Emil Milan

Emil Milan ('ɛmil Mɪ'lɑːn; May 17, 1922 – April 5, 1985) was an American woodworker known for his carved bowls, birds, and other accessories and art in wood. Trained as a sculptor at the Art Students League of New York, he designed and made wooden ware in the New York City metropolitan area, and later in rural Pennsylvania where he lived alone and used his barn as a workshop. Participating in many woodworking, craft, and design exhibits of his day, his works are in the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Renwick Gallery, the Yale Art Gallery, the Center for Art in Wood, the Museum of Art and Design, and many private collections. Once prominent in midcentury modern design, Milan slipped into obscurity after his death. His legacy has been revived by an extensive biographical research project that has led to renewed interest in his life, work, and influence.
Early life and education.
Milan was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey and graduated from Abraham Clark High School in Roselle in 1940. He took up wood carving at an early age and learned shop skills from his father, who was an industrial welder. Attesting to his skill, one of his teachers paid him to carve a small wooden cow for her veterinarian brother.
He enlisted in the US Army in 1942, served as a Military Policeman in Europe during WWII, landing on Omaha Beach just after the invasion and advancing across France with the 1st Army. During that time, he continued occasional carving and produced provocative female figures for his fellow soldiers that he called "3D Pinups." He was honorably discharged in Monmouth, NJ on November 17, 1945.
Supported by the GI Bill, he studied art and sculpture at the Art Students League of New York starting in 1946, enrolling in classes taught by noted artists Will Barnet, Jose De Creeft, William Zorach, and John Hovannes. The sculpture courses focused on the tools and techniques of modern sculpture and on the human figure. Both de Creeft and Zorach taught then new methods of direct carving (taille directe) and both produced stylized forms, particularly of women. De Creeft also produced works in wood.
Early career.
After leaving the Art Students League in 1951, Milan continued carving figural works and what he called “functional sculpture” in wood (bowls, trays, spoons, and other accessories) at his parents' home in Roselle. During that time he met Myra and Stan Buchner who were forming a new craft association called New Jersey Designer Craftsmen, and he began selling his works in the group’s Christmas shows. The annual Christmas exhibition at the Newark Museum of Art was also a major sales outlet for Milan between 1953 and 1964.
A cutting board with a scoop and a carved bowl made by Milan were selected for the landmark exhibit "Designer Craftsmen, USA 1953". The exhibit toured the Brooklyn Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the San Francisco Museum of Art from October, 1953 through August, 1954, then traveled throughout the United States for a year.
In 1953, the Buchners partnered with David Kittredge to form a woodworking business called Buckridge Contemporary Design, located in Orange, NJ. Milan was the designer, set up and ran the shop, and supervised a small group of workers. The shop produced functional wooden tableware and decorative art in wood, notably stylized fish and birds. These works were sold in specialty shops and department stores in the New York City metropolitan area. Hammacher Schlemmer, for example, marketed a "Table Talk" line of wooden ware crafted by Milan. Other retailers included Bonniers, McCutcheons, and Saks Fifth Avenue.
Buckridge items were included in the model home displays of House Beautiful magazine that were shown at international exhibitions in 1955–56 in Paris, Milan, Barcelona, and Bari, Italy. A 1956 article in the New York Times by Home section editor Betty Pepis also featured objects produced at Buckridge. The business was disbanded by late 1959.
In 1957, a carved tray and two spoons by Emil Milan appeared in the "Design Wood" exhibit at the Museum of Contemporary Craft (now Museum of Art and Design) in New York City. The three works were purchased by the American Craft Council for the Museum's permanent collection. The May/June 1957 issue of the American Craft Council's magazine "Craft Horizons" had a feature article on Emil Milan, focusing on his tools and methods of work. Also in that issue, Milan's bird shaped hors d’oeuvres server was featured in the "Designers Showcase" section of the magazine.
The then American Craftsmen's Council launched its traveling exhibit program in 1960 with a "Communication in Craft" exhibit focusing on wood and on fiber arts. Three works by Milan were selected for the "Craftsmanship in Wood" display. The exhibit started at the Museum of Contemporary Crafts (NYC), January 8 – February 15, 1960, then travelled to museums, schools, and craft groups across the US. The exhibit included leading woodworkers of the day such as Wharton Esherick, Joyce and Edgar Anderson, Sam Maloof, Bob Stocksdale, and George Nakashima, as well as leading designers such as Charles Eames, James Prestini, and Tapio Wirkkila.
Move to rural Pennsylvania.
In 1961, Milan bought a derelict dairy farm and moved to a rural setting near Thompson, Pennsylvania. He lived and worked there for the rest of his life. During this period he sold his works directly to customers from his workshop and through retail shops . Fifteen of his pieces were included in the exhibit entitled "Craftsmanship Defined" held at the Philadelphia Museum College of Art, March 13 – April 18, 1964. A picture of Milan holding a large bowl he carved from African mahogany was on the cover of the "Newark News Sunday Magazine", January 9, 1966. In October 1969, he participated in the Smithsonian Institution’s "Cooperative Craft Exhibit" in Washington, DC. In July 1969, he was an invited exhibitor at the Central Pennsylvania Festival of the Arts in State College, PA. Also in 1969, he was commissioned to make the gavel and strikeplate for the President of the National Extension Association of Family and Consumer Sciences. Starting in October 1969, a 30-minute color documentary entitled "Emil Milan: Craftsman" aired for about six months on Educational TV channels in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, and Pasadena, CA. A copy of the tape has not yet been found.
Teaching.
After moving to Pennsylvania, Milan increased his teaching of woodworking, both at his barn studio and regionally. He taught at Peter’s Valley Craft Center (now Peters Valley School of Craft in Layton, New Jersey) from the Center's inaugural year, 1971, through 1984. He was an Associate Instructor in 1971–72 and a Resident Instructor in 1973. He taught methods he used carving sculptural forms and functional objects and about varieties of wood species, wood structure, and tool use and care. His students varied widely in experience and skill, from newcomers to emerging professional woodworkers. He taught by demonstration, encouraging individual creative expression and innovation in using both hand tools and power tools.
In the late 1960s the Penn State Agricultural Extension Service hired Milan as an instructor. The Extension Service, funded by the federal Manpower Development and Training Act, employed him to teach woodworking skills in rural areas to rekindle the craft industry in Pennsylvania. An article in "Science for the farmer," featuring Milan on the cover, described the unusual program.
For several years in the 1970s, Milan did woodworking demonstrations at the Harford Fair (PA). He did demonstrations and workshops at high schools in Pennsylvania including Sullivan County High School (1970–1979), Carbon County Technical School (1970), Montrose High School (1979).
Honduras 1964–65.
In fall 1964, Milan joined noted furniture makers Joyce and Edgar Anderson and designer Gere Kavanaugh for several months in Honduras in a USAID program. The goal was to train local people to make products from indigenous woods for sale in the US market. He designed prototypes of functional and art objects as teaching aids and taught woodworking in Tegucigalpa.
Later career.
A cutting board and scoop of Milan’s was selected for the Smithsonian Institution’s landmark "Craft Multiples" exhibit at the Renwick Gallery July 4, 1975 to February 16, 1976. The exhibit then traveled the United States for three years. These works are in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum’s Renwick Gallery.
Emil was an invited participant and demonstrator at a conference entitled "Wood ’79: The State of the Art," held on the campus on SUNY Purchase October 5–7, 1979.The event focused on studio furniture and high end woodworking and attracted more than 400 participants, including many leading woodworkers of the day. In August 1980, the only solo show of Emil Milan’s work in his lifetime was held at Robert Stark’s Susquehanna Studio in Uniondale, PA.
Use of wood and other materials.
Throughout his career, Milan used a wide range of woods including domestic hardwoods such as maple, walnut, and black cherry, as well as exotic imported species such as zebrawood, padouk, cocobolo, bubinga, lapacho, and rosewood. Buckridge items made from imported woods commanded higher prices. He periodically capitalized on grain patterns, intensive figure, and contrasting heartwood and sapwood colors as design elements in his works. Silver components occasionally were added to functional wooden works, and he made a few cheese boards with flat ceramic inserts as cutting surfaces. He was frugal with wood and used scraps to make saleable functional and art objects. Cutouts from large bowl forms, for example, were used to make fish, birds, and abstract sculptures, and the remaining pieces were used to make small salt bowls and spoons.
Tools and techniques.
Milan was an innovator in woodworking methods and a pioneer in advocating the integrated use of hand and power tools, focusing on the excellence of the final product. An article in the American Craft Council's magazine "Craft Horizons" in 1957 featured Milan's use of both hand tools and power tools to “...still achieve a handmade look.”
A sequence of pictures showed how he used a drill press to rapidly remove wood inside concave parts of bowls, trays, and spoons. He would then refine the roughed out concave forms with a mallet and wood gouges, before power sanding with flexible disk attachments—thus using a power tool, hand tools, and then another power tool in rapid succession.
He devised tools and techniques for increasing speed and efficiency without sacrificing workmanship. He made flat templates of his commonly produced works to rapidly transfer outlines onto wood blanks. A 12-station duplicating machine was in use at the Buckridge shop to quickly rough out multiple copies of production items. He had several tools made for him by blacksmiths at Peter’s Valley Craft Center, for example, and in at least one case made a wooden prototype of a specialized gouge to communicate his exact requirements.
Milan designed and built a multipurpose drum- and belt-sander, dubbed the “Emil Machine” by his woodworking colleagues. It had interchangeable pneumatic drums of different sizes and a long slack belt. The tension on the belt could be adjusted to achieve a shape that matched the outside curve of a work. A detachable plate could be installed below the upper belt to sand flat surfaces. These power sanding methods were used to rapidly shape the work and to refine and smooth the piece before applying lacquer or linseed oil. A crude slack belt sanding machine, possibly designed and built by Milan, was in use at the Buckridge shop in the 1950s.
He routinely used the bandsaw as a carving tool, standing a slab up on edge and slicing off long thin curves of wood in closer and closer approximation of the final desired form. This risky procedure violates basic safety tenets of bandsaw use that insist that the stock must have a stable flat surface held firmly against the table. He demonstrated his sanding and bandsaw techniques to other professional woodworkers at the "Wood '79" conference held at SUNY Purchase, October 5–7, 1979.
Later life and death.
Milan continued to live alone in Thompson PA in the 1980s, but his health began to deteriorate. He died April 5, 1985 (age 62) and is buried in Thompson, PA.
Recent interest and exhibits.
Interest in Emil Milan has been renewed in recent years due to a biographical research project funded by the Center for Craft, Creativity, and Design that yielded an extensive archival report documenting Emil’s life and work, and an article in "Woodwork" magazine in 2010. Since then, there has been increased media attention, two major exhibits, and an academic symposium focused on Milan.
An exhibit entitled "Emil Milan: Midcentury Designer Craftsman" was held at the Henry Gallery on the campus of Penn State Great Valley in Malvern, PA June 9 – September 26, 2014. The first solo exhibit of Milan’s works in over 30 years, it included 88 objects curated by Phil Jurus, Barry Gordon, and Norm Sartorius. The exhibit was previewed in "Woodwork" magazine in January 2014 and was the topic of Erika Funke's "Artscene" radio show on WVIA-FM.
The works traveled to the Center for Art in Wood in Philadelphia for an exhibit curated by Jennifer Zwilling entitled "Rediscovering Emil Milan and his Circle of Influence" (November 7, 2014 – January 24, 2015). The exhibit added works by 19 artists, students, and colleagues influenced directly or indirectly by Milan. This expanded exhibit was featured in the January 2015 issue of "American Art Collector" and is the topic of a short documentary by filmmaker John Thornton.
A symposium entitled "Connecting Circles" on Milan’s life, work, and influence, sponsored by the Center for Art in Wood, was held January 17, 2015 at the studios of WHYY-TV in Philadelphia. Presenters included Milan experts Sartorius, Gordon, and Jurus; Elizabeth Agro from the Philadelphia Museum of Art; professional curators Jennifer Zwilling (Philadelphia) and Jennifer Scanlan (New York); Kristin Muller from Peters Valley School of Craft (NJ); Andrew Willner, professional woodworker and colleague of Milan's; and Milan's student and accomplished artist in wood Rebecca Dunn Penwell.


