Pendarvis (Mineral Point, Wisconsin)

Pendarvis is a historic site located in Mineral Point, Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The site, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is made up of several 19th century cabins built by Cornish immigrants who came to Mineral Point to mine lead. Today the site is owned by the Wisconsin Historical Society and serves as a museum of Wisconsin's early lead mining history. Programs at the site also interpret the groundbreaking preservation work by Robert Neal and Edgar Hellum, begun during the Great Depression.
History.
During the 1830s and 1840s, the area that today comprises southwest Wisconsin and northwest Illinois was rapidly populated as miners came from across the United States and Europe to work the region's abundant lead deposits. Several mining boomtowns sprang up in the region, including Galena, Illinois; Platteville, Wisconsin; and Mineral Point, the location of Pendarvis. During the height of the mining era, the population of Mineral Point rose to over 4,000 as people migrated to the city to work in the lead mines. Many of the immigrants who came to Mineral Point were tin miners from Cornwall, at the southwestern tip of Great Britain. Many of the Cornish immigrants built simple houses in the town using wood or limestone taken from the local landscape. As time went on, however, the lead mines were exhausted and many of the miners moved on to other mining sites, especially California following the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848. Other miners stayed in the area to mine zinc, which was also abundant, but by the early 20th century the zinc mines were also being abandoned.
Preservation.
In the 1920s and 1930s, many of the old cabins built by the Cornish miners were being torn down. Seeing this, a local resident named Robert Neal, together with Edgar Hellum, began to acquire and restore several of the old Cornish buildings. Neal and Hellum also gave Cornish-language names to each of the buildings they restored. They called their first project, a 1-story stone cabin, Pendarvis. In order to support the restoration of other buildings, Pendarvis House was turned into a restaurant serving authentic Cornish dishes such as Cornish pasty. The Pendarvis House Restaurant received wide acclaim, and helped finance Neal and Hellum's restoration of even more historic Cornish homes in Mineral Point.
Following the restoration, the Pendarvis historic site included six cabins built by English and Cornish miners during the 1840s and 1850s. The Pendarvis house itself was built of locally quarried limestone and has walls that are 18 to 20 inches thick. Beside the Pendarvis house is the Trelawny, a 2-story cottage of similar construction. Nearby is Polperro, a -story house using stone for its first story and wood for its upper floors. Another Pendarvis building is the Rowhouse, which consists of three adjacent stone structures. The first house in the row was built as a free-standing building circa 1841. The second house was also built as a free-standing building circa 1844 or 1845. The final house, built between the other two houses and connecting to them, was built circa 1852.
Historic site.
The collection of buildings restored by Neal and Hellum was transferred to the Wisconsin Historical Society in 1970. A year later, they were opened to the public as the Pendarvis Historic Site. In addition to the cottages, the Wisconsin Historical Society acquired several acres of land on nearby Merry Christmas Mine Hill, the site of a historic zinc mine. Remnants of the mining activity are still visible, but much of the hill has been restored to natural prairie. Visitors to the site can explore the hill on a number of foot trails. The historic buildings are shown to the visiting public seasonally as a museum preserving the history of the region's mining industry and the lives of the miners who first developed the site. Many artifacts are on display in the buildings, including authentic mining tools and household items.


Isabelle Kocher

Isabelle Kocher (born 9 December 1966) is a French businesswoman. She was the chief executive officer of Engie (previously GDF Suez) until February 24 2020.
Early life and education.
Isabelle Kocher graduated from the École normale supérieure in Paris in 1987 and Mines ParisTech engineering school. She also holds a master's degree in quantum optics and a postgraduate certificate in physics.
Career.
Career in the public sector.
From 1997 to 1999, Kocher was director of the postal and telecommunication budgets, followed by the defense budget at the French Budget Department. Between 1999 and 2002, she worked as industrial affairs advisor at the office of French prime minister Lionel Jospin.
Career in the private sector.
She joined the Suez company in 2002 and held functional and operational positions. She was running its French water operations when it became GDF Suez in 2008. Kocher was then elevated to finance director and operations director.
She was appointed in 2011 as chief financial officer of GDF Suez. Between October 2014 and April 2016, she served as deputy CEO and chief operating officer.
CEO of Engie, 2016–2020.
On 3 May 2016 Kocher was appointed CEO of Engie, replacing Gérard Mestrallet. She became the only woman CEO in the CAC 40 index.
Since assuming her position as CEO, Kocher has clarified and redefined Engie's strategy, and undertook major transformations to position Engie as "a forerunner" and "a major player" on the energy market for the decades to come.
Kocher stated that as a world leading energy player, Engie had to "take its responsibility" against climate change and consider it not as a threat, but as a lever for radical change. She believes the sector must face a revolution in order to meet the challenge and move towards a world that is decarbonised, partly decentralised and digitalised and where energy is available to all, including developing countries.
To align the company with her vision, Kocher undertook the following initiatives:
Open-innovation and digital technologies are vital to Engie's transition, as digitization must enable the management of local renewable energy stocks through intelligent networks.
To further encourage the focus of diversification at Engie, Kocher made a priority of increasing the diversity of its personnel teams. She is making Engie more international in its makeup, and set a target of ensuring at least a quarter of Engie executives were women and 35% of high-potential staff were female.
Kocher campaigned in 2018 to take on the chairman’s role when Mestrallet retired, but lost out after the government supported Jean-Pierre Clamadieu instead.
In 2019, after having invested €15 billion in new activities, Kocher announced the definitive exit of coal activities and a new strategic plan for the years 2019-2021. Her plan is to specialize in high value-added services and in renewable energies. She planned to invest another €12 billion in these activities, partly financed by the sale of €6 billion assets (including the last coal plants). She also announced her intention to leave 20 of the 70 countries where Engie is active, and focus the group's activities on 20 countries and 30 metropolitan areas, mainly in Southeast Asia and Africa.
By the end of 2019, Kocher came under pressure amid reports of a strategy split within the group and disagreements between board members on whether to pursue a sell-off of some gas assets. She subsequently failed to get state backing to serve another term.
On 6 February 2020 it was announced that her mandate as CEO would not be renewed and that new leadership was needed at the head of Engie.
Other positions.
She is member of the board of Suez, Axa and International Power. She is chairman of Terrawatt Initiative, a global non profit-organization designed to implement a new global energy mix along 3 axes:
Terrawatt's goal is to present ready-to-implement propositions at COP 23.
Recognition.
Kocher is a knight of the Legion of Honor and a knight of the French National Order of Merit.
In September 2017, she was ranked third in "Fortune"'s international list of most powerful women.
Personal life.
Kocher has five children.


Kirkland Lake Gold

Kirkland Lake Gold Inc. is a Canadian gold mining company, based in Toronto, that owns and operates several gold mines in Canada and Australia. It was founded in 1988 as Goldpac Investments, and then operated as Brimstone Gold Corp. between 1994 and 1999, as a consulting and investment company in the gold mining industry. The company was re-named Foxpoint Resources Ltd. as it sought to acquire and develop its own gold mining property. In 2001, the Vancouver-based Foxpoint Resources purchased several mining properties from the Kinross Gold around Kirkland Lake, Ontario. The $5 million purchase included several former mines: Macassa Mine, Lakeshore Mine, Wright Hargreaves and Teck Hughes. The company re-named itself again as Kirkland Lake Gold and re-commissioned the underground Macassa Mine. As it continued new exploration, it was able to begin extracting gold from the mine in 2003. Kirkland Lake Gold focused on developing its Macassa mine until 2015 when it acquired St. Andrew Goldfields with its three mines (Holt Complex) about 100 km from Kirkland Lake, in an all-stock deal worth $178 million. Pressure from activist shareholders seeking more aggressive expansion led to changes in management to expand the company's holdings. Later that year, the company acquired Vancouver-based Newmarket Gold Inc., which owned the Cosmo mine in the Northern Territory and the Fosterville mine in Victoria, Australia, for $1.01-billion in stock. Kirkland Lake Gold listed stocks on the Australian Securities Exchange effective November 30, 2017. On the Toronto Stock Exchange, Kirkland Lake Gold was promoted to the S&P/TSX 60 index effective September 23, 2019. Within a few months, the company acquired Detour Gold in a $4.9-billion purchase.


Sorowako mine

The Sorowako mine is a large mine in the east of Indonesia in Sulawesi. Sorowako represents one of the largest nickel reserve in Indonesia having estimated reserves of 109.4 million tonnes of ore grading 1.79% nickel. The 109.4 million tonnes of ore contains 1.95 million tonnes of nickel metal.


Preobrazhenovskoye mine

The Preobrazhenovskoye mine is a large mine located in the south-eastern Russia in Primorsky Krai. Preobrazhenovskoye represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 14.9 million tonnes of ore grading 6.22% fluorite.


Khewra mine

The Khewra mine is one of the largest gypsum mines in Pakistan. The mine is located in Punjab. The mine has reserves amounting to 25 million tonnes of gypsum.


