Mine Creek Union order of battle

Of the brigades listed below, only Philips' and Benteen's brigades, and a small part of Sanborn's brigade from the Union Army of the Border fought in the Battle of Mine Creek of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. The entire organization of the Army of the Border is shown.
Command disputes.
By order of MG James G. Blunt (General Field Orders No. 2) the militia regiments of William H. M. Fishbeck, Brigadier General of Militia, were placed under the command of Charles W. Blair, Colonel of Volunteers; Fishbeck was infuriated that his command had been subordinated to a volunteer officer. Because Kansas law stated that militia should be kept under the command of militia officers, Fishbeck disregarded Blunt's order. Blunt had Fishbeck arrested and held until released by order of MG Samuel Curtis. Upon his release, Fishbeck resumed command of the Kansas Militia regiments, with orders to obey directives that came from MG Blunt. This rather cumbersome arrangement had BG Fishbeck in direct command of the militia units attached to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, and Col Charles Blair in overall command of the brigade. Howard N. Monnett describes the arrangement as a "brigade within a brigade". Blair and Fishbeck led the militia into action at Westport (accompanied onto the field by MG George W. Dietzler), and then in the subsequent pursuit of Price until MG Curtis ordered the militia to return home.
Army of the Border.
MG Samuel Ryan Curtis
Escort:
Notes.
The list shown is the entire Army of the Border. Of this army, only Philip's and Benteen's Brigades were present at this battle. Other brigades from this army fought other battles during Price's Raid.


Battle of Hong Kong order of battle

The Battle of Hong Kong (8–25 December 1941) was one of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II.
Allied.
Ground forces.
The British ground forces consisted of the following units:
Brigades.
Infantry may be assigned to one of the two defensive brigades:
Headquarters and support corps.
British and local forces
Canadian
Indian
Civilian.
Civilian forces were as follows:
Auxiliary Services
Naval forces.
Royal Navy.
Commander: Captain Alfred C. Collinson
The Royal Navy presence were as follows:
Auxiliary patrol vessels
Minor vessels
2nd MTB Flotilla (Lt. Cdr. G. H. Gandy)
Merchant Navy.
Ships of the Merchant Navy:
Japanese.
Ground forces.
The Japanese ground forces consisted of the following units:
Naval forces.
Bombardment Group:
Attack Group:


List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign

This is a list of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign between 6 June and 25 August 1944. Primary combat units are listed here; unit articles may contain a complete order of battle.
United Kingdom.
"For a more complete list, see https://erenow.net/ww/overlorddday/29.php; independent and GHQ brigades included 30th Armoured; 1st Tank Brigade; 4th Armoured; 1st Assault Brigade Royal Engineers; 31st Tank; 34th Tank; 6th Guards Tank Brigade; 27th Armoured (to 9.1944); 33rd Armoured; 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade; the headquarters of 74th, 76th, 80th, 100th, 101st, 105th, 106th and 107th Anti-Aircraft Brigades; numerous light anti-aircraft (LAA) and HAA regiments; and 56th Infantry Brigade, which joined 49th Division from 20 August 1944."
Free Norwegian forces.
Approximately 1,950 Norwegian military personnel took part in the Normandy campaign in separate Norwegian units or as part of other Allied units in addition to 45 civilian ships with approximately 1,000 men from Nortraship. The Norwegian units operated under British command and were therefore primarily employed in the Gold, Sword and Juno sectors.
Some of the participating units:


Battle of the Bulge order of battle

This is the order of battle of German and Allied forces during the Battle of the Bulge — specifically, at a point near the end of the battle, which lasted from 16 December 1944 until 25 January 1945.
As with any large Army organization in extended combat, forces and their assignments shifted over the course of the battle. For example, when the German attack began on 16 December, the U.S. 7th Armored Division was assigned to XIII Corps, U.S. Ninth Army, 12th Army Group. Later that day, its alignment became VIII Corps, U.S. First Army, 12th Army Group. On 20 December, the alignment switched to XVIII Corps, U.S. First Army, 12th Army Group — and later that day to XVIII Corps, U.S. First Army, 21st Army Group. On 18 January 1945, the alignment changed one last time, to XVIII Corps, U.S. First Army, 12th Army Group — as it is given in the following hierarchy.
High-level orders of battle.
Allied.
 Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces

General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower

"Forces deployed North to South:"

‡ Indicates units that absorbed the initial German assault

 21st Army Group

Field Marshal Sir Bernard L. Montgomery
 12th Army Group

Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley
Axis.
Oberbefehlshaber West

Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt
Heeresgruppe B

Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model

"Armies deployed North to South:"

 Sixth Panzer Army (Northern Sector)

Oberstgruppenführer der Waffen SS Josef "Sepp" Dietrich

 Fifth Panzer Army (Central Sector)

General der Panzertruppen Hasso von Manteuffel

 Seventh Army (Southern Sector)

General der Panzertruppen Erich Brandenberger
Allied Forces.
 Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces
General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower
12th Army Group.
Lieut. Gen. Omar N. Bradley
U.S. First Army.
Lieut. Gen. Courtney H. Hodges
VII Corps.
Maj. Gen. Joseph Lawton Collins

XVIII Airborne Corps.
Maj. Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway
U.S. Third Army.
Lieut. Gen. George S. Patton Jr.
III Corps.
Maj. Gen. John Millikin

VIII Corps.
Maj. Gen. Troy H. Middleton

XII Corps.
Maj. Gen. Manton S. Eddy
21st Army Group.
Field Marshal Sir Bernard L. Montgomery
XXX Corps.
Lt-Gen. Brian G. Horrocks
Air Support.
U.S. Army Air Forces.
 U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe
Gen Carl Spaatz
U.S. Eighth Air Force (Strategic).
Lt Gen James H. Doolittle
U.S. Ninth Air Force.
Lt Gen Hoyt S. Vandenberg
Axis Forces.
Oberbefehlshaber West

Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt
Heeresgruppe B.
Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model
Fifth Panzer Army.
General der Panzertruppen Hasso von Manteuffel
XXXIX Panzer Corps.
Generalleutnant Karl Decker
XLVII Panzer Corps.
General der Panzertruppen Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz
LVIII Panzer Corps.
General der Panzertruppen Walter Krüger
LXVI Corps.
General der Artillerie Walter Lucht
Sixth Panzer Army.
Oberstgruppenführer der Waffen SS Josef Dietrich
I SS Panzer Corps.
SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Priess
II SS Panzer Corps.
SS Obergruppenführer Willi Bittrich
LXVII Corps.
Generalleutnant Otto Hitzfeld
Seventh Army.
General der Panzertruppen Erich Brandenberger
LIII Corps.
General der Kavallerie Edwin von Rothkirch
LXXX Corps.
General der Infanterie Franz Beyer
LXXXV Corps.
General der Infanterie Baptist Kniess
Luftwaffe.
II Fighter Corps

