Angur Ada raid

The Angur Ada raid () was a covert raid conducted by American Commandos from JSOC against Taliban fighters on September 3, 2008, within the border town of Angur Ada in South Waziristan. It was the first time American Troops fought a ground-based battle against the Taliban within Pakistani borders. The raid took place at the same time as Pakistani military forces ended a four-week offensive in Bajaur, the northernmost Agency of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of which South Waziristan is the southernmost, an offensive that has displaced approximately half a million people.
Operations.
By September 2008, the trail of intelligence to find Osama bin Laden, had gone cold, and then-Vice Admiral William McRaven wanted to jump-start the effort. The target of the raid was a minor al-Qaeda facilitator. The raid was carried out by JSOC Operators, believed to be from DEVGRU's Blue Squadron.
The raid occurred in the village of Mūsā Nīkə () of the Angur Ada region of South Waziristan, Pakistan, less than one mile (1.6 km) from the border of Afghanistan. The operation was executed at 3:00 AM local time (23h00 in UTC). Though the U.S. has performed missile strikes in Pakistan before, this is reportedly the first time U.S. troops have taken ground action within the country against Taliban fighters. According to some early reports, roughly twenty people, possibly including three women and four children, were killed in the raid. However, it is not clear whether these were civilians or combatants; an American official stated that the women killed were helping the hostile militants.
CH-47 Chinook helicopters carrying 45 U.S. Navy SEALs conducted the raid. Only one of the helicopters landed and unloaded, while the two others flew overhead providing surveillance and aerial support to the other team. Two F-16 fighter jets also provided air cover. The forces attacked three houses, owned by "Faujan Wazir, Faiz Mohammad and Nazar Jan Wazir." The entire operation lasted 30 minutes. All of the inhabitants were apparently asleep when the raid occurred, other sources say that as the SEALs scaled the walls of a compound, a resident opened fire on them with a shotgun and women inside began throwing themselves on the SEALs whilst the male occupants fled the houses.
After examination, none of the dead proved to be "important terrorists or high-value targets." A U.S. military official stated that "a small number of militants [were] captured and several others killed," but refused to comment on exact numbers.
Response.
A statement made by the Government of Pakistan said that "a strong protest by [the] Foreign Office has been lodged with [the] Government of United States," and "such acts of aggression do not serve the common cause of fighting terrorism and militancy in the area." On September 4, the Pakistani parliament passed a resolution condemning the raid and demanding increased American oversight and cooperation with Pakistani officials when conducting covert operations. Anne W. Patterson, the United States Ambassador to Pakistan, was called to the Pakistan Foreign Office, where a protest was lodged. In response to the raid, Pakistani Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi told the National Assembly on Thursday, "There is no high-value target or known terrorist among the dead ... Only innocent civilians, including women and children, have been targeted."
In response to the raid, United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said, "I don't have anything for you on Pakistan, except to say that obviously we are working very closely with the civilian government there." Rice refused to comment on the possibility of civilian casualties. Reuters cited U.S. Pentagon officials, speaking on condition of anonymity, who confirmed that the raid was conducted by U.S. special operations forces.
The Chairman of the Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC), Gen Tariq Majid, stated that "Pakistan reserves right to retaliate".
On Saturday, September 6, 2008, Pakistan blocked a fuel route supplying U.S. and other western forces operating in Afghanistan in response to the raid. "We have told them that we will take action and we have already taken action today. We have stopped the supply of oil and this will tell how serious we are," said Pakistani Defence Minister Ahmad Mukhtar.


Sugawara Akitada

 is a fictional character and a hero in a series of historical detective/mystery novels written by I. J. Parker, set in the Heian period of ancient Japan.
Introduction.
The character lived in 11th century Japan, and came from a family of scholar-officials. It was revealed through short stories and novels that he was trained in orthodox (Confucianist) education, followed his family's tradition of entering the university, and graduated first in the final year, having specialised in law. His family suffered financially when prior to the completion of his education, his father died.
In the stories, Sugawara Akitada entered the civil service as a junior clerk in the Ministry of Law, with an income barely able to support his family: his mother who was shown as always being inexplicably hostile to him (the reason not revealed until the novel "Hell Screen"), two younger sisters and a small staff of family retainers.
As according to the era, the character was shown to be under immense pressure for the great responsibility to ensure his sisters married well - the only promising path for women of the era. Finding successful 'good' match would depend on the level of prestige of the family (as reflected through social status, wealth and rank), and the dowry he could offer.
The character's inquisitive mind and strong sense of justice got him involved in a variety of difficult cases, which he was usually able to solve, some in his personal capacity, some in the capacity of his job.
The main frustrations faced though was that his stubborn nature was not appreciated in a society, especially within the bureaucracy, which prized orthodoxy, conformity (to hierarchy), stability and unquestioning obedience to figures of authority. In the stories, Akitada was constantly reprimanded and even dismissed several times by his superiors.
To balance the odds, the author gave him allies in the form of several influential personages in the Imperial Court who respected and supported him, and appreciated his integrity.
List of appearances in publications.
According to the author herself, "The writing of the first Akitada novels actually predates the stories by more than a decade, but it was to be the stories that brought the novels into print."
Short Stories.
The following is a list of stories, in chronological order of publication in Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine, that features Sugawara Akitada:
In November 2011,
eleven of these short stories were arranged chronologically within-universe and packaged in a volume titled "Akitada and the Way of Justice:"
"The Kamo Horse" was republished as part of a collection raising money for the 2011 Japan Relief Fund administered by the Japan America Society of Southern California.
In February 2012, three of the short stories--"Death and Cherry Blossoms," "The Incense Murders," and "Instruments of Murder"--were packaged and republished in a volume called "Three Tales of Love and Murder."
In May 2012, three of the short stories--"The New Year's Gift," "The O-Bon Cat," and "The Tanabata Magpie"--were packaged and republished in a volume called "Akitada's Holiday."
Novels.
The following is a list of full-length novels featuring Sugawara Akidata:
The initial publisher (St. Martin's Press) decided to publish the novels in a different order from the internal chronological order of the novels.
In 2004, the author switched publisher to Penguin Group with the agreement to publish the novels according to internal chronology.
After publication of "The Fires of the Gods" in 2011, the author could not find a publisher who would publish the novel in print and released the stories only in Kindle. This continued until 2013 when the author decided to go into self-publishing for the rest of her novels in this series.
As of 2008, Books on Tape has signed to produce the above titles as an audiobook series, being read by actor Roy Vongtama.


Via crucis (Liszt)

Via Crucis, () S.53, is a work for mixed choir, soloists and organ (also harmonium or piano) by Franz Liszt. The work is devoted to the Stations of the Cross. It is one of the last works of Liszt.
Liszt started the composition of this work in the fall of 1878 when he stayed in Rome and ended it in February 1879 in Budapest. There are three sources of the work available: the first sketches in Weimar, the manuscript of the whole work in Budapest and a copy of it in Weimar. The original version was set with accompaniment by organ. Liszt made later a version with piano.
The work is a special case in the oeuvre of Liszt, especially because it is a work of great serenity. The work is also special because it reaches the limits of tonality, breaking the status quo of predominant tonal music of the time. The work combines unison songs (Stations I and XIV) with Lutheran chorales (Stations IV and XII), and chorales inspired by Bach's chorales (Station VI), whereas other stations consist of solo organ (or piano). Liszt self wanted to perform the work in the Colosseum with accompaniment by a giant harmonium. However, he never saw the piece performed because the first performance only took place 43 years after the composer's death: it premiered in Budapest on Good Friday 29 March 1929, conducted by the composer Artúr Harmat, Professor of Church Music at the Liszt Academy.
Setting.
The work follows the fourteen stations:


Kamui Shiro

, also written as Kamui Shirou, is a fictional character that was created by Clamp and introduced as the protagonist of the manga series "X". Kamui is a young esper who returns to his home, Tokyo, after a six-year absence following his mother's last will. According to her, he can change the world's fate. He can either join the groups a Dragons of Heaven or Dragons of Earth and fight for mankind or the nature, respectively. Kamui has also appeared in the animated adaptations of "X", in which he follows a different course of action, and he also appears as an alternative persona from a post-apocalyptic Tokyo in the manga "".
Clamp's head writer Nanase Ohkawa originally created Kamui during high school as character in a story involving warriors fighting for justice. His incorporation to "X" includes themes Ohkawa thought about since she was a student, such a possibility of an evil alter ego and whether mankind is more important than the Earth. The animated versions of "X" portray Kamui as neither as a strong nor a weak character due to the staff's preference. The character has been played by voice actors in the animated series including the Japanese Tomokazu Seki ("X" film), Kenichi Suzumura ("X" TV series) and Mamoru Miyano ("Tsubasa"). His English actors are Alan D. Marriott ("X" film), Steve Cannon ("X" TV series) and Micah Solusod ("Tsubasa").
Publications for manga, anime and other media gave a mixed response to Kamui. Writers often criticize him for his brooding personality, but his character development in the series made them appreciate his role in the story as well his tragic role in the narrative. Kamui has also been popular within Clamp's fanbase despite the authors often receiving negative feedback in the manga's beginning. Kamui's portrayal in "Tsubasa" also garnered mixed responses because he comes across as "X" fanservice though his encounters with the lead character .
Creation and development.
Kamui originates from a story Clamp's head writer Nanase Ohkawa wrote during high school. Kamui was one of the story's lead characters, who were fighting a losing battle for "justice". After finishing "Clamp School Detectives", Clamp decided to write a story in which readers see the development of two groups, the Dragons of Heavens and the Dragons of Earth led by Kamui and Fūma, respectively. Several of the series' characters were created using the Osamu Tezuka's Star System technique were old designs incorporated in new characters with Kamui's exception which proved challenging due to his role. He was made to stand apart from other characters, and Ohkawa called his hairstyle and school uniform average. Clamp's lead artist Mokona believes this was influenced by the heroic character-type upon which he was based. As a result, Mokona felt that Kamui's final design fits her idea of the hero needed for the series. Their first illustration of Kamui gave them a feeling of Ashura, a character from "RG Veda" based on his appearance in Tokyo's destroyed area.
The authors originally wanted to name the character from another character they created in series, but because the plot required him to have a meaningful name, the idea was scrapped and he was named "Kamui" (Japanese for "The One Who Represents God's will"). Kamui was originally written as a high-school student from Kotori Monou's point of view to appeal to the "shōjo manga" audience of female teenagers. Kamui, however, was not popular with the readers, so Clamp rewrote parts of his personality. Mokona describes him as a "crazy dog", but readers disliked Kotori more than they disliked Kamui. Clamp kept the identity of Kamui's father hidden from Kamui. The artists said should the series continue, further exposition of Kamui's heritage would be developed. Kamui is also established as a Christ figure. Kamui is prophesied to return to Tokyo as one who will determine humanity's fate. The construction of Kamui as a messiah is reinforced by his miraculous birth and given name; "Kamui", like "Christ", alludes to the character's divine nature.
Kamui's decisions reflects one of "X" main themes; caring for humans even if does not help the Earth. Ohkawa considers that while it common sense that people care about protecting the planet, it is more important to love friends and relatives. Ohkawa also applied to Kamui and Fūma ideas she had as a child, such as a dual nature, because she states people can be considered good or evil. As a result of Kamui losing Kotori and all of his relatives, Ohkawa emphazed Kamui's friendship with Fūma because she believes his feelings have become stronger. Across the manga, Kamui meets Subaru Sumeragi, whose rivalry with Seishirō Sakurazuka parallels Kamui's rivalry with Fūma Monou. Clamp referred to Kamui and Subaru as siblings; Kamui is supposed to learn from Subaru's final fight with Seishirō and avoid his final fight against Fuuma having the same tragic conclusion.
Alternative portrayals.
In the 1996 "X" film, director Rintaro aimed to give Kamui a tragic ending regardless of people's personal taste. For the "X" television series, director Yoshiaki Kawajiri decided not to explore Kamui's backstory early in the series and to focus more on his cold demeanor. Kawajiri considered Kamui weak because of how much it costs him to express emotions. As a result, he portraying Kamui as a strong person, though his weakness becomes noticeable as the narrative progresses. He is voiced in the film by Tomokazu Seki in Japanese and Alan D. Marriott in English. Kamui is voiced in the television series by Kenichi Suzumura in Japanese and Steve Cannon in English.
Because Kamui did not have many lines in the original video animation, Suzumura lacked a full impression of him before more of his character was explored in the television series. Suzumura found his role complicated because he understands Kamui is neither the weakest nor the strongest character. Voicing Kamui meant Suzumura debuted as a singer for an "X" CD. In August 2011, Suzumura married singer and actor Maaya Sakamoto; as a gift, Clamp made an illustration of Kamui holding from "", since the latter is voiced by Sakamoto.
A common trope Clamp enjoys using is identical characters. When the manga "Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle" was made, Subaru was envisioned as Kamui's twin brother. Clamp had fun writing this version of these characters despite not being identical brothers. Subaru was intended to have a larger role in "Tsubasa", mentoring the protagonist Syaoran, but he was replaced by Seishirō. As in the original Clamp works "Tokyo Babylon" and "X", Subaru was chasing Seishirō; Clamp decided to reverse this for "Tsubasa", making Seishirō the one chasing both brothers. In "" OVAs, Kamui is voiced by Mamoru Miyano in Japanese and Micah Solusod in English.
Appearances.
In the "X" manga.
In "X", Kamui is introduced as a teenager who returns to Tokyo after a six-year absence following his mother's death. Contrary to the kindheartedness with which his childhood friends Fūma and Kotori Monou remember him, Kamui appears distanced and cold, and avoids interacting with them. Following his arrival to Tokyo, Kamui is observed by two groups known as the Dragons of Heaven and the Dragons of Earth, who are interested in Kamui's ability to change the world's fate. Princess Hinoto contacts Kamui and warns him if he does not become the Dragons of Heaven's leader, Kotori will be murdered. Still confused about what he should do, Kamui meets his aunt Tokiko Magami, who sacrifices herself to create the weapon , which Kamui must wield to change Earth's fate.
After Tokiko's death, Kamui gains a full understanding about his mission. He can either become a Dragon of Heaven and protect mankind from extinction or he can become a Dragon of Earth and destroy mankind to protect the Earth. As a result of starting to care about Fūma and Kotori again, Kamui instantly becomes a Dragon of Heaven. Fūma awakens a sadistic alter-ego known as the Dragon of Earth's "Kamui". The new Fūma kills Kotori to torture Kamui but escapes after the arrival of the Dragons of Heaven. One of them, Subaru Sumeragi, helps Kamui recover from his traumatic experience by encouraging him to grant his own wish, which is recovering the original Fūma.
For the next month, Kamui starts living with the Dragons of Heaven Sorata Arisugawa, Arashi Kishū and Yuzuriha Nekoi, which helps him form new friendships while often meeting Subaru. He and the Dragons of Heaven work with Hinoto's assistance to protect Tokyo's barriers from the Dragons of Earth and avoid the Earth's destruction. Kamui encounters Fūma several times during his fights but is unable to defeat him. In the series' latest chapters before its indefinite hiatus, Kamui summons the Sacred Sword and again encounters Fūma alongside Subaru, who tells him he will never defeat Fūma unless he identifies his true wish.
In "X" adaptations and other series.
While the manga's serialization was put in hiatus, leaving the story unconcluded, its animated adaptations show Kamui reaching different fates. In the "X" film (1996), Kamui refuses to side with the Dragon of Heavens until Fūma and Kotori are taken by Hinoto's sister Kanoe. The Dragons of Heavens continuously fight the Dragon of Earth, and both sides suffer casualties that result in the destruction of Tokyo. Fūma kills Kotori in front of Kamui to take the Sacred Sword from her. Kamui unseals the Sacred Sword his mother gave him and decapitates Fūma. As the match ends, Kamui—the sole survivor of the war— starts crying while holding Fūma's head. In the television series, Kamui goes to fight Fūma after Hinoto's suicide unseals the Sacred Sword. He tries to kill Fūma after learning his loss was predetermined. Kamui is severely wounded in combat and is saved by Subaru, who again encourages him to grant his own wish and Kamui faces Fūma. In the final battle, Kamui sacrifices his life to create a barrier that will protect mankind and passes Fūma his will, which restores his personality.
An alternative version of Kamui appears as one of the vampire twins Seishirō is seeking in Clamp's crossover series "". Kamui leads the fighters of the City Hall faction (alternative versions of the Dragons of Earth) in a battle to protect their water source, although he is actually protecting his twin Subaru, who is sleeping underwater. Kamui often fights an alternative version of Fuma, who leads the Tokyo Tower faction. When encountering a dimension traveler called , Subaru awakens after Syaoran retrieves a magical feather that sealed him. Before leaving Tokyo, Kamui gives his regenerative blood to the dying sorcerer Fai D. Flowright as part of a negotiation to restore Tokyo's water. Kamui and Subaru then leave Tokyo and reunite with Fuma in the epilogue. Outside manga and anime, Kamui also appears as a playable character in two video games based on the series; "X: Unmei no Sentaku". He is also the subject of the seventh CD of the audio drama series "X Character Files", in which Kenichi Suzumura provides his voice.
Reception.
Kamui received multiple reactions from publications for manga and anime. "The New York Times" praised his character design for how unique as Clamp's works alongside Hinoto. Mike Crandol from "Anime News Network" found Kamui less interesting than other supporting characters due to his negative attitude. "Animefringe" found the way Kamui's role in the story changes his fate interesting and stated despite his strong personality, Kamui will still face catastrophes. Despite his dark personality, crItics said he becomes more likable as the narrative progresses. Matthew Warner from the "Fandom Post" states that while Kamui's antiheroic portrayal makes him look like a "prick", he becomes more appealing the move his backstory is displayed. Chris Beveridge from "Mania Entertainment" noted that Kamui's tragic backstory explored in the series "adds a new dimension" to the character. Zac Bertschy from "Anime News Network" agreed noting that Kamui managed to develop despite retaining his brooding and distanced persona. Two reviewers from "THEM Anime Reviews" shared similar comments as viewers would find him more relatable and mature. On the other hand, Andy Hanley from" UK Anime Network" found that despite the appealing backstory Kamui to understand his emotions, it still "doesn't make him any less frustrating to watch" when compared to other characters. For the film, Bamboo Dong from "ANN" praised Tomokazu Seki role voicing Kamui due to how he displays the character's emotions. In promoting the anime "Karakuri Circus", producer Masao Maruyama also praised Seki's work as Kamui alongside Kōhei Kiyasu's from "Hajime no Ippo" for presenting a natural progression in their characters. On the other hand, Bertschy felt that Steve Cannon lacked the appeal of Kenichi Suzumura when portraying the lead of "X".
Critics focused on the relationship between Kamui and Fūma, many considering it one of the strongest areas in Rintaro's 1996 film. In another retrospective review of the anime "X", Beverdige—now writing for "Fandom Post"—regarded Kamui's and Fūma's relationship as one of the best parts of the anime, stating while the rest of the cast is still likeable, few might make the audience miss the main conflict of the two characters. Beveridge later praised Kamui's and Fūma's final fight in the television series because it has its "own level of epic sadness and tragedy". In "CLAMP in Context: A Critical Study of the Manga and Anime", Dani Cavallaro analyzed the handling of Fuma's and Kamui's actions. While both take similar paths in their fights in the war between the Dragons, Fuma takes his weapon using brute force while Kamui is granted his by his family. Fūma's action were noted to be portrayed with sadism, making him a major foil to Kamui's character. In their final battle of the film, although Fuma is defeated, there is no satisfaction for Kamui, who still cared for his friend in a similar fashion to the ending of "RG Veda", Clamp's first manga. Several fans reading the series have wondered whether Clamp was hinting at a romantic relationship between Kamui and Fūma. In the book "Understanding Manga and Anime" writer Robin E. Brenner stated Clamp had none of those intentions, and compared them with the more explicit relationship between Subaru and Seishirō.
Kamui's appearance in "Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle" was popular and he was voted the sixth most-popular character in the second poll. "Anime News Network" criticized the handling of the "X" characters as simple fanservice because while he originally faces and , the plot abandons this fight and moves to one between Kamui and Fūma. Sakura Eries of "Mania Entertainment" said despite his strength, Kamui was easily defeated by Syaoran, who continuously fights different enemies in the same arc regardless of wounds. Eries from the "Fandom Post" said the use of Kamui and Subaru as vampires was well-executed because through their aid, Fai D. Flowright survives his blood loss after Syaoran takes his eye, becoming a vampire to survive. Like other critics, the writer wondered when Clamp would explore his past. Beveridge noted Kamui shares multiple similarities with Syaoran based on their characterizations and objectives.