Sugatsune

 is a manufacturing company based in Tokyo.
Founding and history.
The company name "Sugatsune" is a shortened form of the founder's name, Sugasawara Tsunesaburo. It was founded as "Sugatsune Shouten" in Kanda, Tokyo in 1930. The store was incorporated and changed its name to Sugatsune Kogyo Co, Ltd., and started manufacturing telecommunication hardware components until the end of World War II. Thereafter, the company started producing architectural and furniture hardware. Sugatsune first hardware was exported to the U.S. in 1949.
Sugatsune is a source for hardware products and component hardware for homes, telecommunication devices, consumer electronics, and marine equipment. Several Sugatsune products have won the Good Design Award () in Japan, administered by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry.
Sugatsune is headquartered in Iwamotochō, Tokyo and the company has sales and distribution offices in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, China, and India.
Products.
Sugatsune product range includes over 20,000 items. The items range from architectural furniture and hardware to industrial components. This includes hooks, catches, drawer slides, brackets, handles and more. It produces products for a variety of industries as diverse as cabinets, semiconductor fabrication plants, yachts, doors, and more.
Sugatsune's hinges are used around the world and are recognized in the industry.
MonoFlat Unison (MFU) is a sliding door system that enables doors to move inward and slide sideways without use of door handles in order to close flush with the wall. The external surface of the door can be flush with the wall or surrounding enclosure, giving a monolithic appearance.
Multimo is a multiple-motion door system for cabinets, allowing them be pulled out and slide sideways to allow more work space in front of the cabinet when the door is open. A damper provides smooth closing.
Brands.
Lapcon (Lamp Control) is a damper mechanism for smooth door opening and closing of drawers and doors. Several products featuring the mechanism won Japan's Good Design Award. Lapcon mechanisms can be found in many different products, including cabinetry doors and toilet seats. Both Monoflat FAD (FAD) and LIN-X use Lapcon Mechanisms and are lateral door opening mechanismw. FAD enables flaps and doors to open sideways (laterally) without the use of a bottom rail. Doors equipped with FAD have a smaller opening radius compared to ordinary swing doors.
Motion Design Tech, a line of products which focuses on the design of movement has achieved recognition in Japan and has been presented at trade shows around the world.


Friction drive

A friction drive or friction engine is a type of transmission that utilises two wheels in the transmission to transfer power to the driving wheels rather than a chain and sprockets system. This kind of transmission is often used on scooters, mainly go-peds, in place of a chain.
The problem with this type of drive system is they are not very efficient, since the output wheel (leather covered wheel) has width, the area of contact is spread across various radii on the primary disc. Because the tangential velocity varies as radius varies, the system must overcome velocity differentials across the surface. The compromise is slippage of the leather to metal contact area which creates friction, which in turn converts much of the energy transfer of this system into heat. Heat generation also requires a cooling system to keep the transmission working effectively.
In phonographs.
Friction drive has been most successfully used in low-power applications, such as driving phonograph turntables.
In automobiles.
Automobiles using this drive system included the Anglo-Dane, the Arista, the Armadale, the Astra, the Allvelo, the Bukh & Gry, the Cartercar, the Crown 12HP Model Two (1905-1906), the Davis Totem, the Kelsey, the Lambert, the LuLu, the Metz, the Ner-a Car, the Richardson and the Turicum. The Turicum's friction drive consisted of a flat steel disk coupled directly to the engine. This primary disk subsequently drove a smaller leather covered wheel oriented normal to its surface. Assuming a constant rotational velocity on the primary wheel, the angular velocity on the disk's surface will increase proportionally to the distance from the center of rotation. Therefore, positioning the smaller wheel at different points along the larger wheel's surface varies the gear ratio. Furthermore, since there are no limitations beyond the minimum and maximum positions, the gear ratios are infinitely adjustable. The Lambert's friction drive (illustrated) was similar but used an aluminium-faced driving disk and a fiber-faced driven wheel.
In railway locomotives.
Plymouth Locomotive Works's first three models, the AL, BL and CL were equipped with a friction drive.
Early models of the permanent way maintenance ganger's Wickham trolley used a vee-twin JAP engine. This drove through a large flat flywheel and a friction drive.
Belt drives.
A belt drive is a form of friction drive but is usually categorized separately from the "disk and wheel" type of friction drive.


Wendell Gilley

Wendell Gilley was a bird watcher and artist who carved birds in wood on Mount Desert Island, Maine. He started out carving two-inch wooden birds for Abercrombie & Fitch.
Wendell Gilley Museum.
The Wendell Gilley Museum in Southwest Harbor, Maine, which opened in July 1981, displays hundreds of examples of Gilley's work. The museum also features works by other woodcarvers, including a collection of miniature waterfowl by the Cape Cod carver who inspired Gilley, A. Elmer Crowell.


Henri Hemsch

Henri Hemsch, original name Johann Heinrich Hemsch (variants Jean-Henri Hemsch, Johannes Heinrich Hembsch) (21 February 1700 – September 1769), was a French harpsichord maker of German origin.
He was born in Kastenholtz, near Cologne, and moved to France in 1728 where he served a six-year apprenticeship in the shop of Antoine Vater, another German "émigré". Following this, he set up independently with his younger brother Guillaume (Wilhelm) (b. 5 December 1709; fl. 1748–1774). He served as "juré" of the instrument makers' guild in 1746. He is considered one of the most important Parisian makers of his time. He was succeeded in his craft by his nephew Jean-Henri Moers (b. Kastenholtz, August 1734; fl. 1754–1793).
Five of his double manual harpsichords survive today. The earliest, in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, is dated 1736. His instruments are similar to those of Vater and French in style, with two manuals, three-register disposition with shove coupler and a compass of FF–e (rising to f in a 1761 instrument at the Musée de la Musique, Paris). His remaining instruments are similar in number and quality to those of the Blanchet/Taskin family.


Dueber-Hampden Watch Company

The Dueber-Hampden Watch Company was an American watch manufacturing company.
History.
The Hampden Watch Company was originally known as the Mozart Watch Company. In 1866, Donald J. Mozart founded the company in Providence, Rhode Island. The firm manufactured time pieces. Unfortunately for Mozart, this company soon failed, but in 1867, he reorganized the firm as the New York Watch Company, with production facilities in Springfield, Massachusetts. Three years later, the company's factory burnt to the ground. Finally, in 1877, the company reopened, now doing business as the Hampden Watch Company.In 1864 John C. Dueber founded the Dueber Watch Case Company in Cincinnati, Ohio to manufacture cases for fine watches. In 1886, Dueber, who had been making cases for the Hampden Watch Company, purchased a controlling interest in the company. About this time an anti-trust law was passed and the watch case manufacturers formed a boycott against Dueber's company. In 1888, Dueber bought Hampden and moved both companies to a dual set of factory buildings in Canton, Ohio. In their first year in Canton, the combined firms employed almost 10% of the city's population.
By 1890, the company was producing quality watches, and introduced the first size 16, 23 jewel movement made in America. In 1923, the two businesses merged to become the Dueber-Hampden Watch Company. In 1925, John Dueber sold the company to Walter Vrettman. In 1927, falling sales led to the company going into receivership.
In 1930, Amtorg Trading Corporation purchased the Dueber-Hampden Watch Company together with all of the manufacturing equipment, parts on hand, and work in progress, in order to build a factory in Russia. 28 boxcars of machinery left Canton, together with 21 Dueber Hampden employees to teach the Russians the craft of watchmaking.
In 1931, the First State Watch Factory produced pocket watches that were presented at a ceremonial meeting in the Revolution Theater. The Hampden pattern watch movements were called the Type-1, easily recognized by its distinct twin finger bridge layout.
As the Nazi army closed in on Moscow, during Autumn of 1941, the factory was hurriedly evacuated to Zlatoust, where more than 300,000 Zlatoust Type-1 watches and clocks were made. By 1943, the Moscow factory was re-established and renamed the First Moscow Watch Factory and continued the manufacture of pocket watches and stopwatches, as well as the Type-1 191-ChS watch for Soviet Navy divers. This watch, whose diameter, not including the crown, is about 2 1/4 inches (60mm), weighed 8 1/2 ounces (about 260g). In 1970 production of these unique Type-1 191-ChS watches was stopped.


