person’s health needs, the amount of money available to meet those needs and how this money will be spent."
By 2015-16 expenditure on PHBs was estimated at £123 million per year, just over 0.1% of NHS spending. The number of people with a budget was 4,800, so the average package costs £25,600. PHBs have been targeted on people with most significant needs, generally people on continuing care packages.
Expansion.
In April 2018 the Department of Health and Social Care proposed to increase the scope of the scheme, claiming that personal health budgets had reduced NHS continuing healthcare costs by 17%. At present only people receiving continuing healthcare funding have a right to a personal health budget, though clinical commissioning groups may offer personal health budgets to others. The new groups proposed to be eligible are:
It is proposed that those eligible should have an explicit right to receive direct payments.
By May 2019 54,143 people had used a Personal Health Budget. These can also be used to purchase technical devices to control curtains, lighting, heating and door intercoms. It is expected that the number of users will increase substantially. There has not been any increase in funding, but the system now gives people more control.
From December 2019, about 100,000 people eligible for an NHS wheelchair or requiring aftercare services under the Mental Health Act 1983 are entitled to a personal health budget.
Advocates.
Personal budgets have been widely adopted in social care and have been championed by, among others, Liz Kendall, who advocated extending the idea into health services. Simon Duffy, who was the chief executive of the influential social enterprise company In Control, was one of the creators of Self Directed Support which piloted the idea with people with learning disabilities. According to him "If you don't tell people what the budget is, as a local authority you are forced into a position of planning for them in order to ration, but if you give them a budget, doing the rationing up front, you liberate people and their families to do their own planning, and liberate service providers to do creative planning. Philosophically, this is a shift towards clarity about rights and duties." His ideas were formulated in the Deinstitutionalisation of social care, where there has been much greater progress in the development of personal budgets. He was awarded the Albert Medal by Ivan Lewis who was at that time the minister for social care and championed his ideas in the Department of Health.
The Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley is piloting both individual social care budgets and the Right to Control scheme to provide personal budgets integrated across different services. Martin Farran, who is the council’s executive director of adults and community services and also leads in this area for the Association of Directors of Adult Social Services is keen to extend personalisation into health, particularly mental health. He says this would "free up a lot of resources for better outcomes and at a lower cost.”
Criticism.
A survey by Pulse in September 2015, based on Freedom of Information requests to Clinical Commissioning Groups was headlined "Revealed: NHS funding splashed on holidays, games consoles and summer houses" and generated considerable publicity. An angry 81-year-old widow in Gateshead complained that the NHS “can afford to pay for horse riding lessons but can’t get me to hospital.”
According to Pulse the scheme has been used to pay for unevidenced treatments at the expense of long-established services, which are no longer provided. Duffy said PHBs made up a tiny percentage of NHS spending. It was assessed and approved by health professionals. "You cannot simply turn up to your GP and ask for a summer house."... "There would have been no advantage in people carrying on spending the money exactly as the NHS used to spend the money."
Critics claim that giving money to individuals, rather than providing services, represents further fragmentation and is a move towards privatisation of public services, using a more consumerist approach. There are also worries that vulnerable people can be given heavy responsibilities that may add to their stress.
Holland.
A similar scheme was introduced in the Netherlands in 1997. Because the number of personal budget holders increased tenfold between 2002 and 2010, and expenditure increased on average by 23% a year, restrictions were introduced. From 2014, only people who would otherwise have to move to a nursing or residential home could keep their budget or apply for one to enable them to continue living at home. There were reports of fraud and improper behaviour by brokers who handled money on behalf of vulnerable people who were not able to manage the budget themselves.


Joan C. Edwards Charitable Foundation

The Joan C. Edwards Charitable Foundation was created in 2006 upon the death of Joan C. Edwards, a well-known West Virginia-based philanthropist.
History.
The Joan C. Edwards Charitable Foundation was created by a bequest from the Joan C. Edwards Trust in 2006 at the time of Mrs. Edwards' death. Mrs. Edwards was a philanthropist and former jazz singer. Her husband, James, who died in 1991, was owner and CEO of National Mattress Company in Huntington, W.Va., where the couple lived most of their lives.
In 2010, Joan C. Edwards Charitable Foundation launched the (H3P) in Cleveland, Ohio, to serve the needs of traditionally underrepresented minorities and low-income backgrounds.
Edwards Scholarship.
The Joan C. Edwards Charitable Foundation has created the Edwards Scholarship. This 8-year full-ride scholarship will be given to one student from CSSM to attend CWRU and CWRU School of Medicine.
The foundation has committed to an initial investment of $10 million to $12 million for an endowment that will fund at least one of the mega-scholarships every year, beginning in 2011. CWRU will provide free room and board. Eventually, the endowment could grow to support more than one annual award.


National Association of Free and Charitable Clinics

The National Association of Free & Charitable Clinics (NAFC) is a national non-profit association of free medical clinics in the United States, which are themselves community-based, non-profit, volunteer-supported free clinics serving the people without or with little health insurance.
The national organization performs public policy advocacy and acts as a conduit for donations to free clinics.


David F. Cutler

David Frederick Cutler PPLS (born 1939) is an English botanist and plant anatomist.
Life.
David Cutler was born in 1939. He was educated at the University of Leeds, BSc (Hons) 1962, and Imperial College London, PhD 1965.
Cutler worked as a plant anatomist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew from 1962. He retired in 1999 as Deputy Keeper and Head of the Plant Anatomy Section, Jodrell Laboratory, Kew. Cutler edited the journal 'Annals of Botany', between 1984 and 1990. He currently holds the positions of Honorary Research Fellow at the Royal Botanic Gardens, visiting Professor in Botany at the University of Reading and Honorary Lecturer at Imperial College, London.
Cutler was president of the Linnean Society of London (2006–2009), and president of the Kew Guild (2003–2004). He was awarded the Linnean Gold Medal in 1999, for outstanding services to the Linnean Society. Until 2020 he was the chairman of the 'Taxonomy and Systematics Committee' and 'Secretary for Strategy' of the Linnean Society.
His research interests are in pure and applied plant anatomy, including the systematic anatomy of angiosperms, functional aspects of plant structure and the identification of fragmentary plant material.


American Radium Society

The American Radium Society is a medical association devoted to the study and treatment of cancer. It was founded in 1916.
The Society's original mission was to further "the scientific study of radium in relation to its physical properties and therapeutic applications" distinguishing it from the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS). The society's mission was expanded in 1950 to include "the treatment of neoplastic and allied diseases and the study and application of ionizing radiation." In the ensuing years its focus became increasingly multidisciplinary.
In 1933, The ARS founded the annual Janeway Lecture in honor of Henry Harrington Janeway, a pioneer in radium therapy. The first Janeway Lecture, "Early Experience in Radium Therapy", was given by the pathologist James Ewing. The lecture is delivered at the society's annual general meeting with the lecturer chosen for their "outstanding scientific contributions". The 2014 Janeway Lecturer was Murray F. Brennan of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Since 1937 each Janeway Lecturer is presented with the Janeway Medal.
Past presidents.
The society's first president was the Canadian physician W. H. B. Aikins, known as the founder of radiotherapy in Canada. Other past presidents have included:


James McGrigor

Sir James McGrigor, 1st Baronet, LLD (9 April 1771 – 2 April 1858) was a Scottish physician, military surgeon and botanist, considered to be the man largely responsible for the creation of the Royal Army Medical Corps. He served as Rector of the University of Aberdeen.
Early life.
McGrigor was the son of Colquhoun McGrigor, was a clothing merchant from Aberdeen, and his wife Anne Grant. McGrigor was born in Cromdale, Inverness-shire, and educated at Aberdeen Grammar School for five years, and graduated from the University of Aberdeen in 1788. He received medical training at the University of Edinburgh beginning in September 1789.
Army surgeon.
Spain and Portugal.
In 1811, he was appointed Surgeon-General for the Duke of Wellington's army in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular Wars (1808–14).
Director-General.
McGrigor returned to Britain before the Battle of Waterloo, and was knighted (1814). He went on to serve as Director-General of the Army Medical Service (1815–51) and did much to reform that department. (He was succeeded in that post by Andrew Smith, who had at one time been McGrigor's Special Assistant since 1830.)
In 1821 McGrigor was elected the first President of the Medico-Botanical Society of London, established by Dr John Frost to catalogue medicinal plants. He served this role until 1828 when he was succeeded by Earl Stanhope.
McGrigor introduced the stethoscope in 1821, set up field hospitals for those injured in action, and generally improved the standards of cleanliness and hygiene. Sir James was created a Baronet on 30 September 1831, and was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1850.
His autobiography was published in 1861. An obelisk to his memory has been placed in Aberdeen and is now in Duthie Park. A statue was erected in Westminster, and later moved to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.