Oh In-hye

Oh In-hye (Korean: 오인혜, 4 January 1984 – 14 September 2020) was a South Korean actress and model.
Career.
Oh started her actress career in 2011 in the film "Sin of a Family". The same year, she gained public attention during the 16th Busan International Film Festival, due to her revealing orange "sexy" dress. In 2012, she was cast in a film "Marrying the Mafia V", but this fell through. In July 2019, she launched a YouTube channel.
Death.
On 14 September 2020, Oh was found unconscious at her home in Songdo International Business District, Yeonsu, Incheon. She was immediately brought to a nearby hospital and soon it was reported that her breathing and pulse had returned. Nevertheless, the same day, one of her acquaintances revealed that she had died of cardiac arrest.


Omar Burleson

Omar Truman Burleson (March 19, 1906 – May 14, 1991) was an attorney, judge, FBI agent and veteran of World War II when he was first elected in 1946 as a Democratic U.S. Representative from Texas's 17th congressional district. He was re-elected to Congress from this rural district for more than 30 years, resigning in December 1978 rather than run again for office.
Early life and education.
Born in Anson, the seat of Jones County, north of Abilene, Texas, Burleson attended the public schools there. He received his higher education at Abilene Christian College and Hardin-Simmons University, both in Abilene.
Burleson went to Tennessee for law school, graduating in 1929 from Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee. He returned to Texas, where he was admitted to the bar the same year. He set up a practice in Gorman in Eastland County. With business slowing because of the Great Depression, Burleson sought public office.
Legal and related career.
In 1930 Burleson was elected to his first public office, as County Attorney of Jones County, Texas, serving from 1931 to 1934. He next was elected as a judge in Jones County, serving from 1934 to 1940.
In 1940 Burleson was hired as a special agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, serving into 1941. He entered politics, serving as a secretary and staff member to U.S. Representative Sam Russell of Texas's 17th congressional district in 1941 and 1942. With Russell's support, Burleson was appointed as general counsel for the Housing Authority in the District of Columbia in 1942; at that time, the District did not have home rule and was controlled by Congress through its committees.
After the United States entered World War II, Burleson served in the United States Navy from December 1942 to April 1946. He was assigned to the South Pacific Theater.
Political career.
Following the war, in 1946 Burleson was elected to national office as a Democrat from the area where he had established his reputation: Texas's 17th congressional district to the Eightieth Congress. He was reelected to the fifteen succeeding Congresses from this rural district, and served from January 3, 1947, until his resignation, December 31, 1978.
Because of his seniority, Burleson gained the chairmanships of the Committee on House Administration (Eighty-fourth through Ninetieth Congresses), the Joint Committee on the Library (Eighty-fourth through Ninetieth Congresses), and the Joint Committee on Printing (Eighty-fourth Congress).
Burleson was one of the majority of the Texan delegation to decline to sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto opposing the desegregation of public schools as ordered by the Supreme Court in its ruling on "Brown v. Board of Education". It had determined that segregated public schools were unconstitutional. Delegations of other Southern states, particularly Virginia and some in the Deep South, did sign the manifesto and actively resisted such desegregation for years.
But Burleson voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, which were directed at enforcing constitutional rights for African Americans and other minorities. He also opposed ratification of the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which gave the federal government oversight and enforcement over state practices that discriminated against minority voters.
Burleson chose against running for reelection in 1978. He was succeeded by the election of fellow conservative Democrat Charles Stenholm of Stamford, which is also in Jones County. Stenholm owned and operated a large cotton farm there, but lived in Abilene, Texas.
After resigning from Congress, Burleson resided in Abilene until his death there on May 14, 1991. He is interred at the Mount Hope Cemetery in Anson, his hometown.
Legacy.
A statue of Burleson was installed in his hometown of Anson at the Jones County Courthouse. He had also served there in his early career as County Attorney and judge of the County Circuit Court.


SS Joys

The Joys was a steamboat that sank in Lake Michigan off the coast of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, United States. In 2007 the shipwreck site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
History.
The "Joys" was built in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1884. She would go on to haul cargo through the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal from Menominee, Michigan to the ports of Milwaukee, Chicago, Illinois, Manistee, Michigan and Michigan City, Indiana.
On December 23, 1898, the "Joys" was at anchor in the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal. At about 1:00 a.m., the captain saw flames from the wheelhouse and sounded the alarm. The crew was able to escape, but in the ensuing chaos the ship was carried in the current toward the canal office and government warehouse. Eventually, efforts from those on land were successful in towing the vessel away from land, where it then burned to the waterline and sank.