New Boy (novel)

New Boy is a novel, published in 1996, written by British novelist William Sutcliffe.
The book is largely autobiographical, mixing fact and fiction. It tells the story of the arrival of a new boy, Barry, in the sixth form of an English private school.
The school is never named in the novel, but a host of clues (most tellingly the school motto) reveals the school to be Sutcliffe's alma mater, Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, a fact that was picked up at the time by the British broadsheet press.
Plot summary.
The book is set in 1986 and is narrated by a Jewish student at the school, Mark, who does not have much success with girls. He finds himself drawn to Barry, who is incredibly handsome. The two become friends, and the book tells of the course of just over a year during which Barry discovers sex with girls and has an affair with a teacher. Mark struggles with his attraction to Barry, but has a relationship with Barry's sister, Louise. Barry, meanwhile, realises that he is, in fact, gay, and enters into a relationship with Mark's brother, Dan, which Mark is unaware of. The four all go on holiday together, and Dan and Barry tell Mark of their relationship. He reacts badly, and accuses them of not being normal. This leads to Barry storming off and Louise dumping Mark. Mark and Barry do have a rapprochement of sorts at the end of the book, but their friendship is over. Mark ends the book contending that he can't be homophobic, because he made it up with his brother.
Adaptations.
The book was adapted for the stage by Russell Labey, and performed at the 2000 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It staged a major revival in April 2008 at the Tabard Theatre which subsequently led to a West End production at the Trafalgar Studios in London in March and April 2009, starring Nicholas Hoult as Mark. It is currently running at the Newspace Theatre in Cape Town, South Africa directed by British director Russell Labey and starring Stephen Jubber as Barry.


John Egan (harp maker)

John Egan was an Irish musical instrument maker active during the years 1804 to 1838, who is considered by many as the father of the modern Irish harp. According to Simon Chadwick, honorary secretary of the Historical Harp Society of Ireland, "The ancient Irish harp tradition, which goes back to medieval times, was dying out around 1800. Egan invented a completely new romantic type of Irish harp, which was very successful, and which formed the basis of all subsequent revivals."
Egan overcame the restrictions of the traditional Irish harp by adding the dital tuning mechanism and pliable catgut strings of the European pedal harps, calling his creation "portables". Of the c.2000 harps Egan made, only 37 are known to exist. Although they are not considered as priceless as a Stradivarius violin, for instance, they are considered classic instruments, and have been priced as high as US$24,000.


Karl Leonard

Karl Rangikawhiti Leonard (b 1964) is a carver and weaver of Te Arawa, Ngāti Awa and Ngati Raukawa descent. He was the first man elected to the committee of the national Māori weaver's collective, Te Roopu Raranga Whatu o Aotearoa.
He learned weaving from his mother and grandmother. His grandmother was the noted weaver Ranginui Parewahawaha, who critiqued his 1st kete (basket) at the age of 112. He attributes his time as a weaver and guide at the Māori Arts and Crafts Institute in Rotorua as fundamental to his practice. He acknowledges Bubbles Mihinui, Mini Hohepa, Kura Raponui, Homai Balzer, Denny Anaru, Katiroa Tuhakaraina and Emily Schuster as major influences and teachers of fiber arts during his time there. Leonard, a teacher himself has lectured at Te Wananga o Raukawa between 2001–2010.
In 2012 Leonard was selected for a six-week bicultural exchange through Creative New Zealand, the Toi Sgwigwialtxw Residency.
Leonard pays close attention to detail and process, 'Everything is done by hand, from extraction to spinning to dying to weaving designs'. Nigel Borell writes that his works 'are complemented with natural dyes and dying techniques, giving the garments a dignity that is not complicated or contrived'.
His works are held at The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and the Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix) Arizona.


Nikolaos Skoufas

Nikolaos Skoufas (; 1779 – July 31, 1818) was a founding member of the Filiki Eteria ("Society of Friends"), a Greek conspiratorial organization against the Ottoman Empire.
Biography.
Skoufas was born in 1779 in the village of Kompoti near Arta, Ottoman Greece. His father's surname was "Koumparos". He worked at various times as an apothecary, a commercial secretary and a hatter (from which he took the name Skoufas). Skoufas left as a merchant for Russia for business purposes. While there, he became acquainted with Athanasios Tsakalov and Emmanuil Xanthos. The three men came up with the idea of founding a secret organisation to prepare the ground for Greek independence. So, the Filiki Eteria was founded in 1814 in Odessa. Skoufas dedicated the rest of his life to the cause. For this purpose he went to Moscow but his ideas did not meet with the approval of many people of the local Greek community.
In 1818, the three partners moved to Constantinople to further their cause, but in July of that same year Skoufas fell ill and died.


Balanced heave compensation

Balanced heave compensation is a technology engaging the principle of a balanced-arm lamp for offshore motion compensation.
Working principle.
The technical working principle can be summarized as converting the non-linear force of a gas spring or hydro-pneumatic spring into an adjustable, substantially linear force, by several mechanical measures. The technology comprises a series of patented inventions by NHLO licensed to and marketed by Seaqualize.
Research project.
In cooperation with IHC and research partners MARIN and ECN, a scale model of a first device comprising the technology, an offshore access bridge has been tested. Seaqualize is currently working on a full-scale prototype of the access bridge. The project has been subsidized by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs as a Renewable Energy project.
The research project indicates balanced heave compensation enables a range of potential benefits compared to currently available solutions. This may lead to improvements and cost savings in (engaging) heave compensation systems.
Comparison to traditional heave compensation systems.
Balanced heave compensation (BHC) differs from traditional (spring based) Passive Heave Compensation (PHC) and Active Heave Compensation (AHC) in several ways.
In traditional spring based heave compensation systems the movement of the mass is parallel to the movement of the spring cylinder. A passive heave compensation system is in effect a mass spring system: it stabilizes a certain mass in a single position of the spring, in that position only the spring and the mass are balanced. In other positions of the spring the mass and the spring are not balanced and the mass will tend to start moving towards the stabilized position due to residual forces in the spring.
Only in certain (preset) conditions a mass spring system can be beneficial for heave compensation: the spring, its excitation, the mass and the frequency of the excitation of the spring all need to be taken into account in order for a mass to be substantially stabilised in a moving environment. In other (unexpected) conditions, mass spring systems may experience unwanted effects such as load amplification: its mass may start to move viciously instead of being stabilised.
An active heave compensation system adds an active component to a traditional passive heave compensation system in order to counteract these residual forces / in order to counteract load amplification, in effect minimising the movement of the load.
In BHC systems the movement of the mass is not parallel to the movement of the spring, leading to significantly lower residual forces, and therefore lower requirements on the active components. In BHC systems, load amplification is unlikely to occur since the mass is substantially balanced in the whole range of movement of the spring. Residual forces are minimized and therefore unexpected conditions such as variations in the wave pattern have a negligible effect on the working principle. This leads to a better stabilisation of the mass compared to PHC systems.
An Active Balanced Heave compensation system (ABHC) adds an active component to a BHC for even further stabilisation of the mass.


Kashirskaya

Kashirskaya () is a former (future) cross-platform station complex on the Moscow Metro. It was opened on 11 August 1969 as part of the Kakhovsky radius extension, and from 1984 was an interchange between the Kakhovskaya and the Orekhovskaya branches of the Zamoskvoretskaya line. Since 2022 it will be officially classed as three stations after the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line's separation, and also will be the terminus of it.
Layout and design.
The station consists of two parallel halls of identical pillar-trispan ("centipede") design typical of the 1960s stations. Decoratively the halls differ from each other no more than from any other centipede stations built at the time. The eastern hall work of architects Nikolay Demchinsky and Yuliya Kolesnikova, features a grey marble coat on the rectangular pillars, white ceramic tiles on the walls (with a black socle on the tracks) and red granite floor with an asphalt on the platform edge.
The western hall is identical except the pillars are faced with brown marble, the floor is laid with grey granite instead of red and the ceramic wall has a slightly indigo shade instead of pale white. (work of architects Nina Alyoshina and Nataliya Samoylova). The station's design focus comes from its name which is ultimately derived from the Kashira Hydroelectric Station located in Kashira and for the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute located nearby. Both halls feature large metallic artworks by Z.Vetrova based on the theme of electrification.
Since October 26, 2019 due to the abolition of the Kakhovskaya line, the station serves only the Zamoskvoretskaya line, the third and fourth routes do not work for passengers. In 2019, as part of the reconstruction of the Kakhovskaya line and its future inclusion in the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line, it is planned to replace the entire decoration of the two halls of the station. Their opening is planned as part of the Bolshaya Koltsevaya line in 2022.
From September 12, 2020 to January 25, 2021, trains on the Zamoskvoretskaya line do not stop at the platform from the center in connection with the construction of the Big Circle Line. Exits 1 and 2 are also closed. After finishing work, the platform will be closed to the center.
Location.
The station is located on a major transport artery in the south of Moscow, the intersection of the Andropova Avenue and the Kashirskoye Highway, both roads later become the M4 and M6 (European routes E115 and E119) respectively and continue to the Russian south. The station is also situated on a point where two Moscow's districts meet up: Nagatino-Sadovniki and Moskvorechye-Saburovo.
As a result, from its opening it was prone to a large passenger traffic, particularly prior to the opening of the Orekhovo branch. To deal with this the station's entrance designs were altered from the usual underground vestibules to two surface ones (architect M.Fainshteina) which also double as a transfer point between the halls. For a more direct transfer there is also a central passage with a staircase out of the middle of the platform directly linking the two halls.
One of the main reasons why the Kakhovskaya line was split off from the Zamoskovoretskaya was the track layout. In 1969 both platforms were opened with one track used on each one. In 1983 the extension to Orekhovo only continued the unused tracks without making provisions for a comfortable branch service. The result was that only the northbound platform offered cross-platform interchange, which was unnecessary as the tracks would join anyway (see ). The southbound tracks branched only after the station, and the passengers wishing to change the direction of the travel had to wait for the correct train on one side of the platform. (The ratio was 1:1 initially and 2:1 after the Orekhovo branch expanded to Krasnogvardeyskaya in 1985).
There were varying proposals to solve the problem, including building a second junction prior to the southbound platform, but this would have been impossible without any disruption to the service, an alternative scenario including switching the whole line from right to left-hand side travel, but this was also dropped out of practical reasons, one of which was that all of the Russian Metro trains had driver doors on the left only.
The solution was to separate the Kakhovskaya branch into a separate line which took place on 20 November 1995 a reversal (turnback) siding was built north of the station allowing for the Kakhovskaya Line to separate. However, as the siding was built next to the Kolomenskoye Nature Reserve, environmental groups insisted it does not extend into it. This forced the siding to be slightly shorter, enough to accommodate the six car train of the Kakhovskaya Line but not long enough for the eight car train of the Zamoskvoretskaya Line.
Bolshaya Koltsevaya line.
It is planned that the tracks of the Kakhovskaya line will be extended as part of the future ring project Bolshaya Koltsevaya line. The actual path was disputed and the variation was either eastwards to Bratislavskaya and then to follow the path of the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya line to Pechatniki or directly to Pechatniki via a more northeast path (both featuring at least one interim station). Bratislavskaya had already a provision for the future transfer set in its ensemble, but Pechatniki was chosen.


