Dark Victory

Dark Victory is a 1939 American melodrama film directed by Edmund Goulding, starring Bette Davis, and featuring George Brent, Humphrey Bogart, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Ronald Reagan, Henry Travers, and Cora Witherspoon. The screenplay by Casey Robinson was based on the 1934 play of the same title by George Brewer and Bertram Bloch, starring Tallulah Bankhead.
Plot.
Judith “Judy” Traherne (Bette Davis) is a young, carefree, hedonistic Long Island socialite and heiress with a passion for horses, fast cars, and too much smoking and drinking. She initially ignores severe headaches and brief episodes of dizziness and double vision, but when she uncharacteristically takes a spill while riding, and then tumbles down a flight of stairs, her secretary and best friend Ann King (Geraldine Fitzgerald) insists she see the family doctor, who refers her to a specialist.
Dr. Frederick Steele (George Brent) is in the midst of closing his New York City office in preparation of a move to Brattleboro, Vermont, where he plans to devote his time to brain cell research and scientific study on their growth. He reluctantly agrees to see Judy, who is cold and openly antagonistic toward him. She shows signs of short-term memory loss, but dismisses her symptoms. Steele convinces her the ailments she is experiencing are serious and potentially life-threatening, and puts his career plans on hold to tend to her.
When diagnostic tests confirm his suspicions, Judy agrees to surgery to remove a malignant glioma brain tumor. Steele discovers the tumor cannot be completely removed, and realizes she has less than a year to live. The end will be painless but swift—shortly after experiencing total blindness, Judy will die.
In order to allow her a few more months of happiness, Steele opts to lie to Judy and Ann and assures them the surgery was a success. As he is a poor liar, Ann is suspicious and confronts Steele, who admits the truth. Steele tells Ann, "she must never know" she is going to die soon. She agrees to remain silent and continue the lie.
Judith and Steele become involved romantically and eventually engaged. While helping his assistant pack the office prior to their departure for Vermont, Judith discovers her case history file containing letters from several doctors, all of them confirming Steele's prognosis. Assuming Steele was marrying her out of pity, Judy breaks off the engagement and reverts to her former lifestyle. One day, her stablemaster Michael O'Leary (Humphrey Bogart), who for years has loved her from afar, confronts her about her unruly behavior, and she confesses she is dying. Their conversation convinces her she should spend her final months happy, dignified, and with the man she loves. She apologizes to Steele, and they marry and move to Vermont. (Throughout the film Judith and O'Leary engage in arguments about the prospects of a colt, Challenger. O'Leary insists Challenger will never make a racehorse, while Judith sees him as a future champion. Just before her death, O'Leary admits to her that she was correct.)
Three months later, Ann comes to visit. She and Judith are in the garden planting bulbs when Judy comments on how odd it is she still feels the heat of the sun under the rapidly darkening skies. She and Ann immediately realize she actually is losing her vision and approaching the end. Judy makes Ann stay mum, as Steele is leaving that day to present his most recent medical findings—which hold out the long-term prospect of a cure for her type of cancer—in New York. Judy makes an excuse to remain home, helps him pack and sends him off, telling him “What we have now can’t be destroyed. That’s our victory, our victory over the dark. It’s a victory because we’re not afraid.” Then, after bidding Ann, her housekeeper Martha (Virginia Brissac) (who has silently deduced the situation), and her dogs farewell, she goes to her bedroom. She kneels briefly, apparently praying, then lies down on the bed. Martha enters and drapes a blanket over her, then withdraws when Judy asks to be left alone. The camera focuses on the motionless Judith as the screen becomes blurry, then fades to black.
Cast.
Cast notes:
Production.
Tallulah Bankhead originated the role of Judith Traherne in the Broadway production, which ran for 51 performances at the Plymouth Theatre, before being cut short when Bankhead fell ill with a bacterial infection. Davis openly admitted in later years that she had emulated Bankhead in the role. In 1935, David O. Selznick wanted to cast Greta Garbo and Fredric March in the leads, but Garbo chose to play the lead in "Anna Karenina" instead. In 1936, he offered the role to Merle Oberon, but contractual problems prevented her from doing the film. When Bette Davis discovered the play in 1938, she shopped it to every producer on the Warners lot, and Hal Wallis bought the rights from Selznick for her, for $50,000, when director Edmound Goulding and producer David Lewis showed interest in the project.
Davis had recently ended affairs with William Wyler and Howard Hughes and her husband Ham Nelson had filed for divorce, and after the first few days of filming she begged to be released from her contract, claiming she was too sick to continue. Producer Hal Wallis responded, "I've seen the rushes – stay sick!" She found comfort with Brent, who had just divorced Constance Worth, and the two embarked on an affair that continued throughout filming and for a year – and three films – after. Goulding shot the film in sequence, and the arc of Judith's relationship with Dr. Steele mirrored Davis' relationship with Brent. Davis was later to say that she wanted to marry Brent, but thought that it wouldn't work out. Still, "Of the men I didn't marry, the dearest was George Brent."
The tune, "Oh, Give Me Time for Tenderness" sung by Judith was written by Edmund Goulding and Elsie Janis. The voice of Vera Van was dubbed for Davis.
Another scene for the film's ending was shot, but ultimately was deemed anticlimactic: after Judith's death, her horse was seen winning a race, and her stablehand Michael (Bogart) was shown crying. The scene met with negative response with sneak preview audiences and was cut.
The film premiered at Radio City Music Hall.
Reception.
Frank S. Nugent, in his review in "The New York Times", observed: "A completely cynical appraisal would dismiss it all as emotional flim-flam, a heartless play upon tender hearts by a playwright and company well versed in the dramatic uses of going blind and improvising on "Camille". But it is impossible to be that cynical about it. The mood is too poignant, the performances too honest, the craftsmanship too expert. Miss Davis, naturally, has dominated—and quite properly—her film, but Miss Fitzgerald has added a sentient and touching portrayal of the friend, and George Brent, as the surgeon, is—dare we say?—surprisingly self-contained and mature. This once we must run the risk of being called a softy: we won't dismiss "Dark Victory" with a self-defensive sneer."
"Variety" called the film "intense drama" and "a nicely produced offering [with] Bette Davis in a powerful and impressive role."
"Time Out London" critic Tom Milne writes: "[Davis] and [director Edmund] Goulding almost transform the soap into style; a Rolls-Royce of the weepie world."
On Turner Classic Movies, Margarita Landazuri said: ""Dark Victory" was a three-hanky hit. Filmgoers and critics alike knew their emotions were being manipulated, but so expertly and touchingly that they couldn't help but cheer."
The film was included at #32 in AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions.
The film is mentioned in the play "Steel Magnolias," by Clairee in Act Two, Scene 1. It is also mentioned in the 2015 movie "The Frontier" by the Luann character as a missed opportunity in her career.
"Dark Victory" currently holds an 88% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on twenty-three reviews. The site's consensus states: "Bette Davis does it her way with a tour de force performance in "Dark Victory", a moving melodrama that snatches triumph from the jaws of mortality."
Awards and honors.
Bette Davis was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress but lost to Vivien Leigh, star of "Gone with the Wind". Max Steiner, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score for both this and "Gone with the Wind", lost to Herbert Stothart for "The Wizard of Oz". The film itself lost the Academy Award for Best Picture to "Gone with the Wind".
"The New York Times" named "Dark Victory" as one of the "10 Best Films of 1939", as did "Film Daily", and the "National Board of Review" picked both Bette Davis and Geraldine Fitzgerald for Best Acting that year.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
Adaptations and remakes.
Radio.
On January 8, 1940 Davis and Spencer Tracy appeared in a 60-minute adaptation of the film on "Lux Radio Theatre". Barbara Stanwyck and Melvyn Douglas had previously performed an adaptation, one based on the original Broadway play, on "Lux Radio Theatre" on April 4, 1938. On March 6, 1952, CBS Radio's "Hollywood Sound Stage" aired a condensed 30-minute version starring Stanwyck and David Brian.
Film.
In 1963, the film was remade as "Stolen Hours" with Susan Hayward and Michael Craig, directed by Daniel Petrie. The action took place in then-contemporary England.
Television.
It was remade in 1953, under its original title, as a TV adaptation for the "Broadway Television Theatre", starring Sylvia Sidney, Christopher Plummer, and Ian Keith. In 1976, the story was produced under its original title as an NBC television movie starring Elizabeth Montgomery as television producer Katherine Merrill under the care of Dr. Michael Grant, portrayed by Anthony Hopkins; this version was directed by Robert Butler.
References.
Notes
Bibliography
External links.
Streaming audio