Somerset Coalfield

The Somerset Coalfield in northern Somerset, England is an area where coal was mined from the 15th century until 1973. It is part of a larger coalfield which stretched into southern Gloucestershire. The Somerset coalfield stretched from Cromhall in the north to the Mendip Hills in the south, and from Bath in the east to Nailsea in the west, a total area of about . Most of the pits on the coalfield were concentrated in the Cam Brook, Wellow Brook and Nettlebridge Valleys and around Radstock and Farrington Gurney. The pits were grouped geographically, with clusters of pits close together working the same coal seams often under the same ownership. Many pits shared the trackways and tramways which connected them to the Somerset Coal Canal or railways for distribution.
The early pits were adits where coal outcropped or bell pits where coal was close to the surface. These methods were abandoned when deep seams were mined. The deepest shaft on the coalfield was at the Strap mine at Nettlebridge which reached . Flooding and coal dust explosions in some mines required improved ventilation and pumping engines. Several pits closed in the 19th century as the coal was worked out. Those that survived until 1947 became part of the National Coal Board, but the expense of improving equipment and working conditions meant that these became uneconomical and the last pit closed in 1973. There is still evidence of the mine workings, with the remains of buildings, spoil heaps and tramways in the area.
Geology.
Structure.
The Somerset Coalfield covers a total area of about . It consists of three synclines, informally referred to as 'coal basins'. The Pensford Syncline in the north and the Radstock Syncline in the south are separated by the east-west trending Farmborough Fault Belt. Further to the west is the smaller Nailsea Syncline. The Radstock Syncline in particular is cut by a series of east-west thrust faults and north-south trending normal faults.
Stratigraphy.
The Coal Measures are divided into a Lower, Middle and Upper with coal seams found within each of these divisions. Lower and Middle Coal Measures are found at depths between . Together the Lower and Middle Coal Measures are thick with the Middle Coal Measures averaging about 500 and 5,000 feet and the Lower Coal Measures about .
Only in the southern part of the Radstock Syncline have coals of the Lower and Middle Coal Measures been worked, mainly at the Newbury and Vobster collieries in the southeast and in the New Rock and Moorewood pits to the southwest. Only in the eastern part of Pensford Syncline have coals of the Lower and Middle Coal Measures been worked, at the Globe Pit in the Newton St Loe area in the 19th century. The Variscan orogeny involved lateral compression of the rock sequence resulting in the tight folding, fracturing and faulting of the sandstone and mudstone strata, and the associated Coal Measures. Along the Radstock Slide Fault the distance between the broken ends of a coal seam can be as much as . The complex geology and thin seams gained the field notoriety and three underground explosions, in 1893, 1895 and 1908 were amongst the first attributable solely to airborne coal dust.
William Smith.
Exploratory surveys of the local geology were carried out by William Smith, who became known as the "father of English geology", building on work by John Strachey. Smith worked for the Stracheys who owned Sutton Court, at one of their older mines, the Mearns Pit at High Littleton. As he observed the rock strata at the pit, he realised that they were arranged in a predictable pattern that the various strata could always be found in the same relative positions and each particular stratum could be identified by the fossils it contained and the same succession of fossil groups from older to younger rocks could be found in other parts of England. Smith noticed an easterly dip in the beds of rock—small near the surface (about three degrees) then greater after the Triassic rocks which led to him a testable hypothesis, which he termed the principle of faunal succession, and he began to determine if the relationships between the strata and their characteristics were consistent throughout the country. During work as a surveyor (appointed by engineer John Rennie) for the Somerset Coal Canal Company and subsequently, he mapped the locations of rock strata, and their vertical extent, and drew cross-sections and tables of what he saw and earned the name "Strata Smith".
Coal seams.
The following coal seams are recognised within the coalfield. They are listed stratigraphically i.e. uppermost/youngest first. Note that not all seams are continuous across the coalfield and that correlation of some seams from one basin to another is uncertain.
History.
It is believed that coal was mined in the area during Roman times and there is documentary evidence of coal being dug on the Mendips in 1305 and at Kilmersdon in 1437. By the time of Henry VIII there were coal pits at Clutton, High Littleton and Stratton-on-the-Fosse.
During the early 17th century coal was largely obtained by excavating the outcrops and driving drifts which followed the seam into the ground. Only small amounts of coal could be obtained by these methods and bell pits were also dug. These were vertical pits, with a shaft up to deep, which were opened out at the bottom. When all the coal that could safely be extracted from the pit had been recovered, another pit was sunk close by to intersect the seam and the waste from the second pit thrown into the first.
At the beginning of the 19th century there were about 4,000 people employed on the coalfield. The Somerset Miners' Association was founded in 1872, later becoming an area of the National Union of Mineworkers.
The uses of coal were varied. Coal was used in limekilns to produce lime for mortar used in building and by farmers to improve the soil. From 1820 coal was used to produce gas for lighting and to power steam driven woollen mills in the area. Coke was used to dry malt for the brewing industry.
Transport.
The coalfield had a relatively low population density and did not have a major coal-consuming industry nearby. Transporting coal to market was a key problem for the coalfield's development. In the pre-turnpike era, the roads serving the coalfield were unsuited to moving coal. Bulley notes "The problem ... was rendered far worse by the state of the roads in Somerset, which were notorious down to the middle of the 18th century. Parishes in the area sometimes neglected or refused to repair those roads which were heavily used by coal carts. Thus in 1617 the inhabitants of Stoke St Michael ... complained that "of late by reason of many coalmines ... the highways there are much in decay and grown very founderous".
In Somerset, turnpike roads began in 1707 with the establishment of the Bath Trust, but turnpikes did not reach the coalfield until the mid-1700s. The Bristol Trust, which passed close to the western boundary of the coalfield, established in 1727 was of little importance, as Bristol was never a significant market, having its own coalfield. Turnpikes facilitated the movement of coal, and John Billingsley enthused "Nothing so much contributes to the improvement of a county as good roads. Before the establishment of turnpikes, many parts of the county were scarcely accessible. ... coal was carried on horses' backs to the distance of fifteen or twenty miles from the colliery; each horse carried about two hundred and half weight. Now one horse with a light cart will draw four hundred weight or four times more than a horse could carry. Can an insignificant toll be put in competition with this saving?"
Not all roads were improved, and in 1819 John Skinner observed roads "rendered bad" by the passage of coal wagons. Expansion of production was limited by access to market. Such a need implied a canal project, following Lord Middleton's dictum "Water transport is what all coal owners must aim at". There were large gains from being connected to a canal system, as stated by the Coal Commission: "At about this period (1800) the system of coal navigation was being rapidly extended, and the result was that coals were gradually finding their way into districts that could not be reached unless at great cost, by road".
A scheme for an extension of the Avon Navigation was proposed in 1766, but canals did not reach the coalfield for almost another 50 years. In 1794 coal proprietors formed a committee to construct the Somerset Coal Canal with two branches into the Cam Brook and Wellow Brook Valleys, and from a junction at Midford, to join the proposed Kennet and Avon Canal at the Dundas Aqueduct near Bath. Coal was transported by the Somerset Coal Canal and later by the Bristol and North Somerset Railway and Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, which were accessed from the pits by a series of tramways. After 1854, when the first railway line was opened, the tonnage carried by the coal canal declined rapidly.
Decline and closure.
The total tonnage of coal produced by the coalfield increased throughout the 19th century, reaching a peak around 1901, when there were 79 separate collieries and production was 1.25 million tons per annum. The peak years for production were 1900 to 1920. However, decline took hold and the number of pits reduced from 30 at the beginning of the 20th century to 14 by the mid-1930s, twelve at nationalisation when the National Coal Board was created on 1 January 1947, under the Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946, five in 1959 and none after 1973. Despite some investment in new infrastructure, particularly at Norton Hill, thin seams made production expensive, limiting profit and investment. The conversion of Portishead power station from coal to oil and reduced national demand together with competition from more economical coalfields led to the closure of the last two pits, Kilmersdon and Writhlington, in September 1973.
Area today.
Although there are still the remains of mines, disused or redeveloped buildings and a few spoil tips, most have been removed or landscaped, the area has returned to a largely rural nature between the Mendip Hills and the River Avon in north east Somerset. The towns and villages have some light industry but are often commuter towns for Bath and Bristol. There are several limestone quarries particularly in the Mendips.
The Colliers Way (NCR24) national cycle route passes landmarks associated with the coalfield, and other roads and footpaths follow tramways developed during the coal mining years. The cycleway runs from Dundas Aqueduct to Frome via Radstock, and is intended to provide part of a continuous cycle route to Southampton and Portsmouth.
Radstock Museum has exhibits which offer an insight into life in north Somerset since the 19th century. Exhibits relate to the coalfield and its geology. Artefacts and memorabilia from the Somerset Coal Canal, Somerset and Dorset and Great Western Railways are also on display.
Pensford coal basin.
The Pensford coal basin is in the northern part of the coalfield around Bishop Sutton, Pensford, Stanton Drew, Farmborough and Hunstrete. At least one pit was operating near Bishop Sutton before 1719. Four bell pits in Bishop Sutton were marked on field tithe No 1409, and four shaft pits on field tithe No 1428, but were no longer working by 1824.
The Old Pit at Bishop Sutton, which was also known as Sutton Top Pit or Upper Sutton Pit was dug before 1799 and owned by Lieutenant Henry Fisher, who sold it in 1821 to Robert Blinman Dowling. After Dowling's death in 1852 the Old Pit was sold to Mr T.T. Hawkes, but he defaulted on the payments and it was sold in 1853 to William Rees-Mogg (ancestor of journalist William Rees-Mogg) and his associates. The shaft reached a depth of , but the pit went out of production by 1855, when "New Pit", which had been sunk in the early 19th century but then closed, was reopened and deepened to exploit deeper seams. New Pit had two shafts of in diameter, one for winding and one for pumping. In 1896 it was owned by F. Spencer of New Rock Colliery, and in 1908 by Jesse Lovell and Sons. By 1921 the pit employed 150 men and boys and produced 10,000 tins per annum. The pit finally closed in 1929.
Pensford Colliery, which opened in 1909, had the latest equipment at the time including coal cutters. It had a red-brick winding house, pithead baths and a coal washery. Faulting made coal production expensive and it closed in 1958.
Earl of Warwick's Clutton Collieries.
The Earl of Warwick's estates included sawmills, quarries, brickworks and collieries in addition to agricultural holdings. Bell pits, around Clutton and High Littleton, were described in a survey of 1610. All were closed by 1836. The first deep mine in the parish of High Littleton was Mearns Coalworks which began in 1783. The Greyfield Coal Company did not start until 1833 and expanded after the opening of the Bristol and North Somerset Railway in 1847. Greyfield Colliery closed in 1911, and the railway in 1964. Maynard Terrace in Clutton was built to house some of the miners.
Paulton Basin.
Collieries in the Paulton basin were connected to the terminal basin of the northern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal which was the focus for tramroads that connected at least 15 collieries around Paulton, Timsbury and High Littleton.
On the northern side of canal was the terminus for the tramroad which served Old Grove, Prior's, Tyning and Hayeswood pits, with a branch line to Amesbury and Mearns pits. Parts of this line were still in use in 1873, probably carrying horse-drawn wagons of coal. The southern side of the canal basin was connected to the pits at Brittens, Littlebrook, Paulton Ham, Paulton Hill, Simons Hill by a tramway which terminated at Salisbury Colliery. In addition the Paulton Foundry used this line. The entire line was disused by 1871 as were the collieries it served.
The area has been designated as an 'area of special architectural or historic interest, the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance' under section 69 of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.
Timsbury and Camerton.
The first of the collieries around Timsbury village was sunk in 1791 and known as Conygre (Conigre in old spellings). Camerton Old Pit opened in 1781 and the shaft went down to . It closed around circa 1898 but the shaft was then used as an airway and escape route for the New Pit, until 1930 when it was closed and capped. The New Pit was half a mile east of the Old Pit and went down to . In 1928 it was joined underground to Braysdown Colliery and eventually closed in 1950.
There is very little obvious landscape evidence remaining of the previous mining activities around Clutton, Temple Cloud, High Littleton and Timsbury. However, there is a very large Batch almost in the middle of Camerton that is now a designated Local Nature Reserve. The Batch was bare, like the Paulton ones until, according to locals, the wife of the owner of Camerton Court decided to pay for it to be planted with trees to improve the view. There are small batches at Clutton, east of Radford Hill and at Greyfields, High Littleton.
East of Camerton.
East of Camerton the coal is buried beneath newer rock strata, which meant that mining in the area was more difficult.
The dominant features of the valleys of the Cam and Wellow Brooks are remnants of coal mining from the 18th to the 20th centuries. In both valleys there are frequent shafts and batches together with the remains of the railway and tram lines that connected the mines to the Avon Valley. Remains of the Somersetshire Coal Canal are also significant reminders of this coal mining history in this area.
Farrington Gurney.
Mining around Farrington Gurney has been undertaken since the 17th century where, by 1780, the pits were known as Farrington Colliery.
The main geological feature south of Hallatrow consists of Supra-Pennant Measures which include the upper coal measures and outcrops of sandstone. Relics of its industrial past are evident in the area, including the highly visible and distinct conical shaped Old Mills Batch with its generally unvegetated surface. The three disused colliery sites have been developed for light industry, a depot and a superstore.
Duchy Mines.
The Duchy of Cornwall owned most of the mineral rights around Midsomer Norton and various small pits opened around 1750 to exploit these.
Earl Waldegrave's Radstock Collieries.
In 1763 coal was discovered in Radstock and mining began on land owned by the Waldegrave family, Lords of the Manor since the English Civil War. In 1896 the pits were owned by the Trustee of Frances, late Countess of Waldegrave.
Radstock was the terminus for the southern branch of the Somerset Coal Canal which was subsequently turned into a tramway and became the centre for railway development and coal depots, coal washeries, workshops and a gas works. As part of the development of the Wiltshire, Somerset and Weymouth Railway, an line from Radstock to Frome was built to carry coal. In the 1870s the broad-gauge line was converted to standard gauge and connected to the Bristol and North Somerset Line connecting it to the Great Western Railway. The Radstock railway site comprises approximately 8.8 hectares of land which has been subject to planning and development applications.
Writhlington Collieries.
The Writhlington Collieries, close to the Waldegrave Collieries, were further east of Radstock and under different ownership. In 1896 they were owned by the Writhlington, Huish and Foxcote Colliery Co., and in 1908 by the Writhlington Collieries Co. Ltd. The Upper and Lower Writhlington, Huish & Foxcote pits were merged into a single colliery.
The base of the Kilmersdon valley consists of alluvium deposits. Above these, on both sides of all of the valleys, is a band of shales and clays from the Penarth group from the Triassic period. Most of the upland in this area is Lias Limestone (white and blue) while the highest part, above 130 m, south of Haydon, is an outcrop of Inferior Oolitic Limestone, both are from the Jurassic period. The steepest slopes of both the Kilmersdon and Snail's Bottom valleys have frequently slipped. Below these rocks are the coal bearing Carboniferous strata. Haydon is an outlying settlement of Radstock built to house miners from the local pit. The disused railway line and inclined railway at Haydon are important elements in the Kilmersdon valley east of Haydon. The modern landscape has a less maintained and 'rougher' character and texture than neighbouring agricultural areas caused mainly by the remnants of the coal industry and its infrastructure and changes in agricultural management. Disturbance caused by coal mining and the railways and the subsequent end of mining and abandonment of the railways has created valuable habitats for nature conservation.
The Writhlington spoil heap or "batch" is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) because of the rich collection of fossils in the spoil. The Braysdown batch was planted with conifers, and is known as Braysdown Hill. The offices, blacksmith's shop and stables at the Upper Writhlington Colliery were converted into dwellings.
Norton Hill Collieries.
Norton Hill Collieries at Westfield were owned by members of the Beauchamp family such as Sir Frank Beauchamp and his brother Louis Beauchamp who owned other collieries and related works on the coalfield at various times. They were also known as the Beauchamp goldmines as they were the most productive mines in the whole coalfield.
In 1900 a railway linking the colliery to the main Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway was constructed, and sidings laid in 1905 and 1907 which were reconstructed in 1953.
On 9 April 1908 an explosion approximately underground killed ten men and boys. As there were no mines rescue teams at that time, the manager and volunteers searched for survivors for 10 days. In 1911, partly as a result of the Norton Hill explosion, Winston Churchill was instrumental in the passing of the Coal Mines Act 1911.
After nationalisation after World War II the National Coal Board spent £500,000 on modernising the mine's infrastructure to give it the capability for annual production of 315,000 tons; however, manpower shortages and geological problems caused the pit to close in 1966.
Nettlebridge Valley.
There were numerous coal workings in the area from Gurney Slade east to Mells around the villages of Holcombe, Coleford and Stratton-on-the-Fosse. These included at least 52 bell pits, some with deeper shafts and 16 adits. Some coal may have been mined during Roman times and in the 13th century, making them the earliest coal mines in Somerset, but most development occurred in the 17th century. Most mining ended in the 19th century; however, Strap Colliery was opened in 1953 as Mendip Colliery and worked until 1969.
The Vobster Breach colliery had a unique system of long coking ovens which, along with the other buildings, have been designated as a Scheduled monument. The boiler chimney of Oxley's Colliery near Buckland Dinham which operated for a few years in the 1880s is a Grade II listed building.