Herbert Manzoni

Sir Herbert John Baptista Manzoni CBE MICE (21 March 1899 – 18 November 1972) was a British civil engineer known for holding the position of City Engineer and Surveyor of Birmingham from 1935 until 1963. This position put him in charge of all municipal works and his influence on the city, especially following World War II, completely changed the image of Birmingham.
Life.
Manzoni was born in Birkenhead, the son of a Milanese sculptor, and was educated both in Birkenhead and Liverpool. He moved to Birmingham in 1923 and became an engineering assistant in the Sewers and Rivers Department. He became Chief Engineer for the department four years later. Unlike many other cities, planning and architectural issues came largely under the control of the city's Chief Engineer.
In 1935, Herbert Humphries retired from his post as City Surveyor and Manzoni took over the post at the age of 36. In 1941, Manzoni anticipated the damage that would be caused by the Birmingham Blitz and, in October 1941, announced the creation of four advisory panels within the council to focus upon Housing, Traffic, Redevelopment Areas and Limitation of the city. A 1938 report identified that there was a serious housing shortage that still needed to be addressed in Birmingham. Manzoni launched a citywide slum clearance scheme, and replaced the housing with high density schemes consisting of tower blocks. He used the Town and Country Planning Act 1944, which he contributed to, to designate redevelopment areas in Birmingham. Manzoni took advantage of the Housing Act of 1936 to designate of land in Duddeston and Nechells as a redevelopment area. This was approved in 1950. The first tower blocks to be built in the area were completed in 1954 and the entire scheme was completed in 1972. He also designated a further four in Newtown, Ladywood, Lee Bank, and Highgate, totalling around . Together, they contained nearly 250,000 houses that were considered unfit for habitation and they were one half of the entire slum property in the city. The houses were purchased by the council using Compulsory Purchase Orders.
Manzoni encouraged zoning of areas and redevelopment. He did not believe in the preservation of old buildings and saw their retention for sentimental purposes rather than valuable purposes. This was shown in his work which resulted in the loss of many old buildings and historic areas of the city. His attitudes became the orthodoxy and directly or indirectly led to the demolition of a number of much loved landmarks, such as the old Birmingham Central Library and the original Bull Ring market hall.
Manzoni's most famous utterance on the city's architecture neatly encapsulates his attitudes:
An urban motorway system was also launched by Manzoni. This had been advocated by William Haywood in his 1918 book, "The Development of Birmingham". Manzoni began planning an Inner Ring Road from 1943, and an Act of Parliament was passed in 1946 allowing construction to commence. The first section, Smallbrook Queensway, was not started until 1957 and was completed in 1960. The entire ring road was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1971. Demolition of Masshouse Circus on the ring road began in March 2002 and further sections were demolished or demoted following it. The construction of the Inner Ring Road had resulted in the demolition of the Market Hall at the Bull Ring, the Central Library, Mason Science College and the Central Technical College. A Middle Ring Road was constructed following this, cutting through the Jewellery Quarter, and an Outer Ring Road was also designated. Following the demolition of parts of the Inner Ring Road, Birmingham City Centre is now considered to be the area within the Middle Ring Road. According to urban designer Nick Corbett, planners started realising from the 1980s that the Queensway "was stifling growth as well as having a rather brutal appearance."
In February 1960, Manzoni was elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a position he served in for 21 months instead of the customary year-long tenure due to the untimely death of his predecessor Arthur Hartley.
References.


Ridgeway Clocks

Ridgeway Clocks is a division of Howard Miller Company, and is a producer of longcase clocks, mantle clocks, and wall clocks. The company's facilities are located in Zeeland Michigan. According to Furniture Today magazine, Howard Miller is one of only three major manufacturers of floor clocks in the U.S.
History.
Ridgeway began as The Gravely Furniture Company in 1926 and started producing grandfather clocks exclusively in 1960. This makes Ridgeway the oldest continuously produced grandfather clock brand in the United States.
Pulaski Furniture Corporation acquired Gravely Furniture Company in 1985, renaming it Ridgeway Clocks, though the name "Ridgeway" appears on some clocks prior the acquisition.
Zeeland, Michigan based Howard Miller Clock Company acquired Ridgeway Clocks in November 2004 from Pulaski Furniture Corporation. Miller also owns Germany based Kieninger, which manufactures the movements that are built into each Ridgeway clock. The clock-making work moved to Zeeland in the spring of 2005.
The Ridgeway plant's production focus became curio cabinets and wine cabinets, product lines more vulnerable to import competition than grandfather and mantel clocks. In December 2007, Howard Miller Clock Co. closed its subsidiary Ridgeway Furniture, resulting in about 70 job losses.
A Ridgeway Grandfather Clock is presented to the winners of NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races at the Martinsville Speedway.


Rangimahora Reihana-Mete

Rangimahora Reihana-Mete (née Leonard) (1899—1993) was a New Zealand Māori tohunga raranga (master weaver) and textile artist. She is affiliated with the Ngāti Raukawa iwi. Her artworks are held in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa). In 1974 she was awarded the British Empire Medal and in 1992 the Order for Meritorious Service from Te Pihopatanga o Aotearoa.
Biography.
Reihana-Mete was born on the 25th of January 1899 to Ranginui Parewahawaha Leonard in Maungatautari. She moved to Foxton in 1920 and continued to live there for the remainder of her life. During her lifetime Reihana-Mete travelled extensively in New Zealand passing on her traditional skills and knowledge in weaving and other Māori crafts. She also served as a judge for events organised by the Māori Woman's Welfare League. She died in December 1993 and is buried in Himatangi.
Art.
A cloak made by Reihana-Mete was presented to the British High Commissioner George Fergusson by the Ngati Raukawa iwi. Te Papa also holds a collection of Reihana-Mete's work. In 1993 works by Reihana-Mete formed part of the exhibition "Ngā puna roimata o Te Arawa" held at Te Papa that also featured works by Te Hikapuhi Wiremu Poihipi and Mākereti Papakura. In 2006 a retrospective of her life and work was held in Foxton. This exhibition inspired the formation of the Te Taitoa Māori o Te Awahou Trust which has the mission of sharing Ngāti Raukawa ki te Tonga culture.
Family.
Reihana-Mete was married twice. Her first husband was Pitihera Reihana who died in 1954. Her second husband was Whitu Mete.
Honours and awards.
In 1974 Queen Elizabeth II presented Reihana-Mete with the British Service Medal for her contribution to Māori arts and crafts. In 1992 Te Pihopatanga o Aotearoa awarded Reihana-Mete the Order for Meritorious Service for her fundraising work including creating items for sale at church shop days. A mural depicting Reihana-Mete weaving was created by Mike Jull & Michael Barclay on the main street of Foxton next to the Westpac Bank.


