Marauders (comics)

The Marauders refers to one of two teams of fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The original Marauders team included mutant warriors and assassins employed by the X-Men's enemy Mister Sinister, a mad scientist villain often intent on creating a perfect race of superhumans. At different times, the Marauders have been tasked with Sinister to perform kidnappings, assassinations, mass murder, or to simply fight Sinister's enemies. At different times, Marauders have been killed in combat, but often Mr. Sinister later uses his cloning technology to re-create them. This team of Marauders has appeared in many different stories of the X-Men franchise, as well as stories featuring other Marvel Comics heroes.
In 2019, the Dawn of X event involved the X-Men and many allies and enemies creating a new all-mutant country on the living island . Teleport gates that only work for mutants were then created at various points on Earth, allowing any mutant who wished to join the new community to instantly do so. Kitty Pryde then formed a new team of "Marauders" to transport mutants to Krakoa who lived in countries that did not recognize the sovereignty of the mutant nation and/or obstructed the local teleport gates leading to the island. This team also works to protect mutant travelers and refugees from threats. The team's series "Marauders" debuted in 2019.
Publication history.
The first Marauders team debuted in "Uncanny X-Men" (volume 1) #210 (Oct. 1986), during a crossover called the "Mutant Massacre" where the team were sent to slaughter a community of sewer-dwelling mutants called Morlocks. This issue introduced the characters Arclight, Harpoon, Malice, Scalphunter, Scrambler, and Riptide. With the exception of Malice, these characters only appeared in issue #210 as figures in silhouette, but then made their full debut in the following issue "Uncanny X-Men" (vol. 1) #211. Two other Marauders known as Blockbuster and Prism made their first appearance in a later chapter of the "Mutant Massacre" featured in "X-Factor" (vol. 1) #10. The original Marauders team also included the villains Sabretooth and Vertigo, but each had actually been introduced into comics years earlier, while the rest of the Marauders were created for the "Mutant Massacre" story by writer Chris Claremont and artist John Romita Jr. Vertigo had originally been introduced in "Marvel Fanfare" #1 (1982), while Sabretooth had debuted as an Iron Fist villain in "Iron Fist" (vol. 1) #14 (1977) and then made appearances in Spider-Man stories before it was decided to make him a Marauder and bring him into the X-Men franchise. "Mutant Massacre" was the first story to hint at a connection between Sabretooth and the X-Man called Wolverine.
In "Uncanny X-Men" #212, Mr. Sinister is mentioned as the employer of the Marauders. He is seen in silhouette in "Uncanny X-Men" (vol. 2) #213 (1986) when Sabretooth's mind is scanned. He does not appear with the team (or debut in comics) until "Uncanny X-Men" (vol. 2) #221 (1987). Although it is Sinister's team, it is later revealed in "Uncanny X-Men" (vol. 1) #350 (1997) that with the exception of Sabretooth and Scalphunter (whom had already worked for Sinister many times), it was the mutant thief (and later X-Men member) Gambit who recruited and organized the team. Gambit was unaware of the team's true purpose, using his skills to locate the members in exchange for Sinister helping him. Gambit is also said to be the one who led the Marauders to the Morlocks location, but this seems to contradict scenes in "Mutant Massacre" where the team tracks a young Morlock returning home.
During "Mutant Massacre," three Marauders are killed: Blockbuster "The Mighty Thor" #374, Riptide in "Uncanny X-Men" #211, and Prism in "X-Factor" #10. However, all three appeared alive and well two years later during the 1989 "Inferno" crossover issues "Uncanny X-Men" #240. Five years later, "X-Men" #34 (1994) revealed that Sinister regularly clones dead Marauders so they can serve him again. "Gambit" (vol. 3) #8 (1999) adds that each Marauder clone is made so their minds will shut down if they attempt to betray Sinister.
The 1996 miniseries "The Further Adventures of Cyclops and Phoenix" revealed that Sinister hired a group of criminals known as the Marauders during the 19th century, making it retroactively the first incarnation of the group.
"X-Men" #200 (2007) featured the original Marauders team with several new members, including Omega Sentinel (possessed by Malice), Lady Mastermind, Sunfire, Gambit, and Mystique. The team worked alongside members of the Acolytes team. Following Sinister's apparent death during the crossover "Messiah Complex", many dormant Marauder clones awakened and fought the new X-Force team in "X-Force" (vol. 3) #9. In "Astonishing X-Men" (vol. 3) #48, a new version of the Marauders appeared whose members included: Arclight, Blockbuster, Harpoon, Prism, Vanisher, and Chimera (serving as the new leader). Mister Sinister later formed another incarnation of the Marauders team consisting of Aries, Azimuth, Chimera, and Coda. Several of the original Marauders (or at least their clones) were later confronted and killed by the mutant Chamber in "Uncanny X-Men" (vol. 2) #18 (2019).
The X-Men franchise titles were rebooted for the 2019 event Dawn of X. Professor X, Magneto, and the X-Men, along with many mutant allies and former enemies, created a new mutant community on the living island of Krakoa, a self-sufficient country where they offered sanctuary to any mutant who wished to join them. Various teleport gates were created across Earth to allow mutants (and only mutants) entry to Krakoa. Kitty Pryde then created a team to help transport those mutants whose native countries didn't recognize Krakoa and/or blocked the local gates that would allow mutants to travel there. Kitty named this team the Marauders, and recruited the former X-Men Iceman, Storm, and Bishop, along with their old enemy Pyro (now reformed). The team appears in their own series "Marauders", which started publication in 2019.
In the 2020 series "Hellions", it was revealed that the original Marauders (except for Sabretooth and Scalphunter) refused to join the nation of Krakoa and had taken refuge in Nebraska, only to then be turned into zombie-like slaves of Madelyne Pryor.
Fictional team biography.
In Victorian London, during the 1860s, Nathaniel Essex us a biologist and surgeon interested in evolution and the work of Charles Darwin. His interest becomes an obsession after the death of his son Adam due to multiple birth defects. Believing morality has no place in scientific research, Essex decides to experiment on humans to further his research into human genetics, hoping to one day create a perfect race. He meets the criminal Cootie Tremble and his gang, the Marauders, and hired them. For years, the Marauders kidnap homeless and neglected people off the streets of London, bringing them to Essex's lab for his experiments. One test subject who survives is a man named Daniel Summers (an ancestor of the X-Man Scott Summers AKA Cyclops). During this time, Essex meets the Egyptian terrorist and cult leader En Sabah Nur, who might be the earliest example of a mutant on Earth, a person born with an X-gene that grants them superhuman powers and/or traits. Like Essex, En Sabah Nur (who will later be known as Apocalypse) believes in "survival of the fittest", though their methods and ultimate goals differ.
After his wife Rebecca discovers his work and condemns him, dying during labor soon afterward, Essex decides to leave behind his humanity. Using alien technology, Apocalypse turns Essex into an ageless superhuman with chalk-white skin. Essex takes on the name "Mister Sinister" (a reference to how his wife saw him before her death). Though he later cuts ties with the criminal Marauders before moving his operations to America, Sinister repeatedly decides to recruit other agents to act in his stead and serve as his protectors (which becomes more important to Essex after he decides he needs soldiers to use against Apocalypse).
In 1907, Sinister works at the Ravencroft Institute and temporarily employs the mutant killer Sabretooth as an agent. During World War II, Sinister works with the Nazi Dr. Josef Mengele. In 1944, John Greycrow of the US Army is executed by firing squad for murdering fellow officers. A mutant with the ability to regenerate from even potentially lethal wounds, Greycrow emerges from his grave and finds Mr. Sinister waiting. Sinister explains he learned of Greycrow's abilities and deadly nature and wishes to recruit him. Greycrow accepts, calling himself Scalphunter. Around this time, Sinister creates a clone of the Atlantean warrior Namor, the Sub-Mariner, calling it N2. After the clone is defeated by Captain America, and seeing that the Nazis will lose the war, Sinister and Greycrow leave to pursue their own agenda. Sinister's research during World War II is later recovered and used by the scientists behind the Weapon X project.
Sometime later during the Vietnam War, Scalphunter brings soldiers and civilians to Sinister for experimentation. Sabretooh, working as a mercenary, is hired to find the truth about the "White Devil" and his connection to reports of missing people, as well as the rumors of "monster men" appearing. Scalphunter tells Sabretooth to leave him and Sinister alone, offering money and teasing that he will let the authorities know the mercenary has been killing prostitutes during his investigation. Sabretooth agrees to leave with the money and Scalphunt indicates that he and Sinister will recruit him in the future.
Many years later, a version of the mutant scientist Hank McCoy arrives on Earth from another timeline where Apocalypse rules. This version of McCoy, called the Dark Beast, is an amoral student and lab assistant of his timeline's version of Sinister. Journeying to New York City, he experiments on several mutants, using the techniques Sinister taught him, in order to see how much he can change or enhance mutation. Several of his surviving test subjects decide to hide from the world, joining the underground community known as the Morlocks. Years later, Dark Beast's experiments indirectly lead to the "Mutant Massacre."
Becoming aware of the mutant teenagers Scott Summers and Jean Grey, Sinister concludes that their combined genetic codes could create a near-perfect mutant, one powerful enough to destroy Apocalypse. Since Jean Grey is already being mentored and watched over by the powerful telepath Professor Charles Xavier, Sinister spends years focusing much of his efforts on manipulating Scott Summers. To aid in this, Sinister brings the orphaned Scott to the Essex State Home for Foundlings in Nebraska, an orphanage he secretly runs and uses to monitor and experiment on mutant children. Eventually, Scott leaves the orphanage and is also recruited by Xavier. However, Sinister retrieves cell samples from them and begins working on perfecting his cloning process. When Scott and Jean become founding members of Xavier's counter-terrorist strike force, the X-Men, Sinister decides to obtain fresh DNA samples from all of them. Rather than use Scalphunter or Sabretooth, he hires Kraven the Hunter and the Blob to get the job done.
Forming the first Marauders team.
Years after joining the X-Men, Jean Grey joins with the powerful Phoenix Force. After months of wielding her new cosmic power, Jean is temporarily corrupted, causing the Phoenix Force to warp into a new, murderous persona called Dark Phoenix. To prevent the Dark Phoenix from causing harm, Jean seemingly kills herself. Her death inadvertently activates Sinister's clone of Jean Grey and he decides to use it to further manipulate Cyclops. Named "Madelyne Pryor," the clone encounters Cyclops, and the two fall in love. After marrying and having a child, Nathan Summers, they move to Alaska.
Meanwhile, Sinister decides that the sewer-dwelling mutant community known as the Morlocks represents the worst kind of mutants possible and should not be allowed to risk mixing with the gene pool of other mutants and humans. He is further angered when his studies reveal that several Morlocks bear signs of genetic manipulation based on his own research (due to the fact that many of them were experimented on by Dark Beast). Disgusted that someone has used his "signature" without his permission, Sinister decides to wipe out the Morlocks living in Manhattan's sewers. He hires the mutant thief Gambit to recruit a team of warriors and assassins who will work with Sabretooth and Scalphunter. In exchange, he performs surgery on Gambit to correct a defect that would have ensured the mutant thief would one day lose control of his powers. Recalling the criminals he worked with in London, Mr. Sinister decides to christen his first official team of agents "the Marauders."
Before Sinister sends his Marauders against the Morlocks, Jean Grey is discovered alive and well by the Avengers. Her former X-Men comrades are contacted and a shocked Scott Summers leaves Alaska to see for himself that it's actually her. Rather than return home to his wife and child, Scott remains with his old teammates as they form a new team called X-Factor. It is later said this is because Sinister uses his mental influence over Cyclops to encourage him to leave behind Madelyne and Nathan, making them easy targets. With Cyclops gone, Sinister sends his newly formed Marauders to attack the now undefended Summers house in Alaska. The Marauders kidnap Nathan, leaving Maddie injured and near-death. Unbeknownst to Sinister, she survives the ordeal, is taken to a hospital and slips into a coma.
