Keweenaw Peninsula

The Keweenaw Peninsula ( , sometimes locally /ˈkiːvənɔː/) is the northernmost part of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. It projects into Lake Superior and was the site of the first copper boom in the United States, leading to its moniker of "Copper Country." As of the 2000 census, its population was roughly 43,200. Its major industries are now logging and tourism, as well as jobs related to Michigan Technological University and Finlandia University.
Geology.
The ancient lava flows of the Keweenaw Peninsula were produced during the Mesoproterozoic Era as a part of the Midcontinent Rift between 1.096 and 1.087 billion years ago. This volcanic activity produced the only strata on Earth where large-scale economically recoverable 97 percent pure native copper is found.
Much of the native copper found in the Keweenaw comes in either the form of cavity fillings on lava flow surfaces, which has a ”lacy” consistency, or as "float" copper, which is found as a solid mass. Copper ore may occur within conglomerate or breccia as void or interclast fillings. The conglomerate layers occur as interbedded units within the volcanic pile.
The Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royale, formed by the Midcontinent Rift System, are the only sites in the United States with evidence of prehistoric aboriginal mining of copper. Artifacts made from this copper by these ancient Indians were traded as far south as present-day Alabama. These areas are also the unique location where chlorastrolite, the state gem of Michigan, can be found.
The northern end of the peninsula is sometimes referred to as Copper Island (or "Kuparisaari" by Finnish immigrants), although this term is becoming less common. It is separated from the rest of the peninsula by the Keweenaw Waterway, a natural waterway which was dredged and expanded in the 1860s across the peninsula between the cities of Houghton (named for Douglass Houghton) on the south side and Hancock on the north.
A Keweenaw Water Trail has been established around Copper Island. The Water Trail stretches approximately and can be paddled in five to ten days, depending on weather and water conditions.
The Keweenaw Fault runs fairly lengthwise through both Keweenaw and neighboring Houghton counties. This ancient geological slip has given rise to cliffs. U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) and Brockway Mountain Drive, north of Calumet, were constructed along the cliff line.
Climate.
Lake Superior significantly controls the climate of the Keweenaw Peninsula, keeping winters milder than those in surrounding areas. Spring is cool and brief, transitioning into a summer with highs near . Fall begins in September, with winter beginning in mid-November.
The peninsula receives copious amounts of lake-effect snow from Lake Superior. Official records are maintained close to the base of the peninsula in Hancock, Michigan, where the annual snowfall average is about . Farther north, in a community called Delaware, an unofficial average of about is maintained. At Delaware, the record snowfall for one season was in 1979. Averages over certainly occur in the higher elevations closer to the tip of the peninsula.
History.
Beginning as early as seven thousand years ago and apparently peaking around 3000 B.C., Native Americans dug copper from the southern shore of Lake Superior. This development was possible in large part because, in this region, large deposits of copper were easily accessible in surface rock and from shallow diggings. Native copper could be found as large nuggets and wiry masses. Copper as a resource for functional tooling achieved popularity around 3000 B.C., during the Middle Archaic Stage. The focus of copper working seems to have gradually shifted from functional tools to ornamental objects by the Late Archaic Stage c. 1200 B.C. Native Americans would build a fire to heat the rock around and over a copper mass and, after heating, pour on cold water to crack the rock. The copper was then pounded out, using rock hammers and stone chisels.
The Keweenaw's rich deposits of copper (and some silver) were extracted on an industrial scale beginning around the middle of the 19th century. The industry grew through the latter part of the century and employed thousands of people well into the 20th century. Hard rock mining in the region ceased in 1967 though copper sulfide deposits continued for some time after in Ontonagon. This vigorous industry created a need for educated mining professionals and directly led in 1885 to the founding of the Michigan Mining School (now Michigan Technological University) in Houghton. Although MTU discontinued its undergraduate mining engineering program in 2006, the university continues to offer engineering degrees in a variety of other disciplines. (In 2012 mining engineering was restarted in the re-formed Department of Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences.)
Running concurrently with the mining boom in the Keweenaw was the white pine lumber boom. Trees were cut for timbers for mine shafts, to heat the communities around the large copper mines, and to help build a growing nation. Much of the logging at the time was done in winter due to the ease of operability with the snow. Due to the logging practices at that time, the forest of the Keweenaw looks much different today from 100 years ago.
US 41 terminates in the northern Keweenaw at the Michigan State Park housing Fort Wilkins. US 41 was the so-called "Military Trail" that started in Chicago in the 1900s and ended in the Keweenaw wilderness. The restored fort has numerous exhibits.
For detailed information on the region's mineralogical history, see the virtual tour of the peninsula written by the Mineralogical Society of America, found in "External links" on this page. Information on the geological formations of the region are also detailed.
From 1964 to 1971, the University of Michigan and Michigan Technological University cooperated with NASA and the U.S. Navy to run the Keweenaw Rocket launch site.
Communities.
A partial list of towns in the Keweenaw Peninsula:


Ortiz Mountains

The Ortiz Mountains are a mountain range in northern New Mexico, United States, in Santa Fe County, northeast of the Sandia Mountains and due north of the San Pedro Mountains. The Ortiz include Placer Peak, the highest peak in the range at 8,858 feet, Lone Mountain at 7,310 feet, Cedar Mountain at 7,041 feet, Cerro Chato at 6,965 feet, and the foothills known as the Los Lomas de la Bolsa.
Geology.
The Ortiz Mountains are on the east side of the Rio Grande Rift, with the Santa Domingo Basin and Hagan Basin of the rift to their west, with the Sandia uplift to the southwest, and the Espanola Basin and the Estancia Basin to the east. They form part of the watershed boundary between the Rio Grande and the Pecos River.
The Ortiz Mountains are part of the larger Ortiz porphyry belt of Santa Fe County, and consist of late Eocene to early Oligocene intrusive igneous rocks and their sedimentary host rock. Other members of the Ortiz porphyry belt are South Mountain, the San Pedro Mountains and the Cerrillos Hills. These porphyry intrusions were followed by movement on the Tijeras-Canoncito fault and later mid Oligocene (31.4–27.9 ma) intrusions of stocks and dikes with mineralization including both base and precious metals.
History.
Placer mining for gold in the Ortiz Mountains was carried out by the early Spanish using Indian slave labor, but the first significant placer workings began in 1821. The underground Ortiz Mine was opened in 1822. By 1832, several gold-bearing veins had been discovered. The first gold lode mine in the West was in the Ortiz, as well as the first railroad in New Mexico. The gold separation mill was the work of Thomas Edison. But following World War I, mining costs had risen and the low grade ores and relative lack of water resulted in the last mines being closed.
In 1973, Consolidated Gold Fields opened an open pit on the Cunningham Hill deposit, the same deposit that the Ortiz Mine had worked. Using the heap and leach method, they extracted approximately 250,000 ounces of gold before closing in 1986. A joint venture of LAC Minerals and Pegasus Gold Corporation did exploratory work beginning in 1989 primarily investigating the Carache Canyon and Lucas Canyon deposits. They did open a new adit into the Carache Canyon deposit, but stopped after 1719 feet due to regulatory issues, lawsuits and a declining gold price.
Ecology.
Precipitation averages twelve inches per year. The lowest elevations are "Artemisia" shrublands, known as sagebrush steppe, which give way to piñon-juniper woodlands at higher elevations.
Ortiz Mountains Educational Preserve.
The Ortiz Mountains Educational Preserve (OMEP) opened to the public in 2003. The 1,350-acre reserve was created as settlement of a lawsuit by residents against Lac Minerals. It is owned by Santa Fe County and managed by the Santa Fe Botanical Garden.


Ebelyakh diamond mine

The Ebelyakh mine is one of the largest diamond mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in the Sakha Republic. The mine has estimated reserves of 25.1 million carats of diamonds and an annual production capacity of 1.5 million carats.


Tayan mine

The Tayan mine is a large mine located in the eastern part of Indonesia in West Kalimantan. Tayan represents one of the largest bauxite reserve in Indonesia and one of the largest in Asia, having estimated reserves of 115.8 million tonnes.


