American University of Integrative Sciences

The American University of Integrative Sciences, School of Medicine (AUIS, formerly the University of Sint Eustatius School of Medicine), founded in 1999, is a private for-profit offshore medical school with a single campus located in Barbados. The campus in St. Maarten was shuttered by the Dutch government due to lack of payment of back taxes. The University also has an administrative office located in Tucker, Georgia, of the United States. AUIS follows a US medical curriculum and confers upon its graduates the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Classes are taught in English.
History.
The university was founded in 1999 as University of Sint Eustatius School of Medicine.. On May 27, 1999, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) confirmed the eligibility of graduates from the American University of Integrative Sciences to register for the United States Medical Licensing Examinations (USMLE).
In 2006 the people of Sint Eustatius, Saba and Bonaire agreed to dissolve the Netherlands Antilles. Upon the imminent dissolution of the country, the ministers of health of the Netherland and the Netherland Antilles requested Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders (NVAO) to assess the quality of all medical schools in the Netherlands Antilles. In November 2008, the M.D. program at the university was assessed with unsatisfactory results. As a result of not successfully getting NVAO accreditation, University of Sint Eustatius was not allowed to continue operating in the Caribbean Netherlands. They decided to move their campus and government charter to Sint Maarten.
In 2013, the university set up new administration and operations on the Caribbean island of Sint Maarten. In September 2014, the university secured authorization from the Sint Maarten Ministry of Education to change its name to "American University of Integrative Sciences, Sint Maarten School of Medicine" and began operating under its new name better reflecting its incorporation of the teaching of alternative medicine practices into its existing US-curriculum-based programs. In November 2016 the university was awarded a charter by the Ministry of Education, and opened its Barbados campus in May 2017.
The school is currently owned by Atlanta-based, International Educational Management Resources LLC .
Curriculum.
Premedical program.
AUIS, as of October 2018, has a Bachelors Of Medical Sciences program (BMsc) which will enable students to complete their first 90 prerequisite credit hours with the university before moving into their Basic Sciences program. This degree is awarded upon successful completion of 142 course credits. As of now, there are 5 students in the program.
Doctor of Medicine program.
The MD program at AUIS is divided into eleven total semesters, consisting of three semesters per year. Semesters 1-4(16 months) are basic sciences semesters that are completed at the university's Barbados campus and semester 5 is a professor led USMLE Step 1 review course (fundamental of clinical medicine) that is completed at the university campus in Atlanta, Georgia. Our curriculum incorporates (Introduction to Clinical Medicine coursework) throughout all 5 semesters. The remaining six semesters (24 months) are clinical rotations, composed of core and elective rotations that primarily take place in hospitals in the United States. AUIS focuses on a curriculum which includes traditional Western Medicine.
Residency placements and training appointments.
Graduates from the American University of Integrated Sciences have successfully secured residency placements in the United States as well as Canada. Graduates from 2014- 2020 matched into Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Psychiatry and other specialties.
Student life and services.
Student Government Association (SGA), Alumni Association, American Medical Student Association (AMSA), Asian Students’ Association (ASA), Canadian Medical Student Association, Emergency Medical Club, Christian Club, Muslim Students™ Association (MSA), Mentorship Program, Medical Research Group.
Successful students have been eligible to sit for the USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK/CS, and Step 3 since the school was recognized by ECFMG in 1999. AUIS graduates are able to enter a residency or fellowship program in the United States that is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).
Graduates of AUIS also qualify to sit for the Medical Council of Canada Evaluating and Qualifying Exams (MCCEE and MCCQE Part I and II) and graduates who wish to practice medicine in the United Kingdom can sit for the General Medical Council's Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board test.


NHS Trust Development Authority

The NHS Trust Development Authority (NHSTDA) was an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health. Its formation came as a result of reorganisation of the National Health Service (NHS) in England outlined in the Health and Social Care Act 2012. It is now part of NHS Improvement.
Organisation.
David Flory was its chief executive. He retired in May 2015.
The NHSTDA existed to manage the process of NHS trusts becoming foundation trusts and to performance manage those hospital trusts that remained directly accountable to the NHS. In March 2014 it was reported there were 20 trusts which the TDA expected to end 2013-14 in the red. The Authority compiled a categorised list of NHS trusts, segmented into six broad groups, some of which were regarded as unlikely to have a future as independent organisations but refused to publish it.
It was announced in June 2015 that the chief executive posts at Monitor and the Authority were to be merged, although there would not be a complete merger of the organisations. Subsequently it was reported that the two organisations were to be completely merged.
From 1 April 2016, the organisation is now part of NHS Improvement.


William Clarence Braisted

William Clarence Braisted (9 October 1864 – 17 January 1941) was an American surgeon. He was born in Toledo, Ohio, died at home in West Chester, Pennsylvania, and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1883 and with Doctor of Medicine degree from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1886. He was the Surgeon General of the United States Navy from 1914 to 1920 and the president of the American Medical Association from 1920 to 1921.


Glossary of virology

This glossary of virology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in virology, the study of viruses, particularly in the description of viruses and their actions. Related fields include microbiology, molecular biology, and genetics.


Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is a tertiary lymphoid structure. It is a part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and it consists of lymphoid follicles in the lungs and bronchus. BALT is an effective priming site of the mucosal and systemic immune responses.
Structure.
BALT is similar in most mammal species, but it differs in its maintenance and inducibility. While it is normal component of lungs and bronchus in rabbits or pigs, in mice or humans it appears only after infection or inflammation. In mice and humans it is thus called inducible BALT (iBALT). BALT and iBALT are structurally and functionally very similar, so in this article only BALT is used for both structures.
BALT is found along the bifurcations of the upper bronchi directly beneath the epithelium and generally lying between an artery and a bronchus. It is also in perivascular, peribronchial and even interstitial areas in the lower airways of the lung. To call it BALT it has to be structured accumulation of lymphocytes and other immune cells. There are lymphoid follicles with apparent germinal centres with most B-cells surrounded by T-cell area. In interfollicular T-cell area, there are many dendritic cells presenting antigen to T-cells and in germinal centres, there are follicular dendritic cells. There are CD4+ Th lymphocytes in germinal centres and interfollicular area and CD8+ T cells mainly in interfollicular area. High endothelial venules (HEVs) are also present in BALT in T/B-cell interface, allowing for the recruitment of naive T cells. These HEV are the only entry site for lymphocytes to migrate into the BALT and leave by efferent lymphatic vessels. In some species, M cells have been described in epithelium above BALT similar to M cells in the dome epithelium of Peyer’s patches, although the dome epithelium is not typical for BALT.
For formation of BALT in mice is necessary inteleukin-17 and VCAM-1, PNAd and LFA-1 and it is lymphotoxin-α independent whereas the development of secondary lymphoid organs (such as lymph nodes and Peyer’s patches) is typically dependent on LTα. Formation of BALT may be caused by disabled in situ function of Treg cells.
Function.
Function and purpose of BALT is not completely known yet. It is also unclear if its formation is part of normal immune response or if it is pathologic and should be suppressed.
BALT is included in the efficient priming of adaptive B-cell and T-cell responses directed against airborne antigens. It needs dendritic cells to its maintenance and function. Inducible BALT is formed after infection, e.g. influenza, and peak in size between 1 and 2 weeks after infection and diminish thereafter. Immune responses initiated in iBALT are delayed relative to the immune response in the draining lymph nodes, owing to the time it takes to form iBALT. However, in chronic disease iBALT may be a component of the pathology. BALT can be induced even in fetal lungs after chorioamnionitis or intrauterine pneumonia. Also there is an evidence that cigarette smoke can induce formation of BALT in humans and rats. BALT can also occur after other stimuli, e.g. inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune lung disease or mechanic damage by dust particles.