Robert H. Beaudreau

Robert H. Beaudreau (1912–1980) was an American jurist who served as a Massachusetts Superior Court judge.
Early life.
Beaudreau was born in 1912 in Marlborough, Massachusetts to Superior Court Judge Raoul H. Beaudreau and Sarah H. (Rogers) Beaudreau. He graduated from Marlborough High School in 1931 and went on to attend the College of the Holy Cross. In 1932 he transferred to Harvard College, where he was an end on the varsity football team during his senior year. He graduated from Harvard College in 1935 and Harvard Law School in 1938.
Government service.
In 1938, Middlesex District Attorney-elect Robert F. Bradford appointed Beaudreau to the position of list clerk, a job that held responsibilities similar to an office manager. In 1941 he left the District Attorney's office to become a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Fluent in French, Beaudreau was assigned to Cajun-speaking Louisiana. He also worked for the FBI in Washington D.C. and New York City. From 1942 to 1946, Beaudreau was a member of the United States Coast Guard. He served in both the European and Pacific theaters and was discharged with the rank of Lieutenant. After World War II, Beaudreau worked as a trial attorney and opened law offices in Boston and Marlborough. Most of his work was civil and he represented a number of Boston taxi companies. In 1951 he was appointed to the position of deputy chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party alongside future Governor John A. Volpe, Northampton, Massachusetts Mayor Edwin L. Olander and James J. Gaffney Jr. In 1953 he was appointed United States Marshal for Massachusetts. He resigned in 1956 to run for State Treasurer. He lost to Democrat John Francis Kennedy 53% to 46%. In 1961, Governor Volpe nominated Beaudreau to the position of state public safety commissioner. However, the all-Democratic Massachusetts Governor's Council refused to act on the nomination and after four months of waiting, Beaudreau withdrew his name, stating that he was "the victim of a political plot of obstruction." Instead, the council approved Beaudreau's nomination for a seat on the Industrial Accident Board later that year. In 1962 he was nominated for a seat on the Massachusetts Superior Court. He remained on the bench until his death on October 3, 1980 from cancer.


German submarine U-260

German submarine "U-260" was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" for service during World War II.
Her keel was laid down 7 May 1941 by Bremer Vulkan, of Bremen-Vegesack. She was commissioned 14 March 1942 with "Kapitänleutnant" Herbertus Purkhold in command.
Design.
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. "U-260" had a displacement of when at the surface and while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for at ; when surfaced, she could travel at . "U-260" was fitted with five torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.
Service history.
"U-260" conducted nine patrols in total. On her second, "U-260" was part of "Spitz" wolfpack which attacked Convoy ON-154, making contact with the convoy on 28 December 1942, and sinking the 4,893 ton British freighter "Empire Wagtail" (lost with all hands – 43 dead). This was the only ship sunk by "U-260".
Purkhold was relieved in April 1944 by "Oberleutnant zur See" Klaus Becker. Becker commanded the boat until March 1945.
On 12 March 1945, "U-260" was scuttled south of neutral Ireland, in position , after sustaining mine damage. The minefield had been laid by , an .
After the sinking, a sealed container of papers floated to the surface. A British expert flew to Cork to examine them.
The crew of five officers and 48 crew were interned in Ireland for the remainder of the war. In her entire career, "U-260" suffered no casualties to her crew.
Post war.
The wreck site of "U-260" was discovered in 1975 by local fisherman Colin Barnes after snagging nets, although it was presumed that the wreck of "Counsellor" (sunk due to a mine in 1917) was in the area. A friend of Mr Barnes, Joe Barry, dived on the noted position and discovered the U-boat rather than the expected cargo ship.
"U-260" currently lies in about of water approximately seven kilometres south of Glandore, and is a popular scuba diving site from Baltimore, County Cork, and Union Hall.
There is recent speculation that "U-260" did not actually strike a mine, but instead struck an underwater pinnacle (now known as '78 Rock' but which was uncharted at the time) leading to its damaged state.
On 1 July 2014, two divers got into trouble whilst exploring the wreck, the bodies of both of them were later recovered.
Wolfpacks.
"U-260" took part in 16 wolfpacks, namely.


Mindanao (film)

Mindanao is a 2019 Philippine drama film directed by Brillante Mendoza starring Judy Ann Santos and Allen Dizon. It was selected as the Philippine entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
Synopsis.
Saima (Judy Ann Santos) cares for her cancer-stricken daughter Aisa (Yuna Tangog) while she awaits her husband Malang (Allen Dizon) to come home who serves as a combat medic deployed in the southern Philippines. Their struggle is juxtaposed with the folklore of Rajah Indara Patra and Rajah Sulayman, the sons of Sultan Nabi, who fights to stop a dragon devastating Lanao.
Production.
"Mindanao" was produced under Center Stage Production and was directed by Brillante Mendoza. It was produced by Mendoza and Carlo Valenzona. Diego Marx Dobles was responsible for the editing, Odyssey Flores for the cinematography while Teresa Barrozo provided direction for the film's music. Mendoza himself also was behind the film's production design.
Prior to making the film director Brillante Mendoza researched about Mindanao. Since the film involved the Maguindanaon folklore of Rajah Indara Patra and Rajah Sulayman the film was initially known under the working title of "Maguindanao" but the title of the film was changed to "Mindanao" since the film's theme was deemed by Mendoza to be "bigger than Maguindanao". However he conceded that the issues affecting Mindanao is complex and the film's inability to fully present these issues to an audience.
Marketing.
Prior to the film's Busan release a music video featuring the film's theme song "Itadyak" by Maan Chua was released. It featured colorful dances and select scenic locations from the film.
Solar Pictures released the theatrical release poster for "Mindanao" in the Philippines on November 16, 2019.
Release.
"Mindanao" was first released outside the Philippines at the 2019 Busan International Film Festival on October 5, 2019 as part of the Icons category. It was also exhibited at the Tokyo on October 30, 2019. The film was also screened in film festivals in Egypt, Estonia, India, and Taiwan. The film premiered in Philippine cinemas on December 25, 2019 as entry of the 2019 Metro Manila Film Festival. Due to its critical success in the film festival's awarding night, the film organizers decided to sponsor the film's screening in future film festivals.


Jacqueline Thomas


Campden Wonder

The Campden Wonder is the name given to events surrounding the return of a man thought murdered in the town of Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, England in the 17th century. A family servant and the servant's mother and brother were hanged for killing their master, but following the man's return it became clear that no murder had taken place, despite the testimony of one of the accused.
The story attracted popular attention in England in the years 1660–1662. The events were documented in a letter by Sir Thomas Overbury titled "A true and perfect account of the examination, confession, trial, condemnation and execution of Joan Perry, and her two sons, John and Richard Perry, for the supposed murder of Will. Harrison" and an accompanying letter by William Harrison detailing his whereabouts in the missing years.
Disappearance.
On 16 August 1660 a 70-year-old man named William Harrison left his home in Chipping Campden, intending to walk two miles to the village of Charingworth. When he did not return home at the expected time his wife sent his manservant John Perry to look for him. Neither Harrison nor Perry had returned by the next morning.
Edward Harrison, William Harrison's son, was then sent out to look for the pair and on his way to Charingworth he met John Perry. The servant said that he had not been able to find his master, and he and Edward continued to Ebrington, where they questioned one of the tenants whom Harrison had been going to see. The tenant said that Harrison had been there the previous night. Edward Harrison and John Perry then went to the village of Paxford, but their search proved fruitless.
Edward and John then headed back to Chipping Campden. During the journey they heard that some items belonging to William Harrison had been discovered on the main road between Chipping Campden and Ebrington. These included a hat, a shirt and a neckband. Although the hat had been slashed by a sharp implement, and the shirt and the neckband were covered in blood, there was no sign of the body of William Harrison.
Investigation.
Under questioning John Perry said that he knew Harrison had been murdered, but claimed to be innocent of the crime. He then said that his mother, Joan, and his brother, Richard, had killed Harrison for his money and hidden the body. Joan and Richard denied that they had had anything to do with Harrison's disappearance, but John continued to say that they were guilty, claiming they had dumped his body in a millpond. The pond was dredged, but no body was found.
Trials.
The first court hearings dealt with charges linked to a plot to steal money from William Harrison. Despite his mother and brother pleading not guilty, John Perry's testimony convinced the jury based on the following:
The defendants had all changed their pleas to guilty, because as first time offenders they were granted a free pardon under the Indemnity and Oblivion Act of 1660. Writer Linda Stratmann states that this was a bad piece of advice by the lawyers for the defendants. However, at the time, the judge refused to prosecute the three for murder as there was no body.
In Spring 1661 the court reconvened to hear the charge of murder and, because of the earlier guilty plea to the robbery, they were now considered to be criminals. This time John Perry joined his mother and brother in pleading not guilty in the killing of William Harrison. The servant claimed that his original testimony had been false by reason of insanity. Nevertheless, the jury found all three of the Perrys guilty and they were sentenced to death.
The three Perrys were hanged together on Broadway Hill in Gloucestershire, and Broadway Tower now stands on the very site of their hanging. On the scaffold Richard and John reiterated that they were entirely innocent of killing William Harrison. As their mother was also suspected of being a witch, she was executed first in case she had cast a spell on her sons which was preventing them from confessing.
Return of William Harrison.
In 1662, Harrison returned to England aboard a ship from Lisbon. He claimed that he had been abducted, wounded, had his pockets stuffed with money and been spirited away on horses from England via Deal port in Kent, transferred to a Turkish ship and sold into slavery in the Ottoman Empire. Harrison said that after about a year and three quarters his master had died and that he then went to a port and stowed away on a Portuguese ship, finally returning to Dover by way of Lisbon.
The case led to the popular belief that England had a criminal law of 'no body, no murder'. Morton states that this is a misconception and that no such law existed.
Linda Stratmann, in her book "Gloucestershire Murders", states that Harrison's story is questionable on several points: the abduction of a 70-year-old man, his pockets being stuffed with money and his selling into slavery for a few pounds; his being taken on horseback from Chipping Campden to Deal unnoticed; and his claims that his attackers wounded him in the thigh and side with a sword, then nursed him back to health.
Later accounts.
John Masefield wrote two plays on the subject: "The Campden Wonder" and "Mrs Harrison". The latter dealt with the popular myth that Harrison's wife committed suicide on learning that her husband was alive.
The case is mentioned, along with the Sandyford murder case, in E. C. Bentley's detective novel "Trent's Last Case" (1920). It is also mentioned (as the "Camden Mystery") in John Rhode's detective novel "In Face of the Verdict" (in the U.S., "In the Face of the Verdict"; 1936). Another novel by Victoria Bennett called "The Poorest He" (2005) gives a fictional account of the case.
There is also a radio play of the story dating from 1994, Roger Hume's "The Campden Wonder".
The final track on Inkubus Sukkubus' 2016 album "Barrow Wake" is a musical telling of the tale.