Southwest LRT

The Southwest LRT (Metro Green Line Extension) is an under–construction light rail transit corridor in Hennepin County, Minnesota, with service between Minneapolis and Eden Prairie. The estimated one-way travel time from Southwest Station in Eden Prairie to Target Field Station in Minneapolis is 32 minutes. The Southwest LRT will extend through St. Louis Park, Hopkins and Minnetonka along the route. Major locations on the line will include Bde Maka Ska, Cedar Lake, the Walker Art Center, the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden and Target Field in downtown Minneapolis.
On November 15, 2018, the council accepted an $800 million construction bid by Lunda Construction and C.S. McCrossan, with early construction starting in December 2018.
Current route.
The line begins at the Southwest Transit Station in Eden Prairie, passing Eden Prairie's Town Center and crosses US 212 and I-494. It goes into the Golden Triangle, under MN 62, and into Opus. It crosses into Minnetonka on a bridge, and enters the railroad corridor. It turns east into Hopkins, and passes under US 169. It goes east, and has four more stations before entering Minneapolis. It turns north, and enters a tunnel. Upon exiting the tunnel, it has 3 stations, and passes under I-394 and I-94. It leaves the railroad, enters Royalston, and terminates at Target Field.
History.
In 1988, the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority (HCRRA) identified the Southwest transitway from Hopkins to downtown Minneapolis as a future LRT corridor.
In 2002 and 2003, the HCRRA conducted the Southwest Rail Transit Study to evaluate twelve possible light rail routes in the southwest transitway. Of the twelve routes, eight were eliminated and four were selected for further analysis: routes 1A, 2A, 3A and 4A.
On March 4, 2009, the FTA approved a $2 million study of the project, with a then-anticipated opening date in 2015. On May 26, 2010, the Metropolitan Council voted to approve the locally preferred alternative advanced by Hennepin County. The project at that point transferred to Metropolitan Council control and at the time was expected to begin service in 2018. Since receiving approval from the Metropolitan Council on May 26, 2010, the Southwest LRT joins the Bottineau LRT as an official part of the Metro Council's project list. The Metropolitan Council began design work in 2013, after the completion of the draft Environmental Impact Statement.
Route debate.
On May 26, 2010, the Metropolitan Council approved route 3A as the locally preferred alternative for the line. There was a protracted debate over the route choice in the years leading up to this decision, with many parties strongly opposed to the final route choice. The final choice in favor of 3A was made for several reasons, including its favorable Cost Effectiveness Index (CEI) score and its relatively lower environmental impacts.
Several possible routing variations were evaluated to determine the final routing of the line. There was local debate about the route the line would take between the Chain of Lakes and downtown Minneapolis. Routes 1A and 3A (chosen route) use the Kenilworth Corridor, a dedicated stretch of right-of-way owned by the HCRRA to be used for future rail transit. Route 3C would have the tracks run much further east through the trench used by the Midtown Greenway before turning north at Nicollet Avenue, where it would have run in a tunnel for part of the way downtown.
Kenilworth alignment (routes 1A, 3A-chosen route).
The Kenilworth Corridor was acquired by the HCRRA to preserve it for future rail transit. The Kenilworth routing would have provided shorter ride times for the majority of the line's users compared to the 3C routing. It is also less expensive to build and operate.
Supporters of a network alignment propose that a streetcar or trolley line be installed alongside the Midtown Greenway to connect the Southwest LRT line to the existing Blue Line; however, this will not occur. Rather LRT will be used for the full stretch of the line. The Midtown Greenway Coalition has long supported and promoted the network alignment. The group successfully prevented the trench from being used for a busway and instead pitched the idea of the trench being used for a potential streetcar line.
Some residents living adjacent to the Kenilworth Corridor favored the 3C route because they were concerned about the noise and disturbance of the trains passing through the corridor near their homes. The Kenilworth Corridor presently contains an active freight rail line and the light rail will be in addition to this existing track. Operating the two LRT tracks adjacent to the Twin Cities & Western Railroad line (four freight trains each day) will require Metro Transit to purchase a standard $300 Million insurance policy holding the railroad harmless for any accidents caused by derailments of freight or LRT trains. The annual premium cost of this policy is approximately $1.5 Million.
Greenway/Nicollet alignment (route 3C).
Advocates of the 3C route wanted the line to directly serve Uptown and Eat Street, and feel that routing the line through the Kenilworth Corridor would be a missed opportunity for increased ridership and better transit in this area of Minneapolis.
Some Eat Street business owners were concerned that the access and traffic problems resulting from the construction period on Nicollet Avenue would severely affect their business. Engineers indicated Nicollet Avenue may have been tunneled instead of at-grade.
In early 2008, Hennepin County Medical Center acquired a city block parcel at 28th Street and Nicollet where the 3C Route would turn from the Midtown Greenway trench onto or under Nicollet Avenue. HCMC is building a clinic on the site that does not incorporate a light rail station or easement into the building. That would have prevented the 3C route from turning at this location since there is not enough space for tracks to make the minimum required turning radius.
Neighborhood positions.
During public input phases in 2007–2008 the final three proposed routes faced opposition by some members of two Minneapolis neighborhoods, Kenwood and Whittier. Kenwood's neighborhood organization released an official neighborhood stance against the line with Whittier's organization debating to release a stance. In Kenwood, one of the wealthiest neighborhoods, their criticism involves disruption to natural parkland and noise though the Kenilworth Corridor (which routes '1A' and '3A' would run on). The corridor is home to the Kenilworth Trail, a scenic bike and pedestrian trail that runs adjacent to a rarely used freight rail line. In Whittier, disruption to Nicollet Avenue by the '3C' route had brought concern to business owners regarding Eat Street as a business, restaurant and retail corridor of the Whittier neighborhood.
The Bryn Mawr neighborhood has favored the routes moving through the Kenilworth Corridor as it supports their redevelopment plans. Also, suburban cities have received the proposals favorably with concern over routing within their cities than opposition of the line itself. The 3A route through job centers in Eden Prairie garnered approval from its City Council. Hopkins also proposed routing the line through their downtown Main Street but will instead be routed nearby.
Funding and delays.
In April 2015, the council released an updated analysis of the project, with projected costs raised by more than $300 million to $1.994 billion, largely as a result of additional sitework and ground preparation due to poor soil along the route. The expected opening date of the line was also pushed back to 2020, as a result of delays to the next draft of the Environmental Impact Statement, which was expected to be released in May 2015, more than a year after the original planned release in January 2014. To bring costs within the original budget, Metropolitan Council members proposed measures such as eliminating the Mitchell Road station in Eden Prairie or decreasing the size of the Hopkins maintenance facility.
A reduced $1.744 billion budget for the line was approved by the Metropolitan Council in July 2015. Changes from the original plan included the deletion of the Mitchell Road terminus, removal of planned station art, and the deferral of the Eden Prairie Town Center station.
On May 22, 2016, the Minnesota Legislature was unable to agree on whether or not to fund the State of Minnesota's 10% portion of the project. On August 31, 2016 the State's 10% portion ($144.5 million) was funded by Certificates of Participation by three government bodies: the Metropolitan Council ($103.5 million),the Counties Transit Improvement Board ($20.5 million) and Hennepin County ($20.5 million) to close the $144.5 million gap.
In 2016, the Metropolitan Council reserved $118 million to Siemens to build a fleet of 27 vehicles for the Southwest LRT. An order for these 27 Siemens S700 vehicles was placed in October 2016, and the first two cars were received by Metro Transit in May 2020.
On February 15, 2017, the Metropolitan Council announced that the Southwest LRT design and engineering phase would be complete at the end of 2017.
Construction.
Construction bids were revealed publicly on August 15, 2017 but were rejected for being too costly and non-responsive (Bids did not meet the requirements). As of May 2018, the Met Council estimated the building costs to be at $2.003 billion. On November 15, 2018, the council accepted an $800 million construction bid for a section of the construction by Lunda Construction and C.S. McCrossan.
Construction of the line is the State of Minnesota's largest public works project currently underway, and is happening in all five cities that the line is served by. The project is known to disrupt major trails such as the Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail, and the Kenilworth Trail. The line was expected to be completed in 2023, but unexpected poor soils in the Kenilworth Corridor have delayed the opening. As of January 14, 2021, it has not been stated when the line will be completed or how it will affect project cost. Construction contractors will use alternate construction methods for portion with poor soils.


Alan Cockshaw

Sir Alan Cockshaw (born 14 July 1937) is an English civil engineer. Born in Manchester, he became the chief executive of Fairclough Civil Engineering in 1978 and, when this merged with the William Press Group to form AMEC in 1982, he became the chief executive (1984–88) and then chairman (1988-97). He was knighted in 1992. He became a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1986 and was president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from 1997-98. He is a member of the South Tees Development Corporation board.