"Mutant Massacre" and "Inferno".
Returning to New York, the Marauders are sent after the Morlocks. Using his stealth and tracking skills, Gambit leads the group to the secret Morlock community in the sewers but abandons the group when he learns they intend to murder the people living there. The Marauders dismiss Gambit and begin their slaughter, causing the "Mutant Massacre" event, a series of battles that include the X-Men, X-Factor, and other heroes such as Thor. During the fighting, the Marauders Prism, Riptide, and Blockbuster are killed in action. However, Sinister has now perfected his cloning techniques and simply recreates them. He also uses his scientific skill and mental abilities to ensure that the minds of the Marauder clones will shut down if they decide not to betray him.
Following the "Mutant Massacre", the remaining Marauders attack the X-Men's base at the Xavier School for Gifted Youngsters (also known as the X-Mansion) in Westchester, New York. Scanning the mind of Sabretooth, the X-Man called Psylocke learns the massacre was ordered by someone called "Sinister", alerting the X-Men to his presence for the first time. The attack fails, but the Marauders later attack former X-Men member Polaris. Malice succeeds in possessing her mind and then becomes the field leader of the team. After it was discovered that Madelyne Pryor was alive and recovered, the Marauders tried and failed to assassinate her. She rejoined the company of the X-Men, traumatized by the loss of her son and convinced Cyclops had abandoned them.
Maddie's resentment and anger start to corrupt her, leading her to make a deal with demons. Transformed into the demonically powered "Goblyn Queen," Madelyne is at the heart of the "Inferno" crossover as Hell-bound forces cross into Earth's dimensions. During this time, the Mauraders face Madelyne again, now joined by Sinister who reveals her true origin as a clone. Many of the Marauders are killed during "Inferno," and Maddie later dies herself, her life force and memories merging with those of Jean Grey. Sinister confronts the X-Men and X-Factor teams, revealing how he manipulated both Maddie and Cyclops. Cyclops unleashes a powerful optic blast that seemingly kills Sinister, leaving only bones. This is later revealed to be a ruse performed by Mr. Sinister, who decided it was best to retreat. Without Sinister, the Marauders Sabretooth, Blockbuster, and Malice continue their own attacks on the X-Men. Not long afterward, Sinister appears again, now with a new group called the Nasty Boys. In later adventures, Sinister works with the Marauders again rather than the Nasty Boys, though at times the group seems to follow its own agenda.
In the alternate reality called "Age of Apocalypse," the native version of Sinister uses DNA from Jean Grey and Scott Summers to create a powerful mutant called Nate Grey. After Nate transports to the mainstream Marvel reality and makes a home there, Sinister's agent Threnody befriends him. When she refuses to work for Sinister further, he sends the Marauders and they battle Nate Grey. Using his telepathy, Nate causes Arclight to kill Blockbuster, then manipulates Riptide to kill Arclight. It is soon after this that Gambit discovers Sinister keeps clones of all the Marauders, ready in the event of their deaths. He rarely attempts to clone Sabretooth, whose healing abilities and feral nature make even his clones resistant to mental control.
Later teams.
A new incarnation of the team emerges years later, consisting of Malice (now possessing Omega Sentinel). Lady Mastermind, Sunfire, Gambit, and Mystique, who have all aligned themselves with the former Acolytes known as Exodus, Random, Frenzy, Tempo, and Unuscione. The team is sent after a list of mutants, many of whom are native to alternate timelines and possible future eras. During this assignment, the team kills Vargas and Dark Mother, and destroys Wohnhaus Strucker, a building with ties to the future. They seemingly kill the mutant teleporter Gateway and the time traveler Cable (a grown-up version of Nathan Summers), but both later turn up alive. Though they try to kill Blindfold, she escapes. The Marauders also seek out the diaries of the dead psychic mutant Destiny, but the books in the X-Mansion are destroyed.
The Marauders play a major role in "", sent by Sinister to track down the first mutant child born after "M-Day," an event that stripped most mutants of their X-genes and powers. During a battle on Muir Island, the Marauders Scrambler and Vertigo seemingly die. Mr. Sinister is killed by Mystique, but is able to transfer his consciousness into a host before then growing a new clone body for himself.
Following Sinister's apparent death, a large contingent of Marauder clones awaken and fight the newest team called X-Force, a black ops team. Nearly all the clones are killed.
Da'o Coy Manh, the half-sister of the mutant known as Karma, forms a new incarnation of the Marauders in order to take revenge on her father. The new lineup includes: Arclight, Blockbuster, Harpoon, Prism, and Vanisher, with Chimera as the apparent new leader.
Magneto's Marauders.
With the exceptions of Malice and Sabretooth, many clones of the other Marauders still exist. Deciding they are long overdue for vengeance in the name of the Morlocks their predecessors killed, Magneto hunts down and kills these clones, except for one of Scalphunter, whose limbs are dismembered. After tracking a group of remaining clones that have yet to be activated, Magneto decides instead to alter their personalities to obey his own commands in the future.
Following World War Hate, Magneto leads various mutants through the island of Genosha. Magneto later unleashes his loyal Marauder clones against the international intelligence agency S.H.I.E.L.D., using them as a distraction while he destroys much of the organization's collected data on mutants. Magneto and his Marauders then retreat and go separate ways. Magneto kills the Sabretooth clone when he realizes its feral nature and healing abilities make it resistant to his mental loyalty programming. He and the Marauders apparently part ways later on.
All-New, All-Different Marvel.
As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" event, Mister Sinister forms another incarnation of the Marauders in order to capture Nightcrawler. This team includes Aries, Azimuth, Chimera, and Coda.
After being manipulated by Emma Frost, the Marauders reform with Scalphunter, Arclight, Harpoon, Blockbuster, Vertigo, and Malice. The X-Men confronts this group, accusing them of committing a second Morlock Massacre. The Marauders deny this charge, but the X-Man Chamber burns them alive with his psionic flame. As he burns, Harpoon impales Chamber in the back, killing the young mutant.
Dawn of X.
In the 2019 Dawn of X event, Xavier and Magneto work with the X-Men, as well as many allies and former enemies, to create a new mutant nation and sanctuary on the living island of Krakoa. Krakoa creates teleport gates around the Earth so that mutants (and only mutants) may be able to travel to its land instantaneously and join the new community. However, some countries do not recognize the sovereignty of Krakoa and block their local gates in order to prevent their own mutant citizens from leaving. To aid these mutants who can't access the gates, Kitty Pryde forms a new group she calls the Marauders, recruiting her now reformed enemy Pyro as well as former teammates Storm, Iceman, and Bishop.
Mister Sinister, Scalphunter, and Sabretooth join the Krakoa community. The other living former Marauders refuse to come to Krakoa, taking shelter in Sinister's former orphanage base in Nebraska. While Sinister is left alone due to now being a member of Krakoa's ruling Quiet Council, Scalphunter is confronted by Morlocks on the island who inform him it is the anniversary of the Mutant Massacre. Rather than seek to make amends, Scalphunter remorselessly answers with violence and reveals a hidden weapon. He is later grouped with other mutants who are having trouble fitting in with the new community due to aggressive, violent, or villainous attitudes. At Sinister's suggestion, the group becomes a new team of Hellions whom he hopes to rehabilitate through a form of group therapy. The former X-Men member Psylocke joins Sinister as overseer of the group.
For their first mission, the new Hellions go to Sinister's orphanage in order to confront the original Marauders, only to learn they have become zombie-like beings under the control of Madelyne Pryor.
Members.
Second roster.
During the "Messiah Complex" storyline, five former X-Men joined the original roster of the Marauders, and Sabretooth was not among the group.
Third roster.
After the "Schism" storyline, two enemies of the X-Men joined the Marauders.
Fourth roster.
Magneto eventually tracked the original Marauders' remaining clones, except for Sabretooth and Malice, and killed them all, which activated new clones of them. He prevented the activation of the clones and programmed them to deploy at his command in the future. Scalphunter was also spared, though his arms and legs were severed.
Fifth roster.
As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" event, Mister Sinister has formed another incarnation of the Marauders. Besides Chimera, this membership consisted of:
Miss Sinister's New Marauders.
Following the rebirth of the Multiverse in the aftermath of Secret Wars, Miss Sinister had made her presence known and assembled several mutants that became stranded from the Ultimate Marvel into the Prime Universe which she personally handpicked and trained to be killers. Those among her New Marauders are:
Miss Sinister kept experimenting on the New Marauders, granting them secondary mutations through a method called the "Mothervine". However, not all attempts were successful, with one of them resulting in Quicksilver's death. Pietro's body was left behind by Miss Sinister in her base once she abandoned it, and it was eventually found by the young X-Men while investigating, nevertheless the New Marauders remained by Miss Sinister's side as she allied herself with Havok, Emma Frost and Bastion to release "Mothervine" globally with the intent to make mutantkind the dominant species. Miss Sinister later attempted to recruit the time-displaced Jean Grey to their cause by making sure she would find a necklace which unbeknownst to her, contained the essence of Malice. However, due to Jean's strong defenses, Malice could not bring herself to possess Jean, instead she was eventually found by Polaris which she immediately possessed. However, because Polaris had already been possessed by Malice, she was able to free herself from the possession braking Malice's necklace in the process. Miss Sinister also sent the New Marauders to recruit Xorn to Havok's cause, but Jimmy Hudson and Bloodstorm, intervened and rescued him. Shortly afterwards, the New Marauders were sent to attack Magneto, who had threatened Havok's plans but the master of magnetism evaded them and escaped using his time platform. Following the capture of the young X-Men, Emma Frost finally rejected Miss Sinister's ideal and psychically controlled Mach-II, Armor and Guardian in order to turned them upon their mistress, however, Miss Sinister activated a kill-switch she had implanted in their genetic code, which killed instantly all three.
Other versions.
Age of Apocalypse.
In the "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, the Marauders are a band of human terrorists equipped with wrist-armories and air-steppers, serving Apocalypse and consisting of Arcade, Dirigible, the Owl and Red. The group was sent by Apocalypse to destroy the land of Wakanda where Arcade was able to murder Black Panther and together destroy much of the land, the Marauders' life was cut short by Clint Barton and Gwen Stacy.
House of M.
In the "House of M" reality, the Marauders are a covert ops group led by Callisto and consisting of Banshee, Black Tom Cassidy, Blob, Caliban, Mammomax, Sunder, and T-Rex.
Mutant X.
In the "Mutant X" dimension, a group of thieves calling themselves the Marauders are made up of mostly X-Force and Generation X associates, such as an overweight Cannonball, Jubilee, Husk, Sunspot and Wolfsbane.
Ultimate Marvel.
In the Ultimate Marvel universe, the Marauders appear in the "Ultimate X-Men" series and are a white supremacist group led by Arnim Zola.
What If?
The Marauders are featured in "What If?" vol. 2, #101.
In other media.
Television.
The Marauders appear in the "Wolverine and the X-Men" animated series, consisting of Mister Sinister, Arclight, Blockbuster, Harpoon, Multiple Man, and Vertigo. Like the comics, they collect Mutant DNA by force for Sinister's plans to create the "Ultimate Mutant". In the episode "eXcessive Force" however, Cyclops disrupted one of their missions while searching for the missing Jean Grey, whom he believed Sinister kidnapped. In the episode "Guardian Angel", Sinister transforms the Angel into Archangel after the latter lost his wings. In the episode "Shades of Grey", Archangel joins the Marauders on a mission in which they are temporarily captured, but later escape. It is also revealed that the Marauders are in league with Apocalypse.


