Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University

Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (), () — formerly known as the Lvov State Medical Institute, earlier the Faculty of Medicine of the John Casimir University and, before that, Faculty of Medicine of the Francis I University — is one of the oldest and biggest medical universities in Ukraine. LNMU begins from the Medical Faculty of Lviv University, which was opened on November 16, 1784, according to the privilege of the Austrian emperor Josef II. The medical school is named after King Daniel of Galicia, the historical founder of the city in 1256 AD. In 2009 University celebrated its 225 anniversary.
History.
The history of Lviv Medical University goes back to 1661, when on 20 January the Jesuit Collegium in Lviv by the privilege of Polish King John II Casimir acquired the status of academy. It consisted of four departments and was awarded the title of the university. However, until the break-up of the university in 1773, the full-blown medical department was not established.
On 16 November 1784, according to the privilege of the Austrian emperor Joseph II, signed on 21 October 1784, Lviv University was revived with four faculties: theology, philosophy, law and medicine. Since then Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University started counting its age.
Until 1918.
On January 20, 1661, King John II Casimir Vasa granted the privilege transforming the Jesuit College into an Academy with four faculties. There was no medical faculty at that time and this condition lasted until the closing of the university by the Austrian authorities in 1773. Emperor Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor by a privilege of October 21, 1784 agreed to resume the university's activity, which took place November 16, 1784. The faculties of law, theology, philosophy and medicine, the existence of a medical college in Lviv has been dated since. In 1891, the Austro-Hungarian government decided to establish an independent medical faculty thanks to the intercession of the governor of Galicia (Eastern Europe), Count Kasimir Felix Badeni a medical faculty was established. In the same year, the city authorities and governorship allocated the university the area at ul. Piekarska 52 for the construction of a new faculty. The author of the project was Józef Braunseis , under whose leadership the main building of descriptive anatomy and physiology, forensic medicine, pathology, as well as chemistry and pharmacology was created in four years. By 1898, new facilities were erected to house the departments of obstetrics and gynecology, internal medicine, dermatology and venereology, and otolaryngology. In March 1900, the first sixteen graduates with the title of doctor, fourteen Poles and two Ukrainians graduated from the university. At the beginning of the 20th century many lecturers were recruited from universities with longer traditions and reputation, i.e. the Jagiellonian University , Viennaand in Heidelberg .
Second Polish Republic.
After the beginning of the 1918 academic year, education was discontinued, staff and students fought to Battle of Lemberg (1918) . The next academic year was interrupted due to the Polish–Soviet War.
The university's activity was activated on March 15, 1920, within two years the Faculty of Medicine encompassed twenty-one departments, and nineteen professors were among the academic staff. In 1929 the university structure was reorganized, the Pharmaceutical Department was established at that time. Before the outbreak of World War II, the Faculty of Medicine consisted of twenty-four departments and clinics, and thirteen full professors, five associate professors and thirty-three associate professors worked among the scientific staff.
World-renowned scholars lectured at the medical faculty, including Henryk Kadyi, Wladyslaw Szymonowicz, John Prussia, Adolf Beck (physiologist) , Antoni Mars, Ludwik Rydygier , Antoni Cieszyński , Roman Rencki, Jakub Karol Parnas , Rudolf Weigl , Antoni Władysław Gluziński, Stanisław Budzyński , Edmund Biernacki , Leon Popielski, Włodzimierz Sieradzki, Hilary Schramm, Emanuel Machek, Antoni Jurasz, Henryk Halban, Zdzisław Steusing, Napoleon Gąsiorowski, Witold Ziembicki, Jan Grek, Tadeusz Ostrowski, Adam Gruca, Jan Lenartowicz, Adam Bednarski, Kazimierz Bocheński, Franciszek Groër, Eugeniusz Artwiński, Teofil Zalewski, Józef Antoni Markowski, Bolesław Jałowy, Mieczysław Wierzuchowski, Włodzimierz Koskowski, Marian Franke, Witold Nowicki (lekarz) .
In the 1938/1939 academic year various Departments in the Medical School were:
Secret Ukrainian University.
After the end of the Polish-Bolshevik war by the decision of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education (Poland), the University of Lviv became a university with only Polish as the language of instruction, professors and lecturers of Ukrainian origin were removed from the university. This caused a protest and the establishment of underground Ukrainian higher education, under which a secret Ukrainian Technical College and the Ukrainian University were established, in which the medical faculty operated in the years 1921–1925. There were ten departments where one hundred and eighty-five students studied. The group of lecturers included, among others Marian Panchyshyn, Iwan Kuroweć, Maksym Muzyka, Stefan Baley, and Ołeksandr Barwinski. Due to the lack of facilities and the possibility of conducting laboratory and clinical exercises after completing the third year, students continued to study abroad.
World War II.
After entering the city of the Red Army in autumn 1939, the Soviet authorities reorganized higher education to adapt it to the model in force in the USSR. The Faculty of Medicine was separated from the structures of the University of Lviv and became an independent university called the State Medical Institute. Oleksandr Makarczenko became the rector, the university ran two faculties - health care and pharmaceutical. In the same year, a medical science library was founded . After the arrival of German troops in Lviv at the end of June 1941, the extermination of the Polish intelligentsia began, at the beginning of July the Massacre of Lwów professors took place in the Wuleckie Hillsin the southern part of the city. Tadeusz Ostrowski, Władysław Dobrzaniecki, Stanisław Progulski, Jan Grek, Roman Rencki, Włodzimierz Sieradzki, Adam Sołowij, Stanisław Mączewski, Witold Nowicki, Antoni Cieszyński and Jerzy Grzędzielski were among the group shot . Bolesław Jałowy, Andrij Łastowećkyj and Adolf Beck also died during the Nazi occupation.. On May 20, 1942, the Nazis organized vocational medical courses at the premises of the Medical Institute bearing the official name of the State Vocational Medical and Nature Courses (Staatliche Medizinisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fachkurse) in Lviv, their scope corresponded to the German program of higher medical education. They were called medical and preventive vocational courses, Marian Panczyszyn and Roman Osinczuk were involved in their organization .
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
After re-entering the city of Russians, the activity of the State Medical Institute was restored. In 1961 a department for training foreigners was established, the number of which increased steadily, yet the language of instruction was Russian.
Beginning from 1961 University provides education for foreign citizens. During 50 years over 2,5 thousand doctors and pharmacists – foreigners have got education here and have been working successfully as doctors and pharmacists in many countries of the world. Education is provided in Ukrainian, Russian Language, and since 1997 the teaching of foreign students in English has been launched and is rapidly developing. Now 70% of University foreign students study in English Medium Program.
Academics.
22 scientific schools actively function and develop in University: of obstetrics and gynecology, biochemical, hygienic, of infectious diseases, of history of medicine and pharmacy, microbiological, morphological, of neurology and neurosurgery, of oncology, of otorhynolaryngology, ophthalmological, of pathological anatomy and pathological physiology, pediatric, psychiatric, of dentistry, of internal diseases, pharmacological, physiological, of phtisiatry, of chemistry and pharmacy, of surgery. University library contains more than 530000 volumes of textbooks, manuals and other relevant medical literature. Library has modern computer equipment.
Ranking & Reputations.
Every Year Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University Ranks Among Top 3 Medical Institutes in the Country.
Webometrics (2019) gave it a Country Rank of 12 out of 320 Universities in Ukraine, a World Rank of 3551 out of 27219 Universities in the World, a Continental (Europe) Rank of 1107 out of 5833 Universities in Europe.
Scimago Institutions Ranking (2019) which Rank very Few Prime Institutes in the World Gave it an Overall Rank of 767 out of 6459 Top Rank Institutions in the World, a Country Rank of 8 out of only 32 Prime Institutes in Whole of the Ukraine, The Institute got a Research Rank of 422 out of 6459, an Innovation Rank of 505 out of 6459 and a Societal Rank of 242 out of 6459.
4icu (2019) gave it a Country Rank of 77 out of 171 Universities in Ukraine and a World Rank of 7246 out of 13600 Universities in the World.
Taking into account state and international recognition of university activity, great contributions to the development of national education and science, Danylo Halytskyi Lviv State Medical University was conferred the status of National Medical University on 21 August 2003 by the President’s decree #872/2003.
Honour of the Medical University.
In 2009, when the medical university celebrated its 225th anniversary since its foundation the Government of Ukraine launched a 5 Ukrainian Hryvnia Coin with the Seal, Name and Motto of the Medical University in the Honour and Respect of the Prestigious Institution.
Faculty and Staff.
At 78 University departments, at the Institute of Clinical Pathology, in the Central Research Laboratory (CRL) and Laboratory of industrial toxicology are working 1211 scientists: 134 Doctor of Sciences and more than 620 PhD degree holders, including 113 full professors, 369 associate professors, 50 senior tutors, 662 assistant professors, 17 researchers. Among them there are 23 Members, 7 Corresponding Members of Academy of Sciences, 12 Honored Workers of Science and Technology,
7 Honored Workers of Education, 19 Honored Doctors, 1 Honored Worker of Physical Culture and Sport,
8 Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology.
Today Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University combines 6 faculties, medical college, 78 departments (including 48 clinical departments), 14 academic buildings, 41 affiliated hospitals, University dental medical centre for more than 2000 attendances during shift, teaching drugstore, botanical garden, CRL and Laboratory of industrial toxicology, Institute of clinical pathology, research centre for investigation of anticancer drugs, scientific library, 8 student hostels, sanatorium, student cafes and canteens, sports and health recovery camp "Medyk".
There are 40 amateur groups, clubs, workshops in University. Among them three amateur groups have the high degree of National. These National amateur groups are: folk dance ensemble "Horytsvit" (Adonis), folk choir "Muses of Hippocrates", folk ensemble "Medicus".
There are 23 sport-public and recreation and sports clubs in the University.
Student life.
About 2746 students are studying at 38 departments here. 484 foreigners are studying at the faculty as well. The teaching process is carried out by 500 teachers – academicians, professors, assistant professors, senior teachers and assistants. The annual university number of students is more than 19100 persons, which includes 5426 undergraduate students (including more than 1000 foreign students), 62 students of Preparatory Course, more than 1500 internship doctors, 50 students of Master's program, 70 students of PhD program, 70 Postgraduate doctors (Clinichna Ordynatura), around 11000 students of Faculty of Postgraduate training, 312 students of Medical College. Students of all Faculties study according to the credit-module system. University library contains more than 530000 volumes of textbooks, manuals and other relevant medical literature. Library has modern computer equipment
In 2011 the first graduation of students, who studied according to the demands of "Bologna" process, took place.
Contemporary.
After Ukraine's independence, the university operated on an unchanged basis until 1996, when, by Resolution No. 1262 of the Council of Ministers of Ukraine, the State Medical Institute received the status of a university with a four-level accreditation level, at the same time changing its name to "Medical University of Lviv". A year later, English was introduced at the faculty for foreigners as the language of instruction. On October 21, 1998, the university was named after Danylo Halytsky . By decree of the President of Ukraine No. 872/2003 of August 21, 2003, the university received its current name - Lviv National Medical University Danylo Halytsky.
University Research Facilities.
The building complex of the Lviv National Medical University Daniel Halickiego occupies the area at ul. Piekarska 52, which is surrounded by a park. The buildings were built in 1891-1898 according to the design of Józef Braunseis for the medical faculty of the University of Lviv. In front of the entrance to the main building there is a square with a fountain, and inside there are plaques commemorating Jakub Parnas and Marceli Nencki. The Museum of Human Diseases is located in the neighboring building. The university also includes an old orphanage for orphans. St. Józefa at ul. Piekarska 69, in the times of the Second Polish Republic, it housed an Infectious Hospital, and now, apart from the scientific part, there is the Anatomical Museum. This building also surrounds a park with an area of 5.4 ha, in its part there is a botanical garden (1.5 ha).
Botanical Garden.
Botanical garden of the Lviv National Medical University Daniel Halickiego - a botanical garden in Lviv, at ul. Piekarska 52 and 73, in the Łyczaków district, in the Lychakiv region . The public garden is available upon prior notification.
History of the Botanical Garden.
The garden was created on the initiative and under the direction of Professor Tadeusz Wilczyński, who in 1929-1930 created a garden of medicinal herbs in the area of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lviv . The founder's involvement was so great that from 1931 to 1964 he lived near the garden, cared and constantly improved and supplemented with new species. In addition to the herb collection, he created an arboretum in the neighboring area, in 1964 the entire area was declared a natural monument and is covered by environmental regulations.
Educational Function of the Botanical Garden.
The botanical garden covers an area of 1.5 Hectares, which is located on both sides of Piekarska Street. The main part is located on the odd side of the street (No. 73), the smaller one surrounds the older campus (No. 52). About 900 kinds of plants grow in it, 220 species belonging to 70 families.
In the garden, students of the pharmaceutical faculty conduct practical classes, become familiar with environmental protection and conduct research on the natural conditions of herb growth, including places of occurrence, their vegetation, collections and methods of obtaining substances used in medicine . In addition, there is a collection of trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants and a conservatory in which exotic and tropical plants grow.
The garden includes outbuildings, a greenhouse, an educational building with a laboratory, an area including planting of medicinal herbs native to and occurring in a similar geographical zone, and an area with a collection of trees and shrubs with medicinal properties.


Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University

The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, the second oldest medical school in Thailand, was established in 1947 in accordance with the wishes of King Ananda Mahidol to educate a sufficient number of medical doctors to satisfy the public's demands. For more than half a century, this medical school has provided society with more than 5,000 medical doctors. The school accepts about 300 medical students and more than 100 for postgraduate residency training each year. It has been ranked as one of the best medical schools in Thailand in 2016.
History.
The Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University is the second oldest medical school in Thailand and has been founded in keeping with the wishes of King Ananda Mahidol to see the University of Medical Sciences (now Mahidol University) produce more doctors so as to provide better health care for his people and satisfy the public's demands. Acting on H.M. the King's wish, the Royal Thai Government allocated a sum of money to the University of Medical Sciences for expanding medical education. The school was then established in King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society. In pursuance of a royal decree, the Faculty of Medicine King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital was established on June 4, 1947 and was officially opened on June 11, 1947.
On October 1, 1967 the school was transferred from University of Medical Sciences to Chulalongkorn University, the oldest university in Thailand, and renamed as the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
Because of need to produce more rural medical doctors has been emphasized, the school initiated the Medical Education for Students in Rural Area Project (MESRAP) in 1978. Ministry of Public Health approved Chonburi Hospital & Prapokklao Hospital as teaching affiliates in this project, a new model of medical education in rural area, which was subsequently changed to the Collaborative Project to Increase Production of Rural Doctor (CPIRD).
For more than half a century, this medical school has provided society with more than 5,000 medical doctors who are not only highly qualified and well-trained, but also ethical and moral. In addition, it strongly advocates research in a wide variety of fields, promotes advancements in medical science and public health, and serves as a knowledge base for academics in Thailand and abroad.
Education.
As of the 2018 intake, a total of 313 undergraduate medical students are accepted into the course at the Faculty of Medicine. The faculty introduced a graduate medicine international program in 2020, requiring applicants to have completed the MCAT.
Publications.
The present work provides on update on the publications of Thailand and Thai institutions in ISI Web of Science databases for the period 1999-2005. Comparison between the faculties of Medicine, Shows that in 2005, Chulalongkorn University produced the most publications at 156 papers, followed by the Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital with 101 papers and the Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital with 70 papers. The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University has increased the international publications by 2.5 fold.


Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Whitefield

Narayana Multispeciality Hospital, Whitefield is a hospital of the Narayana Health Group in Whitefield, Bangalore, India. The tertiary care hospital provides orthopaedic surgery, renal sciences, women's and paediatric care, general surgery and critical care units for cardiology. The hospital's primary catchment areas are the neighbourhoods around the International Tech Park of Bangalore, including KR Puram, Marathahalli, Varthur and Whitefield.
The hospital was commissioned in July 2013 by the Chairman and Founder of Narayana Health, Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty. Shetty has led the establishment of NH's Hospitals in several states of India and Cayman Islands, North America.
The hospital houses a catheterisation laboratory, several critical care units across multiple departments, obstetric care that focuses on treating difficult pregnancies and premature babies, and accident and emergency care services. The hospital supports six neonatal intensive care units and a radiology and medical imaging department that includes CT scans, MRI, X-rays, Doppler tests, and medical ultrasound.
Its specialities include anaesthesia and critical care, adult cardiac surgery, ear nose and throat surgery, internal medicine, general surgery, neurology, renal sciences and nephrology. The hospital has a well established cardiology department which is headed by cardiologist of international fame Dr. Sandesh Prabhu. The hospital has a state of the art cardiac Cathlab where all high end complex procedures are done under the guidance of Dr. Sandesh Prabhu.


David Silbersweig

Dr. David Silbersweig is chairman of psychiatry at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, where he also co-directs the center for the neurosciences. He was an academic dean at Harvard Medical School, and is Stanley Cobb Professor of Psychiatry there.
Until 2008, Silbersweig was vice chair for research within the department of psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College, where he was director of neuropsychiatry and co-director of the functional neuroimaging laboratory. He is a psychiatrist and neurologist whose scientific work concerns the physiological side of mental illness; in particular, he has done extensive work imaging the brains of patients with schizophrenia and other major psychiatric disorders, identifying underlying brain circuit abnormalities.
Silbersweig has presented medical scientific information to the general public. He gave a presentation on post traumatic stress disorder on NBC television shortly after the September 11th attacks, and has also reported on clinical depression for CBS. He has extensive involvement in higher education, and has published pieces on education and healthcare in the "Washington Post" and "Boston Globe". Silbersweig is a graduate of Dartmouth College and Cornell University Medical College.


Douglas Jabs

Douglas Jabs is an American ophthalmologist and an expert in clinical research in the fields of ophthalmology and uveitis.
Jabs is currently the Chief Executive Officer of the Mount Sinai Faculty Practice Associates, Dean for Clinical Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology and Professor of Medicine of The Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City. Additionally, he is adjunct Professor of Epidemiology at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland.
He is the author or co–author of over 230 publications, 45 books chapters and 86 published abstracts.
Biography.
Jabs graduated valedictorian from Dartmouth College in 1973 with a degree in chemistry. He received his medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1977, and MBA degree from Johns Hopkins University's Carey Business School in 1998. He completed an internship in internal medicine at New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center, a residency in internal medicine at The Johns Hopkins Hospital and a residency in ophthalmology at the Wilmer Eye Institute, and a rheumatology fellowship at Johns Hopkins.
Jabs joined the faculty at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1984 as Assistant Professor. He was named Associate Professor of Ophthalmology in 1988, and Associate Professor of Medicine in 1989. In 1993 he was named Professor of both Ophthalmology and Medicine, and in 2000 he was named Professor of Epidemiology at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. In 2007, he was named Professor and Chair of the Department of Ophthalmology at The Mount Sinai Medical Center. In 2009, he was chosen as the Chief Executive Officer of the Mount Sinai Faculty Practice Associates and Dean for Clinical Affairs of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
Jabs currently chairs both the Study of Ocular Complications of AIDS (SOCA) Research Group and the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial. He has chaired five randomized, controlled, clinical trials on the treatment of CMV retinitis and now chairs a multicenter epidemiologic study investigating the long–term outcomes of patients with ocular complications of AIDS, particularly CMV retinitis. Jabs has been instrumental in leading the Standardization of Uveitis (SUN) project, an effort to standardize terminology and outcomes related to uveitis. He has served on numerous data and safety monitoring committees for clinical trials, both those sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and the pharmaceutical industry.
Jabs has been on the editorial board of The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases, Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, American Journal of Ophthalmology, and Ophthalmic Epidemiology.
He is the recipient of many awards including the Research to Prevent Blindness Olga Keith Weiss Scholar Award, Research to Prevent Blindness Lew R. Wasserman Merit Award, Research to Prevent Blindness Senior Scientific Investigator, American Academy of Ophthalmology Senior Achievement Award, Clinical Uveitis Research Award from the German Uveitis Patient Interest Group, EyeCare America, Lifetime Volunteer Physician Award, and European Uveitis Patient Interest Association (EUPIA) Uveitis Award.