Bluegrass companies

Bluegrass companies is a non-explosive demolition company headquartered in Greenville, Alabama. It was founded in 1979 by CEO and owner Nicholas Jenkins. The business would comprise the sub-companies: Demolition Technologies, The Machine Shop, Bluegrass Concrete Cutting Inc. and Bluegrassbit. Bluegrass Company have always been headquartered in Greenville, Alabama though now incorporated in Wyoming. The company would become known for the advancement of diamond wire sawing as a technique for non-explosive demolition, later for the creation and patenting of an underwater diamond wire saw, and for assisting the U.S. Department of Energy with various tests as well as nuclear decommissioning.
Nuclear.
Power Plant Decommissioning.
Bluegrass has performed reactor vessel cutting and steam generator replacements at Sequoyah, Watts Bar, Browns Ferry, Waterford Nuclear Generating Station, Connecticut Yankee, Humboldt Bay, and Big Rock Point Nuclear power plants over the course of the last 30 years.
Plutonium Immobilization Project.
The company has worked for the government of the United States of America: Department of energy on their Plutonium Immobilization Project, "After the low pour rate and instrumented
canisters cooled, Bluegrass Bit, Inc. used a
diamond wire saw to section them at four
heights. The sections were then studied for
evidence of hardware deformation and glass
voids"
. This project focused on the finding a way to disposition excess plutonium of a weapons grade classification.
Diamond Shaving of Contaminated Concrete Surfaces.
The company helped to test using diamond shaving to decontaminate radioactive surfaces.
The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR).
In 1997 Bluegrass with the help of the Princeton Physics Laboratory offered a demonstration of how the TFTR could be disassembled with diamond wire sawing, “Based upon the demonstration at PPPL on the TFTR surrogate, the diamond wire cutting technology is superior to the baseline technology for both cost and safety considerations. The combination of void filling with this cutting technology will significantly reduce personnel radiation exposure through shielding, remote operation (normal application of this technology), and radionuclide stabilization”.
ITER.
In 2018 Bluegrass supported General Atomics by cutting a ¼ scale mockup of the ITER solenoid constructed by wrapping 288 individual stainless steel bars with copper conductor and coiling the resulting “superconductor” into a ring 3 ft tall x 2 ½ ft wide. The heart of the ITER tokamak, a solenoid is used to magnetically confine a plasma of reactive charged particles into a hollow doughnut-shaped container. The ring of stainless steel and copper was segmented into 4 pieces sized for shipment to another facility for analysis.
NS Savannah.
Retired NS (Nuclear Ship) Savannah, anchored at Baltimore, MD, underwent a renovation in 2018 which required cutting into the nuclear containment vessel to gain access to the reactor. Bluegrass engineered and fabricated bespoke equipment for the confined space to cut, lift and move the 2 ton containment wall cut blocks. The removal of the cut segments had to all be done in a very confined space mostly by manual labor and an elaborate pulley system designed specifically for this job alone.
Civil.
Transportation: Highways, Railroads, Ports, Bridges.
Railway bridge projects include a Union Pacific Railroad over the Willamette River in Oregon, and a BNSF pivot bridge over Bayou des Allemandes. Highway bridge projects include the Dumbarton Bridge in California and Wisner Boulevard bridge in New Orleans, LA. At the Port of Los Angeles, CA, an underwater wire saw cut Berth 29 for removal.
On the demolition of the East Span of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge in Spring 2017, Bluegrass cut and segmented the above-water blocks of Piers E6, E7, E8, and E10 through E16, then core drilled for rigging and removal all the cut blocks except those on E6. The pier demolition project was authorized by the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission in part to mitigate for all the fill associated with construction of the new East Span of the Bay Bridge.
Hydroelectric.
Projects such as Hiwassee Dam and Fontana Dam have been a focus of the company as well, also see their work with Tennessee Valley Authority. With regard to dam remediation and upgrades, slot cutting projects are the company's main focus. It is akin to slicing a concrete dam like a piece of birthday cake. The technique is simple but very difficult, rotate a loop of cable strung with diamond embedded beads through the structure — essentially, like using a loop of fishing line to cut a cake. Slot cutting is employed to create expansion joints in dams afflicted with compression stresses due to concrete swelling. Alkali Aggregate Reaction, or AAR, is a chemical reaction in concrete created where the aggregate has a high silicon dioxide content. The southeast USA is one such region, and dams in that area require periodic slot cuts to avoid cracking, leakage, and interference with mechanical components such as gates and turbines. The time intervals depend on the AAR specifics of each structure, but 10 years is an average.
Bluegrass participated in the Saluda Dam Remediation project in South Carolina, a requirement by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission which involved seismic upgrades to the dam and building a backup dam immediately downstream. Bluegrass was contracted to assist with removal of concrete piers and retaining wall to provide access to the penstock towers which supply water to the turbines in the hydroelectric plant. Bluegrass diamond wire saws were ideally suited to the job because of the minimal vibration emitted, therefore avoided the potential hazard of vibrating debris into the draft tubes. Expansive grout and robotic hammers were also used to break the concrete blocks for removal.
NASA.
As part of planning the Orion programme for the journey beyond low Earth orbit to destinations such as Mars, NASA needed to demolish the existing concrete silos (built to assemble the Space Shuttle booster rockets) at their Michoud Assembly Facility. This was necessary in order to replace the silos with larger Space Launch System (SLS) core stage assembly towers. The task of removing the existing concrete silos was estimated to take three months. Bluegrass was called in to regain schedule for the overall project, eventually completing the demolition of cells B and C in a month.
Offshore.
In 2006 Bluegrass created an underwater saw and had it patented for its use of hydraulic motors in combination with diamond wire to create a new sawing platform which was operational underwater. The continuous loop, four wheel drive diamond wire saw reduced cut times by providing greater torque and consistent wire grip. These improvements reduced slippage and subsequent wire breaks.
Since then the patented underwater saw has been used domestically and globally on offshore decommissioning jobs including cutting single- and multi-string conductors, pipelines, seabed umbilicals, pilings, mooring chains, wellheads, risers, slot recovery and jacket lets. On platforms this technology can be applied to perform modifications, maintenance upgrades, to remove crane pedestals, compressors and topsides, and for hurricane remediation.
Sub-sea saws can be installed by divers while being monitored and powered from a barge or platform, or they can be installed and powered by working class ROVs.
The robust characteristics of these four wheel drive bespoke underwater wire saws, combined with remote control functionality, makes them suitable to extreme offshore decommissioning conditions such as the North Sea.
U.S. Patent #8,286,625.
The patent was filed with the advantages being summarized as follows:
Hurricane Remediation.
Bluegrass was involved in the arduous post-Katrina and -Rita cleanup of toppled or damaged offshore production platforms. Operating from work vessels chartered by Chevron, the cleanup team moved from platform to platform in the Gulf of Mexico, cutting structural platform members, stringers and caissons underwater and on deck to comply with BOEM and BSEE federal requirements to remove O & G (Oil and Gas) production debris from the seafloor.
Industrial.
Examples of application to heavy industry include foundation removals and modifications, chest removals in the pulp and paper industry, brick and refractory removal primarily using robotic hammers, and boiler segmentation.
In many industrial plants such as cememt, lime, copper, aluminum, and chemical, the kiln's refractory lining wears out and needs to be replaced, or is compromised by lime buildup which must be removed. For these demolition jobs, remotely operated robotic hammers are used to break up the refractory for removal, and for chipping off lime deposits.
Paper Mills.
The production of wood pulp and paper products requires extensive concrete structures including foundations, walls, raised platforms and kilns. Refractory in kilns needs to be replaced periodically. A variety of maintenance, upgrade, retrofit, and replacement projects in this industry calls into service the full array of demolition equipment: core drills and diamond wire saws for cutting concrete bases, walls and foundations, and for releasing and cutting tanks and chests. Robotic hammers are able to work in the limited space of kilns to effectively break refractory and lime buildup for removal.
Chemical Plants and Refineries.
The structures, mechanisms and environments of chemical plants and refineries are ideal candidates for the spark-free and vibration-free concrete and metal cutting technologies used by Bluegrass.
Heavy Metal.
Los Alamost National Laboratories (LANL) Technical Area 54 contracted Bluegrass for assistance with a stockpile cleanup project. The inventory of 84" diameter exotic steel spheres needed to be segmented into sizes suitable for containment and disposal. Bluegrass designed a saw to these specifications: it had to make a continuous cut, without stopping, through steel nearly 3" thick, and to avoid creating contaminated slurry it could not be cooled with water, typically wire saws are cooled by water, thus the wire burned out quicker.


Leaside station

Leaside is an underground light rail transit (LRT) station under construction on Line 5 Eglinton, a new line that is part of the Toronto subway system. It will be located in the Leaside neighbourhood at the intersection of Bayview Avenue and Eglinton Avenue. It is scheduled to open in 2022.
During the planning stages for Line 5 Eglinton, the station was given the working name "Bayview", which is identical to the pre-existing Bayview station on Line 4 Sheppard. On November 23, 2015, a report to the TTC Board recommended giving a unique name to each station in the subway system (including Line 5 Eglinton). Thus, the LRT station was renamed "Leaside".
Located at the intersection with Bayview Avenue, this underground station will have two entrances on opposite corners: the main entry at the southeast (replacing a McDonald's) and a secondary entry on the northwest (in the corner of a retail parking lot). Nearby destinations include Howard Talbot Park, Leaside High School, the Leaside neighbourhood, Mount Hope Catholic Cemetery, and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre complex.
Station site.
In October 2013, local residents learned that Metrolinx negotiations with Countrywide Homes, the current owner, allowed the owner to propose to build a new condominium over the station.
Metrolinx will be acquiring several adjacent properties, not necessary for constructing the station, because they fit within the plan to put the property to dual use. Sam Balsamo, an executive with the developer, characterized the dual-use plan "a unique opportunity because it will potentially be one of the only stops where you’ll have residential right above a subway stop". Councillor Jon Burnside voiced concern that the developer will use the association with new line to argue for an exemption to the current height restrictions for the area of nine storeys and instead build a high-rise.
A McDonald's restaurant, on the southeast corner of Bayview and Eglinton Avenues, was closed on September 24, 2015, to make way for the station. The restaurant had been part of the community for over 30 years. It had been a contentious subject during town hall meetings, as the construction of the new light rail system that is replacing it will have a great impact on the community. The McDonald's had been a neighbourhood icon thanks to its distinctive design, with the restaurant perched on top of a ground-floor parking lot, and its proximity to neighbouring Howard Talbot Park, where residents could often watch students from nearby Leaside High School play baseball after buying dinner.
Surface connections.
The following routes would serve this station according to the report presented at the board meeting on February 25, 2016:


Christian Learmonth

Christian Learmonth (< 1719 – 1762) was a Scottish milliner and shopkeeper in Edinburgh. Her life is known because of a court case over her will. She left her estate to her lodger and her sisters disputed this.
Life.
Learmonth was baptised in 1718. Her mother was Christian Livingston from Parkhall near Falkirk and she died whilst she was a child. Her father was John Learmonth. She was the only girl in a family of five until her father remarried and she gained three half sisters and her step-mother Anne Crawford.
Her millinery business was in Lyons Court and she lived nearby in Carrubber's Close off the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. One of her lodgers in Lyons Court was Lady Charlotte Gordon whose father was the second Duke of Gordon. Learmonth's business was assisted by £200 supplied by Lady Gordon and when Learmonth died on 12 August 1762 she left her movable goods to Gordon. The will was dated 20 May 1756. This will was contested by two of her step-sisters, Ann and Jean. They were also milliners.
The dispute went to court and Ma(r)y McCrabie, another milliner, who had known Learmonth since 1745 said that she had been told by Learmonth that she intended that all of her possessions would go to Gordon after her debts were paid after her death.
The value of her will was £5472 12 shillings and five pence. The value is known as every item was itemised and the list is extant. This gives a detailed insight into her business and the fashion of the time. She created caps and handkerchiefs to order so there is a record of the materials that were used at the time. A similar list exists for Elizabeth Brown(e) of Norwich who was in the same business and these are of great use to historians.


Lynnwood/Millican station

Lynnwood/Millican is a planned and approved CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada part of the Green Line. Construction will begin in 2022 and complete in 2027 as part of construction stage one, segment one. The station is located in the communities of Lynnwood and Millican Estates, at the junction of Ogden Road SE and Millican Road SE, adjacent to the Pop Davies Athletic Park.
The station is one of only three stations in stage-one to feature a park and ride and is the first CTrain station ever to be constructed southeast of Deerfoot Trail. The parking lot will be on the site of the former Imperial Oil Refinery. The station will connect low density residential to the west of the station, and an industrial area to the east. The CP Rail Headquarters are within walking distance of the station.


Jiayi Road station

Jiayi Road () is a station under construction on the future Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Jiayi Road, Huajiang Highway, and Cao'an Highway in the city's Jiading District, the station is scheduled to open with the rest of Line 14 in 2020.