Christina Nytsch


Evelyn Anita Stoke-Hayford

Evelyn Anita Stoke-Hayford is the first Ghanaian to lead the World Food Programme Executive Board since its was established in 1996. During the 3rd Parliament of the 4th republic of Ghana, she was appointed by the late President John Atta Mills to serve as Ghana's ambassador to 5 countries namely, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Croatia and Slovenia. Stokes - Hayford has also served as Permanent Representative of Ghana to FAO and IFAD.


The Ribald Decameron

The Ribald Decameron (, also known as "Love, Passion and Pleasure") is a 1972 Italian commedia sexy all'italiana film directed by Giuseppe Vari (here credited as Walter Pisani). Nominally based on the Giovanni Boccaccio's novel "Decameron", it is part of a series of derivative erotic comedies based on the success of Pier Paolo Pasolini's "The Decameron".
Plot summary.
In the Middle Ages, the intrepid Cecco earns eating in taverns and squares as a novelist. His specialty is to re-read the "Decameron" of Boccaccio, narrating the stories most erotic and licentious, whose theme loves of nuns and friars, and rich women who want to fool theIR old husbands with bold boys.


Artur Naifonov

Artur Edikovich Naifonov (, ; born 10 May 1997 in Nizhnevartovsk). is a Russian freestyle wrestler of Ossetian descent. He is a three-time European Champion, having won in 2018, in 2020 and in 2021.
Freestyle record.
! colspan="7"| International Senior Freestyle Matches
! Res.
! Record
! Opponent
! Score
! Date
! Event
! Location
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Warsaw, Poland
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Ulan-Ude, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Naro-Fominsk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Rome, Italy
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Warsaw, Poland
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Warsaw, Poland
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Sochi, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Kaspiysk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Vladikavkaz, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Bucharest, Romania
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Yakutsk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Odintsovo, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Kaspiysk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Sofia, Bulgaria
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Vladikavkaz, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Moscow, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Nefteyugansk, Russia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Vanadzor, Armenia
! style=background:white colspan=7 |
 Krasnoyarsk, Russia