Jack Wild

Jack Wild (30 September 1952 – 1 March 2006) was an English actor and singer, best known for his debut role as the Artful Dodger in "Oliver!" (1968), for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor as well as Golden Globe and BAFTA nominations.
Wild is also known for his roles as Jimmy in the NBC children's television series "H.R. Pufnstuf" (1969) and in the accompanying 1970 feature film as well as Much the Miller's Son in "" (1991).
Early life.
Wild was born into a working-class family in Royton, Lancashire. In 1960, at the age of eight, with his parents and his elder brother Arthur, he moved to Hounslow, in Middlesex, where he got a job helping the milkman, which paid about five shillings. While playing football with his brother in the park, he was discovered by theatrical agent June Collins, mother of Phil Collins. Collins enrolled both Jack and Arthur at the Barbara Speake Stage School, an independent school in Acton, west London.
Acting.
"Oliver!".
The Wild brothers sought acting roles to supplement their parents' income. In the autumn of 1964 the pair were cast in the West End theatre production of Lionel Bart's "Oliver!" – Arthur in the title role and Jack as Charley Bates, a member of Fagin's gang. Wild was chosen to play the Artful Dodger for the 1968 movie version of "Oliver!" His performance received critical acclaim and several nominations:
TV work.
In the spring of 1966, Wild left the stage show of "Oliver!" to make the film serial "Danny the Dragon" for the Children's Film Foundation. Wild's first speaking roles on TV were in an episode of "Out of the Unknown", and in the third part of the BBC's version of the 'Wesker trilogy', "I'm Talking About Jerusalem". He also appeared in episodes of "Z-Cars", "The Newcomers" and "George and the Dragon".
After "Oliver!".
At the 1968 premiere of "Oliver!", Jack Wild met brothers Sid and Marty Krofft, who thought he would make a good lead for a show they were developing called "H.R. Pufnstuf". Wild starred in that American family television series that launched in 1969. "H.R. Pufnstuf" was also a segment in the second (and final) season of "The Banana Splits Adventure Hour", despite two episodes remaining unaired until 2018. As well, Wild starred in the film "Pufnstuf" (1970), filmed shortly after production of the television show had concluded.
Other roles followed, including the films "Melody" (1971, with "Oliver!" co-star Mark Lester) and "Flight of the Doves" (1971). The latter film reunited him with Ron Moody, who had played Fagin in "Oliver!" In 1972, Wild appeared as a stowaway in an episode of BBC TV's "The Onedin Line". In 1973, he played Reg in "The 14", a film directed by David Hemmings, about a family of London children orphaned by the death of their mother. On television, Wild appeared in a BBC adaptation of "Our Mutual Friend" in 1976.
He also embarked on a recording career, releasing "The Jack Wild Album" for Capitol Records. That contained the single "Some Beautiful", which received considerable exposure on Radio Luxembourg but did not chart well. In the early 1970s, Wild also released the albums "Everything's Coming Up Roses" and "Beautiful World" for Buddah Records. By then, however, Wild was becoming tired of being typecast in younger roles. He was 17 years old when he played the 11-year-old lead in "H.R. Pufnstuf".
In 1999, Wild lamented, "When I first entered in the show business, of course I didn't mind playing younger roles. However it did bug me when I would be twenty-one being offered the role of a thirteen-year-old. I'm not saying I didn't enjoy playing these roles; I had barrels of fun, I just wanted more serious and dramatic roles; it's that simple." During the early 1970s, Wild was considered a teen heartthrob, alongside David Cassidy and Barry Williams.
Later career.
He returned to the big screen in a few minor roles, such as in the 1991 Kevin Costner film "" and as a peddler in "Basil" (1998). For the most part, he spent the remainder of his career working in theatre. His last major appearance was as the male lead, "Mouse", in Tayla Goodman's rock musical "Virus". The show ran for two weeks at the Theatre Royal, Nottingham, in 1999. For his final film appearance he had a minor role in "Moussaka & Chips" (2005), in which he once again worked with Ron Moody.
Personal life.
Wild first met Welsh-born actress Gaynor Jones when they were around 12 years old at the Barbara Speake stage school. After he left in 1966, he did not see her again until Christmas of 1970. They married on 14 February 1976. She left him in 1985 because of his chronic drinking. He met his second wife, Claire L. Harding, when he was working with her in "Jack and the Beanstalk" in Worthing. They married in Bedford in September 2005. In 2001, Wild was diagnosed with oral cancer, blaming the disease on his drinking and smoking habits. He underwent chemotherapy immediately, and had his tongue and voicebox removed in July 2004, leaving him unable to speak. Wild had to communicate through his wife Claire for the rest of his life.
Alcoholism.
By 1973, aged 21, he was an alcoholic. After exhausting his remaining fortune, Wild lived with his retired father for a few years. His alcoholism caused three cardiac arrests and resulted in numerous hospital stays. He was diagnosed with diabetes on 14 March 1983. His alcoholism ruined both his career and marriage to Gaynor Jones, who left him in 1985 because of his excessive drinking. During the mid-1980s, he often drank three to four bottles of vodka a week; he typically drank half a bottle of vodka and two bottles of wine every day. He later admitted his alcoholism was so debilitating that he was incapable of performing any kind of work. Wild eventually became sober on 6 March 1989, after joining the support group, "Alcoholics Victorious".
Death and legacy.
Wild died just before midnight on 1 March 2006, following a long battle with cancer. He is buried in Toddington Parish Cemetery, Bedfordshire. At the time of his death, he and his wife, Claire, had been working on his autobiography. She said: "All the material was there when Jack died, it just needed rearranging, editing, and, in certain sections, writing out from transcripts Jack and I made as we recorded him talking about his life." The book, "It's a Dodger's Life", was published in 2016 with a foreword by "Pufnstuf" co-star Billie Hayes, an afterword by Clive Francis, and an epilogue by Wild's wife.


Rony Brauman

Rony Brauman (born June 19, 1950, in Jerusalem) is a French physician specializing in tropical diseases.
He was one of the early members of "Médecins sans frontières" (Doctors without Borders), and was its president from 1982 to 1994. As president, Brauman oversaw the financial and operational expansion of the movement, including the establishment of new operational centers and chapters around the world. He was a professor at the "Institut d'études politiques de Paris" ("Sciences po") from 1994 to 1997 and is now scientific advisor in the school of international affairs of "Sciences po".
With Israeli director Eyal Sivan, his cousin, he co-directed a documentary (1999) on the trial of Adolf Eichmann (1961) based on Hannah Arendt's 1963 book "Eichmann in Jerusalem".
Brauman is also Director of the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI) at the University of Manchester.


John Thomson (physician)

Dr John Thomson FRS FRSE PRCPE (1765–1846) was a Scottish surgeon and physician, reputed in his time "the most learned physician in Scotland". He was President of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh from 1834 to 1836.
Early life.
He was born in Paisley on 15 March 1765, the son of Joseph Thomson, a silk-weaver from Kinross, and his wife Mary Millar. worked as a boy under different masters for about three years, and at 11 he was bound apprentice to his father for seven years. At the end of his term of service his father intended him for the ministry, but was persuaded to apprentice him in 1785 to Dr. John White of Paisley, with whom he remained for three years.
Thomson entered the University of Glasgow in the winter session of 1788–9, and the following year moved to Edinburgh. He was appointed assistant apothecary at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, in September 1790, and in the following September he became house-surgeon there, title surgeon's clerk, having already filled the port of assistant physician's clerk. He became a member of the Edinburgh Medical Society at the beginning of the winter session in 1790–1, and next year was elected one of its presidents. On 31 July 1792 Thomson, in poor health, resigned his appointment and went to London, where he studied at John Hunter's school of medicine in Leicester Square.
On his return to Edinburgh, early in 1793, Thomson became a fellow of the College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, funded by James Hog, manager of the Paisley Bank. Until autumn 1798 he lived with the surgeon James Arrott, and attended the Royal Infirmary as a surgeon. During this time he studied chemistry, and ran a class during the winter of 1799–1800 which met in his home. In 1800 he was nominated one of the six surgeons to the Royal Infirmary under a reorganisation, and soon began teaching surgery. He also lectured in Chemistry. At this point he was living at Merchant Street in Edinburgh, close to Greyfriars Kirk.
He also gave a course of lectures on for military surgeons; and visited London in the autumn 1803 to be appointed a hospital mate in the Army, a qualification to take charge of a military hospital in case of invasion.
Edinburgh professor.
The College of Surgeons of Edinburgh established a professorship of surgery in 1805, and, in spite of opposition, Thomson was appointed to the post. In 1806, at the suggestion of Earl Spencer, the Home Secretary, the King appointed him professor of military surgery in the University of Edinburgh. On 11 January 1808 Thomson obtained the degree of MD from the University and King's College, Aberdeen.
In 1810 Thomson resigned his post at the Royal Infirmary, after the managers ignored criticism of his surgery by John Bell. He continued to lecture, however.
He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1812.His proposers were John Playfair, Thomas Thomson and Sir George Steuart Mackenzie. He was further elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1824.
In summer 1814 toured medical schools in Europe. He was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh on 7 February 1815: he was now acting as a consulting physician as well as a consulting surgeon. That summer he was again on the continent of Europe, and observed the treatment of the wounded after the Battle of Waterloo.
In September 1815 Thomson was mainly instrumental in founding the Edinburgh New Town dispensary. He delivered a course of lectures on diseases of the eye in the summer of 1819, paving the way for the establishment of the first eye infirmary in Edinburgh in 1824. He was engaged during 1822–6 in the study of general pathology, and in 1821 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the chair of the practice of physic in the university, vacant after the death of James Gregory. In 1828–9 and again in 1829–30 he delivered a course of lectures on the practice of physic, both courses being given with his son, William Thomson (1802–1852).
Last years.
In 1831 Thomson addressed to Lord Melbourne, then secretary of state for the home department, a memorial on the advantages of a separate chair of general pathology. A commission was issued in his favour, and he was appointed professor of general pathology at Edinburgh, giving his first course of lectures in the winter session of 1832–3. Repeated attacks of illness compelled him to discontinue visits to patients after the summer 1835. He resigned his professorship in 1841: the duties had long been performed by deputy.
He died at Morland Cottage, near the foot of Blackford Hill on the south side of Edinburgh, on 11 October 1846. He is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard in central Edinburgh. The grave lies in the western extension against the far west wall.
Works.
Thomson wrote many pamphlets, and other works including:
The smallpox epidemic of 1817–18 showed that vaccination was not as protective as had been supposed, and Thomson published views on the subject in two pamphlets of 1820 and 1822. He wrote a biography of William Cullen, and also edited "The Works of William Cullen, M.D.", Edinburgh, 1827, 2 vols.
Family.
Thomson was twice married: first, in 1793, to Margaret Crawford, second daughter of John Gordon of Caroll in Sutherlandshire; she died early in 1804; and secondly, in 1806, to Margaret, third daughter of John Millar. There were three children by the first marriage, the only survivor being William who went on to be Professor of Medicine at the University of Glasgow. From the second marriage Allen Thomson and Margaret Mylne outlived childhood.
He was grandfather to John Millar Thomson FRSE.