Disproportionate share hospital

The United States government provides funding to hospitals that treat indigent patients through the Disproportionate Share Hospital (DSH) programs, under which facilities are able to receive at least partial compensation.
Although 3,109 hospitals receive this adjustment, Medicare DSH payments are highly concentrated. Ninety-three percent of total DSH payments go to large hospitals in urban areas, and teaching hospitals receive about 65 percent of all DSH payments. Additionally, because Medicaid eligibility and coverage vary widely across states, Medicare DSH payments are distributed unevenly across geographic areas: the Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and Pacific regions account for 60 percent of all DSH payments but only 46 percent of Medicare discharges.
Patient Protection Affordable Care Act of 2010.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPCA) aims to reduce:
 requires the Secretary of Health and Human Services to:
Qualifying.
A hospital can qualify for the Medicare DSH adjustment by using one of the following methods:
Mechanics of the DSH adjustment.
The formulas to establish a hospital's Medicare DSH payment adjustment are based on the following: hospital's location; number of beds; and status as a Rural Referral Centers, Medicare-Dependent Hospitals, or sole community provider.
The value of the hospital's DSH "index" determines the hospital's eligibility for a DSH payment and the size of the payment. The index, whose definition has not changed since the original legislation, is the sum of two ratios: the proportion of all Medicare days that are attributable to beneficiaries of Supplemental Security Income, a means-tested cash benefit program for aged and disabled people, and the proportion of all patient days for which Medicaid is the primary payer.
History and reforms.
In 1989, some enterprising state budget experts discovered that they could claim federal DSH funds without expending general state funds and use the DSH payment as a mechanism for mitigating hospitals’ financial distress. To earn the match, however, the state had to spend the tax or donation revenues, because the federal Medicaid match is based on expenditures, not revenues. The Medicaid DSH payment provided the mechanism to spend these revenues. The DSH payment was singled out because it was not subject to the Medicare upper payment limit. Thus, states could make virtually unlimited DSH payments and, in the process, earn federal matching dollars. As such the hospitals that were slated to receive DSH funds were asked to contribute the required state share; the state would then use this money to draw down a large federal matching payment. The hospitals would get their contributions back and perhaps a bit more, but the states often kept the lion's share of the federal payment. With the DSH system effectively serving as a money pump that pulled federal funds into state coffers, the program experienced explosive growth. Between 1990 and 1996, federal DSH payments ballooned from $1.4 billion to more than $15 billion annually.
In 1991, Congress sought to restrict states' ability to tap provider funds in order to claim federal matching funds by enacting the Voluntary Contribution and Provider-Specific Tax Amendments of 1991 (). Key provisions included (1) essentially banning provider donations; (2) limiting provider taxes so that provider tax revenues could not exceed 25 percent of the state's share of Medicaid expenditures; (3) imposing provider tax criteria so that taxes were "broad based" and providers were not "held harmless"; and (4) capping state DSH payments at roughly 1992 levels. This law also capped the amount a state could spend on DSH payments, but it did little to slow recycling.
Congress responded in Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 by making the practice of recycling more costly for hospitals with provisions such as the following: (1) Only those hospitals that had a Medicaid use rate of at least 1 percent could receive DSH payments. (2) Total DSH payments to a single hospital could not exceed the unreimbursed costs of providing inpatient care to Medicaid and uninsured patients.
With DSH expenditures soaring in the 1990s and by 1996 accounting for one out of every eleven dollars spent on Medicaid, the 1997 Balanced Budget Act included several DSH provisions, including the following: (1) New state specific DSH allotments are established for each year during 1998–2002, eliminating the allotments established in the 1991 DSH law. Federal DSH expenditures are allowed to increase after 2002 by the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index, subject to a ceiling of 12 percent of each state's total annual Medicaid expenditures. (2) Limits have been placed on how much of a state's federal DSH allotment can be paid to institutions for mental disease (IMD). By 2002 no more than 33 percent of a state's federal DSH allotment can be paid to institutions for mental disease. (3) DSH payments made on behalf of Medicaid clients in managed care must be paid directly to hospitals rather than plans. Through these efforts, Congress and the Clinton administration cut federal DSH payments by 5% and limited their further growth; as such, in 1998 $15 billion in Medicaid DSH payments were issued to hospitals.
Despite efforts, recycling persisted until the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) began scrutinizing the practice on a state-by-state basis. By 2006, recycling had largely stopped.


Heinrich Averbeck

Johann Heinrich Bernhard Martin Averbeck (13 August 1844 – 2 February 1889) was a German physician who was a native of Bremen.
In 1868 he earned his medical doctorate at the University of Basel, where he was a student of Carl von Liebermeister (1833-1901). He also studied at the Universities of Heidelberg, Göttingen and Tübingen, and in addition to Liebermeister, regarded Karl Ewald Hasse (1810-1902), Jakob Henle (1809-1885) and August Socin (1837-1889) as important influences to his medical career.
Between 1868 and 1879 Averbeck was a general practitioner and obstetrician in Bremen, and in 1879 opened an institute for physical therapy at Baden-Baden. Beginning in 1882 he developed a health spa and physical therapy clinic at Bad Laubach bei Koblenz, which was described as a model institution of physical medicine.
Averbeck was a pioneer in the field of physiotherapy. He believed that the right combination of therapeutic exercises and massage were vital in the treatment of chronic illness and disease. Among his written works was a treatise on acute neurasthenia called "Die akute Neurasthenie, die plötzliche Erschöpfung der nervösen Energie". Reportedly, Sigmund Freud found it an important reference work in his research involving the correlation of modern-day stress and neurasthenia.
Averbeck was brother-in-law to neurologist Otto Binswanger (1852–1929).


American Alliance for Medical Cannabis

The American Alliance for Medical Cannabis (AAMC) is an organization that promotes the legal access to medical cannabis, with the help of health professionals, members of the community, educators, patients, clergy and caregivers. The National Director from 2001 to 2005 was Dr. Jay Cavanaugh. The current National Director is Arthur H Livermore Jr.
Membership.
Included in AAMC membership are experts in the field of cannabis medicine including clinical applications, organic farming, patient advocacy, history, medical preparations, patient rights, and support, some additional aspects of the AAMC Mission include clinical research and educating the decision makers about the issue.
Mission.
The Primary Mission of AAMC is to give patients, caregivers and volunteers all the facts they will need to make the informed decision about whether Cannabis is the right medicine for them, and at the same time letting them know all the laws surrounding Medicinal Marijuana in their area, all while helping expand political activism and providing handy recipes and guides to help them grow their own Organic medicine.


Wiktor Dega

Wiktor Dega (7 December 1896 – 16 February 1995) was a Polish surgeon. He was an orthopedist who was well known for his work on polio. He served as an expert for the World Health Organization. He created new apparatus and devices to help accident victims and survivors of polio, as well as new therapies and operations for congenital dislocations of the hip. He was born in the German Empire and served in the German Army during World War I.


Felix von Winiwarter

Felix von Winiwarter (February 28, 1852 – July 10, 1931) was an Austrian physician who was a native of Vienna.
In 1876 he earned his doctorate at the University of Vienna, and remained in Vienna as an assistant in the clinic of Heinrich von Bamberger (1822–1888). Soon afterwards, he became a surgical apprentice to Theodor Billroth (1829–1894), and from 1878 to 1881 worked as a secondary physician under Leopold Ritter von Dittel (1815–1898). In 1881 he became hospital director at "Landesklinikum Weinviertel" in Hollabrunn. He was a younger brother to Alexander von Winiwarter (1848–1917), who also spent part of his career working with Theodor Billroth.
Winiwarter is credited for providing an early description of thromboangiitis obliterans. In 1879 he described a situation involving a 57-year-old male patient who had an unusual obliteration of the arteries and veins of the leg. He attributed this disorder to new growth of tissue from the intima, and proposed the name "endarteritis obliterans" for the disease. Winiwarter's discovery wasn't the first modern description of the condition, as three years earlier, bacteriologist Carl Friedländer (1847–1887) referred to it as "arteritis obliterans". In 1908, American surgeon Leo Buerger (1879–1943) further described the disease, and in 1924 published a monograph based on analyses taken from 500 patients. The disease was later referred to as "Winiwarter–Buerger syndrome", "Buerger's disease" or as "thromboangiitis obliterans".


Nordic Pediatric Society

The Nordic Pediatric Society is a medical association for pediatricians in the Nordic countries. Its member organisations include the Danish Paediatric Society, the Norwegian Society of Pediatricians, the Swedish Paediatric Society, the Finnish Pediatric Association and the Icelandic Pediatric Association.
The society was founded in Copenhagen in 1916. It has hosted Nordic pediatric congresses since 1919, and also works to promote cooperation among Nordic, European and international pediatric bodies.


ImmTAC

ImmTACs (Immune mobilising monoclonal T-cell receptors Against Cancer) are a class of bispecific biological drug being investigated for the treatment of cancer and viral infections which combines engineered cancer-recognizing TCRs with immune activating complexes. ImmTACs target cancerous or virally infected cells through binding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) presented peptide antigens and redirect the host's cytotoxic T cells to recognise and kill them.
ImmTACs are fusion proteins that combine an engineered T Cell Receptor (TCR) based targeting system with a single chain antibody fragment (scFv) effector function. TCRs, like antibodies, constitute an important antigen recognition system within the immune system; but, whereas antibodies are restricted to targeting cell surface or secreted proteins TCRs can recognise peptides derived from intracellular targets presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Naturally occurring TCRs are low affinity (0.18-387 micromolar range) 2-chain membrane receptors expressed on the surface of T cells. To produce stable, soluble, high affinity TCRs capable of being used as diagnostics and therapeutics the two TCR protein chains are stabilised through the introduction of a novel disulphide bond between the 2 constant domains and the affinity increased 1-5 million fold to low picomolar values through phage display affinity maturation. To provide the soluble, affinity enhanced TCR with a biological effector function the beta chain of the TCR is fused to an scFv antibody fragment specific for the CD3 T cell co-receptor, creating an ImmTAC. The molecular weight of an ImmTAC molecule is ~75kDa.
Mechanism of action.
ImmTACs exert their activity through T cell redirection, a mechanism of action used by several other bi-specific biologics such as the Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). After administration of the drug the picomolar affinity TCR portion of the ImmTAC binds to the cancerous or virally infected cell through specific recognition of target HLA-peptide complexes on their cell surface. This picomolar affinity binding results in the diseased cells becoming coated in CD3 co-receptor specific scFv antibody fragments that constitute the ImmTAC effector function. Any Cytotoxic T cell that subsequently comes into direct physical contact with the ImmTAC coated diseased cell is redirected to kill it, regardless of the specificity of its native TCR. This redirected killing does not require binding of any co-stimulatory molecules and is effected through the targeted release of perforin and granzyme from the redirected T cell that induces the targeted disease cell to die through an apoptosis mediated mechanism. However, the danger of activating a wide variety of nonspecific cytotoxic T cell clones via anti-CD3 scFv exists, leading to their proliferation and widespread autoimmunity.