Felice Matteucci

Felice Matteucci (February 12, 1808 – September 13, 1887) was an Italian hydraulic engineer who co-invented an internal combustion engine with Eugenio Barsanti. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning Journal under the title "Specification of Eugene Barsanti and Felix Matteucci, Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gases", as documented by the Fondazione Barsanti e Matteucci.
Born in Lucca, Tuscany, Matteucci studied hydraulic and mechanical engineering, first in Paris, then in Florence. In 1851 he met Father Barsanti and appreciated his ideas for a new type of engine. They worked together to turn the primary concept into a manufacturable item, eventually developing a model suitable for mass production. Its construction was entrusted to Bauer & Co. of Milan, a company also known as Helvetica, which delivered the motor at the beginning of 1863.
The success of the engine, which was much more efficient that the steam-engine, was so great that orders started pouring in from as far away as Constantinople. Matteucci and Barsanti reached an agreement for the production of the motor with a company in Belgium, and Barsanti departed for Belgium on February 18, 1864 to oversee the work personally. On the following April 19, Barsanti died suddenly, and all their work came to an end.
Matteucci returned to his previous work as a hydraulic engineer. He studied new hydrometers (to measure the level of a river), rain gauges, and hydraulic operations over rivers.
In 1877, Matteucci defended that he and Barsanti were the originators of the invention of the internal combustion engine. The patent registered by Nicolaus August Otto was indeed very similar to the Barsanti-Matteucci engine. This frustration contributed to Matteucci's illness that eventually caused his death, in his own home in Capannori, near Lucca. The documents concerning the priority of Barsanti and Matteucci’s engine and their patents in England, Piedmont, France, Belgium and Prussia are kept in the archive of the library of the Museo Galileo in Florence.


John Duncan Watson

John Duncan Watson (7 March 1860–1946) was a British civil engineer.
Watson was born in Dundee, Scotland on 7 March 1860. He specialised in sanitation and was regarded as a pioneer in the development of sewage treatment. Watson was engineer to the Birmingham and District Drainage Board and also General Manager to the Birmingham, Tame and Rea District Drainage Board. At Birmingham he was responsible for the construction of the first large-scale percolating filter plant, a complete departure from the traditional land treatment in use in the city and elsewhere. Other changes that he introduced, based on his work in Birmingham, were the separation of sludge digestion, the extraction of methane from sewage for use in power generation and the introduction of flocculation prior to the percolating filter. He drew up plans for sanitation works in the district of Aberdeen which included a pumping station at Denmill, reservoir at the Hill of Ord and water supply to the district of Culter. These plans are now held by the National Archives of Scotland.
Watson became General Manager of Birmingham Agricultural College by 1920 where he undertook investigations into tuberculosis in cattle. By 1920 he was also a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and a fellow of the Royal Sanitary Institute. Watson was elected president of the ICE for the November 1935 to November 1936 session. In his retirement he joined his son, David Mowat Watson, who was also a member of the ICE, in his private engineering consultancy practice. Watson died in Birmingham in 1946. His son, David Watson followed in his footsteps in November 1954 by also becoming president of the ICE.
References.
Bibliography.


William Ellis Metford

William Ellis Metford (4 October 1824 – 14 October 1899) was a British engineer best known for designing the Metford rifling used in the .303 calibre Lee–Metford and Martini–Metford service rifles in the late 19th century.
Life.
He was born on 4 October 1824, the elder son of William Metford, a physician, of Flook House, Taunton, by his wife, Mary Eliza Anderdon. He was educated at Sherborne School between 1838 and 1841, and was apprenticed to W. M. Peniston, resident engineer under Isambard Kingdom Brunel, on the Bristol and Exeter Railway.
From 1846 to 1850, he was employed on the Wilts, Somerset and Weymouth Railway. After 1850, he worked for Thomas Evans Blackwell, in connection with schemes for developing the traffic of Bristol, and subsequently acted for a short time under Peniston as engineer on the Wycombe railway, residing at Bourne End. During this period, he designed an improved theodolite with a travelling stage and a curved arm upholding the transit axis, and also invented a very good form of level.
In March 1856, Metford was elected an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and early in 1857 he obtained an important appointment on the East India Railway under (Sir) Alexander Rendel.
He arrived at Monghyr on 18 May to find that the mutiny had just broken out.
With the aid of the railway staff, he took a leading part in organising the defence of the town.
His ceaseless exertions largely contributed to the safety of the garrison, but they permanently impaired his health, and within a year he found himself obliged to abandon his engagement and return to England.
Metford's interest in rifle shooting began in boyhood, his father having established a rifle club with a range in the fields near Flook House, and he gave constant attention to it in the intervals of his engineering studies.
Late in 1852 or early in 1853 he suggested a hollow-based bullet for the Enfield rifle, expanding without a plug. It was brought out with the assistance of Robert Taylor Pritchett, who was awarded £1,000, by government for the invention on its adoption by the small-arms committee. In 1854, Metford investigated the disturbance of the barrel by the shock of the explosion, which affects the line of flight of the bullet, a difficulty which had led to much misunderstanding. In 1857, the select committee found his form of explosive rifle bullet the best of those submitted to them, and in 1863 it was adopted by government. In March 1869, however, it was declared obsolete in accordance with the resolution of the St. Petersburg convention against the employment of such missiles in warfare.
Metford's chief distinction in rifle progress, however, is that he was the pioneer of the substitution of very shallow grooving and a hardened cylindrical bullet expanding into it, for deep grooving and bullets of soft lead. In 1865, his first match rifle appeared, having five shallow grooves and shooting a hardened bullet of special design (Patent No. 2488).
In 1870, he embarked seriously on the production of a breechloading rifle, paying the closest attention to every detail of the barrel and cartridge. Before long his first experimental breechloading rifles appeared, and at Wimbledon in 1871 two of them were used, with one of which the principal prize for military breechloading rifles was won by Sir Henry St. John Halford, 3rd Baronet, whose acquaintance he had made in 1862 at the Wimbledon meeting, and who henceforth was his friend and assistant in his experiments. From 1877, the record of the Metford rifle was an unbroken succession of triumphs.
Between that date and 1894, it failed only four times to win the Duke of Cambridge's prize, while it took a preponderating share of other prizes.
The advance in military small arms abroad, and especially the increased rapidity of loading, caused the appointment of a committee in February 1883 to deal with the question. Metford designed for them the detail of the .42 bore for the rifle provisionally issued for trial early in 1887, and on the adoption of the .303 magazine rifle he gave much assistance in designing the barrel, chamber, and cartridge. In 1888, the war-office committee on small arms selected as the pattern for British use a rifle which combined the Metford bore with the bolt-action and detachable magazine invented by the British inventor, James Paris Lee.
In 1892, Metford's health finally broke down, and henceforth he was precluded from active work. He died at his house at Redland, Bristol, on 14 October 1899.
Family.
About 1856, he married Caroline Eliza Wallis, a daughter of Dr. George Wallis of Bristol.


Louis George

Louis George was a Prussian master watchmaker of the late baroque era.
Louis George was a descendant of French Huguenots living in Berlin in the third generation. Louis George produced mainly daedal watches. Reported makes are: pocket watches, nautical clocks, mechanical odometer, console clocks, long case clocks, dead second watches.
Working period.
On the 26 December 1769 Louis George applied for the patent as the royal watchmaker and succeeded. He was allowed to call himself from now on “Horloger du Roy” — in English, "watchmaker to the king". French was the language of the Berlin nobility.
The literature on Louis George reports different working periods. The writer Gerhard Koenig states in his book a working period from 1769 to 1796. The address calendar of Berlin lists the Louis George in the editions of the years 1799 and 1801.
The addresses of Louis George's workshops mentioned at the Berlin "Adresskalender" are "Schlossplatz 10" and "13" (in 1799) and "Schlossplatz 10" in (1801), right opposite the Stadtschloss (city palace) of Berlin. Starting in 1815 "Louis George et compagnie" produced lever pocket watches, most probably a son of the royal watchmaker.
Watchmaker to the King.
Louis George was a talented watchmaker and artist. He did not just create watches but real gems of watch making. His posh watches enchanted the audience and recovered the respect of the Berlin nobility and solvent bourgeoisie. His business flourished and he was capable of opening a second shop in the same street opposite the royal city palace.
Located at Berlin he provided watches for three generations of Prussians kings:
Other German monarchs appreciated the masterly crafted clocks and watches too. A long case clock with an organ movement formerly owned by Georg I. Duke of Saxe-Meiningen is preserved on castle of Elisabethenburg at Meiningen.
It can be visited at the art collection of the Meininger Museen at the Schloss Elisabethenburg Inventory-No. II 1908, height 2,93 m. approx. 1790; watch dial reads: „Ls. GEORGE HORLOGER DU ROY“ / „A BERLIN“. The curator M. Ruszwurm reports that clock is equipped with a precious flute watch (also called organ watch).
A console clock with an attached flute work is exhibited at the Schloss Sanssouci at Potsdam.
European market.
Louis Georges watches and clocks can be found all over Europe. A bedroom clock displaying hour, minute and date with a rich decorated and gold-plated case was auctioned in Paris in 2005. Other clocks made by Louis George have been found in Spain.
Louis George discussed technical problems of watchmaking with other watchmakers from the Swiss Canton of Neuchâtel. He had business connections with the Swiss watchmaker Pierre Jaquet-Droz and Jean-Frédéric Leschot. These watchmakers tried to find technical solutions going far beyond the requirements of ordinary watch making. Jaquet-Droz created mechanical puppet automats. Louis George created complicated clocks with an attached organ or flute work.
Berlin – the Baroque Hub of watchmaking.
Berlin was considered a hub for the production of organ and . The clock movements released an attached organ, flute or harp unit at a preset time – working like a music alarm clock.