Hidden Valley mine

The Hidden Valley mine is a gold mine in Papua New Guinea . The mine is located in the south-east of the country in Morobe Province. The mine has estimated reserves of 6.4 million oz of gold.


James Park (geologist)

James Park (2 July 1857 – 28 July 1946) was a Scottish-born geologist, director of school of mines, university professor, explorer, and writer, who was active in New Zealand. He was director of the Thames School of Mines for seven years, and went on to become the dean of the mining faculty at the University of Otago for 18 years.
Early life.
He was born in Kintore, Aberdeenshire, in Scotland on 2 July 1857 to James Park and Mary Snowie.
His father and grandfather were engineers.
He studied at the Royal School of Mines in London from 1872 until 1874. He emigrated to New Zealand with his sister in 1875. Initially he worked as a cadet on a sheep farm near Castlepoint, then in 1878 he started work with the Geological Survey of New Zealand as a field assistant where he made geological and botanical expeditions.
Career.
From 1882 to 1885, he worked for the Department of Lands and Survey as a computing draughtsman. While there, he organised expeditions around Nelson and he made the first ascent of Mt Franklin. In 1883, he starting laying the foundations that formed the Nelson Philosophical Society. In 1885 he returned to the Geological Survey, this time as a mining geologist. Park's duties included exploration and he made surveys in the districts of Taranaki, Nelson and West Coast districts.
In 1889 he became the director of the Thames School of Mines, which had been founded in 1885–86 to teach miners basic skills in geology, chemistry, metallurgy, physics and mathematics. In addition to writing the syllabus, Park supervised schools at Coromandel and Kuotunu and he started a building programme. Students from the Thames schools achieved excellent results. Meanwhile, he continued to explore the surrounding region and published papers, and he took on the role of manager of the Government experimental cyanide works which he installed at the school, and also used it to teach students the cyanide process to extract gold from quartz.
From 1896 to 1900, Park worked as consulting mining engineer for the Anglo-Continental goldmining syndicate. In 1901 he went back to teaching, as professor of mining and mining geology at the University of Otago School of Mines. After updating the curriculum and moving from the "tin shed" to a new building, he became the dean of the mining faculty in 1913.
He took up many roles service roles in his field. He was President of the Otago Institute, President of the Otago University Rugby Football Club, and President of the New Zealand Society of Mining Engineers.
In 1931 he retired at age 75, and the University's professorial board recorded that he "made the Diploma of the School a passport to the Mining Companies throughout the world".
Park wrote seven textbooks on mining topics, and total sales are estimated at more than 70,000 copies. His first book, "The Cyanide Process of Gold Extraction" (1894), was published in ten editions.
Personal life.
On 24 May 1880 he married Frances Olive Rogers and they had seven daughters and three sons.
One son grew to become Air Commodore Sir Keith Park, who had a distinguished career in the Royal Air Force in two world wars.
Frances left him (it is unclear when), and she died in 1917. He re-married on 11 July 1918, to Jane Clow Gray.


John Forman (trade unionist)

John Forman (1823–2 September 1900) was a British trade unionist.
Born at Allerton Burn in Northumberland, Forman became a coal miner at an early age. In the 1850s, he moved to Roddymoor in County Durham, where he was elected checkweighman at Grahamsley Colliery. He became an active trade unionist, joining the Durham Miners' Association on its formation, and working as its agent for twenty-eight years.
Forman was also involved in mine rescue operations, including the explosions at Seaham Colliery in 1871 and 1880. This led him to an interest in mine safety, and he was involved in theoretical work on the ignition of coal dust. Forman was first elected as President of the Durham Miners' Association in 1871, and in 1874, this position was made permanent. He served until his death in 1900.


Sydapuram

Sydapuram or Saidapuram is a village and mandal located in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Geography.
Saidapuram is located at . It has an average elevation of 23 meters (78 feet).


Bustuchin Coal Mine

Bustuchin Coal Mine is an open-pit mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Bustuchin, Gorj County with estimated coal reserves of 17.7 million tonnes. The legal entity managing the Bustuchin mine is the CE Craiova which was set up in 2003.