Carlos Pita (politician)

Juan Carlos Pita Alvariza (born Montevideo, 1951) is a Uruguayan physician, politician and diplomat.
Background and earlier life.
Pita graduated as a doctor from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of the Republic. At the age of 17 he started his political affiliation in the National Party supporting Wilson Ferreira Aldunate. He was strongly against the civic-military dictatorship and formed the Popular Nationalistic Current during those years.
Political career.
In 1984, he was elected deputy for Montevideo as part of the For the Fatherland movement.
in 1987 he joined the Broad Front.
He was a representative from 1985 to 2005.
He was appointed Uruguayan ambassador to Chile. Later he was appointed as Uruguayan ambassador to Spain.
Ambassador.
In 2012 he was appointed ambassador of Uruguay to the United States.
Family life.
He was married to Alicia Magnou and had three daughters with her: Libertad, Ana Laura and Patricia. He was divorced and then married Mariella Mora, with whom he had a fourth daughter, Josefina.


Bukovinian State Medical University

Bukovinian State Medical University (abbreviated as BSMU or БДМУ) is one of the largest higher educational establishment in Chernivtsi. It is a modern multi-profile educational institution of the IV accreditation level, included into the general register of the WHO, Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna, Italy), the Association of the Carpathian Region Universities that provides qualified training according to the grading system of education. The university includes a medical lyceum, Chernivtsi, Vashkivtsi, Novoselytsia and Kovel’ (Volyn’) Medical Colleges, 4 medical faculties, stomatological and pharmaceutical faculties, the department of post-graduate education, preparatory department for foreign students.
Post-graduate education of doctors is realized at the Internship and Mastership, and the Doctoring Departments, in Clinical Residency, at the post-residency courses, as well as via pre-attestation course, the course of improvement of medical knowledge, specialization and professional courses.
Brief historical information.
Kyiv Productive Medical Institute (1931–1936) – 2nd Kyiv State Medical Institute (1936–1944) – Chernivtsi Medical Institute (1944–1997) – Bukovinian State Medical Academy (1997–2005) – since 2005 – Bukovinian State Medical University – such is a brief history of the foundation and development of a newly formed higher school in 1931 and its transformation into the present BSMU.
Administrative building of BSMU (Chernivtsi, Teatralna square)
Rectors.
The history of Bukovyna is closely associated with the names of the rectors of the Medical University – the well-known professors D.S.Lovlia, M.B.Mankovskiy, M.M.Kovaliov, O.D.Yukhimets, V.K.Patratiy, V.P.Pishak, T.M.Boychuk.
Accreditation Level – the IVth.
The accreditation level is as follows: Masters the IVth level, Specialists – the IIIrd level, Bachelors – the IInd level, Junior Specialists and Post-graduate education – the Ist level.
License number: 041096, series AD of 13.07.2012
University Authority.
Rector – Boychuk T.M., Doctor of Medical Science, professor
Pro-rector for Scientific-Pedagogical Affairs – Gerush I.V., Candidate of Medical Science, Associate Professor
Pro-rector on Scientific Work and International Relations – Ivashchuk O.I., Doctor of Medical Science, professor
Pro-rector for Medical Affairs – Iftodiy A.G., Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor
Pro-rector for Scientific-Pedagogical and Educational Affairs – Zoriy N.I., Candidate of Philosophical Science, associate professor
Teaching Staff.
The teaching staff of the university involves 75 Doctors of Medical Science and 321 Candidates of Medical Science, among them 1 Corresponding Member of Ukrainian Academy of Pedagogical Science, 8 Honoured Doctors of Ukraine, 2 Honoured Scientists, 2 Honoured Educationalists of Ukraine, 66 Professors, 203 Associate Professors. 166 members of the staff have been conferred the highest doctor's grade, 54 of them –the first grade, 48- the second grade. 32 staff members from clinical departments of BMSU are regional out-of-staff members and consultants in the Health Department of Chernivtsi Regional State Authority.
Campuses and buildings.
The university has 12 educational buildings, a modern library, an ultra-modern simulation centre, University dental centre, educational-productive chemist's, sport complex, the Palace of culture and rest "Academichny": a theatre, summer camp "Zdorovya". Clinical departments are located on the bases of 27 medical-preventive and pharmaceutical establishments of Chernivtsi.
Education of foreign citizens.
4374 students study at the university now, 1675 of them are foreign citizens from 32 countries. They have been taught since 1994, and since 2004 English has been introduced as the language of instruction. The number of foreign students from India, Somali, Nigeria, Ghana, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Sudan, the US and other countries has been increasing from year to year.
Indian students from Bukovinian State Medical University have performed well in the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination. Between 2012 and 2018, it had the highest overall FMGE passing percentage.
Educational-recreational complex in the village of Repuzhyntsi, Zastavna District.
Sports camp for 250 students and University employees is constructed on the bank of the Dnister River near the village of Repuzhyntsi Zastavna district Chernivtsi region (70 km from the city of Chernivtsi). Recreation camp was founded in 1958 on the initiative of the head of the Department of Physical Education of that time Konstantin Volodymyrovych Mironov. For the first time the camp received the students and staff of Chernivtsi Medical Institute in 1958. The guests had only tents provided by the military unit with which the Medical Institute maintained close sponsorship ties. Only the dining room was situated in a wooden house. In the early 60s on the initiative of the rector of the Institute A. D. Yuhymets different types of brick and wooden houses, pavilions for board games, summer theater, sports grounds were built for tourists. In the 60s a well known satirist, People's Artist of the USSR Arkadiy Raykin used to have a vacation in the camp of the institute.
Organization of educational process.
The main purpose of educational-methodical work at the university is to create conditions promoting to raise the level of efficiency and quality of the educational process. The Educational Department of the university provides management of educational and methodical work. Methodical work of the university is a complex of measures aimed at:
Courses and disciplines are taught at the university in accordance with the educational curriculum of the subjects. The content of working programs meets the requirements of educational and professional programs, and standard curriculum approved by the Central Methodical Board on higher medical education of the Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine. The programs created provide a systematic approach, during which each subject is learnt not as a separate, independent one, but as a part of an integral system aimed at training specialists of a certain specialization. Programs of acquiring practical skills in the disciplines are introduced into the educational process. The system of training of specialists at the university complies with the requirements of the existing standards of higher education. Considering the professional and active principle of arrangement of the university studies, availability, compiling and publishing textbooks, guidelines and manuals play an important role. Methodical instructions for practical classes and self-training of students which include algorithms for sequential mastering of practical skills, knowledge and abilities, educational and educational-methodical training appliances are prepared and issued at the university departments. Training at Bukovinian State Medical University is realized according to the credit-module system and requirements of the Bologna process. The credit-module system of estimating knowledge and skills of students has been used for 7 years. The university operates a mandatory control system of training students and the quality of training (test certification of the initial and final levels, the rating control). It includes: current (test, oral, written, computer-based) testing of students’ knowledge of each academic group during each practical class (100%), thematic testing of mastering separate units of the curriculum, monthly certification of students since the beginning of each term defining medium (rating) marks in each discipline, the final credit test (exam) of the students’ progress. A compulsory element of training in clinical departments and conducting tests in them is the assessment of practical skills and situational tasks, which are regarded as an algorithm of a physician's work for a specific, defined situation and for a certain patient. Packages of programmes, sets of tests and questions of different complexity are created at the departments of the university. They are used at different stages of students’ testing and are available for convenience of study at the distance learning system "MOODLE".
Medical-prophylactic work.
All practicals are held in classrooms and labs of the university, in therapeutic-prophylactic establishments and in sanitary-epidemiological stations of the town and region.
Powerful potential of the professional staff of clinical departments includes 42 Professors, 48 Doctors of Medical Science, 187 Associate Professors (with academic status) and 321 Candidates of Medical Science. 166 workers of the staff have higher medical qualifying degree, 54 of them have obtained I category, 48 – II category. 32 workers of the clinical departments of BSMU are non-staff specialists and work as consulting physicians of Chernivtsi Regional Executive Board.
Clinical departments of BSMU are located in 27 clinical centers: 17[3] therapeutic establishments of a regional subordinate and 10[4] – of a municipal one. According to their schedules, professors and associate professors make clinical ward rounds, consulting visits at polyclinics, examinations of patients in the inpatient departments of therapeutic-prophylactic establishments. A great deal of methodological organizing work is carried out: visit of therapeutic-prophylactic establishments, review of the patients’ histories, participation in the boards of experts and qualifying committee, conference conducting etc. Considerable therapeutic-prophylactic work is held by teachers during summer practice. Various and manifold therapeutic consulting activity in the system of Bukovyna practical health service is carried out by the assistants of clinical departments. Except consultations this activity includes arrangement of all qualifying means for physicians of practical health service in the following spheres – subject mastering, reevaluating courses, lectures on actual topics, arrangement and conducting of science-practical conferences, working out of methodological recommendations, and expert evaluation of patients’ management. The important part in cooperation of the university clinical workers and physicians of practical health service is devoted to consulting and science-methodological work in therapeutic-prophylactic establishments of health service.
More than 30 establishments are used for students’ medical practical work. Among them there are military hospital A1028, SES of Lviv railway, Chernivtsi regional clinical hospital, Chernivtsi regional children's clinical hospital N1, Chernivtsi regional children's clinical hospital N2, Emergency Rescue Clinical Municipal Hospital, Regional children's clinical hospital, Maternity Home N1 and N2 of Chernivtsi. Some students have their practical training in the places of their residence.
In order to improve their knowledge in appropriate specialty, students are suggested to master their practical skills in specialized pediatric, therapeutic and surgical departments which are located in basic clinical establishments (casualty department, anesthesiology and resuscitation unit and traumatological, neurosurgical, endocrine, neurological departments). Modern methods of patient's examination are mastered by students in Regional Medical Diagnostic Centre of Chernivtsi, rooms of endoscopy and ultrasonic investigation and in specialized X-ray departments.