Generalmajor Dietrich Peltz
III Flak Corps

Generalleutnant Wolfgang Pickert


Generalfeldmarschall

Generalfeldmarschall (; ; abbreviated to Feldmarschall) was a rank in the armies of several German states and the Holy Roman Empire ("Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall"); in the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary, the rank "Feldmarschall" was used. The rank was the equivalent to "Großadmiral" () in the "Kaiserliche Marine" and "Kriegsmarine", a five-star rank, comparable to OF-10 in today's NATO naval forces.
Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary.
The rank existed in the Austrian Empire as "Kaiserlicher Feldmarschall" ("imperial field marshal") and in Austria-Hungary as "Kaiserlicher und königlicher Feldmarschall" - "Császári és királyi tárbornagy" ("imperial and royal field marshal"). Both were based on prior usage during the Holy Roman Empire. The Emperor-King held the rank "ex officio", other officers were promoted as required. Between 1914 and 1918, ten men attained this rank, of whom four were members of the reigning Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty.
Germany.
Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918).
The rank of Field Marshall was first used in the northern German State of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire in 1631. It was then used nine further times in that century and seven times in the 18th century. It was used twice in the 19th century by the Kingdom of Saxony after it became part of the German Empire in 1871.
Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire.
In the Prussian Army, the Imperial German Army and later in the "Wehrmacht", the rank of "Generalfeldmarschall" had several privileges, such as elevation to nobility, equal protocol rank with cabinet ministers, the right of reporting directly to the monarch, and a constant escort.
In 1854, the rank of colonel general () was created in order to promote William, Prince of Prussia (the later William I, German Emperor) to senior rank without breaking the rule that only wartime field commanders could receive the rank of field marshal for a victory in a decisive battle or the capture of a fortification or major town. The equivalent of "colonel-general" in the German Navy was the rank of "Generaladmiral" ("general admiral" or "admiral-general").
In 1870 Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia and Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm—who had commanded armies during the Franco-Prussian War—became the first Prussian princes appointed as field marshals.
The exalted nature of the rank was underscored during World War I, when only five German officers (excluding honorary promotions to members of royal families and foreign officers) were designated "Generalfeldmarschall": Paul von Hindenburg, August von Mackensen, Karl von Bülow, Hermann von Eichhorn, and Remus von Woyrsch. Only a single naval officer, Henning von Holtzendorff, was designated Grand Admiral. Not even such well-known German commanders as Erich Ludendorff, Erich von Falkenhayn, or Reinhard Scheer received marshal's batons or Grand Admiral rank.
Nazi Germany.
Before World War II, Adolf Hitler promoted War Minister Werner von Blomberg (20 April 1936) and Aviation Minister Hermann Göring (4 February 1938) to the rank of "Generalfeldmarschall". In the "Wehrmacht" of Nazi Germany during World War II, the rank of "Generalfeldmarschall" remained the highest military rank until July 1940, when Hermann Göring was promoted to the newly created higher rank of "Reichsmarschall". The equivalent of a "Generalfeldmarschall" in the navy was "Großadmiral" ("grand admiral").
Unlike Kaiser Wilhelm II, Hitler distributed the rank more widely, promoting 25 "Heer" and "Luftwaffe" officers in total and two "Kriegsmarine" Grand Admirals. (Another promotion, that of Austrian General Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli, was honorary.) Four weeks after the "Heer" and "Luftwaffe" had won the Battle of France, Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of field marshal on 19 July 1940: Walther von Brauchitsch, Wilhelm Keitel, Gerd von Rundstedt, Fedor von Bock, Wilhelm von Leeb, Wilhelm List, Günther von Kluge, Erwin von Witzleben and Walter von Reichenau ("Heer"); and Albert Kesselring, Erhard Milch and Hugo Sperrle ("Luftwaffe").
In 1942, three other men were promoted—"Wüstenfuchs" (desert fox) Erwin Rommel (22 June) for the siege of Tobruk, Erich von Manstein (30 June) for the Siege of Sevastopol and Georg von Küchler (30 June) for his success as "Oberbefehlshaber der Heeresgruppe Nord" ("commander-in-chief of Army Group North").
Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulus, commander of the 6th Army at Stalingrad—to the rank of field marshal via field radio on 30 January 1943, a day before his army's inevitable surrender in order to encourage him to continue to fight until death or commit suicide. In the promotion Hitler noted that no German or, before that, Prussian field marshal had ever been captured alive. Paulus surrendered the following day anyway, claiming "Ich habe nicht die Absicht, mich für diesen bayerischen Gefreiten zu erschießen" ("I have no intention of shooting myself for this Bavarian corporal"). A disappointed Hitler commented, "That's the last field marshal I make in this war!" But in fact, he appointed seven more, three on the very day after Paulus surrendered, Ernst Busch, Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist and Maximilian von Weichs (All members of the Heer) and later that same month Hitler promoted Luftwaffe General Wolfram von Richthofen to the rank for his service in the Crimean campaign and the later part of the Battle of Stalingrad.
From 1944 to 1945 three more men would reach this rank. In early 1944 Walter Model, one of Hitlers most loyal generals was promoted to the rank, he was also the last German field marshal to receive a ceremonial marshals baton. Ferdinand Schörner, another loyal officer was promoted on 5 April 1945 when he was made Commander in chief of the German army. 20 days after that and just five days before his own suicide, Adolf Hitler made Luftwaffe General Robert Ritter von Greim a field marshal and Commander in chief of the German Air Force after Göring had fallen out of Hitlers favour, making Greim the last German field marshal in history.
"Generalfeldmarschall" was the highest regular general officer rank in the German" Wehrmacht", comparable to NATO rank codes OF10, and to the five-star rank in anglophone armed forces. It was equivalent to "Großadmiral" of the German "Kriegsmarine".
Financially the rank of Generalfeldmarschall in Nazi Germany was very rewarding as, apart from a yearly salary, Hitler introduced a tax free fringe benefits for generals in the range of ℛℳ 2,000 to 4,000 per month in 1940. He also bestowed generous presents on his highest officers, with Leeb receiving ℛℳ 250,000 for his 65th birthday from Hitler.
Promotion to the rank did not guarantee Hitler's ongoing favor, however. As the tide of the war turned, Hitler took out his frustrations on his top commanders, relieving most of the "Generalfeldmarschalls" of duty before the war's conclusion. Bock, Brauchitsch, Leeb, and List were all relieved of their posts in 1942 for perceived failures during Operation Barbarossa and took no further active part in the war. Kleist, Manstein and Sperrle were similarly retired in 1944 and Rundstedt and Weichs in March 1945. Grand Admiral Erich Raeder was retired in January 1943 following a fierce argument with Hitler over the future of the German surface fleet. Model, one of Hitler's most successful commanders, had nevertheless lost the Fuhrer's confidence by war's end and committed suicide to avoid capture and likely trial as a war criminal. Milch was relieved after conspiring unsuccessfully to have Göring removed from command of the Luftwaffe, and even Göring himself was stripped of his offices and expelled from the Nazi Party in Hitler's last days. Schörner ignominiously abandoned his command to save himself in the war's last days. Kluge, Witzleben and Rommel were either executed or forced to commit suicide for their real or imagined roles in the 20 July plot against Hitler. By war's end, only Keitel, Kesselring, Greim and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz were still in positions of military responsibility.
East Germany.
The National People's Army of the Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR (German Democratic Republic, i.e. East Germany) created the rank of Marshal of the German Democratic Republic on 25 March 1982. A general could be appointed to this rank by the State Council ("Staatsrat"; the head-of-state council of the GDR) during wartime or for exceptional military achievement; no one ever held the rank, however.
Modern Germany.
The ranks of "Generalfeldmarschall", "Generaloberst", "Großadmiral" and "Generaladmiral" no longer exist in the new German (until 1990 West German) Armed Forces, the Bundeswehr, which were created in 1956. Currently, the highest military grades in the Bundeswehr are general and admiral.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Bundeswehr is in peacetime, according to Article 65a of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (constitution), the civilian Federal Minister of Defence, who holds supreme command authority over all soldiers. In wartime, during the State of Defence, that supreme command authority is transferred to the "Federal Chancellor". The Inspector General of the Bundeswehr is the military chief of defence and heads the "Armed Forces Command Staff" ().


Captain General Royal Marines

The Captain General Royal Marines is the ceremonial head of the Royal Marines. The uniform and insignia worn by the Captain General are those of a Royal Marines Colonel or higher depending on the appointee's current or previously held rank. This position is distinct from that of the Commandant General Royal Marines, the professional head (who is ranked as a major-general). The Captain General is appointed by the Monarch of the United Kingdom.
History.
The ceremonial head of the Royal Marines was the Colonel in Chief until the title changed to Captain General in 1948. As Captain General Royal Marines, Prince Harry was entitled to wear the rank insignia of a Field Marshal or Major General. Despite this, Harry, at least on some occasions, wore the rank insignia of a Colonel, which is traditionally worn by some Colonels-in-chief in the British Army.
Post holders.
The post has been held by the following:


Cesar Romero

Cesar Julio Romero Jr. (February 15, 1907 – January 1, 1994) was an American actor, singer, dancer, and vocal artist. He was active in film, radio, and television for almost 60 years.
His wide range of screen roles included Latin lovers, historical figures in costume dramas, characters in light domestic comedies, and the Joker on the "Batman" television series, which was included in "TV Guide's "2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.
Early life.
Cesar Julio Romero Jr. was born in New York City on February 15, 1907, the son of Cesar Julio Romero Sr. and Maria Mantilla. His mother was said to be the biological daughter of Cuban national hero José Martí. His father was born in Barcelona, Spain and immigrated to the United States in 1888, where he was an import/export merchant. His mother was a concert singer.
Romero grew up in Bradley Beach, New Jersey, and went to Bradley Beach Elementary School, Asbury Park High School, the Collegiate School, and the Riverdale Country Day School. After his parents lost their sugar-import business and suffered losses in the Wall Street crash of 1929, Romero's Hollywood earnings allowed him to support his large family, all of whom followed him to the American West Coast years later. Romero, who referred to himself as "a Latin from Manhattan", lived on and off with various family members for the rest of his life.
On October 12, 1942, he enlisted in the United States Coast Guard as an apprentice seaman and served in the Pacific Theater of Operations. He reported aboard the Coast Guard-manned assault transport in November 1943. According to a press release from the period, Romero saw action during the invasions of Tinian and Saipan. The same article mentioned that he preferred to be a regular part of the crew and was eventually promoted to the rating of chief boatswain's mate.
Career.
The 6'3" [190 cm] Romero routinely played "Latin lovers" in films from the 1930s until the 1950s, usually in supporting roles. In 1935, Romero played a leading role "The Devil is a Woman" opposite Marlene Dietrich. Romero starred as the Cisco Kid in six westerns made between 1939 and 1941. Romero danced and performed comedy in the 20th Century Fox films he starred in opposite Carmen Miranda and Betty Grable, such as "Week-End in Havana" and "Springtime in the Rockies", in the 1940s. He also played a minor role as Sinjin, a piano player in Glenn Miller's band, in the 1942 20th Century Fox musical "Orchestra Wives".
In "The Thin Man" (1934), Romero played a villainous supporting role opposite the film's main star William Powell. Many of Romero's films from this early period saw him cast in small character parts, such as Italian gangsters and East Indian princes. Romero had a lead role as the Pathan rebel leader, Khoda Khan, in John Ford's British Raj-era action film "Wee Willie Winkie" starring Shirley Temple (1937) and "The Little Princess" (1939) also with Temple. He also appeared in a comic turn as a foil for Frank Sinatra and his crew in "Ocean's 11" (1960).
Romero sometimes played the leading man, for example in Allan Dwan's "15 Maiden Lane" (1936) opposite Claire Trevor, as well as winning the key role of the Doc Holliday character (with name changed to "Doc Halliday") in Dwan's Wyatt Earp saga "Frontier Marshal" three years later. 20th Century Fox, along with mogul Darryl Zanuck, personally selected Romero to co-star with Tyrone Power in the Technicolor historical epic "Captain from Castile" (1947), directed by Henry King. While Power played a fictionalized character, Romero played Hernán Cortés, a historical conquistador in Spain's conquest of the Americas.
Television.
Among many television credits, Romero appeared several times on "The Martha Raye Show" in the mid-1950s. He portrayed Don Diego de la Vega's maternal uncle in a number of Season 2 "Zorro" episodes.
In 1958, he guest-starred as Ramon Valdez, a South American businessman, who excels at dancing the Cha-Cha with Barbara Eden in her syndicated romantic comedy, "How to Marry a Millionaire" in the episode entitled "The Big Order". He performed the mambo with Gisele MacKenzie on her NBC variety show, "The Gisele MacKenzie Show". He guest-starred in 1957 on CBS's "The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour" on the first episode of the seventh season ("Lucy Takes a Cruise to Havana"). He played "Don Carlos", a card shark on the episode, "The Honorable Don Charlie Story" of NBC's "Wagon Train". On January 16, 1958, he appeared on "The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford". In 1959, Romero was cast as Joaquin in the episode "Caballero" from "The Texan", and on September 26 of that year, he hosted the Cuban installment of "John Gunther's High Road".
In 1960, he was cast as Ricky Valenti in "Crime of Passion" from "Pete and Gladys". In 1965, Romero played the head of THRUSH in France in "The Never Never Affair" from "The Man from U.N.C.L.E."
From 1966 to 1968, he portrayed the Joker on "Batman". He refused to shave his moustache for the role, and so the supervillain's white face makeup was simply smeared over it throughout the series' run and in the 1966 film.
His guest star work in the 1970s included a recurring role on the western comedy "Alias Smith and Jones" as Señor Armendariz, a Mexican rancher feuding with Patrick McCreedy (Burl Ives), the owner of a ranch on the opposite side of the border. He appeared in three episodes. Romero later portrayed Peter Stavros on "Falcon Crest" (from 1985 to 1987). He also appeared in a sixth-season episode of "The Golden Girls", where he played a suitor named Tony Delvecchio for Sophia. Apart from these television roles, Romero appeared as A.J. Arno, a small-time criminal who continually opposes Dexter Riley (played by Kurt Russell) and his schoolmates of Medfield College in a series of films by Walt Disney Productions in the 1970s.
Political activities.
A registered Republican, in October 1960, he appeared in the Nixon-Lodge bumper sticker motorcade campaign and four years later, initially supported Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. in the write-in campaign supporting Lodge for president. He appreciated and said he liked Lodge's strong anti-communist stance in South Vietnam where Lodge was then the United States ambassador at the time of the draft campaign for Lodge. Later that year, he then supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election. However, Romero was very much involved in 1964 in the California senate race that year that pitted one of Romero's best friends and fellow actor, Republican nominee George Murphy (who nicknamed Romero "Butch") in his bid to oust then-Senator Pierre Salinger, a Democrat. The Senate race was a heated contest where Salinger had already narrowly defeated then California State Controller Alan Cranston, who later became senator in 1968, in the Democratic primary. Salinger's appointment by then Democratic Governor Pat Brown had been roundly criticized by Romero and Murphy as cronyism when Salinger, who had been the White House press secretary of President Lyndon Johnson (a close ally of Governor Brown) to succeed the late Senator Clair Engle, whose sudden death caused a vacancy. Engle had been primaried by Cranston and Murphy was also seeking the seat. When Engle died, Brown appointed Salinger, not Cranston. Romero appealed to the disappointed Cranston supporters after the primary to join with the Murphy supporters. Romero's urging helped Salinger lose a race no one thought could be lost. Romero tried to help Murphy win re-election in 1970, when Murphy had lost the full use of his throat during his senate term when part of his larynx was removed due to throat cancer. Romero employed other Hollywood stars to try to help Murphy win re-election. However, Murphy lost re-election to John V. Tunney the son of boxing legend Gene Tunney. After Murphy's senate defeat, Romero scaled back his public involvement politically but was involved usually if it was a fellow Hollywood friend, like Ronald Reagan in his successful gubernatorial bids in 1966 and 1970 as well as all four of his presidential bids in 1968, 1976, 1980, and 1984. He also joined with fellow actors and actresses in lobbying the United States Congress to present the then-dying John Wayne with a Congressional Gold Medal for his service to the nation.
Personal life.
Romero never married and had no children, but made frequent appearances at Hollywood events escorting actresses, such as Joan Crawford, Linda Darnell, Barbara Stanwyck, Lucille Ball, Ann Sheridan, Jane Wyman and Ginger Rogers; he was almost always described in interviews and articles as a "confirmed bachelor".
Many Hollywood historians and biographers have speculated on Romero being closeted about his sexuality.
Author Boze Hadleigh included a series of claimed interviews with Romero in Hadleigh's 1996 book "Hollywood Gays" in which Romero allegedly came out; many of the claimed interviews in "Hollywood Gays" have come into dispute as possible forgeries, and Romero died two years before the book was released.
Charlie Harper, lead singer of English punk band UK Subs, is reportedly a nephew of Romero.
Death.
On January 1, 1994, aged 86, Romero died from complications of a blood clot while being treated for bronchitis and pneumonia at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California.
His body was cremated and the ashes were interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood, California.
For his contributions to the motion picture and television industry, Romero has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6615 Hollywood Boulevard.


