Kayenta Mine

The Kayenta mine was a surface coal mine operated by Peabody Western Coal Company (a subsidiary of Peabody Energy) on the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona from 1973 to 2019.
About 400 acres are mined and reclaimed each year, providing about 8 million tons of coal annually to the Navajo Generating Station.
History.
The Kayenta mine was located near the northern edge of Black Mesa, a 5,400 square mile highland plateau in northeast Arizona that contains extensive coal deposits in several geologic formations.
Since about 1300 AD, the Hopi had extracted coal from the area for pottery firing and domestic heating.
In the early 1900s, limited surveying of the coal field was made and a number of small underground mines were put into production, supplying local reservation schools and communities in the region.
The coal field received increased attention beginning in 1950 when the Navajo - Hopi Long Range Rehabilitation Act was enacted in response to dire economic conditions on the reservations. The Act promoted economic development and better utilization of the reservations’ natural resources.
As a result, the strata and coal deposits of Black Mesa were more extensively studied; and in 1961 and 1964 Sentry Royalty Company, a subsidiary of Peabody Coal Company, was issued drilling and exploration permits on the Mesa to determine areas where coal could be economically recovered.
In 1964 and 1966, Sentry entered into mining lease agreements with the tribes for 64,848 acres.
The first lease was made in 1964 for 24,858 acres of land held exclusively by the Navajo Tribe, designated Navajo Coal Lease No. 14-20-0603-8580, or N-8580 for short. The additional 40,000 acres were leased in 1966 in the Navajo-Hopi Joint Use Area, leases being entered into with each of the two tribes – Joint Mineral Lease No. 14-20-0450-5743, aka J-5743, with the Hopi tribe, and 14-20-0603-9910, aka J-9910, with the Navajo Tribe. When the Joint Use Area was later partitioned between the tribes in 1974, much of the mine lease area and surface rights ended up with Navajo Nation, but the two tribes retained joint and equal interest in the coal and other minerals under the partitioned lands.
Peabody developed two separate mines within the leasehold area – the Black Mesa mine and Kayenta mine. The Black Mesa mine, located on 20,775 acres in the southwestern section of the leasehold area, began operation in 1970 supplying the Mohave Generating Station in Laughlin, Nevada. The Kayenta mine, on 44,073 acres in the northern and eastern sections, began operation in 1973 supplying the Navajo Generating Station near Page, Arizona.
Mine locations were set relative to conveying transfer points, natural divisions between recoverable sections of coal (called coal resource areas), and projected quantities to be supplied to the respective power plants, such that each mine had portions on both the Navajo Reservation and in the Joint Use Area. The leased areas, mines, and facilities were collectively termed the Black Mesa Complex.
In 1982, the U.S. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSM) issued permit AZ-0001 for surface mining and reclamation operations on the Black Mesa and Kayenta mines. The permit was most recently renewed in 2012 for the Kayenta Mine as permit No. AZ-0001E.
In 2005, the Black Mesa Mine ceased production when the Mohave Generating Station was shut down, leaving the Kayenta Mine as the only active mine in the leasehold area.
As of June, 2019, the mine staff was being reduced in anticipation of the closure of the Navajo Generating Station. The mine delivered its last load of coal to the station in August 2019, and the station closed in November 2019. The closures reduce the Hopi budget by $12 million, or 80% of the total budget.
Coal characteristics.
The coal that is mined comes from the Wepo formation, the uppermost coal-bearing formation on the Mesa, and is removed from multiple seams that are typically 3 to 15 feet thick and lie within about 130 feet of the surface.
It is classified as low-sulfur, high volatile C bituminous, having a heat content of 10,820 Btu/ lb, ash content of 10.4%, and sulfur content of 0.63%.
Average mercury content is 0.04 ppm, or about 4 lb/ trillion Btu, a concentration that is about 1/10th that of average shale rock and among the lowest concentrations in US coals.
Operation.
Coal is removed by the open cut or strip mining method. Topsoil is first removed and placed on previously mined and re-contoured areas or stored separately for later reclamation. Overburden is then blasted to loosen the materials and is removed primarily by electric dragline to expose the coal seams. Excavators, loaders and haul trucks then remove the exposed coal to a collection point, where it is crushed and loaded on a overland belt conveyor.
The conveyor carries the coal to rail load-out silos, where the coal is loaded into BM&LP rail cars bound for the Navajo Generating Station.
Areas disturbed by mine activities cover less than half of the leasehold area, and traditional land use and occupancy are allowed to continue within the leased area where safely removed from active mining operations.
As of 2010, approximately 83 households were located within the leasehold area, four of them in an area planned for future mining operations. For those households that must be moved, Peabody provides for relocation to an agreed-upon area within or adjacent to the leasehold area, as well as compensation for acreage removed from customary grazing as a result of mining activities.
Environmental controls and impacts.
Archaeology.
From 1967 to 1986, one of the largest and longest-running archaeological projects in North America, the Black Mesa Archaeological Project, was conducted with the assistance of Peabody Coal Company to record, preserve or relocate archaeological artifacts within the leasehold area.
Since 1986, Peabody has continued archaeological testing and mitigation ahead of mine activities. Mining operations have also been adjusted to avoid a number of locations identified as sacred or ceremonial sites.
Air quality.
Measures to protect air quality include water sprays and sprinklers to control dust on dirt roads and disturbed areas, enclosures and water sprays at belt conveyor transfer points, baghouses on coal storage silos, and other requirements of the mine's Clean Air Act operating permit NN-OP 08-010. The permit is administered, monitored and enforced by the Navajo Nation Environmental Protection Agency (NNEPA), as authorized by the US EPA.
Peabody maintains a network of PM10 particulate monitors to assess the effectiveness of fugitive dust control measures and ensure compliance with national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). Monitoring data are reported quarterly to the OSM and NNEPA.
Water resources.
Two main washes – Moenkopi Wash and Dinnebito Wash – pass through the mine permit area and eventually run into the Little Colorado River. Although mining does not occur in these washes, storm water runoff from areas disturbed by mining activities could potentially degrade the quality of water going into them. To prevent degradation of surface waters, sedimentation ponds are constructed under the mine's surface water protection program. Water quality is monitored and controlled at these ponds, as well as at livestock watering ponds, seeps and storm water runoff. The program is regulated through the US EPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System under NPDES permit No. NN0022179, and Multi-Sector General Permit No. AZR05000I.
The mine pumps about of ground water per year from the Navajo aquifer (aka N-aquifer). The water is used primarily for dust control, with about made available to area residents. Up until December 2005, the Black Mesa mine had used ground water to slurry coal through a pipeline to the Mohave Generating Station. Until the station was shut down, the combined water usage by both mines had been per year.
Reclamation of mined lands.
Once a section has been mined out, it is backfilled and graded to the approximate previous contour and topped with suitable spoil, subsoil, and topsoil to create a four-foot-thick root zone. The land is then seeded and restored for grazing, wildlife habitat, and cultural plant cultivation.
Replanted areas are monitored for a minimum of 10 years to correct any erosion problems, control invasive weeds, and insure the plant systems are fully established before being released for grazing.
As of 2012, more than 15,000 acres had been restored on the Black Mesa Complex and 39 permanent ponds had been created for livestock watering and wildlife habitat.
Reclamation efforts were recognized by the U.S. Office of Surface Mining for reclamation excellence in 1998, for cultural, historic & archaeological preservation in 2002, good neighbor award in 2003, and reclamation excellence and good neighbor awards in 2005.