Rajiv Parakh

Rajiv Parakh is the chairman at the Division of Peripheral Vascular and Endovascular Sciences at Medanta, Gurgaon, India.
In 1986 he completed his vascular surgery training and acquired a fellowship from the Royal College of Surgeons in the United Kingdom. He returned to India where, in 1990, he established one of the country's first independent departments
 of vascular surgery at a city hospital.
In 2007, Parakh became the secretary of the International Society for Vascular Surgery in New York City.
Parakh's vascular team handles at Medanta cases of leg ulcers, leg attacks, stroke, gangrene and limb threatening trauma.


Pott disease

Pott disease is tuberculosis of the spine, usually due to haematogenous spread from other sites, often the lungs. The lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae areas of the spine are most often affected.
It causes a kind of tuberculous arthritis of the intervertebral joints. The infection can spread from two adjacent vertebrae into the adjoining intervertebral disc space. If only one vertebra is affected, the disc is normal, but if two are involved, the disc, which is avascular, cannot receive nutrients, and collapses. In a process called caseous necrosis, the disc tissue dies, leading to vertebral narrowing and eventually to vertebral collapse and spinal damage. A dry soft-tissue mass often forms and superinfection is rare.
Spread of infection from the lumbar vertebrae to the psoas muscle, causing abscesses, is not uncommon.
The disease is named after Percivall Pott, the British surgeon who first described it in the late 18th century.
Prevention.
Controlling the spread of tuberculosis infection can prevent tuberculous spondylitis and arthritis. Patients who have a positive PPD test (but not active tuberculosis) may decrease their risk by properly taking medicines to prevent tuberculosis. To effectively treat tuberculosis, patients must take their medications exactly as prescribed.


Botswana Hockey Association

The Botswana Hockey Association is the governing body of field hockey in Botswana. It is affiliated to IHF International Hockey Federation and AHF African Hockey Federation. The headquarter of the association is in Gaborone, Botswana.
Ms. Unaswi Matebu is the President of the association and Ms. Dear Ramajalwa is her deputy. Mr. Vaughan Strugnell handles the post of the Secretary.


Lip sinus


Ernst Grawitz (hematologist)

Ernst Grawitz (18 March 1860, Mittelhagen, Kreis Greifenberg – 11 July 1911) was a German internist remembered for his work in the field of hematology. He was a younger brother of pathologist Paul Grawitz (1850-1932).
He studied medicine in Berlin, earning his degree in 1882. Following graduation, he served as a military physician, subsequently working as a prosector at the Augusta Hospital ("Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum") in Berlin (1886-1889). Afterwards, he was an assistant at the Berlin-Charité.
In 1890 he was habilitated for internal medicine, becoming an associate professor in 1897 as well as chief physician at the city hospital ("Städtischen Krankenhaus") in Charlottenburg.


Charles G. Maurice

Dr. Charles G. Maurice (1911–1997) was an American dentist and academic. In a teaching career that spanned 37 years at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, he began in the old Department of Applied Materia Medica and Therapeutics and ended up establishing the Department of Endodontics, becoming its first head in 1967. This was not his first pioneering effort in endodontics as he was one of the founders of the American Association of Endodontists in 1943. He also was a diplomate of the American Board of Endodontics.
Maurice developed, organized and conducted postgraduate courses in both periodontics and endodontics. His laboratory manual for preclinical endodontics, updated, is still in use. He authored many publications and was an important contributor to the textbook "Endodontology".


Roger William Gilliatt

Roger William Gilliatt (30 July 1922 - 19 September 1991) was a British professor of neurology at the National Hospital, Queen Square, where he specialised in the peripheral nervous system. He was a recipient of the Broderic scholarship of the Middlesex Hospital. His father was Sir William Gilliatt, the Queen's gynaecologist.


UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre

The UCLH/UCL Biomedical Research Centre (officially the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University College London) is a biomedical research centre based in London. It is a partnership between University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), University College London (UCL) and the National Institute for Health Research and was one of the original five Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centres established by the English NHS in April 2007.
History.
Calls for expressions of interest in applying for Biomedical Research Centre status (either as a
"Comprehensive" Biomedical Research Centre or a "Specialist" Biomedical Research Centre) were released by the National Institute for Health Research in April 2006. All NHS providers in England were eligible to apply in collaboration with academic partners. UCLH and UCL made a joint application for Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre status. An international expert Selection Panel then reviewed the Pre-Qualifying Questionnaires and identified a shortlist, which included UCLH/UCL. Shortlisted candidates were then invited to submit full applications by 13 October 2006. The UCLH/UCL application was successful and the UCLH/UCL National Institute for Health Research Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre was established in April 2007.
In June 2009 the Centre was part of a consortium that won £1.6 million from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council to fund the engineering and commercialisation of multi-marker HIV smart chips for the rapid diagnosis and monitoring of HIV in resource-limited environments. A study co-funded by the Centre was published in May 2010 which established that premature babies experience increased pain sensitivity for the rest of their lives.
In 2011 the centre was awarded a further £98 million funding from the NIHR.
In November 2012 it was announced that BRC-supported research had resulted in the discovery of a genetic mutation that increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. In 2012 BRC researchers worked on the team which identified genetic mutations associated with dystonia. In November 2012 the world’s first adolescent rheumatology research centre opened with BRC researchers leading the research agenda. In the same month, researchers from the BRC together with industry partners OJ-Bio were awarded £800,000 to develop a hand-held device that can diagnose patients at the early stages of HIV and give results within minutes.
In 2016, the BRC was awarded its third tranche: another £111 million in research funds from the NIHR, for the cycle beginning in April 2017. The original 11 BRC were now expanded to 20, but the UCHL/UCL BRC remained in the top three, the only ones awarded a three-figure grant.
Organisation.
The BRC Board is the executive decision-making body of the BRC and decides the allocation of its resources and oversees its programmes. Reporting to the Board are 16 research themes and the Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility. A Theme Management Team meets regularly to discuss new ideas and approaches and to foster collaborations across the Centre.
The activities of the Centre are also informed by the work of a Research Governance Committee and Research Finance Committee, as well as a Research Patients’ and Carers’ Support Network, Engagement Panel and Industry Advisory Panel.
Activities.
The BRC's work focuses on translating fundamental biomedical research into clinical research into treatments and therapies that have a direct effect on patients. In particular the centre focuses on experimental medicine research projects, such as early phase human studies and studies looking at mechanisms in therapeutics (drug, immunological and cell based), diagnostics and medical technology. The BRC supports experimental medicine research projects by investing in staff posts, equipment, facilities and training.
The BRC's research activities are organised into four broad programmes:
In 2011, Department of Health (DH) analysis showed that the UCL and UCLH partnership generated 11% of all highly cited biomedical research papers produced in the United Kingdom.


Kingsbridge Healthcare Group

Kingsbridge Healthcare Group is the largest private medical provider in Northern Ireland. It was formerly called 3fivetwo Medical Group. It was founded in 2004 by Suresh Tharma, an NHS consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist.
It owns Kingsbridge Private Hospital in Belfast, St. Joseph's Hospital, Sligo, the Cosmetech cosmetic surgery business and the l Private GP service at their Maypole Clinic in Holywood. It took over a clinic for Bupa in 2018 which provides health screening, private GP services and muscle and joint assessment.
In November 2019 it opened a new £1 million six-bed ward at Kingsbridge Private Hospital and plans to increase patient capacity by 30% and take on 30 new staff. This expansion is driven by increasing waiting times for surgery in the Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland and is financed by a £5 million investment by the Foresight Group, which is represented on the board of directors.
The company's income dropped by 35% between 2014 and 2018 but improved after an improved focus on private patient income.


Syndactyly

Syndactyly is a condition wherein two or more digits are fused together. It occurs normally in some mammals, such as the siamang and diprotodontia, but is an unusual condition in humans. The term is from Greek (syn) σύν meaning "together" and (daktulos) δάκτυλος meaning "finger".
Classification.
Syndactyly can be simple or complex.
Syndactyly can be complete or incomplete.
Complex syndactyly occurs as part of a syndrome (such as Apert syndrome) and typically involves more digits than simple syndactyly.
Fenestrated syndactyly, also known as acrosyndactyly or terminal syndactyly, means the skin is joined for most of the digit but in a proximal area there is gap in the syndactyly with normal skin. This type of syndactyly is found in amniotic band syndrome.
Simple syndactyly can be full or partial, and is present at birth (congenital). In early human fetal development, webbing (syndactyly) of the toes and fingers is normal. At about 6 weeks of gestation, apoptosis takes place due to a protein named sonic hedgehog, also known as SHH, which dissolves the tissue between the fingers and toes, and the webbing disappears. In some fetuses, this process does not occur completely between all fingers or toes and some residual webbing remains.
Genetics.
Five types of syndactyly have been identified in humans. The corresponding loci associated with these types and their common phenotypical expression are as follows:
Management.
Syndactyly of the border digits (thumb/index finger or ring/small fingers) is treated at early age to prevent the larger digit from curving towards the smaller digit with growth. Typically, syndactyly of these digits is treated at six months of age. The treatment of syndactyly of the other digits is elective and is more commonly performed when the digits have grown, at 18–24 months of age.
Techniques.
Because the circumference of the conjoined fingers is smaller than the circumference of the two separated fingers, there is not enough skin to cover both digits once they are separated at the time of surgery. Therefore, the surgeon must bring new skin into the area at the time of surgery. This is most commonly done with a skin graft (from groin or anterior elbow). Skin can also be used from the back of the hand by mobilizing it (called a "graftless" syndactyly correction), which requires planning over a period of months prior to surgery.
Complications.
The most common problem with syndactyly correction is creeping of the skin towards the fingertip over time. This is likely due to tension at the site of the repair between the digits. Additional surgery may be required to correct this. One critique of using skin grafts is that the grafts darken in the years after surgery and become more noticeable. Also, if the skin grafts are harvested from the groin area, the skin may grow hair. Finally, the fingers may deviate after surgery. This is most commonly seen in complex syndactyly (when there has been a bony joining of the fingers).
History.
The earliest appreciation of syndactyly as a birth anomaly or burn-trauma can be traced back to the Andalusian Muslim surgeon Al-Zahrawi (d. 1013 CE), known in the West as Abulcasis. The French barber surgeon Ambroise Paré also described syndactyly in the sixteenth century.