American Institute of Hypnosis

The American Institute of Hypnosis was a scholarly society devoted to the scientific study of hypnosis, founded on 4 May 1955 by the physician and pioneering hypnotist William Joseph Bryan. The society published an academic journal, the "Journal of the American Institute of Hypnosis", edited by Bryan. Bryan's work notably found use in psychological warfare during the Cold War.


George F. Gibbs

George Francis Gibbs (23 November 1846 – 10 March 1924) was the secretary to the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Gibbs was born in Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales. In 1850, his parents were taught by Mormon missionaries and the family joined the LDS Church. As a young adult, Gibbs worked for the LDS Church in the mission office in Liverpool, England, and emigrated to Utah Territory with his parents in 1866.
In the late nineteenth century, Gibbs was sent back to Liverpool as a church missionary to assist the mission in managing its finances.
Gibbs became a member of the Council of Fifty on 24 June 1882. He acted as an assistant secretary to the First Presidency under George Reynolds. When Reynolds was in prison on a bigamy conviction from 1876 to 1881, Gibbs acted as the secretary to the First Presidency. When Reynolds became a general authority in 1890, Gibbs again took upon more of the secretarial duties that Reynolds usually performed. When Reynolds died in 1909, Gibbs officially became the First Presidency's secretary. He remained in this employment until 1922, when he retired and was replaced by Joseph Anderson.
In 1876, Gibbs married Ida Snow, a daughter of church apostle Lorenzo Snow and his wife Eleanor Houtz. Gibbs practiced plural marriage and married Sarah E. Worthen in 1884.
Gibbs died of tongue cancer at Salt Lake City, Utah.


Vijay P. Parashar

Vijay P. Parashar, BDS, MDS, DDS, is an oral and maxillofacial radiologist working as faculty at Midwestern University in Glendale, Arizona. Prior to joining Midwestern University as Associate Professor, Parashar was the Assistant Professor of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences at University of Detroit Mercy in Detroit, Michigan. Parashar won the 2006 Howard R. Raper and 2012 William H Rollins Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Awards given by American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Parashar received Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) from the University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry, Master of Dental Science from the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine, Certification in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology from the University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine and Bachelor of Dental Surgery from Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal. Parashar is on the scientific editorial board of peer-reviewed journals such as "Journal of Oral Health and Community", "India Dentistry", "International Journal of Oral Implantology and Clinical Research, India", and "American Journal of Esthetic Dentistry", USA. Parashar's positions with ADEA include,:
Chair 2010 – 2011, Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology Section, Chair-elect 2009 – 2010, Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology Section and Secretary 2008 – 2009, Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology Section. Parashar is currently serving on the ADA Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) Oral Radiology Review Committee; ADEA Council of Faculties; National Board Dental Test Construction Committee and is a CODA Site Visitor.
Awards and Fellowship.
Parashar has been awarded academic awards and fellowship in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and Dentistry, respectively.
Parashar was awarded William H Rollins Award in 2012.
In 2012, Parashar was inducted into the Pierre Fauchard Academy
Parashar was awarded Howard R. Raper Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Award in 2006.


Isolated levocardia

Isolated levocardia (also known as situs inversus with levocardia) is a rare type of organs' situs inversus in which the heart is still in normal position but other abdominal viscera are transposed. Isolated levocardia may occur with heart defects and patients without having operations have low life expectancy: only about 5% to 13% of patients survive more than 5 years. Therefore, even though the risk of cardiac surgeries is high, once patients are diagnosed, operations are suggested to be held as soon as possible. Isolated levocardia is congenital. So far, there is not sufficient evidence to prove that chromosome abnormalities will result in isolated levocardia, and the cause of isolated levocardia is still unknown.
Symptoms.
Isolated levocardia patients have low exercise tolerance. They easily feel exhausted and can not finish a long distance of walk or run. In more severe cases, patients are even not able to walk 1 mile without fatigue.
Diagnosis.
Systematic examination is need to be diagnosed. To determine the position of organs and major blood vessels of isolated levocardia patients, Ultrasonography, CT, and  MRI are used alone and in combination:
Through data comparison, the average value of cardiovascular malformation in levocardia patients is 4.8±1.8, and for isolated levocardia, the average value is 3.0±1.7.
Through the analysis of isolated levocardia cases, some common features of isolated levocardia patients are:
Incidence & complications.
In general population, the incidence of isolated levocardia is 1: 22,000; in all patients with congenital heart disease, the incidence is from 0.4% to 1.2%.
There are extensive cases reporting that children and adults with isolated levocardia have complex cardiac defects, and neonate or infant with isolated levocardia may be complicated by bowel obstruction and cardiac anomalies. It is estimated that up to 95% of cases of isolated levocardia have associated cardiac deformities like right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, septal defects, inversion of cardiac chambers and transposition of cardiac chambers.
Prevention & treatment.
Examination.
Isolated levocardia is congenital, and so far, there is no efficient way to prevent it. However, in the prenatal period, a prenatal evaluation is suggested. It is recommended to include determination of the situs, identification of heart anomalies, and detection of the major vessels and abdominal viscera in the prenatal evaluation. In the postnatal period, a detection of IVC interruption may be helpful and a prophylactic lifelong antibiotic should be prescribed for the neonate to treat the increase of incidence of overwhelming sepsis in congenital asplenia. Besides, parents should be counseled appropriately.
With accurate, thorough sonographic examination and if there is no congenital heart malformations and chromosomal aberrations, the risk of morbidity and mortality will decrease.
Operation.
Main surgeries procedure includes: Blalock-Taussig, total cavopulmonary connection (Fontan procedure), Rastelli procedure. Blalock-Taussig is a traditional procedure, and Fontan procedure is widely operated recently. The goal of most isolated levocardia surgeries is to rebuild parts of the heart and "redirect" the way blood flows in order to augment pulmonary blood flow.
Cardiac surgeries have high risk. Despite the advances in the operative management, morbidity and mortality remain high. Most death after receiving operations may attribute to a combination of cardiac failure and renal insufficiency. The surgical strategy chosen – hybrid versus traditional procedures, choices regarding the most appropriate pulmonary blood flow – will affect management throughout a patient’s life. However, further studies are still required to identify determinants of the optimal surgical strategy in individual patients.


Adolf Abicht

Adolf Abicht (1793–1860) was a Polish-Lithuanian physician. He was a professor of general pathology, therapy, and medical history at the Vilnius University, and was a president of the Medical Society in Vilnius from 1829–1838.


Eduardo Morales Miranda

Eduardo Morales Miranda (14 November 1910 – 17 November 2012) was one of the founders of Universidad Austral de Chile, and its first rector. He was born to Abdón Morales and Amelia Miranda, who lived in Constitución, Maule Region, Chile. Morales went to high school in "Liceo Manuel Blanco Encalada" in Talca, and went on later to study medicine in Universidad de Chile, where he became a physician. In 1954 he was elected President of the Directory of Members of the newly created Universidad Austral de Chile. He was elected rector of the university the same year and stayed in that position until 1961 when he renounced. He turned 100 in November 2010.


Andrew Doughty

Andrew Gerald Doughty MRCS LRCP FRCA FRCOG (2 September 1916, Lincoln – 2 June 2013) was an English anaesthetist.
In 1957, he invented the Doughty gag, a modification of the Boyle-Davis gag for anaesthesia during adenotonsillectomy. It has a split blade, which allows use of an endotracheal tube and is in universal use to this day. He was an early promoter of the use of epidural anaesthesia during childbirth. In 1973, he set up an epidural course at Kingston Hospital. This two-week-long, one-on-one training course drew attendees from all over the world, and places had to be booked years in advance.
He was born in 1916 in Lincoln and qualified from St Thomas's Hospital in 1941. In retirement Doughty lived in Thames Ditton.


Bronchogenic cyst

Bronchogenic cysts are small, solitary cysts or sinuses, most typically located in the region of the suprasternal notch or behind the manubrium.
Clinical features.
These cysts are found most often in young adults and are rare in infancy. The usual symptoms are the result of compression by the cyst, e.g., difficulty breathing or swallowing, cough, and chest pain. Malignant degeneration has been reported in these cysts on rare occasions. Bronchogenic cysts are usually found in the middle mediastinum. Chest x-rays show a smooth density just in front of the trachea or main stem bronchi at the carinal level. When the cyst communicates with the tracheobronchial tree, the air-fluid level may be seen within the cyst.
CT scanning is useful in localizing these cysts.
Pathology.
Bronchogenic cysts are formed in the 6th week of gestation from an abnormal budding of the tracheal diverticulum. They are lined by respiratory type (ciliated) epithelium, which is characterized by cilia. Histologically these are also composed of cartilage, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue and mucous glands.
These cysts originate from the ventral foregut that forms the respiratory system. These cysts are located close to the trachea or main stem bronchi. Rarely there is communication of the cyst with the tracheobronchial tree.