International Activity.
The department of international contacts, created on October 29, 2003, by the Rector's order on the basis of corresponding documents of the Ministry of Public Health Service, is involved in international contacts. The work of international department is managed by the pro-rector on scientific work and international contacts Ivashchuk Aleksander Ivanovych. The activity of the university is directed to the development, extension and strengthening of international contacts and BSMU authority in the world cooperation. International cooperation constantly improves. Bukovinian State Medical University collaborates with: Klagenfurt Hospital (Austria), Belarusian State Medical University (Minsk), Grodno State Medical University, Vitebsk State Medical University (Belarus), Karlovy University, Prague (Czech Republic), the University of Montpellier (France), University of Lubeck, Karl-Garus University of Technology, Dresden, Humboldt University, Berlin, University of Konstanz, University of Cologne, Kuilnsky University, Liverpool John Moores University (Great Britain), Akmolinsk State Medical Academy (Kazakhstan), Pedagogical State University, Kyshyniv, Mykola Testemitsanu State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Kyshyniv, "Shtefan chel Mare" University, Suchava, T.G.Shevchenko Prydniprovsky State University, Tyraspol (Moldova), Lomonosov State University (Moscow), Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russian University of People's Friendship, Moscow, St.Petersburg institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Burdenko Medical Academy, Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, Urals State Medical Academy, Yekaterinburg (Russia), Medical University (Warsaw), University Collegium Medicum im. Ludvika Rydygiera, Bydgoshch, the University of Zheshov, Jagiellonian University, Krakov, the University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Medical University, Lublin (Poland), "1 December 1918" University, Alba Iulia, University "Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, University of Medine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", Timișoara (Romania), Alexander Dubcek-University, Trencin, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice (Slovakiya), Angelholm Hospital (Sweden), University of Lucerne (Switzeland), Neurological Hospital, USA Utah Valley State University, University of the State of New-York, Olbani, King's University School of Medicine, Solomon IslNDS, MEDU International, Inc." Palo Alto, California (USA). Trips for Bachelors, holders of Master’s degree, post-graduates are ensured by "Druzi" association (Ukraine-France) and the Centre of international contacts, State of California (USA). Every year students, new doctors and scientists of the university take part in international medical conferences, congresses, symposia and forums in the cities and towns of Poland, USA, Russia, Germany, Austria, Sweden, etc. The number of foreign students from India, Somali, Nigeria, Ghana, Pakistan, Ethiopia, Sudan, USA and other countries, who study in Bukovinian State Medical University, increase from year to year.
Students' self-government.
"The students' Conference:"
The work of the University Students' Council is guided by the law, decisions of the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine, the Status of BSMU. The Students' self-government at the university operates on the level of the student's group, course, faculty, dormitory, University.
The main tasks of the students' self- government are:
Students’ Scientific Society.
Students’ Scientific Society (SSS) was created more than 60 years ago, several years after the foundation of Chernivtsi Medical Institute (now Bukovinian State Medical University). From the very beginning the Students’ Scientific Society was an organization on voluntary basis, which plans and carries out its work under the guidance of the University Scientific. The Students’ Scientific Society since its foundation has conducted its work in the following directions:
• promotion of students' scientific clubs;
• comprehensive support of students’ scientific work and providing improvement of the level of research work;
• involving students to direct participation in research work at the departments of the university;
• participation in the organization and conducting of scientific forums and meetings, scientific conferences and symposia, students’ Olympiads and competitions on various subjects, as well as seminars and exhibitions;
• establishing international contacts, cooperation with educational and research institutions, public and governmental organizations in Ukraine and other countries.
During its activity the SSS of BSMU adequately represented the university in the field of research not only in Ukraine but also beyond its limits. The result of the organizational activities of the SSS and daily hard work of students is the final Conference. It has taken a long way from the usual annual forum for students and young scientists of the university to the Ukrainian student conference with international participation, and subsequently (from 2004) conferences on international level. In 2009 the conference was included to the register of scientific congresses, symposia and scientific conferences for the first time. Not only the geography of the conference including now seven countries Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania and Italy expanded, but also its topics: a medical conference developed into medical and pharmaceutical one. The conference involves the work of 18 units in theoretical and clinical directions, which discusses the results of studies of young scientists, and examines current and future problems of modern medicine. The results of the conferences are discussed at the plenary session, which traditionally takes place in the hall of the Palace "Academichny."
Sport, leisure, recreation.
During the academic year major sports competitions are held dedicated to the Athlete's day of Ukraine, traditional sport festivals, competitions between courses, tournaments between the departments and hostels. On the basis of the university sports grounds city and regional sport events of different levels, city and regional championships in basketball and volleyball are held. Teachers of Physical Education conduct training work with the university teams of basketball, volleyball, table tennis, wrestling, powerlifting , dumbbell sports , track and field athletics. The university creates the conditions for rest, rehabilitation and vocational training during working days, preventing activities targeting sports, including the organization of sport tourism. On the basis of the Department of Disaster Medicine and Military Medicine sports and recreation clubs in volleyball, basketball, table tennis, chess, tourism, athletics, judo, sambo, gymnastics, callisthenics, aerobics , powerlifting and dumbbell sports are organized for the students and the faculty staff. In summer, students spend their holiday in summer sports camp located in the village of Repuzhyntsi, Zastavna district, Chernivtsi region, where the entertainment and sports, and various holidays are held.
The Palace "Akademichny".
Chernivtsi, 11, Schiller Street
 In the building transferred to the possession of BSMU by the local authorities, the Palace "Akademichny" with 700 seats is housed. Excellent conditions for holding various student's meetings, concerts and classes in amateur societies have been created here. The Palace also houses a wonderful museum of history of Medicine and Pharmacy.
Workshops, societies and clubs.
The directions of work with students in the workshops and clubs are various: lectures, seminars, "round tables", disputes, meetings with leading scientists of the university etc. After the opening of the Palace "Akademichny" the work with the students possessing creative abilities and love for music has been rather improved. In particular, drama school, humour club, vocal studio and others have been created. All state holidays are celebrated according to the calendar, concerts and festivals are held etc. Now the Palace "Akademichny" is one of the best centers of culture and art in Chernivtsi which is equipped with modern stage devices – illumination and radio. Its stage has everything necessary for holding performances, concerts, conferences, lectures and public meetings.
On the basis of the Palace "Akademichny", popular amateur ensemble of folk dance and song "Trembita" is functioning taking part in concerts and festivals of the university and the region; it also takes part in the concerts organized for participants of scientific and methodological conferences held at the university; it organizes and sing Christmas carols; the ensemble took part in all-Ukrainian Pavlo Virskyi festival-contest of popular choreography. Every year they organize the art week where different creative groups perform among which ensemble of folk song and dance "Trembita" with its concert, poetry evening "Poetry, let me in your temple", the concert of contemporary song and dance, the performance "Funny stories from our life", the evening of instrumental music, the concert of opera and classical music. Every year the cultural and art events are held: Pharmacist Day, Educationalist Day, International Students’ Day, Acquaintance Ball, Days of faculties, New Year party for the students, the staff and their children, Christmas carols, St. Valentine's Day, the International Peace and Women's Rights Day, six year students’ benefit performance, Health Worker Day etc. The students-vocalists and members of the humour club take part in organizing meetings for the university graduates of different years as well as regional and city events.
Student life.
The University Students’ Self-government is of a great significance as a means of realization of the rights, duties and initiatives by the student community. Appropriate conditions of lodging are created for students. The students’ town consists of five dormitories with good conditions of life; there are reading halls, sports halls, and libraries; students' computers are connected to the Internet.
The Palace "Academichny" actively functions for improvement of leisure time and students’ creative abilities. A great variety of clubs and societies are placed here. Among them there is the studio of art, art and crafts, artistic photo, ensemble of folk song and dance "Trembita", vocal-instrumental ensemble, students’ theatre and choreographic studio, etc.
Directions of training and specialty.
MEDICINE:
General Medicine (specialist)
Pediatrics (Specialist)
Dentistry (Specialist)
Medical Psychology (Specialist)
Nursing (Magister)
Laboratory Diagnostics (Bachelor)
Nursing (Junior medical specialist)
PHARMACY:
Pharmacy (Specialist)
Clinical Pharmacy (Specialist)
Pharmacy (Bachelor), extramural studies
Pharmacy (Junior medical specialist), full-time and distance learning


Louis-Florentin Calmeil

Louis-Florentin Calmeil (August 9, 1798 – March 11, 1895) was a French psychiatrist and medical historian born in Yversay.
He was an assistant to Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840) at Charenton, where he later succeeded Esquirol as director. Among his assistants at Charenton was forensic psychiatrist Henri Legrand du Saulle (1830–1886).
He is remembered for a work on insanity called "De la folie, considérée sous le point de vue pathologique, philosophique, historique et judiciaire". It was one of the first publications dedicated to the history of psychiatry, and was a rational discourse that dealt with topics such as demonology, lycanthropy, religious obsession and other abnormal thought processes. The book covered psychiatric issues from the 15th to the 19th century, and is still read today. Another important work by Calmeil was an 1826 treatise that discussed general paresis, considered to be the first separately identifiable neuropsychiatric disease entity. General paresis was originally described a few years earlier by Antoine Laurent Bayle (1799–1858).
Calmeil is credited with introducing the concept of "epileptic absence" for the brief loss of consciousness or confusion observed in epileptic patients.