Harrison Mills, British Columbia

Harrison Mills, formerly Carnarvon and also Harrison River, is an agricultural farming and tourism-based community in the District of Kent west of Agassiz, British Columbia. The community is a part of the Fraser Valley Regional District. Harrison Mills is home to the British Columbia Heritage Kilby Museum and Campground.
History.
First Nations history.
Harrison Bay is the home of the Scowlitz (Scaulits) people, whose main reserve is on the bay's western shore, across from Harrison Mills, and also of the Sts'Ailes or Chehalis people, whose reserve is located on the north side of the bay along the lower Harrison River and around that river's confluence with its tributary, the Chehalis. The Scowlitz and Chehalis peoples once had large and famously-carved longhouse villages, long since destroyed by the encouragement of missionaries . An archaeological site on the Harrison Mills side of the bay, the Scowlitz Mounds, also known as the Fraser Valley Pyramids, is under investigation by Simon Fraser University and the Scowlitz First Nation and represent an unusual period in the anthropological and cultural history of the Fraser Valley. The Scowlitz are Halqemeylem-speaking and are part of the cultural group, while the Sts'ailes (Chehalis) identify themselves separately and speak a dialect of Halqemeylem that has similarities with the Lower Lillooet River dialect of St'at'imcets (Ucwalmicwts).
The dialect spoken by the Sts'Ailes, whose name means "beating heart", includes the word "sesqac", which is the source of the English word "sasquatch". The vicinity of Harrison Bay, Harrison Mills and the lower Harrison River is reputed to have the greatest number and density of sasquatch sightings worldwide. The sasquatch is the emblem of the Chehalis First Nation and is sacred in Sts'Ailes culture.
The opening of Fort Langley in 1827 downriver began changing the traditional patterns of life for the Scowlitz and Chehalis by the introduction of new goods and also an end to raids by the Euclataws Kwakwaka'wakw (Southern Kwakiutl) of Cape Mudge and other northern coastal tribes.
Settlement and colonization.
1859–1914.
In 1859, Governor James Douglas named the meeting place of the Harrison and Fraser rivers "Carnarvon" in honour of Henry Herbert Molyneux, the fourth Earl of Carnarvon. At the time of its naming, the town consisted of one crude hotel. Partly because of this, the name never caught on and the town-to-be never grew as hoped. For a time, official maps of the area duly recorded the name as "Carnarvon" but almost all newspapers and diaries referred to it as Harrisonmouth.
In just a few weeks, during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858, 30,000 men travelled up the Fraser River to the Fraser Canyon, upstream from Hope. Many stopped along the way, with sandbars along the Fraser near Harrison Mills and throughout the Fraser Valley turned over by prospectors. Gold was found around Harrison Mills and as far downstream as the present site of Mission, but extraction was profitable only above Hope.
The valuable Douglas Fir timber of the Chehalis River and area was prized early on—the Canadian Pacific Railway used cants from the area for bridge timbers. A large steel CPR bridge, swing type, was built to cross the Harrison River at Harrison Mills in 1885 (the bridge was doubled in 1913). The first settlers of note, and perhaps the most important, were Captain William Menten and his wife Emma who arrived in 1890. Emma Menten became the owner of the aforementioned hotel that had been expanded over the years. The next prominent family to arrive was that of Charles Fenn Pretty who built a spacious lodge in 1903. Finally, Joseph Martin built a large sawmill in 1892 beside the railway. The construction of this mill would move the townsite away from "Lot 10A" which was bordered on all sides by the Scowlitz reserve and towards Harrison Bay, a move that would have significant repercussions.
It was at this time that Emma Menten moved her store from "Lot 10A" to a site immediately east of the Martin mill in order to compete with a new store by the railway opened by Laurie and David Galbraith. Meanwhile, Captain Menten built a small sternwheeler called the "Minto" to carry passengers between Chilliwack and Harrison Mills. This increased the traffic coming across the Fraser River from Chilliwack and spurred business in the town.
Quite suddenly, two new mills were constructed: a shingle mill, which would remain in operation until 1942, and a larger sawmill that replaced the old Martin mill, bought by the Tretheweys. James Trethewey sr. was an ambitious man with big plans for the enterprise. In November 1899, the Harrison River Mills Timber and Trading Company was incorporated. Trethewey planned to run the business jointly with his two sons, as well as Thomas Jackson of Chilliwack, T.A. Cuddy and Frank Boyd. With these mills came a large influx of people. A school and church were built in 1901 to meet the needs of the expanding town. (Before this, children had to cross the river by boat to go to school. This is how Maud Menten, perhaps Harrison Mills most famous resident, was educated.)
In June 1903, the Tretheweys decided to sell half-interest in their mill to the Rat Portage Lumber Company but before the contracts could be signed and the cheque handed over, a fire swept through the millsite, destroying the buildings, machinery and lumber. The company's losses were estimated at $50,000 above its insurance coverage. As a result of this, the Rat Portage company bought the entire holdings of the Tretheweys in October 1903. When the new mill was opened in 1909, it was one of BC's largest sawmills. The Chilliwack Progress estimated the mill's daily capacity at 100,000 to 150,000 feet.
It was in these adjoining years of relative inactivity in the sawmill that Thomas and Eliza Kilby built and opened their famous store. They bought the two adjoining lots from Emma and Robert (son) Menton in 1906, building in two stages. The store itself was built in 1906, while the hotel was built in 1907, doubling the size of the building. In direct competition was the Rat Portage store and boarding house, built only six months after the T. Kilby General Store opened.
In 1910, a blow was struck to the business in Harrison Mills. The B.C. Electric Line opened on October 3, 1910, serving passengers going between Chilliwack and New Westminster. Much of the town's business at that point was Chilliwack residents wanting to travel by rail, but after construction, westbound travelers would switch to the new route. On October 10, 1910, Eliza Kilby closed the hotel, leaving it open as a boarding house for many years. Finally, the CNR was opened in 1915 passing through Chilliwack, offering a direct route to eastern Canada. Harrison Mills' role as a traffic junction was completely finished.
1914–1950.
The outbreak of war in 1914 delayed all chance of recovery. Somewhat surprisingly, the government stationed a ten-man bridge guard from the Duke of Connaught's Own Rifles at Harrison Mills for the duration of the war. They were stationed as a security precaution against sabotage to the CPR line, the vital transcontinental link.
The end of the war brought demands for improvement and development. There was an expectation that the Rat Portage mill would be opening once more and transform the town into a busy commercial centre once again. The company began to make plans early in 1921, when they offered to buy land from Thomas Kilby. However, it ultimately decided to pull out of the town altogether, to concentrate on its mill in Vancouver. The machinery was sold and the buildings left vacant, until a fire in 1930 claimed most of what was left. The fire was so intense that the railway had to be closed for a day, delaying Prime Minister Mackenzie King himself in Agassiz while repairs were made.
However, the old shingle mill continued to run and employ a fair number of people. But despite this, the town settled back into a quiet farming existence.
Through the 1920s, the main concern of residents was the construction of a major highway connection. After a strong showing on behalf of residents of Harrison Mills in 1912, the Kent Municipal Council decided to construct the road over Mount Woodside and through the Harrison Mills floodplain. However, it was not until twelve years later that the construction was started. In 1924, the project began after numerous petitions by Acton Kilby (son of Thomas and Eliza who was by now running the store). Upon completion, the road was not as useful as hoped. It took Acton Kilby four and a half hours to drive to Vancouver.
The next major issue was dyking along the Harrison and Fraser Rivers. In 1921, Thomas Kilby began to recruit his neighbours to sign a petition to the Municipality of Kent urging construction. However, a rival petition circulated by James Duncan upset the Kilby petition and he did not manage to collect the necessary 51% of the property owners. By 1925, the farmers had organized in a committee that constructed a private dyke that consisted of a 3' wall from the Bateson Slough to the CPR tracks at the Harrison Mills railway station.
Geography.
Harrison Mills is located on a floodplain at the western foot of Mount Woodside at the outlet of Harrison Bay, a large lake-like backwater of the Harrison River just before that river's confluence with the Fraser.
See also.
Canadian Pacific Railway in BC
Kilby Provincial Park