Commodore (D)

In the Royal Navy, a Commodore (D) or Commodore Destroyers is an officer commanding the destroyer flotillas of a fleet.


Untide Press

The Untide Press, founded in 1943, attempted to bring poetry to the public in an inexpensive but attractive format.
It was founded by writer William Everson, architect and printer Kemper Nomland, actor Kermit Sheets and editor / librarian William Eshelman, in a camp of conscientious objectors in Waldport, Oregon in 1943. The name was a challenge to the official camp magazine the "Tide Press".
Camp Angel was a Civilian Public Service (CPS) camp, one of many camps across the United States where conscientious objectors were given unpaid jobs of "national importance" as a substitute for World War II military service.
Camp Angel was unique as the only Fine Arts Program camp in the entire CPS system.
The Untide Press developed a reputation for high-quality writing and innovative design. Writers included William Everson, Glen Coffield, Jacob Sloan, George Woodcock, John Walker, and Kenneth Patchen.
William Everson said that "those of us of Untide rank among our biggest moments in CPS the completion of a book, and the very real sense of achievement it occasions."
The press produced the "Illiterati" magazine on an erratic schedule, and published several small books of poems. All work was set by hand.
Many of the poets and writers later formed the nucleus of the San Francisco literary renaissance.
The last book produced at the Untide Press in Waldport was Kenneth Patchen's "An Astonished Eye Looks Out Of the Air", printed via letterpress in 1945 as the war was ending.


Lance-corporal of horse

Lance Corporal of Horse (LCoH) is an appointment unique to the Household Cavalry of the British Army, equivalent to Lance Sergeant in the Foot Guards. It was introduced in 1971. On promotion to Corporal, an NCO is automatically appointed Lance Corporal of Horse, so that the rank structure effectively goes straight from Lance Corporal to Lance Corporal of Horse, and then to Corporal of Horse. However, Lance Corporals of horse are still addressed as "Corporal".
A Lance Corporal of Horse wears three rank chevrons surmounted by a cloth crown (as opposed to the metal crowns worn by full Corporals of Horse).
The rank was introduced to fall in line with Lance Sergeants in the Foot Guards allowing them to use the Sergeants' mess.


Opequon Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Opequon in the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. The battle was fought on September 19, 1864 near Winchester, Virginia, and Opequon Creek. The battle is also known as the Third Battle of Winchester and the Battle of Opequon Creek.
Army of the Shenandoah.
MG Philip Sheridan, Commanding
VI Corps.
MG Horatio Wright
Army of West Virginia.
BG George Crook
Note: Thoburn's 2nd Brigade was detached to guard wagons and field hospitals.<br>
XIX Corps.
BG William H. Emory
Cavalry Corps.
BG Alfred T. A. Torbert


32nd Army Tank Brigade

The 32nd Army Tank Brigade was an armoured brigade formation of the British Army created during World War II. It was formed, under the command of Brigadier Arthur Cecil Willison, in Egypt on 15 September 1941. The brigade HQ was sent to Tobruk to take command of all Royal Armoured Corps units stationed there, and was attached to the British 70th Infantry Division for Operation Crusader, where Captain Philip J. Gardner of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment was awarded the Victoria Cross. In June 1942, during the Battle of Gazala, a composite brigade was formed in Tobruk with surviving elements of the 1st Army Tank Brigade, which surrendered on 22 June after the fall of Tobruk. The brigade was not reformed.
Order of battle.
The 32nd Army Tank Brigade was composed of the following:


Order of battle at the Battle of Genoa

The Order of battle at the Battle of Genoa recounts the British-Neapolitan and French fleets which participated in a short campaign in the Gulf of Genoa during the French Revolutionary Wars. The campaign featured the principal Battle of Genoa on 13–14 March 1795, and an earlier smaller battle off Cap Corse on 8 March. Losses were even: although the British succeeded in capturing two French ships in the main action, two British ships were also lost elsewhere during the campaign. The French foray into the Ligurian Sea was driven back to a safe harbour, resulting in a restoration of the British blockade of Toulon, and leading to a second battle later in the year.
The campaign began on 3 March when the French Mediterranean Fleet sailed from the naval base at Toulon for an operation in the Ligurian Sea. During the winter they had been under constant blockade from a British fleet based at San Fiorenzo on Corsica, which had been captured in a British invasion the previous year. In February the British fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral William Hotham, had sailed from San Fiorenzo to Leghorn for repairs, leaving behind HMS "Berwick", damaged in a January storm. When news of Hotham's withdrawal reached Toulon, Contre-amiral Pierre Martin sailed the French fleet out and caught "Berwick" off the northern coast of Corsica. The damaged ship was unable to outrun pursuit and surrendered at the action of 8 March 1795 after the captain was decapitated by French shot.
Hotham discovered Martin's movements and sailed to meet him, encountering the French near Cape Noli on 10 March. For several days both fleets lay becalmed, unable to come to action. On 13 March the wind increased and Hotham attacked, Martin falling back under pursuit. One of Martin's rearguard, "Ça Ira", collided with another ship and fell back. "Ça Ira" was engaged by first the frigate HMS "Inconstant" and then HMS "Agamemnon" under Captain Horatio Nelson. Elsewhere there was scattered fighting between other British and French ships. Over night the French flagship accidentally detached from the fleet, and in the morning Hotham renewed the attack, overwhelming "Ça Ira" and the "Censeur", sent to support it. A French counterattack was beaten off, although HMS "Illustrious" and HMS "Courageux" were badly damaged.
Hotham declined to renew the action due to concern for his damaged ships, to the frustration of his subordinates, particularly Nelson. The French withdrew to Gourjean Bay and then Toulon, and the British to the Gulf of La Spezia. There a storm drove the damaged "Illustrious" ashore, and the ship was destroyed. In the aftermath both fleets refitted and prepared for another engagement; in early July the French fleet was again attacked by the British, at the Battle of the Hyères Islands, and the rearmost ship "Alcide" was overrun and destroyed.
Hotham's fleet.
"Note that as carronades were not traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate, these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below." "Officers killed in action are marked with a "" symbol."
Martin's fleet.
"Note that the number of guns refers to the official complement, traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate, and that these ships may have been carrying more guns than indicated below, although "obusiers" were not carried on French ships in this battle," "Officers killed in action are marked with a "" symbol."


Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief


Air Gunner Badge

The Air Gunner's and Flight Engineer's badge () was a German military decoration awarded to air gunners, mechanics (flight engineers) or aircrew meteorologists who were members of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) after they completed two months training or had taken part in at least five operational flights. If one was wounded during an operational flight, the badge could be awarded earlier. For Luftwaffe members who were air gunners and mechanics (flight engineers) this badge replaced an earlier separate badge which had been introduced back in 1935. The qualifications for the two badges were the same for recipients.
Description.
The badge came into existence on 22 June 1942. It was to be placed on the lower part of the left breast side of the tunic, below the Iron Cross. The badge was oval in shape and had a silver-plated outside wreath around the rim. The middle of the wreath had a national eagle in flight. The polished eagle was also silver-plated but made of "oxidized old-silver" giving it a different shade of color than the polished wreath. The right side of the wreath was composed of laurel leaves and the left side of oak leaves. A Nazi swastika was at the bottom middle of the outside wreath. The badge was originally made of aluminum, however, in the latter stages of World War II it was made of aluminum, zinc or metal alloy. There was also a cloth version of the badge which could be worn on a flight jacket.
An earlier separate decoration known as the Radio Operator and Air Gunner's badge was introduced previously in 1935. It was awarded after a radio operator, air gunner or mechanic (flight engineer) completed the same criteria which was required for this badge. The difference between this 1942 badge with the prior 1935 badge is that the in-flight national eagle was not clutching in its claws the two crossed arrow-head lightning bolts which represented the radio operator.