Juan A. del Regato

Juan A. del Regato (1 March 190912 June 1999) was an oncologist.
Awards.
1993 AMA Scientific Achievement Award


Augustin Grisolle

Augustin Grisolle (10 February 1811 – 9 February 1869) was a French physician born in Fréjus.
Grisolle was a professor at the Paris faculty of medicine and a member of the Académie de Médecine. He was the author of the two-volume "Traité élémentaire et pratique de pathologie interne" (1844).
His name is associated with "Grisolle's sign", an obsolete sign once affiliated with smallpox. It involved feeling the presence of papules when the skin is stretched.


University of South Florida College of Medicine

University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine is one of the graduate schools of the University of South Florida.
It is located in north Tampa, Florida and serves the greater Tampa Bay Area. Established by the Florida Legislature in 1965, the college enrolled its charter class in 1971.
Teaching Affiliates.
Tampa General Hospital is the primary teaching affiliate for University of South Florida College of Medicine and the rest of USF Health.
H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute is the primary Cancer affiliate for the school.
The school is also affiliated with two VA Hospitals:
All Children's Hospital located in St. Petersburg, Florida is the school's Pediatrics Teaching Affiliate.
Clinical Research.
The College faculty runs interdisciplinary research programs on brain disease and repair, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Stroke; aging studies; Cardiovascular disease; children's health; Patient safety; Cell therapy; and Infectious disease & Biodefense.
The USF campus is home to two major research facilities. H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, a four-story, building, was dedicated in October 1995. In 2003, Moffitt opened the new Moffitt Clinic and Vincent A. Stabile Research Building, dramatically increasing USF Health's research and outpatient clinical space. Additionally, there is another research building adjacent to the University of South Florida College of Medicine which provides of laboratory, research, classroom, and office space.
The USF Children's Research Institute, opened in 2000, is a $12 million research building in partnership with All Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida.
Advanced Healthcare at USF Health.
Center for Advanced Medical Learning and Simulation (CAMLS)
USF Physicians Group made 273,122 inpatient and 276,122 outpatient visits in 1999–2000. Due to the demands from the growing patient population in Tampa Bay Area, USF Health is investing $105 million to develop a health care system using state of the art technology to improve health care management. The latest technology also serves a dual purpose as it facilitates professional health education with USF Health students employing team-based learning.
The Carol and Frank Morsani Center for Advanced Health Care is located at the corner of Holly Avenue and Magnolia Avenue in north Tampa, Florida adjacent to the USF Health Campus. It is a six-story structure designed by architect Alberto Alfonso with . Its features include entirely digital Diagnostic Imaging Center including women's diagnostics with mammography, Ambulatory Center with eight operating rooms and five endoscopy suites, Outpatient Facilities with 60 clinical exam rooms, Clinical and translational research, Patient Outreach and Education Center as well as a Pharmacy. The building will have distinct clinical spaces for Brain Health (including Neurosurgery), Neurology and Psychiatry, Gastroenterology, Otorhinolaryngology, Sports Medicine, and Women's Health.
The Morsani Center's most distinct feature is called the One Stop Healthcare which aims to bring services including x-rays, MRIs, and labs to the patient. As a result, the patient is spared from scheduling multiple appointments at multiple locations for their annual exam. All of the patient's needs are taken care of during one visit. Furthermore, the center also stores all the health records electronically which ensures that the patient will be able to request appointments, send email messages to doctors, and request prescriptions online.
The South Tampa Center is located at the Tampa General Hospital campus on Davis Island in south Tampa, Florida. The South Tampa Center is the smaller of the two centers as it is a seven-story structure with . Its features, similar to the Morsani Center, include entirely digital Diagnostic Imaging Center including women's diagnostics with mammography, Outpatient Facilities with 90 clinical exam rooms, Clinical and translational research, as well as a Patient Outreach and Education Center. The building will have distinct clinical spaces for Pediatrics, Brain Health (including Neurosurgery), Neurology and Psychiatry, Cardiology, Dermatology, General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine, and OB-GYN.
The Advanced Healthcare at USF Health is also making an effort towards Holistic Health. The educational focus of the two centers are to teach students at USF Health to focus on the patient's overall well-being. Since USF Health is a conglomerate of College of Medicine, College of Nursing, College of Pharmacy, and College of Public Health, the two centers will focus on the entire continuum of health from birth to end-of-life issues.
USF Health Libraries.
USF Health Libraries consist of two locations: Shimberg Health Sciences Library, located on the USF Health campus in Tampa and the Florida Blue Health Knowledge Exchange, located in the Morsani College of Medicine building in downtown Tampa.
Founded in 1971, the Hinks & Elaine Shimberg Health Sciences Library serves the Morsani College of Medicine at the University of South Florida, the University of South Florida College of Nursing, the University of South Florida College of Public Health, and the University of South Florida Taneja College of Pharmacy.
The first floor houses the circulating collection, reserves collection, and the computer lab. A new expanded 24/7 study space will open as soon as renovations are completed. The space includes new furniture, white boards, and electrical outlets. The old 24/7 space now houses new furniture and will become a group space for the library. Both of these areas are only accessible through swipe card access. The second floor is a quiet study area where the conference rooms are located (available for checkout at the Circulation Desk) as well as the home of the large print journal collection.


Poltava State Medical and Dental University

Poltava State Medical and Dental University, also known as the Ukrainian Medical and Stomatological Academy (UMSA), is a Ukrainian state-run medical and dental school.
History.
The university was founded in 1921 by the dental faculty of Kharkiv Medical Academy. In 1967, it moved to the city of Poltava and was renamed the Poltava Ukrainian Medical Stomatological (oral medicine) Academy (PUMSA).In 1992, a Faculty for international students was founded in order to improve the quality of Medical training for foreign citizens. 938 international students from 42 different countries including India, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Morocco, Algeria, Jordan, Pakistan, Libya, Russia, Turkmenistan etc. In 1994, the university received the sixth-highest accreditation level because of its low death rate during surgery and was renamed Poltava State Medical University (PSMU). As of 2004, PSMU had a level-IV accreditation. Poltava State Medical and Dental University is recognized by World Health Organization (WHO), I-MED School, Medical Council of India (MCI), Medical Council of Nepal, PMDC, European Universities Association and lot of other countries.
Campus.
PSMU occupies sixteen buildings, including five academic buildings, four dormitories, apartments, a vivarium, hangars, a library, reading rooms, a sports complex, a dining room, a cafe, and a health and sports camp.
Academics.
PSMU trains specialists in six faculties and a preparatory department. Specialists are trained in toxicology, pediatrics (six years each), oral surgery, pharmacology (five years each), nursing (two to three years) and orthopedic dentistry (two years).
Admission requirements.
Students seeking admission to the first-year medical course should have at least a secondary-school certificate (or twelve years of education) with passing grades in chemistry, physics, biology and English. If English is not the applicant's principal language, he or she must produce an official record of proficiency in English.
Students with a school certificate for ten or eleven years of study need to complete the Premedical Program: a one-year preparatory course. Classes in mathematics, chemistry, physics, biology and English are the basis of this program, which offers students an opportunity to complete their higher secondary schooling. Upon completion, students receive the academy's higher-school diploma and may enroll as first-year medical students.