Dollar, Clackmannanshire

Dollar () is a small town with a population of 2,800 people in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It is east of Stirling. Dollar was once a place of residence of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Toponymy.
Possible interpretations are that Dollar is derived from "Doilleir", an Irish and Scots Gaelic word meaning dark and gloomy, or from various words in Pictish: 'Dol' (field) + 'Ar' (arable) or "Dol" (valley) + "Ar" (high). Another derivation is from "Dolar", ‘haugh place’ (cf Welsh dôl ‘meadow’. This word was borrowed from British or Pictish into Scottish Gaelic as "dail" ‘water-meadow, haugh’). John Everett-Heath, in derives it as 'Place of the Water Meadow' from the Celtic "dôl" 'water meadow' and "ar" 'place'.
A further theory, linked to Castle Campbell's alternative name of Castle Gloom, is that it stems from Scots-French "Doleur", meaning sadness.
In any case, the name is linguistically unrelated to the Dollar currency, whose name which is ultimately derived from German - though the currency's name might have influenced the definite spelling of the town's name.
History.
500-year-old Castle Campbell stands overlooking the town, sitting on a forward projection of rock on the south side of the Ochil Hills. The castle was the lowland seat of the Duke of Argyll, where Mary, Queen of Scots once stayed in the 16th century.
The original town (of which parts still survive) stands on the sloping ground beneath the castle, in what is now the north-east section of the town. Buildings here are general stone built and two storeys high. The oldest buildings date from the mid-17th century and several 18th century buildings exist. Development spread to the west and south through the 19th century.
The construction of Dollar Academy in the early 19th century, with its extensive grounds created a refocus westwards.
Around 1840 the construction of a new road to Muckhart on lower ground south of the original route, created the current main east–west street. This quickly became the new "town centre" and the focus of shops and public activity.
The town has two war memorials, one for each world war. In the grounds of the Academy a bronze figure with outstretched hands by George Henry Paulin faces westwards and commemorates the fallen of the First World War. This also has names added for Northern Ireland. The dead were largely from the Academy; two non-Academy deaths (the Archibald brothers) are indicated by the word "parish" against their names. The Second World War has a far more modest memorial, in the small public garden on the main road, where the road suddenly twists. Both memorials are by local sculptor George Henry Paulin.
A small museum run by volunteers contains a collection of local items, and much information about the former Devon Valley Railway, which closed to passengers in 1964. The town is now largely a dormitory community for people who work in Stirling and further afield — e.g. Glasgow and Edinburgh.
Location and transport.
It is one of the Hillfoots Villages, situated between the Ochil Hills range to the north and the River Devon to the south. Dollar is east of Stirling on the A91 road to St Andrews. The Devon Valley Railway linking Alloa and Kinross closed to passengers in 1964 and to freight in 1973.
Economy.
Attempts were made to mine lead and copper in Dollar Glen from the 18th century and possibly earlier, but these were of no economic significance. Coal mining in the area began around the same time and, until 1973, supplied the Kincardine Power Station, and later, the Longannet Power Station with coal from the Upper Hirst seam. A tiny private non-NCB coal mine operated from the Harviestoun estate from the mid-1970s, partly filling the gap that the closed NCB left, whilst there was still local demand for coal.
In common with the other Hillfoots Villages, the textiles industry played an important part in the town's development. The Harviestoun Brewery was established west of Dollar in 1985, before its move to Alva.
Governance.
From 1891 to 1975 the town had its own council. It is now within Clackmannanshire council area. It forms part of the Clackmannanshire East ward which includes Clackmannan, Comely Bank, Dollar & Muckhart. In the 2017 local elections, residents of the ward elected three councillors - one each from the Scottish National Party, the Labour Party and the Conservative Party.
Provosts of Dollar.
Dollar had a provost from 1891 to 1975. The provosts were:
Education.
Dollar Academy is a fee paying school.
Sport.
Dollar is home of the Dollar Glen Football Club, an 18-hole golf course (notable for its steep inclines and lack of bunkers), a tennis club, a squash club, a bowling club, and a cricket club. The Ochil Hills that overlook Dollar provide opportunities for mountain biking.
Religion.
There are three churches, one Church of Scotland, one Scottish Episcopal Church and Ochil Hills Community Church which meets in the Civic Centre.
Twin towns.
Dollar is twinned with the French town of La Ville-aux-Dames, which lies just outside Tours in the Loire Valley.


Wayne H. Page

Wayne Harold Page (September 25, 1922 – March 26, 2001) was a Vermont military officer and business executive who served as Adjutant General of the Vermont National Guard.
Early life.
Wayne H. Page was born in Hyde Park, Vermont on September 25, 1922. He was educated in Hyde Park, and graduated from the University of Vermont with a degree in electrical engineering in 1943.
World War II.
Page joined the United States Army for World War II, enlisting in 1943 and receiving his commission after completion of Officer Candidate School in 1944. He served in Europe as a member of the 398th Infantry Regiment, 100th Infantry Division and attained the rank of captain before being discharged in 1946.
Post-World War II.
After the war, Page became a mining engineer, manager and executive with the Ruberoid Corporation, responsible for overseeing operations at an asbestos mine in Belvidere, Vermont.
He was also active in politics, including serving as Chairman of the Lamoille County Republican Committee.
He also maintained his affiliation with the military as a member of the Vermont Army National Guard.
He was activated for the Korean War as a member of the 43rd Division, but was released before the division deployed to West Germany, acceding to a Department of Defense request to return to his civilian job, which was regarded as more important to the war effort.
By the mid-1960s, Page had attained the rank of brigadier general as commander of the 86th Armored Brigade and then Vermont's Assistant Adjutant General for Army.
Adjutant General.
In September, 1966 Adjutant General Francis William Billado died. From September until December of that year his deputy, Reginald M. Cram acted as Adjutant General.
In November, Page announced that he would be a candidate for the position during the election scheduled for February, 1967. (Since the 1860s the Adjutant General is selected for a two-year term by the Vermont General Assembly. Elections are held in February of each odd-numbered year, and terms begin the following March. The Governor of Vermont can make a temporary appointment to fill a vacancy if it occurs when the legislature is not in session.)
On November 30, 1966, Governor Philip H. Hoff appointed Page to serve as Adjutant General until the new term began in March, 1967. Though both Cram and Page were Republicans and Hoff a Democrat, Hoff indicated that he made the decision to appoint Page after other Vermont National Guard officers expressed to him their preference for an Army officer (Page) over one from the Air Force (Cram), given that most Vermont National Guard units were Army organizations.
After Page's appointment, Cram resigned as Deputy Adjutant General and campaigned for a full two-year term. In an upset, Cram defeated Page in the election, ending Page's three-month tenure as Adjutant General. (Cram served until he retired in 1981.)
Page served again briefly as Assistant Adjutant General for Army after losing the election, and retired from the military in mid-1967. He continued his career with the Ruberoid Corporation, which later became part of GAF Materials Corporation, accepting positions outside Vermont and rising to Vice President and member of the board of directors.
Retirement and death.
Page continued to live in Lamoille County after retiring in the late 1980s. He was a member of the Veterans of Foreign Wars, the American Legion, and numerous other civic, professional and fraternal organizations. In addition, he was an active volunteer at Morristown's Centennial Library.
He died in Burlington, Vermont on March 26, 2001, and was buried in Hyde Park's Hooper Cemetery.
Awards.
Page's awards included the Bronze Star Medal (2) and the Combat Infantryman Badge.
Family.
In 1942 Page married Sylvia F. Ward (March 22, 1923 – June 25, 1999). They had three children: Chandler S. who died in 1963, Karen Hoke of Allentown, Pennsylvania and Nancy Zaphiris of Arlington, Massachusetts.
External links.
, retrieved December 30, 2013


Quivira Mining Corporation

The Quivira Mining Corporation (sometimes spelled Quivera) was a uranium mining company owned by Kerr-McGee Corporation. It was formed from the Kerr-McGee Nuclear Corporation in 1983.
In 1983 Quivira became operator of Kerr-McGee's old 1958 uranium mill at Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico. The mill operated until 2002. From 1966 to 2002, the mill processed uranium ore and recovered mine water from mines in the area. Tailings disposal cells and evaporation ponds constructed in the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and 00s were used for byproduct materials, process water, uranium tailings, and rad waste while maintaining environmental safety and regulatory compliance.
In 1989 Quivira was bought by Rio Algom Mining, LLC, which was then bought by Billiton in 2000. Billiton then merged with BHP to form BHP Billiton in 2001. Rio Algom was then bought from BHP Billiton by Uranium Resources, Inc. (URRE) in 2007. In June, 2008 Uranium Resources, Inc. announced it would terminate the agreement to purchase Rio Algom Mining from BHP Billiton.


Harry Phillips (rugby union)

Henry 'Harry' Thomas Phillips (22 June 1903 – 16 December 1978) was a Welsh international rugby union lock who played club rugby for Cross Keys and Newport and international rugby for Wales. Phillips was a collier by profession before becoming a police officer, and was the nephew of former international Wales player Harry Day.
Rugby career.
Phillips was born in Crosskeys, and began his rugby career with local team Cross Keys RFC, before moving to first class team Newport. He played rugby with Newport from 1923, and was given various roles within the pack, though he played mainly second row and prop. In 1926, Phillips faced his first international opposition when he was part of the Newport team that played the touring Māoris. The game ended in a 0-0 draw, a score which the Māori captain, Wattie Barclay, believed his team was fortunate to achieve.
In 1927, Phillips was given his first international call-up, when he was selected for the opening game of the 1927 Five Nations Championship. Under the captaincy of Bernard Turnbull, Phillips' debut was against England at Twickenham which Wales lost 9-11. Phillips played in all the matches of the 1927 Championship which saw poor Welsh results, with only a single win, over France. Despite the poor run of results, Phillips was reselected for the Wales game against the New South Wales Waratahs, who he had faced just a month earlier with Newport. The Wales team included eight new caps, which the far tighter Waratahs were able to defeat, finishing the match 18-8 winners.
Phillips played in all four games of the 1928 Championship, which was as miserable a campaign as 1927. The Welsh won just once, the first ever victory over Scotland at Murrayfield. Although a historic win, this was the start of a poor run of results for Scotland who finished the tournament with just a single win too. Worse for Wales was the loss to France. Wales had beaten France in the previous twelve encounters, and this was the first time Wales had lost to the French team. This final game of the tournament saw five Welsh players represent Wales for the last time, Phillips was one of them.
Phillips continued representing Newport after the end of his international career, and in the 1929/30 season he was given the captaincy of the Newport first team. He left Newport in 1931.
International matches played.
Wales (rugby union)