President of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia


Champion Hill Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Champion Hill of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately. Order of battle compiled from the army organization, returns of casualties and reports.
Army of the Tennessee.
MG Ulysses S. Grant
XIII Corps.
MG John A. McClernand

Escort:

XV Corps.
MG William T. Sherman
XVII Corps.
MG James B. McPherson
Provisional Cavalry Battalion: Cpt John S. Foster


British air services in the Falklands War

This is a list of the units, aircraft and casualties of the British air services in the Falklands War. The numbers in bold are the number of aircraft used in the war, the numbers in brackets are the number of lost aircraft. For a list of air forces from Argentina, see Argentine air forces in the Falklands War.
Units.
Royal Air Force.
All four-engined aircraft operated from Wideawake Airfield, Ascension Island, but flew in the war zone.
Casualties and aircraft losses.
10 fixed-wing aircraft and 25 helicopters.


Battle of the Bismarck Sea order of battle

The Battle of the Bismarck Sea (2–4 March 1943) took place in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during World War II. During the course of the battle, aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) attacked a Japanese convoy that was carrying troops to Lae, New Guinea. Most of the task force was destroyed, and Japanese troop losses were heavy.
Japanese forces.
Transports.
Captain Kamataro Matsumoto
Allied forces.
Allied air forces.
Air Commodore J. E. Hewitt
Motor Torpedo Boat Striking Force.
Lieutenant Commander Barry K. Atkins


Unterfeldwebel

Unterfeldwebel () was a rank of the Wehrmacht, from 1935 until 1945. It was also used in the East German National People's Army from 1956 to 1990. The equivalent to "Unterfeldwebel" in the Bundeswehr of West Germany and later the Federal Republic of Germany is the rank Stabsunteroffizier (OR-5).
History.
Unterfeldwebel (in Cavalry, Artillery, and "Armoured corps": Unterwachtmeister) was in Germany the designation to a person in uniform with the second lowest NCO-rank (after Unteroffizier). It was counted to the rank-group Unteroffiziere ohne Portepee.
The rank-designations "Unterfeldwebel", respectively "Unterfeldwebel" were created by renaming of the Sergeant rank of the German Empire Army.
Independent to the military assignment an "Unteroffizier" could be promoted to "Unterfeldwebel" after a service time of three to four years. Since 1936 this rank could normally be skipped in "Heer" and "Luftwaffe", and NCOs with the rank Unteroffizier were promoted to Feldwebel.
Nationale People's Army.
By the GDR National People's Army and the Border Troops the rank was introduced in 1962, comparable to NATO OR-6a. The rank insignia remained almost identically to these Wehrmacht and Reichswehr.


Gene Evans

Eugene Barton Evans (July 11, 1922 – April 1, 1998) was an American actor who appeared in numerous television series, made-for-television movies, and feature films between 1947 and 1989.
Background.
Evans was born in Holbrook, Arizona, but reared in Colton, California. Right after finishing high school he began performing in summer stock at the Penthouse Theatre in Altadena, California. Evans served in the United States Army during World War II and achieved the rank of sergeant. He performed with a theatrical troupe of GIs in Europe.
He made his film debut in the 1947 film "Under Colorado Skies" as Henchman Red, and appeared in dozens of films and television programs. He specialized in playing tough guys such as soldiers and lawmen.
Acting career.
Evans appeared in numerous films produced, directed, and written by Samuel Fuller. In his memoirs "A Third Face", Fuller described meeting Evans when casting his Korean War film "The Steel Helmet" (1950). Fuller threw an M1 Garand rifle at Evans, who caught it and inspected it as a soldier would have done. Evans had been a United States Army engineer in World War II. Fuller kept Evans and refused John Wayne for the role and fought to keep him despite Robert L. Lippert and his partner wanting Larry Parks for the role. Fuller walked off the film and would not return until Evans was reinstated. Evans also appeared in Fuller's "Fixed Bayonets!", "Hell and High Water", "Shock Corridor" and lost 30 pounds to play the lead in "Park Row".
Evans portrayed the authoritarian but wise father, Rob McLaughlin, on the 1956-1957 television series "My Friend Flicka". He next co-starred in 1958 as Major Al Arthur in "Damn Citizen", a film based on the life of crusading State Police superintendent Francis Grevemberg of Louisiana. In 1960, Evans was cast as Otis Stockert in "The Frontiersman" on the Western series "Wichita Town". That same year, he was cast as Boone Hackett in the episode "Die Twice" of the Western series "Johnny Ringo". He was also cast in 1960 as army sergeant Dan Phillips in the episode "The Quota" of "Riverboat", another Western series. In the storyline, Phillips shanghais Grey Holden (Darren McGavin) and a crew member of the river vessel "Enterprise" to meet the army's "quota" for new recruits.
In 1961, Evans guest-starred as Sheriff Tom Wilson in "Incident on the Road Back" in "Rawhide". He then was cast as Walter Kopek, an undercover agent of the United States Treasury Department in the 1963 episode "The Moonshiners" of "GE True", hosted by Jack Webb. In this episode's plot, Kopek moves against a bootlegging operation in Florida run by the mobster Bill Munger (Robert Emhardt).
Evans was cast as the historical Winfield Scott Stratton, a miner in Colorado, in the 1964 episode, "Sixty-seven Miles of Gold" on the syndicated anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Stanley Andrews. James Best and Jack Albertson played Jimmy Burns and Pearlman, respectively. In the story line, Stratton strikes it rich as he signs over his mining claim to a syndicate.
In 1966, Evans appeared on the drama series "Perry Mason" as Sheriff "Moose" Dalton in "The Case of the Scarlet Scandal". He starred as well in "Peopletoys" in 1974 with Leif Garrett, and in the fall of 1976, Evans starred on the adventure series "Spencer's Pilots".
In January 1979, Evans appeared as Garrison Southworth in one episode of "Dallas". He guest-starred in 10 episodes of "Gunsmoke". In 1965, Evans guest-starred as Jake Burnett in the episode "Vendetta" of "The Legend of Jesse James". Two years later, he appeared as Deedricks in the episode "Breakout" of "Custer".
In January 1982, Evans performed in the role of war reporter Clayton Kibbee in an episode of CBS's "M*A*S*H" titled "Blood and Guts". He also appeared on stage in the late 1980s as the gruesome Papa in the stage production "Papa Is All", directed by playwright Tommy F. Scott in Jackson, Tennessee. Evans retired to a farm in Tennessee following his role in the original film version of "Walking Tall".
Evans died at age 75 of heart failure at Jackson-Madison County General Hospital in Jackson, Tennessee on April 1, 1998. He was interred at Highland Memorial Gardens, also located in Jackson.


Riga Trial

The Riga Trial was a war crimes trial held in front of a Soviet military tribunal between 26 January and 3 February 1946 in Riga, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union against six high ranking Wehrmacht officers, Höheren SS- und Polizeiführer Friedrich Jeckeln and SA-Standartenführer Alexander Boecking.
All eight defendants were found guilty of war crimes during the German–Soviet War of 1941–45 and seven of them were publicly hanged immediately after the sentence. Only Wolfgang von Ditfurth escaped execution because of bad health, but died in prison from heart failure shortly after on 22 March 1946.
Proceedings.
Unlike some previous trials, the prosecutors wanted to and were able to prove concretely that the main defendant, Jeckeln, was responsible for the crimes of which he was accused. Thus Jeckeln, a Nazi "race warrior" who oversaw the Rumbula massacre in Latvia, could be proven guilty on the basis of his own statements, as well as testimonies of other participants and survivors of the massacres as well as on the basis of German documents. Not only had he given the orders, but he was also present in person for some of the time, and had even participated personally in the shootings and boasted about it. Prosecutors were able to trace his "blood trail" through Ukraine and the Baltic states as a commander of "Einsatzgruppen" death squads and determine his responsibility for the murder of over 100,000 Jews, Romani, and others. Jeckeln defended his actions on the grounds that he was acting on orders from Reichsführer SS Heinrich Himmler.
Boecking, the area commissioner of the Tallin district, was accused of the "Germanisation policy" in Estonia with the looting and extermination of Estonian people and the settlement of Germans in their place. Concrete accusations such as forced labour, forced relocation and looting were also made and concretely identified.