The House in Paris

The House in Paris is Elizabeth Bowen's fifth novel. It is set in France and Great Britain following World War I, and its action takes place on a single February day in a house in Paris. In that house, two young children—Henrietta and Leopold—await the next legs of their respective journeys: Henrietta is passing through on her way to meet her grandmother, while Leopold is waiting to meet his mother for the first time. The first and third sections of the novel, both called "The Present," detail what happens in the house throughout the day. The middle section of the book ("The Past") is an imagined chronicle of part of the life of Leopold's mother, Karen Michaelis, revealing the background to the events that occur in Mme Fisher's home on the day.
First published in 1935, it was well received by critics past and present, and has received praise from Virginia Woolf and A. S. Byatt. The novel combines techniques of realism and modernism, and was referred to as her "most complex work." Bowen revisits themes and structures familiar from her earlier novels; the tri-partite structure and the ten-year gap between past and present, for instance, had been used earlier in "Friends and Relations", but unlike that novel, "The House in Paris" finds an escape from a tragic past, by way of a "magical child of myths, an archetypal redeemer."
Summary.
Part I: The Present.
The novel opens in Paris, early in the morning, as eleven-year-old Henrietta Mountjoy, accompanied by Miss Naomi Fisher, travels via taxi to the house of Naomi's mother Mme Fisher, an elderly and sickly lady who for years has taken in well-off girls for a season. Henrietta is travelling to Menton, in the south of France, to spend time with her grandmother, Mrs. Arbuthnot. Mme Fisher tells Henrietta that she will be spending her day with Leopold, a nine-year-old boy who is supposed to meet his mother there for the first time; Miss Fisher asks Henrietta to "be a little considerate with Leopold", and "to ask Leopold nothing". After breakfast and a nap in the salon, Henrietta awakens to find Leopold standing before her. The two young children talk about their life: Leopold explains Mme Fisher's illness and his own anticipation regarding the arrival of his mother later that day; Henrietta reveals to Leopold that her mother is dead. Even though Leopold angers Henrietta by spilling the contents of her handbag, the two children develop a rapport.
Miss Fisher leads Henrietta to Mme Fisher's room. While they are upstairs, Leopold rummages through Miss Fisher's handbag, discovering three envelopes. He disregards the first, a letter pertaining to Henrietta. The second envelope, with a Berlin postmark, is from his mother, but the envelope is empty, and he feels that Miss Fisher has "done him down." The third envelope contains a letter from Marian Grant Moody, his adoptive mother, to Miss Fisher. Besides discussing the boy's itinerary, she writes exhaustively of Leopold's delicate and rather unstable constitution, and says more than once that the boy has not had a sex education yet, so any explanation of his birth will have to be handled delicately.
Leopold returns to the first envelope concerning Henrietta, written to Miss Fisher by Henrietta's grandmother, Mrs. Arbuthnot. Referring repeatedly to her old acquaintance and present addressee as "Miss Kingfisher", she informs Miss Fisher that Henrietta is to spend the remainder of the winter with Mrs. Arbuthnot in the south of France, and should only be staying a day in Paris. The tone of the letter is manipulative: Mrs. Arbuthnot subtly chastises Miss Fisher for not visiting her, all the while asking that Henrietta be allowed to spend the day in Paris.
During this time, Henrietta is introduced to Mme Fisher in her upstairs bedroom. As Miss Fisher sits knitting, her mother and the young girl converse, Mme Fisher frequently critiquing her daughter, commenting on her own bad health, and, ultimately, discussing Leopold: Henrietta learns that Leopold's now-dead father at one time broke her daughter's heart.
Henrietta then returns to the salon and discovers Leopold going through the handbag. The section concludes with the arrival of a telegram, summarised by Miss Fisher: "Your mother is not coming; she cannot come."
Part II: The Past.
"Meetings that do not come off keep a character of their own." The novel's second section shifts back a decade to the story of Leopold's parents. The introductory pages of the section make clear that this the entire section is imaginary, perhaps a long and dramatic imaginative vision on Leopold's part. The section contains the information that may have been exchanged between Karen and Leopold should she have actually kept her promise to her son and arrived as scheduled that day in Paris.
Karen Michaelis, ten years or so before the day of the previous section, is sailing from her native England to visit her Aunt Violet and Uncle Bill Bent at Rushbrook, County Cork, Ireland. Karen is escaping the pressures of her recent engagement to Ray Forrestier, ambivalent about the wedding; Ray himself is on a business trip. Her time with Uncle Bill and Aunt Violet is rather uneventful and uninspiring until Uncle Bill, a nervous and socially inadequate man, tells Karen that Violet is to have surgery in the coming weeks, a procedure that could prove fatal. Back in England, Karen finds Naomi Fisher waiting for her; she has travelled to London to see to the affairs of her recently deceased aunt, and tells Karen of her engagement to Max Ebhart, whom Karen met years before while she was one of the girls staying at Mme Fisher's house. Despite Karen's objections — she had always been afraid of Max — Naomi insists the three spend time together before Max and Naomi return home.
During a picnic, Max and Karen come close, sharing a secret touch and holding hands. Afterward, Karen resigns herself to her upcoming marriage, but before too long, the Michaelis family receives news of Aunt Violet's death, and once again things are in a state of disorder. During this chaotic time Max calls and asks to see Karen. They meet clandestinely in Boulogne and spend the day together. Max reveals that Mme Fisher believes her daughter is not good enough for him, but according to Max, Naomi is an acceptable match, simply because she is "like furniture or the dark", comfortable and reassuring. Ultimately, however, she evokes no passion in him. Likewise, Karen confides that she does not wish to marry Ray. They part, but meet again on Folkestone pier the following Saturday, spending the remainder of the day and evening in a hotel room. Karen awakens in the middle of the night and while examining her and Max's shared circumstances, she develops a type of unconscious awareness of Leopold, despite having no clear evidence he will eventually exist, suggested by the author in second person: "All the same, the idea of you, Leopold, began to be present with her."
The following day, Max writes a letter to Naomi, explaining his relationship with and feelings for Karen. Karen implores him to rethink the revelation, specifically the unreality of the arrangement ("You and I are the dream. Go back to her".) She tears up the letter, and they agree that while Naomi must be made aware of the affair, it is best both to write her and tell her in person. Karen's rendezvous with Max is eventually discovered by Mrs. Michaelis, and while Karen tries to explain the relationship, Mrs. Michaelis cannot understand.
Next, Karen learns through the French newspapers that Max has committed suicide, and Naomi arrives in London, where she explains the circumstances surrounding his death: after receiving his letter and informing Mme Fisher of his intentions, Naomi is quarantined by her mother, who intends to keep Naomi from seeing Max and removing any possibility of spoiling Max's chance for happiness with Karen. Max does visit Naomi, however, speaking to her of the failure inherent in his relationship with Karen: "'What she and I are' he said, 'is outside life; we shall fail.'" He is visibly distressed as Mme Fisher returns to the salon. Naomi returns to her upstairs bedroom. There is a commotion in the salon, and Naomi returns to find her mother strewn across the sofa and blood on the floor. Max has cut his own wrist, making his way out the door into the street, and dying in an alley. In the following days, Mme Fisher will observe that "it was the commendation he could not bear. I was commending him when he took his knife out." At the end of the section, Karen reveals to Naomi that she is pregnant with Max's child, and will leave for Germany to try to avoid any scandal.
Part III: The Present.
The first sentence of the last section repeats the last sentence of the first: "Your mother is not coming; she cannot come." Leopold again imagines how the meeting would have gone if it had occurred. Henrietta senses Leopold's disappointment; she holds him and cries. Miss Fisher reenters the salon, informing Leopold that Mme Fisher would like to see him.
Not unlike the earlier exchange with Henrietta, the conversation between Leopold and Mme Fisher is uncomfortable and at times Mme Fisher is blunt, even cruel. She attempts to explain Karen's unique nature to the disconsolate boy, abandoning any of those delicacies requested in Marian Grant Moody's earlier letter. She explains Leopold his history, including the details of his birth, the death of his half-sibling, his adoption, and his general displacement in the world. Leopold begs to remain in the house, exclaiming, "At Spezia when I am angry I go full of smoke inside, but when you make me angry I see everything." At this point Miss Fisher returns to the room and whisks Leopold away again.
Ray Forrestier is waiting in the salon for Leopold. When the child arrives, their interaction is strained, distant, and uncomfortable. A good portion of the narrative focuses on Ray's conflicting feelings about Leopold, his marriage to Karen, the child's inescapable presence in their shared life, and Ray's own situational obligations. Ultimately, Ray and Leopold leave the house together, dropping off Henrietta at the train station on the way; the two children say their goodbyes and head off in different directions.
Themes.
Time.
The past and present are constantly intertwined in "The House in Paris", and the middle section, "The Past," is an imagined history. Characters in the past already have in mind future characters and events. For example, hours after conceiving Leopold, Karen thinks about her son as if he already exists: "the idea of you, Leopold, began to be present with her." This thought of Karen's is, in the end, Leopold's, since he imagines these events; the reader learns Leopold's past while he does, "simultaneously gaining information from disconnected fragments derived from a combination of hints and opinions filtered through all he experiences in the house in Paris." Bowen herself discussed the "bendability" of time in an essay published in 1951, in which she discusses "factitious memory": "one route to the past (or the idea of the past) is factitious memory. That is to say, by art we are made to seem to remember that which we have not actually known."
Stasis.
Throughout "The House in Paris", characters do not successfully go anywhere, either geographically or emotionally. Marian Kelly sees Bowen's narrative structure deliberately slowing down her plot: "the middle section moves backward and so produces a stasis that interrupts the forward momentum of the text". In the past, Karen for years maintained an unrequited, hopeless love for Max, but when they finally became involved, she could not enjoy a fulfilling relationship with him. Instead, she remained tethered to her caste: "she had been born and was making her marriage inside the class that in England changes least of all...This was the world she sometimes wished to escape from but, through her marriage, meant to inhabit still". In the more recent present, Mme Fisher has been putting off the sale of her Parisian house until her death, although she acknowledges that she has been waiting to die for nearly a decade. Also, the reader learns that Leopold's development and maturity have been continuously stunted by his adoptive family, who have kept him in a state of perpetual dependency. Both he and the text's other child, Henrietta, remain in transit throughout the entire novel, never arriving at their destinations. Finally, Karen prolongs her reunions with Leopold and Naomi, both of whom have been waiting for years to see her; on a lesser scale, Henrietta's grandmother, in her letter to "Kingfisher" (that is, Naomi Fisher), claims that she has been waiting for a visit from her.
Betrayal and secrecy.
The novel is concerned throughout with betrayal and secrecy. Karen betrayed her mother by not revealing Aunt Violet's terminal illness during her remaining weeks of life; in fact, the narrator reports that "Karen did not even ask herself why she had said nothing." Mme Fisher betrayed Naomi by encouraging Max to choose Karen, enabling Max and Karen to begin their affair and betray their respective fiancés, while Karen betrayed Naomi as well: when Karen admonishes Max, "you cannot do that to Naomi," Max responds, "Did you always think so much of her?" Maud Ellmann even asserts that Karen only loves Max "precisely because he is another woman's". Later, after Karen has conceived her illegitimate child, Mrs. Michaelis betrays her husband by sending Karen on a year of supposed European travel and study, just as Karen further betrays Ray by secretly giving birth to and then giving away an illegitimate son. In the present, Karen still betrays her father, who is desperate for grandchildren, by hiding his grandson's existence. Ultimately, Karen betrays Leopold at the eleventh hour when she refuses to meet him in Paris, a betrayal underscored by the repeated message to Leopold, "Your mother is not coming; she cannot come." Because of Karen's betrayal of Leopold, Bennett and Royle qualified "The House in Paris" as "Bowen's most rigorous and unremittingly clairvoyant elaboration of the structure and effects of psychic trauma. "The House in Paris" is what we propose to call a traumaturgy, both a work and theory of wounds." Finally, Ray betrays the Grant Moody foster family by stealing Leopold at the novel's close. There is so much secrecy throughout the text that, according to Marian Kelly, "Bowen forces readers into the position of detective by making constant deduction at the level of both conversational references and character psychology a central element of reading her novel".
Motherhood.
Elizabeth Bowen classifies motherhood as a central problem in "The House in Paris". The machinations of Mme Fisher, of course, are the worst of all of the novel's mothers. In the past Max recalled of Mme Fisher, "she acted on me like acid on a plate," while Karen thought, "She is a woman who sells girls; she is a witch." After Mme Fisher contributed to Max's suicide, even her daughter Naomi "saw then, that evil dominated our house." In fact, Neil Corcoran sees Mme Fisher as "quasi-vampiric," since she "does indeed draw blood from Max, when he slits his wrist in the house in front of her." Additionally, Mrs. Michaelis presented some apathy and detachment to her daughter, although Karen went so far as to classify her mother as "ruthless." At one point, Karen was aware that her mother's passive-aggressive parenting caused a key power shift between them: "She has made me lie for a week. She will hold me inside the lie till she makes me lose the power I felt I had." Aware of these troubling examples, in the present Karen longs to correct her abandonment and be a "natural mother" to Leopold, but her son realises that "she would not lend herself to him." Neil Corcoran calls Leopold's reaction to his mother's failure "the novel's most concentrated expression of the psychological and emotional wounding that is parentlessness." Bowen's attention to motherhood continues throughout her "oeuvre", attending to difficult maternal figures like Mrs. Kelway in "The Heat of the Day" and Lady Naylor in "The Last September", for example.
Houses.
Houses loom large in Bowen's work (as is evident in "Bowen Court", her 1946 book memorialising her ancestral house, Bowen Court, one of the Irish great houses, which she was forced to sell and which was subsequently demolished) and in "The House in Paris" the main setting is the house where Naomi and Mme Fisher live, which is characterised as full, stuffy, and oppressive: "The inside of this house—with its shallow door-panels, lozenge door-knobs, polished brass ball on the end of the banisters, stuffy red matt paper with stripes so artfully shadowed as to appear bars—was more than simply novel to Henrietta, it was antagonistic, as though it had been invented to put her out. She felt the house was acting, nothing seemed to be natural; objects did not wait to be seen but came crowding in on her, each with what amounted to its aggressive cry." Naomi's deceased aunt's home in Twickenham is similarly described, though there is a suggestion of future redemption: "the aunt's house was hollow, completely dead. But someone else would move in almost at once, and be here next spring, no doubt, to enjoy the cherry." A third house is the home of Colonel and Violet Bent lived in Rushbrook, the house in Ireland that Karen briefly visited before returning to the Michaelis home in Chester Terrace, Regent's Park, London. But that Irish home is itself a replacement of an earlier great house, the ancestral home of Colonel Bent, which was burned during the Irish War of Independence.
Style and genre.
Bowen's writing style frequently involves a slow pace that builds to a crescendo, and a usage of free indirect discourse and stream of consciousness. While in many of Bowen's novels modernism and realism mix, and sometimes clash, "The House in Paris" is usually characterised as modernist.
Publication history.
"The House in Paris" was first published in 1935 by London-based Victor Gollancz for English audiences. Perhaps thinking of them, Gollancz wrote in a letter to Bowen, "I wonder if you realize how un-English it is?" Alfred A. Knopf published the novel for American audiences one year later. In 1972, Penguin released an edition of the novel with an introduction by A.S. Byatt, and re-released it in 1987; this edition was republished in 2002 by Anchor Books.
Critical reception.
An early admirer of "The House in Paris" was Virginia Woolf, a good friend of Bowen's. In a letter about the book, Woolf wrote, "I had the feeling that your world imposed itself on my world, while I read, which only happens when one is taken in hand by a work." A.S. Byatt, in her introduction to the 1976 Penguin edition, stated she had been reading the novel since the age of ten.
Though Bowen is generally acknowledged as "an important twentieth-century English (and Anglo-Irish) writer," she is not widely read. "The House in Paris" was written during a period of great activity (she published four novels and a short story collection in the 1930s, besides writing literary reviews), and received positive reviews.
Adaptation.
The novel was adapted into the 1959 BBC television film of the same name.