Whitehaven Coal


Maurice Ruddick

Maurice A. Ruddick (1912–1988) was an Afro-Canadian miner and a survivor of the 1958 Springhill Mining Disaster, an underground earthquake, or "bump" as the miners call it, in the Springhill mine in Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. He was chosen as Canada's "Citizen of the Year". Ruddick and six others were trapped 4000 feet underground, and were there for nine days. Ruddick cheered his comrades with his singing, and the mother of one of the miners later declared "If it wasn't for Maurice, they'd all have been dead."
The disaster attracted international media attention. The Governor of the State of Georgia, Marvin Griffin, invited nineteen of the survivors to vacation at one of his state's luxurious resorts, Jekyll Island, usually reserved for millionaires. This was in the Deep South in the time of Jim Crow laws, i.e. strict segregation between black and white people. When he discovered that one of the miners was black, Griffin said that Ruddick would have to be segregated from the others. When the miners heard this, they were reluctant to accept the offer, but Ruddick agreed to go on the Governor's terms, knowing how much the others really wanted the vacation. Ruddick, his wife, and the four of his twelve children who accompanied him on the trip all stayed in a separate area of the island, in trailers built by Griffin especially for the occasion, and attended separate ceremonies from the white miners.
Maurice Ruddick died in 1988. He is buried in Hillside Cemetery.
His daughter, folk singer Val MacDonald, recorded a song that he composed in the mine, "The Springhill Mine Disaster Song."
He was featured in a Canadian Heritage Minute.
A musical written called "Beneath Springhill: The Maurice Ruddick Story" by Beau Dixon with Lyrics and Music by Rob Fortin and Susan Newman was created and played at the 1000 Islands Playhouse in Gananoque, Ontario Canada
http://www.1000islandsplayhouse.com/beneath-springhill-the-maurice-ruddick-story/


New Afton mine

The New Afton mine is a Canadian gold and copper mine located west of the city of Kamloops in British Columbia. The mine is underground and is owned and operated by New Gold Inc. In 2019, the mine produced an output of of copper, and 69,000 ounces of gold. The Afton Group covers 61 claims on of property.
As of December 2019, the proven and probable reserves of the mine were 1.0 million ounces of gold, 2.8 million ounces of silver, and 802 million pounds of copper.
Staff.
About 500 Kamloops-area workers work on site. These workers used to work shifts seven days on and then get seven days off. The mine has recently moved to a fourteen-day on, fourteen-day off schedule.
Geology.
The New Afton mineralization is classified as an alkalic porphyry copper-gold deposit. The deposits are located in the southern part of the Quesnel trough, in the Nicola belt.


Ozyorny mine

The Ozyorny mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in Russia. The mine is located in south-eastern Russia in Buryatia. The mine has reserves amounting to 157 million tonnes of ore grading 1% lead and 5.2% zinc thus resulting 1.57 million tonnes of lead and 8.16 million tonnes of zinc. The mine also has reserves amounting to 800,000 oz of gold and 144 million oz of silver.


Chandrapura (community development block)

Chandrapura is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Bermo subdivision of Bokaro district, Jharkhand state, India.
Overview.
Bokaro district, a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, has undulating surface with the altitude varying between 200 and 282 m. Topographically, the entire area is divided into three parts – the Bokaro uplands in the west, the Bokaro-Chas uplands in the middle and Barakar basin in the east. The general slope of the region is from the west to the east. The main rivers are the Damodar, Garga, Parga, Konar and Gobei. The district, covered with hills and forests, is a mining-industrial area. With the construction of the gigantic Bokaro Steel Plant in the nineteen sixties, it has become the focal point of this district.
Maoist activities.
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by Maoist activities. , Bokaro was one of the 14 highly affected districts in the state., Bokaro was identified as one of the 13 focus areas by the state police to check Maoist activities.
Geography.
Chandrapura is located at .
Chandrapura CD Block is bounded by Nawadih CD Block on the north, Topchanchi and Baghmara CD Blocks, in Dhanbad district, on the east, Chas and Jaridih CD Blocks on the south and Petrawar and Bermo CD Blocks on the west.
Chandrapura CD Block has an area of 135.12 km2. It has 23 gram panchayats, 30 villages and 7 census towns. Chandrapura and Dugda police stations are located in this CD Block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Chandrapura.
The Damodar passes through this block. Chandrapura Thermal Power Station stands on the southern bank of the Damodar.
Demographics.
Population.
As per the 2011 Census of India Chandrapura CD Block had a total population of 132,162, of which 48,776 were rural and 83,386 were urban. There were 68,881 (52%) males and 63,281 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 18,110. Scheduled Castes numbered 14,917 (11.29%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 11,260 (8.52%).
Chandrapura CD Block has several census towns (2011 population figure in brackets): Telo (14,274), Narra (5,390), Chandrapura (27,425), Termi (5,111), Bursera (4,070), Sijhua (4,376) and Dugda (27,740).
Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Chandrapura CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Bandio (4,401), Taranga (4,497), Taranari Madhubani (5,890) and Kurumba (4,890).
Literacy.
 census the total number of literates in Chandrapura CD Block was 86,011 (75.41% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 50,940 (85.85% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 35,071 (64.10% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 21.75%.
 census, literacy in Bokaro district was 73.48% , Literacy in Jharkhand was 66.41% in 2011.
 Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.
See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate
Language.
Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.
In the 2001 census, the three most populous mother tongues (spoken language/ medium of communication between a mother and her children) in Bokaro district were (with percentage of total population in brackets): Khortha (41.08%), Hindi (17.05%) and Santali (10.78%). In the 2011 census, scheduled tribes constituted 12.40% of the total population of the district. The five most populous mother tongues were (with percentage of ST population in brackets): Santali (70.12%), Munda (17.05%), Oraon (5.90%), Karmali (4.23%) and Mahli (3.23%).
Economy.
Livelihood.
In Chandrapura CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 5,480 and formed 14.34%, agricultural labourers numbered 3,851 and formed 10.07%, household industry workers numbered 804 and formed 2.10% and other workers numbered 28,089 and formed 73.49%. Total workers numbered 38,224 and formed 28.92% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 93,918 and formed 71.08% of the population.
Infrastructure.
There are 20 inhabited villages in Chandrapura CD Block. In 2011, 18 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 20 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 20 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 3 villages had post offices, 3 villages had sub post offices, 1 village had telephone (land line) and 10 villages had mobile phone coverage. 20 villages had pucca (hard top) village roads, no village had bus service (public/ private), no village had autos/ modified autos, and 10 villages had tractors. 1 village had a bank branch, no village had agricultural credit society, no village had cinema/ video hall, no village had public library and public reading room. 12 villages had public distribution system, 5 villages had weekly haat (market) and 15 villages had assembly polling stations.
Power and coal.
The 890 MW Chandrapura Thermal Power Station of Damodar Valley Corporation at Chandrapura was placed in commercial operation progressively between October 1964 and July 2011.
Dugda Coal Washery of Bharat Coking Coal Limited at Dugda has two units: Dugda I with annual capacity of 1 million tonnes per year washes non-coking coal, Dugda II with annual capacity of 2 million tonnes per year washes coking coal.
Agriculture.
The average annual rainfall in Bokaro district is 1291.2 mm. The soil is generally laterite and sandy. 39.21% of the total area is under agriculture. It is generally a single monsoon-dependent crop. 9.90% of the cultivable land is under horticulture. Rice and maize are the main crops. Bajara, wheat, pulses and vegetables are also grown.
Backward Regions Grant Fund.
Bokaro district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.
Education.
In 2011, amongst the 20 inhabited villages in Chandrapura CD Block, 2 villages had no primary school, 12 villages had one primary school and 6 villages had more than one primary school. 13 villages had at least one primary school and one middle school. 4 villages had at least one middle school and one secondary school. Chandrapura CD Block had 2 senior secondary schools and 1 degree college.
RPS College, Chandrapura, established in 1986, is affiliated to Vinoba Bhave University. It offers courses in arts, science and commerce.
Healthcare.
In 2011, amongst the 20 inhabited villages in Chandrapura CD Block, 7 villages had primary health sub-centres, 3 villages had medicine shops and 7 villages had no medical facilities.


Peter W. Breene

Peter W. Breene was the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Colorado. He was a Republican and served from 1885 to 1887 under Governor Benjamin Harrison Eaton.
Breene was born in August, 1846 in Kilkenny, Leinster, Ireland. He immigrated to Indiana and became a miner. He moved to Leadville, Colorado in 1877 and amassed a fortune in mining. He became an organizer and leader among the miners. He served in the Colorado House of Representatives (1883 -1885), as lieutenant governor from 1885 to 1887, and as the Colorado State Treasurer from 1887 to 1889. He died December 24, 1926 in Leadville.