Infantry Assault Badge

The Infantry Assault Badge () was a German war badge awarded to Waffen-SS and Wehrmacht Heer soldiers during the Second World War. This decoration was instituted on 20 December 1939 by the Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, "Generalfeldmarschall" Walther von Brauchitsch. It could be awarded to members of infantry and "Gebirgsjäger" (mountain infantry) units that had participated in infantry assaults, with light infantry weapons, on at least three separate days of battle in the front line on or after 1 January 1940. When a counter offensive led to fighting, it could also apply. Award of the Infantry Assault Badge was authorized at regimental command level, and mechanized or motorized infantry were not eligible for the original badge. A bronze variant of the Infantry Assault Badge was created in June 1940, authorized for motorized and mechanized infantry units, using similar requirements for award as the original silver variant.
Classes.
Silver.
The silver class was instituted on 20 December 1939 by the commander of the OKH, Walther von Brauchitsch, and was awarded to infantry soldiers according to one of the following criteria:
Bronze.
The bronze class was instituted on 1 June 1940. It was awarded to motorized/Mechanized Infantry troops according to the same criteria as listed above.
Design.
The badge was designed by the company C. E. Junker of Berlin. It is oval in shape, with four oak leaves on each side; on the top is a national eagle clutching a swastika and a rifle with a fixed bayonet across the badge. The reverse of the badge is plain and has a pin attached to it. The original "silver" badges were made of silver-plate and the later ones were made of zinc. The "bronze" version was actually made of a "metal alloy".
1957 version.
On 26 July, 1957, the West German federal government passed the "Law of Titles, Orders and Honours" (), which permitted World War II veterans serving in the Bundeswehr to wear certain earned decorations from the conflict, as long as they were denazified. The Infantry Assault Badge was among the permitted decorations; The re-authorized version had the "Reichsadler" and swastika removed. Denazified versions of both the silver & bronze grade were authorized and produced.


9th Army Group Royal Artillery

The 9th Army Group Royal Artillery (9 AGRA) was flexible British Army unit used to command artillery units at corps level during and shortly after the Second World War. It provided a coherent command structure that could be switched between divisional or corps actions en masse. The basic units were medium artillery regiments, but others were added and removed as circumstances required.
9th AGRA was formed on 1 May 1943 from the artillery elements of 79th Armoured Division, whose purpose had been transformed from a general armoured unit into one using specialised armoured vehicles. It was attached to 21st Army Group during the advance from Normandy into Germany. Landing in Normandy on 12 July 1944, postponed from 18 June due to bad weather, the AGRA consisted of the following regiments:
9th Medium Regiment RA
10th Medium Regiment RA
11th Medium Regiment RA
107th Medium Regiment RA
146th Medium Regiment RA
59th Heavy Regiment RA
3rd Super Heavy Regiment RA (Enabled Oct 1944)- as still undergoing training in UK.
738 Artillery Coy RASC
660 Air OP Sqn


Cheat Mountain order of battle

The following Union Army and Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cheat Mountain of the American Civil War on September 12 and 13, 1861 in present-day West Virginia.
Union Forces.
Cheat Mountain District.
BG Joseph J. Reynolds
Confederate Forces.
Army of the Northwest.
Gen Robert E. Lee


Charles Norman Shay

Charles Norman Shay (born June 27, 1924) is a Penobscot tribal elder, writer, and decorated veteran of both World War II and the Korean War. Along with a Bronze Star and Silver Star, Shay was also awarded the Legion d'Honneur, making him the first Native American in Maine with the distinction of French chevalier. He was instrumental in the re-publishing of a book by his own grandfather, Joseph Nicolar: "The Life and Traditions of the Red Man", originally published in 1893. He has recently written an autobiography, "Project Omaha Beach: The Life and Military Service of a Penobscot Indian Elder" that details his time abroad in the military. Shay is also a direct descendant of Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin.
World War II.
Shay was drafted into the military in 1943 at the age of 19. He was selected for training as a medical technician and learned basic surgery skills. Shay joined the Medical Detachment of the First Division's (the "Big Red One") 16th Infantry Regiment and was attached as a platoon medic to Fox Company. As a combat medic, Shay treated as many of his wounded comrades as possible – bandaging wounds, applying tourniquets, applying makeshift splints, administering morphine or otherwise trying to make the wounded soldiers as comfortable as possible. Shay pulled several struggling soldiers from the rising tide, saving many immobilized wounded from drowning during the first wave of the landing of Omaha Beach on D-Day. He was also present helping the fallen at the Battles of Aachen, Huertgen Forest, and the Ardennes (Battle of the Bulge).
Shay was later attached to a reconnaissance squadron moving into the small farming village of Auel near the Sieg River in Germany. The squadron encountered about 20 German soldiers accompanied by a tank with an 88mm weapon, and were forced to surrender. The squadron was then marched 50–60 miles, moving only by night, to the POW camp Stalag VI-G. The column of prisoners grew along the way as the German unit accumulated more and more American soldiers. Shay was interrogated at the camp and held there until April 12, 1945 when American troops encircled the camp, trapping 350,000 enemy soldiers and liberating the camp. Shay was sent home soon after.
Post-World War II and Korea.
After making it home safely, Shay was unable to find work, like many other veterans after the war. He re-enlisted and was stationed in Vienna, Austria, serving as a medic with a Military Police Battalion. While stationed there he met a woman named Lilli [Rosa] Bollarth, and they married on March 21, 1950. When the Korean War broke out later that year, Shay joined the 3rd Division's 7th Infantry Regiment as a medic and was shipped to Japan. A few months later, his regiment went into battle in Korea and he served again as a combat medic. Shay was promoted to master sergeant and awarded the Bronze Star with two oak leaf clusters.
Retirement.
Charles and his wife Lilli lived together in Vienna, visiting Shay's original hometown on Indian Island in Maine in the summers. Charles and Lilli officially relocated to Indian Island in 2003, but unfortunately Lilli fell ill almost immediately. She died shortly after.
Shay has also renovated the two-story wooden "Teepee" on Native Island that his aunt Lucy Nicolar Poolaw and her Kiowa Indian husband Chief Bruce Poolaw built as a novelty shop and to sell Lucy's handmade baskets. Shay has restored the site as a small Family Museum.
Charles Norman Shay is an elder member of the Penobscot tribe of Maine. Also known as the Penawahpskewi, the people of the Penobscot Nation are federally recognized. The tribe is part of the Wabanaki group, located in Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Shay lives in the community of the Native Americans reservation where he spent his childhood on Penobscot Island, opposite Old Town, Maine. In his retirement, Shay played a big role in the installment of National Native American Veterans Day.
Project Omaha Beach.
In spring of 2007, Shay along with Harald E. L. Prins and his wife Bunny McBride, both of Kansas State University, planned a trip back to Europe so that Shay could visit past battle sites and comment on his experiences. The group was awarded grants to fund the journey from both the Maine Humanities Council and the First Division Museum in Wheaton, Illinois.
Prins, McBride, and Shay visited Normandy, Mons, Aachen, Hurtgen Forest, the Ardennes, and Auel. The trip was documented and filmed for future reference and in order to shed light on the experiences of American Indian soldiers in World War II. In "Project Omaha Beach: The Life and Military Service of a Penobscot Native American Elder", Shay narrates the journey in the form of letters to his deceased wife Lilli, and also includes an autobiography and information on organizations with which Shay is now associated. The book was published in 2012 by Polar Bear & Company in Solon, Maine. Soon after returning to his home at "Panawahpskek" (NAtives Island), Maine, Shay was personally inducted into the Legion of Honour as a Chevalier by Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the French Republic at the French Embassy in Washington DC.
A year later, in 2008, Shay was inducted as a Distinguished Member of the 16th Infantry Regiment in a special ceremony at Fort Riley, home base of the 1st Infantry Division, the famous "Big Red One." In 2009, he spearheaded the official establishment of June 21 as Native American Veterans Day in Maine, the first state in the U.S.A. to do so. Eight years later, he was invited to ceremonially inaugurate a large granite turtle sculpture at the "Charles Shay Indian Memorial," a small park in the dunes overlooking Omaha Beach.


27th Lancers

The 27th Lancers was a British Army cavalry regiment from 1941 to 1945.
History.
The regiment was raised in June 1941 from a cadre of personnel taken from the 12th Royal Lancers. It was assigned to the 11th Armoured Division as the divisional reconnaissance regiment. It was later withdrawn and held under command of GHQ.
In 1943, it was shipped to Egypt; in 1944 it moved to Italy, where it served as an independent reconnaissance regiment for the Allied Force Headquarters, and finished the war in Austria, where it was disbanded in August 1945. Some personnel were transferred to the 12th Lancers.