Hilcote

Hilcote is a small village in the south of the Bolsover district in Derbyshire, England, located close to the A38 junction with the M1 (Junction 28).
The village is surrounded by the villages of South Normanton, Blackwell, Old Blackwell and Huthwaite in Nottinghamshire. The nearest towns are Alfreton to the west and Sutton-in-Ashfield(where the population is included) to the east.
The village is a former mining village and was previously called 'B' Winning. 'B' Winning pit was named after the seam of coal being mined from Blackwell Colliery. The village exists because of the pit, which was first sunk in the last part of the 19th century and was worked until 1964. When 'B' Winning pit closed the land was reclaimed and classed as Grade 4 agricultural land.
There are about 200 houses in the village with approximately 350 residents. The Post Office, which also served as a general store, off-licence and video library closed in 2019. Many of the houses in the village were built for the mineworkers by Blackwell Colliery Company and are considered to be unique examples of this type of architecture and size of house for miners. Other houses in the village date back to the 17th and 18th centuries. When the pit was working there were a number of shops, which have since disappeared.
The village has three pubs, The Hilcote Country Club, Hilcote Miners Welfare and Hilcote Arms. The Miner's Welfare was burnt down, demolished and rebuilt during the 1990s. Hilcote chapel closed too.
A number of residents are the third generation of their families in Hilcote. Many people were born on what was called Top Row and Side Row at 'B' Winning.