Charles Tillman

Charles Anthony Tillman (born February 23, 1981), nicknamed Peanut, is a former American football cornerback, who is currently a United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent. He played college football at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the second round of the 2003 NFL Draft.
Tillman played 12 years for the Bears, helping them reach Super Bowl XLI, and also played one year with the Carolina Panthers, making Super Bowl 50 with the team, although he had been placed on injured reserve earlier in the season. He was selected to two Pro Bowls and was the Walter Payton Man of the Year in 2013. He was known for his cover skills as well as his ability to force fumbles by stripping or "punching" the ball away from players, with his well-timed punch of the ball commonly known as the "Peanut Punch".
After retiring from the NFL, Tillman joined the FBI in 2018.
Early years.
Tillman was born in Chicago, Illinois, but spent a majority of his youth traveling around the world. His father, Donald Tillman Jr., a sergeant in the United States Army, was frequently stationed in different locations, ranging from United States to Germany. Tillman attended eleven different schools during his youth, but eventually graduated from Copperas Cove High School in Texas. During his time at the school, Tillman was a two-time All-District 8-5A and all-area team selection. The Austin American-Statesman and All-State Class 5A honorable mention named him to the Super Cen-Tex team.
College career.
Tillman attended the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, where he played for the Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football team from 1999 to 2002. He started for all four years as a left cornerback after being a wide receiver in high school. His Ragin' Cajuns teammates included future Pittsburgh Steelers cornerback Ike Taylor.
Tillman graduated from UL with a bachelor's degree in criminal justice.
Professional career.
Chicago Bears.
The Chicago Bears selected Tillman in the second round (35th overall) in the 2003 NFL Draft. He was the sixth cornerback drafted in 2003.
2003.
On August 1, 2003, the Chicago Bears signed Tillman to a five-year, $4.32 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $2.05 million. Throughout training camp, Tillman competed to be a starting cornerback against Jerry Azumah. Head coach Dick Jauron named Tillman the third cornerback on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind R. W. McQuarters and Jerry Azumah.
He made his professional regular season debut in the Chicago Bears' season-opener at the San Francisco 49ers and made three solo tackles and forced the first fumble of his career during a 49–7 loss. Tillman forced a fumble by Jimmy Williams during a punt return by Williams in the fourth quarter that was eventually recovered by Chicago Bears' long snapper Patrick Mannelly. On October 5, 2003, Tillman earned his first career start after he supplanted Jerry Azumah for the role. He made six solo tackles and deflected a pass as the Bears defeated the Oakland Raiders 24–21 to earn their first victory of the season. In Week 8, Tillman made eight solo tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a 24-16 victory against the Detroit Lions. Tillman intercepted a pass by Lions' quarterback, that was originally intended for wide receiver Az-Zahir Hakim, and returned it for a 32-yard gain during the second quarter. On November 13, 2003, Tillman collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo), deflected two passes, and intercepted a pass by Marc Bulger in the Bears' 23–21 loss against the St. Louis Rams in Week 11. The following week, he made six solo tackles and made his first career sack as the Bears defeated the Denver Broncos 19-10 in Week 12. Tillman completed his rookie campaign with a total of 83 combined tackles (76 solo), eight pass deflections, four interceptions, and one sack in 16 games and 13 starts. On December 29, 2003, the Chicago Bears organization announced their decision to fire head coach Dick Jauron after they finished the 2003 NFL season with a 7-9 record.
2004.
Head coach Lovie Smith named Tillman and R. W. McQuarters the starting cornerbacks to begin the 2004 NFL season. On September 19, 2004, Tillman collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo) during a 21–10 victory at the Green Bay Packers in Week 2. Tillman sustained a knee injury and was sidelined for the next eight games (Weeks 3–11). He finished the 2004 NFL season with 39 combined tackles (32 solo), five pass deflections, and one forced fumble in eight games and seven starts.
2005.
In 2005, Tillman and Nathan Vasher were named the starting cornerback duo to begin the regular season. On October 30, 2005, Tillman recorded seven combined tackles (six solo), deflected two passes, and returned an interception for his first career touchdown during a 19–13 overtime victory at the Detroit Lions in Week 8. Tillman intercepted a pass by Lions' quarterback Jeff Garcia, that was intended for wide receiver Mike Williams, and returned it for a 22-yard touchdown to help the Bears defeat the Lions in overtime. On December 11, 2005, Tillman recorded eight combined tackles (five solo), deflected a pass, and made a season-high two forced fumbles during a 21–9 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 14. Tillman forced a fumble by Verron Haynes and Cedrick Wilson during the game. Tillman was inactive as a healthy scratch for the Bears' Week 17 loss at the Minnesota Vikings. He finished the season with 93 combined tackles (82 solo), 11 pass deflections, five interceptions, four forced fumbles, one sack, and one touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts.
The Chicago Bears finished atop the NFC North with an 11–5 record in 2005, earning a first round bye. On January 15, 2006, Tillman started his first career playoff game and recorded six solo tackles and a pass deflection as the Bears lost 29–21 against the Carolina Panthers in the NFC Divisional Round. His efforts helped the Bears establish the league's best defense in 2005.
2006-2014.
In 2006, Tillman was the Bears' leading tackler among defensive backs, recording eighty tackles. He also intercepted five passes (tying for a team high with Ricky Manning Jr.) and forced one fumble. One of the low notes for his season came when he missed the team's final games due to a back injury. Tillman was involved in a notable incident with Plaxico Burress before a prime-time game against the New York Giants. Days before the game, Giants' receiver Plaxico Burress claimed that the Bears' secondary was "average" and "very beatable". Tillman responded by holding Burress to only eleven yards and even intercepting a pass during the game. Many Bears' fans believe that Tillman should have been voted to the 2007 Pro Bowl, as he recorded more interceptions and tackles than DeAngelo Hall and Ronde Barber. Tillman helped the Bears reach Super Bowl XLI, but lost 29–17 to the Indianapolis Colts. Tillman had 11 tackles in the losing effort.
The Bears signed Tillman to a six-year deal on July 24, 2007. On December 8, 2007, Tillman was nominated as finalist for the prestigious Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award, which recognizes players who have performed extensive charity work.
On November 22, 2009, during a "Sunday Night Football" game against the Philadelphia Eagles, Tillman forced three fumbles in one game, two of which were recovered by the Bears.
During the 2009 season, Tillman recorded two interceptions, including one that was returned for a defensive touchdown. He recorded six forced fumbles, the second-most in the League. During a Monday Night Football game against the Minnesota Vikings on December 28, 2009, Tillman collided with Bears safety Craig Steltz while attempting to tackle Visanthe Shiancoe. The impact of the collision cracked some of Tillman's ribs and bruised one of his lungs. He was immediately rushed to the hospital, and released two days later. After the 2011 NFL season, Tillman was voted to his first Pro Bowl.
In Week 5 of the 2012 season against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Tillman passed free safety Mike Brown by setting the Bears franchise record for the most defensive touchdowns in a career with 8 when he returned a Blaine Gabbert interception for a touchdown. Tillman is tied with Donnell Woolford for the most interceptions by a cornerback in team history, trailing only safeties Gary Fencik and Richie Petitbon. He also has forced 36 fumbles, which is the most by a defensive back in the league since 2003.
On November 4, 2012, Tillman forced four fumbles against the Tennessee Titans offense, the most in a game by a single player in league history since the stat began being tracked in 1991. Tillman was considered by various sources as a Defensive Player of the Year candidate, competing with Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt. Tillman was named to his second consecutive Pro Bowl on December 26, making him the first Bears defensive back to be named to back-to-back Pro Bowls since Mark Carrier. He was later named to his first All-Pro team, placed on the first team. Tillman finished the season with ten forced fumbles, which led the league, and his three interceptions returned for touchdowns is tied for the lead league with St. Louis Rams' Janoris Jenkins.
In the 2013 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals, Tillman recorded two interceptions, the second time in his career he had two picks, after 2006 against the New England Patriots. Against the Detroit Lions in Week 10, Tillman tore his right triceps, and was placed on injured reserve with the designation to return, and could return by the playoffs. However, on December 16, Bears head coach Marc Trestman reported that Tillman will miss the entire season, playoffs included. Tillman concluded 2013 with 52.5 tackles, three interceptions and three forced fumbles. In February 2014, the NFL awarded Tillman the Walter Payton Man of the Year to acknowledge his charitable efforts and community outreach programs.
The Bears signed Tillman to a one-year contract extension in the 2014 offseason. Tillman suffered his second consecutive season-ending injury during a week 2 match-up against the San Francisco 49ers, when he re-injured his right triceps. Tillman leads the Bears in career defensive touchdown returns (9) and also owns the record for the most career interceptions (36) among all Bears' cornerbacks.
Carolina Panthers.
On April 9, 2015, Tillman signed a one-year contract with the Carolina Panthers. Tillman recorded his first interception for the Panthers against Andrew Luck during the Panthers 29–26 victory over the Indianapolis Colts. He recorded his first forced fumble for the Panthers during their 37–29 victory over the Green Bay Packers. Tillman left Carolina's regular season finale against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with a knee injury. MRIs confirmed on January 3 that Tillman suffered a torn ACL and missed the remainder of the season. On February 7, 2016, Tillman's Panthers played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10.
Retirement.
On July 18, 2016 after 13 seasons in the NFL, Tillman announced his retirement from football via a three-minute YouTube video. He signed a ceremonial one-day contract to retire with the Chicago Bears on July 22.
Post-football career.
Tillman has expressed interest in working in law enforcement. In September 2017, the "Chicago Tribune" reported that he was training with federal agents at the FBI Training Academy in Quantico, Virginia. Tillman previously trained with law enforcement officers while playing in the NFL during the offseason. He gained the qualification a day before his 37th birthday.
Personal life.
Tillman often makes appearances on Fox Chicago Sports shows. He also organizes, runs, and advocates numerous charitable functions. Tillman's Aunt Renee nicknamed him "Peanut", since his body resembled the shape of a peanut during infancy. Safety Mike Brown spread the nickname after meeting Tillman during his rookie year. He and his wife, Jackie, have three daughters and a son. In November 2012, Tillman stated that he might miss the Bears game against the Houston Texans in case his wife went into labor, but ended up playing the entire game. On November 13, Tillman and his wife had their third daughter.
Tillman's Cornerstone Foundation mission is to help improve the lives of critically and chronically ill children throughout Chicago. Tillman created the foundation after his second-youngest daughter was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy, which resulted in a heart transplant.
Tillman has worked with United Services Automobile Association (USAA) as part of the insurance company's "Thank You" campaign, highlighting cooperation between the NFL and the military services.
In September 2019, Tillman rowed across Lake Michigan to raise awareness and nearly $200,000 for childhood cancer.


Taiji (musician)