Michael Landsberry

Michael Terrence Landsberry (January 20, 1968 - October 21, 2013) was an American math teacher, and Afghanistan war Marine. During the Sparks Middle School shooting, he unsuccessfully attempted to reason with the shooter, Jose Reyes, before being shot and killed.
Early life and education.
Landsberry was born in Birmingham, Alabama on January 20, 1968.
Landsberry attended McQueen High School in Reno and graduated in 1986. He lettered four consecutive years in swimming, soccer and cross country. After he graduated in 1986, he had a bachelor's degree in education. In 1996, he graduated from the Truckee Meadows Community College with associate degrees in criminal justice and law enforcement. In 2000, he received a bachelor's degree in elementary education from the University of Nevada, Reno. He received a master's degree in education administration and supervision from the University of Phoenix in 2005.
Military career.
In 2001, Landsberry enlisted in the Nevada Air National Guard and was assigned to the Aerial Port Flight. In March 2006, Landsberry deployed to Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, and performed duties as an airlift validator for the Central Command Deployment and Distribution Center. In May 2011, he deployed again to Bagram Airfield, Afghanistan, where he performed air transportation functions for the 455th Expeditionary Aerial Port Squadron. He attained the Corporal rank and served as a field wireman until becoming a master sergeant.
Awards.
His military awards include: the Commendation Medal, the Joint Service Achievement Medal, the Air Force Achievement Medal, the Navy Achievement Medal, the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, the Good Conduct Medal, the Reserve Good Conduct Medal, the National Defense Service Medal, the Afghanistan Campaign Medal, the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, the Sea Service Ribbon, the Air Force Expeditionary Service Ribbon, the Navy Arctic Service Ribbon, the Air Force Longevity Service Award, the Armed Forces Reserve Medal, the NATO Medal, the Nevada State Commendation Medal, the Nevada Humanitarian Service Ribbon, the Nevada Air National Guard Overseas Deployment Ribbon, the Nevada Meritorious Service Ribbon and the Nevada Guard Service Ribbon.
Teaching career.
Landsberry began working for the Washoe County School District in 2001. For four years, he taught history, math and science at Trainer Middle School. He was also a teacher at Greenbrae Elementary School for a year in 2006, and in that same year, he started teaching math at Sparks Middle School. Throughout his tenure as a teacher, Landsberry coached middle school basketball, cross country, track, volleyball as well as high school soccer.
Murder.
On October 21, 2013, Jose Reyes opened fire on the school's campus with a 9mm semiautomatic handgun and injured two students. He then shot Landsberry in the chest before killing himself. According to Jorge Martinez, a 13-year-old student, Landsberry's last words before being shot were ""Get to a safe place. Something really bad might happen"." Xena Allen said that Landsberry told the students to get down and said to Reyes, "Put it down. It's not worth it".
Legacy.
In 2013, the Reno Gazette-Journal posthumously recognized Landsberry by awarding him with the Citizen of the Year award. He was nominated per a consensus, as most people nominated Landsberry to be awarded.
The Washoe Education Association started a scholarship named "The Michael Landsberry Memorial Scholarship". It is awarded to a high school senior who plans on attending a 2-4 year college or vocational school.
During his concert in Incline Village, Billy Ray Cyrus presented a memorial plaque to Landsberry's widow, Sharon, on July 5, 2014.
The United States Air Force posthumously awarded the Airman's Medal to Landsberry and the National Guard Association of the United States awarded him with the Valley Forge Cross for Heroism.
Personal life.
Landsberry is survived by his wife, Sharon Landsberry, along with his two stepdaughters. In 2015, Sharon won a settlement of $100,000 from the Washoe County School District for the death of her husband. She also received $44,000 for the 148 sick days accrued by her husband.


Bau-Bataillon 306

 Bau-Bataillon 306 (Construction Battalion 306) was an auxiliary unit of the Wehrmacht (Nazi Germany) during World War II. The personnel was Germans and Volga Tatars (3., 4. Wolgatatarische Kompanie, 1943-1944). It was formed on August 26, 1939. On September 23, 1943 it was renamed Bau-Pionier-Bataillon 306 (Construction Engineering Battalion).


Jason Dunham

Jason Lee Dunham (November 10, 1981 – April 22, 2004) was a corporal in the United States Marine Corps who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions while serving with 3rd Battalion 7th Marines during the Iraq War. While on a patrol in Husaybah, his unit was attacked and he deliberately covered an enemy grenade to save nearby Marines. When it exploded Dunham was gravely injured and died eight days later.
Early life and education.
Jason Dunham was born on November 10, 1981 in Scio, New York, and resided there with his parents, Dan and Deb, and his three siblings, two brothers and a sister. He graduated from Scio High School in 2000, having played basketball for his high school team.
Military service.
Dunham joined the United States Marine Corps in 2000. After graduating from recruit training on October 27 from Golf Company Platoon 2092, he served as a Security Force sentry at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay in Georgia until 2003.
In early 2004, Dunham was serving as a squad leader with 4th Platoon, Company K, 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, I Marine Expeditionary Force. His unit was based in Al-Karābilah.
On April 14, 2004, the battalion commander's convoy came under attack near Husaybah, Iraq, and 4th Platoon was dispatched on patrol to investigate. Dunham and his squad intercepted a number of cars spotted near the scene of the attack, which the patrol detained to search for weapons. When the squad approached a white Toyota Land Cruiser and discovered AK-47s, the driver exited and attacked the Marines in an attempt to flee. Dunham responded by closing in for hand-to-hand combat to subdue him. During the fighting, the individual dropped an armed Mills 36M hand grenade.
Dunham, to save the rest of his men, deliberately threw himself on the grenade, attempting to use his PASGT helmet to shield himself and others from the explosion, warning the others to "watch his hands." Dunham, the insurgent, and two other Marines nearby were all wounded by grenade fragments.
Dunham was severely wounded by the grenade blast, and was immediately evacuated. Within days, he arrived at National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland in a coma, where he was being treated for his injuries. After being diagnosed with brain damage and deemed unlikely to recover, he was taken off life support eight days later, on April 22, 2004. Shortly beforehand, Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Michael Hagee, presented Dunham with the Purple Heart. Dunham's parents were at his bedside when he died. He was buried in Fairlawn Cemetery in Scio.
In 2004, Michael M. Phillips, staff writer for "The Wall Street Journal", wrote an article summarizing Dunham's actions that appeared on page A1 of the May 25 edition. In 2005, Phillips published "The Gift of Valor: A War Story", which told Dunham's life story.
Honors and awards.
In addition to the Medal of Honor and his other military decorations, Dunham has also received other honors:
Military decorations.
Dunham's awards include:
Medal of Honor.
Shortly after his death, Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Lopez, Dunham's commanding officer, began the process of nominating him for the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest award for valor in combat. On November 10, 2006, at the dedication of the National Museum of the Marine Corps, President George W. Bush announced that Corporal Dunham would receive the Medal of Honor, making him the second recipient of the Medal of Honor for actions in the Iraq War and the first Marine recipient for actions since the Vietnam War.
President Bush presented Dunham's family with the Medal of Honor in a ceremony in the East Room of the White House on January 11, 2007.
Citation.
CORPORAL
JASON L. DUNHAM
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS
For service as set forth in the following citation:
USS "Jason Dunham".
On March 20, 2007, the Navy reported that a new guided missile destroyer would be named , in his honor. In a formal ceremony in Scio on March 23, 2007, Navy Secretary Donald C. Winter officially announced the naming of DDG-109 after Dunham. The keel was laid at a ceremony on April 11, 2008, at Bath Iron Works in Bath, Maine. The ship was christened on August 1, 2009, with Dunham's mother Debra acting as the ship's sponsor.
Among family members and officials present at the christening, also in attendance were Dunham's Kilo Company commander, Major Trent Gibson, as well as Sergeant Bill Hampton and Corporal Kelly Miller, whose lives he saved, and retired General Hagee. A piece of Dunham's helmet is encased in the mast. The "Jason Dunham" was commissioned on November 13, 2010. The ship's galley, named "Jason's Dugout", is decorated with memorabilia from Dunham's favorite baseball team, the New York Yankees.
Other namesakes.
The Marine Corps Security Force Barracks at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay was renamed the Cpl Jason Dunham Barracks in late June 2007.
The Cpl Dunham room is located at the Corporals Course at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina.
A Crucible warrior's station at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island, South Carolina and Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego, California was named in his honor. When recruits arrive at this station, they will read Cpl Dunham's Medal of Honor citation, and then perform ground-fighting techniques reflecting those Dunham used to defend himself and his fellow Marines leading to his nomination for the Medal of Honor.
A bill to rename the Scio post office, located at 4422 West Sciota Street in Scio, New York, as the "Corporal Jason L. Dunham Post Office" was submitted to the House of Representatives in December 2005 by Congressman Randy Kuhl. The bill was immediately passed in the House with support from all New York delegation members. With the support of both New York Senators Chuck Schumer and Hillary Clinton, the bill passed the Senate. On March 14, 2006, President Bush signed the bill. He also met with Dunham's family, who gave him a copy of "The Gift of Valor".


34 (Northern) Signal Regiment

34 (Northern) Signal Regiment was a Territorial Army regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The regiment formed part of 12 Signal Group, providing command and control communication for NATO's Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). As a result of the Strategic Review of Reserves it was announced on 28 April 2009 that the regiment was to be disbanded The regiment consisted of three squadrons plus the band:
History.
The 34th Signal regiment was originally formed in 1967 as a result of the merger between the 50th (Northumbrian), 49th (West Riding), 90th (North Riding) Signals Regiments and 339 Signal Squadron. Upon formation the regiment immediately joined the 12th Signal Group to help provide communications between the Channel Ports and the rear of the 1st British Corps. After the Options for Change the regiment moved to the 11th Signal Brigade where it was the theater communications support regiment for the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps.
Alliances.
The regiment during its time took a number of affiliations and freedoms including the following:


Skippy Roberge

Joseph Albert Armand "Skippy" Roberge (May 19, 1917 – June 7, 1993) was an American professional baseball player, an infielder whose professional career lasted for ten seasons between 1939–1952 (with 1943–1945 missed due to military service during World War II) and included 177 games played in Major League Baseball for the Boston Braves (1941–1942; 1946).
Early years.
Skippy Roberge was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on May 19, 1917. He attended Keith Academy, now part of Lowell Catholic High School, from 1933–1937, where he was the football quarterback, All-American forward for the basketball team, and shortstop and pitcher for the baseball team. He did not attend college.
After high school, Roberge joined a semi-pro baseball team in the Lowell Twilight League, and the Lowell YMCA basketball team, where he played until 1938 when he tried out for the Braves, then nicknamed the Boston Bees. Manager Casey Stengel liked what he saw and assigned Roberge to a Class D farm team, the Bradford Bees, for 1939. The next year, in 1940, Roberge moved up to the Class B team, the Evansville Bees, then to the Class A team, the Hartford Bees, before entering the Majors.
Baseball career.
Roberge was a right-handed backup utility Infielder for the Boston Braves from 1941–1942, 1946. Listed at , he made his Major League debut at the age of 24. He never started a game, but finished his career with 508 at-bats and a .220 batting average, with 3 home runs.
All in all, Roberge batted in 177 games with a career slugging percentage of .283. He also fielded in 163 games with 17 errors, and a .972 fielding percentage.
Military service.
Roberge served with the U.S. Army Company C, 52d Infantry Regiment (Anti-Tank), 4th Signal Battalion with the rank of Technician Fifth Grade.
The first few months while stationed in England, he played and taught baseball as part of a traveling squad around England. But in late 1944, as the Allied Forces advanced, Roberge was sent to the front lines, where he was wounded in the Roer River crossing at Linnich, Germany, on February 14, 1945, which earned him the Purple Heart. Roberge was discharged in December 1945.
Later years.
Even though his war wound hindered his return to the majors, Roberge continued to play baseball in the minor leagues. He briefly retired from the game for the 1951 season, but spent one final season in the minors playing for the Double-A Little Rock Travelers in 1952 before leaving professional baseball at the age of 35. He then worked the next 22 years back in his hometown at the General Electric Company, while coaching local youth leagues.
Roberge was inducted into the Lowell Catholic High School's Athletic Hall of Fame.
Roberge died in his hometown of Lowell on June 7, 1993, at the age of 76, and is buried in St. Joseph Cemetery in Lowell.