Vorkutaugol


Bhuli, India

Bhuli is a neighbourhood in Dhanbad in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand state, India.
Overview.
It is the largest worker colony in Asia. Town is managed by Bharat Coking Coal Limited(BCCL). Majority of the population works in BCCL. There are more than 6,000 BCCL quarters. Maintenance work of quarters and road is undertaken by BTA, Bhuli.
History.
Bhuli township was constructed in 1951 by The Coal Mines Welfare Organisation (CMWO) under the Ministry of Labour to provide housing facilities to miners. Bhuli is divided into are 5 blocks. Initially it consist only three blocks and was under the management of Coal Mines Labour Welfare Organization of the Central Government. These three blocks were transferred to BCCL in 1986. Two new blocks were constructed in 1978 directly under the control of BCCL.
Geography.
Location.
Bhuli is located at .
Bhuli, earlier a census town, was combined with other urban units to form Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2006.
Bhuli is spread over parts of Ward Nos. 14, 15 and 16 of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.
Overview.
The region shown in the map is a part of the undulating uplands bustling with coalmines in the lowest rung of the Chota Nagpur Plateau. The entire area shown in the map is under Dhanbad Municipal Corporation, except Belgaria which is under Baliapur (community development block). The places in the DMC area are marked as neighbourhoods. The DMC area shown in the map is around the core area of Dhanbad city. Another major area of DMC is shown in the map of the southern portion of the district. A small stretch of DMC, extending up to Katras is shown in the map of the western portion. The region is fully urbanised. Jharia (community development block) has been merged into DMC. Three operational areas of BCCL operate fully within the region – Sijua Area, Kusunda Area and Bastacola Area.
Demographics.
 India census, Bhuli had a population of 89,584. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Bhuli has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 71% and female literacy of 55%. 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Markets.
There are three main markets in the township. These are D-Block Market (D-Block), New Market (E-Block) and Shakti Market(D- Block Road) shop like.. apsara vastralaya and Sibu market-Shyam nagar.
Hospitals & Banks.
There are two regional Hospital of BCCL in C- Block and D- Block for free health check-up (for BCCL employees and dependents) and other private Hospital in Bhuli D Block shakti market. Bhuli has a branch of the Bank of India, State Bank of India and a branch of UCO Bank. Apart from that ICICI Bank, AXIS Bank, Bank of India and State Bank of India have ATMs in Bhuli.
Transport.
Bhuli is well connected to Dhanbad city through road and railway. Most of the (local) passenger trains stop here.
Religious harmony.
Bhuli witness a religious harmony among Hindus and Muslims. The tradition of celebrating Durga Puja was started by a Muslim man Abdul Majid Khan. Similarly a tradition to celebrate Muharram was started by a Hindu man Sudhir Mukherjee. Residents claim that Bhuli has never witnessed any communal problems since 1949.


Hidili Industry International Development Limited

Hidili Industry International Development Limited (; ), in short form Hidili Industry or Hidili, founded in 2000, is a civilian-run enterprise in Mainland China. It is engaged in the productions of coal and coke and coal-related chemicals in Sichuan province and Guizhou Province. It was listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 21 September 2007. The founder and the chairman of the company is Mr. Xian Yang, a former policeman in Sichuan province.
History.
Before being listing in Hong Kong Stock Exchange, there was an advertisement in a Hong Kong newspaper, which claimed to sell Hidili's stocks to the public personally. Hidili later denied this advertisement. But according to Hong Kong law, it is illegal to sell the stocks of unlisted companies.
Hidili was listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 21 September 2007. The closed price on the first trading day was HK$12.12, which was 77% greater than its IPO price, HK$6.83, but it reached about 150 P/E ratio.
On 16 October 2007, the Baring Private Equity Asia III Holding (5A) Limited, one of the shareholders which held 11% of Hidili shares, announced to sell all shares at the price between HK$13.58 and HK$14.32 via UBS. There were some worries that the share price was abnormally high currently.


Montreal, Wisconsin

Montreal is a city in Iron County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 807 at the 2010 census. The neighborhood of Gile is part of the city; however, it still has its own post office and ZIP code: 54525. Like Gile, the former unincorporated community of Germania has also been annexed by the city.
History.
Montreal was originally incorporated as the Village of Hamilton, on or about 1917, and was the first village formed in Iron County.
Montreal, as it was named upon its incorporation as a city on April 1, 1924, was named for the Montreal Mining Company, which had several copper and iron ore mines in the area during the late 1800s. During the early 1900s, miners settled near the mine shaft and leased the land from the mining company. However, in 1918, in order to retain workers, the company initiated a program that rented pre-fabricated homes to miners. The Montreal Company Location Historic District, which includes several of these company town houses, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as a national example of industrial community planning. The ore deposits left from Montreal's mining days can still be seen from Wisconsin Highway 77.
Neighborhoods.
Gile.
Gile is a neighborhood of Montreal which was once its own unincorporated community. It was named for Gordon H. Gile, a local mine owner. The community originally developed as a sawmill village. Even though it is part of Montreal, Gile has its own post office with ZIP code: 54525. Gile is located to the east-southeast of Montreal, along the Gile Flowage, a shallow lake formed by a dam on the West Fork of the Montreal River.
Germania.
Germania is another neighborhood of Montreal, which at one time was its own rail depot/unincorporated community along the railroad line that used to pass through Montreal.
Geography.
Montreal is located at (46.429081, -90.238845).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.
Demographics.
2010 census.
As of the census of 2010, there were 807 people, 364 households, and 228 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 479 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White, 1.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.4% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 364 households, of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.77.
The median age in the city was 43.4 years. 23% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 33.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.
2000 census.
As of the census of 2000, there were 838 people, 378 households, and 230 families residing in the city. The population density was 373.9 people per square mile (144.4/km2). There were 487 housing units at an average density of 217.3 per square mile (83.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.69% White, 0.36% Native American, 0.12% Asian, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population. 28.3% were of Italian, 16.1% Finnish, 12.4% Polish and 10.8% German ancestry according to Census 2000.
There were 378 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.86.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,219, and the median income for a family was $35,625. Males had a median income of $28,625 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,097. About 5.8% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.


Orissa School of Mining Engineering, Keonjhar

The Orissa(Odisha) School of Engineering(OSME ,KEONJHAR) is a state govt. run higher education institute started in the year of 1956 for focusing on the education & research of Mining Engineering . Subsequently, the institute introduced engineering diploma in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Drilling Engineering & Metallurgical Engineering . Also it introduced a degree engineering course in the year of 1995. But in the year of 2012 it was separated from it & renamed as Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar.
History.
Orissa (Odisha) School of Mining Engineering (OSME), Keonjhar was initially started under Department of Industries, Government of Odisha in 1956 offering Diploma education in Mining Engineering. That time it was the only college of Eastern Region(India) offering Mining Engineering. Then in the year 1986-88 the institute introduced Mechanical,Electrical & Drilling Engineering to its curriculum. Subsequently, in the year of 1992 the Metallurgical Engineering added with the endowment from World Bank Assisted Project. A new curriculum added as the Degree Stream of Engineering in 1995 with named Orissa School of Mining Engineering(Degree Stream), Keonjhar. With the help from SCTE&VT in 2010 the institution diversified by adding Civil Engineering.
Campus.
The campus of the institution is placed in Keonjhar town with 44 acres of land surrounded by green hills. It is 1 km away from N.H. 215 and 3 km from N.H. no.6. The nearest railway station is Keonjhargarh railway station (6 km) & nearest airport is in Bhubaneswar. It is located centrally from all important cities of Odisha.
Admission procedure.
The students are admitted through DET(Diploma Entrance Test) conducted by SCTE&VT, Odisha. There is also provision of Lateral Entry of 20% of sanctioned intake for lateral entry rank holders(ITI & +2 Sc. holders) for admission directly to the third Semester in their respective branch of study as per the SCTE&VT guidelines.
Training & Placement.
The Vocational Training is organised for each semester of Mining & Drilling Engineering students in various core industries. OSME assures students for campus placement at Industries in India & abroad. The industries are like OSIL, Keonjhar, TATA STEEL, JSL, JSW, JSPL, L&T, IMFA, ESSEL MINING, VETCO,SINGAPORE & MESCO LTD. etc.