Speculator Mine disaster

The Granite Mountain/Speculator Mine disaster of June 8, 1917, occurred as a result of a fire in a copper mine, and was the most deadly event in underground hard rock mining in United States history. Most men died of suffocation underground as the fire consumed their oxygen; a total of 168 miners were killed. The Butte, Montana copper mines were at full wartime production to support the US in the Great War. Miners had been seeking improved working conditions, as they were at high risk.
As part of a fire safety system, the mining company was installing an electric cable into the Granite Mountain mine. The cable fell in an area approximately below the surface and was damaged. When a foreman with a carbide lamp tried to inspect the damage, he accidentally ignited the oil-soaked cloth insulation on the cable. The fire quickly climbed the cable, and turned the shaft into a chimney, igniting the timbers in the shaft and consuming oxygen in the mines.
A total of 168 miners died in the ensuing blaze, most from asphyxia. Some of the deceased did not die immediately; they survived for a day or two in the tunnels. Some left notes written while they waited in hopes of rescue. A few managed to barricade themselves behind bulkheads in the mine and were found after as long as 55 hours. The miners went out on strike to protest working conditions and the many deaths after the disaster.
A Granite Mountain Speculator Mine Memorial, honoring the miners killed in the fire, was later erected at the site. Some of the notes written by the miners can be viewed at the site. The monument is located at .
Metal Mine Workers' Union.
The Metal Mine Workers' Union developed from the labor unrest in Butte, Montana in 1917. The copper mines of Butte produced a strong union presence in the city; by 1887, all of the city's mines were unionized. This "closed shop" persisted until 1914 when internal struggles destroyed the once powerful Butte Miners' Union of the Western Federation of Miners and opened the mines to corporate control.
Several days after the Speculator disaster, miners began to walk off the job at copper mines all over the city in protest of the poor working conditions. A meeting was organized and the Metal Mine Workers' Union, an unaffiliated and independent union, formed less than two weeks after the Speculator Mine fire. The new union immediately petitioned the Anaconda Copper Company and its subsidiaries for recognition of their union, demanding safer working conditions and wage increases. By the end of June, other trade unions, including the Electricians, Boilermakers, Blacksmiths, and Metal Trades Machinists of Butte, joined the miners in their strike.
The companies resisted the mining union organizers' efforts and chose to work with the other trade unions, acquiescing to many of their demands in hopes of isolating the miners' union and forcing and end to the strike. Around this time, Frank Little, an American labor leader and member of the Industrial Workers of the World, arrived in Butte to support the miners. By the end of July, most of the other trade unions had reached a deal and returned to work. Little, for his support of the miners, was killed by six masked men on August 1, 1917. The miners' union continued to strike through 1917, however, many miners returned to work before its official end. The Metal Mine Workers' Union officially called off the strike on December 18, 1917.
In popular culture.
The disaster was memorialized in the song "Rox in the Box" on the album "The King is Dead" (2011) by The Decemberists, an indie rock band. It has also been memorialized in the song "The Miners" by independent Celtic recording artists The Elders and is featured on their album "Story Road" (2014). For the centennial of the disaster, it was memorialized in the song "Tap 'er Light" by Montana singer songwriter Nick Spear. He performed the song at the Granite Mountain Speculator Mine Memorial above Butte on June 8, 2017.


Timir mine

The Timir mine is a large iron mine located in eastern Russia in the Sakha Republic. Timir represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 4.8 billion tonnes of ore grading 45% iron metal.


Leechtown, British Columbia

Leechtown is at the confluence of the Leech River into the Sooke River in southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The ghost town, off BC Highway 1 is about by road northwest of Victoria.
Geology.
Leechtown is notable for its geologic placement, which produced the historical gold finds. The Leech River runs along the Leech River Fault, a major regional fault that marks a distinct geological boundary between the Pacific Rim Terrane and the Crescent Terrane (part of Siletzia). The "Leech River Complex" (also "Leech River Formation" and "Leech River Schist") is a well-known assemblage of highly deformed schists underlain by gneiss. The gold is thought to be derived from quartz stringers concentrated in the schists, emplaced by hydrothermal events related to the regional tectonic activity.
Name origin.
The town was named after the river. The Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition, led by Robert Brown, included Lieutenant Peter John Leech of the Royal Engineers. Leech, a former engineer and astronomer, was responsible for documenting the resources discovered. Following observations of gold in July 1864, a tributary of the Sooke River was subsequently named the Leech River.
Leech was later city engineer for Victoria, the capital. John Foley made the initial gold discovery, and Robert Brown spoke the phrase "the gold will speak for itself." Traditionally, Leech has received credit on both counts.
Mining boom.
Within weeks, thousands of prospectors, many of whom were veterans of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush six years earlier, travelled from Victoria overland by trail or by steamer to Sooke. By mid-August 1864, 227 mining licences had been issued. Within a month, over 500 miners were working claims, and surveyed townsite lots were for sale. By November, miners numbered 1,200. Yearend saw 6 general stores, 3 hotels, and 30 saloons. The 12-room Arrarat Hotel was the most prestigious, and was the headquarters for Governor Kennedy, while inspecting the mines. Although as much as $100,000 in gold may have been extracted in the first year, by 1865 the rush was over, and by 1874 the diggings were largely deserted. At its peak, Leechtown and neighbouring Boulder City comprised 4,000 people.
Railway.
During the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway (CNoPR) construction from Victoria, the rail head reached just beyond Leechtown, at south of Sooke Lake, in October 1912. The Canadian National Railway (CN) acquired the bankrupt CNoPR. The Leechton train station that opened around 1926 was described as no larger than a chicken coop.
In 1943 and 1962, a locomotive plunged through a damaged bridge near Leechton killing a crew member. In 1978, the CN Victoria–Leechtown track was abandoned and the rails removed. In 1987, the CN right-of-way became the Galloping Goose Regional Trail.
Later mining.
The Leech River has been worked intermittently since the boom. In the earlier decades, this was principally Chinese prospectors. In the early 1930s, J.S. MacDonald and E. Butterworth installed a small hydraulic plant. High-pressure hoses on the gravel bank did not prove profitable. Vanisle Mines were equally unsuccessful during 1937–1941. The Leech River still has active placer claims, and small scale operations produce quantities of fine gold and flakes. Now a mineral reserve, no new mining claims can be staked.
Logging.
A logging railway operated from Leechtown to the Kapoor Lumber Company sawmill in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The Cameron Lumber Company built a steam sawmill on the CN line in the mid-1930s. During the 1940s and 1950s, Leechtown was a thriving logging community. Prior to 2007, TimberWest Forest Corp. owned more than of land in the area.
Kapoor mine.
At nearby Kapoor was a talc mine, which operated prior to 1930. After that date, mining and the grinding plant switched to green shale. After 1935, the mine continued production throughout the 1940s, but the product was crushed in Vancouver.
Relics.
Logging and mining equipment is scattered throughout the area. Vandals damaged the original 1928 cairn, and with treasure hunters, have also destroyed buildings from the mining and logging eras. Indicating the site of the Gold Commissioner's house, the cairn's stolen bronze dedication plate read:
Memorial erected by the B.C. Historical Association on site of gold commissioner's house to commemorate discovery of gold on Sooke River by Lieut. P. Leech, July, 1864, and to mark the site of Leechtown, which sprang up following discovery. Unveiled by the HON. R.BRUCE LIEUT.-GOVERNOR OF B.C. SEPT. 15. 1928.
The 1980s replacement equally fared poorly. In 2014, a new monument was unveiled on the east side of the river at the Kapoor Regional Park to commemorate the 150th anniversary.
Water catchment.
During 1915–1970, the Sooke Flowline originated near Leechtown. In 2007, the area was purchased for the Greater Victoria water supply, which protects it from development and prevents public access. The former Leechtown, about south of Sooke Lake and about north of Sooke Potholes Provincial Park was previously accessible by bike or foot along the Galloping Goose Trail. Since 2012, a warning sign and locked gate before the end of the trail have signified access to Leechtown is prohibited. Strengthening bylaws and installing additional gates and fences have reinforced the restricted access to the watershed area.
Folklore.
Golden boot.
In 1855 or 1856, Richard Barter, a Canadian, known as Rattlesnake Dick, and his gang, robbed a Wells-Fargo mule train in California of about $80,000 in gold. In 1859, Californian law enforcement fatally shot him. His $40,000 share of the proceeds is possibly buried somewhere. Allegedly, he found his way to Leechtown to slowly launder the gold, which he kept hidden in a knee-high leather boot buried in the vicinity. The fundamental problem with the story is that the gold rush occurred five years after his death.
Hans Christen's cave.
In 1864, after a storm, Leechtown prospector Hans Christen searched for his missing mule, which he found sheltering inside the entrance of a small cave. Immediately inside the cave, he observed a vein of gold 24 inches wide extending well back. Allegedly a heavy drinker, Christen searched unsuccessfully throughout the remainder of his life to find the cave again.
Ed Mullard's cave.
In an unknown year, Ed Mullard, while hunting in the Jordan Meadows-Leechtown area, discovered a cave in the rock, comprising chiseled steps, multiple galleries and treasures. One account has Mullard alone, another includes a man named McLaren, but only Mullard actually entered the cave. The apparent discovery of a cave in the area in 1928 may have inspired the tale.
In April 1959, Mullard told his story to reporter Ted Harris, but died at 56, before he could show Harris the place. The next year, using information Mullard provided, and aerial survey photos, the newspaper organized a fruitless search to locate the cave. A version has Mullard finding Spanish gold ingots, one of which was on public view during the 1980s at the B.C. Ministry of Mines Mineral Titles display, a claim disavowed by the Ministry.
Rumours of a heavy Spanish bronze cannon sighted in the swamps of Jordan Meadows have also circulated.


List of mines in Russia

This list of mines in Russia is subsidiary to the list of mines article and lists working, defunct and future mines in the country organized by primary mineral output. For practical reasons, this list also contains stone, marble and other quarries.