Order of battle for the Spring Offensive

This is the order of battle for Operation Michael, part of the German Spring Offensive fought from 21 March to 5 April 1918 as one of the main engagements of the First World War. It was fought between mixed French, British and Dominion forces and the
German Empire in the Somme region in northern France.
British armies.
Fifth Army.
General Sir Hubert Gough
Third Army.
General Hon. Sir Julian Byng
French Group of Armies of Reserve.
General Émile Fayolle
Third Army.
General Georges Louis Humbert
First Army.
General Marie-Eugène Debeney


Walter Anderson (editor)

Walter Anderson (born August 31, 1944) was the Chairman and CEO of Parade Publications (2000–2009) and he was the Editor of "Parade" magazine for 20 years before being named CEO.
Early life and education.
Anderson dropped out of high school and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps where he served from 1961 to 1966, rising to the rank of sergeant and serving in Vietnam (1965). During his enlistment he earned his General Educational Development (GED) diploma and has been a national spokesman for the GED program. After his discharge from the Marines, he received an AA in liberal arts and social science from Westchester Community College (1970) and a BS in Psychology from Mercy College (1972) in Westchester, New York. He was valedictorian of both colleges and served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees at Mercy College for eight years and is now Trustee Emeritus.
Career.
An author and playwright, Anderson is also co-founder of Novium Learning, an educational services company in Wellesley, Massachusetts. He worked for 32 years at Parade Publications where he held the positions of Chairman and CEO and Editor-in-Chief. During his tenure, Anderson, who himself was America’s Storyteller on FNN, helped increase the circulation of PARADE Magazine by more than 50% to 37 million, the world’s largest. He brought in acclaimed writers such as Norman Mailer, Carl Sagan, Elie Wiesel, Julia Child and Gail Sheehy, and transformed and modernized the magazine with new columns and a higher level of reporting and writing.
Prior to joining PARADE in 1977, Anderson held several senior newspaper management positions with Gannett Publications in Westchester, New York. He also was an investigative reporter whose articles appeared in New York Magazine and the Associated Press. He was named by Marjabelle Young Stewart to the list of the ten most well-mannered Americans.
As a champion of literacy, Anderson made his theatrical debut in 1992 at Ford’s Theater in Washington, DC where he created and presented an original program in storytelling to benefit the Literacy Volunteers of America and the National Center for Family Literacy. He has written five books including the bestsellers “Meant To Be," a memoir, and “The Confidence Course.” His first play, “Almost Home,” was produced (2014) at the Acorn Theatre (NYC) by The Directors Company. His most recent play, "The Trial of Donna Caine,' premiered (2018) at the George Street Playhouse (NJ). His filmed series, “It’s About Time,” is permanently available at the Library of Congress. He has appeared on numerous television and radio shows.
He was appointed by President Clinton in 1995 to serve for a four-year period as a member of the U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information Science. He has also served as a board member of the National Center for Family Literacy, Very Special Arts and PBS. He was awarded the Literacy Volunteers of America’s Stars in Literacy Award, the Napoleon Hill Gold Medal for literary achievement, the Tree of Life Award from The Jewish National Fund (presented by Elie Wiesel), the John H. Russell Leadership Award from the Marine Corps University Foundation, the Marine For Life Award (presented by Gen. James Jones, USMC, the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe) and the Horatio Alger Award, for which he was nominated by the late Norman Vincent Peale.
He has been an adjunct professor or visiting lecturer at several colleges, including the University of the Pacific, Clemson University and the New School for Social Research in New York. He was appointed by Secretary of the Navy Jim Webb in November 1987 to the board of advisors of the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and he served as an advisor until January, 2019. He also served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees at Mercy College, his alma mater, for eight years and is now Trustee Emeritus there.


Primus pilus

The Primus pilus or Primipilus was the senior centurion of the first cohort in a Roman legion. The name "Primus Pilus" is commonly translated to "first spear".
Name.
The origin of the name is very ancient: it used to be the commander of the first maniple of third line (triarii) of early republican Roman armies. A common, but wrong translation of "primus pilus" is "first spear", however a much more accurate translation would be "first pillar" since the word "pilus", sometimes confused with "pilum" or javelin, is a specific term to indicate the weapon of the triarii (a spear, not a javelin).
Historical role.
In the late Roman republic, the cohort became the basic tactical unit of the legions. The cohort was composed of five to eight centuries, each led by a centurion. The senior centurion of the legion and commander of the first cohort was called the "primus pilus"; he was a career soldier and advisor to the legate. While every normal cohort was composed of five to eight centuries, the one that was led by the "primus pilus" had about ten centuries, 800 men. It also had around 200 non-combatant staff, such as cooks and clerks. In modern infantry terms, "primus pilus" would be considered a lieutenant colonel in relation to battalion-size units, though there is no direct equivalent. The "primus pilus" would remain in command for one year, although after his term was finished he could continue to serve in the army if there was a vacancy in command or if he wished to become an independent commander of an "auxilia" unit or "praefectus castrorum".
During the Roman Empire, emperor Claudius created the office of "primus pilus iterum". This officer would be a former tribune in the "vigiles", "cohortes urbanae", or Praetorian Guard. After he had served as a tribune in those units, he would be transferred to a legion. The "primus pilus iterum" would hold the responsibility of a Praefectus castrorum but with higher pay.
The "primus pilus" was a well paid position. He would accumulate enough wealth to become part of the Equestrian class. However, it did not matter whether or not the Primus Pilus would become wealthy enough to qualify as an Equestrian, because a Primus pilus would gain Equestrian status after retiring.
Only eight officers in a fully officered legion outranked the "primus pilus": The legate ("lēgātus legiōnis"), commanding the legion; the senior tribune ("tribunus laticlavius"); the Camp Prefect ("praefectus castrorum"); and the five junior tribunes ("tribuni angusticlavii").
War councils role.
The "primus pilus" centurion had a place in the war councils along with the military tribunes and the Legatus of the legion.
Off-duty life.
Centurions commonly had similar homes to the cives Romani (full Roman citizens), but the higher ranked centurions such as the "primus pilus" often had larger-than-usual homes. Otherwise, they were treated as ordinary Cives Romani. They had the right to vote, own property, marry, and hold office.


First Consul of France


Trail of the White Worm

Trail of the White Worm is an audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". This audio drama was produced by Big Finish Productions.
This is the first part of a two-part story, the second part being "The Oseidon Adventure".
Plot.
Derbyshire, 1979. A legendary giant white worm is sought after by the Doctor, Leela and the Master.
Critical reception.
"Doctor Who Magazine" reviewer Matt Michael called the play "lightweight", and criticised the plotting, but praised the cast.