, also known mononymously as Taiji, was a Japanese musician and songwriter. He is best known as the former bassist of the rock band X. X rose to prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s, credited as founders of the Japanese visual kei movement. After leaving X in January 1992, Taiji went on to work with many other bands, including Loudness and D.T.R.
Early life.
Taiji Sawada was born in Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan on July 12, 1966. He was the second son of three children. His younger sister Masayo is a singer known as Sister MAYO. When Taiji was two years of age, he shoved his hand into a machine in a factory where his parents worked, resulting in a first joint cut on the middle finger, but luckily, it was not too serious. In 1974, at age eight, Taiji learned how to play acoustic guitar while in elementary school. In 1979, Taiji's parents were divorced.
Music career.
1982–1992: Early bands and X.
After dropping out of high school in 1982, Taiji formed his first band called Trash, where he was the leader and guitarist. In late 1984, he switched to bass and going by the name Ray joined the metal group Dementia, staying until 1985. He then played briefly with Prowler, as well as a few shows with X. Until 1986 when he joined the very short-lived Dead Wire, whose line-up also included future Saver Tiger and D'erlanger members, Kyo and Tetsu. Soon after he officially rejoined X at the end of 1986.
He wrote several X compositions, including "Phantom of Guilt", "Desperate Angel" and "Voiceless Screaming". He played "Voiceless Screaming" on acoustic guitar during Jealousy tour from 1991 to 1992. In 2001, some of the unpublished songs were finally released in "Rose & Blood -Indies of X-". Taiji left X in 1992, the official reason given by the band was due to musical differences. However, in his autobiography, Taiji claimed that he was asked to leave because he confronted Yoshiki due to the substantial income gap between Yoshiki and each of the other members. When asked about Taiji's departure in 2016, Yoshiki said that while he really respected Taiji's musical skills and still does, he "crossed the line of our band's rules" and "To this day I still don't know if the decision was right or wrong, but we didn't have a choice." Taiji's last concert with the band was the last day of three consecutive nights at the Tokyo Dome, it was released on DVD as "On the Verge of Destruction 1992.1.7 Tokyo Dome Live".
1992–2006: Loudness, D.T.R, Cloud Nine.
In April 1992, he was invited to join Japanese metal band Loudness. He left them in November 1993, after recording only one studio album and one live album. In July 1994, he formed his own band and named it D.T.R, which stood for "Dirty Trashroad" and featured Mitsuo Takeuchi (ex:Joe-Erk) on vocals, Taiji Fujimoto (ex:The Dead Pop Stars, ex:Judy and Mary) on guitar and Toshihiko Okabe on drums.
In 1995, he also joined the short-lived supergroup Kings, with Shuichi Aoiki (Night Hawks) on vocals, Luke Takamura (Seikima-II) on guitar, and Satoshi "Joe" Miyawaki (44 Magnum, Spread Beaver) as support drummer.
Guitarist Tomoyuki Kuroda later joined D.T.R in 1995, but a year later, Yoshihiko left, and then the band was put on hold when Taiji was going through personal problems. During this time, Taiji was divorced from his wife, of whom he married in 1989, and became homeless.
In 1999, he created Cloud Nine, but left in 2001 and they decided to continue on without him. He then formed with his sister Masayo on vocals, they released one self-titled album on November 9, 2004.
In 2005 Taiji was in a motorcycle accident, where he badly injured the ligaments in his foot. D.T.R resumed activity in 2006 with keyboardist Kenji Shimizu and their former support drummer Kazuhisa "Roger" Takahashi, now official members.
2006–2009: Taiji with Heaven's, the Killing Red Addiction.
Also in April 2006, he formed another band, Taiji with Heaven's, with Taiji on bass and Dai on vocals; later guitarist Ryutaro joined. In 2009, they officially started activities; in May 2010, Takanari joined on drums and they released their first mini-album on January 13, 2010.
In 2007, Taiji returned to Cloud Nine. In 2009, he announced that he would once again be playing bass in a supergroup, The Killing Red Addiction with guitarist Tatsu (Gastunk), drummer Kenzi (Anti Feminism, The Dead Pop Stars, ex:Kamaitachi) and vocalist Dynamite Tommy (ex: Color). They had their debut performance on June 22 at the Whiskey A Go Go, in Los Angeles, United States. Their second performance was in Osaka, Japan at the Shinjuku Loft on December 29, and they released a cover of Gastunk's "Devil" on iTunes on January 13, 2010.
In December 2008, Taiji's staff announced on his blog that since September, his epilepsy and chronic strokes had worsened, that he was suffering from necrosis after a hip joint replacement of the femoral component on his left hip, and that on December 2, he was hospitalized again after falling and hurting his chest and throat.
2010–2011: TSP, Reunited with X.
In 2010, he formed TSP (Taiji & Shu Project), with Taiji on bass, guitarist Shu (Cloud Nine, Crazy Quarter Mile), vocalist Dai (Taiji with Heaven's) and drummer Hina (Crazy Quarter Mile). Taiji with Heaven's also performed a show in Korea that year and later announced plans for further activities in the country the following year. However, these were cancelled due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
On August 12, 2010, Taiji rejoined X (now known as X Japan), with founders Yoshiki and Toshi at a press conference, to announce that he would be performing as a guest with X Japan at their August 14 and 15 shows at Nissan Stadium in Yokohama.
On October 9, it was announced that Dai was leaving TSP, and would be replaced by Hiroshi "Tazz" Maruki, which resulted in their debut album being delayed.
On January 23, 2011, it was announced that Ryutaro was withdrawing from Taiji with Heaven's due to bad health and personal reasons. On February 17, Tokiya joined as guitarist, and it was announced that Taiji with Heavens would now be written without the apostrophe.
2011: Arrest and death.
On July 11, 2011, Taiji argued with his female manager, named KT, on Delta Airlines Flight 298 during the final approach from Japan to Saipan. After the argument became physical, he was restrained by other passengers and a flight attendant, and he was moved to another seat, but his aggression persisted as he continued to punch windows and kick other seats. He was arrested upon landing in Saipan. He faced federal charges in the United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands. On July 14, Taiji was found unconscious in his detention cell, appearing to have attempted suicide by hanging himself with a bed sheet. He was rushed to an intensive care unit at Saipan's Commonwealth Health Center, where he was observed to be brain dead. His comatose body was placed on life support. Taiji died on July 17 after his mother and fiancée made the decision to turn off his life support system. His fiancée, Tomomi Akatsuka, claimed that there were no marks of strangulation on his neck. In her 2015 book, "Taiji", she wrote that she asked that his body be returned to Japan, but it was instead cremated without an autopsy. She started a petition called: "Taiji voiceless truth" pleading for the investigation into his death be reopened.


Stuart Baggs

Stuart Baggs, also known by his self-styled sobriquet as Stuart Baggs "The Brand", was an English businessman and entrepreneur from Plymouth. Devon. He founded and ran BlueWave Communications, a broadband company in the Isle of Man. He gained recognition for reaching the final five of Series 6 of "The Apprentice". Baggs died aged 27 in Douglas, Isle of Man due to an asthma attack.
Business career.
Born in Plymouth, Baggs spent most of his life in the Isle of Man and got into business by selling yo-yos at school. He attended Ramsey Grammar School. When he was 13, he founded BlueWave Communications to provide internet services in the Crown Dependency and legally incorporated it as a company when he was legally able to on his 18th birthday. It was formally launched in 2007 with Baggs saying that he founded it with the intent of providing broadband to areas of the Isle of Man with slow broadband. In 2015, on his 27th birthday and a week before his death, Baggs announced he was going to launch a new 4G data-only network.
The Apprentice.
Baggs successfully applied to appear on the BBC programme "The Apprentice" broadcast in 2010. At 21, he was the youngest ever candidate to appear on the programme. He gained a reputation for one-liners and exuberant business style. He was described by one of his fellow contestant as "a breath of fresh air" and stated they felt he was aiming to better himself. He started with strong performances before calming during a few weeks but reached the semi-finals after some strong results.
Baggs made it to the final five interview stage where he made several errors including: addressing Margaret Mountford by her first name, arguing with Claude Littner about calling himself "the Brand" and being discovered by Bordan Tkachuk to have lied on his application claiming BlueWave was fully licenced for telecommunications when it only had a broadband internet licence. In the boardroom, before being fired, Lord Sugar said that Baggs was "...full of shit" for his attitude and statements. He was also not invited back for the final. Following his appearances on "The Apprentice", he was reportedly in talks to become a television presenter. He appeared on several television programmes after including "The Alan Titchmarsh Show", "Come Dine With Me" and "Pointless Celebrities".
In 2020 after his death, fans of the programme paid tribute to him and many of them regarded him as their favourite contestant.
Death.
On 30 July 2015, Baggs was found dead by officers of the Isle of Man Constabulary at his home in Douglas. Though initial investigations could not determine his cause of death, it was later discovered that he had died of an asthma attack. Lord Sugar paid tribute saying "Stuart was one of our most memorable characters and regretfully he’s passed away, but he’ll never be forgotten. What a great character". His funeral was held at St. Ninian's Church, Douglas.


Pratt v A-G for Jamaica

Pratt v A-G for Jamaica is a 1993 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC) case in which it was held that it was unconstitutional in Jamaica to execute a prisoner who had been on death row for 14 years. The JCPC held that because the Constitution of Jamaica prohibits "inhuman or degrading punishment", excessive delays cannot occur between sentencing and execution of the punishment. In cases of such excessive delay, the death sentence should be commuted to life imprisonment.
The JCPC held that any delay of more than five years between sentencing and execution was "prima facie" evidence that carrying out the sentence would constitute inhuman or degrading punishment. It suggested that the entire appeals process in Jamaica should take no more than two years, and that any further applications to the United Nations Human Rights Council should take no more than 18 months.