Copper Range Company

The Copper Range Company was a major copper-mining company in the Copper Country of Michigan, United States. It began as the Copper Range Company in the late 19th century as a holding company specializing in shares in the copper mines south of Houghton, Michigan. The company was bought by Louisiana Land and Exploration in 1977.
Amygdaloid native copper mining.
Copper Range controlled through share ownership the Copper Range Railroad and the Baltic Mining Company. The Copper Range Railroad served much of the southern part of the Copper Country, and the Baltic Mining Company owned the copper mine at Baltic, Michigan.
In 1901, the Copper Range Company, prevented by Michigan law from issuing more shares of stock, incorporated a new entity in New Jersey, the Copper Range Consolidated Company. Copper Range Consolidated used its new shares to get control of more copper mining companies by stock swaps. It gained half the stock in the Champion mine. The company swapped shares to acquire nearly all the shares of the Trimountain mine, which had been misrun by its principals, Thomas W. Lawson and Albert C. Burrage. Copper Range came to own nearly all the copper mines south of Portage Lake, just as the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company owned nearly all the mines north of Portage Lake.
The Copper Range properties mined copper in the form of native copper in stratiform orebodies in the flow tops of Precambrian basalt lava flows. The ore horizons are known locally as amygdaloids, after the amygdaloidal-shaped gas bubbles in the lavas that filled with minerals.
Copper Range shut down the Champion mine, its last operating native copper property, in 1967.
White Pine mine.
Copper Range spun off its wholly owned subsidiary White Pine Copper Co., which in 1955 opened the White Pine mine at the south end of the copper belt, at White Pine, Michigan, Ontonagon County. The White Pine mine contained a large stratiform body of chalcocite-impregnated siltstone and shale of the Precambrian Nonesuch Shale Formation. The ore also contained native copper, usually as individual grains but often as sheets several feet long. The White Pine mine produced copper until 1995.
In its early days it was known for its use of advanced mining and transport systems (not all of which worked very well) including the Dashaveyor, a high speed transportation system, and what was at the time the world's largest hard rock tunneling machine to be sold to a mining company. It was also one of the earlier mines to use rubber tired mining equipment on a large scale. An interesting sidelight was that about 70% of the workforce was of Finnish descent, which in some ways was not surprising given the similarity between the countryside around the mine and rural Finland.
Louisiana Land and Exploration bought Copper Range in 1977, then sold the operation to Echo Bay Mines Limited in 1983. Echo Bay sold the operation to the employees in 1985 but kept part of the milling circuit. In this transaction 70% of the shares went into an ESOP (Employees Stock Option Plan) and the remaining 30% were held by Mine Management Resources. It was at this time that an attempt was made to obtain a stock exchange listing, but it failed due to a variety of factors, including the move of mining into areas in which royalties had to be paid e.g. to AMAX in the south west area, the general decrepitude of the mining machinery and not least the start of a general crushing of the pillars and collapse in the centrally worked out areas, which was at least partially stopped by wrapping pillars with conveyor belt and old haulage rope to stabilize them. The employees subsequently sold Copper Range to Metall Mining Corporation (shortly to rename itself Inmet Mining) in 1989. After a fruitless attempt to put the mine back into profit again, Inmet closed it in 1995. Proposals to carry on mining by sulfuric acid leaching were considered but these were shelved in 1997. The mine was allowed to flood and reclamation work started. The refinery continues to operate however, and is now owned by HudBay Minerals.


Robert Chisholm Robertson

Robert Chisholm Robertson (1861 - March 1930) was a Scottish political activist.
Born in Limerigg, then in Stirlingshire, Robertson started working in a coal mine at the age of eight, but after the Mines Regulation Act 1872 prohibited children working underground, he returned to school. He returned to mining aged thirteen, and through studying at night school, he and his brother both obtained mine manager's certificates. His brother later became superintendent of mines for Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak, while Chisholm Robertson turned to trade unionism. In 1886, he was elected as the first secretary of the Forth and Clyde Valley Miners' Association, serving until 1896, and also President of the Scottish Miners' National Association. He was on the first executive of the Miners Federation of Great Britain, founded in 1889, while in 1894, he was the founding secretary of the Scottish Miners' Federation. Robertson co-authored an influential labour programme with Keir Hardie in the first issue of "The Miner", used in his Mid Lanarkshire by-election campaign, but he fell out with Hardie two years later, accusing him of neglecting mining issues at the expense of supporting seamen.
Chisholm Robertson was also active on Glasgow Trades Council, and was the secretary of the Scottish United Trades Councils Labour Party. He stood for the party in Stirlingshire at the 1892 general election, but was not elected, taking only 663 votes. The following year, he was the party's delegate to the founding conference of the Independent Labour Party, and he was elected to the new organisation's first National Administrative Council. In the mid-1890s, Robert Smillie successfully challenged him for the secretaryship of the local Miners' Association, prompting Robertson to emigrate to Australia.
Robertson returned from Australia and started a business in Glasgow, using his spare time to write in support of Christian fundamentalism and arguing that trade unions should avoid all potentially political issues. Even after his retirement, he continued to write letters to newspapers attacking Smillie.


Scots Mining Company House

The Scots Mining Company House, also known as Woodlands Hall, is an early-18th-century mansion house in Leadhills, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. The house was built around 1736 for the manager of the Leadhills mines, which were owned by the Earl of Hopetoun. Its design has been attributed to the architect William Adam.
The house is now a category A listed building. The garden, which is largely unchanged since it was laid out in the 18th century, is included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.
History.
Lead and silver have been mined at Leadhills in the Southern Uplands for centuries. In the 17th century, Sir James Hope (1614–1661) married Anne, daughter of Robert Foulis of Leadhills, and the mines subsequently passed to his descendants the Earls of Hopetoun. The Scots Mining Company, formally The Governor and Company for Working the Mines and Minerals in that part of North Britain called Scotland, was formed by a London-based group of Scottish merchants. They took a lease on part of the mines in 1729, and in 1735 they appointed James Stirling of Keir (1692–1770) as managing agent. Stirling was a noted mathematician and scientist who had lived in Venice and London, and was a member of the Royal Society.
The house at Leadhills was built between 1734 and 1736 for James Stirling. At this time, the architect William Adam (1689–1748) was engaged by Charles Hope, 1st Earl of Hopetoun (1681–1742) at Hopetoun House, and Adam's name has been linked to the design of both the house and its garden, though the only record of his involvement is on a building account for the supply of timber.
James Stirling proved adept at managing the Leadhills mines, despite his lack of practical experience. Under his tenure the mines became "one of the most profitable industrial enterprises in Scotland". His paternalistic concern for worker's welfare was also noted, and had a long-lasting effect on the culture of the Leadhills mines. In 1770 James' nephew Archibald Stirling succeeded his uncle as manager at Leadhills.
By the middle of the 19th century, the lead mines were becoming less profitable, and a series of lawsuits affected the company's profitability. In 1861 the Scots Mining Company was wound up. The manager's house became a shooting lodge, and a small chapel was built in the garden. The gardens are now held by the Scots Mining Company House Trust, a registered charity. The trust seeks to maintain the gardens as a community resource, and aims to restore the herb garden.
House and garden.
The house comprises a two-storey main block with a piend roof. To this was added in 1737 a wing to the south, and in 1740 a larger wing to the north. The gardens contain the remains of an ice house and a small chapel. The garden is surrounded by mature trees, the only woodland in the village. At the high point of the garden was a viewing platform overlooking the village, taken down in 2003. A single storey entrance lodge has been demolished, and the former stables are now derelict and listed on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland.


Wigan Coal and Iron Company

The Wigan Coal and Iron Company was formed when collieries on the Lancashire Coalfield owned by John Lancaster were acquired by Lord Lindsay, the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres, owner of the Haigh Colliery in 1865. The company owned collieries in Haigh, Aspull, Standish, Westhoughton, Blackrod, Westleigh and St Helens and large furnaces and iron-works near Wigan and the Manton Colliery in Nottinghamshire.
Collieries belonging the Wigan Coal and Iron Company in 1896 were the Alexandra, Bawkhouse, Bridge, Lindsay and Meadow Pits in Haigh. The largest, the Alexandra Pit employed more than 650 workers and the Lindsay Pits more than 350. The Crawford, Kirkless, Moor and Woodshaw Pits in Aspull employed over 1,000 workers. Eatock Pits in Westhoughton employed 484 underground and 89 surface workers whilst the Hewlett Pits in Hart Common employed 981 underground and 182 on the surface. Ladies Lane Colliery in Hindley employed 282 underground and 40 surface workers. The Westleigh Pits were Priestners which employed 387 underground and 70 on the surface, Snapes, and Sovereign which had 180 underground workers and 68 on the surface. The King Coal Pit at Blackrod was a pumping pit, retained to drain the colliery workings. In Standish the company owned the Broomfield, Giants Hall, Gidlow, John, Langtree, Robin Hill, Swire and Taylor Pits. The largest of these was the Langtree Pit with more than 540 employees.
Wigan Coal and Iron Company was the biggest colliery owner on the Lancashire Coalfield and in the 1920s employed 9,000 workers. The shafts of Parsonage Colliery in Leigh, sunk by the company between 1913 and 1920, were at the time the deepest in Britain.
The company operated Bercune pit, an iron ore mine near Dalton in Furness until 1898.
References.
Notes
Bibliography