Angus Campbell (psychologist)

Albert Angus Campbell (August 10, 1910 – December 15, 1980) was an American social psychologist best known for his research into electoral systems and for co-writing "The American Voter" with Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. Campbell published his work under the name Angus Campbell. He was a professor at the University of Michigan. He died in Ann Arbor, Michigan on December 15, 1980.


Abul K. Abbas

 Abul K. Abbas is an American pathologist at University of California San Francisco where he is Distinguished Professor in Pathology and former chair of its Department of Pathology. He is senior editor of the pathology reference book Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease along with Vinay Kumar (pathologist), as well as ‘Basic Immunology’, and ‘Cellular & Molecular Immunology’. He is a member of the Editorial Board for "Immunity". He has published nearly 200 scientific papers.
Awards and honors.
2010: American Society for Investigative Pathology (ASIP) Robbins Distinguished Educator Award


High School for Medical Professions

The High School for Medical Professions is a public high school located in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Canarsie in New York City. It teaches grades 9 through 12, and enrolls students throughout the New York City school system.
This high school opened in the buildings of the former Canarsie High School, which was closed due to poor performance and will graduate its last class in 2011. The school will share its facilities with the Urban Action Academy and the High School for Innovation in Advertising and Media. The school is set to focus on training its students for a pre-medical and pre-health sciences curriculum, including the nursing and pharmacy fields. Students will be required to complete 50 hours of community service in nursing homes, hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and medical offices. The school has partnerships with the Bristol Meyers Squibb and Duane Reade pharmaceutical firms.


Paul R. McHugh

Paul Rodney McHugh (born 1931) is an American psychiatrist, researcher, and educator. He is currently the University Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the author, co-author, or editor of seven books in his field. McHugh is a vocal proponent of Catholic-informed and socially conservative stances relating to sexual orientation and transgender people. Some scientists accuse McHugh of misrepresenting scientific research relating to sexual orientation.
Early life and education.
Paul McHugh was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the son of a Lowell High School teacher and a homemaker. He graduated from Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1948, from Harvard College in 1952 and from Harvard Medical School in 1956. While at Harvard he was "introduced to and ultimately directed away from the Freudian school of psychiatry".
After medical school, McHugh's education was influenced by George Thorn, the physician-in-chief at the Harvard-affiliated Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now Brigham and Women's Hospital). Thorn was disillusioned with Freudian psychiatry and felt that those who devoted themselves to it became single-minded, failing to improve as doctors. Thorn encouraged McHugh to develop a different career path, suggesting that he enter the field of psychiatry by first studying neurology. At Thorn's recommendation, McHugh was accepted into the neurology and neuropathology residency program at the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he studied for three years under Dr. Raymond Adams, chief of the neurology department.
McHugh then attended the Institute of Psychiatry in London, where he studied under Sir Aubrey Lewis and was supervised by James Gibbons and Gerald Russell. McHugh next went to the Division of Neuropsychiatry at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
Career.
After his training, McHugh held various academic and administrative positions, including Professor of Psychiatry at Weill Cornell Medical College (where he founded the Bourne Behavioral Research Laboratory), Clinical Director and Director of Residency Education at the New York Presbyterian Hospital Westchester Division. After reportedly being passed over for the Cornell chair in favor of Robert Michaels, he left New York to become Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Oregon. During the 1960s, McHugh co-authored papers on hydrocephalus, depression and suicide, and amygdaloid stimulation.
From 1975 till 2001, McHugh served as the Henry Phipps Professor of Psychiatry and the director of the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at the Johns Hopkins University. At the same time, he was psychiatrist-in-chief at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. He is currently University Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
His research has focused on the neuroscientific foundations of motivated behaviors, psychiatric genetics, epidemiology, and neuropsychiatry.
In 1975, McHugh co-authored (along with M. F. Folstein and S. E. Folstein) a paper entitled "Mini-Mental State: A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician". This paper details the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE), an exam consisting of 11 questions, that assesses patients for signs of dementia and other forms of cognitive impairment.
In 1979, in his capacity as chair of the Department of Psychiatry, McHugh ended gender reassignment surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 2017 the clinic was reopened."
In 1983, McHugh and colleague Phillip R. Slavney co-authored "The Perspectives of Psychiatry," which presented the Johns Hopkins approach to psychiatry. The book "seeks to systematically apply the best work of behaviorists, psychotherapists, social scientists and other specialists long viewed as at odds with each other". A second edition was published in 1998.
In 1992 he served as a co-founder and subsequent board member of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation, which raised skepticism about adults who claimed to have recovered long-buried memories of childhood sexual abuse or incest. Throughout the 1990s, McHugh was active in debunking the idea of recovered memory — that is, the idea that people could suddenly and spontaneously remember childhood sexual abuse.
In 1992, McHugh announced that he was going to leave Johns Hopkins and accept a position as director and CEO of Friends Hospital in Philadelphia. The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine sought to retain him and was successful in doing so. That year, McHugh was elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) - National Academies of Science - now the National Academy of Medicine.
McHugh treated author Tom Wolfe for depression suffered following coronary bypass surgery. Wolfe dedicated his 1998 novel, "A Man in Full" to McHugh, “whose brilliance, comradeship and unfailing kindness saved the day.”
In 2001, McHugh was appointed by President George W. Bush to the President's Council on Bioethics. The Council was charged with the task of making recommendations as to what the U.S. federal government's policy regarding embryonic stem cells should be. McHugh was against using new lines of embryonic stem cells derived from in vitro fertilization but was "in favor of" the use of stem cells derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). In SCNT, the nucleus of a cell is removed and replaced by another cell nucleus. McHugh felt that cells created in this fashion could be regarded as merely tissue, whereas stem cells taken from embryos caused the killing of an unborn child.
In 2002, McHugh was appointed to a lay panel assembled by the Roman Catholic Church to look into sexual abuse by Catholic priests in the United States. This appointment was controversial, as McHugh had previously served as expert witness in the defense of numerous priests accused of child sexual abuse. David Clohessy, Director of the Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests, was appalled at McHugh's inclusion. McHugh said the furor surprised him.
In 2012, McHugh and Slavney published an essay in "The New England Journal of Medicine" criticizing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which was soon to be published in its fifth edition. One of their main criticisms contends that the DSM, since its third edition, uses a top-down checklist approach to diagnosis rather than a thorough bottom-up approach. McHugh compared the DSM to a field guide used by amateur birders to identify birds.
McHugh was featured in a 2017 Netflix documentary, "The Keepers", for his role in the defense in the 1995 trial, "Jane Doe et al. v. A. Joseph Maskell et al.", which was a case involving the sexual abuse of two women at the hands of a Catholic priest, Father Joseph Maskell.
Gender, sexuality and sex reassignment surgery.
McHugh opposes sex reassignment surgery for transgender people. In 1979, he shut down the gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins, saying that another researcher found that most of the people he tracked down who had undergone this type of surgery "were contented with what they had done and that only a few regretted it. But in every other respect, they were little changed in their psychological condition. They had much the same problems with relationships, work, and emotions as before. The hope that they would emerge now from their emotional difficulties to flourish psychologically had not been fulfilled". He has said that medical treatment for transgender youth is “like performing liposuction on an anorexic child”, described post-operative transgender women as “caricatures of women” because the surgery failed to change many of their male traits, and stated that “The transgendered suffer a disorder of 'assumption.'”
In his book "The Man Who Would Be Queen", psychologist J. Michael Bailey writes that McHugh's concerns are "worth taking seriously", but criticizes McHugh's conclusions, saying "we simply have no idea how to make gender dysphoria go away. I suspect that both autogynephilic and homosexual gender dysphoria result from early and irreversible developmental processes in the brain. If so, learning more about the origins of transsexualism will not get us much closer to curing it."
McHugh considers homosexuality to be an "erroneous desire" and supported 2008 California Proposition 8.
"The New Atlantis" controversy and criticism.
In August 2016, McHugh, at the time retired, co-authored a 143-page article on gender and sexuality in "The New Atlantis", a non-peer reviewed journal published under the auspices of the Ethics and Public Policy Center, a Christian-focused conservative think tank. In September 2016 Johns Hopkins University faculty members Chris Beyrer, Robert W. Blum, and Tonia C. Poteat wrote a "Baltimore Sun" op-ed, to which six other Johns Hopkins faculty members also contributed, in which they indicated concerns about McHugh's co-authored report, which they said mischaracterized the current state of science on gender and sexuality. More than 600 students, faculty members, interns, alumni and others at the medical school also signed a petition calling on the university and hospital to disavow the paper. Beyrer said "These are dated, now-discredited theories".
Geneticist Dean Hamer condemned McHugh’s publication as a misrepresentation of scientific evidence and his own genetics research. Hamer criticized McHugh use of outdated and “cherry picked” studies, describing McHugh’s call for "more research" as “dubious” since McHugh has a "long history of blocking such efforts", including closing the gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins. Hamer concludes that "when the data we have struggled so long and hard to collect is twisted and misinterpreted by people who call themselves scientists, and who receive the benefits and protection of a mainstream institution such as John Hopkins Medical School, it disgusts me."
Personal life.
McHugh is a practicing Catholic. According to a 2002 "New York Times" article, he is a Democrat "who describes himself as religiously orthodox, politically liberal and culturally conservative — a believer in marriage and the Marines, a supporter of institutions and family values".