Jiah Khan

Nafisa Rizvi Khan (20 February 1988 – 3 June 2013), better known as Jiah Khan, was a British-American actress and singer who worked in Indian films. She appeared in three Hindi films from 2007 to 2010.
Born in New York City to Indian parents, she was raised and educated in London. Khan aspired to pursue a career in acting and moved to Mumbai for a film career. She made her film debut in the 2007 Ram Gopal Verma film "Nishabd" for which she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut. She was later noted for portraying supporting role of a modern, independent woman in "Ghajini", which was the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2008. Her performance in the film earned her significant acclaim. After a two years absence from films, she received praise for her comic role in the romantic comedy "Housefull", which was the fifth highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2010.
On 3 June 2013, she was found hanging from a ceiling fan in her bedroom of her family's residence in Juhu, Mumbai. Deemed a suicide in 2013, and re-confirmed as a suicide in 2016 following an extensive investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and a hearing at the Bombay High Court, Khan's mother continued to claim that Khan had been murdered by her boyfriend, actor Sooraj Pancholi, leading the prosecution to make a failed attempt to lay charges of murder and sexual assault in 2017. On 31 January 2018, nearly five years after her death, a court in Mumbai charged Pancholi with abetting Khan's suicide. The case has not yet been settled.
Early life.
Jiah Khan was born in New York City, United States to Ali Rizvi Khan, an Indian American businessman, and Rabiya Amin, a Hindi film actress in the 1980s from Agra, Uttar Pradesh. Khan's father left the family when she was 2 years old. Describing her father's absence she said "A man who left his daughter when she was two, should be hanged in public". She has two younger sisters Kavita and Karishma. Her paternal aunts are Pakistani actresses Sangeeta (Parveen Rizvi) and Kaveeta (Nasreen Rizvi).
Khan grew up in London where she completed her Edexcel O level and A level with five As, before moving to Mumbai to pursue a career in Bollywood. She was inspired to enter Bollywood after watching Ram Gopal Verma's former protege Urmila Matondkar's movie "Rangeela" at the age of six.
Khan studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in Manhattan, and she quit upon receiving a movie offer. She learned various dance forms, including belly dancing, kathak, lambada, jazz, samba and reggae.
Career.
In 2004, at the age of 16, Khan was signed to act in Mukesh Bhatt's "Tumsa Nahin Dekha" but backed out when both she and the director felt the role was too mature for her; she was immediately replaced by Dia Mirza. Three years later, in 2007, at the age of 18, Khan made her debut in Ram Gopal Verma's controversial romantic thriller "Nishabd", as Jia, where she acted opposite Amitabh Bachchan. Despite the provocative content in the film, it performed poorly at the box office, and earned mixed reviews from critics. Nonetheless, Khan received a mostly positive reception for her performance, with critics noting her confidence, attitude, and sex appeal. Raja Sen praised her portrayal of Jia, a seductive, free-spirited teenager, calling her performance "nuanced" and "impressive". Taran Adarsh agrees, saying that "Newcomer Jiah Khan is supremely confident. Loaded with attitude and sex appeal, the newcomer carries off her part with flourish. Her scenes with Bachchan are superb!" Rajeev Masand adds that she is "perfectly cast" for the film. She was also nominated for a Filmfare Best Female Debut Award, however lost to Deepika Padukone for Om Shanti Om.
The following year, she appeared alongside Aamir Khan and Asin in A.R. Murugadoss's psychological thriller "Ghajini", the Hindi remake of its namesake. She played Sunita, a medical student who investigates the history of Sanjay Singhania, portrayed by Aamir Khan. The film gathered much appreciation from critics, and went on to become the highest grossing Bollywood film of 2008. Khan's performance attracted mixed reviews, with critics agreeing that her role was "sketchy". Despite this, Sukanya Verma compliments her performance, commenting that Khan "continues to strike as an exquisite and expressive actress."
In 2010, Khan had almost completed the shooting of the dance film "Chance Pe Dance" opposite Shahid Kapoor when the director Ken Ghosh asked her to leave the film and was replaced by Genelia D'Souza. The director said that she got over-friendly with Kapoor and was not doing her job well. However, after the release of the film, Khan said that she was asked to leave because the director had a bad eye on her. While Kapoor said that he got to know about the replacement when D'Souza came on the set for shooting. Kapoor further said that he has no hand in the replacement of Khan. However, the film was a box office flop and Khan said that she was happy for leaving the film. That same year, Khan made her last film appearance in a supporting role as Devika K. Samtani, the ex-wife of Akshay Kumar's character, in Sajid Khan's "Housefull" with an ensemble cast including Arjun Rampal, Riteish Deshmukh, Deepika Padukone and Lara Dutta. Upon release, "Housefull" received negative reviews, though her performance was better received. Commercially the film did very well and became the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year. Khan had signed a few movies including Udhas Singh's "Aap Ka Saaya", in which she was supposed to play Ranbir Kapoor's wife. Unfortunately, this film couldn't be completed.
Death.
Khan reportedly died after hanging herself on Monday, 3 June 2013, somewhere between 11:00 pm and 11:30 pm at her residence in Juhu, Mumbai . Her mother and sister were not at home at the time.
An autopsy was performed at JJ Hospital in Byculla. Her body was then brought back to her residence around 7:00 am on Wednesday, 5 June 2013, following the post-mortem. On the same day her Namaz-e-janaza (funeral prayer) took place at Sonapur Kabar Walla Masjid and she was buried at Juhu Muslim cemetery after Dhuhr prayer per Islamic rites. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir Khan, Kiran Rao, Riteish Deshmukh, Siddharth Mallya, Sophie Choudry, Urvashi Dholakia, Prem Chopra, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan and Nagma. Bollywood stars reacted with shock at her death.
On 7 June 2013, a six-page hand-written note was found at her residence by her sister, allegedly addressed to Khan's boyfriend Sooraj Pancholi. The note reportedly indicates that Khan planned to end her life. A transcript mentioning a recent abortion was released by the family. However, her mother later said the purported events did not add up and that she suspected foul play. On 8 June 2013, Khan's memorial was held at Vile Parle Medical Club to pray for Khan and her family. Bollywood actors in attendance included Aamir Khan, Deepika Padukone, Randhir Kapoor, Prateik Babbar, Sanjay Kapoor, Shweta Pandit, Kiran Rao, Urvashi Dholakia, Ranjeet, Deepak Parashar, Sanjay Khan and Nagma.
Pancholi, who lived with Khan, was taken into police custody during the investigation of her suicide on 10 June 2013. The Bombay High Court granted him bail on 2 July 2013. On 3 July 2014, a year after her death, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was ordered by the High Court to further investigate the death.
The High Court held a hearing on the matter, starting on 7 June 2016, following the Supreme Court's call to expedite the process. On 1 August 2016 the CBI ruled out murder in the case. As per its investigations, the cause of Jiah's death was 'suicide by hanging'. Khan's mother, Rabia, independently hired British forensics expert Jason Payne-James, who concluded in a 20 September 2016 report that Khan's hanging was staged and the marks on her face and neck indicate it was not simply suicide.
In January 2017 the prosecution requested that charges of sexual assault and murder be laid against Sooraj Pancholi.
On 31 January 2018 a court in Mumbai charged Sooraj Pancholi with abetting Khan's suicide. The CBI submitted a list of 69 witnesses, including Khan's mother Rabia, the complainant, with the case to begin in March 2018.
Tributes and documentaries.
An episode of the TV series "Yeh Hai Aashiqui" was loosely based on Jiah Khan's suicide, with Mihika Verma and Rithvik Dhanjani playing the central characters.
On 11 January 2021, the BBC started airing a three-part documentary about Khan's death, "Death in Bollywood".