Ridgeway Mine

The Ridgeway mine was a gold and silver open-pit mine near Ridgeway, South Carolina. In its eleven years of operation between 1988 and 1999 it produced 1,500,000 ounces of gold and 900,000 ounces of silver. The mine's two ore bodies are part of the gold-rich Carolina Slate Belt rock package that runs through the upstate Piedmont foothills. The operator of the mine, the Ridgeway Mining Company, is a subdivision of Kennecott Minerals. Kennecott is a subdivision of Rio Tinto which is one of the world's largest mining companies.
The mine faced fierce opposition from the local community while applying for permits and licensing from government regulators. These neighbors created Gold Camouflage, a group organized to bring legal and procedural challenges against the mine. Gold Camouflage was unable to stop the mine from opening and eventually settled with the owners. After the mine was exhausted Ridgeway began reclamation of the mine which continues to this day. The mine's waste rock piles were covered with clay and grass to create an artificial hill and water is filling the mine pits to create two artificial lakes. Mine management hopes that one of the lakes will eventually be usable by the public for recreation.
Extraction.
Two open pits were dug to extract the gold-bearing ore from the earth. Explosives were used to blast the ore out of the bottom of the mine pits. After the blast the loose rocks were hauled in 85-ton trucks to temporary storage heaps near the edge of the pit at surface level. There was roughly one truckload of waste rock hauled out of the pit for every truckload of gold ore and each truckload of gold ore contained only 1.5 to 3 ounces of gold. Ridgeway's gold deposits were microscopic and a complex, multi-step process was needed to refine the heaps of ore into gold bars. A mill was used to crush the ore to an extremely fine powder of 200 mesh. This powder was soaked in a mixture of sodium cyanide, lime and water in one of ten giant tanks. While the powder soaks the tiny flecks of gold within the ore dissolve into the cyanide solution. After twenty-seven days the powder is removed and the remaining solution was filtered through activated charcoal which absorbs the gold out of the liquid in what is called a carbon in leach process. That gold-bearing carbon gets removed from the first solution and was put into a second solution that dissolves the gold for a second time. The second solution was put in a stripping column where high pressure vapor jets through the solution causing the dissolved gold to vaporize. The gold-bearing vapor escapes through the column and was captured and cooled to make a third solution. Once captured the third solution was used in an electrowinning process that uses electricity to deposit the gold out of the solution onto steel wool cathodes. This gold-plated steel wool undergoes a second round of electrowinning to deposit the gold onto stainless steel plates. At this point the gold deposits are thick enough to be mechanically scraped off of the stainless steel plates. The resulting scrapings were fed into a gold crucible and melted into doré bars.
Geology.
The Carolina Slate Belt (CSB) originated in the Proterozoic or Cambrian age with a volcanic arc terrane, a chain of volcanoes that form on the edge of one continental plate when it has another continental plate subducted under it. Another subduction of the eastern edge of the ancient North American continental plate (Laurentia) caused the Taconic orogeny and created a new mountain range on the eastern coast of North America. These new mountains eroded over time to form the Piedmont but while they stood their weight was just enough to metamorphose the old volcanic arc rocks into greenschist, a rock produced by some of the lowest metamorphic pressures. The eastern edge of the North American plate continued to be battered by the Avalonia continent, causing the Acadian orogeny, and the ancient African plate (Gondwana), causing the Alleghanian orogeny. These collisions squeezed the CSB, causing it to crack under pressure (shear) and creating intrusive granite from magma seeping up into the cracks.
The mine is located in a section of the CSB that trends from east to west. This is unusual for the CSB as it typically trends from northeast to southwest. To the north of the mine is a rock terrane called the Sawney's Creek volcanics and to its south is the Bear Creek turbidites. The Sawney's Creek terrane is older and was formed by volcanic activity. The newer Bear Creek turbidites were made from liquefied sediments that slid into place as part of a landslide. There are two mine pits and the gold ore in each one has its own unique geology. The North Pit's ore is a chert, a rock made from microscopic crystals of quartz that precipitated out of hot water from an underwater geothermal vent. These exhalative sediments need a deep geothermal vent whose water is hot enough to dissolve gold from inside the crust. The hot water precipitates the dissolved minerals onto the ocean floor as fine crystals when it mixes with cold ocean floor water and cools off. A later, epithermal (cooler geothermal vents closer to the surface) process concentrated the gold further by dissolving other minerals surrounding the gold and leaving the gold behind. The South Pit's ore is made from fine sediments of felsic (rich in feldspar and quartz) ash from a volcano that flowed underwater and settled into thin laminated layers.
History.
Gold was first found in the Carolina Slate Belt in 1827 at the Haile mine in nearby Lancaster County. Placer mining, hydraulic mining and later use of the Newbery-Vautin chlorination process kept South Carolina mines in operation but by the year 1900 mining became unprofitable and had mostly stopped. In the 1960s interest in mining the Ridgeway area increased after John Chapman found gold while panning in nearby creeks. Amselco Minerals, a company later merged with Kennecott Minerals, began investigating Ridgeway after geologist Irving T. Kiff noticed similarities between Ridgeway's slate outcrops and outcrops at the Haile mine. Kennecott Minerals began buying land for the Ridgeway mine in 1980 and began mining in 1988. For most of its life the Ridgeway Mine was the only active gold mine in the eastern United States.
Public opposition.
Some local residents opposed the opening of the mine and formally appealed permits granted by government environmental and land use regulators. As a part of the mine's refining operation waste rock soaked in a cyanide solution was trucked to an outdoor heap where the cyanide solution was allowed to drain off into a settling basin called the tailings pond. The opposition argued that this waste cyanide could potentially leak out of its containment into the groundwater killing aquatic wildlife or poisoning downstream civil water supplies. The tailings pond was also uncovered to allow water to evaporate but also allowing cyanide to enter the atmosphere or wildlife to drink from the contaminated pond. The mine pits were below the water table and dewatering pumps had to be installed to prevent the mine from flooding. These pumps lowered the groundwater levels around the mine and could potentially dry out nearby residential wells. The wastewater from these pumps had to be treated before it could be discharged into local creeks and risked harming the aquatic wildlife in those creeks. There was also opposition to the nuisances of the mine's operation, such as the dust and loud noises that come from blasting and the heavy machinery used to mine.
The organized front of the resistance was a group called Gold Camouflage who pursued legal challenges before mine permits were issued and demanded that regulators conduct a further review of the environmental hazards from the mine. Gold Camouflage first appealed to the EPA and the United States Army Corps of Engineers to conduct further studies on the project and halt South Carolina's permit-granting processes but were turned down by both in May and June 1987. On June 10, 1987 the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) issued waste water and air permits to the mine with provisions to protect the thicklip chub in nearby Sawney's Creek. The next day the Land Resources Commission (LRC) granted a permit for the gold mine itself. Both permits had an appeal process, however, and Gold Camouflage pursued appeals against both on grounds of environmental and archaeological concerns. A public debate ensued that summer as both the Ridgeway Mining Company and Gold Camouflage took out full-page ads in the Sunday edition of The State newspaper on July 26. However, on February 26, 1988 Gold Camouflage announced that they had entered a settlement with the mine and DHEC to drop legal opposition to the permits in exchange for increased environmental monitoring of the mine and around $350,000 to cover Gold Camouflage's legal expenses. Some members of Gold Camouflage publicly contested the decision to settle, arguing that the decision was forced through by leadership and lacked popular consent. These members attempted to prevent the LRC from granting the mine a land use permit but were unsuccessful. On April 18, 1988 the LRC's Mining Council ruled to accept the settlement between Gold Camouflage and the Ridgeway Mining Company and issued the mine's final required permit, allowing the gold mine to open.
Accidents.
The Ridgeway mine was a relatively safe operation, only killing three employees in eleven years of operation.
On August 18, 1988 James F. Wise, while working as a spotter for a pan scraper, was crushed to death when it backed over him. Roosevelt Williams, the scraper driver, was also injured and was sent to the hospital to receive first aid for minor injuries. Scraper drivers were taught to not start the vehicle until eye contact was made with the spotter and to keep the spotter in eyesight while driving. On the day of the accident Williams did not locate the spotter before moving and only watched the left side of the vehicle while backing it out. Wise was crushed under the right tires of the scraper.
On April 21, 1993 Johnny Ray fell to his death after he was pushed into the mine pit by a forklift. Steven Crapps, the forklift driver, was attempting to park the forklift by putting it in neutral and engaging the parking brake. However, he also turned off the forklift's engine which provides power to the hydraulic brake system pumps. Without brakes and with a failed backup breaking system the forklift rolled down a slope towards the edge of the mine pit. Ray, the victim, was between the forks of the forklift when it started rolling and was pushed into the pit where he suffered a drop of around 85 feet. Ray was evacuated by helicopter to a local hospital and later died from his injuries.
On February 2, 1997 Joseph Sumpter was fatally crushed by a runaway haulage truck. The truck, assigned to Sumpter for the day's work, had a bad battery and starter and had to be jump started by another vehicle. It also had a completely inoperable parking brake. His co-worker, Robert Stover, pulled his truck in front of Sumpter's truck to jump start it. Sumpter climbed across the engine decks of both trucks to connect jumper cables. Sumpter's truck was immobilized with a wooden chock but when Stover parked facing Sumpter's truck he pushed Sumpter's truck backward about two feet behind the chock. The jump start was successful and Stover backed his truck away while Sumpter was still climbing around the engine deck of the truck. Because the trucks were separated Sumpter's truck could now roll forward, continuing to run over the chock and down a hill. Sumpter held on to the engine deck while the truck rolled for around 57 feet, but near the end of the ride Sumpter fell off and was run over by the front wheel of the truck. Sumpter was pronounced dead at the scene.
On the weekend of December 3, 1988, soon after the mine began chemically processing the mined ore, a flock of around 400 sea gulls landed in and around the tailings pond and 65 of the seagulls died. Ridgeway Mining had installed scare cannons to prevent birds from landing in the cyanide pond but in this case it was ineffective. The South Carolina Department of Natural Resources levied a $6,500 fine against Ridgeway Mining for killing the birds.
Closure.
Mining stopped in the South Pit mine in September 1996 and the North Pit shut down in November 1999. Ore processing finished on December 3, 1999. The Confederate States Mint struck commemorative gold, silver and bronze coins with metal from the mine and sold them to the general public. The coins were marketed as wholly South Carolina gold and featured a local building used by the Confederate army during the American Civil War. The Ridgeway Mining Company also commissioned the Confederate States Mint to mint a coin out of the mine's gold and silver which it gave to the mine employees as gifts.
Reclamation.
Ridgeway began the mine reclamation process in 1999 after processing the last of the gold ore from the mine. The mine tailings (waste rock) needed to be contained and the North and South pits had to be flooded. The tailings at the Ridgeway mine are a pyrite-bearing rock which, when exposed to water and oxygen, causes acid rock drainage and environmental damage. Ridgeway designed an impoundment for the tailings that seals them off from both runoff (water) and the atmosphere (oxygen). If fresh water was allowed to run through the tailings it would constantly dissolve and oxidize the rock's sulfides. Ridgeway chose to keep the tailings in stagnant water that has already had a chance to fully saturate with sulfides. The tailing impoundment was created by saturating the tailings with water, mining nearby saprolites and clay, sending the saprolites and clay through the ore mills and pouring them over the existing pile of tailings to create a layer over it. The impoundment was then graded to give it steep sides and a flat top and grass was planted on it to prevent erosion. The Ridgeway mine recovery has been an ecological success with minimal seepage of acid water into the environment, a stark contrast to the nearby Barite Hill and Brewer gold mines that were both declared Superfund sites after being abandoned by their owners.
Both mine pits are expected to fill with water by 2020 and the public may be able to access the South Pit Lake. To make the lake safe for public use and to control environmental hazards management hopes to turn it into a meromictic lake, a self-regulated lake with distinct layers of water that do not mix. To see if this was possible the South Pit Lake's physical, chemical and biological properties were measured in a limnology study from 2000 to 2004. The lake successfully achieved meromixis in the winter of 2001 and maintained it until the end of the study in 2004.
Future mining.
The Strongbow Exploration company announced that it was investigating a possible new strike of gold within three miles of Rio Tinto's Ridgeway mine in 2011. After releasing several press releases announcing positive test results from drilling samples and the signing of property purchase option agreements with landowners there has been no further communication on their Ridgeway exploration since December 2012.