Synostosis

Synostosis (plural: synostoses) is fusion of two or more bones. It can be normal in puberty, fusion of the epiphyseal plate to become the epiphyseal line, or abnormal. When synostosis is abnormal it is a type of dysostosis.Examples of synostoses include:
Synostosis within joints can cause ankylosis.
Clinical significance.
Radioulnar synostosis is one of the more common failures of separation of parts of the upper limb. There are two general types: one is characterized by fusion of the radius and ulna at their proximal borders and the other is fused distal to the proximal radial epiphysis. Most cases are sporadic, congenital (due to a defect in longitudinal segmentation at the 7th week of development) and less often post-traumatic, bilateral in 60%, and more common in males. Familial cases in association with autosomal dominant transmission appear to be concentrated in certain geographic regions, such as Sicily.
The condition frequently is not noted until late childhood, as function may be normal, especially in unilateral cases. Increased wrist motion may compensate for the absent forearm motion. It has been suggested that individuals whose forearms are fixed in greater amounts of pronation (over 60 degrees) face more problems with function than those with around 20 degrees of fixation. Pain is generally not a problem, unless radial head dislocation should occur.
Most examples of radioulnar synostosis are isolated (non-syndromic). Syndromes that may be accompanied by radioulnar synostosis include X chromosome polyploidy (e.g., XXXY) and other chromosome disorders (e.g., 4p- syndrome, Williams syndrome), acrofacial dysostosis, Antley–Bixler syndrome, genitopatellar syndrome, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, hereditary multiple osteochondromas (hereditary multiple exostoses), limb-body wall complex, and Nievergelt syndrome.
Craniosynostosis (from cranio, cranium; + syn, together; + ostosis relating to bone) is a condition in which one or more of the fibrous sutures in an infant skull prematurely fuses by turning into bone (ossification). Craniosynostosis has following kinds: scaphocephaly, trigonocephaly, plagiocephaly, anterior plagiocephaly, posterior plagiocephaly, brachycephaly, oxycephaly, pansynostosis.


Emil Skamene

Emil Skamene, (born 27 August 1941) is a Canadian Immunologist and medical researcher.
He is the Director of Research for the McGill University Health Centre, the Director of the Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, and a Professor in the Department of Medicine, the Department of Human Genetics, and the Institute of Parasitology.
In 2005, he was made a Knight (Chevalier) of the National Order of Quebec. In 2001, he was awarded the Prix Armand-Frappier. In 1997, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.


Frank Gotch (physician)

Frank A. Gotch (August 27, 1926 - February 18, 2017) was an American physician known for his work in renal dialysis adequacy, specifically the development of Kt/V and standardized Kt/V. He was an Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco.
Gotch was a consultant to the Renal Research Institute in New York and was Associate Professor of Medicine at UCSF. Gotch worked in clinical dialysis and dialysis research, particularly quantification of therapy, for over 30 years. He chaired the NIH Hemodialyzer evaluation Study Group which sets standards for dialyzer performance in 1972 and the National NIH conference on Adequacy of Hemodialysis in 1975. He served on the planning committee and as kinetic consultant to the National Cooperative Dialysis Study and serves on the Steering Committee of the current HEMO study and was Co-Principal Investigator of a Cooperative study of Randomized Peritoneal Dialysis Prescriptions and Clinical Outcome. He has over 100 publications and provided consultation in dialysis kinetics and dialysis systems development to industry. His research interests were primarily concerned with modeling dialysis technology.


H. I. Biegeleisen

Hyman Irving Biegeleisen (June 4, 1904 New York City – May 3, 1991, died at his home in Boca Raton, Florida) was an American physician and pioneer of phlebology. In 1964, he founded the Phlebology Society of America (now incorporated into the American College of Phlebology). He was one of the first doctors in the United States to use injection as a method of treating varicose veins, and coined the term "sclerotherapy" to describe the treatment.
Early life.
Biegelesin was born in New York City to parents who emigrated from Melitz, Austria (now Poland).
Education.
Beigeleisen graduated from Stuyvesant High School and Columbia University and received a medical degree from Long Island College Hospital (now part of SUNY Downstate Medical Center).


Medical education in Hong Kong

Modern medical education in Hong Kong started with the founding of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese () in 1887. Currently, six institutes of higher education are engaged in the training of medical practitioners in Hong Kong.
History.
The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese () was founded in 1887 by the London Missionary Society, with its first graduate (in 1892) being Sun Yat-sen. Sun following the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, which changed China from an empire to a republic, became president of China. The Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese was the forerunner of the School of Medicine of the University of Hong Kong, which started in 1911.
Medical and Healthcare Education Institutes.
The intakes of various healthcare related Bachelor's programs in Hong Kong are limited.
Hong Kong has only two comprehensive medical faculties, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, and they are also the sole two institutes offering pharmacy and six-year medical programmes. Both universities' medical programmes are composed of two parts, two to three years of pre-clinical studies (duration depends on whether the student is a high school graduate or a degree holder pursuing for another degree), and three years of clinical years. Throughout the three years of clinical clerkship, students are rotated in general medicine, surgery, and other specialties. In order to better address Hong Kong's healthcare needs, there have been calls for the creation of a third medical school in Hong Kong.
Other healthcare discipline programmes are dispersed among other universities which do not host a medical faculty.
Various postgraduate courses in different fields of healthcare or biomedical sciences are also provided by those institutes.
In addition to Bachelor program, some education bodies, public hospitals and private hospitals were acknowledged as registered nurse/ enrolled nurse training schools by The Nursing Council of Hong Kong to provide higher diploma programs or professional diploma programs, in order to increase manpower of Enrolled Nurses and Registered Nurses in the industry.
Internship.
To be registered as medical practitioners, medical graduates must successfully undertake and complete at least one year of supervised practice, generally known as an internship, with satisfactory performance. The internship is undertaken in hospital positions accredited for this purpose.
During this year interns (house officers) are rotated to four specialties (medicine and surgery plus two of obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, orthopaedics and traumatology, emergency medicine, psychiatry or ophthalmology). Each of them lasts three months. There is no work hour limit in Hong Kong and interns are expected to work 80–100 hours per week.
Non-local Medical Graduates.
Before the handover in 1997, medical degrees from HKU and CUHK were eligible for full registration with the General Medical Council in the United Kingdom. However, reciprocality for UK/ Commonwealth medical graduates has since been abolished. In order to become a fully registered medical practitioner in Hong Kong, all non-local medial graduates are required to attain a medical license (LMCHK) from the Medical Council of Hong Kong. The rigorous process includes passing the 3-part Licentiate Examination (HKMLE). In 2017, the Licentiate Society, an independent, non-profit entity, formed to represent the LMCHK and to help meet their professional needs. The MCHK exempts graduates of HKU and CUHK from taking the HKMLE.
Residency.
After successful completion of medical school, graduates are awarded a provisional registration for their internship year (i.e. the first year of residency). Internship is guaranteed for HKU and CUHK medical graduates and for non-local graduates that have passed the Licentiate Examination. Upon successful completion of the intern year (PGY1), medical graduates are awarded a full registration, and can practice as general practitioners in either the public or private sector. Many, however, choose to pursue specialist training within the Hospital Authority, and enter into a four to six year program, after which they will have attained a specialist registration. Unlike those in the UK or North America, numerous residency programs in Hong Kong remain unfilled after the annual match process, with up to fifty unfilled training posts every year.
Specialist training.
Specialist training is only offered at hospitals under the Hospital Authority of Hong Kong. A trainee has to undergo one year of pre-registration internship and four to six years of supervised specialist training and pass in the exit examination or assessment held by Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. Passing the exit examination or assessment is a prerequisite to Fellowship of the Academy. The examinations are all conjoint with the British and Australian royal colleges, e.g. Royal College of Physicians, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. For example, a Hong Kong trained general surgeon in Hong Kong will be eligible for FCSHK, FHKAM (General Surgery), FRCS (General Surgery) and FRCS (Edinburgh) while a radiologist will expect to obtain FHKCR, FHKAM (Radiology) and FRCR at the end of their fellowship training. The FHKAM examination focuses on local pathology and also incorporates other components, e.g. logbook evaluation, literature appraisal, teaching, research and annual viva voce that are not included by the Royal College examinations. The pass rate of the FHKAM is similar to that of the Royal College exams, viz. 20-60% depending on specialty.
Promotion to a further post, e.g. Associate Consultant, often depends on availability of posts: it is primarily dependent on whether a senior consultant has left for private practice, leaving a vacancy. The salary cap, at the resident level (i.e. Medical Officer), is currently limited to $152,356 HKD per month (at 2016/17 levels). This is exclusive of a 5% housing allowance, and up to 15% gratuity annually, to be released every three years. This has generated an exodus of specialists from the HA to the private sector, and the HA has responded by pledging to promote all specialists to Associate Consultants within 5 years of obtaining specialist qualification. However, this is not a permanent policy and is subject to the government budget. Before the new policy, it was not unusual to see public doctors remaining as 'Medical Officers' more than 10 years after obtaining their specialist qualifications. (1)
Family medicine is recognized as a major specialty in Hong Kong. Specialists in family medicine have undertaken at least six years of accredited training, and earned internationally renowned postgraduate medical qualifications as well as Fellowship of The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine just as their counterparts in hospital medicine or other medical fields.
Continuing medical education.
Continuing medical education for specialists.
A registered practitioner who wishes to have his/her name included in the Specialist Register of the Medical Council of Hong Kong is required to satisfy the continuing medical education (CME) requirements as stipulated by the Medical Registration Ordinance (Cap 161).
The objective of the CME is to
The Hong Kong Academy of Medicine requires each specialist to attain a minimum CME requirement of 90 points in a 3-year cycle. A point is equivalent to 1 hour of participation in CME activities. To encourage active learning elements and a balanced mix of different activities, the Academy limits the passive CME points (i.e. points obtained through attending lectures or talks) to 75 points maximum per cycle. Each college of the Academy may recommend additional requirements.
Continuing medical education for non-specialists.
The Medical Council of Hong Kong has also implemented a CME programme for practising doctors who are not taking CME for specialists. Enrolment to the programme is on a voluntary basis. The purpose of the programme is to encourage practising doctors to keep themselves up-to-date on current developments in medical practice so as to maintain a high professional standard.
Practising doctors who have accumulated the required minimum credit points per year, i.e. 30 credit points, will be awarded a certificate to certify that they have achieved a satisfactory level of CME activity during a particular period. Such a certificate can be displayed inside the doctor's office. In addition, those practising doctors who have accumulated the required minimum credit points during a three-year cycle, i.e. 90 credit points, will be allowed to use the title "CME certified" on their visiting cards.
Graduate Entry Medicine.
The two medical schools in Hong Kong do not offer such programs and postgraduates have to undergo the same program as high school graduates. Despite that, postgraduates are increasing in number in local medical schools, now amounting to one fourth of the entire student population. However, graduate entry students may be permitted to enter into the second year of medical school based on their previous major.