Accessory nipple


Yvette Francis-McBarnette

Yvette Francis-McBarnette (May 10, 1926 – March 28, 2016) was an American pediatrician and a pioneer in treating children with sickle cell anaemia.
Early life and education.
Francis-McBarnette was born in Kingston, Jamaica on 10 May 1926 to schoolteachers Clarence and Sarah Francis. The family moved to New York City when she was a toddler. She graduated from Hunter College High School at the age of 14, then she enrolled at Hunter College and completed a bachelor's degree in chemistry, followed by a master's degree in chemistry at Columbia University. In 1946, aged 19, she enrolled at the Yale School of Medicine - she was the second black woman at the school. Francis-McBarnett completed her paediatrics residency at Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago.
She returned to school in 1978, to complete a residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in hematology at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center. This allowed her to continue treating patients that she had originally seen in her pediatric sickle cell anemia screening program.
Career.
Francis-McBarnette's first medical position was at Bellevue Hospital in New York City. She later became director of the sickle cell anaemia clinic at Jamaica Hospital Medical Centre in Queens and managed the St Albans Family Medical Center. In 1966, together with colleagues Dr. Doris Wethers and Dr. Lila Fenwick, she started the Foundation for Research and Education in Sickle Cell Disease.
Francis-McBarnett used antibiotics with her patients, with positive results, although the effectiveness was not confirmed until fifteen years later in an article in "The New England Journal of Medicine". By 1970 her clinic had screened over 20,000 school children for the disease, placing those with the disease on antibiotics, which some continued to take throughout their lives.
She was invited to join a White House committee focusing on effective management of the disease. The committee's work led to the 1972 National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act, signed by President Richard Nixon, which used federal funds for screening, counselling, education and research.
Personal life.
She was married to Olvin R. McBarnette, and they had six children, and three grandchildren. Her son Bruce McBarnette is a champion athlete.


List of medical schools in the United Kingdom

There are thirty three medical schools in the United Kingdom that are recognised by the General Medical Council and where students can study for a medical degree. There are twenty-five such schools in England, five in Scotland, two in Wales and one in Northern Ireland. All but Warwick Medical School and Swansea Medical School offer undergraduate courses in medicine. The Bute Medical School (University of St Andrews) and Durham Medical School offer undergraduate pre-clinical courses only, with students proceeding to another medical school for clinical studies. Although Oxford University and Cambridge University offer both pre-clinical and clinical courses in medicine, students who study pre-clinical medicine at one of these universities may move to another university for clinical studies. At other universities students stay at the same university for both pre-clinical and clinical work.
History of medical training.
The first medical school in the United Kingdom was established at the University of Edinburgh in 1726. Medical education prior to this was based on apprenticeships and learning from observation. Professors of medicine did very little if any training of students. Few students graduated as physicians during this earlier period.
The earliest example of this earlier style of medical training in Britain was in 1123 at St Bartholomew's Hospital, now part of Queen Mary, University of London. The first Chair of Medicine at a British university was established at the University of Aberdeen in 1497, although this was only filled intermittently and there were calls "for the establishment of a medical school" in 1787.
Medical teaching has taken place erratically at the University of Oxford since the early 16th century, and its first Regius Professor of Physic was appointed in 1546. Teaching was reformed in 1833 and again in 1856, but the current medical school was not founded until 1936. The University of St Andrews established a Chair of Medicine in 1772, but did not have a medical school (at Dundee) until 1897.
The Linacre Readership in Medicine at the University of Cambridge was founded in 1524, and the Regius Professor of Physic was established in 1540. Teaching was reformed in 1829, but the current medical school was established in 1976. Teaching of apprentices was first recorded in 1561 at St Thomas's Hospital, London, and formalised between 1693 and 1709.
The University of Edinburgh Medical School was founded in 1726 and was the first formally established medical school in the UK. This was followed by Glasgow in 1744, although the school was without a teaching hospital until 1794.
The oldest medical school in England is St George's, University of London, which began formal teaching in 1751. In 1768 teaching at St Thomas's and Guy's hospitals in London was formalised with the foundation of the United Hospitals Medical School, which lasted until the foundation of a separate medical school at Guy's in 1825 (now both part of King's College London).
The London Hospital Medical College (LHMC) was founded in 1785 and is now part of Queen Mary, University of London's School of Medicine. In the first half of the 19th century, the newly founded university colleges in London opened teaching hospitals in 1834 (University College Hospital) and 1839 (King's College Hospital). The Middlesex Hospital Medical School (now part of UCL)
was also founded in this period, in 1835. The London School of Medicine for Women was founded in 1874, the first medical school in Britain to teach women (now part of UCL).
Outside of London and the universities, medical teaching began in Manchester in 1752 and lectures in Birmingham in 1767. Medical schools in Manchester (1824), Birmingham (1825), Sheffield (1829), Leeds (1831), Bristol (1833), Newcastle (1834), Liverpool (1834), and Belfast (1835)
were formally established in the first half of the 19th century. Durham University introduced teaching by a Reader in Medicine from its opening in 1833, but had no medical school until the affiliation of the College of Medicine in Newcastle in 1854. In the later 19th century a medical school was established at Cardiff in 1894. The newest medical school in the UK is the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) School of Medicine which opened to medical students in 2015.
The Medical Act 1858 was a key development in the professionalising of medical practice and training, introducing the General Medical Council and the Medical Register.
The next expansion of medical schools began following the recommendations of the "Royal Commission on Medical Education (1965-1968)" (the "Todd Report"), which called for the immediate establishment of new schools in Southampton, Leicester and Nottingham to aid medical education in the United Kingdom; all were built between 1970 and 1980. Medical schools at Warwick (located in the City of Coventry), Swansea, Keele (located in the City of Stoke-on-Trent) and Hull (in partnership with York) eventually opened in the 1990s and early 21st century, as well as new medical schools at University of East Anglia (located in the city of Norwich) Durham, Brighton and Sussex, and Plymouth and Exeter. Buckingham University, the oldest private university in England, launched a graduate entry medical school in 2010 although it offers only postgraduate MD qualifications to doctors already qualified to MBBS or equivalent and does not offer initial medical training approved by the General Medical Council at present. It is due to accept its first batch of undergraduates for a four and a half-year MBBCh course in 2015 at a cost of £35,000 per year. The school will be known as Buckingham Milton Keynes Medical School and will be in partnership with Milton Keynes NHS Trust.


National Nurses United

National Nurses United (NNU) is the largest organization of registered nurses in the United States. The NNU, with close to 185,000 members across the country, is the most far-reaching union and professional association of registered nurses in the U.S. Founded in 2009 through the merging of the California Nurses Association/National Nurses Organizing Committee, the United American Nurses, and the Massachusetts Nurses Association, the NNU focuses on amplifying the voice of direct care RNs and patients in national policy. The union's policy positions include the enactment of safe nurse-to-patient ratios, patient advocacy rights at the Executive and State level, and legislation for single-payer health care to secure "quality healthcare for all, as a human right." The organization's goal is to "organize all direct care RNs into a single organization capable of exercising influence over the healthcare industry, governments, and employers."
Leadership.
The Executive Director of the national organization, which is affiliated with the AFL-CIO, is labor leader Bonnie Castillo, who also heads the 90,000-member California Nurses Association. The former Executive Director is RoseAnn DeMoro, who serves as National Vice President and Executive Board Member of the AFL-CIO.
Activities.
Single-payer health care.
The organization backs a Medicare for All single-payer healthcare plan for the United States.
To support a single-payer system, NNU leadership mobilized large-scale demonstrations demanding single-payer healthcare be included in the platform at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.
Occupy Wall Street.
National Nurses United has held numerous protests, including one in front of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and another on Wall Street, to protest privatization and profiteering in the health care industry.
NNU supports a tax on financial transactions, which the organization says could raise at least $350 billion a year.
Support for Bernie Sanders.
In The New York Times on January 28, 2016, Nicholas Confessore reported, "According to Federal Election Commission records [NNU's] 'super PAC' has spent close to $1 million on ads and other support for Democratic presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. The NNU spending was classified as "Expressly advocating the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate."


Irena Koprowska

Irena Koprowska, née Grasberg (May 12, 1917, Warsaw - August 16, 2012, Wynnewood Pennsylvania, USA) was a Polish-born pathologist in the United States, and the first woman to be named a full professor at Hahnemann Medical College, now Drexel University College of Medicine.
Koprowska was mentored by Dr. Georgios Papanikolaou the inventor of the "Pap smear", and went on to become a leader in the field of cytopathology. Dr. Koprowska was a founding member of the Inter Society Council of Cytology, which became the American Society of Cytopathology and which, in 1985, gave her its Papanikolaou Award. Additionally, she co-authored, with Dr. George Papanicolaou, a case report of the earliest diagnosis of lung cancer by a sputum smear.
Grasberg married Hilary Koprowski, a virologist who discovered the first effective oral polio vaccine.


Express League

The Express League is a high school athletic league that is part of the CIF Southern Section. Member schools are located in Northwestern Orange County, California.