Roger Bushell

Squadron Leader Roger Joyce Bushell (30 August 1910 – 29 March 1944) was a South African-born British military aviator. He is best known as the mastermind of the "Great Escape" from Stalag Luft III in 1944, but was one of the men recaptured and subsequently murdered by the Gestapo.
Birth and early life.
Bushell was born in Springs, Transvaal, South Africa, on 30 August 1910 to English parents, Benjamin Daniel and Dorothy Wingate Bushell (née White). His father, a mining engineer, had emigrated to the country from Britain and he used his wealth to ensure that Roger received a first class education. He was first schooled in Johannesburg, then aged 14 went to Wellington College in Berkshire, England. In 1929, Bushell then went to Pembroke College, Cambridge, to study law.
Keen on pursuing non-academic interests from an early age, Bushell excelled in rugby and cricket and skied for Cambridge in races between 1930 and 1932, captaining the team in 1931.
Skiing.
One of Bushell's passions and talents was skiing: in the early 1930s he was declared the fastest Briton in the male downhill category. After the war he had a black run named after him in St. Moritz, Switzerland, in memory of his efforts to organise the Swiss-Anglo ski meetings. He additionally won the slalom event of the annual Oxford-Cambridge ski race in 1931.
At an event in Canada, Bushell had an accident in which one of his skis narrowly missed his left eye, leaving him with a gash in the corner of it. Although he recovered from this accident, he developed a dark drooping in his left eye as a result of scarring from his stitches.
Bushell became fluent in French and German, with a good accent, which became extremely useful during his time as a prisoner of war.
Career.
RAF Auxiliary and legal career.
Despite his sporting prospects, one of Bushell's primary wishes was to fly. In 1932 he joined No. 601 Squadron Auxiliary Air Force (AAF), which was often referred to as "The Millionaires' Mob" because of the number of wealthy young men who paid their way solely to learn how to fly during training days (often on weekends). He was commissioned on 10 August 1932 and promoted to flying officer on 10 February 1934, and flight lieutenant on 20 July 1936.
Although Bushell was pursuing a career with the RAF, he was not hampered in his attempts to become a barrister-at-Law of Lincolns Inn, London. From the outset of his legal career, many commented on his ability as a lawyer, particularly in criminal defence. After a period, Bushell was appointed to military cases in prosecuting RAF personnel charged with various offences. These often involved pilots charged with dangerous flying. In October 1939, acting as assistant to Sir Patrick Hastings, he successfully defended two RAF pilots, John Freeborn and Paddy Byrne, court martialled after the friendly fire incident known as the Battle of Barking Creek. Byrne would later be incarcerated
with Bushell at Stalag Luft III.
Regular military career.
Bushell was given command of No. 92 Squadron in October 1939. His promotion to squadron leader was confirmed on 1 January 1940. During the squadron's first engagement with enemy aircraft on 23 May 1940, while on a patrol near Calais, to assist with the Dunkirk evacuation, he was credited with damaging two Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighter aircraft of ZG 26 before being shot down himself, probably by future ace "Oberleutnant" Günther Specht. He crash-landed his Spitfire on German-occupied ground and was captured before he had a chance to hide.
Bushell became a prisoner of war and was sent to the Dulag Luft transit camp near Frankfurt with all the other captured aircrew.
Prisoner of war.
On arrival at Stalag Luft, he was made part of the permanent British staff under the senior British officer Wing Commander Harry Day. The permanent staff's duty was to help newly captured Allied aircrew to adjust to life as a prisoner of war.
Escape, which was regarded as an important duty of all prisoners of war of officer rank, was never far from his mind and, fortunately, he was in good company with Day and Fleet Air Arm pilot Jimmy Buckley. Day placed Buckley in charge of escape operations, with Bushell as his deputy. The three of them formed the escape committee responsible for all escape attempts.
First escape.
The permanent staff of the camp started several escape tunnels, one of which was completed in May 1941. Bushell was given a place in the tunnel, but elected to escape on the same day as the tunnel break by cutting through the wire surrounding a small park in the camp grounds. His decision for not using the tunnel was to allow him an earlier get away, thus enabling him to catch a particular train.
The exact date of the escape is not known, but is believed to have occurred in June 1941. Bushell hid in a goat shed in the camp grounds and, soon as it was dark enough, he crawled to the wire and made good his escape.
Bushell was recaptured on the Swiss border, only a few hundred yards from freedom, by a German border guard. He was treated well and returned to Dulag Luft before being transferred to Stalag Luft I with all the 17 others who had escaped in the tunnel (including Day and Buckley).
Bushell was at Stalag Luft I for only a short period before being transferred to Oflag X-C at Lübeck. At this camp, he participated in the construction of another tunnel, but this was abandoned unfinished when the camp was evacuated.
Second escape.
All British and Commonwealth officer POWs were removed from the camp on 8 October 1941 and were entrained for transfer to Oflag VI-B at Warburg.
During the night of 8/9 October 1941, the train stopped briefly in Hannover, where Bushell and Czechoslovak Pilot Officer Jaroslav Zafouk jumped from the train and escaped, unnoticed at the time by the German guards. Earlier in the journey, six other officers had escaped by jumping off the train while it was moving slowly; one was immediately recaptured and one officer was killed when he fell under the wheels.
Bushell and Zafouk made their way to Prague in occupied Czechoslovakia. Using Zafouk's contacts, they made contact with the Zeithammel family - Otto, his son, Otokar, and his daughter, Blazena - who were known to the Czech underground movement. The two airmen stayed with the Zeithammels in their apartment in the Smichov area of the city while the family tried to make arrangements for their onward journey. Bushell and Zafouk remained with the family for nearly eight months, and Bushell developed a relationship with Blazena. In mid-May 1942 the RAF officers were betrayed by a former Czech soldier called Miroslav Kraus, who had had an affair with Blazena some years previously and was working as a Gestapo informer. The RAF officers were arrested on May 19, and questioned at Gestapo headquarters, a building known as the Petschek Palace. Bushell was then sent to Stalag Luft III at Sagan, while Zafouk continued to be held in Prague.
After the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, leading light of the SS acting Reich Protector of Bohemia and Moravia, in Prague on May 27, Bushell was taken from the cells at Stalag Luft 111 to Berlin for further questioning by the Gestapo who suspected his involvement in the killing of Heydrich. He was returned to Sagan in October but told he would be sick if he ever fell into the Gestapo's hands again. Zafouk also underwent further questioning in Prague and was eventually sent to Oflag IV-C at Colditz. The Zeithammels were shot with other members of the Czech underground on June 30.
At Stalag Luft III, Bushell took over control of the escape organisation from Jimmy Buckley, who was being transferred to another camp in Poland. Known as "Big X", he masterminded the building of three big tunnels known as Tom, Dick and Harry, the production and accumulation of escape material, the introduction of layers of security, and the gathering of military intelligence, which was sent to London in coded letters. Burning with hatred after witnessing the terror and suffering inflicted by the Nazis in occupied Prague, and the methods of the Gestapo at first hand, he was determined to wage war from within the camp and strike back at the Germans. In what became popularly known as #The "Great Escape"|"Great Escape"]], he planned to disrupt the Nazi war effort by getting 250 men out in one night.
The Great Escape
In the spring of 1943, Bushell masterminded a plot for a major escape from the camp. Being held in the north compound where British airmen were housed, Bushell as commander of the escape committee channelled the escape effort into probing for weaknesses and looking for opportunities. Falling back on his legal background to represent his scheme, Bushell called a meeting of the escape committee in the camp and not only shocked those present with its scope, but injected into every man a passionate and driven determination to put every energy into the escape. He declared,
The simultaneous digging of these tunnels would become an advantage if any one of them were discovered by the Germans because the guards would scarcely imagine that another two could be well under way. The most radical aspect of the plan was not merely the scale of the construction, but also the sheer number of men that Bushell intended to pass through these tunnels. Previous attempts had involved the escape of anything up to a dozen or twenty men, but Bushell was proposing to get over 200 out, all of whom would be wearing civilian clothes and possessing a complete range of forged papers and escape equipment. It was an unprecedented undertaking and would require unparalleled organisation. As the mastermind of the Great Escape, Bushell inherited the codename of "Big X". The tunnel "Tom" began in a darkened corner of a hall in one of the buildings. "Harry"'s entrance was hidden under a stove. The entrance to "Dick" had a concealed entrance in a drainage sump. More than 600 prisoners were involved in their construction.
Tom was discovered in August 1943 when nearing completion. Bushell also organised another mass breakout, which occurred on 12 June 1943. This became known as the Delousing Break, when 26 officers escaped by leaving the camp under escort with two fake guards (POWs disguised as guards) supposedly to go to the showers for delousing in the neighbouring compound. All but two were later recaptured and returned to the camp, with the remaining two officers being sent to Oflag IV-C at Colditz for attempting to steal an aircraft.
After the discovery of Tom, construction on Harry was halted. but it resumed in January 1944. On the evening of 24 March, after months of preparation, 200 officers prepared to escape. But things did not go as planned, with only 76 officers managing to get clear of the camp.
Roger and his partner Bernard Scheidhauer, among the first few to leave the tunnel, successfully boarded a train at Sagan railway station. They were caught the next day at Saarbrücken railway station, waiting for a train to Alsace, which had been annexed from France by Germany in 1871, but had since been returned to France after the First World War.
On March 29 under the pretext of being driven back to a prison camp, the car carrying Bushell and Scheidhauer stopped for a rest break at the side of the autobahn near Ramstein, Germany (just outside today's Ramstein Air Base). It was during this stop that they were murdered by members of the Gestapo, including Emil Schulz, helped by others. This was a breach of the Geneva Convention and thus constituted a war crime. The perpetrators were later tried and executed by the Allies. Fifty of the 76 escapees were killed in the Stalag Luft III murders on the personal orders of Adolf Hitler.
Roger Bushell is buried at the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery (Coll. grave 9. A.) in Poznań, Poland.
Bushell was posthumously mentioned in despatches on 8 June 1944 for his services as a POW. This award was recorded in the "London Gazette" dated 13 June 1946.
Memorials.
Bushell Green in Bushey is named in his honour, one of a number of streets in the area named after Battle of Britain pilots.
Bushell's name also appears on the war memorial in Hermanus, South Africa, where his parents spent their last years and where they were buried.
In 2017, a memorial was erected close to the location of his murder outside what is now Ramstein Air Base.
In 1934, Bushell had fallen in love with Georgiana Curzon, but her father forced her into an unhappy marriage with someone else. For years after Bushell's death, Curzon placed an "In Memoriam" advertisement in "The Times" of London on his birthday, saying "Love is Immortal, Georgie". Words in similar vein are referred to in an article in The Times in 2013, by Simon Pearson, about Bushell's lovers. Pearson remarked that he had some years before, while working at The Times, come:

Marco Fraaije

Marco Wilhelmus Fraaije (born 7 December 1968) is a Dutch scientist whose research concerns enzymology of redox enzymes, enzyme discovery & engineering and biocatalysis at the Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB) at the University of Groningen.
Education.
Marco Fraaije graduated in 1993 with a Master of Science degree in Molecular Sciences at Wageningen University. Subsequently, he became a doctoral student at Wageningen University under supervision of Willem van Berkel focusing on the mechanism and structure of flavoenzymes and was awarded his PhD in biochemistry in 1998. Following his PhD, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher as EMBO fellow in the protein crystallography research group at the University of Pavia. In 1999, he was made assistant professor at GBB at the University of Groningen, and in 2007 he was appointed as associate professor. In 2012, he was made full professor in molecular enzymology.
Research.
Fraaije is active in the fields of enzyme engineering and biocatalysis. His research mainly deals with discovery, engineering and exploration of novel oxidative enzymes, with special emphasis on flavin-containing enzymes. Besides exploring the biocatalytic potential of these biocatalysts, he also aims at elucidating the molecular functioning of oxidative flavoenzymes. He also has interest in evolutionary aspects of enzymology and in line with this he is board member of the geological museum Oertijdmuseum in Boxtel.
Marco Fraaije has a significant number of publications and four patents. He has coordinated EU-funded projects including OXYGREEN (2008-2013), ROBOX (2015-2019), and OXYTRAIN (2017-2020).
Awards.
In 2018, Fraaije received the BIOCAT science award from the Biocat Society at the International Congress on Biocatalysis for his scientific achievement in the field of biocatalysis. Other research prizes include the Unilever research prize, 1993; EMBO long-term fellowship, 1998; and the VICI-NWO research grant, 2016.
In 2005, he became a member of the Biomolecular Chemistry division of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and currently chairs the Applied Biocatalysis division of the Dutch Biotechnology Society.


Armillaria gemina

Armillaria gemina is a species of mushroom in the family Physalacriaceae. In North America, this rare species is found from the Appalachian Mountains eastwards. The mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.


Auxotrophy

Auxotrophy ( "to increase"; "τροφή" "nourishment") is the inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth (as defined by IUPAC). An auxotroph is an organism that displays this characteristic; "auxotrophic" is the corresponding adjective. Auxotrophy is the opposite of prototrophy, which is characterized by the ability to synthesize all the compounds needed for growth.
Prototrophic cells (also referred to as the 'wild type') are self sufficient producers of all required metabolites (e.g. amino acids, lipids, cofactors), while auxotrophs require to be on medium with the metabolite that they cannot produce. For example saying a cell is methionine auxotrophic means that it would need to be on a medium containing methionine or else it would not be able to replicate. In this example this is because it is unable to produce its own methionine (methionine auxotroph). However, a prototroph or a methionine prototrophic cell would be able to function and replicate on a medium with or without methionine.
Replica plating is a technique that transfers colonies from one plate to another in the same spot as the last plate so the different media plates can be compared side by side. It is used to compare the growth of the same colonies on different plates of media to determine which environments the bacterial colony can or cannot grow in (this gives insight to possible auxotrophic characteristics. The method of replica plating implemented by Joshua Lederberg and Esther Lederberg included auxotrophs that were temperature-sensitive; that is, their ability to synthesize was temperature-dependent. (Auxotrophs are usually not temperature-dependent. They can also depend on other factors.) It is also possible that an organism is auxotrophic to more than just one organic compound that it requires for growth.
Applications.
Genetics.
In genetics, a strain is said to be auxotrophic if it carries a mutation that renders it unable to synthesize an essential compound. For example, a yeast mutant with an inactivated uracil synthesis pathway gene is a uracil auxotroph (e.g., if the yeast Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase gene is inactivated, the resultant strain is a uracil auxotroph). Such a strain is unable to synthesize uracil and will only be able to grow if uracil can be taken up from the environment. This is the opposite of a uracil prototroph, or in this case a wild-type strain, which can still grow in the absence of uracil. Auxotrophic genetic markers are often used in molecular genetics; they were famously used in Beadle and Tatum's Nobel prize-winning work on the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, connecting mutations of genes to protein mutations. This then allows for biosynthetic or biochemical pathway mapping that can help determine which enzyme or enzymes are mutated and dysfunctional in the auxotrophic strains of bacteria being studied.
Researchers have used strains of "E. coli" auxotrophic for specific amino acids to introduce non-natural amino acid analogues into proteins. For instance cells auxotrophic for the amino acid phenylalanine can be grown in media supplemented with an analogue such as para-azido phenylalanine.
Many living things, including humans, are auxotrophic for large classes of compounds required for growth and must obtain these compounds through diet (see vitamin, essential nutrient, essential amino acid, essential fatty acid).
The complex pattern of evolution of vitamin auxotrophy across the eukaryotic tree of life is intimately connected with the interdependence between organisms.
The Mutagenicity test (or Ames test).
The Salmonella Mutagenesis test (Ames test) uses multiple strains of "Salmonella typhimurium" that are auxotrophic to histidine to test whether a given chemical can cause mutations by observing its auxotrophic property in response to an added chemical compound. The mutation a chemical substance or compound causes is measured by applying it to the bacteria on a plate containing histidine then moving the bacteria to a new plate without sufficient histidine for continual growth. If the substance does not mutate the genome of the bacteria from auxotrophic to histidine back to prototrophic to histidine, then the bacteria would not show growth on the new plate. So by comparing the ratio of the bacteria on the new plate to the old plate and the same ratio for the control group, it is possible to quantify how mutagenic a substance is, or rather, how likely it is to cause mutations in DNA. A chemical is considered positive for Ames test if it causes mutations increasing the observed reversion rate and negative if presents similar to the control group. There is a normal, but small, number of revertant colonies expected when an auxotrophic bacteria is plated on a media without the metabolite it needs because it could mutate back to prototrophy. The chances of this are low and therefore cause very small colonies to be formed. If a mutagenic substance is added, however, the number of revertants would be visibly higher than without the mutagenic substance. The Ames test, basically, is considered positive if a substance increases chance of mutation in the DNA of the bacteria enough to cause a quantifiable difference in the revertants of the mutagen plate and the control group plate. Negative Ames test means the possible mutagen DID not cause increase in revertants and positive Ames test signifies that the possible mutagen DID increase the chance of mutation. These mutagenic effects on bacteria are researched as a possible indicator of the same effects on larger organisms, like humans. It is suggested that if a mutation can arise in bacterial DNA under presence of a mutagen then the same effect would occur for larger organisms causing cancer. A negative Ames test result could suggest that the substance is not a mutagen and would not cause tumor formation in living organisms. However only few of the positive Ames Test resulting chemicals were considered insignificant when tested in larger organisms but the positive Ames test for bacteria still could not be conclusively linked to expression of cancer in larger organisms. While it can be a possible determinant of tumors for living organisms, humans, animals, and so on, more studies must be completed to come to a conclusion.
Auxotrophy-based methods to incorporate unnatural amino acids into proteins and proteomes.
A large number of unnatural amino acids, which are similar to their canonical counterparts in shape, size and chemical properties, are introduced into the recombinant proteins by means of auxotrophic expression hosts. For example, methionine (Met) or tryptophan (Trp) auxotrophic "Escherichia coli" strains can be cultivated in a defined minimal medium. In this experimental setup it is possible to express recombinant proteins whose canonical Trp and Met residues are completely substituted with different medium-supplemented related analogs. This methodology leads to a new form of protein engineering, which is not performed by codon manipulation at the DNA level (e.g. oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis), but by codon reassignments at the level of protein translation under efficient selective pressure. Therefore, the method is referred as selective pressure incorporation (SPI).
No organism studied so far encodes other amino acids than the canonical twenty; two additional canonical amino acids (selenocysteine, pyrrolysine) are inserted into proteins by recoding translation termination signals. This boundary can be crossed by adaptive laboratory evolution of metabolically stable auxotrophic microbial strains. For example, the first clearly successful attempt to evolve "Escherichia coli" that can survive solely on the unnatural amino acid thieno[3,2-b]pyrrolyl) alanine as the only substitute for tryptophan was made in 2015.
In popular culture.
The 1993 film "Jurassic Park" (based on the 1990 Michael Crichton novel of the same name) features dinosaurs that were genetically altered so that they could not produce the amino acid lysine. This was known as the "lysine contingency" and was supposed to prevent the cloned dinosaurs from surviving outside the park, forcing them to be dependent on lysine supplements provided by the park's veterinary staff. In reality, no animals are capable of producing lysine (it is an essential amino acid).


Heme arginate

Heme arginate (or haem arginate) is a compound of heme and arginine used in the treatment of acute porphyrias. This heme product is only available outside the United States and is equivalent to hematin.
Heme arginate is a heme compound, whereby -arginine is added to prevent rapid degradation. It is given intravenously, and its action of mechanism is to reduce the overproduction of δ-aminolevulinic acid, which can cause the acute symptoms in an attack of the acute porphyrias.


Zulu golden mole

The Zulu golden mole ("Amblysomus hottentotus iris") is a golden mole native to Transvaal, South Africa.