Health and Social Care Act 2008

The Health and Social Care Act 2008 (c 14) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The Act was created on 11 March 2009 with the following regulated activities:
The Care Quality Commission has the responsibilities to ensure service providers are providing quality care when carrying on the regulated activities.
The Act makes further substantial revisions and repeals to the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984, by section 129, and Schedule 11. These have the effect of repealing, and replacing most of the provisions of Part 2 of the 1984 Act.
Section 170 - Commencement.
Orders made under section 170(3)


Extracutaneous mastocytoma

Extracutaneous mastocytoma presents with benign appearing mast cells occurring in sites other than the skin or bone marrow.


Maira Bes-Rastrollo

Maira Bes-Rastrollo is a professor of preventive medicine and public health at the University of Navarra whose research on ultra-processed food has been widely covered in the media.


Henry Kingsley

Henry Kingsley (2 January 1830 – 24 May 1876) was an English novelist, brother of the better-known Charles Kingsley. He was an early exponent of muscular Christianity in an 1859 work, "The Recollections of Geoffry Hamlyn".
Life.
Kingsley was born at Barnack Rectory, Northamptonshire, the son of the Rev. Charles Kingsley the elder and Mary, "née" Lucas.
Charles Kingsley came of a long line of clergymen and soldiers. There were several writers in the family besides Henry and Charles, including Mary Kingsley, an explorer and writer, Charlotte Kingsley Chanter, a botanical writer and novelist, and George Kingsley, a traveller and writer.
Henry Kingsley's boyhood was spent at Clovelly and Chelsea, before attending King's College School, King's College London, and Worcester College, Oxford, which he left without graduating.
An opportune legacy from a relation enabled him to leave Oxford free of debt and emigrate to Australia. He arrived in Melbourne in the "Gauntlet" in December 1853 with Henry Venables. He became involved in gold-digging, and later joined the mounted police.
For some time Kingsley had little or no money and carried his swag from station to station. Philip Russell stated in 1887 that he employed Kingsley at his station Langa-Willi, and that "Geoffry Hamlyn" (1859) was begun there. Miss Rose Browne, daughter of "Rolf Boldrewood", stated it was on her father's suggestion that Kingsley began to write. Russell's story is confirmed by her further statement that her father gave Kingsley a letter to Mr Mitchell of Langa-Willi, that he stayed with Mitchell, and there wrote "Geoffry Hamlyn".
On his return to the UK in 1857, Kingsley devoted himself to literature, and wrote several well-regarded novels, including "Geoffry Hamlyn", set in Colebrooke, Devon, and Australia, which the late 19th-century English author George Gissing called "unliterary stuff", "The Hillyars and the Burtons" (1865), "Ravenshoe" (1861) and "Austin Elliot" (1863). "Ravenshoe" is generally seen as the best. Henry Kingsley married Sarah Maria Haselwood on 19 July 1864. In 1869, he moved to Edinburgh to edit the "Daily Review", but soon gave this up and in 1870 became war correspondent for the paper in the Franco-German War.
Kingsley also published "Leighton Court" (1866), "Mademoiselle Mathilde" (1868), "Tales of Old Travel Re-narrated" (1869), "Stretton" (1869), "The Boy in Grey" (1871), "Hetty and other Stories" (1871), "Old Margaret" (1871), "Hornby Mills and other Stories" (1872), "Valentine" (1872), "The Harveys" (1872), "Oakshott Castle" (1873), "Reginald Hetherege" (1874), "Number Seventeen" (1875), "The Grange Garden" (1876), "Fireside Studies" (Essays) (1876), and "The Mystery of the Island" (1877).
Kingsley and his wife moved to Cuckfield, Sussex late in 1874, where Kingsley died of cancer of the tongue on 24 May 1876.


Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila

Aetna Health Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200 (2004), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court limited the scope of the Texas Healthcare Liability Act (THCLA). The effective result of this decision was that the THCLA, which held Case Management and Utilization Review decisions by Managed Care entities like CIGNA and Aetna to a legal duty of care according to the laws of The State of Texas could not be enforced in the case of Health Benefit plans provided through private employers, because the Texas statute allowed compensatory or punitive damages to redress losses or deter future transgressions, which were not available under ERISA § 1132. The ruling still allows the State of Texas to enforce the THCLA in the case of Government-sponsored (Medicare, Medicaid, Federal, State, Municipal Employee, etc., Church-sponsored, or Individual Health Plan Policies (High-deductible individual policies, self-pay, any insurance not subsidised by a Private Employer), which are saved from preemption by ERISA. The history that allows these Private and Self-Pay Insurance to be saved dates to the "Interstate Commerce" power that was given the federal Government by the Supreme Court. ERISA, enacted in 1974, relied on the "Interstate Commerce" rule to allow federal jurisdiction over private employers, based on the need of private employers to follow a single set of paperwork and rules for pensions and other employee benefit plans where employers had employees in multiple states. Except for private employer plans, insurance can be regulated by the individual states, and Managed Care entities making medical decisions can be held accountable for those decisions if negligence is involved, as allowed by the Texas Healthcare Liability Act.
Cigna Healthcare of Texas, Inc. v. Calad.
CIGNA v. Calad was a Supreme Court of the United States appeal and ruling, where CIGNA Healthcare, Inc. challenged a United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruling in favor of Mrs. Ruby Calad, who was insured under her husband's employer's self-funded medical insurance plan in the State of Texas. This was a Landmark Supreme Court Case.
The facts that had been established and were in the record for purposes of the Supreme Court decision were that Mrs. Calad had had a hysterectomy in a CIGNA-approved Hospital, and as Administrator of Mr. Calad's employer's health plan, a CIGNA nurse had preapproved 1 night's hospital stay for the procedure. Mrs. Calad was discharged home the day following the surgery, despite the fact the surgeon who performed the surgery felt that Mrs. Calad needed more time in the hospital to convalesce from the surgery. Mrs. Calad, following discharge, experienced post-surgery complications, for which she had to be emergently readmitted to the hospital. Ms Calad had sued CIGNA for damages. The District Court Judge (where ERISA cases must be tried) had ruled against Calad based on the Judge-made-law of ERISA, being beholden to Higher Court Decisions, awarding no monetary damages, as monetary damages are not one of the 3 so-called "Equitable Remedies" allowed by ERISA for redress for loss resulting from medical-related negligence when the insurance is underwritten in some way by a private employer, as was the plan of Mr. Calad.
Mr. Calad's company medical plan was funded by his private employer but "Administered" by CIGNA, in an "HMO"-type option, which was on its face one of the most advantageous of several plans offered by Mr. Calad's employer, with the lowest monthly premiums and the lowest co-pays for medical services.
Mrs. Calad appealed the US District Court ruling to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, who heard the case and overturned the lower court's ruling and remanded the case back to the Texas State Court for trial, where it could be tried in light of the US Appellate Court ruling and interpretation, and a judge or jury would be allowed to determine "collateral damages," i.e. monetary award, relief that may be sought in a Court of Law but not in a Court of Equity.
The decision to remand had been informed by the fact that Texas had just enacted a law allowing 3rd-party review of Managed Care decisions to determine whether the decision had been negligent, and also an analysis by the 5th Circuit Court of recent Supreme Court ERISA-related rulings that had dated back to a Landmark Supreme Court ERISA ruling in the case of "Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux".
Because of their similarity, both the CIGNA appeal and the Aetna appeal were argued before the Supreme Court together, determining the reach that "Pilot v. Life" might have on HMOs, with the 5th Circuit Court possibly having reversed prior ERISA-related US Supreme Court decisions. Making arguments before the Court included lawyers for CIGNA and Aetna, a lawyer arguing on behalf of the State of Texas, and some "Friend of the Court" arguments.
Opinion of the Court.
The Court ruled that Mr. Davila's and Ms. Calad's (the Respondents') state of Texas Causes of Action, both involving Utilization Review decisions by Managed Care entities (in this case CIGNA and Aetna) that were alleged to adversely affect patient care, where in both cases Utilization review decisions contradicted the advice of the Respondents' personal physicians), fell within ERISA § 1132(a)(1)(B). The Court therefore ruled these complaints were completely pre-empted by ERISA § 1132 and Removable to Federal District Court, therefore giving Federal Court Jurisdiction over resolution of the Complaints and defining ERISA as the law to be followed, superseding the applicable Texas statute (the THCLS). Consequently, the limited so-called "Equitable Remedies" available under ERISA § 1132 must be the exclusive remedies available to redress damage alleged to be suffered as a result of these Managed Care Utilization Review decisions.
The Supreme Court decision reversed a decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit that ERISA did not preempt the state causes of action and could be Remanded to Texas State Court to be tried there under Texas law.
Analysis.
The ruling was informed largely by ERISA judicial precedent (judge-made, or common law), as established early in ERISA's judicial history, especially "Pilot Life v. Dedeaux," 1987. In the latter case, the language of ERISA and other evidence of congressional intent, including ERISA's legislative history; the expansive interpretation of ERISA's preemption clause (i.e. ERISA supersedes state laws that "relate to" private employer-sponsored benefit plans, with no specific guidance in the wording of the clause as to how Congress intended "relate to" to be interpreted); coupled with ERISA's enforcement scheme, which includes Equitable Remedies but not Legal Remedies, led to the conclusion that state law Causes of action for legal remedies under Mississippi common law for Bad faith denial of insurance claims, including compensatory and punitive damages, were not allowed by ERISA.
As "Pilot Life" challenged a disability insurance claim denial, the equitable remedies that are provided by ERISA might still have been available to Mr. Dedeaux despite this ruling, as ERISA provides several equitable Injunctive remedies to challenge denials of benefit claims, such mandating that the wrongfully denied benefit be provided.
The biggest distinguishing factor from "Pilot Life" in the case of "CIGNA v. Calad" was the fact that it was too late for ERISA's powerful injunctive remedies to benefit the Respondents, who had already suffered damages for which equitable relief could not compensate them for their loss or suffering.
Essentially, this Supreme Court decision placed the Respondents' Complaints, in the status known as "Failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted" and had to be Dismissed on their faces. The facts of the case were never elucidated either by Discovery or Trial, but the cases were Dismissed by Motion, as a matter of law, whereby even examining the facts in the most favorable light in favor of the Respondents, the relief they were seeking could not be granted.
As an example, if the Utilization review nurse had negligently applied the discharge protocol for Hemorrhoidectomy rather than Total Abdominal Hysterectomy, and if Calad had died from Complications resulting from the treatment decision to treat her on an outpatient basis with discharge instructions after only 1 day of hospitalization, the case would still have had to be dismissed; the law does not recognize monetary Damages for negligent actions in Managed Care "administration" of Employer Medical Benefit Plans but does acknowledge that state malpractice laws do apply to treating physicians deciding or administrating the course of a patient's care.
CIGNA and Aetna both pointed out in oral arguments what has been referred to in ERISA's judicial history as the "Panoply" of remedies that Calad and Davila might have evoked under ERISA to prevent the damage suffered, to include appeals of the adverse decisions, judicial Injunction to compel Utilization Review to approve treatment, and a new Texas law that allowed for independent arbitration over Managed Care Utilization Review decisions based on Medical necessity.
Under the concepts of Torts under Anglo-American Common Law, these points might best be described as a defense of contributory negligence. In other words, Ms Calad and Mr. Davila might have prevented the damage to their person for which they are allowed no monetary damages in court if they had properly enforced their ERISA or THCLA rights against CIGNA and Aetna to prevent the injury from happening. The fact that ERISA had failed to prevent the harm, however, and the fact that it was ruled by the Supreme Court that neither CIGNA nor Aetna could owe monetary damages for their contribution to the harm done, shows that there is a need for change, either in ERISA itself by Congress or by Supreme Court common law.
Looking forward.
Perhaps future decisional law following this Supreme Court ruling might inform future laws to ensure that patients not simply "have" legal rights under ERISA to challenge Managed Care Utilization review decisions, but to put the burden on the Managed Care entities themselves to make sure patients are aware of them and have the opportunity to invoke them before life, safety, or health-threatening medical treatment choices governed by Managed Care can cause irreparable damage or death for which ERISA provides no Remedy. Such law might be guided by the wording of the statute, that a patient must be "afforded" the opportunity for full and fair review of benefit claim denial or adverse Utilization review decisions.
As in "Miranda", which involves a similar Fifth Amendment constitutional question of being deprived of Life, Liberty, or Property without Due process of law, "affording the opportunity" for appeal might be enforced not only by the existence of a such statutory rights but by ensuring that the patients are informed of those rights and are given the reasonable opportunity to invoke them.
The ERISA claims procedure laws detailed by the Secretary of Labor (29 CFR 2560.503-1) require written notice for any "Adverse Determination" such as a Utilization review decision not to extend an approved course of treatment, and must provide a reasonable opportunity for a claimant or a representative (in Calad's case, her treating physician) an opportunity to appeal the decision in a timeframe appropriate to the urgency of the situation—in Calad's case, prior to her discharge. These regulations also require that the claims procedure not "contain any provision, and are not administered in a way, that unduly inhibits or hampers the initiation or processing of claims for benefits; a provision or practice that requires payment of a fee or costs as a condition to making a claim or to appealing an adverse benefit determination would be considered to unduly inhibit the initiation and processing of claims for benefits." For example, requiring a patient to agree to pay for a potentially costly medical treatment up front out of pocket to preserve the right to challenge the adverse determination later in court, with no guarantee that the challenge would be successful, and with a high risk of incurring expensive legal costs as well, would be considered "hampering the initiation or processing of claims for benefits", for obvious reasons.
Unfortunately, the claims procedure laws are not always followed, in part because the only recourse set forth by these laws for failure to provide such an appeal process is the right for the patient to consider the appeals process to be exhausted and bring a Civil action under ERISA. Such an action might in theory be applied for patients like Calad if the patient had a lawyer prepared to file an emergency ex parte Motion for a Temporary restraining order in US District Court, perhaps even by phone to a Magistrate, to compel the Utilization review nurse to approve treatment to protect the patient from imminent danger to life or health that might occur from discharging the patient against medical advice.
As lower Courts are bound by the Precedents of higher Courts, as is the Supreme Court bound in large part to its own precedents, there has been great frustrations by the Courts in lawsuits brought by Plaintiffs who under state common law would be entitled to monetary relief for damages or death suffered as a result of Utilization review nurses breaching a Duty of care or the laws of the practice of Medicine by prescribing the treatment plan for a Diagnosis, as in Calad's case, as complex as "status post total abdominal hysterectomy with vaginal, bladder, and bowel repair", presumptively, before the surgery is even performed, as 1 day of inpatient care with 8 weeks of outpatient care, on the basis of a discharge protocol to be followed that hinges not on the Clinical judgment of the physician who performed the surgery but the single question, "were there any Complications of the procedure?"
This frustration was well stated by Justice Becker of the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in his concurring opinion in "Defelice v. Aetna", et al., a frustration succinctly summarized in his quote from a previous decision in "Andrews-Clarke v. Travelers Ins. Co.," (a Complaint by a widow for the death of her husband as a consequence of a Managed Care Utilization review decision that cut short her husband's physician's recommended in-hospital treatment plan) as follows:
Also, Supreme Court Justice Ginsburg, in her concurring opinion in "Aetna and CIGNA, et. al" in which Justice Breyer joined, expressed the sentiments held by many that either Congress or the Courts revisit the law as currently enforced by statute and precedent:


Randolph Blake

Randolph Blake (born 1945) is an American psychologist, currently the Centennial Professor at Vanderbilt University and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and National Academy of Sciences.


Team World Vision

Team World Vision is a fundraising program of humanitarian organization World Vision that equips individuals to raise money for World Vision projects. Currently, Team World Vision's has the most participants at the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, but athletes are able to participate in any athletic event in the United States in order to raise money for World Vision. Unlike most large charity runner organizations Team World Vision does not pay for team member's race entry fees, jerseys or transportation as this helps keep overhead low.
History.
Team World Vision began in 2005 under the direction of (current National Director) Michael Chitwood. Chitwood has stated that his life was changed physically, emotionally, and spiritually after running his first marathon, and felt called to start a team that could bring that experience to more people and help to people in poverty around the world.
Since its start in Chicago in 2005, Team World Vision has expanded to include staff in New York, Minneapolis, Miami, Dallas, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The biggest Team World Vision event has continued to be the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, however. In 2006, Team World Vision had just over 100 runners in the Chicago Marathon. In 2010, there were more than 1,200 Team World Vision runners at the Chicago Marathon who raised over 1 million dollars. The money raised provides children and communities in Africa with clean water.
Cause.
While all of the money raised by Team World Vision athletes goes to furthering the work of Christian humanitarian agency World Vision, it does have a specific focus within World Vision's efforts. All of the Team World Vision events raise money to provide clean water to children and communities in Africa, with one exception: the money raised at the NYC Marathon goes to help with World Vision's child protection efforts.
Events.
With Team World Vision, runners can choose to run a Premier Event, a Small Group Event, or another event of their choice. Currently, the Premier Events include: the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, the Chicago Half Marathon, the Metro PCS Dallas White Rock Marathon and Half Marathon, the Honda LA Marathon, the 13.1 Los Angeles benefiting World Vision, the Medtronic Twin Cities Marathon, the 13.1 Minneapolis benefiting World Vision, the ING Miami Marathon and Half Marathon, the 13.1 Dallas benefiting World Vision, the 13.1 NY benefiting World Vision, and the 13.1 Ft. Lauderdale benefiting World Vision.
Advocates.
Josh Cox, the 50k American Marathon holder, four-time Olympic trials qualifier, and a Team World Vision Team Captain. He has traveled to Africa with Team World Vision to run the Comrades 56-mile race and to meet the child he sponsors through World Vision.
Andy Baldwin, former star of ABC's "The Bachelor", ironman triathlete, humanitarian, physician, and Team World Vision Team Captain. He traveled to South Africa with Team World Vision in 2010 to run and meet his sponsored child.
Other professional runners who advocate for Team World Vision include Bart Yasso (Chief Running Officer of Runner's World), Chris Lieto (American triathlete) and Jose Munoz (winner, 2007 P.F. Chang's half marathon). Ryan Hall and his wife Sara also support Team World Vision's efforts through their foundation, the Hall Steps Foundation.
In a New Yorker article published on August 11, 2008, Ryan and Sara Hall talk about Team World Vision with author Peter Hessler: "We kind of see the money we have as God's money," Sara told me. They supported a Christian charity called Team World Vision, which gets entrants to the country's major marathons to raise money for development projects in Africa."