Travis Atkins

Travis William Atkins (December 9, 1975 – June 1, 2007) was a soldier in the United States Army. President Donald Trump awarded him the Medal of Honor posthumously on March 27, 2019. While serving with the 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the 10th Mountain Division in Iraq, he sacrificed his own life to shield three fellow soldiers from an insurgent who was wearing and activated an explosive vest.
Distinguished Service Cross citation.
Atkins was originally awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his actions. The accompanying citation reads:
Medal of Honor award ceremony and citation.
His son Trevor accepted the award From President Donald Trump, along with his sister Jennifer, his mom, and grandparents. Also in attendance were the Vice-president, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, and the Secretary of the Army, as well as five previous living recipients of the award, and numerous distinguished members of the military. Witnesses to the award also included the three men whose lives Atkins saved in his selfless act.
The president said of Atkins, “He did not run. He didn't know what it was to run. He acted in the tradition of the 10th Mountain Division in his 'climb to glory.'”
Legacy.
In June 2012, the ceremony room at the Military Entrance Processing Station in Butte, Montana was named in honor of Atkins. In January 2013, the Mountain Functional Fitness Facility at Fort Drum in the state of New York was renamed in his honor.


Second Fort Fisher Union order of battle

The following Union Army and Navy units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Fort Fisher (January 13–15, 1865) of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army and navy organization during the expedition.
Union Forces.
Army.
Terry's Provisional Corps.
Bvt MG Alfred H. Terry
Navy.
North Atlantic Blockading Squadron – Rear Admiral David D. Porter


Edward N. Cahn

Edward Norman Cahn (born June 29, 1933) is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
Education and career.
Cahn was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He attended Lehigh University, where he played basketball and set a record by becoming the first Lehigh student to score 1,000 points; he graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1955. Cahn continued to Yale Law School, where he earned a Bachelor of Laws in 1958. After graduation from law school, he entered private practice in Allentown, and began service in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, achieving the rank of Corporal. He left the service in 1964.
Federal judicial service.
Cahn was nominated by President Gerald Ford on November 18, 1974, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge John Morgan Davis. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 18, 1974, and received his commission on December 20, 1974. He served as Chief Judge from 1993 to 1998. His service terminated on December 31, 1998, due to his retirement.
Post judicial service.
Since his retirement from the federal bench, he has served as of counsel to Blank Rome, where he remains active as of June 2018. He was appointed and approved as Chapter 11 case trustee for the SCO Group on August 25, 2009.
Honor.
On August 20, 2001, the Edward N. Cahn Federal Building and United States Courthouse was renamed in his honor.


List of Kriegsmarine ships

The list of "Kriegsmarine" ships includes all ships commissioned into the "Kriegsmarine", the navy of Nazi Germany, during its existence from 1935 to the conclusion of World War II in 1945.
See the list of naval ships of Germany for ships in German service throughout the country's history.
Captured foreign warships.
A significant number of foreign warships were captured and recommissioned into the "Kriegsmarine".
Unfinished Ships.
Torpedo boats.
A multitude of other ships also remained unfinished by the end of the war: escorts, gunboats, landing craft, fleet tenders, AA batteries, training ships, auxiliary ships, patrol boats, minelayers, mine hunters, fast torpedo attack boats (E-Boats) and more.
See also.
List of ships of the Second World War


Petersburg Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the siege of Petersburg of the American Civil War. The following order of battle is the organization from the Confederate forces near Petersburg of October 27, 1864.
Confederate forces near Petersburg.
Gen Robert E. Lee
Army of Northern Virginia.
Gen Robert E. Lee
First Corps.
LTG James Longstreet
Third Corps.
LTG A. P. Hill
Fourth Corps.
LTG Richard H. Anderson
Cavalry Corps.
MG Wade Hampton III
Department of Richmond.
LTG Richard S. Ewell
Richmond forces.
MG James L. Kemper
Post of Richmond.
BG William M. Gardner
Department of North Carolina and Southern Virginia.
Gen Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard
References.
http://www.brettschulte.net/CWBlog/regimental-level-orders-of-battle/


Terrell Horne

Terrell Edwin Horne III (1978–2012) was a senior chief petty officer with the United States Coast Guard, who was killed in the line of duty while intercepting smugglers, on December 2, 2012.
Horne had fourteen years service in the Coast Guard and was second in command of the Marine Protector class cutter USCGC "Halibut" on the night he was killed in action.
He was aboard the "Halibuts" pursuit boat when it was sent to intercept the smugglers. When they were ordered to heave to, the smugglers rammed Horne's boat and his head was fatally struck by their propeller.
Horne is credited with pushing the coxswain out of the path of danger at the cost of his own life.
On July 30, 2014, the Coast Guard Commandant, Paul Zukunft, announced that the Coast Guard would name a Sentinel class cutter after Horne. All of the cutters will be named after enlisted members of the Coast Guard, or one of its precursors, who were recognized as heroes.


Boston Alliance Against Registration and the Draft

Boston Alliance Against Registration and the Draft (BAARD), was an anti-draft organization based in Cambridge, Massachusetts that operated between 1979 and 1990. BAARD was affiliated with the national Committee Against Registration and the Draft (CARD), which had been organized in response to President Jimmy Carter's 1979 call for draft registration.
BAARD organized movements to oppose draft registration. It similarly criticized what it described as militarization and foreign intervention. It organized actions at the Cambridge, Boston, Somerville and Watertown post offices, did media outreach, and created alliances with similar anti-draft groups, peace and legal groups. Anti-military counseling and CO counseling was also organized. BAARD opposed intervention in Central America. BAARD organized two draft registration counseling sessions with NISBCO and CCCO during the first Gulf War.