Martha Mine

The Martha Mine is a gold mine in the New Zealand town of Waihi. Since July 2015 it has been owned by Australian-based OceanaGold.
History.
William Nicholl marked out a claim, calling it "Martha" after a family member. Several smaller claims were later merged to form the Martha Company. By 1882 the first battery to break gold-bearing rock was in operation. The Martha Mine eventually grew into one of the world's most important gold and silver mines, after industrial cyanide processes made recovering gold from the low-grade ores easier. Waihi prospered with the mine, by 1908 being the fastest-growing town in the Auckland Province, three times the size of Hamilton.
In 1935 New Zealand gold output peaked during the depression, with two-thirds by the Waihi Company which was the largest of the four major companies. That year for tax reasons the Waihi Company was split into three, including the Martha Company which controlled the Martha Mine.
By the 1950s the mine was struggling due to a series of factors. Chief among those was the international gold price, which was fixed at $US35 an ounce, limiting the revenue the mine could make. Other factors included the need for a substantial capital expenditure to update the machinery. Although the technology was available to do this, the money was not. Manpower issues also factored into the decision to close the underground mine. There had been two World Wars and the Depression of the 1930s, depleting manpower and creating a difficult economic climate. These led to the underground mine closing in 1952.
The open-cast mine.
In the 1970s and early 1980s the gold price increased. Exploration and prospecting work identified ore that could be profitably exploited through a lower cost "open pit" or open-cast approach. The mine was reopened as an open pit in 1988.
In April 2015 and April 2016, large landslides occurred and stopped mining activities.
In March 2018 OceanaGold announced "Project Martha", part of which was to re-instate the pit haul road to allow mining to restart.
Cornish Pumphouse.
The "Cornish Pumphouse" was originally built in a different location next to the Martha Mine in 1904 to accommodate a large Cornish steam engine designed to pump water out of the mine. The building's design originated from one used in tin mines in Cornwall, England.
The horizontal Cornish pump was used up to 1913 to raise water from a depth of around via the adjacent No 5 shaft at a rate of over 400,000 litres per hour. After 1913, electric pumps were used to dewater the mine, but the pumphose was kept in working order until 1929 as a backup.
From the 1930s onwards, the building had been stripped of all machinery and left in an increasingly derelict state.
In 1983, the building was registered as a Historic Place Category 1 with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust due to its historical importance as one of the country's principal industrial monuments.
In 2001, the area surrounding the pumphouse was fenced off, following subsidence in nearby Barry Road. Investigations reached the conclusion that the only way to protect the building was to relocate it to a safer site. The operation to move the Cornish Pumphouse to a site away was started in 2006 with the installation of internal steel bracing and the building of a relocation causeway. Later in the year, the building, weighing 1,840 tonnes, was moved over the course of three months along teflon-coated concrete beams to its present location, which is easily accessible via a footpath from Seddon Street.
Some internal steel bracing remains installed in the building and it is able to be viewed by the public during daylight hours.
Other current underground mining.
Starting in 2004, a series of underground mines all accessed via one entrance, the Favona portal, have been developed. These mines, (Favona, Trio and Correnso) run under much of the town of Waihi - and produce approximately 100,000 ounces of gold each year.
Production.
From the 1880s to 1952 the Martha Mine was an underground mine. The mine became one of the most important gold and silver mines in the world. By 1952, when the mine closed, around 5.6 million ounces (174,160 kg) of gold and 38.4 million ounces (1,193,180 kg) of silver had been produced from 11,932,000 tonnes of ore. The modern Martha Mine has operated as an open pit since 1987. An average of around 100,000 ounces of gold and 700,000 ounces of silver have been produced annually since 1988.
Issues.
Some environmental protests occurred during the 1987 consenting process for further mine operations. In 2001, subsidence in the area caused a collapse of a house, and the operating company has recently agreed to pay compensation to about 130 households for various negative effects due to noise, blast vibrations and dust.


Henry Dwight Barrows

Henry Dwight Barrows (February 23, 1825 – August 7, 1914) was an American teacher, businessman, farmer, goldminer, reporter, United States Marshal, Los Angeles County School Superintendent, manufacturer, writer, and a founder and president of the Historical Society of Southern California.
Early life.
Henry D. Barrows was born in Mansfield, Connecticut, February 23, 1825, a son of Joshua Palmer and Polly (Bingham) Barrows. The early years of his life were spent on a farm a village known as South Mansfield, or Mansfield Center. He received his education, in the public school, and later in the high school at South Coventry Afterward he spent several terms in the academy at Ellington When he was seventeen, he taught school for four years, and devoted considerable time to music, joining the local band, of which he became the leader, and taking lessons on the organ at Hartford.
His first business experience was clerking in New York City in 1849. The next year he went to Boston, where, as entry clerk and then as bookkeeper, he worked in the dry goods business of J. W. Blodgett & Co. for over two years acquiring business experience. While there he enjoyed the books, lectures, music, and opera., which that city afforded.
Gold Rush and early life in Los Angeles.
On April 26, 1852, he sailed for California from New York on the steamer to Aspinwall, crossed the isthmus of Panama, then took the connecting steamer SS "Golden Gate" to San Francisco. Soon after arrival, he went to the northern mines, going as far as Shasta County; but, as the dry season had set in, he returned down the valley, working at haying at $100 a month on Thomas Creek, near Tehama. He returned to San Francisco on July 31 with chills and fever, which the climate of that city only aggravated. He then went south to San Jose, where he raised a crop of wheat and barley which in 1852 to 1853 sold at a very high price. In the fall of 1853 he went to the Southern Mines, working at placer gold mining near Jamestown.
Later Barrows obtained an engagement as teacher of music in the Collegiate Institute in Benicia, remaining there until October 1854, when William Wolfskill, one of the earliest American pioneers of Los Angeles, hired him to teach a private school in his home at Los Angeles, from December 1854 until the latter part of 1858. His pupils were the sons and daughters of Mr. Wolfskill, the sons of his brother, Mathew; the children of Lemuel Carpenter, J.E. Pleasants, and others.
From 1856, for nearly ten years, he was the Los Angeles correspondent of the "San Francisco Bulletin", then one of the most influential newspapers in California. In 1859-1860 he again turned to farming, cultivating a vineyard near the city on the east side of the Los Angeles River. On November 14, 1860, Barrows was married to his former pupil, Juanita Wolfskill, daughter of William Wolfskill and Magdalena (Lugo) Wolfskill, giving him family connections to several influential Californio families.
Civil War.
Until the formation of the Republican party Henry D. Barrows was a Whig when he voted for Fremont in 1856. He voted for every Republican candidate for president thereafter till 1900. During Lincoln's election campaign, he was chairman of his Los Angeles County committee.
By President Lincoln's recess appointment on April 9, 1861, he became the United States Marshall for the southern district of California, holding the office for four years. He replaced James C. Pennie, who had been removed from office. His appointment was confirmed by the Senate July 22, 1861 and was again appointed and confirmed by the Senate January 2, 1866.
On April 10, 1862, as the federal Marshal for Southern California, Henry D. Barrows, wrote to Brigadier General George Wright, commander of the Pacific Department of the Union Army, headquartered in San Francisco, complaining of anti-Union sentiment in Southern California. The letter says such sentiment "permeates society here among both the high and the low," and reports:
Andrew Jackson King, under-sheriff of this county, who has been a bitter secessionist, who said to me that he owed no allegiance to the United States Government; that Jeff Davis' was the only constitutional government we had, and that he remained here because he could do more harm to the enemies of that Government by staying here than going there; brought down on the Senator (a steam ship) Tuesday last a large lithograph gilt-framed portrait of Beauregard, the rebel general, which he flaunted before a large crowd at the hotel when he arrived. I induced Colonel Carleton to have him arrested as one of the many dangerous secessionists living in our midst, and to-day he was taken to Camp Drum. He was accompanied by General Volney E. Howard as counsel, and I have but little hope that he will be retained in custody.
Brought before Colonel Carleton, A. J. King was made to take an oath of allegiance to the Union and was then released. King unlike the members of the Los Angeles Mounted Rifles, was true to his word and did not flee to the Confederacy and in 1862, he was married to Laura Evertson, and remained in office as Undersheriff to 1865.
Also while Marshall, Barrows successfully petitioned to have the anti-Lincoln, pro-Democrat and pro-secessionist newspaper "The Los Angeles Star" banned from the use of the mails in October 1864 which ended its long existence as the city newspaper.
Barrows wife, Juanita Wolfskill, died January 31, 1863, some months after giving birth to their daughter, Alice Wolfskill Barrows, who was born July 16, 1862.
Later life.
From 1864 Barrows engaged in the mercantile business for fifteen years. On August 14, 1864, he married Mary Alice Workman, daughter of John D. Woodworth and widow of Thomas H. Workman, who was killed by the explosion of the steamer "SS Ada Hancock" in San Pedro Bay April 23, 1863. She died in Los Angeles March 9, 1868, leaving two daughters: Ada Frances, born May 21, 1865, and Mary Washington, born February 22, 1868, and died in infancy. Barrows third wife was Bessie A. Greene, a native of Utica, N.Y. They were married November 28, 1868, and had a son, Harry Prosper Barrows, born December 14, 1869.
For many years prior to the 1880s Barrows took an active part in public education. For much of the time during fifteen years he served as a member of the school board of Los Angeles. In 1867 he was elected city superintendent, and in 1868, county superintendent.
Barrows wrote on many subjects for the local press, and especially on financial questions, including resumption of specie payment and bimetallism. He contributed an essay to the contest in 1889 by M. Henri Cernuschi on International Bimetallism.
Mr. Barrows administered a number of large estates, including that of William Wolfskill. He was appointed by the United States district court one of the commissioners to run the boundary line between Rancho Providencia and that of the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. Also, by appointment of the superior court, he was one of the commissioners who partitioned the Rancho San Pedro, which contained about .
In 1868 he was president of the Historical Society of Southern California, of which he was one of the founders, and to the records of which he contributed many valuable papers of reminiscences. Barrows was also one of the charter members of the founders of the Society of Los Angeles Pioneers. He wrote about one hundred sketches of early pioneers of Los Angeles, most of whom he knew personally, for the "Illustrated History of Los Angeles County", issued in 1889. He also wrote the text of the "Illustrated History of Central California", published in 1893.
Barrows voted for every Republican candidate for president till 1900, when he voted for William J. Bryan. He believed that it had departed from its earlier dedication on behalf of universal freedom, and "to the happiness of free and equal men." Henry Dwight Barrows died on August 7, 1914 in Los Angeles.


Dalmatovkoye mine

The Dalmatovkoye mine is a large open pit mine located in the southern part of Russia in Kurgan Oblast. Dalmatovkoye represents one of the largest uranium reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 25.5 million tonnes of ore grading 0.04% uranium.


Korbalikhinskoye mine

The Korbalihinskoye mine is one of the largest lead mines in Russia, located in Zmeinogorsky District, Altai Krai. The mine is located in southern Russia in Novosibirsk Oblast. The mine has reserves amounting to 24.5 million tonnes of ore grading 2.01% lead, 9.8% zinc and 43.5 million oz of silver.