Thomas Kenny (VC)

Thomas Kenny VC (4 April 1882 – 29 November 1948) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy given to British and Commonwealth forces.
On 4 November 1915 near La Houssoie, France, 33-year-old Kenny performed an act of bravery for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross.
Biography.
He was a private in the 13th Battalion, The Durham Light Infantry, British Army during the First World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
In thick mist, an officer in charge of a patrol was shot through both thighs. Private Kenny, although repeatedly fired on by the enemy, crawled about for more than an hour with his wounded officer on his back, trying to find his way through the fog to the British trenches. He refused to leave the officer although told several times to do so, and at last, utterly exhausted, left him in a comparatively safe ditch and went for help. He found a rescue party and guided them to the wounded officer who was then brought to safety.
The officer Lt. Philip Brown later died of his wounds.
References.
held privately by his grandson


Agaskyrskoe mine

The Agaskyrskoe mine is a large molybdenum mine located in the south of Russia in Khakassia. Agaskyrskoe represents one of the largest molybdenum reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 310.5 million tonnes of ore grading 0.16% molybdenum, 0.032% copper and 16.3 million oz of silver.


Hill of Allen

The Hill of Allen ("Cnoc Alúine" in Modern Irish, earlier "Cnoc Almaine"; also Hill of Almu ) is a volcanic hill situated in the west of County Kildare, Ireland, beside the village of Allen. According to Irish Mythology it was the seat of the hunter-warrior Fionn mac Cumhaill and the Fianna. The site is currently part-owned by Roadstone Dublin Limited and extensive quarrying has noticeably changed the profile of the hill.
History.
The hill is situated at the easternmost point of the Bog of Allen and it is from this hill that the bog gets its name. According to legend, Fionn mac Cumhaill had a fortress on the hill and used the surrounding flatlands as training grounds for his warriors. In 722 A.D. the Battle of Allen was fought between the Leinstermen (Laigin), led by Murchad mac Brain Mut (King of Leinster), and the forces of Fergal mac Máele Dúin (High King of Ireland) in close proximity to the hill.
Tower.
In 1859 Sir Gerard George Aylmer, the 9th Baronet of Donadea began building a circular tower on the top of the hill, which was completed in 1863. The tower was a folly and the names of the workmen are inscribed on the steps.
During the construction of the tower a large coffin containing human bones was unearthed which were said to be those of Fionn mac Cumhaill. These were re-interred under the site.
Quarry.
As of 2008 most of the site is under the ownership of Roadstone Dublin Limited and much of the western side of the hill has been quarried.
An agreement between Roadstone Dublin Limited and Kildare County Council allows quarrying to be carried out (subject to conditions) for a period of 50 years from 15 October 2008


Basibasy mine

The Basibasy mine is one of the largest titanium mines in Madagascar. The mine is located in Atsimo-Andrefana. The mine has reserves amounting to 446 million tonnes of ore grading 5.5% titanium.


Union Pacific Coal Company

The Union Pacific Coal Company was formed in 1874 as the Union Pacific Coal Department by the Union Pacific Railway. The company was formed because Union Pacific's former coal supplier, Wyoming Coal and Mining Company, was selling coal at highly inflated costs to the railroad.
Founding.
Before 1874 the Union Pacific Railway owned all of the mineral rights along its right-of-way but not a mining company, thus the Wyoming Mining and Coal Company provided coal to the railroad. This was a problem for UP because the coal company's stock was owned by Oliver Ames, the Wyoming Coal Company president and five members of the board of directors for UP. Wyoming Coal was able to sell its product back to UP at highly inflated costs. The railroad's reaction was to form the Union Pacific Coal Department in 1874.
History.
After the coal company's formation it began to find ways to make money from coal mining. The company was able to stop competition by influencing the railroad to charge high shipping costs to other coal companies. The United States Secretary of Interior stated, on December 2, 1874, that UP was selling Wyoming coal in Omaha, Nebraska for US$9 per ton while they charged other coal companies $10 per ton to ship their freight.
By 1890, the Union Pacific Coal Department was replaced by the Union Pacific Coal Company. The UP Coal Company was producing most of Wyoming's coal in mines located near Rock Springs.