Webbed neck

A webbed neck, or pterygium colli, is a congenital skin fold that runs along the sides of the neck down to the shoulders.
There are many variants.
Signs and symptoms.
On babies, webbed neck may look like loose folds of skin on the neck. As the child grows, the skin may stretch out to look like there is little or no neck.
Associated conditions.
It is a feature of Turner syndrome (only found in girls) and Noonan syndrome, as well as the rarer Klippel–Feil syndrome, or Diamond–Blackfan anemia


Jason C. Stoner

Jason C. Stoner is an American Periodontist and Implantologist.
Education.
Stoner holds a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Military History from the Ohio State University (1993). He received his D.D.S. Degree from the Ohio State University College of Dentistry in 1997.
Stoner received a Certificate in Periodontology from the Ohio State University College of Dentistry and also holds a master's degree in Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine. He completed his post-doctoral residency and graduate training in 2000 and entered a one-year associateship in Charlotte, North Carolina and Rock Hill, South Carolina for training in esthetics/periodontal plastic and dental implant surgeries.
Career.
Stoner is known for providing periodontal, oral surgery and general dental practices throughout the US. He returned to Dublin, Ohio in 2001 after completing the one-year associateship. In 2002, he founded "Stoner Periodontic Specialists" in Dublin, Ohio focusing on periodontics and dental implant surgery.
In 2005, Stoner founded "Sfumato Dental Study Club", a Seattle Study Club-based dental study club for advanced and comprehensive dentistry and clinical excellence.
Stoner is a co-founder of "Tumbleweed", a national periodontal study club. He is also an executive member and co-director of the North American Society of Periodontists. He lectures and mentors students in various areas of periodontists, dental implant surgery, esthetic surgery, laser therapies in dentistry, and dental technologies.
Stoner is a Board-Certified Periodontist and Implantologist accredited by the American Board of Periodontology and Dental Implantology.
Books.
Stoner is the author of three published books meant for patients. They include


Nicholas Christenfeld

Nicholas Christenfeld was a professor of Psychology at the University of California, San Diego until his dismissal in 2019. He first joined the department in 1991 and was a full professor from 2003 to 2019.
Among other research, he has promulgated the Theory of Deadly Initials and the theory that infants resemble their fathers more closely than they do their mothers. More recently, he studied the tendency of people to choose purebred dogs which resembled them.
Title IX Investigations and Dismissal.
Christenfeld was fired from his tenured professorship and stripped of emeritus status after a year-long investigation found he had violated Title IX by emailing a female student pornography in 2018. He had previously been the subject of five separate complaints, including substantiated allegations of sexual misconduct on university property and undisclosed romantic relationships with undergraduate students. However, the university determined none of the prior complaints warranted significant disciplinary action.


F. R. G. Heaf

Frederick Roland George Heaf (21 June 1894 – 4 February 1973), until 1916 Fritz Rudolf Georg Hief, was a British physician.
He was born in Desborough, Northamptonshire, England, of German ancestry. He attended Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and St Thomas' Hospital as a medical student, where his studies were interrupted by the First World War. in 1915 he volunteered for the Friends' Ambulance Unit, where he served briefly, but was then allowed to complete his medical studies, qualifying in 1918. As a conscientious objector he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, and was eventually promoted captain. After the war he followed a career in Public Health and became a Professor at the University of Wales in 1949. His lifelong interest was in tuberculosis, and the test formerly used in the UK for immunity to TB was named after him.
Publications.
"Rehabilitating the Tuberculous" - F. R. G. Heaf and John Bowes McDougall (1945)
"Recent advances in respiratory tuberculosis" - F. R. G. Heaf (1968)
References.
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:British conscientious objectors]]
[[Category:People associated with the Friends' Ambulance Unit]]
[[Category:20th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:British pulmonologists]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Wales]]
[[Category:People from Desborough]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]


Richard Margolese

Richard Margolese, C.M. MD FRCS (C), (born 30 July 1935) is a Canadian scientist and has been a leader of multiple research studies that have changed the standard treatment for early stage breast cancer. He is a native of Montreal, Canada.
He was a principal investigator and member of the Executive Committee of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project, which, in a series of studies demonstrated the effectiveness of lumpectomy, in combination with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and/or hormonal therapy, over radical mastectomy as an effective treatment for many breast cancer patients. He is a past President of the National Cancer Institute of Canada, was National Director of the Canadian Cancer Society and was awarded the Order of Canada as one of Canada’s premier oncologists.
Margolese also authored studies which compared the effectiveness of treatment options demonstrating their benefits over previous options.
Education.
Margolese attended Westmount High School, in Westmount, Quebec. He then earned an AB at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH. He returned to Montreal to complete his medical degree at the McGill University Faculty of Medicine.
Career.
Margolese has been a professor at McGill University where he has held the Herbert Black Chair in Surgical Oncology. and was the original director of the department of Surgical Oncology at McGill University's Jewish General Hospital.
He has contributed to several medical reference books and journals. Early in his career, he authored a low-fat cookbook “A Doctor’s Eat Heart-y Guide for Good Health and Long Life.”


Jacob Katzenstein

Jacob Katzenstein (January 7, 1864 – September 3, 1921) was a German otorhinolaryngologist born in Preußisch Oldendorf.
He studied medicine in Berlin and Freiburg im Breisgau, earning his doctorate in 1888. Afterwards he worked as assistant to otorhinolaryngologist Benno Baginsky (1848–1919) in Berlin. From 1909 he was a lecturer at the University of Berlin.
Katzenstein specialized in research of voice disorders and is known for physiological investigations of the larynx. In 1913 he became editor of the "Archiv für experimentelle und klinische Phonetik" (Archive for experimental and clinical phonetics).


Steve Allday

Steven Allday (born 1957) is an American equine veterinarian specializing in lameness and sports medicine. He lives on a farm in Simpsonville, Kentucky, just west of the bluegrass horse region. Allday is known for his work in the Thoroughbred and Standardbred industries, primarily because of his association with several prominent equine patients and their trainers.
Biography.
Allday was born in 1957 in Huntsville, Texas. When he was one year old, his mother and father moved to Maryland, where they had bought a horse farm that included Thoroughbreds, Quarter Horsess, and show horses. It was here that he became accustomed to working with and taking care of horses, including assisting veterinarians who were occasionally called in. He became interested in horse lameness, in particular, when one of the family Quarter Horses developed a particularly difficult case. After trying many treatments, the family was referred to the lameness expert, Edwin A. Churchill.
As a result of these experiences, Allday decided to study veterinary science. which he did at Texas A&M University. Allday had stayed in touch with Churchill and interned with him in 1984. After graduation in 1985, Allday began his equine veterinary practice in upstate New York. While in New York, he got a job with Kenneth Seeber, who, like Churchill, specialized in lameness. Allday practiced in Southern California for three years, as a private veterinarian for Allen Paulson Racing as well as working with famed thoroughbred trainers such as Neil Drysdale and Alex Hassinger. He then practiced as a private veterinarian for a Toronto-based racing operation. Allday moved to Kentucky in 1996, where he opened his current practice.
Allday is a co-developer of a joint supplement called LubriSyn. This liquid supplement is a daily, oral version of hyaluronic acid (HA), also called sodium hyaluronate, which had normally been administered by injection. HA is used to promote normal joint function, and to improve joint comfort and performance. LubriSyn is available for horses, humans, and pets.
Allday's most recent contribution to the equine world is an online community where equine experts come together with horse lovers. The free site features 97 informational videos about horse care and horse health. It also features interaction means of asking the experts including a forum.
Career.
Allday is known as the "best diagnostic vet in the business" and is in demand across the United States. He has treated Thoroughbred Horses of the Year (A.P. Indy 1992, Cigar 1995-1996, and Favorite Trick 1997, as well as winners of 13 Triple Crown races and 29 Breeders' Cup races. Notable patients include Point Given, Saint Liam, Summer Squall, Hansel, Silver Charm, Real Quiet, Victory Gallop, Fusaichi Pegasus, Red Bullet, Empire Maker, Rags to Riches, Super Saver, Macho Uno, War Chant, Kalonski, Perfect Sting, Squirtle Squirt, Starine, Ghostzapper, Ashado, Speightstown, Silver Train, English Channel, Midnight Lute, Ginger Punch, Kip Deville, Tapitsfly, Uncle Mo, More Than Real, and Pluck.
In 2013, he became a member of the board of directors of Old Friends Equine, a retire home for thoroughbreds.
Notable equine exposure includes: Bloodhorse, TRRN-weekly spot (Thoroughbred Racing Radio Network), and many more.


Costovertebral joints

The costovertebral joints are the joints that connect the ribs to the vertebral column. The articulation of the head of the rib connects the head of the rib to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Structure.
The costotransverse joint connects the tubercle of the rib with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae. It is a synovial joint.
Two convex facets from the head attach to two adjacent vertebrae, at the inferior costal facet of the superior vertebra, and the superior costal facet of the inferior vertebra respectively. This forms the synovial planar (gliding) joint, the articulation of the head of rib, which is strengthened by the ligament of the head and the intercapital ligament. Articulation of the tubercle is to the transverse process of the inferior vertebra. This articulation is reinforced by the dorsal costotransverse ligament.
The intra-articular ligament of head of rib (interarticular in older texts; "ligamentum capitis costae intraarticulare") is situated in the interior of the articulation of head of rib between the superior costal facet and the inferior costal facet. It consists of a short ligament, a band of fibers, flattened from top to bottom, attached at one end to the crest separating the two costal facets on the head of the rib, and at the other end to the intervertebral disc between the two vertebrae; it divides the joint into two cavities. This ligament is the homologue of the "conjugate ligament" present in some mammals, and uniting the heads of opposite ribs, across the back of the intervertebral fibrocartilage.
In the joints of the first, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth ribs, the intra-articular ligament does not exist; consequently, there is only one cavity in each of these articulations.
Function.
The costovertebral joints stabilise the ribs by connection to the vertebral column.
Other animals.
The costovertebral joints are very similar in other mammals, including cats.


Timothy Billiar

Timothy R. Billiar is an American surgeon currently the George Vance Foster Endowed Professor and Distinguished Professor of Surgery at University of Pittsburgh. His current research includes immune, cell and organ biology.