Clemenceau, Cottonwood

Clemenceau is a neighborhood of the city of Cottonwood in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. It was built as a company town in 1917 to serve the new smelter for James Douglas, Jr.'s United Verde Extension Mine (UVX) in Jerome. The town was originally named Verde after the mine, but it was changed to Clemenceau in 1920 in honor of the French premier in World War I, Georges Clemenceau, a personal friend of Douglas. Clemenceau would later leave a vase designed by the French potter Ernest Chaplet to the town in return.
History.
Originally named Verde, the town was renamed Clemenceau in 1920, both to honor Georges Clemenceau and to avoid possible confusion with nearby Camp Verde. Though now a part of the city of Cottonwood, Verde as it was known had its own post office and station on the Clarkdale branch of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. "Actual construction of Verde, the United Verde Extension's smelter town in the valley, will probably be under way by January 1," the Jerome "News" reported on November 9, 1917. "The company will not begin work on its proposed Hogback town, at the east edge of Jerome, before summer at the earliest, and probably not then. So stated General Manager George Kingdon today in a general discussion of the U. V. Extension building plans."
The smelter town had homes for workers, a school, bank, and a clubhouse, and its population varied between 1,000 and 5,000. To deliver ore to the smelter from Jerome, Douglas built the Arizona-Extension Railway, a two-branch shortline railroad. The western branch ran between Clemenceau and the eastern portal of the Josephine Tunnel, which connected to the UVX Mine. The eastern branch ran between Clemenceau and Clarkdale.
On July 16, 1918, Verde was the scene of a violent confrontation when a handful of Mexican laborers collided with area lawmen attempting to enforce the War Department's so called "work or fight order" during World War I. Former Yavapai County Sheriff James R. Lowry, then serving as a deputy sheriff at the smelter, was shot and killed during the incident. His assailant was later killed during an exchange of gunfire with an off-duty peace officer near Camp Verde.
The Clemenceau smelter closed in 1937. Most residents then left the area. When Cottonwood was incorporated in 1960, Clemenceau and the Clemenceau Airport were included in its boundaries.
With the exception of the school, the bank/post office and the smelter slag pile, little remains of the original town of Clemenceau. A largely invisible remnant is the Clemenceau Water Company, which still serves the area of the old town of Clemenceau. The town of Cottonwood bought the company in 2004, but it still operates as a separate entity, as of 2006.
Clemenceau Heritage Museum.
The Clemenceau Heritage Museum occupies most of the old Clemenceau School, which operated from 1924 through 1986. The 1918 Clemenceau Bank and Post Office building is also part of the museum. The museum has displays on mining, ranching, and farming in the Verde Valley, and preserves archives and artifacts from the area. An elaborate working model-railroad display depicts the nine railroads that once operated in the region.
Douglas and Clemenceau.
James Douglas, Jr., bought an apartment in Paris for his friend, Georges Clemenceau, in 1926, for his retirement home. This building later became the Musée Clemenceau.
Notable residents and visitors.
Jack Frye's personal airplane, a TWA Lockheed Model 10 Electra with tail number NC18137, was frequently based at the Clemenceau Airport. Frye had a vacation ranch near Sedona, now Red Rock State Park.


List of coal mines in the United Kingdom

This is a list of coal mines in the United Kingdom, sorted by those operating in the 2010s and those closed before this decade.
The last operating deep coal mine in the United Kingdom, Kellingley colliery in North Yorkshire, closed in December 2015. Most continuing coal mines are collieries owned by freeminers, or are open pit mines of which there were 26 in 2014.
2010s coal mines.
List of coal mines closed in the 2010s or currently in operation.
 For the year given.
Historic mines.
List of coal mines closed before the 2010s.
Ww With given year of peak.


Voznesenka mine

The Voznesenka mine is a large mine located in the south-eastern Russia in Primorsky Krai. Voznesenka represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 450 million tonnes of ore grading 35% fluorite.


Peter Heathfield

Peter Heathfield (2 March 1929 – 4 May 2010) was a British trade unionist who was general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) between 1984 and 1992, including the period of the miners' strike of 1984/85.
He was born in Somercotes, near Alfreton in Derbyshire, moving to Chesterfield with his family as a child. After leaving school he worked in a colliery drawing office, before starting underground work at the Williamthorpe coal mine. He became active in the North Derbyshire region of the NUM, and the local Labour Party, and attended education courses at Sheffield University's extramural department. He also became a local councillor in Chesterfield, and unsuccessfully sought nomination as a Labour candidate in the 1964 General Election for Ilkeston.
In 1966, he was elected to a full-time post in the NUM, rising to become vice-president of the Derbyshire NUM in 1970 and Derbyshire area secretary in 1973. Although tipped to become national president of the NUM in 1981, he stood aside to support the younger Arthur Scargill as the left-wing candidate.
In January 1984, he was elected general secretary of the NUM, taking over the post in March, five days before the strike began. He backed Scargill's handling throughout the dispute, retiring from the position of general secretary in 1992.
Personal life.
He was married to Betty Heathfield, but they separated in 1989 and later divorced. He remarried in 2001.
Death.
Peter Heathfield died in 2010, aged 81. He was survived by his second wife and his four children from his first marriage.


Kyuchus mine

The Kyuchus mine is one of the largest gold mines in Russia and the world. The mine is located in Sakha Republic. The mine has estimated reserves of 6.9 million oz of gold.