Peace Pledge Union

The Peace Pledge Union (PPU) is a non-governmental organisation that promotes pacifism, based in the United Kingdom. Its members are signatories to the following pledge: "War is a crime against humanity. I renounce war, and am therefore determined not to support any kind of war. I am also determined to work for the removal of all causes of war", and campaign to promote peaceful and nonviolent solutions to conflict. The PPU forms the British section of War Resisters' International.
History.
Formation.
The PPU emerged from an initiative by Hugh Richard Lawrie 'Dick' Sheppard, canon of St Paul's Cathedral, in 1934, after he had published a letter in the "Manchester Guardian" and other newspapers, inviting men (but not women) to send him postcards pledging never to support war. 135,000 men responded and, with co-ordination by Sheppard, the Methodist Reverend John C. B. Myer, and others, formally became members. The initial male-only aspect of the pledge was aimed at countering the idea that only women were involved in the peace movement. In 1936 membership was opened to women, and the newly founded "Peace News" was adopted as the PPU's weekly newspaper. The PPU assembled several noted public figures as sponsors, including Aldous Huxley, Bertrand Russell, Storm Jameson, Rose Macaulay, Donald Soper, Siegfried Sassoon, Reginald Sorensen, J. D. Beresford, Ursula Roberts (who wrote under the pseudonym "Susan Miles") and Brigadier-General F. P. Crozier (a former army officer turned pacifist).
The PPU attracted members across the political spectrum, including Christian pacifists, socialists, anarchists and in the words of member Derek Savage, "an amorphous mass of ordinary well-meaning but fluffy peace-lovers". In 1937 the No More War Movement formally merged with the PPU. George Lansbury, previously chair of the No More War Movement, became president of the PPU, holding the post until his death in 1940. In 1937 a group of clergy and laity led by Sheppard formed the Anglican Pacifist Fellowship as an Anglican complement to the non-sectarian PPU. The Union was associated with the Welsh group, "Heddwchwyr Cymru", founded by Gwynfor Evans. In March 1938, PPU George Lansbury launched the PPU's first manifesto and peace campaign. The campaign argued that the idea of a war to defend democracy was a contradiction in terms and that "in a period of total war, democracy would be submerged under
totalitarianism".
A large part of the PPU's work involved providing for the victims of war. Its members sponsored a house where 64 Basque children, refugees from the Spanish Civil War, were cared for. PPU archivist William Hetherington writes that "The PPU also encouraged members and groups to sponsor individual Jewish refugees from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to enable them to be received into the United Kingdom".
In 1938 the PPU opposed legislation for air-raid precautions and in 1939 campaigned against military conscription.
Attitudes towards Nazi Germany.
Like many in the 1930s, the PPU supported aspects of appeasement, with some members suggesting that Nazi Germany would cease its aggression if the territorial provisions of the Versailles Treaty were undone. It backed Neville Chamberlain's policy at Munich in 1938, regarding Hitler's claims on the Sudetenland as legitimate. At the time of the Munich crisis, several PPU sponsors tried to send "five thousand pacifists to the Sudetenland as a non-violent presence", however this attempt came to nothing.
"Peace News" editor and PPU sponsor John Middleton Murry and his supporters in the group caused considerable controversy by arguing Germany should be given control of parts of mainland Europe. In a PPU publication, "Warmongers", Clive Bell said that Germany should be permitted to "absorb" France, Poland, the Low Countries and the Balkans. However, this was never the official policy of the PPU and the position quickly drew criticism from other PPU activists such as Vera Brittain and Andrew Stewart. Clive Bell left the PPU shortly afterwards and by 1940 he was supporting the war.
Some PPU supporters were so sympathetic to German grievances that PPU supporter Rose Macaulay claimed she found it difficult to distinguish between the PPU newspaper "Peace News" and that of the British Union of Fascists (BUF), saying, "occasionally when reading "Peace News", I (and others) half think we have got hold of the "Blackshirt" [BUF journal] by mistake". There was Fascist infiltration of the PPU and MI5 kept an eye on the PPU's "small Fascist connections". After Dick Sheppard's death in October 1937, George Orwell, always hostile to pacifism, accused the PPU of "moral collapse" on the grounds that some members even joined the BUF. However, several historians note that the situation may have been the other way around; that is, BUF members attempted to infiltrate the PPU. On 11 August 1939, the Deputy Editor of Peace News, Andrew Stewart, criticised those "who think that membership of British Union, Sir Oswald Moseley's Fascist organization, is compatible with membership of the PPU". In November 1939, an MI5 officer reported that members of the far-right Nordic League were attempting "to join the PPU en masse".
Historians have differed in their interpretation of the PPU's attitude to Nazi Germany. The historian Mark Gilbert said, "it is hard to think of a British newspaper that was so consistent an apologist for Nazi Germany as "Peace News"," which "assiduously echoed the Nazi press's claims that far worse offences than the Kristallnacht events were a regular feature of British colonial rule". But David C. Lukowitz argues that, "it is nonsense to charge the PPU with pro-Nazi sentiments. From the outset it emphasised that its primary dedication was to world peace, to economic justice and racial equality," but it had "too much sympathy for the German position, often the product of ignorance and superficial thinking". Research by the historian Richard Griffiths, published in 2017, suggests considerable division and controversy at the top of the PPU, with the editors of "Peace News" being generally more willing to play down the dangers of Nazi Germany than were many members of the PPU Executive.
Controversy over the PPU's attitude towards Nazi Germany has continued ever since the war. In 1950, Rebecca West, in her book "The Meaning of Treason", described the PPU as "that ambiguous organisation which in the name of peace was performing many actions certain to benefit Hitler". The publishers removed the phrase from subsequent editions of the book following representations by the PPU, but West refused to apologise. As recently as 2017, the right-wing commentator and retired colonel Richard Kemp alleged on "Good Morning Britain" that the PPU were "arch-appeasers" who had supported the absorption of the Low Countries into Germany's sphere of influence. This was denied by the PPU representative on the programme, who stated that the PPU had campaigned against arms sales to Fascist regimes when the UK government was selling weapons to Mussolini.
Second World War.
Initially, the Peace Pledge Union opposed the Second World War and continued to argue for a negotiated peace with Germany. On 9 March 1940, 2,000 people attended a PPU public meeting calling for a negotiated peace. PPU membership reached a peak of 140,000 in 1940.
For some members of the PPU, the focus was less on a negotiated peace and more on "nonviolent revolution" in both Britain and Germany. In 1940, the PPU published a booklet called "Plan of Campaign", reprinting an article by the Dutch Christian anarcho-pacifist Bart de Ligt. He called for war to be made impossible by direct action, including "the most effective non-co-operation, boycott and sabotage". Not all PPU members were happy with this approach and the booklet was withdrawn from sale in London.
In February 1940, the "Daily Mail" newspaper called for the PPU to be banned. While the government decided not to ban the PPU, a number of PPU members faced arrest and prosecution for campaigning against war. In May 1940, six leading PPU activists—Alex Wood, Stuart Morris, Maurice Rowntree, John Barclay, Ronald Smith and Sidney Todd—were charged over the publication of a pacifist poster that was aimed at encouraging people of all nationalities to refuse to fight. The charge read out in court was that they "did endeavour to cause among persons in His Majesty's Service disaffection likely to lead to breaches of their duty". They were prosecuted by the Attorney-General, Donald Somervell KC. They were defended by John Platts-Mills and were convicted but not imprisoned. The PPU Council voted by a majority to withdraw the poster in question, although this seems to have been a controversial decision within the PPU. Other PPU members were also arrested, for holding open-air meetings during the war and selling "Peace News" in the street. In 1942, PPU General Secretary Stuart Morris was sentenced to nine months in prison for dealing with secret government documents relating to British rule in India, which he was alleged to have been planning to pass to Gandhi or others in the nonviolent wing of the Indian independence movement. The trial was held in secret. The PPU Council disassociated itself from Morris' actions.
The critical attitude towards the PPU in this period was summarised by George Orwell, writing in the October 1941 issue of "Adelphi" magazine: "Since pacifists have more freedom of action in countries where traces of democracy survive, pacifism can act more effectively against democracy than for it. Objectively, the pacifist is pro-Nazi".
Following the fall of France, support for the PPU dropped considerably and some former members even volunteered for the armed forces. The PPU abandoned the focus on peace negotiations. PPU members instead concentrated on activities such as supporting British conscientious objectors and supporting the Food Relief Campaign. A few members of the PPU joined the Bruderhof in the Cotswolds, which was seen as a radical peace experiment. This latter campaign attempted to supply food, under Red Cross supervision, to civilians in occupied Europe. From 1941, the PPU campaigned against the bombing of German civilians and was one of several groups to back the Bombing Restriction Committee (most of whose members were not pacifists or even opposed to the war as a whole). The Birmingham branch of the PPU declared, "We pacifists, while determined to resist the Nazi system, believe that nothing can justify the continuation of this slaughter and the moral degradation that it involves". Throughout the war, Vera Brittain published a newsletter, "Letters to Peace Lovers", criticizing the conduct of the war, including the bombing of civilian areas of Germany. This had 2,000 subscribers.
By 1945, membership of the PPU had fallen by more than a quarter, standing at 98,414 when the war ended (compared to around 140,000 in 1940).
After the Second World War.
Since 1945, the PPU has consistently "condemned the violence, oppression and weapons of all belligerents". Immediately after the war, there was a focus on support for famine relief in Europe and elsewhere. The PPU condemned the use of nuclear weapons against Japan in August 1945 and in October 1945, prominent PPU members were among the signatories to an open letter asking what the moral difference was between mass killing by Nazis in concentration camps and mass killings by atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This was followed by the publication of the PPU leaflet "Atom War". In 1947, the PPU voted to make a priority of campaigning for the abolition of conscription (known in law as National Service). Conscription in the UK was phased out from 1960 and ended completely in 1963.
In the 1950s, the PPU paid more attention to ideas of nonviolent civil disobedience, as developed by Mohandas Gandhi and others. This was not without controversy even within the PPU, with some members resigning as they objected to the use, or what they saw as the too frequent use, of methods of civil disobedience. However, members of PPU were well represented in the Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War (DAC) founded in 1957, which organised the first of the Aldermaston marches in 1958. In practice, however, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the PPU lost some members to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, even though CND was not a pacifist-only organisation and, at least in its early days, was less focused on direct action.
Some recovery in the PPU's fortunes took place after 1965, when Myrtle Solomon was general secretary. The PPU organised protests against the US war in Vietnam and handed out leaflets to US tourists in Britain stating "not only are Vietnamese being killed, but American men are dying for a cause war cannot achieve". The PPU also opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and condemned both the Argentinian invasion of the Falklands and the British response. It has also promoted the ideas of pacifist thinkers such as Leo Tolstoy, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Richard B. Gregg.
The group had a branch in Northern Ireland, the Peace Pledge Union in Northern Ireland; in the 1970s this group campaigned for the withdrawal of the British army, as well as the disbandment of both Republican and Loyalist paramilitary groups.
The Peace Pledge Union's 21st-century activity has included taking part in British protests against the 2003 Iraq War. In 2005, the PPU released an educational CD-ROM on Martin Luther King's life and work that was adopted by several British schools. In recent years, the PPU has focused on issues including Remembrance Day, peace education, the commemoration of World War One and what they describe as the "militarisation" of British society.
White poppy campaign.
The PPU's most visible contemporary activity is the White Poppy appeal, started in 1933 by the Women's Co-operative Guild alongside the Royal British Legion's red poppy appeal. The white poppy commemorated not only British soldiers killed in war, but also civilian victims on all sides, standing as "a pledge to peace that war must not happen again". In 1986, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher expressed her "deep distaste" for the white poppies, on allegations that they potentially diverted donations from service men, yet this stance gave them increased publicity. In the 2010s, sales of white poppies rose. The PPU reported that around 110,000 white poppies had been bought in 2015, the highest number on record.
Notable members.
Members of the PPU have included: Vera Brittain, Benjamin Britten, Clifford Curzon, Alex Comfort, Eric Gill, Ben Greene, Laurence Housman, Aldous Huxley, George Lansbury, Kathleen Lonsdale, Reginald Sorensen, George MacLeod, Sybil Morrison, John Middleton Murry, Peter Pears, Max Plowman, Arthur Ponsonby, Bertrand Russell, Siegfried Sassoon, Myrtle Solomon, Donald Soper, Sybil Thorndike, Michael Tippett and Wilfred Wellock.