Jacqueline Felice de Almania

Jacqueline Felice de Almania (· ), () was reportedly from Florence, Italy. She was an early 14th-century French physician in Paris, France who was placed on trial in 1322 for unlawful practice.
Career.
Referring to herself as "nobilis mulier domino Jacoba," indicating that she was of a high social class, Jacqueline Felice de Almania was known as a health specialist, treating both men and women for medical conditions. She had a reputation for having successful outcomes of her treatments. It was reported that individuals were directed to her if their previous treatment for fever, paralyses, or other medical conditions had failed. Individuals also went to her for medical attention when licensed physicians did not treat their conditions. She believed in the concept of "women's secrets"- the idea that a woman should look at other women's private parts, breasts, belly etc., as a barrier to keep men from knowing about "women's business".
Jacqueline Felice did not receive training at a University, and this caused physicians to feel offended because she used techniques as licensed physicians did, such as visiting the ill, examining urine by its physical appearance, touching the body, and prescribing potions, digestions, and laxatives. Her medical practice had a policy of not charging a fee unless there was a cure following the treatment.
Trial.
In 1322, however, Jacobina Félicie was put on trial for unlawful practice. She was placed on trial against the Medical Faculty of Paris solely for the reason that she practiced medicine without a medical license. In her defense, Jacobina believed that it was improper for men to palpate the breasts and abdomens of women. During the trial, there were eight witnesses, all being her patients besides one, that testified to her medical skills. According to one witness, she was reputed to be a better physician and surgeon than any of the French physicians in Paris. By being a better physician and surgeon as well as not charging patients if her treatments were unsuccessful, she seemed to anger male physicians.
At the end of the trial, Jacqueline Felice de Almania was found guilty and was threatened with excommunication if she was ever caught practicing medicine again. She was also banned from practicing medicine, although it is unknown if she continued to be a medical healer after the trial, and she was handed a fine of 60 Parisian pounds. The prosecution's case was based upon the absence of formal training at a university, but no effort was made to test her knowledge of medicine. Despite the testimonies that she was able to cure people the male physicians had given up on, the court reasoned that it was obvious that a man could understand the subject of medicine better than a woman because of his gender. This decision is considered to have banned women from academic study in medicine in France and obtaining licenses until the 19th-century.


Swedish Twin Registry

The Swedish Twin Registry (abbreviated STR) is a twin registry based at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. Originally established in the 1960s, it is the largest twin registry in the world. It is widely used for medical research, with about thirty active research projects using data from the study as of 2019. As of 2012, it contained a total of 194,000 twins, 75,000 of whom were of a known zygosity. In principle, it contains records of every twin born in Sweden since 1886.
History.
The Swedish Twin Registry was first developed in the late 1950s to study the effects of environmental factors, like alcohol and tobacco, on chronic disease risk while controlling for potential genetic confounding factors. When the registry was first started, researchers contacted every parish in Sweden to obtain records of multiple births between 1886 and 1925. The researchers then used this information to develop a list of potential twins, whose actual twin status was verified in 1959. In 1960 and 1961, a questionnaire asking about demographic and health-related information was sent to all living same-sex twins that had been identified in Sweden at the time. The registry was officially established in 1961. Additional questionnaires were sent out in 1963 and 1967, and select twin pairs also responded to a further questionnaire in 1970. By 1970, it was estimated that the STR had included 95% of all twins born in Sweden from 1886 to 1925. More recently, the STR has obtained records of twin births in Sweden from the country's National Board of Health and Welfare. In 2004, the registry began inviting all identified nine-year-old twins in the country to participate in its Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS).
Cohorts.
The Swedish Twin Registry initially consisted of three cohorts of twins: those born in 1886–1925, those born in 1926–58, and those born in 1959–90. More recently, STR researchers have contacted and screened twins born from 1959 to 1985. Over 25,000 of these twins were later enrolled in the Study of Twin Adults: Genes and Environment (STAGE), which was the first STR-based study to use an online questionnaire.


Frederick William Andrewes

Sir Frederick William Andrewes (31 March 1859 – 24 February 1932) was an English physician, pathologist, and bacteriologist.
Biography.
After education at Oakley House School in Reading, Frederick Andrewes matriculated on 11 October 1878 at Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated in 1882 BA with first-class honours in natural sciences. He obtained in 1883 the Burdett Coutts University Scholarship in Geology. Having won an Open Entrance Scholarship, he began in 1885 his clinical training at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, where he learned bacteriology from Emanuel Edward Klein and pathology from Alfred Antunes Kanthack. In 1887 Andrewes graduated there BM (Oxon.) and qualified MRCS. At St Bartholomew's Hospital he was house physician to James Andrew and completed his medical education by a brief course of study in Vienna. Upon his return from Vienna Andrewes was appointed casualty physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital and later tutor in practical medicine. He was also assistant physician and pathologist to the Royal Free Hospital. He qualified MRCP in 1889. In 1891 he graduated DPH (Cantab). In the 1890s he graduated MD (Oxon.). In 1894 he was appointed assistant demonstrator of practical medicine as successor to Archibald Garrod. In 1897 the joint appointments of pathologist and lecturer on pathology at St Bartholomew's Hospital became vacant when Kanthack was appointed to the chair of pathology at the University of Cambridge. Andrewes succeeded him in these posts and continued in office for thirty years. In 1912 Andrewes's lectureship in pathology was raised by the University of London to a professorship.
He did research on the classification of streptococci, the histology of lymphadenoma, immunology, and arterial degeneration.
Horder, as well as John Hannah Drysdale, Hugh Thursfield, Frank Atcherley Rose, and W. Girling Ball, were, early in their careers, demonstrators in pathology under Andrewes.
On 25 July 1895 in Islington, London, he married Phyllis Mary Hamer. They had a son, Christopher Howard Andrewes, and a daughter.


Sylvia Gytha de Lancey Chapman

Sylvia Gytha de Lancey Chapman (27 November 1896–1 September 1995) was a New Zealand doctor, medical superintendent and welfare worker. She was born in Dunedin, New Zealand on 27 November 1896.
Chapman graduated from the University of Otago medical school in 1921. She later gained an MD in 1934 and the Dublin Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics. From 1936 to 1946 she was Medical Superintendent of St Helens Hospital in Wellington. In 1946 she was director of the CORSO relief team in Greece. She was appointed resident obstetrician at Dulwich Hospital in London in 1948.


Kampala International University School of Health Sciences

Kampala International University School of Health Sciences (KIUSHS), is the school of health sciences of Kampala International University, a private Ugandan university. The school provides health sciences education at the diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Location.
The school's campus is located in the town of Ishaka, in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda, approximately , by road, southwest of Kampala, Uganda's largest city and capital. The campus is also referred to as Kampala International University Western Campus, to distinguish it from Kampala International University Main Campus, located in Kansanga, Makindye Division, Kampala. The coordinates of Kampala International University's Western Campus are:0°32'19.0"S, 30°08'40.0"E (Latitude:-0.538611; Longitude:30.144444).
Overview.
The school was established in 2004 and admitted the first batch of students that year. Those pioneer students, numbering twenty-three, graduated in 2010. The students at the school come from Uganda and other African countries, especially Kenya. The school is licensed to teach undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Human Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy and Nursing. KIU School of Health Sciences is recognised by the medical and dental licensing boards in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. Faculty are sourced from Uganda, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria and the Philippines.
Teaching hospitals.
The school is affiliated with the following hospitals, for the purposes of teaching its students:
Academic departments.
The school maintains the following faculties:
Diploma courses.
The following diploma courses are offered at KIU Western Campus:
Undergraduate courses.
The following undergraduate courses are offered at KIUSHS:
Postgraduate courses.
, the school offers the following postgraduate courses:


David Kupfer

David Jerome Kupfer (born February 14, 1941) is head of the psychiatry department at the University of Pittsburgh and head of the DSM-5 planning committee.


Moses Barron

Moses Barron (188422 December 1974) was a medical doctor and researcher. Born in Russia, he was brought to the United States by his parents at age 5 and grew up in Minnesota. He received a medical degree from the University of Minnesota in 1911. He served as a medical officer in France in World War 1, and later became a Clinical Professor of Medicine at the University of Minnesota. In 1920 he published an article, "The relation of the Islets of Langerhans to Diabetes," which noted the importance of the islet cells of the pancreas in relation to diabetes. It inspired Dr. Frederick Banting's research in diabetes, which led to the Nobel Prize winning discovery of insulin as a treatment for diabetes. Barron retired as professor in 1952.
Dr. Moses Barron became Mount Sinai Hospital's first Chief of Staff in Minneapolis, Minnesota in February 1951. The seven-story, 197 bed facility was the most modern hospital in the community at the time. Its creation served two purposes: Jewish physicians who had been denied admitting privileges at other city hospitals could now practice medicine, and the founders garnered enormous civic prestige. It was the first private non-sectarian hospital in the community to accept members of minority races on its medical staff. The hospital was located at Chicago Avenue at 22nd St. In 1990 it merged with Metropolitan Medical Center to become Metropolitan-Mount Sinai; in 1991 they closed their doors.