John Kuehn

John Kuehn (born May 26, 1974) is a politician from the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. In 2014, he was elected to the Nebraska Legislature, representing a district in the south central part of the state. Kuehn is a member of the Republican Party.
Personal life and professional career.
Kuehn was born on May 26, 1974, in Heartwell, Nebraska. He grew up on his family's farm and graduated from high school in Minden in 1992. He attended Hastings College, graduating in 1996 with a B.A. in biology; he then studied veterinary medicine at Kansas State University, receiving his D.V.M. in 2000.
He returned to Nebraska and worked in a group veterinary practice in Hastings from 2000 to 2002. He then established his own practice, Kuehn Animal Health. In addition to the veterinary practice, he raised cattle and quarter horses on his farm near Heartwell. In 2004, he took on an additional position, joining the Hastings College faculty as an associate professor of biology.
Political career.
In 2009, Kuehn was named to fill the vacant Kearney County seat on the Southern Power District board of directors. The district is a publicly owned utility that provides electricity to the rural portions of Adams, Franklin, Hall, Hamilton, Kearney, Merrick, and Phelps Counties in south central Nebraska. In 2010, Kuehn ran unopposed for the remaining two years of the term; in 2012, he ran unopposed for a new six-year term. He resigned from the board in early 2015.
2014 election.
In 2014, Kuehn ran for a seat in the Nebraska Legislature from the 38th District, which covers six counties in south central Nebraska and part of a seventh: Clay, Franklin, Kearney, Nuckolls, Phelps, Webster, and the southwestern part of Buffalo County. The largest city in the district is Holdrege; other cities therein include Minden, Superior, Sutton, Red Cloud, and Franklin. The incumbent, Tom Carlson, a member of the Republican Party, was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term under Nebraska's term-limits law.
Kuehn, a Republican, ran unopposed in the legislative election. Despite the lack of opposition, he raised nearly $43,000 for the campaign and spent about $12,000. Major contributions included $5500 from the Nebraska Realtors PAC and $2100 from the Nebraska Bankers State PAC. The Nebraska Telecommunications Association PAC, which represents local telecommunications companies, contributed $2000; the Glenwood Telephone Membership Corporation, a telecommunications cooperative based in Blue Hill, contributed another $1500. The Nebraska Cooperative Council PAC, a trade organization representing agricultural and other cooperatives in the state, contributed $2000. Republican gubernatorial candidate Pete Ricketts gave $1000 to the Kuehn campaign.
Legislative tenure.
2015 session.
In the 2015 legislative session, Kuehn was named vice-chair of the special Legislative Performance Audit Committee, which directs reviews of state agency programs to assess how effectively they implement legislative intent. He was also appointed to the Appropriations Committee.
Among the "most significant" actions taken by the Legislature in its 2015 session were three bills that passed over vetoes by governor Pete Ricketts. LB268 repealed the state's death penalty; LB623 reversed the state's previous policy of denying driver's licenses to people who were living illegally in the United States after being brought to the country as children, and who had been granted exemption from deportation under the Barack Obama administration's Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program; and LB610 increased the tax on gasoline to pay for repairs to roads and bridges. Kuehn voted against the death-penalty repeal, and to sustain Ricketts's veto of the measure; he voted for passage of LB623, and to override the gubernatorial veto; and he voted for passage of the gas-tax increase, and to override the veto.
2016 session.
In its 2016 session, the Nebraska legislature passed three bills that Ricketts then vetoed. LB580 would have created an independent commission of citizens to draw new district maps following censuses; supporters described it as an attempt to de-politicize the redistricting process, while Ricketts maintained that the bill delegated the legislature's constitutional duty of redistricting to "an unelected and unaccountable board". Kuehn voted against the bill in its 29–15 passage. Sponsor John Murante opted not to seek an override of the governor's veto.
A second vetoed bill, LB935, would have changed state audit procedures. The bill passed by a margin of 37–8, with 4 present and not voting; Kuehn was among those voting in favor. The bill was withdrawn without an attempt to override the veto; the state auditor agreed to work with the governor on a new version for the next year's session.
A third bill passed over Ricketts's veto. LB947 made DACA beneficiaries eligible for commercial and professional licenses in Nebraska. The bill passed the Legislature on a vote of 33–11–5; the veto override passed 31–13–5. Kuehn voted against the bill, and against the override of Ricketts's veto.
The legislature failed to pass LB10, greatly desired by the Republican Party, which would have restored Nebraska to a winner-take-all scheme of allocating its electoral votes in U.S. presidential elections, rather than continuing its practice of awarding the electoral vote for each congressional district to the candidate who received the most votes in that district. Supporters were unable to break a filibuster; in the 32–17 cloture motion, Kuehn was among those who voted in favor of the bill.


Ned Ellison

Edward Pohau Ellison (26 November 1884 – 9 November 1963), generally known as Ned Ellison and also as Pohau Erihana, was a New Zealand rugby player, doctor, and public health administrator.
Biography.
Ellison was born in Waikanae, New Zealand, on 26 November 1884. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngai Tahu and Te Ati Awa iwi.
Ellison attended Te Aute College and qualified as a physician at the University of Otago. In 1919 he was appointed Medical Officer and Deputy Resident Commissioner in Niue, later earning promotion to the post of Resident Commissioner. He subsequently moved to the Chatham Islands as Medical Officer and Resident Magistrate, before becoming Chief Medical Officer and Deputy Resident Commissioner of the Cook Islands in 1925. He returned to New Zealand in 1926 to become Director of Maori Hygiene, but returned to the Cook Islands in 1930.
In 1935, Ellison was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1038 New Year Honours.
Ellison retired in 1946 and returned to New Zealand.


David Paul von Hansemann

David Paul von Hansemann (5 September 1858 – 1920) was a German pathologist born in Eupen. He is remembered for his work in the field of oncology, in particular, his concept pertaining to anaplasia of cancer cells.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Berlin, Kiel and Leipzig, and following graduation spent nine years as an assistant to Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) in Berlin. In 1890 he became habilitated in pathological anatomy, and in 1897 obtained the title of professor. In 1907 he began work as a prosector at Friedrichshain city hospital. During World War I he served as an army pathologist.
His name is associated with "Hansemann macrophages" (also known as "Hansemann cells"), which are large mononuclear cells containing Michaelis-Gutmann bodies that affect the urinary tract or kidney.


Biohub

Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, also known as Biohub and CZ Biohub, is a nonprofit research organization. In addition to supporting and conducting original research, CZ Biohub acts as a hub and fosters science collaboration between UC Berkeley, UCSF and Stanford. The Biohub’s medical science research center is funded by a $600 million commitment from Facebook CEO and founder Mark Zuckerberg and his wife Priscilla Chan. It is currently co-led by Stephen Quake and Joseph DeRisi. Gajus Worthington was named as Biohub's Chief Operating Officer in 2017 and Sandra Schmid joined as Chief Scientific Officer in 2020.
History.
The idea for Biohub originated in 2015 when the current leaders, along with Mark Zuckerberg and Priscilla Chan, discussed the need for a collaborative effort by those three universities for fundamental medical research.
The organization's aims are to cure, prevent, and manage disease by investigating diseases and developing diagnostics and therapies. It focuses on cell biology, detection of infectious diseases around the world, developing research tools, and funding research.
Biohub is presently headquartered next to UCSF's Mission Bay campus, with a satellite site at Stanford. It will provide basic researchers and clinical scientists with flexible laboratory space, the latest technological tools, and funding for ambitious research projects.
The Chan Zuckerberg Biohub consists of an internal team of researchers and “investigators” from the three universities.
Joe DeRisi is co-president of CZ Biohub and a professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of California, San Francisco. DeRisi is known for his discovery of the SARS virus for which he was named a MacArthur fellow (the "Genius" award) in 2004.
Co-president Steve Quake is the Lee Otterson Professor of Bioengineering and Professor of Applied Physics at Stanford University. Dr. Quake is also well known for his work inventing new diagnostic tools, including the first non-invasive prenatal test for Down syndrome, and other aneuploidies.
Jennifer Doudna, UC Berkeley professor of molecular and cell biology and chemistry, Li Ka Shing Chancellor's Chair in Biomedical and Health Sciences, and a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, is a member of Biohub's Science Advisory Group. Dr. Doudna is known for her pioneering work on CRISPR-Cas9, a gene-editing technology that has the potential to revolutionize genetics, molecular biology, and medicine.
Biohub will allow researchers at leading institutions to collaborate and accelerate the development of breakthrough scientific and medical advancements, applications, and therapeutics. Scientists chosen for the initial 47 research positions are working on a wide range of projects, but the selection committee tried to focus on new technologies and the basic science and mechanism behind diseases. This includes 13 from UC Berkeley, 15 from UCSF, and 19 from Stanford. The 2018 awards were chosen in late 2018. Biohub is structured as a nonprofit, tax-exempt organization, but it has retained close control of the outcomes of its efforts, including patent rights. To increase access to scientific research and promote open science, CZ Biohub requires its investigators and staff scientists to publish submitted manuscripts and related data on preprints servers like bioRxiv.
Two of the three universities in Biohub already have affiliations with major medical research facilities. Stanford University is affiliated with the VA Palo Alto Health Care System. VAPAHCS maintains the third-largest research program in the VA with extensive research centers in geriatrics, mental health, Alzheimer's disease, spinal cord regeneration, schizophrenia, Rehabilitation Research and Development Center, HIV research, and a Health Economics Resource Center. UC San Francisco is affiliated with the UCSF Medical Center,
the leading hospital in California, and the San Francisco VA Medical Center. SFVAMC has the largest funded research program in the Veterans Health Administration with $90.2 million in research expenditures (2015). The current Medical Center Director is Bonnie S. Graham. UC Berkeley, though not having a hospital affiliation, has a premier research botanical garden, the University of California Botanical Garden. This and other botanical gardens will serve as a resource for Biohub pharmacology research.
The Biohub has played a role in: COVID-19 response, the identification of viruses using metagenomic sequencing data, advanced 3D imaging, the Human Cell Atlas, infectious disease research, and the biology of mosquitos.
Priscilla Chan and Mark Zuckerberg's other philanthropy, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, has recently provided grant funding for an AI tool to make millions of published medical/scientific findings more readily accessible.


Preauricular tag


Maxwell Finland

Maxwell Finland (March 15, 1902 — October 25, 1987) was an American scientist, medical researcher, an expert on infectious diseases. Finland led seminal research of antibiotic treatment of pneumonia.
Early life and education.
Finland was born on March 15, 1902 in Zhashkiv near Kiev, Ukraine. He immigrated as a child to the United States at the age of 4. Finland graduated from the Boston English High School and cum laude from Harvard College in 1922. He then graduated from Harvard Medical School in 1926.
Antibiotic research.
In 1944, he worked with Chester Keefer at the Boston Medical Center on the first studies using penicillin to treat infectious diseases.
He was noted for his strong criticism of pharmaceutical companies for their marketing of fixed-dose antibiotics.
His outspoken criticism helped in withdrawal of those drugs from the market.
He also made significant contributions to early identifications of new infectious issues, such as resistances of bacteria to antibiotics.
Legacy.
Finland was a member of the National Academies of Sciences.
His name appeared on about 800 scientific papers.
Finland turned over the money he received for numerous awards to Harvard endowment. It is estimated that between his money and the money he influenced companies to give to the school, the total contribution was around 6 million dollars.
An annual Maxwell Finland Award was established in 1988 by the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.
The National Academies Press called Finland "a giant in the field of infectious diseases".
National Foundation for Infectious Diseases called Finland "a distinguished scholar and scientist who pioneered work in epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance, and helped define the discipline of infectious diseases as we know it today".
A building on the Boston University School of Medicine campus on Albany Street is named The Maxwell Finland Building and has housed The Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases.


Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research

The Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research (FMI) is a biomedical research institute founded in 1970. Based in Basel, Switzerland, the FMI is affiliated with the University of Basel and the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR). It is named after Friedrich Miescher. , the FMI has around 340 collaborators, of which 21 are research group leaders, over 80 are postdoctoral collaborators and over 80 are postgraduate students participating in the FMI International PhD Program. The FMI is directed by Dirk Schübeler.
Scientific activities.
The FMI is devoted to the pursuit of fundamental biomedical research. Areas of research are neurobiology, quantitative biology, and epigenetics.
Research is carried out in 21 independent but highly interactive research groups. In addition, several cutting-edge technology platforms - including microscopy & imaging, computational biology, functional genomics, proteomics, structural biology and more - support the research activities.
In 2014-2019, the FMI had the highest success rate for ERC grant applications of all European institutions.
Teaching and training.
The FMI is an affiliated institute of the University of Basel. It provides biomedical research and career training for its 80-100 PhD students at a time. FMI selects its highly international student body during a twice-yearly interview-based selection program. Most FMI group leaders have adjunct or full professorships at the University of Basel in the Natural Sciences Faculty. In particular, the FMI participates actively in the teaching program of the Biozentrum of the University of Basel.
The FMI also offers training in biomedical research to postdoctoral fellows. It was designated by a survey of "The Scientist" in 2012, as the “best place for postdoctoral training” outside of the US.
Patents and translational implementation.
A goal of the FMI is the patenting of its discoveries and implementation of its basic research into pharmaceutical development.
History.
The Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research is named after the Basel scientist Friedrich Miescher who discovered nucleic acids in the mid-19th century.
The FMI was founded in 1970, a hundred years after Miescher’s discovery, as a collaborative effort of two Basel-based pharmaceutical companies, Ciba Aktiengesellschaft and J. R. Geigy Ltd. The founding charter describes the aims of the institute as to “pursue and promote basic research in the fields of biochemistry and medicine…“ and “…to provide young scientists from all over the world with an opportunity to participate in scientific research.” The Founding Director was Professor Hubert Bloch (died 1974) who had been Director of Research at Ciba Aktiengesellschaft, and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of Basel. He was an expert in tuberculosis and was also instrumental in the founding of the Institut Suisse pour les Recherches Experimentales sur la Cancer (ISREC), Epalinges, Switzerland. Between 1997 and 2012, the FMI was part of the Novartis Research Foundation. Since 2012 the FMI is an independent foundation.
Directors.
List of the successive directors of the Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research:
Friedrich Miescher Award.
The Friedrich Miescher Award is Switzerland's highest honor for up-and-coming biochemical researchers. The award is granted every year by the Swiss Society for Biochemistry to the best scientific contribution in this field. Prize winners must be under 40 and must either be Swiss citizens or have conducted the prize-winning research in this country. The award was instituted in 1970, proposed and donated by the FMI. It is named after the Basel scientist who discovered DNA, Friedrich Miescher.


Judson Sykes Bury

Judson Sykes Bury (1852–1944) was a British physician, surgeon, and neurologist.
Biography.
After education at Amersham Hall and then two years at Owens College, Manchester, Judson Bury entered University College London and studied medicine at University College Hospital, London. In 1877 he qualified MRCS and graduated MB (Lond.). After holding house appointments at University College Hospital, he graduated MD (Lond.) in 1879. He returned to Manchester and, after one year as a senior resident medical officer at the Manchester Children's Hospital, Pendlebury, engaged in general practice. At the Manchester Royal Infirmary he became in 1885 a registrar, in 1889 an assistant physician, and in 1899 a full physician. In 1911 he became a professor of clinical at the University of Manchester. He retired from his Manchester appointments in 1912 but during WWI became a major in the RAMC and served on medical boards in Manchester and Warrington.
In 1893 Bury published "A Treatise on Peripheral Neuritis", in large part consisting of observations by James Ross (1837–1892). Ross had intended to publish the observations in a monograph.
Bury was elected FRCP in 1894.
Bury's article "Multiple Symmetrical Peripheral Neuritis", contributed to the first edition of Clifford Allbutt's "A System of Medicine", contained a section on an epidemic of neuritis in Manchester caused by arsenical impurity in beer. He gave the Bradshaw Lecture in 1901. He published "Diseases of the Nervous System" in 1912.


Emma Louise Call

Emma Louise Call (1847–1937) was an American physician, and one of the first female physicians in the United States. Along with Sigmund Exner, she is one of the namesakes of Call-Exner bodies, a pathognomonic feature of granulosa cell tumors. These tumors are associated with ovarian cancers.
Biography.
Call received her MD from the University of Michigan Medical School in 1873, and moved to Vienna as Sigmund Exner's postgraduate student. In 1875, they published the manuscript announcing their findings of the pathology findings - eosinophilic follicles present in ovarian tumors - that would later be named after the two of them. This would be Call's only publication, as she later returned to Boston and practiced clinically as an obstetrician for 40 years. Call would become the first woman to receive membership into the Massachusetts Medical Society in 1884.
"I entered the Medical Department of the University the first year that women were admitted. The first class of women...were naturally the objects of much attention critical or otherwise (especially critical) so that in many ways it was quite an ordeal. I believe that only one of the medical faculty was even moderately in favor of the admission of women, so that it speaks well for their conscientiousness when I say (with possibly one exception) we felt that we had [a] square deal from them all."
With regard to Call's quote, Robert H. Young stated that "Corydon Ford had taught Elizabeth Blackwell at Geneva Medical College and was tolerant of the women students, but not all the professors were so kind. The professor of chemistry, Silas Douglas, did not intervene when the men students stamped their feet and shouted as the women entered the lecture room for the one subject that was taught to mixed classes."


Iliac tubercle

The iliac tubercle is located approximately posterior to the anterior superior iliac spine on the iliac crest in humans. The transverse plane that includes each of the tubercles (one from the left iliac tubercle and one from the right iliac tubercle) is called the transtubercular plane. The origin of the iliotibial tract is the iliac tubercle. The iliac tubercle is also the widest point of the iliac crest, and lies at the level of the L5 spinous process.