Battle of Cowpens

The Battle of Cowpens was an engagement during the American Revolutionary War fought on January 17, 1781 near the town of Cowpens, South Carolina, between U.S. forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan and British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Sir Banastre Tarleton, as part of the campaign in the Carolinas (North and South). The battle was a turning point in the American reconquest of South Carolina from the British.
Morgan's forces conducted a double envelopment of Tarleton's forces, the only double envelopment of the war. Tarleton's force of 1000 British troops were set against 2000 troops under Morgan. Morgan's forces suffered casualties of only 25 killed and 124 wounded. Tarleton's force was almost completely eliminated with almost 30% casualties and 55% of his force captured or missing, with Tarleton himself and only about 200 British troops escaping.
A small force of the Continental Army under the command of Morgan had marched to the west of the Catawba River, in order to forage for supplies and raise the morale of local Colonial sympathizers. The British had received incorrect reports that Morgan's army was planning to attack the important strategic fort of Ninety Six, held by American Loyalists to the British Crown and located in the west of the Carolinas. The British considered Morgan's army a threat to their left flank. General Charles Cornwallis dispatched cavalry (dragoons) commander Tarleton to defeat Morgan's command. Upon learning Morgan's army was not at Ninety Six, Tarleton, bolstered by British reinforcements, set off in hot pursuit of the American detachment.
Morgan resolved to make a stand near the Broad River. He selected a position on two low hills in open woodland, with the expectation that the aggressive Tarleton would make a headlong assault without pausing to devise a more intricate plan. He deployed his army in three main lines. Tarleton's army, after exhaustive marching, reached the field malnourished and heavily fatigued. Tarleton attacked immediately; however, the American defense-in-depth absorbed the impact of the British attack. The British lines lost their cohesion as they hurried after the retreating Americans. When Morgan's army went on the offensive, it wholly overwhelmed Tarleton's force.
Tarleton's brigade was wiped out as an effective fighting force, and, coupled with the British defeat at the Battle of Kings Mountain in the northwest corner of South Carolina, this action compelled Cornwallis to pursue the main southern American army into North Carolina, leading to the Battle of Guilford Court House, and Cornwallis's eventual defeat at the siege of Yorktown in Virginia in October 1781.
In the opinion of John Marshall, "Seldom has a battle, in which greater numbers were not engaged, been so important in its consequences as that of Cowpens."
Background.
On October 14, 1780, Continental Army commander General George Washington chose Nathanael Greene, a Rhode Island Quaker officer, to be commander of the Southern Department of the rebel Continental forces. Greene's task was not an easy one. In 1780 the Carolinas had been the scene of a long string of disasters for the Continental Army, the worst being the capture of one American army under Gen. Benjamin Lincoln in May 1780, at the siege of Charleston. The British took control of this city, the largest in the South and the capital of South Carolina, and occupied it. Later that year another Colonial army, commanded by Gen. Horatio Gates, was destroyed at the Battle of Camden. A victory of Colonial militia over their Loyalist counterparts at the Battle of Kings Mountain on the northwest frontier in October had bought time, but most of South Carolina was still occupied by the British. When Greene took command, the southern army numbered 2307 men (on paper, 1482 present), of whom only 949 were Continental regulars, mostly of the famous and highly trained "Maryland Line" regiment.
On December 3, Brigadier General Daniel Morgan reported for duty to Greene's headquarters at Charlotte, North Carolina. At the start of the Revolution, Morgan, whose military experience dated to the French and Indian War (1754–1763), had served at the siege of Boston in 1775. Later he participated in the 1775 invasion of Canada and its climactic battle, the Battle of Quebec. That battle, on December 31, 1775, ended in defeat and Morgan's capture by the British.
Morgan was exchanged in January 1777 and placed by George Washington in command of a picked force of 500 trained riflemen, known as Morgan's Riflemen. Morgan and his men played a key role in the 1777 victory at Saratoga along the Hudson River in upstate New York, which proved to be a turning point of the entire war. Bitter after being passed over for promotion and plagued by severe attacks of sciatica, Morgan left the rebel army in 1779. A year later he was promoted to brigadier general and returned to service in the Southern Department.
Greene decided that his weak army was unable to meet the British in a stand-up fight. He made the unconventional decision to divide his army, sending a detachment west of the Catawba River to raise the morale of the locals and find supplies beyond the limited amounts available around Charlotte. Greene gave Morgan command of this wing and instructed him to join with the militia west of the Catawba and take command of them. Morgan headed west on December 21, charged with taking position between the Broad and Pacolet rivers, and protecting the civilians in that area. He had 600 men, some 400 of which were Continentals, mostly the Marylanders. The rest were Virginia militia who had experience as Continentals. By Christmas Day Morgan had reached the Pacolet River. He was joined by 60 more South Carolina militia led by the experienced guerrilla partisan Andrew Pickens. Other militia from Georgia and the Carolinas joined Morgan's camp.
Meanwhile, Lord Cornwallis was planning to return to North Carolina and conduct the invasion that he had postponed after the defeat at Kings Mountain. Morgan's force represented a threat to his left. Additionally, Cornwallis received incorrect intelligence claiming that Morgan was going to attack the important British fort of American Loyalists at Ninety Six, in western South Carolina. Seeking to save the fort and defeat Morgan's command, Cornwallis on January 2 ordered cavalry (dragoons) Lt. Col. Banastre Tarleton to the west.
Tarleton was 26 years old and had enjoyed a spectacular career in his service with the British in the colonies. In December 1776, he and a small party surprised and captured Colonial Gen. Charles Lee in New Jersey. He served with distinction at the siege of Charleston and the Battle of Camden. Commanding the British Legion, a mixed infantry/cavalry force composed of American Loyalists who constituted some of the best British troops in the Carolinas, Tarleton won victories at Monck's Corner and Fishing Creek. He became infamous among Colonists after his victory at the Battle of Waxhaws, because his men had killed American soldiers after they had surrendered. In Tarleton's account published in the British Isles in 1781, he said that his horse had been shot from under him during the initial charge and his men, thinking him dead, engaged in "a vindictive asperity not easily restrained".
Tarleton and the Legion marched to Ninety Six. After learning Morgan was not there, Tarleton decided to increase his forces. He asked for reinforcements of British regulars, which Cornwallis sent. Tarleton set out with his enlarged command to drive Morgan across the Broad River. On January 12 he received accurate news of Morgan's location and continued with hard marching, building boats to cross rivers that were flooding with winter rains. Receiving word that Tarleton was in hot pursuit, Morgan retreated north, to avoid being trapped between Tarleton and Cornwallis.
By the afternoon of the 16th, Morgan was approaching the Broad River, which was high with flood waters and reported difficult to cross. He knew Tarleton was close behind. By nightfall he had reached a place called locally "Hannah's Cowpens", a well-known grazing area for local cattle. Pickens, who had been patrolling, arrived that night to join Morgan with his large body of irregular militia. Morgan decided to stand and fight rather than continue to retreat and risk being caught by Tarleton while fording the Broad River. Learning of Morgan's location, Tarleton pushed his troops, marching at 3 a.m. instead of camping for the night.
Prelude.
Continental force.
The size of the American force at Cowpens remains in dispute. Morgan claimed in his official report to have had about 800 men at Cowpens, which is substantially supported by historian John Buchanan, whose estimate is between 800 and 1000 men. In contrast, historian Lawrence E. Babits, in his detailed study of the battle, estimates that the strength of Morgan's command on the day of the battle was closer to 1,900, composed of:
Babits's figures can be summarized as follows: 82 Continental light dragoons, 55 state dragoons, 45 militia dragoons, 300 Continental infantry, about 150 state infantry, and 1,255–1,280 militia infantry, for a total of 1,887–1,912 officers and men. Broken down by state, there were about 855 South Carolinians, 442 Virginians, 290–315 North Carolinians, 180 Marylanders, 60 Georgians, and 60 Delawareans.
Morgan's forces were strengthened by these core elements of relatively seasoned troops and his own brilliance in leadership. His Continentals were veterans (Marylanders from the 1776 Battle of Brooklyn), and many of his militia, which included some Overmountain Men, who had fought at the Battle of Musgrove Mill and the Battle of Kings Mountain. The experienced British forces (and particularly their relatively young commander) were accustomed, especially in the Southern Theater, to easily routing often "green" militia, and could have underestimated the opposition.
British force.
Tarleton's force included:
A total of over 1,150 officers and men.
Broken down by troop classification, there were 300 cavalry, 553 regulars, 24 artillerymen, and 281 militia. From these numbers, around half of Tarleton's force were Loyalist troops recruited in the colonies (531 out of 1,158). Tarleton's regular troops from the Royal Artillery, 17th Light Dragoons, and the 7th, 16th, and 71st Regiments of Foot were reliable and seasoned soldiers. Tarleton's own Loyalist unit, the British Legion, had established a fierce reputation as formidable pursuers, being used to great effect at Waxhaws and Camden, but had an uncertain reputation when facing determined opposition.
Morgan's plan.
Daniel Morgan turned to his advantage the landscape of Cowpens, the varying reliability of his troops, his expectations of his opponent, and the time available before Tarleton's arrival. Morgan knew that untrained militiamen, which comprised a large portion of his force, were generally unreliable in a pitched battle, and in the past had routed at the first hint of defeat and abandoned the regulars. For instance, the Battle of Camden had ended in disaster when the militia, which comprised half of the American force, broke and ran as soon as the fighting started, leaving the American flank exposed. To eliminate that possibility, he defied convention by placing his army between the Broad and Pacolet rivers, thus making escape impossible if the army was routed. Selecting a low hill as the center of his position, he placed his Continental infantry on it, deliberately leaving his flanks exposed to his opponent. With a ravine on their right flank and a creek on their left flank, Morgan reasoned his forces were sufficiently protected against possible British flanking maneuvers at the beginning of the battle.
Morgan surmised that Tarleton would be highly confident and attack him head on, without pausing to devise a more subtle plan. He therefore arranged his forces to encourage this presupposed impetuosity of his opponent by establishing three lines of soldiers: one of sharpshooters, one of militia, and a main line of regulars and experienced militia. The first line was 150 select riflemen from North Carolina (Major McDowell) and Georgia (Major Cunningham). The second line consisted of 300 militiamen under the command of Colonel Andrew Pickens. The effect was the conspicuous placement of weak militia in the center-front, in order to encourage Tarleton to attack there. The skirmishers and militia screened the veteran Continental regulars, while inflicting damage as the British advanced. Morgan asked the militia to fire two volleys, something they could achieve, and then withdraw to the left and re-form in the rear, behind the third line, under the cover of reserve light dragoons commanded by Colonel William Washington and James McCall. The withdrawal of the militia was, in effect, a feigned retreat which would further embolden Tarleton. The third line, on the hill, was manned by Morgan's most seasoned troops: around 550 Continental regulars comprising Brooklyn veterans: the famed Maryland Line and Delaware Line, supported by experienced militiamen from Georgia and Virginia. Colonel John Eager Howard of Baltimore commanded the Continental regulars, while Colonels Tate and Triplett commanded the experienced militia. The third line could be expected to stand and hold against the British force. Morgan expected that the British advance uphill would be disorganized, weakened both physically and psychologically by the first two lines, before engaging the third. The third line would also withdraw a short distance to add to the appearance of a rout.
In developing his tactics at Cowpens, as historian John Buchanan wrote, Morgan may have been "the only general in the American Revolution, on either side, to produce a significant original tactical thought".
Tarleton's approach.
At 2:00 a.m. on January 17, 1781, Tarleton roused his troops and continued his march to Cowpens. Lawrence Babits states that, "in the five days before Cowpens, the British were subjected to stress that could only be alleviated by rest and proper diet". He points out that "in the forty-eight hours before the battle, the British ran out of food and had less than four hours’ sleep". Over the whole period, Tarleton's brigade did a great deal of rapid marching across difficult terrain. Babits concludes that they reached the battlefield exhausted and malnourished. Tarleton sensed victory and nothing would persuade him to delay. His Tory scouts had told him of the countryside Morgan was fighting on, and he was certain of success because Morgan's soldiers, mostly militiamen, seemed to be caught between mostly experienced British troops and a flooding river. As soon as he reached the spot, Tarleton formed a battle line, which consisted of dragoons on his flanks, with his two grasshopper cannons in between the British Regulars and American Loyalists.
Tarleton's plan was simple and direct. Most of his infantry (including that of the Legion) would be assembled in linear formation and move directly upon Morgan. The right and left flanks of this line would be protected by dragoon units. In reserve were the 250-man battalion of Scottish Highlanders (71st Regiment of Foot), commanded by Major Arthur MacArthur, a professional soldier of long experience who had served in the Dutch Scotch Brigade. Finally, Tarleton kept the 200-man cavalry contingent of his Legion ready to be unleashed when the Americans broke and ran.
Battle.
A few minutes before sunrise, Tarleton's vanguard emerged from the woods in front of the American position. Tarleton ordered his dragoons to attack the first line of skirmishers, who opened fire and shot fifteen dragoons. When the dragoons promptly retreated, Tarleton immediately ordered an infantry charge, without pausing to study the American deployment or to allow the rest of his infantry and his cavalry reserve to make it out of the woods. Tarleton attacked the skirmish line without pausing, deploying his main body and his two grasshopper cannons. The American skirmishers kept firing as they withdrew to join the second line manned by Pickens's irregular militia. The British attacked again, this time reaching the militiamen, who (as ordered) poured two volleys into the enemy, especially targeting commanders. The British—with 40% of their casualties being officers—were astonished and confused. They reorganized and continued to advance. Tarleton ordered one of his officers, Ogilvie, to charge with some dragoons into the "defeated" Americans. His men moved forward in regular formation and were momentarily paused by the militia musket fire but continued to advance. Pickens's militia seemed to "flee" as usual, around the American left to the rear as planned after getting off their second volley.
Taking the withdrawal of the first two lines as a full blown retreat, the British advanced headlong into the third and final line of disciplined Maryland and Delaware regulars which awaited them on the hill. The 71st Highlanders were ordered to flank the American right. John Eager Howard spotted the flanking movement and ordered the Virginia militiamen manning the American right to turn and face the Scots. However, in the noise of battle, Howard's order was misunderstood and the militiamen began to withdraw. It was now 7:45 am and the British had been fighting for nearly an hour. They were tired and disorganized, but they saw the Virginia militia on the rebels’ right withdrawing and believed the Americans were on the run. They charged, breaking formation and advancing in a chaotic mass. Morgan ordered a volley. Howard's "fleeing" militia suddenly stopped their withdrawal and made an about-face. The Virginians fired into the British at a range of no more than thirty yards, with massive effect, causing the confused British to lurch to a halt. John Eager Howard shouted, "Charge bayonets!"
The Continentals in the center, as ordered, mounted a bayonet charge. Tarleton's force, faced with a terrible surprise, began to collapse; some men surrendering on the spot, while others turned and ran. Howard's men charged forward and seized the two British grasshopper cannons. William Washington's cavalry came around from behind the opposite American left to hit the British on their right flank and rear. Pickens's militia, having now reorganized, charged out from behind the hill, completing a 360-degree circle around the American position to hit the 71st Highlanders on the British left flank and rear. Howard ordered the Virginia militia, whose withdrawal had brought on the British ill-fated charge, to turn about and attack the Scots from the other direction.
The shock of the sudden charge, coupled with the reappearance of the American militiamen on the left flank where Tarleton's exhausted men expected to see their own cavalry, proved too much for the British. Nearly half of the British and Loyalist infantrymen fell to the ground whether they were wounded or not. Their will to fight was gone. Historian Lawrence Babits diagnoses "combat shock" as the cause for this abrupt British collapse—the effects of exhaustion, hunger, and demoralization suddenly catching up with them. Caught in a clever double envelopment that has been compared with the Battle of Cannae in ancient times, many of the British surrendered.
When Tarleton's right flank and center line collapsed, only a minority of the 71st Highlanders were putting up a fight against part of Howard's line. Tarleton, realizing the desperate nature of what was occurring, rode back to his one unit left that was whole, the British Legion cavalry. He ordered them to charge, but they refused and fled the field. The Highlanders, surrounded by militia and Continentals, surrendered. Desperate to save something, Tarleton found about forty cavalrymen and with them tried to retrieve his two cannons, but they had been captured, and he too retreated from the field. It was now 8:00 a.m. and the battle had lasted approximately one hour. In his retreat, Tarleton was able to escape capture by forcing a local planter named Adam Goudylock to serve as a guide.
Aftermath.
Morgan's army took 712 prisoners, which included 200 wounded. Even worse for the British, the forces lost (especially the British Legion and the dragoons) constituted the cream of Cornwallis's army. Additionally, 110 British soldiers were killed in action, and every artilleryman was either killed or incapacitated by wounds. Tarleton suffered an 86 percent casualty rate, and his brigade had been wiped out as a fighting force. John Eager Howard quoted Maj. McArthur of the 71st Highlanders, now a prisoner of the Americans, as saying that "he was an officer before Tarleton was born; that the best troops in the service were put under 'that boy' to be sacrificed." An American prisoner later told that when Tarleton reached Cornwallis and reported the disaster, Cornwallis placed his sword tip on the ground and leaned on it until the blade snapped.
Historian Lawrence E. Babits has demonstrated that Morgan's official report of 73 casualties appears to have only included his Continental troops. From surviving records, he has been able to identify by name 128 Colonial soldiers who were either killed or wounded at Cowpens. He also presents an entry in the North Carolina State Records that shows 68 Continental and 80 Militia casualties. It would appear that both the number of Morgan's casualties and the total strength of his force were about double what he officially reported.
Tarleton's apparent recklessness in pushing his command so hard in pursuit of Morgan that they reached the battlefield in desperate need of rest and food may be explained by the fact that, up until Cowpens, every battle that he and his British Legion had fought in the South had been a relatively easy victory. He appears to have been so concerned with pursuing Morgan that he quite forgot that it was necessary for his men to be in a fit condition to fight a battle once they caught him, though Cornwallis himself did press Tarleton to take aggressive action.
Coming in the wake of the American debacle at Camden, Cowpens was a surprising victory and a turning point that changed the psychology of the entire war—"spiriting up the people", not only those of the backcountry Carolinas, but those in all the Southern states. As it was, the Americans were encouraged to fight further, and the Loyalists and British were demoralized. Furthermore, its strategic result—the destruction of an important part of the British army in the South—was crucial toward ending the war. Along with the British defeat at the Battle of Kings Mountain, Cowpens was a serious blow to Cornwallis, who might have defeated much of the remaining resistance in South Carolina had Tarleton won at Cowpens. Instead, the battle set in motion a series of events leading to the end of the war. Cornwallis abandoned his pacification efforts in South Carolina, stripped his army of its excess baggage, and pursued Greene's force into North Carolina. Skirmishes occurred at the Catawba River (February 1, 1781) and other fords. Yet, after a long chase Cornwallis met Greene at the Battle of Guilford Court House, winning a pyrrhic victory that so damaged his army that he withdrew to Yorktown, Virginia, to rest and refit. Washington seized this opportunity to trap and defeat Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown, which caused the British to give up their efforts to defeat the Americans.
In the opinion of John Marshall, "Seldom has a battle, in which greater numbers were not engaged, been so important in its consequences as that of Cowpens." It gave General Nathanael Greene his chance to conduct a campaign of "dazzling shiftiness" that led Cornwallis by "an unbroken chain of consequences to the catastrophe at Yorktown which finally separated America from the British crown".