Richmond Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Richmond of the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Army of Kentucky.
MG E. Kirby Smith
Escort:


John D. Kelly (World War II soldier)

John D. Kelly (July 8, 1923 – November 23, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.
Biography.
Kelly joined the Army from Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania in June 1942, and by June 25, 1944 was serving as a Corporal in Company E, 314th Infantry Regiment, 79th Infantry Division. On that day, at Fort du Roule, Cherbourg, France, Kelly repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire in order to destroy an enemy emplacement and capture its occupants. He was killed in action five months later, after having been promoted to technical sergeant. For his actions at Fort du Roule, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor on January 24, 1945.
Kelly died November 23, 1944 and was buried at the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Épinal, France.
Medal of Honor citation.
Kelly's Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 25 June 1944, in the vicinity of Fort du Roule, Cherbourg, France, when Cpl. Kelly's unit was pinned down by heavy enemy machinegun fire emanating from a deeply entrenched strongpoint on the slope leading up to the fort, Cpl. Kelly volunteered to attempt to neutralize the strongpoint. Arming himself with a pole charge about 10 feet long and with 15 pounds of explosive affixed, he climbed the slope under a withering blast of machinegun fire and placed the charge at the strongpoint's base. The subsequent blast was ineffective, and again, alone and unhesitatingly, he braved the slope to repeat the operation. This second blast blew off the ends of the enemy guns. Cpl. Kelly then climbed the slope a third time to place a pole charge at the strongpoint's rear entrance. When this had been blown open he hurled hand grenades inside the position, forcing survivors of the enemy guncrews to come out and surrender. The gallantry, tenacity of purpose, and utter disregard for personal safety displayed by Cpl. Kelly were an incentive to his comrades and worthy of emulation by all.


Michael Bilirakis

Michael Bilirakis (born July 16, 1930) is an American politician and lawyer from Florida. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives since 1983 until 2007, representing the 9th District of Florida.
Early life.
Bilirakis was born in Tarpon Springs, Florida but spent his childhood in Clairton, Pennsylvania. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Pittsburgh where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity. He also attended George Washington University for a time. He earned a J.D. degree from the University of Florida Levin College of Law. Bilirakis served in the United States Air Force during the Korean War.
Political career.
Bilirakis made his first run for office in 1982, contesting the newly created 9th District. He defeated State Representative George Sheldon by 4,300 votes. He was reelected with 78 percent of the vote in 1984 and was reelected 10 more times, never facing serious opposition. He ran unopposed in 1988, 1994, 1998 and 2004.
His committee assignments include membership on the Energy and Commerce Committee as well as being vice chairman of the Veterans' Affairs Committee. He played a key role in enactment of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act and re-authorization of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act. He was the lead congressional sponsor of The Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002 and authored the Organ Donation Improvement Act. "National Journal"'s Almanac of American Politics called him one of the most "legislatively productive" members of Congress.
Retirement and later life.
Bilirakis retired in 2006. His son, Gus, a Florida state representative, defeated Democrat Phyllis Busansky in the 2006 congressional race for the elder Bilirakis's House seat. In August 2009, Bilirakis was shortlisted by Governor Crist as a potential replacement for Mel Martínez after his resignation from the U.S. Senate. Crist ultimately appointed George LeMieux.


Battle of Maipu order of battle


IV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)

IV Corps (IV. Armeekorps) was a corps level command of the German Army (Wehrmacht) before and during World War II.
History.
The IV Army Corps was formed on 1 October 1934 in Wehrkreis IV (4th Military District) in Dresden by the expansion of the 4th Infantry Division of the Reichswehr.
It was destroyed in the Battle of Stalingrad on 31 January 1943 and reformed on 20 July 1943.

The Corps was again destroyed in August 1944 during the Soviet Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, and its commander killed.

The Corps was redesignated as IV Panzer Corps on 10 October 1944 and as Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle on 27 November 1944.


Observer Badge (Luftwaffe)

The Observer's Badge () was a German military decoration that was awarded before and during World War II to members of the German Air Force (Luftwaffe). They qualified for the badge after completing two months of qualifying service and five operational flights in the role of observer, navigator or bombardier; also, it could be awarded after a member of the German Air Force was wounded while acting in the capacity of an observer during a qualifying flight. It was worn on the left breast tunic pocket of an air force or political uniform tunic. A citation was issued with the awarded badge. Thereafter, Luftwaffe service personnel who had already been awarded the Pilot's Badge and Observer's Badge could qualify for the Pilot/Observer Badge. After 31 July 1944 the regulations were changed and the recipient had to have held both qualification certificates for at least one year to qualify for the Pilot/Observer Badge.
Description.
The badge was approved in November 1935 and first issued on 26 March 1936. It was made by C. E. Juncker, P. Meybauer and several others. The badge was oval in shape and had a silver-plated oakleaf wreath around the outside. The middle of the wreath had an "oxidized" national eagle "in a watching attitude", clutching a Nazi swastika in the middle of the outside wreath. Originally made of silver nickel, after 1937 they were made of aluminum and during World War II it was made of metal alloy. The badge measured 42mm wide by 53mm high and the wingspan of the eagle's wings in the middle was 53mm. There was also a cloth version of the badge. The presentation case was dark blue, with a blue satin top liner and a blue velvet bottom liner on the inside.


Otis Johnson (musician)

Otis Johnson (January 13, 1908 – February 28, 1994) was an American jazz trumpeter.
Life.
Johnson was born on January 13, 1908 (some records have 1910) in Richmond, Virginia. He began his career in the late 1920s, working with Gene Rodgers, Henri Saparo, Eugene Kennedy, and Charlie Skeete. In 1929 he joined Luis Russell's band, and rejoined Kennedy's group before working with Benny Carter in 1934. He played with Charlie Turner and Willie Bryant in the mid-1930s, then with Louis Armstrong and Don Redman toward the end of the decade.
Military service.
Johnson joined the 369th Coast Artillery of the New York Army National Guard on December 30, 1940 and separated on October 13, 1945, achieving the rank of T/4. He never returned to active performance after leaving the military.
Death.
Johnson died on February 28, 1994.


Fayard Nicholas

Fayard Antonio Nicholas (October 20, 1914 – January 24, 2006) was an American choreographer, dancer and actor. He and his younger brother Harold Nicholas made up the Nicholas Brothers tap dance duo, who starred in the MGM musicals "An All-Colored Vaudeville Show" (1935), "Stormy Weather" (1943), "The Pirate" (1948), and "Hard Four" (2007). The Nicholas brothers also starred in the 20th Century-Fox musicals "Down Argentine Way" (1940), "Sun Valley Serenade" (1941), and "Orchestra Wives" (1942).
Early life.
Nicholas was born in Alabama, but grew up primarily in Philadelphia. He learned to dance while watching vaudeville shows with his brother while their musician parents played in the orchestra. His father, Ulysses D. Nicholas, was a drummer and his mother, Viola Harden Nicholas, was a pianist.
Career.
In 1932, when he was 18 and his brother was only 11, they became the featured act at Cotton Club in New York City. The brothers earned fame with a unique style of rhythm tap that blended "masterful jazz steps with daredevil athletic moves and an elegance of motion worthy of ballet". They appeared in the Ziegfeld Follies on Broadway and in London they worked with jazz choreographer Buddy Bradley. The performances led them to a career in film. Nicholas appeared in over 60 films, including the 1943 musical Stormy Weather with their signature staircase dance.
His career was interrupted from 1943 to 1944 when he served in the U.S. Army during World War II. Nicholas achieved the rank of Technician fifth grade while in WWII.
After his dance career ended, Nicholas and his wife, Katherine Hopkins Nicholas, embarked on a lecture tour discussing dance. In 2003, Nicholas served as "Festival Legend" at the third "Soul to Sole Tap Festival" in Austin, Texas.
Nicholas was inducted into the National Museum of Dance C.V. Whitney Hall of Fame in 2001.
Personal.
Nicholas was married three times. He remained friends with his first wife, Geraldine Pate, after their divorce. His second wife was Barbara January. He married dancer Katherine Hopkins in 2000. He was a member of the Baháʼí Faith. Nicholas died of pneumonia following a stroke in 2006
at age 91. His wife Katherine died in 2012.


Michael Lazzara

Michael A. Lazzara is a North Carolina politician.
Early life and education.
Lazzara was born in Palermo, Sicily and raised in Chicago.
Military career.
Lazzara served in the United States Marine Corps from 1982–86 and was stationed at Camp Lejeune. He was promoted to corporal.
Career.
Lazzara is the owner of Lazzara Pizza Inc. By 2021, Lazzara has been in the pizza industry for 30 years. In 2005, Lazzara first started serving as Mayor Pro Tem of Jacksonville, North Carolina. On the Jacksonville city council, he represented the 3rd ward. Lazzara is chairman of the Jacksonville Tourism Development Authority. In 2020, Mayor Pro Tem Lazzara, along with Chief Michael Yaniero, accepted a Law Enforcement Agency of the Year awarded to the Jacksonville Police Department by the North Carolina Police Executives Association. On November 3, 2020, Lazzara was elected to the North Carolina Senate seat representing the 6th district. He resigned from the city council as result. Lazarra assumed office on January 1, 2021. Lazarra and was sworn in with a virtual ceremony on January 2nd along side George G. Cleveland and Jimmy Dixon due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lazzara was appointed to three committees in the state senate: Appropriations on General Government, State and Local Government, Education and Judiciary. In January 2021, Lazzara advocated for a state senate bill sponsored by Deanna Ballard that sought to reopen North Carolina schools, with a virtual option, amid the pandemic.
Personal life.
Lazzara is Catholic.


List of vice-admirals of Kent

The Vice-Admiral of Kent was responsible for the defence of the county of Kent, England.
History.
As a vice-admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included pressing men for naval service, deciding the lawfulness of prizes (captured by privateers), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks and acting as a judge.
The earliest record of an appointment was of William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham 1559–1597.
In 1863 the registrar of the Admiralty Court stated that the offices had "for many years been purely honorary" (HCA 50/24 pp. 235-6). Appointments were made by the Lord High Admiral when this officer existed. When the admiralty was in commission appointments were made by the crown by letters patent under the seal of the admiralty court.
Vice-admirals of Kent.
This is a list of people who have served as Vice-Admiral of Kent.
From 1585 to 1607, a separate vice-admiral was appointed for the Hundred of Milton.


8th Carrier Air Group

The 8th Carrier Air Group of the Fleet Air Arm was formed on 30 June 1945. It was based on the aircraft carrier for service in the British Pacific Fleet and contained 828 Naval Air Squadron flying the Grumman TBF Avenger, 801 Naval Air Squadron and 880 Naval Air Squadron flying the Supermarine Seafire and 1771 Naval Air Squadron flying the Fairey Firefly. It was disbanded in April 1946, but some of its squadrons disbanded earlier.