SS Ossifrage

SS "Ossifrage" was a Canadian barge that hit a shoal in the Northumberland Strait in 1919, while she was being towed from Wallace, Nova Scotia, Canada to Souris, Prince Edward Island, Canada.
Construction.
"Ossifrage" was a passenger ship constructed out of wood at the F.W. Wheeler & Co. shipyard in West Bay City, Michigan. She was launched on 11 May 1886.
The ship was long, with a beam of and a depth of . The ship was assessed at . She had a Triple expansion steam engine driving a single screw propeller and one Scotch boiler. The engine was rated at 540 nhp.
New owner.
She was sold in 1916 to Canadian owners and registered at Halifax, Nova Scotia with registration no. 107488. Where she was later stripped down and her Hulk used as a barge for the fishing industry.
Sinking.
On 29 September 1919, "Ossifrage" was being towed from Wallace, Nova Scotia, Canada to Souris, Prince Edward Island, Canada when she hit a Shoal in the Northumberland Strait. The ship foundered with no casualties.


SS Lakeland

The SS "Lakeland" was an early steel-hulled Great Lakes freighter that sank on December 3, 1924, into of water on Lake Michigan near Sturgeon Bay, Door County, Wisconsin, United States, after she sprang a leak. On July 7, 2015, the wreck of the "Lakeland" was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
History.
The "Lakeland" (official number 126420) was built in 1887 in Cleveland, Ohio, by the Globe Iron Works Company as the first generation steel Great Lakes freighter "Cambria". She was originally built for the Mutual Transportation Company which was controlled by the Federal Steel Company that was owned by Elbert H. Gary. She had an overall length of , which made her the first 300-foot vessel on the lakes; she also had a length of between her perpendiculars, her beam was wide and her cargo hold was deep. She was powered by a 1,200 horsepower triple expansion steam engine which was fueled by two coal burning Scotch marine boilers. She had a gross tonnage of 1878.10 tons and a net tonnage of 1377.33 tons.
The "Cambria" was launched in Cleveland on February 1, 1887, as hull number #12. At the time of her construction she was only the second lake freighter built by Globe Iron Works Company to have a steel hull. She was also the first lake freighter equipped with a triple expansion steam engine. She was used to haul bulk cargoes such as iron ore, coal, grain, salt and later automobiles.
In June 1888 the "Cambria" ran aground southwest of Peninsula Point Light on Lake Michigan with a cargo of iron ore weighing 2,334 tons. The grounding tore a hole in her hull.
In 1910 the "Cambria" was taken to the Milwaukee Dry Dock Company to be converted to a passenger vessel, but the Milwaukee Dry Dock Company was unable to complete the conversion. Eventually the wrecking tug "Favorite" towed her to Cleveland for the conversion to be finished.
In May 1910 she was renamed "Lakeland". In September 1910 the "Lakeland" collided with the steam barge "John Smeaton" in the St. Marys River. She ran aground after the collision. In early 1920 the "Lakeland" was converted from a passenger ship to an automobile carrying vessel.
The "Lakeland" did not sail for the 1923 season because she had a major overhaul. She had her boiler room moved; she also had a brand new watertight bulkhead installed. The other new things included two new Scotch marine boilers, and a new pilothouse. She also had her ballast pump repaired, and several cracked frames replaced. In the fall of 1924 the "Lakeland" went into a dry dock in Detroit, Michigan, to have a twisted rudder stock repaired; the inspectors also examined her entire hull and her rudder.
Final voyage.
On December 3, 1924, the "Lakeland" was sailing in calm conditions across Lake Michigan from Chicago, Illinois, to Detroit, Michigan, with a cargo of 22 Nash and Kissel, and 1 Rollin automobile in her hold. She had been experiencing some minor leakage, but it was manageable. At around 11:30A.M., the "Lakeland" sprang a serious leak. When her crew discovered the leak, they tried to keep the water out of her hull by turning her pumps to their full speed; but eventually the leak got so bad that Captain John McNeely was forced to turn the "Lakeland" around in an effort to reach shallow water. When the "Lakeland" was about 9 miles from shore it became obvious that the effort to keep her afloat was futile. Some of her crew abandoned ship via the lifeboats. Eventually the "Ann Arbor No.6" came alongside the "Lakeland", but Captain McNeely allegedly refused a tow from her. By the time the coast guard arrived, the "Lakeland" was listing to port at a dangerous angle. Eventually Captain Robert Anderson ordered the remaining men on the "Lakeland" to climb onto his cutter. Meanwhile, the steamer "Signus" stood by. The "Lakeland" sank stern first and broke in two. Her lights flickered until her deck disappeared beneath the surface.
As she sank, the radio operator on the "Ann Arbor No.6", Elliot Jacobson took some photographs of her.
In mid-1925 the insurance company that owed the "Lakeland"s owners $450,000 started a search for her wreck to investigate the circumstances of her loss. Eventually the fishing tugs "Albert C." and the "Four Brothers" discovered her wreck. Technical divers using new helium and oxygen technology were the first people to dive the wreck; this was also the first time mixed gas diving suits were put to a practical test on the lakes. The divers made several dives from the deck of the steam barge "Chittendon". They made the discovery that all of the "Lakeland" seacocks had been opened prior to her sinking.
The Thompson Transportation Company, the company that owned the "Lakeland" was taken to court by sixteen insurance companies; the insurance companies tried to prove that the "Lakeland" captain scuttled her because of financial problems the Thompson Transportation Company was having. The case of her sinking went to court twice, but the insurance companies made a third attempt to take the case to court: eventually the findings went to the "Lakeland" owners. It is believed that eventually the insurance companies came to an out of court agreement with the owners of the "Lakeland".
The "Lakeland" today.
The wreck of the "Lakeland" was rediscovered in 1960. She rests upright, in of water. Her steel hull is almost broken in two aft of the cargo elevator, and her wooden deckhouses are missing. This is because when she sank, the air that trapped in the upper deck structures blew the wooden deck houses off her hull. The passenger deck on her bow has several cracks which allow divers to access her interior. In the 1970s a 1924 Rollin car was salvaged, but problems that occurred while salvaging led to the car being taken to a scrapyard. Another artifact that was retrieved was the "Lakeland" brass steam whistle which is on display in the Door County Maritime Museum. Her anchor was also salvaged. There are still Nash and Kissel automobiles in her hold. Close by are the wrecks of several other ships including the large wooden bulk carriers "Australasia" and the "Frank O'Connor, the wooden steamer "Louisiana" which was lost during the Great Lakes Storm of 1913, the schooner "Christina Nilsson" and the steamboat "Joys".
External links.
Historic photos of the Lakeland