VA-22A (U.S. Navy)

VA-22A was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy, established as Torpedo Squadron VT-98 on 28 August 1944 at NAAS Ventura (Oxnard). It moved to NAAS Los Alamitos on 1 December 1944, and to NAS San Diego on 25 August 1946. The squadron was redesignated VA-22A on 15 November 1946. It was disestablished on 5 August 1947.
The squadron's motto was "Parati—in Pace—Aut Bello" (Prepared—in Peace—or War). It flew various models of the Grumman TBF Avenger, and its mission throughout its life was to provide trained torpedo plane pilots and aircrewmen for assignment as replacements to squadrons operating in the Pacific.


Squadron (naval)

A squadron, or naval squadron, is a significant group of warships which is nonetheless considered too small to be designated a fleet. A squadron is typically a part of a fleet. Between different navies there are no clear defining parameters to distinguish a squadron from a fleet (or from a flotilla), and the size and strength of a naval squadron varies greatly according to the country and time period. Groups of small warships, or small groups of major warships, might instead be designated flotillas by some navies according to their terminology. Since the size of a naval squadron varies greatly, the rank associated with command of a squadron also varies greatly.
Before 1864 the entire fleet of the Royal Navy was divided into three squadrons, the red, the white, and the blue. Each Royal Navy squadron alone was more powerful than most national navies. Today, a squadron might number three to ten vessels, which might be major warships, transport ships, submarines, or small craft in a larger task force or a fleet. A squadron may be composed of one type of ship of various types tasked with a specific mission such as coastal defense, blockade, or minesweeping. In the United States Navy, the term squadron has always been used for formations of destroyers and submarines.
Command element.
A fleet is usually commanded by a flag officer such as a vice admiral or a rear admiral, but squadrons are sometimes commanded by commodores or simply the most senior captain (often one and the same), depending on the importance of the command. A large squadron will sometimes be divided into two or more divisions, each of which might be commanded by a subordinate captain. Like a fleet, a squadron is usually, but not necessarily, a permanent formation.
Squadron types.
There are several types of squadron:
In modern navies, squadrons have tended to become administrative units. Most navies began to abandon the squadron as a tactical formation during the Second World War. The need to provide capital ships with the anti-submarine protection of a destroyer screen and air cover from an aircraft carrier led to the increasing use of the carrier battle group, or ad hoc task forces, composed of whichever ships were available for a particular operation.
As warships have grown larger, the term squadron has gradually replaced the term flotilla for formations of destroyers, frigates and submarines in many navies.


Master at Arms of the Navy

Master at Arms of the Navy is the most senior Warrant Officer in the South African Navy (SAN). It is a singular appointment – it is only held by one person at any time. The Master at Arms of the Navy holds the rank of Senior Chief Warrant Officer
The Master at Arms of the Navy is responsible to the Chief of the Navy and is a member of his staff as well as the Navy Command Council. The Master is responsible for monitoring and improvement of discipline, morale, well being of sailor and ensuring that the Navy maintains high professional standards.
Rank and Insignia.
Rank.
Before 2008 all Masters at Arms SA Navy were Warrant Officer Class 1, with appointment to the position of Master at Arms SA Navy.
In 2008 the SANDF expanded the Warrant Officer ranks and the Master at Arms SA Navy now holds the rank of Senior Chief Warrant Officer
Insignia.
Prior to 2008 the Master at Arms of the Navy had a unique rank insignia, consisting of a Warrant Officer class 1 insignia with the South African Navy badge above it.
After the Warrant Officer rank redesign the Master at Arms of the Navy does not have a unique rank insignia


Carolinas campaign Confederate order of battle

The following units and commanders fought in the Carolinas campaign of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign.
Background.
The Confederate forces in the Carolinas campaign underwent a reorganization from April 8 to 10, 1865, which is shown below. For the Confederate order of battle previous to this reorganization, see the Bentonville Confederate order of battle.
Army of Tennessee.
Gen Joseph E. Johnston
Escort
Second in command
Gen P.G.T. Beauregard
Escort
Hardee's Corps.
LTG William J. Hardee
Escort and Scouts
Stewart's Corps.
LTG Alexander P. Stewart
Lee's Corps.
LTG Stephen D. Lee
Escort
Cavalry Corps.
LTG Wade Hampton
MG Matthew Butler
Wheeler's cavalry contingent.
MG Joseph Wheeler
BG William W. Allen
Escort
Scout company


XIV Corps (German Empire)