J. Bruce Beckwith

John Bruce Beckwith (born September 18, 1933) is an American pediatric pathologist known for helping to identify Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, which is partly named after him. He is also known for his role as reference pathologist for the National Wilms Tumor Study Group, a position he held from 1969 until his retirement thirty years later. He is also recognized for his research on sudden infant death syndrome, which he helped to define in the 1960s.
Beckwith was born in Spokane, Washington, and grew up in St. Ignatius, Montana. A 1954 graduate of Whitman College, he has taught at the University of Washington, the University of Colorado, and Loma Linda University, among other places.
Beckwith received the Fred W. Stewart Award from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in 1994. In 1998, he was named an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists; the same year, he became the first recipient of the National Institutes of Health's Astute Clinician Award. He received the American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology's Distinguished Career Award in 2005.


Gerhard Buchwald

Gerhard Buchwald (15 February 1920 – 19 July 2009) was a German medical doctor and vaccination critic from Eisenberg, Thuringia.
Buchwald studied medicine in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad), Danzig (Gdańsk), and Jena and obtained his doctorate at the University of Hamburg. From 1970 to 1982 he was senior physician at the "Klinik Franken" of the "Bundesversicherungsanstalt für Angestellte" in Bad Steben, and from 1982 to 1989 he was chief physician at the "Klinik am Park" in Bad Steben. He retired in 1990.


Federally Facilitated Marketplace

The Federally Facilitated Marketplace (FFM) is an organized marketplace for health insurance plans operated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The FFM opened for enrollments starting October 1, 2013. The Federally Facilitated Marketplace is established in a state by the HHS Secretary for states that chose not to set up their own marketplace or did not get approval for one.
Individuals (i.e. citizens of a state) and employers will have the ability to find and purchase Qualified Health Plans through the FFM and its partners. Individuals will be able to qualify for and receive Advance Premium Tax Credits (APTC) which can be used to subsidize their premium obligations. Individuals can also qualify for Cost Sharing Reductions (CSRs) which would reduce their out-of-pocket expenses for healthcare.
Participating states.
Twenty-seven states opted to participate in the FFM. Seven states opted to partner with the FFM. Seventeen states opted to set up their own State Based Marketplace (SBM).
Federally Facilitated Marketplaces.
The following 27 states are Federally Facilitated Marketplaces:
Partnership Marketplaces.
The following 7 states are Partnership Marketplaces. In Partnership Marketplaces, states retain certain essential functionality for operating an insurance marketplace.


Trinity Hospice, Blackpool

Trinity Hospice is a purpose built hospice on Low Moor Road (formerly Low Moor Lane) in Greenlands, Bispham, Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It is set in landscaped gardens and it has a central courtyard. It was opened in 1985 after several years of planning and fund raising led by Dr David Cooper. Built on a former horse paddock and marsh land and stream. It has grown from the original in-patient unit to include a day-patient unit, a children's unit, a study centre and a community care centre.
All of the hospice's patient areas are on the ground floor. The Hospice includes two wards for the in-patient palliative care of 28 adults in three or four bedded bays and single rooms. It also includes Brian House which is a separate unit for the in-patient palliative care of five children in single rooms. There are also 24 day-patient places.


NHS Redress Act 2006

The NHS Redress Act 2006 (c 44) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The title of the Act establishes tort based liability as the necessary condition for obtaining redress.
The Act is concerned exclusively with "qualifying liability in tort" and affirms Parliament’s view that fault based liability should remain the basis of compensation for clinical mishaps.
The statute is important legislation since it potentially affects NHS hospital patients; the intention is to extend its operation to primary care. The underlying policy of the Act is to provide a genuine alternative to litigation. The Act does not affect any private law rights. It is wholly concerned with the process of compensation; it does not alter the basis of compensation. It is procedural, not substantive.
The Act proposes a redress package where there has been clinical negligence in hospital. The redress package must include: an offer of compensation, explanation, apology and a report of action to prevent similar occurrences. The redress package may include care or treatment. The package can be accepted with a waiver of the right to sue, or rejected. The redress scheme is to be run by the NHS Litigation Authority.
The proposed redress scheme is a consensual process, not a judicial process; redress is offered not awarded. Proceeding under the redress scheme is voluntary. Proceedings under the redress scheme and civil legal proceedings are mutually exclusive: they cannot be conducted at the same time. Legal rights are suspended but remain intact during the redress process when legal liability is assessed; legal liability is not adjudicated upon by the scheme’s procedure since it does is not a tribunal. Legal rights are only determined if an offer is made and accepted as part of a compromise agreement.
The Act is enabling legislation and the detail of its operation will be set out in regulation. However, indications of its likely operation may be gleaned from Parliamentary debate and in supporting documentation. For example, there are indications that: (1) the scheme proposes that any offer made will be without prejudice, so that if it is rejected it may not be taken as evidence of liability in any legal proceedings; (2) the upper limit for monetary compensation will be £20,000; (3) legal privilege will not be asserted in respect of the investigation report.


Narendra Prasad (surgeon)

Narendra Prasad is an Indian surgeon, who was the former head of the Department of Surgery, Patna Medical College and Hospital and a former president of the Association of Surgeons of India (Bihar chapter). The Government of India conferred Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award, upon him in 2015, for his contributions to the field of medicine. Prasad had graduated in medicine from Patna Medical College and passed FRCS in 1962.


Schizonepeta

Schizonepeta (Japanese catnip) is a genus of herbs. It should not be confused with the true catnips of the genus "Nepeta" (also Lamiaceae) known for their euphoria-inducing effect on domestic cats.
Used as a medicinal herb, "Schizonepeta tenuifolia" is cultivated chiefly in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi, China. The above-ground parts are collected in autumn, or early winter, and dried in the shade.
Its Chinese name is jing jie (荊芥) pronounced jīng jiè (pinyin). Other names include Herba seu Flos Schizonepetae Tenuifoliae, keigai (Japanese), and hyonggae (Korean).
Extracts.
In animal studies, "Schizonepeta tenuifolia" extracts in high doses exhibit immunomodulation of the inflammatory response by regulating cytokine release, specifically the release of Th1 and Th2 cytokines from T cells as well as the unprimed CD4 T cells from differentiating into Th1 and Th2 cells. "Schizonepeta" also interrupts histamine release from mast cells to inhibit allergic reactions in rats.
Chemistry.
"Schizonepeta tenuifolia" contains the following constituents:


Cervical accessory tragus


Caroline Hampton

Caroline Hampton Halsted (20 November 1861 – 27 November 1922) was a nurse who became the first to use medical gloves in the operating room.
Biography.
Caroline Hampton was a member of a prominent southern family; her uncle, Wade Hampton III, was a Confederate General, governor of South Carolina, and a US senator. Her mother, Sally (Baxter) Hampton died in 1862 of tuberculosis. Her father, Colonel Frank Hampton, died at the Battle of Brandy Station in early 1863 during the American Civil War. Their family home Millwood was burned, and Hampton was raised by three aunts, with the expectation that she would marry well, ideally to a southern plantation owner.
Against her family's wishes, she went to nursing school in New York. She trained first at Mount Sinai Hospital and then at New York Hospital, graduating in 1888. In 1889 she became chief surgical nurse at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, working for William Stewart Halsted.
Rubber gloves.
The impetus for Hampton's use of gloves was her sensitive skin. Previously she had to wear gloves when gardening, and the procedures at the hospital caused her to develop severe contact dermatitis and painful eczema. Halsted, as a supporter of the germ theory of disease, used strict hygienic measures in his operating theater. People had to cleanse their hands using soap, followed by a caustic solution of potassium permanganate, a hot oxalic acid bath, and a mercury chloride compound. In the winter of 1889 Caroline Hampton informed Halsted of her intention to resign due to the effects on her hands.
Halsted considered Hampton an “unusually efficient” operating room assistant. He suggested that she try coating her hands in a gelatinous substance called collodion. It hardened but tended to crack. Next Halsted sent plaster casts of Caroline’s hands to the Goodyear Rubber Company of New York, and ordered two pairs of "bespoke" rubber gloves to cover her hands and forearms. The resulting gloves were thin, flexible, and reusable, and protected Hampton's hands.
Halsted was surprised to return from an extended vacation and find that others in the operating room had also adopted rubber gloves, following Caroline's example. The gloves protected the medical staff's hands, and surgical assistants reported that the textured surface of the gloves made it easier to hold onto slippery surgical instruments. That they also protected patients was discovered by one of Halsted’s surgical residents, Joseph Colt Bloodgood. In 1899, Bloodgood published results showing that use of gloves during surgery reduced postsurgical infection rates from 17% to less than 2%, a staggering effect.
Marriage.
Caroline Hampton and William Halsted were married on June 4, 1890, at Trinity Episcopal Church, Columbia, South Carolina. Caroline, as a married woman, was required to resign from her job at the hospital. Caroline ran their household during the winter, and their farm High Hampton in North Carolina during the summer.
Caroline suffered later in life from migraines, and it is suspected that she, as well as her husband, may have used morphine.
Both were known for their eccentricity. Anecdotes about their modes of entertaining, attachment to pets and marital life amused local society.