Henriette Bie Lorentzen

Henriette Bie Lorentzen (18 July 1911 – 23 August 2001), born Anna Henriette Wegner Haagaas, was a Norwegian journalist, humanist, peace activist, feminist, co-founder of the Nansen Academy, resistance member and concentration camp survivor during World War II, and publisher and editor-in-chief of the women's magazine "Kvinnen og Tiden" (1945–1955).
Background.
Born in Vestre Aker (now Oslo), Anna Henriette Wegner Haagaas was the eldest daughter of the private school owner Theodor Haagaas. She was married to the businessman and historian Øyvind Bie Lorentzen, a member of the Lorentzen family.
She earned the degree Magister in history of literature at the Royal Frederick University in 1937, with a dissertation on Henrik Ibsen and Christian Friedrich Hebbel.
Humanism and the Nansen Academy.
She was introduced to the liberal theologian and humanist (and later Bishop of Hamar) Kristian Schjelderup by her fellow student Nic. Stang in the mid 1930s, and they became lifelong friends. She became involved in the establishment of the humanist Nansen Academy in 1937 and was one of its three original teachers, together with Schjelderup and Anders Platou Wyller, until it closed in 1940. She also succeeded Stang as assistant editor of Schjelderup's journal "Fritt Ord" in 1938, as the journal became the official publication of the Nansen Academy. According to Bjørn Egge, she was "the main practical force" in the establishment of the Nansen Academy.
The Nansen Academy was founded to promote the humanist philosophy in an era of totalitarianism on the right and left. Schjelderup and Wyller were both Christian humanists, while Bie Lorentzen was an agnostic, but they emphasized that humanism unites across religious lines. Bie Lorentzen lectured particularly on literature and women's issues. She also lectured extensively on humanism and the Nansen Academy around the country, and also lectured in local housewife associations and women's associations, believing it to be especially important for women and mothers who spent most of the time in the home to experience and learn something new. In May 1939, she initiated the Nansen Academy's first course—"What is humanism?"—aimed at women.
Second World War.
During the Second World War, she became involved, along with her husband and first cousin Henrik Groth, in the Norwegian resistance movement. She had herself met Adolf Hitler in a student pub in Germany in 1934 where Hitler was giving a speech.
In 1943 she was arrested and tortured by the Gestapo at Arkivet, even though she was pregnant, while her husband escaped to Sweden. The torture scene is reconstructed in the museum at Arkivet. She was then transferred to Grini detention camp. She was told her unborn child would be sent to Germany for forced adoption, and attempted to take her own life. As a result of the intervention of an anti-Nazi Austrian military doctor, her newborn daughter was instead given to her father and sister. As a Nacht und Nebel political prisoner, she was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp where she remained until the end of the war. On 8 May 1945, she and around 100 other female Scandinavian concentration camp prisoners were rescued by the White Buses, and she was reunited with her husband in Sweden.
Publisher of "Kvinnen og Tiden".
After returning from the concentration camp, she believed women should have a central role in rebuilding the country, and founded the women's magazine "Kvinnen og Tiden" (translated as "Woman and Time" in English) together with Kirsten Hansteen, the first Norwegian female member of cabinet. Bie Lorentzen and Hansteen served as joint editors-in-chief and publishers of "Kvinnen og Tiden" for ten years between 1945 and 1955.
Originally, the magazine was published by J.W. Cappelens Forlag, which was led by Bie Lorentzen's first cousin Henrik Groth, but Cappelen terminated the cooperation over Hansteen's communist background, and from 1947 it was published by a limited company owned by Bie Lorentzen and Hansteen, Kvinnen og Tiden AS, with significant financial support from the liberal Swedish politician and heiress Elisabeth Tamm, a member of one of Sweden's wealthiest families. She bequeathed her large fortune as well as Fogelstad Castle to the magazine and established a trust for this purpose with Bie Lorentzen, Hansteen, Gerda Evang, Eva Kolstad, Honorine Hermelin and a Swedish lawyer as trustees. Despite the support from Tamm, the circulation fell from a peak of 12,000 subscribers in 1947 to just 900 in 1955. Bie Lorentzen and Hansteen therefore decided to close the magazine, and asked Tamm to change her will.
Many of the most prominent female public figures of the postwar years served on the editorial board of "Kvinnen og Tiden", among them Liberal Party leader and cabinet minister Eva Kolstad, women's rights activist Margarete Bonnevie, poets Inger Hagerup and Halldis Moren Vesaas, child psychiatrist Nic Waal, Labour cabinet minister Aaslaug Aasland, physician and women's rights activist Gerda Evang, and social psychologist Harriet Holter.
Later life and legacy.
From 1951 until her retirement in 1978, she worked as a lecturer in Norwegian language and literature as well as drama at the National Teachers College for Arts and Crafts, Oslo (now Oslo and Akershus University College). In the early postwar years, she was active in the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, and she was also active in Amnesty Norway and the anti-nuclear organisation Bestemødre mot atomvåpen in the 1980s and 1990s. She chaired the Norwegian Ravensbrück committee for several years and was involved with the International Ravensbrück Committee.
She was interviewed in the film "Mørketid – kvinners møte med nazismen" (1994) by Karoline Frogner.
She received Oslo's highest award, the Medal of St. Hallvard, in 1995, for her educational work on women and peace. The Henriette Bie Lorentzen House at Oslo and Akershus University College (where the Faculty of Social Sciences is located) is named in her honour. In 2013, she was selected as one of the "100 most important women" in Norwegian history by the newspaper "Verdens Gang".
Henriette Bie Lorentzen was featured, as one of three Norwegians (alongside Jens Christian Hauge and Vidkun Quisling), in the 2015 exhibition "1945 – Defeat. Liberation. New Beginning" of the German Historical Museum in Berlin on the end of the second world war in 12 countries. In his opening speech, Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said that Bie Lorentzen "after the war played a central role in rebuilding her home country Norway as publisher of the women's magazine "Woman and Time". She developed the idea to create this magazine while imprisoned in Ravensbrück concentration camp near Berlin!"


Huang Zhiheng


Ahmadou Ahidjo

Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo (24 August 192430 November 1989) was a Cameroonian politician who was the first President of Cameroon, holding the office from 1960 until 1982. Ahidjo played a major role in Cameroon's independence from France as well as reuniting the French and English-speaking parts of the country. During Ahidjo's time in office, he established a centralized political system. Ahidjo established a single-party state under the Cameroon National Union (CNU) in 1966. In 1972, Ahidjo abolished the federation in favor of a unitary state. Ahidjo resigned from the presidency in 1982, and Paul Biya assumed the presidency. This was an action which was surprising to Cameroonians. Accused of being behind a coup plot against Biya in 1984, Ahidjo was sentenced to death in absentia, but he died of natural causes in 1989.
Early life.
Ahidjo was born in Garoua, a major river port along the Benue River in northern Cameroun, which was at the time a French mandate territory. His mother was a Fulani of slave descent, while his father was a Fulani village chief.
Ahidjo's mother raised him as a Muslim and sent him to Quranic school as a child. In 1932, he began attending local government primary school. After failing his first school certification examination in 1938, Ahidjo worked for a few months in the veterinary service. He returned to school and obtained his school certification a year later. Ahidjo spent the next three years attending secondary school at the Ecole Primaire Supérieur in Yaoundé, the capital of the mandate, studying for a career in the civil service. At school, Ahidjo also played soccer and competed as a cyclist.
In 1942, Ahidjo joined the civil service as a radio operator for a postal service. As part of his job, he worked on assignments in several major cities throughout the country, such as Douala, Ngaoundéré, Bertoua, and Mokolo. According to his official biographer, Ahidjo was the first civil servant from northern Cameroun to work in the southern areas of the territory. His experiences throughout the country were, according to Harvey Glickman, professor emeritus of political science at Haverford College and scholar of African politics, responsible for fostering his sense of national identity and provided him the sagacity to handle the problems of governing a multiethnic state.
Political career.
In 1946, Ahidjo entered territorial politics. From 1953 to 1957, Ahidjo was a member of the Assembly of the French Union. From 28 January 1957, to 10 May 1957, Ahidjo served as President of the Legislative Assembly of Cameroon. In the same year he became Deputy Prime Minister in "de facto" head of state André-Marie Mbida's government. In February 1958, Ahidjo became Prime Minister at the age of thirty-four after Mbida resigned. He was reassuring towards the Church and the Muslim aristocracies in the north of the country and succeeded in embodying the union of conservative currents concerned about the growing number of protest movements in the 1950s. While serving as Prime Minister, Ahidjo had administrative goals to move toward independence for Cameroon while reuniting the separated factions of the country and cooperating with French colonial powers. On 12 June, with a motion from the National Assembly, Ahidjo became involved in negotiations with France in Paris. These negotiations continued through October, resulting in formal recognition of Cameroonian plans for independence. The date for the simultaneous termination of French trusteeship and Cameroonian independence was set by Cameroon's National Assembly for 1 January 1960. During and immediately after Cameroon was decolonized, Ahidjo recruited follow northern, Muslim Fulani and Peuhl into the army and an elite guard.
Ahidjo's support and collaboration in allowing for continued French influence economically and politically was faced with opposition from radicals who rejected French influence. These radicals were sympathetic to a more revolutionary, procommunist approach to decolonization. They formed their own political party, Union des Populations du Cameroun. In March 1959, Ahidjo addressed the United Nations General Assembly in order to gather support for France's independence plan. Influenced by Cold War tensions, the United Nations expressed concern about the UPC due to the party's pro-communist disposition. The United Nations moved to end French trusteeship in Cameroon without organizing new elections or lifting the ban that France had imposed on the UPC. Ahidjo experienced a rebellion in the 1960s from the UPC, but defeated it by 1970 with the aid of French military force. Ahidjo proposed and was granted four bills to gather power and declare a state of emergency in order to end the rebellion.
Following the independence of the French-controlled area of Cameroon, Ahidjo's focus turned on reuniting the British-controlled area of Cameroon with its newly independent counterpart. In addressing the United Nations, Ahidjo and his supporters favored integration and reunification whereas more radical players such as the UPC preferred immediate reunification. However, both sides were seeking a plebiscite for reunification of the separated Cameroons. The UN decided on the integration and reunification plebiscite. The plebiscite resulted in northern area of the British Cameroons voting to join Nigeria and the southern area voting to reunite with the rest of Cameroon. Ahidjo worked with Premier John Foncha of the Anglophone Cameroon throughout the process of integrating the two parts of Cameroon. In July 1961, Ahidjo attended a conference at which the plans and conditions for merging the Cameroons were made and later adopted by both the National Assemblies of the Francophone and Anglophone Cameroons. Ahidjo and Foncha met in Bamenda in order to create a constitution for the united territories. In their meetings, Ahidjo and Foncha agreed not to join the French community or the Commonwealth. In the summer of 1961, Ahidjo and Foncha resolved any issues between them and agreed upon the final draft for the constitution, which was drawn in Foumban, a city in West Cameroon. Despite the fact that the plans to establish a federalist state were made public in Foumban, Ahidjo and Foncha had private discussions before the official Foumban conference. On 1 October 1961, the two separate Cameroons were merged, establishing the Federal Republic of Cameroon with Ahidjo as the president and Foncha as the Vice President.
The issue of territorial administration was a topic of disagreement between Foncha and Ahidjo. In December 1961, Ahidjo issued a decree that split the federation into administrative regions under the Federal Inspectors of Administration. The inspectors were responsible to Ahidjo and for representing the federation, with access to police force and federal services. The power given to these inspectors led to conflict between them and Prime Ministers.
During the first years of the regime, the French ambassador Jean-Pierre Bénard is sometimes considered as the true "president" of Cameroon. This independence is indeed largely theoretical since French "advisers" are responsible for assisting each minister and have the reality of power. The Gaullist government preserves its influence over the country through the signing of "cooperation agreements" covering all sectors of Cameroon's sovereignty. Thus, in the monetary field, Cameroon retains the CFA franc and entrusts its monetary policy to its former guardian power. All strategic resources are exploited by France, French troops are maintained in the country, and a large proportion of Cameroonian army officers are French, including the Chief of Staff.
In 1961, Ahidjo began calling for a single-party state. On 12 March 1962, Ahidjo issued a decree that prevented criticism against his regime, giving the government the authority to imprison anyone found guilty of subversion against government authorities or laws. In July 1962, a group of opposition party leaders who had served in the government with Ahidjo, André-Marie Mbida, Charles Okala, Marcel Bey Bey Eyidi, and Theodore Mayi Martip, challenged Ahidjo's call for a single-party state, saying that it was dictatorial. These leaders were arrested, tried, and imprisoned on the grounds of subversion against the government. The arrest of these leaders resulted in many other opposition leaders joining Ahidjo's Party, the Union Camerounaise. On 1 September 1966, Ahidjo achieved his goal of creating a single-party state. The CNU was established, with Ahidjo maintaining that it was essential to the unity of Cameroon. In order to be elected to the National Assembly, membership in the CNU was required. Therefore, Ahidjo approved all nominations for the National Assembly as head of the party, and they approved all his legislation.
The authorities are multiplying the legal provisions enabling them to free themselves from the rule of law: arbitrary extension of police custody, prohibition of meetings and rallies, submission of publications to prior censorship, restriction of freedom of movement through the establishment of passes or curfews, prohibition for trade unions to issue subscriptions, etc. Anyone accused of "compromising public safety" is deprived of a lawyer and cannot appeal the judgment. Sentences of life imprisonment at hard labour or death penalty – executions can be public – are thus numerous. A one-party system was introduced in 1966.
Ahidjo placed the blame for Cameroon's underdevelopment and poorly implemented town and public planning policies on Cameroon's federal structure, as well as charging federalism with maintaining cleavages and issues between the Anglophone and Francophone parts of Cameroon. Ahidjo's government also argued that managing separate governments in a poor country was too expensive. Ahidjo announced on 6 May 1972, that he wanted to abolish the federation and put a unitary state into place if the electorate supported the idea in a referendum set for 20 May 1972. This event became known as "The Glorious Revolution of May Twentieth." Because Ahidjo held control over the CNU, he was ensured the party's support in this initiative. Ahidjo issued Presidential Decree No. 72–720 on 2 June 1972, which established the United Republic of Cameroon and abolished the federation. A new constitution was adopted by Ahidjo's government in the same year, abolishing the position of Vice President, which served to further centralize power in Cameroon. Ahidjo's power presided over not only the state and government, but also as commander of the military. In 1975, however, Ahidjo instituted the position of Prime Minister, which was filled by Paul Biya. In 1979, Ahidjo initiated a change in the constitution designating the Prime Minister as successor. Until 1972, Cameroon's federation consisted of two relatively autonomous parts: the francophone and anglophone. After the federation was abolished, many anglophones were displeased with the changes.
In 1972, when Cameroon hosted the Africa Cup of Nations, Ahidjo ordered the construction of two new stadiums, the Ahmadou Ahidjo stadium and the Unification Stadium. The Unification Stadium was named in celebration of the country being renamed as the United Republic of Cameroon.
Cameroon became an oil-producing country in 1977. Claiming to want to make reserves for difficult times, the authorities manage "off-budget" oil revenues in total opacity (the funds are placed in Paris, Switzerland and New York accounts). Several billion dollars are thus diverted to the benefit of oil companies and regime officials. The influence of France and its 9,000 nationals in Cameroon remains considerable. African Affairs magazine noted in the early 1980s that they "continue to dominate almost all key sectors of the economy, much as they did before independence. French nationals control 55% of the modern sector of the Cameroonian economy and their control over the banking system is total.
Though many of his actions were dictatorial, Cameroon became one of the most stable in Africa. He was considered to be more conservative and less charismatic than most post-colonial African leaders, but his policies allowed Cameroon to attain comparative prosperity. Courtiers surrounding Ahidjo promoted the myth that he was "father of the nation."
Ahidjo's presidential style was cultivated around the image of himself as the father of the nation. He carried many titles, and after he visited Mecca, Ahidjo gained the title of "El Hadj." Ahidjo used radio to regularly lecture the nation and to announce the regular reassignment of government positions. Ahidjo built up a clientelistic network in which he redistributed state resources to maintain control over a diverse Cameroon. When Cameroon began seeing oil revenue, the president was in control of the funds. People received jobs, licenses, contracts, and projects through Ahidjo in exchange for loyalty.
During Ahidjo's presidency, music served a role in maintaining for national unity and development. Musicians wrote songs with themes of independence, unity, and Ahidjo as the father of the nation. On official holidays, schools would compete by writing patriotic songs in Ahidjo's honor. Songs that were critical of politicians were rare. Musicians such as Medzo Me Nsom encouraged the people of Cameroon to turn out at the pools and vote for Ahidjo.
Post-presidency, later life and death.
Ahidjo resigned, ostensibly for health reasons, on 4 November 1982 and was succeeded by Prime Minister Paul Biya two days later. That he stepped down in favor of Biya, a Christian from the south and not a Muslim from the north like himself, was considered surprising. Ahidjo's ultimate intentions were unclear; it is possible that he intended to return to the presidency at a later point when his health improved, and another possibility is that he intended for Maigari Bello Bouba, a fellow Muslim from the north who succeeded Biya as Prime Minister, to be his eventual successor as president, with Biya in effectively a caretaker role. Although the Central Committee of the ruling Cameroon National Union (CNU) urged Ahidjo to remain President, he declined to do so, but he did agree to remain as the President of the CNU. However, he also arranged for Biya to become the CNU Vice-President and handle party affairs in his absence. During the first few months of Biya's administration, there was cooperation between Biya and Ahidjo. In January 1982, Ahidjo dismissed four CNU members who opposed Biya's presidency. Additionally that month, Ahidjo and Biya both went on separate speaking tours to different parts of Cameroon in order to address the public's concerns.
Later that year, however, a major feud developed between Ahidjo and Biya. On 19 July 1983, Ahidjo went into exile in France, and Biya began removing Ahidjo's supporters from positions of power and eliminating symbols of his authority, removing official photographs of Ahidjo from the public as well as removing Ahidjo's name from the anthem of the CNU. On 22 August, Biya announced that a plot allegedly involving Ahidjo had been uncovered. For his part, Ahidjo severely criticized Biya, alleging that Biya was abusing his power, that he lived in fear of plots against him, and that he was a threat to national unity. The two were unable to reconcile despite the efforts of several foreign leaders, and Ahidjo announced on 27 August that he was resigning as head of the CNU. In exile, Ahidjo was sentenced to death "in absentia" in February 1984, along with two others, for participation in the June 1983 coup plot, although Biya commuted the sentence to life in prison. Ahidjo denied involvement in the plot. A violent but unsuccessful coup attempt in April 1984 was also widely believed to have been orchestrated by Ahidjo.
In his remaining years, Ahidjo divided his time between France and Senegal. He died of a heart attack in Dakar on 30 November 1989 and was buried there. He was officially rehabilitated by a law in December 1991. Biya said on 30 October 2007 that the matter of returning Ahidjo's remains to Cameroon was "a family affair". An agreement on returning Ahidjo's remains was reached in June 2009, and it was expected that they would be returned in 2010.