The XIV Army Corps / XIV AK () was a corps level command of the German Army before and during World War I. It was, effectively, also the army of the Grand Duchy of Baden, which, in 1871, had been integrated into the Prussian Army command structure, as had the armies of most German states. Both divisions and the bulk of the corps' support units were from the grand duchy. The corps was established in 1870, after the Siege of Strasbourg.
It was assigned to the V Army Inspectorate, which became the 7th Army at the start of the First World War. It was still in existence at the end of the war as part of the 18th Army, "Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz" on the Western Front.
Franco-Prussian War.
A siege corps was formed to besiege Strasbourg during the Franco-Prussian War under the command of General der Infanterie August von Werder. After the fall of Strasbourg, these troops were formed into a new XIV Corps by the All-highest Cabinet Order ("Allerhöchste Kabinettsorder", AKO) of 30 September 1870.
Werder defeated the French at Dijon and at Nuits and proceeded to besiege Belfort. General Charles Denis Bourbaki assembled an army intending to relieve Belfort, leading to the Battle of Villersexel. On 15 January 1871, Bourbaki attacked Werder along the Lisaine River; however, after a three-day battle, he was repelled and his army retreated into Switzerland.
XIV Corps was disbanded in March 1871.
Re-formation.
After the peace treaty, the XIV Corps was re-established on 1 July 1871 almost exclusively with troops from the Grand Duchy of Baden.
It was assigned to the V Army Inspectorate, but joined the 7th Army at the start of the First World War.
Peacetime organisation.
The 25 peacetime Corps of the German Army (Guards, I - XXI, I - III Bavarian) had a reasonably standardised organisation. Each consisted of two divisions with usually two infantry brigades, one field artillery brigade and a cavalry brigade each. Each brigade normally consisted of two regiments of the appropriate type, so each Corps normally commanded 8 infantry, 4 field artillery and 4 cavalry regiments. There were exceptions to this rule:
Each Corps also directly controlled a number of other units. This could include one or more
14th (Baden) Foot Artillery was partially garrisoned in Straßburg (as part of XV Corps) and Müllheim (as part of XIV Corps). In addition, the 66th (4th Baden) Field Artillery was stationed in Lahr and Neubreisach as part of XV Corps.
World War I.
Organisation on mobilisation.
On mobilization on 2 August 1914, the Corps was restructured. The 28th Cavalry Brigade was withdrawn to form part of the 6th Cavalry Division and the 29th Cavalry Brigade was broken up and its regiments assigned to the divisions as reconnaissance units. The divisions received engineer companies and other support units from the Corps headquarters. Unusually, the Corps retained its 5th Infantry brigade, making it the strongest active corps on mobilisation. In summary, XIV Corps mobilised with 30 infantry battalions, 10 machine gun companies (60 machine guns), 8 cavalry squadrons, 24 field artillery batteries (144 guns), 4 heavy artillery batteries (16 guns), 3 pioneer companies and an aviation detachment.
Combat chronicle.
At the outbreak of World War I, the Corps was assigned to the 7th Army on the left of the forces that executed the Schlieffen Plan and fought in the Battle of the Frontiers. In September, it was transferred to the 6th Army. From November 1916 to March 1917, the corps took command of Group Hardaumont of the 5th Army. In March 1917, it was transferred to the 3rd Army and took command of Group Prosnes. In May, it was transferred to the 4th Army's control and took command of Group Dixmude. During this period, it fought in the Battle of Passchendaele.<ref name="XIV. Armeekorps Chronik 1914/1918">XIV. Armeekorps (Chronik 1914/1918)</ref> Taking over from the XIX Corps at Wijtschate in November 1917, the XIV Corps formed a new "Group Wytschaete", which it commanded until December 1917, after which it took over Group Busigny in the 6th Army. It remained in command of this group into 1918.
It was still in existence at the end of the war as part of the 18th Army, "Heeresgruppe Deutscher Kronprinz" on the Western Front.
Commanders.
The XIV Corps had the following commanders during its existence:


2nd Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)

The 2nd Mountain Division () was a "Gebirgsjäger" division of the German Army which served in World War II, mainly in the northernmost sector of the Eastern Front, near the Arctic. Formed in 1938, the division was disbanded at the end of the war in 1945.
Operational history.
Following the "Anschluss", the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in March 1938, the 2nd Mountain Division was formed on 1 April 1938, with personnel of the 6th Division of the Austrian Army. Based at Innsbruck, part of "Wehrkreis" XVIII (military district XVIII), most of its men were from the Salzburg and Tyrol region of Austria.
Commanded by "Generalleutnant" (Lieutenant General) Valentin Feurstein, it fought as part of Army Group South during the Invasion of Poland and then took part in Operation Weserübung, the Norwegian Campaign in 1940. It carried out a cross country march to rescue the 3rd Mountain Division, which was under siege from British forces during the Battles of Narvik.
The division moved into Lapland as part of Mountain Corps Norway in 1941, to participate in "Operation Silberfuchs" (Operation Silver Fox), the attack on the Soviet Arctic as part of Operation Barbarossa. It drove for Murmansk but was unsuccessful in the face of strong Soviet defence. It continued to serve in the Arctic region until late 1944, when the Finns negotiated the Moscow Armistice with the Soviet Union. The division had to withdraw to Norway, fighting off Soviet forces as it did so. Back in mainland Europe, its depleted infantry regiments were brought back up to strength.
In 1945, the division was transferred to the Western Front, where it fought in the Saar-Moselle Triangle against US troops. During this period, its commander, "Generalleutnant" Hans Degen, was wounded and had to be replaced by "Generalleutnant" Willibald Utz. While earlier in the war it was considered an elite unit, the 2nd Mountain Division was well below strength and combat effectiveness. It finished the war in Württemberg where Utz surrendered it to the Western Allies.
Commanding officers.
The following officers commanded the division:


Replacement Army

The Replacement Army () was part of the Imperial German Army during World War I and part of the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was based within Germany proper and included command and administrative units as well as training and guard troops. Its primary role was to provide replacements for the combat divisions of the regular army.
Third Reich.
It was formed in the various German military districts ("Wehrkreise") and was tasked with the conscription, recruitment, training and replacement of personnel, testing of new military equipment, and administration such as responsibility for soldiers on home leave.
The "Ersatzheer" contingency plans for Operation "Valkyrie" were deliberately misused as part of the unsuccessful 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler, arrest SS troops, and stage a military coup d'etat. Its commander, "Generaloberst" Friedrich Fromm, had enough power to control the German state because his position controlled the army's procurement and production and the command of all army troops in Germany. Fromm had refused to cooperate in an earlier coup, Operation Spark (1941), but the planners in 1944 still planned to use the Reserve Army. Heinrich Himmler personally took over control of the Replacement Army because of its potential to be used in another assassination attempt.


Flotilla

A flotilla (from Spanish, meaning a small "flota" (fleet) of ships), or naval flotilla, is a formation of small warships that may be part of a larger fleet. A flotilla is usually composed of a homogeneous group of the same class of warship, such as frigates, destroyers, torpedo boats, submarines, gunboats, or minesweepers. Groups of larger warships are usually called squadrons, but similar units of non-capital ships may be called squadrons in some instances, and flotillas in others. Formations including more than one capital ship, e.g. men-of-war, battleships, and aircraft carriers, typically alongside smaller ships and support craft, are typically called fleets, each portion led by a capital ship being a squadron or task force (see reference below).
A flotilla is usually commanded by a rear admiral, a commodore or a captain, depending on the importance of the command (a vice admiral would normally command a squadron). A flotilla is often divided into two or more divisions, each of which might be commanded by the most senior commander, nearly always a lieutenant at the very least. A flotilla is often, but not necessarily, a permanent formation.
In modern navies, flotillas have tended to become administrative units containing several squadrons. As warships have grown larger, the term squadron has gradually replaced the term flotilla for formations of destroyers, frigates and submarines in many navies.
A naval flotilla has no direct equivalent on land, but is, perhaps, the rough equivalent in tactical value of a brigade or regiment.
United States Coast Guard Auxiliary.
In the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, a flotilla is the basic organizational unit and consists of members at a local level where the majority of the work of the Auxiliary is done. A flotilla is led by an elected flotilla commander assisted by an elected vice flotilla commander, who is in turn assisted by appointed Flotilla staff officers. A Coast Guard auxiliary division consists of multiple flotillas and a district consists of multiple divisions. Auxiliary districts are organized along Coast Guard district lines and are administered by a Coast Guard officer (usually a commander or captain) who is called the Director of the Auxiliary.
Russian and Soviet Navies.
In the Imperial Russian Navy, Soviet Navy, and Russian Federation Navy, the word "flotilla" has tended to be used for "brown-water" naval units – those operating not on the oceans and real seas, but on inland seas or rivers. Among the former are the present-day Caspian Flotilla, the early-20th-century Satakundskaya Flotilla, or the Aral Flotilla of the 1850s; among the latter, the Don Military Flotilla (which was created several times over more than 200 years), the Dnieper Flotilla (also extant in the 18th and 20th centuries), the Red Volga Flotilla, which participated in the Kazan Operation during the Russian Civil War, and the Danube Flotilla. In the 18th century, the term also applied to the comparatively small fleets operating on those seas where Russia did not have much naval presence yet, e.g. the Okhotsk Flotilla.
Non-military usage.
The word flotilla has also been used at times to refer to a small fleet of vessels, commercial or otherwise. There is also such a thing as a flotilla holiday, in which is a group of chartered yachts that set sail together on the same route.