Gemma Wilde

Gemma Wilde is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama "Holby City", played by actress Ty Glaser. She first appeared in the fifteenth series episode "Push the Button (Part 2)", broadcast on 22 January 2013. Gemma was introduced as an F1 doctor, but she eventually progressed to an F2 during her time in the show. Gemma was introduced along with fellow F1 Arthur Digby (Rob Ostlere). Glaser's casting was announced in October 2012. To help her prepare for the role of Gemma, Glaser visited Whipps Cross University Hospital where she shadowed a surgical team and worked with F1s.
Gemma was portrayed as being impulsive, driven, confident and focused on being a good doctor. Glaser also called Gemma ambitious and said wanted to be respected, regardless of her background. During her time in "Holby City", Gemma struggled to balance her job as a doctor with motherhood, she was held hostage, had her career placed in jeopardy by another doctor and had a love-hate relationship with Harry Tressler (Jules Knight). Gemma also had to deal with the revelation of her "raunchy" alter-ego Dr. Honey, who was face of an online problem page. Gemma departed in the sixteenth series episode "Father's Day", which aired on 17 December 2013.
Casting.
On 24 October 2012, Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy confirmed actress Ty Glaser had joined the cast of "Holby City" as new regular doctor Gemma Wilde. Glaser had already begun filming at the show's studio in Borehamwood and her character made her first screen appearance on 22 January 2013. Glaser explained that she was in town when she learned she had won the role of Gemma. To help prepare for the role, Glaser visited Whipps Cross University Hospital with fellow cast member Rob Ostlere and they watched surgery being performed on a man with stomach cancer. They also shadowed a surgical team and worked with some F1 doctors, a registrar and a consultant.
Development.
Characterisation.
A BBC Online writer described Gemma as being "rash and impulsive". While Glaser said she was driven, "smart and quick and committed". Glaser liked that Gemma was good with her patients and that she was confident and focused on being a good doctor. She also thought Gemma's flaws were assuming that everyone was against her and jumping to conclusions. Glaser said she was not competitive as Gemma, but they were both ambitious and wanted to be respected despite their backgrounds. Glaser thought that Gemma's style was similar to her own casual style, saying that she often wore skinny jeans and T-shirts from British retailers Topshop and AllSaints. Glaser also loved wearing Gemma's scrubs, which she described as being "so comfortable" and said that was useful while she was filming for long periods of time.
Gemma is a single mother to Finn (Finley Barrett). Glaser explained that Gemma and her mother have a deal where she looks after Finn, while Gemma is at the hospital. The actress called it "a hardcore set up" and said Gemma was often pulled in different directions. She continued, "She wants to provide a better life for her son and to set a good example, working and achieving. She wants to prove to herself and her family she can do both." The BBC Online writer noted that Gemma was determined to be a good doctor and a good mother to Finn. Gemma's situation saw her juggling both her career and motherhood, but she often refused offers of help from others. When asked what viewers could look forward to with Gemma, Glaser replied "I think you will see her grow up a bit and have to deal with some pretty tricky situations. She’s a tough one though, she'll fight her way through."
Career at Holby.
Gemma joined Holby City Hospital as an F1 doctor, along with Arthur Digby (Ostlere). Gemma was assigned to AAU under the watch of Michael Spence (Hari Dhillon). It was not long before Gemma was recognised by a patient as her internet alter ego Dr. Honey. Glaser told Melanie Hancill from "The People" that it was something Gemma did when she was younger and in financial trouble. The actress continued, "She was a single mum who could do with a bit of extra cash coming in and she was offered a lot of money to be the face of an online problem page. She didn't realise quite what was expected of her – a revealing photoshoot!" While Gemma did not want anything more to do with her alter ego, it was difficult to get away from because it remained on the internet. Glaser thought that Gemma felt undermined by the whole thing and she was worried that her colleagues would judge her for her past.
While Gemma competed with Arthur for the same position within the hospital, she also competed with her friend Mary-Claire Carter (Niamh McGrady) for Harry Tressler's (Jules Knight) affections. McGrady believed there would be "some friction" between Gemma and Mary-Claire, but said they had a good working relationship. Not long after arriving at Holby, Gemma was involved in a hostage situation. She and a female patient named Kelly (Alexia Healy) were confronted by Kelly's estranged husband Dean Delaney (Dean Ashton), who barricaded himself in a room with them. Dean was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and was convinced the hospital was under attack. Gemma found herself in a "terrifying position" and when Kelly's condition deteriorated, Gemma had to act fast to save her.
Gemma's career was placed in jeopardy when Oliver Valentine (James Anderson) lied about his mistreatment of a patient. Harry tried to stand up for Gemma and take control of the situation. Glaser asserted that Gemma wanted to sort things out by herself because Harry did not know what exactly had happened with the patient. Glaser also thought Gemma would be annoyed to learn that Harry had stepped in to try to defend her. Oliver later admitted that he was to blame for putting the patient's life at risk and cleared Gemma's name. Glaser told "Inside Soap's" Katy Moon that Gemma had had a bad time and nothing had come easy to her, so she was delighted when Serena Campbell (Catherine Russell) informed her that she would be allowed to progress to the next level of her career. Glaser expressed her surprise that Gemma still wanted to be a doctor after all that had happened to her.
Relationship with Harry Tressler.
When asked if there were plans to give Gemma a love interest, Glaser mentioned new character, Harry Tressler (Knight), who was about to be introduced and said he had "a twinkle in his eye". However, the actress was unaware if something was going to happen between Gemma and Harry. She continued, "I don't know whether for his character it means anything as it does to Gemma. And if she keeps to herself, workwise I don't know if she has enough time. Casual relationships are not really her thing!" Glaser thought a relationship would be fun to portray and that it would show a new side to Gemma. Gemma initially mistook Harry for a psychiatric consultant, but he later impressed her when he solved a puzzling case. Knight described Gemma and Harry's relationship as "love-hate" with a lot of game playing. Gemma and Harry later shared a kiss, but Glaser reckoned that romance was the last thing on Gemma's mind. She also called Harry "a bit of a player" and did not think Gemma would enter into a relationship unless she was sure about it, as she had her career and her son to think about. Glaser also stated that the kiss with Harry was "a silly thing to do in hindsight", especially when he did not seem interested in her afterwards.
Departure.
On 28 August 2013, it was announced that Glaser would be leaving "Holby City" later that year, along with several other actors. In a statement, Glaser said "I've had such a wonderful time working on "Holby", the cast and crew have all been exceptional, a joy to work with. I'm beyond excited about future projects ahead of me but will always remember "Holby" as a fantastic year in my career." Executive producer Oliver Kent praised the actors and their "unforgettable characters". Gemma departed during the sixteenth series episode "Father's Day", which aired on 17 December 2013.
Reception.
Jane Simon, writing for the "Daily Mirror", noted that Gemma was humiliated about her "saucy past as Dr Honey". A BBC Media Centre writer branded Gemma "feisty". Katy Moon from "Inside Soap" observed that "sparks fly" between Gemma and Harry. Simon ("Daily Mirror") was devastated to learn that Gemma and three others would be leaving "Holby City". She was worried when she saw Gemma in bomb disposal gear, but quipped "Don't worry – they're not planning a mass exodus.


Bubble CPAP

Bubble CPAP is a non-invasive ventilation strategy for newborns with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). It is one of the methods by which continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is delivered to a spontaneously breathing newborn to maintain lung volumes during expiration. With this method, blended and humidified oxygen is delivered via short binasal prongs or a nasal mask and pressure in the circuit is maintained by immersing the distal end of the expiratory tubing in water. The depth to which the tubing is immersed underwater determines the pressure generated in the airways of the infant. As the gas flows through the system, it “bubbles” out and prevents buildup of excess pressures.
Bubble CPAP is appealing because of its simplicity and low cost. It is also associated with a decreased incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) compared to mechanical ventilation. Not all infants with IRDS are candidates for initial treatment with CPAP and not all those who are given CPAP can be successfully managed with this modality.
History.
In the early 1970s, Gregory et al. demonstrated that providing CPAP using an anesthesia bag improved oxygenation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Subsequently, Jen-Tien Wung at Children’s Hospital of New York, Columbia University developed the bubble CPAP system using short nasal prongs.
In 1987 Avery et al. reported large differences in the risk-adjusted incidence of BPD in a comparison of 12 academic neonatal intensive care units in the United States. This study first identified the Columbia approach of using bubble CPAP in the delivery room as a possible strategy to reduce the incidence of BPD as compared to mechanical ventilation.
Components.
The bubble CPAP system consists of three major components:
1. Gas source: An oxygen blender connected to a source of oxygen and compressed air is used to supply an appropriate concentration of inspired oxygen (FiO2). The humidified blended oxygen is then circulated through corrugated tubing.
2. Pressure generator: Pressure in the bubble CPAP system is created by placing the distal expiratory tubing in water. Designated pressure is determined by the length of tubing immersed.
3. Patient interface: Nasal prongs are used as the nasal interface between the circuit and the infant’s airway. Short and wide nasal prongs allow for a low resistance to air flow. It is important that the nasal interface be applied to the infant without air leakage while taking measures to prevent nasal trauma.
Nursing care.
The successful application of bubble CPAP requires elaborate nursing care. There is a learning curve to the implementation of the bubble CPAP respiratory approach that requires a team effort. Respiratory therapists are important members of the team.


NHS Charities Together

The Association of NHS Charities, operating as NHS Charities Together, is a federation of over 250 charitable organisations that supports all the devolved National Health Service (NHS), their staff, volunteers and patients, in the United Kingdom. The organisation acts as collective voice for NHS charities as well as coordinating national fundraising efforts.
The charity came to increased prominence during the COVID-19 pandemic, when 99-year old Captain Tom Moore raised over £30 million for them, by walking laps of his garden, and releasing a single with Michael Ball, which went to number 1 in the UK charts. In December 2020, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge became joint patrons of the organisation.


Meera Chand

Meera A. Chand is a British microbiologist, working at Public Health England (PHE) and as a consultant with the Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust.
She is also a clinical research fellow into severe acute respiratory infections at Imperial College London.
Chand is one of the 23 attendees of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (Sage), advising the United Kingdom government on the COVID-19 pandemic She was also involved in the United Kingdom response to the Ebola epidemic and has worked in cases of listeriosis, influenza, diphtheria, scarlet fever and monkeypox.


Vpx

Vpx is a virion-associated protein encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 HIV-2 and most simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains, but that is absent from HIV-1. It is similar in structure to the protein Vpr that is carried by SIV and HIV-2 as well as HIV-1. Vpx is one of five accessory proteins (Vif, Vpx, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef) carried by lentiviruses that enhances viral replication by inhibiting host antiviral factors.
Vpx enhances HIV-2 replication in humans by counteracting the host factor SAMHD1. SAMHD1 is a host factor found in human myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, that restricts HIV-1 replication by depleting the cytoplasmic pool of deoxynucleoside triphosphates needed for viral DNA production. SAMHD1 does not, however, restrict HIV-2 replication in myeloid cells due to the presence of viral Vpx. Vpx counteracts restriction by inducing the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of SAMHD1. Vpx-mediated degradation of SAMHD1 therefore decreases deoxynucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis, thereby increasing the availability of dNTPs for viral reverse transcription in the cytoplasm. It has been postulated that SAMHD1 degradation is required for HIV-2 replication because the HIV-2 reverse transcriptase (RT) is less active than the HIV-1 RT, which would be the reason for the absence of Vpx from HIV-1. Because Vpx is required for HIV-2 reverse transcription and the early stages of the viral life cycle, it is packaged into virions in significant amounts.
Vpx is also involved in the nuclear import of the HIV-2/SIV genomes and associated proteins, but the specific mechanisms and interactions are currently unknown. Although Vpr and Vpx are similar in size (both are ~100 amino acids with 20-25% sequence similarity) and structure (both are predicted to have similar tertiary structure with three major helices), they serve very different roles in viral replication. Vpx targets a host restriction factor for proteasomal degradation, while Vpr arrests the host cell cycle in the G2 phase. However, they are both involved in the import of the viral preintegration complex into the host nucleus.


Kenneth McGrath

Kenneth McGrath is a New Zealand pathologist. He served as a senior lecturer in pathology at the Auckland University of Technology. He is best known for discovering and naming the erogenous penile structure known as the frenular delta.
McGrath also proposed the term "frenular vains" to "describe two paired venules that run in the frenular delta area."
He is opposed to routine neonatal circumcision.


Mostafa Fatemi

Mostafa Fatemi is an electrical engineer at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2012 for his contribution to ultrasound radiation force imaging and tissue characterization.