Bogatyr Coal

Bogatyr Coal (, "Bogatyr Kómir"; Russian ; English ), formerly known as Bogatyr Access Komyr, is the largest coal mining company in Kazakhstan. As of 2018, the company produced 42 million tonnes of coal, accounting for approximately 40% of the country's coal output that year. The company has mined approximately 1 gigatonne of coal in its history, and has 2.5 additional gigatonnes of coal reserves, making it one of the largest coal companies in the world. Bogatyr Komir operates two mines, the Bogatyr Mine and the Severny Mine.
History.
Background.
The discovery of coal in the Ekibastuz Basin, where Bogatyr Komir does much of its mining, dates back to the 1867, which was first exploited by a company named Voskresenskiy Mining JSC around the turn of the century. By 1913 an English company named Kirgizian Mining Joint Stock Company began operations in the area, back by major stakeholders such as Leslie Urquhart and Herbert Hoover. In 1918 the Soviet Union nationalized the area's coal industry. The Ekibastuz Basin got its first coal mine, named "Central Mine", in 1954, which began producing 3 million tons of coal per year. Coal from this mine has since been used to power coal fired plants of the southern Ural region of the present-day Russian Federation, including plants in Troitsk and Krasnogorsk specifically designed for the high-ash coal the mine produced. From 1965 till 1979 the capacity of the open-cast mine was expanded to reach 50 million tons of coal per year, and the mine reached an output of 56.8 million tons of coal in 1985.
Foundation.
In September 1996, the national company "JSC Ekibastuzkomir" (and its mine Bogatyr) was privatized by the Kazakh government, the American company Access Industries bought the 70%-property of Bogatyr mine and Stepnoy mine, and the name was changed to Bogatyr Access Komyr, LLP. Later on the American company sold the mines to the Russian company United Company RUSAL, the world’s largest vertically integrated aluminum producer, that ensured stable fuel supply to Urals thermal power stations that provide electricity for RUSAL’s Urals plants.
On November 29, 2007, a joint venture was established between UC RUSAL and Samruk-Energo (the energy branch of Kazakh state holding Samruk, to operate the coal mines of Bogatyr Access Komir. The rationale for this deal was the intention of the Kazakh government to return coal reserves into state ownership due to their strategic importance for Kazakhstan's electric power sector. On April 16, 2008 it was announced that the price Samruk Energo had to pay to UC RUSAL for a 50-% stake was 345 million USD.
A deal in 2008 saw the company's management transferred to a joint venture between Samruk-Energy JSC, which is wholly owned by Samruk-Kazyna, and the Russian firm RUSAL. In March 2009, the company was renamed from Bogatyr Access Komir, LLP to Bogatyr Coal, LLP.
Bogatyr Komir has plans to modernize its Bogatyr Mine and expand its Severny Mine by 2020, which would increase the company's annual production capacity to 58 million tonnes of coal per year. The company has taken out a number of loans from the Eurasian Development Bank for the purpose of achieving this goal.
Bogatyr Mine.
The company operates the Bogatyr Mine, near the city of Ekibastuz in Pavlodar Region of Kazakhstan. With an output of 56.8 million tonnes of coal in 1985, the Bogatyr Mine entered the Guinness Book of World Records for being the world's largest single coal mine. Since then this level of production was not sustained, and in 2007 the production of the mine was 40 million tons of coal. Together with the neighbouring Severnyi mine, the oldest mine in the Ekibastuz coal basin, they hold reserves estimated at 4.5 billion ton of coal, which at the current production rate give them a residual lifetime of over 100 years.


DTEK

DTEK "("укр. "ДТЕК") is a strategic holding company that develops business streams in the energy sector. DTEK companies produce coal and natural gas, generate electricity at the thermal power plants and renewable energy power plants, supply heating and electricity to end consumers, and provide energy services.
The company is owned by SCM Holdings, a holding company of a Ukrainian businessman Rinat Akhmetov. It was established in 2005 and is a conglomerate of various companies from coal mining to power generation. The CEO of the company is Maksym Tymchenko.
History.
DTEK was established in 2005 to manage SCM Group's energy assets. It originally included the companies Pavlogradugol, Komsomolets Donbasu coal mine, Vostokenergo and Service-Invest. In 2006, PEM-Energougol, Pavlogradska and Kurakhovska mine were added. The following year the Dobropilska coal mine, Oktyabrskaya and Mospin were incorporated in the group. Also, in 2007, a large-scale program of modernization of all Vostokenergo units was launched, and rating agencies Moody's and Fitch assigned international credit ratings to the companies for the first time.
In 2008, the Wind Power company was created to implement wind power projects. Wind Power later became part of the operating company DTEK RES, which manages all of DTEK's renewable energy assets today.
In 2009, the DTEK exported electricity to Hungary, Romania and Slovakia for the first time, receiving the relevant right to auction access to international networks.
In November 2011, DTEK won the concession tender for state-owned anthracite-mining companies Rovenkianthracite and Sverdlovanthracite in Luhansk Oblast. These companies mine about 17% of Ukraine's coal and in total and 24% of anthracite.
In January 2012, DTEK acquired 45.1% of share in Zakhidenergo in addition to existing 25.06% stake.
In December 2012, DTEK's subsidiary DTEK Oil and Gas signed a memorandum of understanding with Australian synthetic fuel company Linc Energy to evaluate potential of the underground coal gasification on the DTEK's coal resources.
In 2012, the turbines of the first phase of the Botievskaya wind farm were launched, which became the first investment project in renewable energy. WPP reached its design capacity in 2014, becoming the largest wind farm in Ukraine.
In July 2014 several mines were suspended by the company because of fighting during the War in Donbass.
In 2016, Petroleum Production produced a record 1.6 billion m³ of natural gas. In 2017, the first solar power plant to be commissioned - the Trifan SES in the Kherson region
In 2018, DTEK launched a network of high-speed charging stations for STRUM electric vehicles.
In 2019, DTEK launched the largest the largest solar power plant in Ukraine with a capacity of 240 MW in the Dnipropetrovsk region.
Operations.
As of 2017, DTEK had an installed capacity of 17,710 MW and generated 37.14 TWh of electricity.
DTEK Energy.
DTEK Energy "("укр. "ДТЕК Енерго") is a DTEK operating company responsible for coal production, electricity generation and distribution. . The assets of DTEK Energy are represented by 17 mines and 5 coalprocessing plants, thermal power plants of DTEK Skhidenergo, DTEK Dniproenergo, DTEK Zakhidenergo, Kyivenergo and Mironovskaya TPP, an affiliate of DTEK Donetskoblenergo. The total installed capacity – 17 GW. Also includes 5 distribution companies serving 3.4 million customers.
By early 2013 75% of Ukraine's power generation capacities was controlled by DTEK. In 2012, DTEK controlled 54% of thermal generation capacities, and generates about 28% of Ukraines total energy output. DTEK owns DTEK Skhidenergo producing company and DTEK Vysokovoltni merezhi (Power Grid) transmission company, and has majority stakes in DTEK Dniproenergo (72.9%), Kyivenergo (72.4%), DTEK Zakhidenergo (70.9%), DTEK Dniprooblenergo (51.5%), DTEK Donetskoblenergo (71.34%), DTEK Krymenergo (57.49%) power generation and distribution companies. All of the produced electricity is supplied to the Wholesale Electricity Market of Ukraine, a state-owned company. In addition to electricity sale in Ukraine, DTEK exports electricity to Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Poland, and Belarus.
DTEK Renewables.
DTEK Renewables "("укр. "ДТЕК ВДЕ)" is the operation company managing DTEK’s assets in the renewable energy sector.
DTEK RES is the largest producer of electric energy from wind in Ukraine. In 2016 the ‘green’ energy supply has reached 608.4 mil kWh. Installed capacity of Botiyevska wind power plant is 200 MW. Company has launched Tryfonivka solar power plant with a capacity of 10 MW in Kherson region in August 2017.
DTEK Oil&Gas.
DTEK Oil&Gas "("укр. "ДТЕК Нафтогаз") is an operating company in charge of the oil and gas sector in the structure of DTEK energy holding. DTEK Naftogaz's assets portfolio includes Naftogazvydobuvannia and Naftogazrozrobka, which carry out exploration and production of hydrocarbons in three licensed areas in Poltava and Kharkiv regions.
In 2017, DTEK Oil & Gas boosted natural gas production by 1.2% from 2016, to 1.65 bcm.


Dairi mine

The Dairi mine is one of the largest lead mines in Indonesia. The mine is located in eastern Indonesia in East Kalimantan. The mine has reserves amounting to 26.6 million tonnes of ore grading 7% lead and 12% zinc.