Mine Hills Preserve

Mine Hills Preserve is a natural and historical conservation area on Mine Hills Road in northwestern Roxbury, Connecticut. Owned by the Roxbury Land Trust, it protects the site of a well-preserved 19th-century iron mine and furnace works. Several miles of trails provide access to abandoned quarry areas and the preserved remains of the iron works, whose uses are explained by informational panels. The preserve is open from dawn to dusk. The preserve was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
Description and history.
When Roxbury was first settled in the 18th century, the land form now known as Mine Hill was called Spruce Hill and was common land. Its stone outcrops were eventually recognized for their minerals, and a few attempts were made in the mid-18th century to extract gold, silver, and lead from the mountain. None of these efforts lasted more than a few years, but shafts dug into the hill survive from this period. In the early 19th century a geological analysis found the presence of carbonated iron ore, a rare and highly desirable form of ore that was probably unknown to the early miners. Disputes over land ownership delayed exploitation of the resource until 1865, when the Shepaug Spathic Iron and Steel Company purchased the hill and began to develop it. It set up a mining operation, with a railroad carrying ore to furnaces near the base of the hill, and built a small town for the workers. Mineral Spring Brook was dammed to create a reservoir that would provide a reliable water supply. Later in the 19th century, a granite quarry was also opened near the base of hill, its products transported by rail to market in New York City. The iron furnace and mining operation was closed in 1905, and the stone quarry closed in 1935.
The preserve occupies north of Mine Hills Road in northwestern Roxbury. It occupies the eastern face of the eponymous hill, whose summit and western portions are in neighboring New Milford. A parking area on Mine Hills Road provides access to the trails. There is a short (0.2 mile) loop leading to the area where the blast furnaces are located, and a longer 3.5-mile trail that loops through the areas where the 18th and 19th-century mining activities took place. A short 0.3-mmile trail provides access to the reservoir site.


Woxna mine

The Woxna mine is one of the largest graphite mines in Sweden and in the world. The mine is located in the center of the country in Gävleborg County. The mine has estimated reserves of 6.93 million tonnes of ore 8.82% graphite.


John McCallum

John McCallum (born 9 April 1950) is a Canadian politician, economist, diplomat and former university professor. A former Liberal Member of Parliament (MP), McCallum was the Canadian Ambassador to China from 2017 to 2019. He was asked for his resignation by Prime Minister Trudeau in 2019. As an MP, he represented the electoral district of Markham—Thornhill, and had previously represented Markham—Unionville and Markham. He is a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.
A veteran federal politician who began his political career in 2000, McCallum has served in the governments of Liberal prime ministers Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin, and Justin Trudeau. McCallum has previously been Secretary of State (International Financial Institutions), Minister of National Defence, Minister of Veterans Affairs, and Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship.
Early life and education.
McCallum was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Joan (Patteson) and Alexander Campbell McCallum. He received his secondary education at Selwyn House School and Trinity College School. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Queens' College, Cambridge University, a "" from "Université de Paris I" and a PhD degree in economics from McGill University.
Academic career (1976–1994).
McCallum was a professor of economics at the University of Manitoba from 1976 until 1978, Simon Fraser University from 1978 until 1982, the "Université du Québec à Montréal" from 1982 until 1987, and McGill University from 1987 until 1994. He is an honorary member of the Royal Military College of Canada, student .
He was also Dean of the Faculty of Arts at McGill University, when his future boss, Justin Trudeau was a student there. He then became Senior Vice-President and Chief Economist of the Royal Bank of Canada.
One of his most influential academic contributions was an article in "The American Economic Review", which introduced the concept of the home bias in trade puzzle. It has spawned an ongoing international debate on whether trade within a nation state is greater than trade among nations, as compared with the predictions of standard economic models.
As McGill University's Dean of Arts, McCallum secured a $10 million contribution from Charles Bronfman for the establishment of the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada.
He also participated in the national unity debates of the early 1990s, editing the Canada Round Series of the C. D. Howe Institute and engaging in debate with then Opposition Leader Jacques Parizeau at Quebec's National Assembly.
Private sector career (1994–2000; 2019 onward).
McCallum was the Royal Bank of Canada's chief economist for six years. He consistently achieved the highest media coverage of bank chief economists, making regular appearances on CBC's "The National" as an economics panellist. He also engaged in social issues, notably a 1997 Royal Bank conference designed to align the business community with the recommendations of the 1996 Report on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. His paper at that conference, "The Cost of Doing Nothing", was highlighted ten years later in the "Aboriginal Times" magazine.
In July 2020, McCullum's employment by the Wailian Group, a Chinese company that assists with immigration to Canada, sparked calls from oppositions MPs and Democracy Watch for McCullum to be investigated by the Ethics Commissioner for potential breaches of the Conflict of Interest Act.
Political career.
Member of Parliament (2000–2017).
McCallum successfully nominated Nelson Mandela as the second honorary citizen in Canadian history.
McCallum was quite vocal in Canada's debate on same-sex marriage. He told the "Edmonton Sun" in August 2003, "If people want to do something and it doesn't hurt other people, doesn't reduce other people's rights, we should let them do it. Why not?" He also significantly contributed to the final debate before the vote on same-sex marriage on 21 March 2005 saying:
I believe we should always seek to expand the rights of our fellow citizens as long as we do not thereby reduce the rights of others. We should seek to ensure that no group is denied full participation in society. As members of Parliament, we should not ask the question, why should we extend this right? Rather our question should be, why should we not extend the right? Let the burden of proof be on those who wish to limit fundamental rights.
Many Canadians will want to accept both of these principles: protect the traditional definition of marriage and protect the rights of minorities. The essence of my message today is that we cannot do both. We cannot have it both ways. We must make a choice between traditional marriage and the protection of minority rights.
Defence Minister (2002–2003).
As Defence Minister under Jean Chrétien, McCallum achieved what was then the largest increase in the annual defence budget ($1 billion) in more than a decade in return for offering up $200 million in savings from reducing low priority spending. He also retroactively reversed an inequity which awarded up to $250,000 to military personnel who lost their eyesight or a limb while on active service - but only to those with the rank of colonel or above. Now all Canadian Forces members are covered by the plan regardless of rank. Working with Germany, he successfully persuaded NATO to take control over the security mission in Kabul, Afghanistan, while also ensuring that the mission was led by Canada. He also determined that the army, rather than the navy or air force, was to be the top priority in budget allocations.
He became widely known and criticized in 2002 when he admitted, while serving as the Minister of National Defence, that he had never heard of the 1942 Dieppe raid, a fateful and nationally significant operation for Canadian Forces during the Second World War. Ironically, he wrote a letter to the editor of the National Post in response, but committed a further gaffe, confusing Canadian participation in the 1917 Battle of Vimy Ridge in France with Vichy France from 1940 to 1944. Response at the continued historical ignorance prompted outrage and humour among the press.
In November 2002, while still serving as Defence Minister, McCallum encountered further controversy when officials refused to allow him to board an Air Canada flight because his breath smelt heavily of alcohol. McCallum announced soon thereafter that the incident prompted him to abstain completely from alcohol consumption. He reportedly also intended to lose weight and give up smoking.
In January 2003, McCallum suggested Canadian troops could avoid so-called "friendly fire" incidents by wearing some of female Conservative MP Elsie Wayne's clothes. McCallum later apologized both inside and outside the House of Commons for using inappropriate language, blaming the excitement of the moment, and had his apologies accepted by Wayne.
Veterans Affairs Minister (2003–2004).
Under Paul Martin, McCallum introduced a new charter for younger, postwar veterans who have been physically or mentally injured while serving in the Canadian Forces. This charter, which became law in 2005, is modelled on the range of services provided for returning veterans after World War II. This "new model" stripped veterans of a monthly pension opting for a lump sum payment.
Revenue Minister (2004–2006).
As Minister of National Revenue and Chair of the Cabinet's Expenditure Review Committee, McCallum achieved in 2005 expenditure reductions of $11 billion over the next five years.
Shadow Cabinet Immigration Critic (2006–2015).
When the Conservatives came to power in January 2006 under Stephen Harper, McCallum was appointed as the Immigration Critic.
Immigration Minister (2015–2017).
On 4 November 2015, he was appointed the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship in the newly elected 29th Canadian Ministry of Justin Trudeau. As a senior cabinet minister, McCallum was then fourth in line in case of the PM's incapacity. As Immigration Minister, he oversaw the intake of Syrian refugees during the Syrian refugee crisis.
Ambassador to China (2017–2019).
On 10 January 2017, it was announced that McCallum would be appointed as Canada's Ambassador to China. This resulted in a cabinet reshuffle as he stepped down from his position as the Minister of Immigration and Citizenship to pursue his new post. McCallum expressed eagerness to take on the posting in Beijing, citing his strong personal connections to China, as his former riding Markham has primarily Chinese constituents and both his wife and children are of Chinese ethnicity.
On 23 January 2019, McCallum spoke to Chinese-language Canadian and state-owned Chinese media in Markham, Ontario, concerning the detainment and extradition request by the United States, which resulted in the arrest of Huawei deputy chairwoman Meng Wanzhou, who was awaiting court judgement. The United States alleges that Meng Wanzhou is in violation of the United States Sanctions against Iran and the Canadian Federal government reaffirms that they are obligated to follow judicial protocol and that the arrest is not political in nature. McCallum shared his thoughts with the media by restating public facts that could make Meng's legal defence case strong against this extradition request. This included President Donald Trump's political intrusion, which undermined the integrity of the Canadian judicial protocol, thereby contradicting Canada's stance by making it political in nature. Furthermore, McCallum re-stated other well-reported motives the United States could have, citing the alleged intent of the arrest by the United States was to attempt to obtain trade concessions from China. McCallum withdrew his comments, saying he "misspoke" and that they did "not accurately represent position on this issue". That week, McCallum is further quoted as later telling a Toronto Star journalist it "would be great for Canada" if the US extradition request were dropped, conditional on release of Canadians since detained in China.
On 26 January 2019, McCallum submitted his resignation as ambassador to China, at the request of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, who did not disclose the reasoning behind this decision.
Family.
He is married to Malaysian Chinese Nancy Lim () and has three sons (Andrew, Jamie, and Duncan).


Lonea Coal Mine

Lonea Coal Mine is an underground mining exploitation, one of the largest in Romania located in Petrila, one of six cities in the Jiu Valley region of Hunedoara County. The legal entity managing the Lonea mine is the National Hard Coal Company which was set up in 1998. The mine has reserves of 22.7 million tonnes of coal.