Juan Carlos Wasmosy

Juan Carlos Wasmosy Monti (born December 15, 1938) was the president of Paraguay from August 15, 1993 until August 15, 1998. He was a member of the Colorado Party, and the country's first freely elected president, as well as the first civilian president in 39 years.
Biography.
Born in Asunción, Paraguay, Wasmosy trained as a civil engineer and became head of the Paraguayan consortium working on the Itaipu Dam. During this project, he amassed a large amount of wealth. He served as minister of integration under President Andrés Rodríguez.
His ancestors Dániel Vámosy and József Vámosy, who changed his name into Wamosy, immigrated to South America from Debrecen, Hungary in 1828. At that time, the surname of the family was Vámosy. His relative, Alceu Wamosy (1895–1923), a famous Brazilian writer, is also from this ancestry. Juan Carlos Wasmosy went to see the home town of his ancestors in 1995 during his official visit to Hungary.
Rodríguez endorsed Wasmosy as his successor in the 1993 elections. He won with approximately 40 percent of the vote in what is generally acknowledged to be the first honest election in the country's history (the country had gained independence in 1811), with Domingo Laino finishing a close second. Although there were confirmed cases of fraud, a team of international observers led by Jimmy Carter concluded that Wasmosy's margin of victory was large enough to offset any wrongdoing. Carter also noted that opposition candidates took 60 percent of the vote between them. This was a remarkable figure given Paraguay's long history of autocratic rule. For most of the country's history, particularly during Alfredo Stroessner's 35-year dictatorship, the opposition was barely tolerated when it was even permitted at all. At the time of Stroessner's ouster in 1989, the country had only known two years of true democracy in its entire history.
However, he became very unpopular when he appointed many of Stroessner's supporters to government posts. He also failed to continue the limited reforms of Rodríguez.
Lino Oviedo, head of the Paraguayan army, allegedly attempted a coup in April 1996. Wasmosy countered by offering Oviedo a ministerial position, but soon imprisoned him.
Wasmosy was barred from running again in 1998; in response to Stroessner's authoritarian excesses, the 1992 constitution barred any sort of reelection for the president. Raúl Cubas stood for the Colorado Party presidential nomination and won.
In 2002, Wasmosy was convicted of defrauding the Paraguayan state and was himself sentenced to four years in prison. The sentence was later appealed.


Underground construction

Underground construction refers to the construction of underground tunnels, shafts, chambers, and passageways, it is also sometimes used to describe the portion of traditional construction that takes place below grade.
History.
Neanderthals also engaged in underground construction but they were believed to be less sophisticated in that regard than humans. Neanderthal construction sites in France have been dated to 174,000 bc, far earlier than the earliest human sites. Human underground construction likely began with cave dwelling pre-historic people who wanted to expand their home. The purpose of many ancient underground structures is a mystery, for instance erdstalls which are found across Europe. All ancient civilizations practiced some form of underground construction with some also branching into rock-cut architecture. In early urban centers underground spaces served as burial places, provided protection against invaders, and enabled early public utilities.
The first known use of gunpowder in underground construction occurred in France in 1681. The invention of dynamite and steam and compressed air powered drills in the 18th century revolutionized the industry. The 19th century saw innovations in shield tunneling techniques which made underground construction in soil safer. As nations urbanized the extent of underground urban construction increased significantly with improved sewers, public water systems, subways, and underground commercial spaces all being required by expanding cities. In the late 20th and early 21st century advances in automation and geotechnical engineering have allowed the ambition and scale of underground construction projects to increase.
Archeology in major cities often requires the use of underground construction techniques as excavations must be made without disturbing existing buildings on the site. Underground museums have been created to preserve historical structures in-situ and without altering the often historically significant building built above. Archeological sites are also commonly discovered during underground construction.
Safety and Regulation.
Underground construction has a number of unique risks and challenges but shares a lot with traditional construction and mining. Underground construction workers often work under reduced light condition, in dangerous spaces, and are at a high risk of exposure to contaminants, fire, and explosions. In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) first adopted unique regulations for underground construction in 1971. OSHA regulates underground construction by companies and federal agencies but does not regulate underground construction activities associated with mining. Underground construction is one of the most dangerous industries in the world but is becoming safer, especially as the most dangerous jobs are automated.
Tunnel construction.
Tunnels are the most common man-made subterranea. They have been constructed by various means since prehistory.
Military construction.
Historically a wide variety of fortifications were either underground or partially below grade. Modern underground military facilities (primarily designed to resist aerial attack) emerged during the second world war and pre-war period. During the later years of WWII Nazi Germany moved much of its military industry underground. The Nazis used prisoners of war and slave labor to build their underground structures and large numbers perished during construction.
The Cold War brought about two new underground structures, the nuclear powers built missile silos and all world powers built leadership protection bunkers in response. Examples of the latter include the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, Metro-2, and the Underground City (Beijing).


Edgar Cardoso

Edgar Cardoso (11 May 1913, Resende – 5 July 2000, Porto) was a noted Portuguese civil engineer and university professor. In Portugal, Edgar Cardoso was a pioneer of experimental analysis of structures and of high precision instruments developed to measure parameters affecting structural behavior on small models of his own works.
Early life.
Cardoso was born in Resende and studied civil engineering at the University of Porto, in Porto, where he graduated in 1937. On 5 August 1935 Edgar Cardoso received a guideline to carry out a first period of training at the Port of Leixões to study the engineering works being carried out at the Port under the authority of the engineer Gervásio Leite. Cardoso's report was presented at the university on 23 October to high acclaim and given a grade of 16 points (out of 20) by the professors Teotónio Rodrigues and Antão de Almeida Garrett. Edgar Cardoso carried out at least one other period of training in Bragança in the JAE (national authority for Portuguese roads) already in 1937, the year he graduated in civil engineering from the "Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto". Another notable academic document from his student years was the report of a practical exercise that consisted of the full calculation of a swimming pool.
Work.
On 21 December 1954, Edgar Cardoso began his university teaching career in bridge building at the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), a well known Portuguese school of engineering, which belongs to the Technical University of Lisbon. He became a noted professor for many generations of civil engineers who graduated from IST.
Among the bridges that he designed is the Mosteirô bridge, a continuous truss frame beam, and the S.João railway bridge, a continuous structure one thousand metres in length. He made portico-shaped bridges and suspended bridges over the Zambezi River and Save River in Mozambique, and trussed beam bridges, over the Mondego river in Figueira da Foz, over the Kwanza river in Angola, over the Limpopo river in Xai-Xai, and in Macau. His big span concrete arcs, as on the Arrábida bridge (Porto), and in re-reinforced concrete porticos, as on the S. João railway bridge, achieved world records for that time. Since trussed beam bridges, as the Figueira da Foz bridge, the first Portuguese trussed beams bridge, until suspended bridges without rigidity beam, stabilized by the suspended cable and the inclination of kingpost whole rigidity, as in Zambeze bridge, Edgar Cardoso branded by the difference the structures engineering evolution. The Macau Taipa bridge was a challenge because of its provocative shape, a convex superstructure. Exceptionally large sizes were a characteristic of his last inventions, such as the S. João bridge and the Funchal airport runway extension.
Beyond his two great bridge projects, Edgar Cardoso invented certain aspects of bridges in Porto. These include a redesign of the upper deck of the Luís I Bridge and two projects that did not materialize, including the widening of the same bridge and a railroad bridge in the Arrábida Bridge, to replace the Maria Pia bridge.
His constructions include:
In Portugal
In Portuguese Angola
In Portuguese Mozambique
In Macau
In Portuguese India
In Portuguese Guinea
Blessed with extraordinary manual ability and a solid theorical background, Cardoso constructed models of his structures and on them measured, often with methods or devices he invented himself, the necessary parameters for evaluating the structural behavior.


Julian Price Memorial Park

Julian Price Memorial Park is a park of at the foot of Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina, named in honor of Julian Price. It is at milepost 297 on the Blue Ridge Parkway and directly adjacent to the Moses H. Cone Memorial Park. Together these parks comprise the largest developed area set aside for public recreation on the Parkway. The park is managed by the National Park Service which received the lands from the Jefferson Pilot Standard Life Insurance Company shortly after Price's death when they received it through his will. The grounds are also known for the fact that the nation's largest National Lumberjack Association rally is held here annually.
Overview.
Price was an insurance executive who purchased the acreage in the late 1930s and 1940s to create a retreat for the employees of his insurance company. His premature death in 1946 postponed these plans and the lands were deeded over to his company. They in turn donated the lands to the National Park Service / Blue Ridge Parkway for public recreational use with the cooperation and approval of Price's son and daughter.
The donor of the lands requested that Boone Fork be dammed to create a lake in Julian Prices' honor, which is now called Price Lake. The Blue Ridge Parkway goes over the top of the dam. The lake is visible from the road and is stocked with various fish. Among wildlife around the man-made lake are beavers, ducks, and frogs.
The park provides over 100 picnic sites, various campgrounds, rest rooms, nature walks, hiking trails, and a 300-seat amphitheater. Visitors can also rent canoes and boats for use on Price Lake. Many residents of the towns of Boone and Blowing Rock, which are nearby, do fishing, hiking, and canoeing in the park. The park has the largest campground on the Blue Ridge Parkway, as well as a popular picnic facility. This land was obtained in Price's will first by the Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital and a few years later donated to the National Park Service on the condition that it be developed out as a public recreational area. It is directly adjacent to Moses H. Cone Memorial Park and together they are the largest developed recreational areas for public use on the Blue Ridge Parkway.


Thomas Parlby

Thomas Parlby (1727–1802) Stone Hall, Stonehouse, in Plymouth "the big house overlooking Stonehouse Pool" (since demolished), was a civil engineering contractor described in his obituary in the Gentleman's Magazine as "Master Mason of HM Docks".
Origins.
Parlby was born in 1727 of humble origin, the youngest son of John Parlby (died 1766) of Gravesend, or Chatham, in Kent, by his wife Anne. His father was a ship's carpenter as were his two brothers, who also served as warrant officers in the Royal Navy. In 1745 his sister Mary Parlby married James Templer (1722–1782) at Greenwich and moved to Rotherhithe.
Career.
Parlby and his brother-in-law James Templer operated as a partnership known as "Templer & Parlby"; they were civil engineering contractors and contractors to the Navy Board. They were working at a time of major expansion in the royal dockyards of Great Britain due to the frequent wars with Spain and France which occurred between 1739 and 1815. Templer died unexpectedly in 1782, when Parlby took over the business. Amongst their works were:
Marriage and children.
In 1748 Parlby married Lydia Martyn and settled in Deptford, later moving to Plymouth. Their children included:
Death and burial.
He rebuilt the old chapel at Stonehouse in 1787 and his 1802 monument, by Peter Rouw of London (who also made the monuments to Sir John Pole and his wife Lady Anne in Shute Church), was situated in the new church.


Charles Elkert

Charles Elkert was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.
Biography.
Elkert was born on December 8, 1849 in Prussia. He moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1851 and became a tanner.
Political career.
Elkert was a member of the Assembly during the 1885 and 1889 sessions. Additionally, he was a member of the county board of supervisors of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin and a Milwaukee alderman. He was a Republican.