Jan Scruggs

Jan Craig Scruggs (born 1950) is a United States Army veteran who served in the Vietnam War, and later founded the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, which built the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Scruggs was the President of the foundation until 2015, when he retired.
Early life and military career.
Scruggs was born in Bowie, Maryland, in 1950 to James and Louise Scruggs. He was the youngest of their four children. His father drove a taxicab and delivered milk door-to-door. His mother, who had dropped out of school in the eighth grade, worked as a waitress. His parents were from Alabama, where his older siblings were born, and moved to Maryland after World War II.
Scruggs' parents divorced when he was 14 years old. His mother moved away, and his father remarried when Scruggs was in his senior year in high school. The summer after he graduated from Bowie High School, he turned 19 years old. With his parents unable to afford college and feeling awkward at home around his newly married father and step-mother, he decided to leave home. He enlisted in the U.S. Army in August 1968, having given little thought to the fact that the Vietnam War was raging.
Trained as a mortarman, Scruggs was assigned to Company D, 4th Battalion, 12th Infantry Regiment, 199th Light Infantry Brigade. His unit was sent to Vietnam in April 1969 for a one-year tour of duty. In May 1969, his unit took up duty in the Xuân Lộc District northeast of Saigon. On May 27, 1969, his unit engaged the Viet Cong in a forested area. The next day, while leaving the jungle at about 9:30 AM, a rocket-propelled grenade attack left Scruggs wounded in his back, right arm, and both legs. Scruggs spent three months in the hospital, then returned to combat duty. Scruggs received the Purple Heart Medal for wounds received in combat.
In November 1969, Scruggs was involved in another firefight with the Viet Cong. During the battle, he retrieved a weapon from the battlefield while under fire, for which he was awarded an Army Commendation Medal, with 'Valor' device.
Scruggs signed up for a second one-year tour of duty in Vietnam. His unit was still serving in the Xuân Lộc District. On January 21, 1970, 12 of his comrades were killed when three mortar rounds accidentally exploded while being unloaded from a truck. Scruggs, who was more than away, was not injured in the blast, but the image of the explosion stayed with him.
Scruggs left the Army in March 1970 as a corporal, by which time he had also received three Army Commendation Medals, as well as the medal for Valor.
Vietnam Veterans Memorial work.
Educational achievements.
After leaving the Army, Scruggs returned to Maryland, where he obtained a job as a security guard an at apartment building and enrolled briefly at Prince George's Community College.
"[V]ery disillusioned and disenchanted" (Scruggs believes he was struggling with a mild form of posttraumatic stress disorder), Scruggs had difficulty adjusting to civilian life again. He quit his job and school, bought a motorcycle, and spent a year roaming the country, drinking heavily. During this time, he and another friend and veteran spent five months roaming southern California, drinking, goofing off, and visiting Native American reservations.
Returning to Maryland, Scruggs enrolled at American University in Washington, D.C. He met Becky Fishman at a 7-Eleven store late one night. They married in 1974. Scruggs received his bachelor's degree from American University in 1975. He then enrolled in the graduate program in psychology, researching posttraumatic stress disorder. He received his master's degree in 1977.
Beginning in 1977, Scruggs began working as an investigator in the equal opportunity employment office at the United States Department of Labor. He was recognized as an expert on posttraumatic stress disorder, and testified before Congress on the issue.
Conceiving and building the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.
In March 1979, Scruggs and his wife went to see "The Deer Hunter", a drama about three friends whose experiences in the Vietnam War leave them badly emotionally scarred. That night, Scruggs began drinking and brooding over the film. About 3:00 AM, he began having flashbacks, particularly about the mortar truck accident that killed 12 of his friends. Toward dawn, the idea of a memorial with the names of American servicemembers who had died in the Vietnam War flashed into his mind. Scruggs told his wife about the idea the next morning. "I was a little worried about his mental health," she later said. "I wondered if he'd gone off the deep end." She also feared that he would pour their life savings into the idea, and leave them penniless.
Scruggs first raised the idea of a memorial at a local meeting of the Vietnam Veterans of America (VVA) shortly thereafter. He proposed an obelisk high, erected without government funds, with the names of the dead inscribed on it. His idea was strongly opposed. Some felt the idea naive, while others argued it would distract the organization from winning better benefits for veterans.
Scruggs announced the formation of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (VVMF) on May 28, 1979, the start of Vietnam Veterans Week (a commemorative occasion organized by the VVA). He asked for and received permission from the Department of Labor for a week off to devote to his project. Scruggs soon quit his government job, spending 11 hours a day, six days a week running the VVMF. His wife, an administrative assistant for the Paralyzed Veterans of America, became the sole breadwinner in the family. After two months, Scruggs had raised just $144.50. About this time, CBS News weekend and weekday substitute anchorman Roger Mudd aired a report on the "CBS Evening News" ridiculing the fundraising effort. Mudd's brief report was used as material by late-night comedians.
Mudd's report, however, also raised the VVMF's profile, and soon Scruggs was raising thousands of dollars (most of the donations in the $5 and $10 range). Chuck Hagel, then deputy administrator of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, became an early backer of the project, helping to steer even more donors the VVMF's way. John P. Wheeler III also saw the CBS News report. Wheeler, a Vietnam War veteran and attorney who led the drive to erect the Southeast Asia Memorial at the United States Military Academy (West Point), agreed to join the VVMF on a volunteer basis and help coordinate legislation, public relations and fundraising drive. Other graduates of West Point were crucial including Robert M Kimmitt, who later became the U.S. Ambassador to Germany. Scruggs gives credit for success of the endeavor to the graduates of West Point who volunteered their services and advice.
Over the next two years, Scruggs raised more than $8 million from private donors. He spearheaded the VVMF's legislative effort to get Congress to authorize the memorial and approve its location on the National Mall, and he shepherded the memorial's controversial design past the United States Commission of Fine Arts and other federal and local agencies. The work transformed Scruggs, says his wife, who "went from being a passive person to a very intense, ambitious man." Although Scruggs sometimes fell into a deep depression due to the constant criticism of the memorial effort and the memorial's design, he overcame the depression by calling up the memory of his 12 dead friends and by reading letters to the foundation written by veterans and their families.
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled on November 13, 1982. He was interviewed in the book "Boots on the ground" by Elizabeth partridge, where he talked about his experience in the war and in the making of the wall.
Post-Memorial work.
Scruggs left the VVMF in 1985 to pursue other challenges. He sought a career as a corporate lobbyist, but found no one willing to hire him despite his success with the memorial. In the fall of 1987, Scruggs enrolled at the University of Maryland School of Law, graduating with a JD degree in 1990.
Unwilling to join a law firm and be managed by supervisors 15 years his junior, Scruggs rejoined the VVMF and began raising funds to celebrate the memorial's tenth anniversary. Although most memorial foundations fold once the memorial they support is completed, Scruggs made the decision to keep the VVMF going. In part, he was motivated by the neglect of the District of Columbia War Memorial, a structure on the National Mall which commemorates those individuals from the District of Columbia who lost their lives serving in World War I. Scruggs did not want the Vietnam Veterans Memorial to fall into disrepair, and felt that a strong VVMF would help avoid that. He and the Board of VVMF took note of groups like Friends of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial who were attempting to use the Memorial for sales of T-shirts.
In 2008, Scruggs underwent surgery to have a damaged valve in his heart replaced with an artificial one. Two years later, while driving home from a meeting in Richmond, Virginia, he passed out at the wheel of his automobile and ran off the road onto the shoulder. The artificial valve had become infected, and the infection caused him to black out. He underwent surgery again a short time later, replacing the artificial valve with a biological valve taken from a pig's heart.
Scruggs advocated for an "education center" to be built next to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. His concern was that too few younger Americans knew much about the Vietnam War, and the memorial did little to educate them about the war or veterans' issues. By 2015, the VVMF had raised $27 million to build the education center, although Scruggs felt that millions more would be needed to complete and endow it. The current estimate is in the range of $100 million. Scruggs' tactics were successful, but created controversy among purists on the Mall issues. He remains hopeful that the center will find funding.
Retirement.
Scruggs retired from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund at the end of June 2015. He told the newspaper "Stars and Stripes" that he intended to stay involved in charitable work. He is an advocate of a post-911 memorial, and is an advisor to the Global War on Terror Memorial Foundation. He also said he would indulge his hobbies of sailing, hiking, and skeet shooting. Scruggs was appointed Chairman of the National Appeals Board for Selective Service by President Obama on July 3, 2012.
He serves on the Vietnam War Commemoration administered by the Secretary of Defense. He also serves on the board of advisors of the Code of Support Foundation, a nonprofit military services organization.
He occasionally writes for "Vietnam Magazine", "Army Times" and the "New York Times".
Book, awards and film.
In 1983, Scruggs received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given annually by Jefferson Awards for Public Service.
In 1985, Scruggs published a memoir titled "To Heal a Nation". The book was made into a 1988 television film, with Eric Roberts as Scruggs and Glynnis O'Connor as his wife, Becky.


James Carroll Fox

James Carroll Fox (November 6, 1928 – March 23, 2019) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina.
Education and career.
Born in Atchison, Kansas, Fox received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of North Carolina in 1950, and was in the United States Army from 1951 to 1959. He then received a Juris Doctor from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1957, serving as a law clerk to Judge Donnell Gilliam of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina from 1957 to 1958. He was in private practice in Wilmington, North Carolina, from 1958 to 1982, and was also a county attorney of New Hanover County, North Carolina from 1967 to 1981.
Federal judicial service.
On September 14, 1982, Fox was nominated by President Ronald Reagan to a new United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 29, 1982, and received his commission on September 30, 1982. He served as Chief Judge from 1990 to 1997, and assumed senior status on January 31, 2001. Fox retired into inactive senior status on March 31, 2017, meaning that while he remained a federal judge, he no longer heard cases or participated in the business of the court. He died on March 23, 2019 in Wilmington, North Carolina.


50th Royal Tank Regiment

The 50th Royal Tank Regiment (50 RTR) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Tank Regiment during the Second World War. It was part of the Royal Tank Regiment, itself part of the Royal Armoured Corps.
It was originally formed as a duplicate of the 44th Royal Tank Regiment, a Territorial Army unit itself newly converted from 6th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment.


Military ranks of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces

The military ranks of Brunei are the military insignia used by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces. Given its history the rank insignia follow the former British influence with adaptations for Brunei conditions, the RBAF having started as an infantry regiment with air and naval assets. The rank insignia used today, through, are similar to those used in Malaysia.
Commissioned Officers.
The following are the rank insignia for commissioned officers for army, navy and air force respectively.
Enlisted.
Unlike most Commonwealth armed forces, Brunei has maintained 4 warrant officer ranks, used in conjunction with the standard Commonwealth NCO and enlisted personnel and ratings ranks. The following are the rank insignia for enlisted personnel for the army, navy and air force respectively.


Blue Division Medal (Germany)

The Spanish Volunteer Medal formally known as the Commemorative Medal for Spanish Volunteers in the Struggle Against Bolshevism " (German: Erinnerungsmedaille für die spanischen Freiwilligen im Kampf gegen den Bolschewismus)", commissioned 3 January 1944, was awarded by the Third Reich to recognize the men of the Blue Division who served at the Russian front during World War II. This force, attached to the Heer of the Wehrmacht, known as the 250th Infantry Division (span.), was in total composed of 47,000 men, sent by Francisco Franco to aid the Third Reich, as a way to pay back Adolf Hitler's help during the Spanish Civil War.
Members of the Blue Division also received the Medalla de la Campaña de Rusia from the Spanish government.
Description.
This medal was made by Deschler & Sohn in Munich, which marked the ring with the number "1" as their own medal maker mark. The ribbon is similar to the Iron Cross Second Class but with a yellow stripe in the middle to represent the Spanish flag. The obverse has a German Army helmet above two shields which show the Wehrmacht eagle and the Falange symbol, the two shields in front of a sword, with a swastika flanked by laurel leaves below. On the reverse is the inscription "División Española de Voluntarios en Rusia" and at the bottom the Iron Cross underneath laurel leaves.


Champion Hill Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Champion Hill of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization, returns of casualties and reports.
Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana.
LTG John C. Pemberton