Ulrike Everts


Lucy Gordon (actress)

Lucy Gordon (22 May 1980 – 20 May 2009) was an English actress and model. She became a face of CoverGirl in 1997 before starting an acting career. Her first film was "Perfume" in 2001 before going on to have small roles in "Spider-Man 3", "Serendipity" and "The Four Feathers". Gordon had played the actress and singer Jane Birkin in the film "", a biopic of singer-songwriter Serge Gainsbourg. Before the film was released, she was found hanged in her flat in Paris on 20 May 2009 after dying by suicide.
Early life.
Gordon was born in Oxford, to Richard and Susan Gordon in 1980; she had a younger sister, Kate. She went to Oxford High School where she passed nine GCSEs in 1997. She moved to Paris after living in New York for several years.
Career.
While in the fourth form of Oxford High School she was noticed by a talent-spotter from a modelling agency as she and her mother visited a Clothes Show Live exhibition. She went on to appear as one of the faces of CoverGirl and soon after she moved into acting. She was signed to Select modelling agency in London and had appeared in the covers of Italian Glamour and Elle.
Gordon made her film debut in the 2001 as the character Sarah in "Perfume". She appeared alongside Heath Ledger in the 2002 film "The Four Feathers". She appeared as the reporter Jennifer Dugan in the 2007 film "Spider-Man 3".
Gordon played the actress and singer Jane Birkin in a film biopic of singer-songwriter Serge Gainsbourg. The film, entitled "Serge Gainsbourg, vie héroïque" was presented at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival and was released in early 2010. Gordon's father, Richard Gordon said that she had loved playing her latest role in this film about Gainsbourg. The director Joann Sfar and the producers of the film Marc du Pontavice and Didier Lupfer released a statement that the film "owes a lot to the generosity, gentleness and immense talent of Lucy Gordon."
Death.
On 20 May 2009, Gordon was found hanging in the Paris flat she shared with cinematographer Jérôme Alméras, just two days short of her 29th birthday. A French police official said she appeared to have committed suicide by hanging. She left two suicide notes, one detailing her last wishes regarding her estate, the other a letter for her parents.
She is buried at Brompton Cemetery, England.


Egbert Xavier Kelly

Brother Egbert Xavier Kelly, F.S.C., was an Irish De La Salle Brother who was last assigned to the De La Salle Brothers in the Philippines and was kidnapped and then murdered by the retreating Japanese Imperial Forces at the De La Salle College, of which he was President, during the Allied Liberation of Manila during World War II.
Early life.
He was born William Kelly on 4 March 1894 in County Wicklow, Ireland. During his youth decided to become a De La Salle brother and went to the Christian Brothers Retreat in Castletown to test his vocation. He was then admitted to the novitiate and became a member of the Institute.
Assignment to the Philippines.
In 1911 Kelly was assigned to the Christian Brothers District of Penang. During his trip, he went for a brief stay in Colombo, Ceylon after which he proceeded to De La Salle College in Manila. He began teaching in the grade school department until he was tasked to teach in the high school department.
Assignment to Belgium.
Kelly was selected by the Christian Brothers Superiors to help in the establishment of a Second Novitiate at the General Motherhouse in Lebecq-les-Hal, Belgium. This assignment was completed in 1930.
Return to the Philippines.
Upon the completion of his assignment to the Motherhouse, Brother Xavier returned to Asia to teach for three years in Rangoon, Burma, and another three years in Hong Kong. In 1935, he was reassigned to Manila and was appointed President of De La Salle College in 1937.
Kelly's first six years as President was spent in expanding the facilities of the College. A large classroom wing was constructed at the north end of St. La Salle Hall and a new chapel was constructed at its south end. This chapel was considered the most beautiful in the Philippines and had few rivals in the District, although the Brothers would regret about the chapel's limited size. The chapel was dedicated in 1940 and was large enough to accommodate the school's entire student body, which was then 1,200.
World War II.
Kelly was the President of De La Salle College in Manila when the Japanese army invaded the Philippines on 8 December 1941.
In January 1942, Japanese troops forcibly entered De La Salle College and began to occupy all but a small portion of the building. The Irish Brothers were left to the chapel and a few small rooms while the American De La Salle Christian Brothers were interned, first in a retreat house of the Society of Jesus at Santa Ana, Manila, and then in a Spanish hospital in San Pedro, Makati. They were later put in a Japanese concentration camp in Los Baños, Laguna, until they were rescued and freed together with their other fellow clergy-prisoners by the American Forces under General Douglas MacArthur in February 1945.
The other De La Salle Christian Brothers on the De La Salle Taft Campus, including Kelly, were not imprisoned by the Japanese at the start of the Japanese Occupation and permitted to stay on the De La Salle campus on Taft Avenue.
On 10 February 1945, a Japanese detail forcibly took Kelly and separated him from the others in the building. He was never seen again and his body was never recovered.
Kelly, plus the other 16 De La Salle Christian Brothers soon murdered by the Japanese inside De La Salle College during February 1945, are now honored with an elegant marble plaque at the entrance of the De La Salle Main Chapel.
Sainthood.
The Congregation for the Causes of Saints already preserved the cause of Bro. Kelly, but hasn't yet given the decree of "nihil obstat" and the title as "Servant of God" by the Holy See.