Ear pit


British ambulances in the Franco-Prussian War

Though the United Kingdom remained neutral during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, it provided ambulances and other medical assistance to both combatants and the civilians affected by the war. The term "ambulance" at this time denoted a medical organisation that provided field hospitals, transport and surgical operations, not the more limited modern use. The British public donated more than £300,000 to provide medical assistance during the war. The ambulances, together with those of other neutral organisations, proved very effective at treating casualties, and following the war all major powers took steps to implement similar arrangements for future wars.
Background.
The United Kingdom was neutral during the Franco-Prussian War, but numerous organisations were formed to provide medical assistance to one side or both during the war. More than £300,000 of donations was made by the British public to provide for medical services during the course of the war. Much of the funding went to "ambulances", a term that at the time referred to an organisation providing large-scale medical facilities including transport, field hospitals and surgical facilities rather than the more limited usage of today. Many of the ambulances were staffed by doctors on leave from the British Army with medical students from other nations serving on an ad-hoc basis.
A number of other neutral nations formed their own ambulances to provide medical assistance during the war including the Netherlands, Italy, Austria and Belgium. By the war's end, it had become clear that ambulances and formal medical provision were a key requirement of warfare of the time. All of the major powers subsequently made efforts to establish permanent organised ambulance services for the transport and treatment of their wounded during wartime.
Individual ambulances.
Ambulance Anglaise.
A prominent British resident of Paris, Richard Wallace contributed funds to establish two ambulances during the siege; one for French wounded and one for "sick and destitute" British citizens. He also contributed more than £12,000 of funding for the ambulances as part of the 2.5 million francs he gave to relieve suffering in Paris during the war. Despite having the opportunity to flee, Wallace chose to remain in the city throughout the war. The ambulances, staffed by English surgeons, became known as the Ambulance Anglaise ("English Ambulance"), though Wallace named the field portion of the unit after his father, the Marquess of Hertford. The unit provided a hospital of 50 beds in the city and absorbed some of the staff of the American Ambulance after it was disbanded in March.
After the war, Wallace's ambulances were absorbed into the Hertford British Hospital, established in Paris by Wallace on 15 October 1871. As a result of his work, Wallace was said to be the most popular British resident of the city. He was honoured by having a street named for him and received the Legion of Honour from France and a baronetcy from Queen Victoria.
Anglo-American Ambulance.
The Anglo-American Ambulance was formed as a splinter of the American Ambulance, following a dispute between medical staff and the ambulance committee over deployments (the committee wanted to wait for the siege to begin whereas the doctors wanted to immediately head to the front). The Anglo-American Ambulance was led by Confederate American Civil War veteran J. Marion Sims, who was then resident in France, and British surgeon William MacCormac. The new ambulance was partially funded by the British Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War and consisted of 8 American and 8 English medical staff with three ambulance wagons. All bar one of the Americans were former Confederate Army surgeons.
Charles E. Ryan served with the corps as a dresser and assistant surgeon and in 1896 published an account of his time with the unit. The unit left Paris on 28 August by train for the battlefield of Carignan but was delayed as Prussian forces had captured the railway line. The ambulance was held at Sedan railway station where its personnel encountered the French Emperor Napoleon III and the retreating survivors of the Battle of Beaumont. The ambulance attempted to move towards the front by road but found it was caught between the two armies and returned to Sedan. Twelve men of the ambulance treated more than 600 wounded of the subsequent Battle of Sedan (1–2 September) from a hospital that periodically came under shellfire. The remaining four medical staff ran a secondary hospital at Balan which treated the wounded of a battle fought there on 31 August and those of the 1 September Battle of Bazeilles. With the ambulance at Sedan was Marcus Beck who reported that the French army surgeons had not adopted the anti-septic measures advocated by his father's cousin Joseph Lister.
Following the French defeat, the ambulance was re-united at Sedan under Prussian occupation and erected 36 tents to accommodate the large number of wounded from the recent battles and those given to their care by the Prussian forces. The ambulance was granted permission to leave Sedan for Paris on 4 October and travelled via Belgium and Rouen. However, it proved impossible to enter the capital due to the ongoing siege and instead the unit was placed at the disposal of the Prussian Army at Versailles by Robert Loyd-Lindsay of the British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War. At around this time the ambulance changed its previously French-inspired uniform for that of the British Army's Royal Artillery undress uniform.
The ambulance arrived at the city of Orléans on 20 October, travelling through the scene of the First Battle of Orléans which was fought on 10 October. The ambulance was ordered to take over the running of a 150-bed hospital in the railway station and to be ready to take to the field as necessary. The Prussians evacuated the city on the night of 8 November and left all of the wounded there in the care of the ambulance. The unit sent a field unit to the 9 November Battle of Coulmiers where the Prussians were defeated. Orléans subsequently came into French control and they cleared the ambulance from the railway station and moved it into overcrowded private houses.
An engagement occurred at nearby Neuville on 24 November and the ambulance sent men into the field to tend to the wounded of this and subsequent skirmishes of 25 and 26 November. The ambulance managed to secure space for a 300-bed hospital at the Church of St. Euverte. The Prussians commenced the Second Battle of Orléans on 3 December and large numbers of wounded were soon brought back to the ambulance. A field unit was sent out on 4 December but the speed of the French retreat meant that a field hospital could not be established. Prussian forces retook Orléans on the night of 4 December, bringing the ambulance under their orders once again. A mobile unit was provided for the Battle of Beaugency on 7 December and returned to the city on 10 December with wagons loaded with wounded men. A number of the ambulance's men were arrested by the Prussian authorities on suspicion of espionage whilst procuring medical supplies at Étampes but were shortly thereafter released. The ambulance remained in Orléans until the armistice was signed and disbanded in early March with its equipment being handed over to the French in Paris.
The Anglo-American Ambulance has been described as a key means of exchanging medical best practice between the volunteers and the French and Prussian surgeons they worked with. In addition to spreading the word of Lister's pioneering work on antiseptics and widening the use of chloroform and morphine on the battlefield the ambulance helped to popularise a standardised method of treating bullet wounds which was based on Surgeon-General Sir Thomas Longmore's 1863 work with Minié rifle bullet wounds. MacCormac claimed that the adoption of this method was the primary reason for the low mortality rates achieved by the ambulance.
British Ambulance Corps.
The British Ambulance Corps was raised to serve with the Prussian forces, but also cared for captured French wounded during the Siege of Paris of September 1870 to January 1871. The unit's B Division was commanded by Surgeon William Manley VC, a British Army veteran of the Crimean and New Zealand Wars, and was attached to the Prussian Army's 22nd Division. The B Division tended to the wounded of the battles of Orléans (3–4 December), Cravant (10 December), Chateauneuf (18 December) and Bretoncelle (21 December). Manley was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class for his actions during the war, on the recommendation of Frederick, Crown Prince of Prussia who commanded the III Army (to which the 22nd Division belonged). He is the only man to receive both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross.
British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War.
The British National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War was founded at a public meeting in the Willis Rooms in London on 4 August 1870. Members paid a single £5 donation or an annual 5 shilling subscription. The organisation was led by Colonel Robert Loyd-Lindsay VC, another decorated Crimean War veteran, and its aims were to provide aid to the sick and wounded in war. It aimed to serve alongside the British Army during wartime but also alongside other neutral armies when Britain was at peace.
The organisation deployed several ambulances during the Franco-Prussian War. One of its major bases was Luxembourg, which was neutral during the war, and was used as a place to treat the wounded of the Battle of Metz. Hospitals were also established in Germany at Bingen am Rhein and at Darmstadt. By 17 September 1870 it had 62 surgeons and 16 nurses working as well as 22 other staff such as logistics officers. By the end of that month £200,000 had been raised to purchase drugs, surgical instruments, waterproof sheeting, fabric and lint. This was sent to the front at the rate of 4 tonnes per day over the 188 days of the war in 12,000 separate parcels. The organisation also acted to distribute supplies for the French Société de Secours which had been much disrupted by the war. The organisation also ran soup kitchens and restaurants for the benefit of the travelling wounded.
During the course of the war, thousands of casualties were treated by the organisations at its own hospitals and in those of the French and Prussian armies. The organisation's surgeons received special permission from William, King of Prussia to cross the German lines to provide aid during the Siege of Paris.
One notable ambulance was known as the Woolwich Ambulance, so called because it was equipped near to the Royal Arsenal under the supervision of the Director-General of the British Army Medical Department. It left for the front on 14 October with equipment and tentage for a hospital of 200 patients. It was commanded by Doctor Guy and consisted of 12 medical officers and 27 hospital corpsmen. The ambulance treated the wounded of the battles of Forcay, Bretoncelle, Bagneux and Beaune-la-Rolande.
The society's ambulance helped to advance good practice in battlefield medical care. One of its surgeons Joshua Henry Porter laid down rules for the safe transport of wounded from the battlefield - advocating a minimum of three stretcher bears to each wounded man in case one were shot. He also implemented a two tiered system with an advanced treatment station near to the frontline backed up by a larger hospital. He advocated the quick transport of the wounded from the battlefield and helped to evaluate the effectiveness of stretchers and splints designed by his staff and that of the Anglo-American Ambulance.
The society continued its work after the war, serving in various European and British colonial conflicts before becoming the British Red Cross Society in 1905.
Franco-Irish Ambulance Brigade.
The Franco-Irish Ambulance Brigade was established by the Irish Committee for the Relief of the Sick and Wounded of the French Army and Navy on 7 September 1870. It sent 31 surgeons and 250 men to France though almost immediately the majority of the men were released as surplus to requirements. Many of the released men joined the French Foreign Legion and it has been alleged that the ambulance was used as a means of bypassing the Foreign Enlistment Act 1870 which prevented British subjects from enlisting in foreign armies.
The ambulance treated the wounded from a battle at Pacy-sur-Eure before being split into detachments serving with the Army of the North and the Army of the Loire. The detachments treated the wounded of skirmishes at Châteaudun, Patay and Buchy and the First Battle of Orleans, the Battle of Loigny–Poupry and the Battle of Le Mans. A second Irish ambulance unit was raised in London but was turned away upon arrival at Caen as no arrangements had been made with the French authorities to accept it.