Southern Copper Corporation

Southern Copper Corporation is a mining company that was founded in 1952. The current incarnation of Southern Copper can be traced to the 2005 acquisition of Southern Peru Copper Corporation by the Mexican copper producer Minera México.
88.9 percent of Southern Copper is owned by Mexican mining conglomerate Grupo México (per proxy statement dated March 27, 2018) . Based on 2007 reserves data, Southern Copper is the world's largest publicly traded copper mining company and the world's seventh largest copper mining company based on 2007 sales. In addition, the firm is the eighth largest copper smelting company. The firm ranks among the world's largest producers of molybdenum, silver, and zinc.
The company is a major producer and refiner of copper, molybdenum, zinc, silver, lead, and gold, and operates mines and smelters in Mexico and in Peru, in the Andes mountains southeast of Lima.
Since 2012, the company has made major strides in improving their production methods. During 2013, 60.7 million dollars in environmental capital expenditures were spent on the following programs: water recovery systems to conserve water and minimize impact on nearby streams; vegetation programs to stabilize the surface of the tailings dumps; implementation of scrubbing technology in the mines to reduce dust emissions. For these continued efforts towards sustainable practices, the company was awarded with the Fray International Sustainability Award in 2014. CEO M. Oscar Gonzalez Rocha, appeared in Mexico for the SIPS 2014/Shechtman International Symposium to accept this award on the company's behalf.
Major operations.
The firm's operations are primarily within southern Peru and northern Mexico.
Operations in southern Peru.
Southern Peruvian operations include the mines located at the Cuajone and Toquepala mines. The two mines produced a total of 359,655 tons of copper in 2007, with Cuajone producing 182,117 tons and Toquepala producing 177,538 tons respectively.
A recent strike at the largest mine, Cuajone, was suspended pending mediation between the two parties.
Tia Maria is a copper project mine which has been granted the environmental approval by the Peruvian Ministry of Energy and Mining (MINEM) to move forward with the project development. Geoservice Ingeniería was the engineering and consulting firm in charge of executing satisfactory the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies, the EIA approval was received on August 1, 2014 with directorial resolution Nº392-2014-MEM/DGA-AM given by MINEM.
The social protest against the project started in March 2015, causing tens of injuries and up to the beginning of May 2015, two deaths have also led to massive strikes and road blocks in the region. Local farmers fear the open-pit project will contaminate water supplies and cover their crops in dust.
Operations in Mexico.
The Cananea Mine, located in northern Mexico, produced 98,503 tons of copper in 2007. It is among the world's largest copper mines in terms of reserves, and has the longest remaining mine life of any major open-pit copper mine in the world, based on current production levels.
La Caridad Mine, located in northern Mexico, produced 124,972 tons of copper in 2007.


Lueta mine

The Lueta mine is a large open pit mine in central Romania in Harghita County, 36 km west of Miercurea Ciuc and 299 km north of the capital, Bucharest. Lueta represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 6 million tonnes of ore. The mine produces around 10,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.


Lee Anderson (British politician)

Lee Anderson (born 6 January 1967) is a British Conservative politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashfield since 2019. He was a Labour councillor in Ashfield, before defecting to the Conservative Party and becoming a councillor in Mansfield.
Early life and education.
Anderson was born in the Ashfield area, attending John Davies Primary School and Ashfield School. He comes from a coal mining family.
Career.
After leaving school, Anderson studied Shipping Management at Nottingham Technical College, before becoming a coal miner. He was a long-time Labour Party member, and served as a councillor in the Huthwaite and Brierly ward of Ashfield, where he was elected in 2015. Anderson also worked as office manager for Ashfield's then-Labour, Gloria De Piero, having campaigned alongside her for the 2015 and 2017 UK general elections. Anderson was a vocal Brexiteer, having supported the Vote Leave campaign in the 2016 EU Referendum.
While serving as a Labour councillor on Ashfield Council in 2018, he was suspended by the party locally for allegedly dumping boulders to block access to a local camp site. He was later presented with a community protection order over the action, and instructed to remove the boulders.
He defected to the Conservatives in March 2018, later being elected as the Conservative councillor for the Oakham ward in Mansfield, a neighbouring district, following the May 2019 local elections.
In July 2019, he was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Ashfield. He was elected as a Conservative MP at the 2019 general election, succeeding his former boss, Gloria De Piero, who stood down before the election. Anderson won with a majority of 5,733 votes, with the Ashfield Independent Party candidate Jason Zadrozny coming in second place, and Labour dropping into third place. This was the first time that the Conservatives had won the seat since the 1977 by-election.
During the 2019 general election campaign, in the wake of a murder on the Carsic council estate in his constituency, Anderson said that certain "nuisance" council tenants were "making people's lives a complete misery". He said: "Let's have [the tenants] in the field, picking potatoes or any other seasonal vegetables, back in the tent, cold shower, lights out, six o'clock, same again the next day." He was criticised by the Labour Party, who said the idea amounted to "forced labour camps".
Anderson was also caught setting up a staged door-knock encounter with a friend whilst being filmed by Channel 4 News reporter Michael Crick. Prior to the staged visit, Anderson told the man he arranged to meet to "make out you know who I am, that you know I'm the candidate but not that you are a friend". Anderson justified his actions by stating that he "had been trying to make sure that somebody was in", before apologising several weeks later.
Anderson was one of three Conservative Party candidates investigated by the party over claims of anti-Semitism during the election campaign. The investigation was opened on the grounds that he was an active member of a Facebook group in which other members supported Tommy Robinson and promoted George Soros conspiracy theories. Whilst under investigation, he was confronted by the head of the All-Party Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism over a letter he co-signed, published by the "Daily Telegraph", which employed the phrase "Cultural Marxism". This is seen by some as an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory.
In February 2021, Anderson was criticised by Ashfield District Council leader Jason Zadrozny of the Ashfield Independents, who described Anderson's behavior as "consistently disappointing" and stated that he called for the government to scrap Ashfield's Future High Streets’ Fund bid as he was concerned that this would result in the Ashfield Independents receiving praise.


Quarter, South Lanarkshire

Quarter is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the hill above the Clyde Valley.
History.
Francis Groome described the village in 1884-4 thus:
Coal Mine.
The coal mine at Quarter belonged to the Duke of Hamilton. On 16 March 1841 there was a fatal accident arising because of an underground explosion. The seven workers (one a boy) underground at the time died instantaneously. Four other workers died while trying to rescue them. In his teens the labour activist Keir Hardie worked as a pony driver and then as a Hewer here.
Ironworks.
The Quarter Ironworks were established in 1865 and remained open until 1885. In 1880 they had 5 blast furnaces.


Manchester Collieries

Manchester Collieries was a coal mining company with headquarters in Walkden formed from a group of independent companies operating on the Manchester Coalfield in 1929. The Mining Industry Act of 1926 attempted to stem the post-war decline in coal mining and encourage independent companies to merge in order to modernise and better survive the economic conditions of the day. Robert Burrows of the Atherton company Fletcher Burrows proposed a merger of several independent companies operating to the west of Manchester. The merger was agreed and took place in March 1929.
Constituent companies.
The constituent companies of Manchester Collieries in 1929 were Fletcher, Burrows and Company who owned the Howe Bridge, Gibfield and Chanters Collieries in Atherton, Andrew Knowles and Sons, the Clifton and Kersley Coal Company, John Speakman and Sons owners of Bedford Colliery in Leigh, Bridgewater Collieries who operated pits in Little Hulton, Walkden and Mosley Common and the Astley and Tyldesley Collieries Company who had pits in Astley and Tyldesley.
Not all the companies in the area joined the new company. The Tyldesley Coal Company remained independent until nationalisation in 1947 but other companies were acquired in the 1930s after the government introduced quotas in the Coal Mines Act 1930. Ramsden's Shakerley Collieries was taken over in 1935; its Wellington Pit closed the same year and the Nelson three years later. Bradford Colliery, in Bradford, Manchester, owned by a subsidiary of Fine Cotton Spinners, was acquired in 1935. The West Leigh Colliery Company and the Coppull Coal Company were bought before 1939.
Up to 1929 most coal was cut by hewers, men using picks and shovels, but Manchester Collieries began a programme of mechanisation increasing its production of machine-cut coal from 17% to 98% in 16 years. The movement of coal underground was also mechanised, and pit ponies were no longer used for underground haulage after 1932.
Mining was a dangerous industry but Manchester Collieries aimed to make the job as safe as possible, and training was a major priority. Some entrants attended local technical colleges and after 1942 some were sent to university. The company was considered to be a generous employer; workers at its pits were on average 1s 6d per shift better off than miners working for other employers, and it built pithead baths and canteens at its pits.
Central railways.
The collieries were linked by an extensive system of mineral lines linked to workshops at Walkden Yard. The collieries were linked to mainline railways at Ellenbrook and Sandersons Sidings on the Tyldesley Loopline, at Astley Green sidings on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, at Walkden Low Level on the line to Bolton, at Walkden High Level on the Manchester and Wigan Railway and at Linnyshaw Moss on the Manchester to Bolton Line. There were canal tips at Boothstown and Worsley on the Bridgewater Canal.
Nationalisation.
At Nationalisation in 1947 Manchester Collieries employed 14,868 workers on the Lancashire Coalfield. Some of the surface workers were women, known as pit brow lasses, who sorted coal on the screens at the pit head. As coal reserves were exhausted, the older collieries closed.
References.
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