Earl Shannon

Earl F. Shannon (November 23, 1921 – July 8, 2002) was an American professional basketball player and college coach. He played for the Providence Steamrollers of the Basketball Association of America for three seasons, before being released by the team in 1949 and signing with the Boston Celtics. In three seasons as a player he averaged 8.6 points and 1.3 assists per game.
In one year as Bryant University's head coach (1963–64), the program's first-ever season, the Bulldogs went 12–11. In other coaching roles he served as the University of Rhode Island's freshman basketball coach and an assistant on Providence College's varsity men's basketball squad.
Shannon was also an agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.


Edward Kallon

Edward Kallon (born January 14, ? in Sierra Leone), is the United Nations Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator in Nigeria. Kallon is also the Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme in Nigeria (UNDP). He held a similar position for the past three years in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, where he was also the Representative of the United Nations Population Fund in Jordan (UNFPA) and the Designated Official for Security.
Career.
In 2013 Kallon was assigned as Representative and Country Director for the World Food Programme’s (WFP) in India from. He was WFP’s Regional Refugee Emergency Coordinator for Syria for the latter six months of 2012 and UN Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator ad interim in Iraq from February–May 2012.
Since 1992, Kallon has had numerous assignments with WFP, including: Representative and Country Director, Iraq (2008–2012); Deputy Country Director, Bangladesh (2005–2008); Deputy Country Director, Uganda (2002–2005); Programme Coordinator, Uganda (2001–2002); Programme Coordinator, Somalia (1998–2001); Programme Officer for Afghanistan, (based in Islamabad) (1995–1998); Head of Sub-Office in Herat, Afghanistan (1992–1994).
From 1990-1992. Kallon was a UN Volunteer, assigned to WFP in Kabul.
Before his career began with the UN, he worked in his home country as a Socio-Economist and Community Development Coordinator for GTZMANR (1988–1990) and with Plan International during 1986 as Income Generation Project Coordinator.
Education.
Kallon holds a master's degree in Development Studies with a specialization in Agriculture and Rural Development from the Institute of Social Studies in the Netherlands and a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Education from Njala University College, University of Sierra Leone.


Nathalie Mahy


Benjamin Anderson (soldier)

Benjamin M. Anderson (1836 – February 21, 1865) was a partisan soldier for the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He had gained military experience while serving under William Walker's filibustering campaign in Nicaragua. During the Civil War he served under Thomas Hines during Hines' espionage efforts behind Northern lines. While jailed for his war activities in a Cincinnati, Ohio jail, he committed suicide by a self-inflicted gunshot to the head on February 19, 1865.
Biography.
Anderson is believed to have been born in 1836, to James and Mary Anderson of Louisville, Kentucky. In early 1856 he became a captain for Colonel Jack Allen's Kentucky Rifles, a group under William Walker. At the Siege of Granada, Nicaragua (November 24 – December 11, 1856), he was seriously wounded.
After the initial seven states seceded from the United States to form the Confederate States of America, Anderson journeyed in March 1861 to the then-capital of the Confederacy at Montgomery, Alabama, to volunteer the services of several Kentuckians for the Confederate Army. On April 17, 1861, Anderson took his "Davis Guards" to New Orleans, where they were originally assigned to the First Louisiana Infantry. He was quickly promoted from Captain to Major of the First Kentucky Infantry (July 19, 1861) in Virginia to Lieutenant Colonel of the Third Kentucky Infantry in the Western Theatre of the War on October 25, 1861. He assisted in the evacuation of the Confederate government of Kentucky from Bowling Green, Kentucky in February 1862. Once again, he would be seriously wounded at the Battle of Shiloh, and would resign his commission on May 24, 1862.
He briefly returned to the Confederate Army as a staff officer, but eventually tired of it. He took an Oath of Allegiance to the Union cause to Union Brigadier General Jeremiah T. Boyle. However, he was now a social outcast to those with Southern sympathies, and he was followed continuously by Union detectives. There is some belief that he joined the Copperheads or Confederate "Sons of Liberty" afterward. He was involved in Thomas Hines' plans to free Confederate prisoners in Chicago's Camp Douglas, but he may have been a double agent.
By October 1864, he came back to Louisville, where he and General Boyle became partners in an oil venture. On December 18, 1864, he was arrested for his part in Hines' activities. During January 1865 he and seven others were tried on conspiracy charges for the actions involving the attempt to free prisoners at Camp Douglas. Feeling he had betrayed the Union people whom he befriended, and renouncing the Confederate cause, he said he "would prefer being dead than disgraced". He shot himself in the head while in jail in Cincinnati on February 19, 1865, and remained in pain until February 21, when he died. Of the others, two were acquitted, one was sentenced to be hanged (but later commuted to life imprisonment), one escaped before being hanged, and the other two served 3–5 years at the Ohio Penitentiary, the judgment being made on April 19, 1865. However, charges were dropped against another for health reasons, while charges were not brought against the last.
He is buried in Cave Hill Cemetery in the Anderson family plots.


MV Nyon

Nyon was a cargo ship that was built in 1952. She ran aground in 1958, and was cut in two in order to salvage her. The stern section was salvaged and a new bow section built and fitted in 1959. She served until 1962 when she was involved in a collision with another ship and sank.
Description.
As built, "Nyon" was long, with a beam of and a draught of . She was assessed as , , 9,540 DWT.
She was propelled by a 5-cylinder MAN diesel engine, which drove a single screw propeller. It could propel the ship at .
History.
"Nyon" was built in 1952 by C Van der Giessen & Zoon, Scheepswerf "De Hoop", Krimpen aan den IJssel, South Holland, the Netherlands. She was built for the Suisse-Atlantique Societé de Navigation Maritime SA, Lausanne, Switzerland. "Nyon" was launched on 16 July 1952 and delivered on 17 October 1952. She had a crew of 33. "Nyon" was allocated the Swiss Official Number 050 and Code Letters HBFC. Her port of registry was Basle. In 1956, "Nyon" was sold to Helica SA, Geneva. She was placed under the management of Suisse Outremer SA de Gérance et d'Affretement Maritimes, Geneva.
On 16 November 1958, "Nyon" was on a voyage from Leith, Midlothian to Dakar, Senegal when she ran aground at St. Abbs Head, Berwickshire. At the time there was dense fog in the area. Two forward holds were breached, with a total of five holes between them. The fishing boat "Emulate" of Eyemouth brought bags of cement to "Nyon", which were used in an unsuccessful attempt to plug the holes. The British tugs "George V" and "Beamish" attempted to refloat the ship without success. On 20 November 23 of the crew were taken off by a lifeboat. That day, the decision was made to cut the ship in two, salvaging the stern portion. Wijsmuller Salvage of the Netherlands were awarded the contract under Lloyd's Open Form rules. The ocean-going tugs "Simson" and "Hector" were despatched to Scotland. On 21 November, the operation to separate the two parts of the ship began. The sides were cut on 23 November, leaving just the bottom plates intact. Although all four tugs attempted to separate the two sections, they were unsuccessful. On 25 November, it was decided to use explosives to part the two sections of the ship. This was achieved on 27 November. The stern part of Nyon was towed to North Shields, Northumberland, arriving on 28 November. The bow section was left "in situ" and was destroyed in a gale some days later. Following further work to strengthen the stern section, it was towed to Bolnes, South Holland, Netherlands, in February 1959. A new bow section was manufactured by NV Boeles Shipyards, Bolnes, and fitted on 8 June 1959.
Following the rebuild, "Nyon" was longer, measuring . She was assessed as , , 10,003 DWT. On 15 June 1962, "Nyon" was on a voyage from Antwerp, Belgium to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, when she collided in foggy conditions with the Indian cargo ship in the English Channel, some south of Beachy Head, East Sussex. A mayday was broadcast giving her position as , some west of her true position. "Nyon" sank within fourteen minutes. All 32 crew were rescued by "Jalazad".


Linda Wong (pornographic actress)

Linda Wong, born Linda Carol Seki (September 13, 1951 – December 17, 1987), was an American pornographic actress and one of the first Asians to become a star in the adult film industry. In 1999, she was inducted into the XRCO Hall of Fame. She was Japanese by ethnicity.
Early life.
Wong was raised in San Francisco, California, she was a former homecoming queen, and later went to college to earn a degree in dance. She worked as a ballerina and was married for a time to an attorney.
Career.
Wong began nude modeling and after appearing in Hustler magazine, was approached to do adult films. She first broke into the adult film business in 1976 with "Oriental Babysitter" and "The Jade Pussycat", in which she co-starred with Georgina Spelvin and John Holmes. According to "Playboy's" October 1977 pictorial "Ladies of Joy" and "Playboy's 1980 Girls of Playboy 4", she worked as a masseuse in Las Vegas for a short time under the name "Linda Ching".
In 1981, she decided to retire. She returned four years later to star in "The Erotic World of Linda Wong". She was planning yet another comeback in 1987 when she died of a drug overdose.
In 2011, "Complex" magazine ranked her at #25 in their list of "The Top 50 Hottest Asian Porn Stars of All Time."