Paraveterinary workers in Switzerland

Veterinary medical assistants in Switzerland ("Tiermedizinische/r Praxisassistent/in" / "assistantes en médecine vétérinaire" / "assistenti medicina veterinari") organized in 1991 in Berne and are represented by the Swiss Association of Veterinary Medical Assistants (, , ). The curriculum is offered in German in two or three schools and in French at a single site—Ecole Panorama in Lausanne—where students meet each Thursday starting in late August during a three-year apprenticeship for lessons in theory and one day per month for practical training. This training culminates in the award of the National Certificate ["Eidgenössisches Fähigkeitszeugnis als gelernte/r / Certificat Fédéral de Capacité / Attestato federale di capacità" (CFC)]in veterinary medical assisting.


Charles James Berridge Aldis

Charles James Berridge Aldis (16 January 1808 – 26 July 1872) was an English physician, son of Sir Charles Aldis.
Biography.
He was born in London on 16 January 1808, and was educated at St Paul's School and Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. in January 1831. He studied medicine at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, and St. George's Hospital, London, and became M.D. Cambridge in 1837, and fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1838. He lectured on medicine first at his own house, afterwards at the Hunterian School of Medicine and at the Aldersgate Street School. He was successively physician to the London Dispensary, 1839; the Surrey Dispensary, 1843; the Farringdon Dispensary, 1844; the Western Dispensary, Westminster; and the St. Paul and St. Barnabas Dispensary, Pimlico, founded in 1848. A great part of Aldis's life was occupied in the arduous and unremunerated service of these institutions.
Aldis took great interest in the sanitary condition of great towns, and co-operated with eminent sanitary reformers in drawing attention to the subject. He gave evidence before the Health of Towns Commission, 1844, and by his numerous publications contributed to the improvements which have since been effected. When medical officers of health were appointed under the Metropolis Local Management Act in 1855, Aldis was elected to that office in the parish of St. George's, Hanover Square. He discharged the duties of this office till his death with singular energy and devotion, and set the example of how such work ought to be done. He became well known also for his zeal in carrying out the provisions of the Workshops' Regulation Act as applied to the limitation of hours of work in dressmakers' and similar establishments in London. This field of work he made specially his own, and to no one man is a larger share of credit due for the amelioration which has been effected of late years in the condition of the poor women employed in such businesses. Aldis also took an active part in the Social Science Association, the Association of Medical Officers of Health, and similar bodies, and was in all ways one of the most energetic of medical sanitary reformers. He was an active member of the council of the College of Physicians, and in 1859 was selected to deliver the Harveian Oration (in Latin). He was a man of scholarship and culture. His practical wisdom is shown in a sensible lecture on the power of individuals to resist melancholy, and in other popular lectures.
Notwithstanding his unwearied industry and an integrity of character which won universal respect, it is understood that Aldis was far from prosperous. His life was spent in working and waiting for success which never came. In 1867 a testimonial of substantial value was presented to him by some well-known men interested in philanthropic and sanitary work. He died suddenly of heart disease on 26 July 1872.
Works.
He wrote:
He also drew up numerous reports on the sanitary condition of London, and contributed papers to the medical journals.


Cubitus varus

Cubitus varus (varus means a deformity of a limb in which part of it is deviated towards the midline of the body) is a common deformity in which the extended forearm is deviated towards midline of the body.
Cubitus varus is often referred to as "Gunstock deformity", due to the crooked nature of the healing.
The "opposite" condition is cubitus valgus.
Signs and symptoms.
Complications.
Instances in which the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus is malformed due to the initial fracture at the humeral endplate may result in subluxation (snapping) of the ulnar nerve over the medial epicondyle with active flexion and extension of the elbow. In such instances, conductance of the ulnar nerve may be compromised due to chronic irritation, potentially resulting in irreversible ulnar neuropathy.
Causes.
A common cause is a supracondylar fracture of the humerus. It can be corrected via a corrective osteotomy of the humerus and either internal or external fixation of the bone until union.
Diagnosis.
Cubitus varus is not able to be diagnosed until after healing of the prior fracture, as the arm must be in full extension, not flexion, for the deformity to be noticed.
Prognosis.
A cubitus varus deformity is more cosmetic than limiting of any function, however internal rotation of the radius over the ulna may be limited due to the overgrowth of the humerus. This may be noticeable during an activity such as using a computer mouse.


British Red Cross Badge of Honour

The British Red Cross Badge of Honour, instituted in 1958, is an award badge given to people who show exceptional service to the British Red Cross.
The Badge has 3 classes:
Badge of Honour for Devoted Service.
This award is given to volunteers and staff who have given devoted service to the Society. The Badge is accompanied by a Certificate, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board. The criteria for this award will include the demonstration of service above and beyond the call of duty and actions showing the nominee’s personal involvement and commitment over a longer period of time, furthermore the recipient's actions should include devoted and consistent service, showing loyalty and dependability, as well as a certain amount of self-sacrifice and determination. As a general rule, a minimum period of five years of service should have been completed before receiving this award. Exceptional circumstances may arise when it would be acceptable to make the award sooner.
Badge of Honour for Distinguished Service.
The award is given to volunteers and staff for distinguished or exceptional service to the Society. The Badge is accompanied by a Certificate, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board. The recipient should have shown an element of self-sacrifice in time and effort, and should also have demonstrated the ability to initiate innovative ideas, maintain enthusiasm and expand training and service to the community.
Queen's Badge of Honour.
This award may be awarded to any person by the Trustees, with the approval of The President of the Society, His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, for exceptional service of the highest order to the Society or to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. The award is accompanied by a certificate, which is signed by The President. The award is limited to thirty holders at any one time.


Martin R. Dinnes

Martin R. Dinnes was a veterinarian from Agua Dulce, California, recognized for his accomplishments in veterinary medicine. Dr. Dinnes died on December 12, 2017.
Dinnes graduated from UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine in 1966. His work created new medical protocols for the health and well-being of animals. He invented and developed the Telinject system for remotely injecting reptiles, mammals, and birds. He also formulated, tested, and commercially produced balanced diets for non-domestic species.
Career.
In 1972 Dinnes founded Dinnes Memorial Veterinary Hospital of Santa Clarita, California and was the first veterinarian to completely devote veterinary practice to non-domesticated animals, limiting his practice to zoo and aquatic animal medicine and surgery.
Dinnes was a consulting veterinarian for the 1983 adventure film "The Golden Seal".
In 1984 he was chosen as one of eight veterinarians by the American Veterinary Medical Association to form the American College of Zoological Medicine.
Dinnes founded the International Zoo Veterinary Group, providing consulting in disease prevention, quarantine procedures and tranquilizing procedures for the international shipment of animals. The IZVG promotes the international exchange of pharmaceutical and biological guidelines that may or may not be allowed for use in a particular country.
He was a veterinarian for Shambala Preserve in Acton, California. Dinnes also served as Director of Product Research & Development of Zoological Formulas for Natural Balance Pet Foods.
Accolades.
In 2000 Dinnes was presented with Previous Alumni Achievement Award at University of California, Davis. He was awarded the American Association of Zoo Veterinarian's Lifetime Achievement award the first year the award was given, in 2014.


Philippe Demers

Philippe Demers (April 28, 1919 – March 4, 1999) was a veterinarian and a politician in Quebec, Canada. He served as member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
Early life and career.
He was born in 1919 in Saint-Sébastien, Montérégie. He practiced as a veterinarian in Shawinigan-Sud, Mauricie.
Municipal politics.
He served as city councillor from 1953 to 1957 and as mayor of Shawinigan-Sud from 1957 to 1962.
Provincial politics.
He successfully ran as the Union Nationale candidate in the provincial district of Saint-Maurice in the 1966 general election to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, defeating the liberal incumbent Jean-Guy Trépanier. Demers was re-elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 1970 general election.
In 1973, Demers lost re-election against the liberal candidate Marcel Bérard, finishing a close third behind Bérard and Parti Québécois candidate Yves Duhaime.
Federal politics.
Demers ran as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the district of Champlain in 1980. He finished third, behind Liberal incumbent Michel Veillette and NDP candidate René Matte.
After retirement from politics.
He died in Charlesbourg in 1999.


Axocele

The axocele (from the Greek elements meaning "axis" and meaning "hollow") designates a portion of the coelom in echinoderms. This is the part extending from the protocele, ie the uppermost portion of the coelom. It is created in larval pairs, with the left axocele developing into a channel between the hydrocele and the madreporite. The right axocele is reduced to a small dorsal blade.


Rudimentary polydactyly


List of NHS trusts in England

This list of NHS trusts in England provides details of current and former English NHS trusts, NHS foundation trusts, acute hospital trusts, ambulance trusts, mental health trusts, and the unique Isle of Wight NHS Trust. , 217 extant trusts employed about 800,000 of the NHS's 1.2 million staff.
NHS trusts were introduced in 1992, and their number, composition, form and naming has changed over time such that there are perhaps 1,000 distinct trust names in the literature; this list seeks to identify establishment, merger, dissolution and renaming events, and the succession of services from one name or trust to another. Sufficiently distinct names are listed on distinct rows; minimally changed names (especially "X" NHS Trust changed to "X" NHS Foundation Trust) are listed on a single row. Dates are generally as established in underlying legislation; operational start and end dates may differ.
This list excludes community health trusts established under the National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990 and their successors, primary care trusts, for which see the list of primary care trusts in England. All such trusts were abolished on 31 March 2013.
All trusts are supervised by NHS Improvement, which replaced Monitor and the NHS Trust Development Authority in April 2016.