John Aloysius Green

John Aloysius Green was born in the parish of Moore, County Roscommon, Ireland, 10 December 1844. His parents were John Green and Bridget (Kenny) Green. John A. Green came to Boston, Massachusetts, September 2, 1852, and attended the common schools. In 1860 he learned the monumental trade and worked at it for ten years. Later he worked in granite, sandstone and last of all limestone.
Mr. Green came west in 1865, living for a time in Joliet, Illinois. In 1867 he worked at the Rock Island Arsenal as a stone-cutter, and in the same year he went to Wyoming, where he cut stone for Union Pacific bridges, forty miles west of Cheyenne. He returned to Joliet in the winter of the same year. March 17, 1868, then a lonely spot in the wilderness, now the site of Stone City, Iowa, a prosperous community in the late 19th century that added great wealth to the state and to Jones County, built, as its name indicates, on the business inaugurated by Mr. Green when he opened the Champion quarries.
For nearly fifty years, the quarries produced steadily, amounting to more than 4.5 billion dollars in sales. 1896 records indicate 1,000 men employed among the city's quarries, carving 160,000 loads of stone in a single year with a market value of 3.75 million dollars. In his most productive years (1869-1890s), J.A. Green operated three quarries (known as "Champion 1," "Champion 2," and "John Allen") using nearby Anamosa State Penitentiary labor. All provided high-quality stone to the Midwest. Green's various business ventures included other quarries in Iowa, Minnesota, and Missouri, as well as mason supply and sand dredging companies in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. With his financial success and a keen eye for marketing, Green soon envisioned a city made entirely of stone to accommodate the growing population (from 60 to almost 500 by 1880).
In 1875, he married Ellen Green, of Joliet, Illinois, and to them were born —Mary, Anna, Joseph, Ellen and James, twins, Leo, Rose, Agnes, Robert, and Josephine.
In addition to the Champion quarries, Mr. Green opened a quarry on Buffalo Creek, worked the old state quarry on the Wapsipinicon River for a time, a quarry at Wasioja, Minnesota, and one at Shuster, Missouri. He was the first in the United States to employ hydraulic power for stripping quarries, and he was also the first to load large holes with several hundred pounds of black powder, to shake the hills and loosen thousands of tons of stone at one blast.
In 1892 he was elected to the Iowa Senate from the twenty-fourth senatorial district, a Republican division comprising Jones and Cedar counties. He was an unsuccessful candidate for congressional honors in 1904, receiving, however, 2,760 more votes than were given for the head of his ticket in the fifth congressional district of Iowa.


Ocna de Fier mine

The Ocna de Fier mine is a large open pit mine in the western of Romania in Caraş-Severin County, 25 km west of Reşiţa and 511 km north-west of the capital, Bucharest. Ocna de Fier represents the largest iron ore reserves in Romania having estimated reserves of 200 million tonnes of ore grading 25% iron metal. The mine produces around 10,000 tonnes of iron ore/year.


Abergynolwyn

Abergynolwyn () is a village in southern Gwynedd, Wales, located at the confluence of the Nant Gwernol and the Afon Dysynni.
The population of the community which is named after the village of Llanfihangel-y-Pennant was 339 at the 2011 census.
History.
Historically, the village was part of Merionethshire and its main industry was slate quarrying. The village was founded in the 1860s to house workers at the nearby Bryn Eglwys quarry. The quarry brought in migrant workers from other areas of Wales and at one time the village had an Anglican church and three nonconformist chapels. The slate was shipped to the coast on the Talyllyn Railway. A decline in the demand for Welsh slate caused reductions in the workforce, and the quarry finally closed in 1948. Today farming, forestry and tourism are the major local industries.
Talyllyn Railway.
The village pub, the Railway Inn, is named after the Talyllyn Railway whose narrow gauge branch once reached into the heart of the village down an incline from a ledge on the hillside above. The railway now terminates at Nant Gwernol station above the village, although for many years the terminus was at Abergynolwyn Station outside the village.
Local attractions.
Llyn Mwyngil (Tal-y-llyn Lake), just upstream from Abergynolwyn is an unspoilt lake created when a massive landslide blocked the valley long ago. Hiking trails to the summit of Cadair Idris start from here. The Iron Age fort on Craig yr Aderyn shows that the area was strategically important in prehistoric times. In 1221, the mediaeval Welsh castle of Castell y Bere near Llanfihangel-y-pennant was built by Llewellyn the Great, occupied by the Welsh and later besieged by forces under Edward I of England in 1282.


Albert Fenner Kercheval

Albert Fenner Kercheval (March 16, 1829 in Preble County, Ohio – January 24, 1893) was a fruit grower and poet in Los Angeles County, California, and a member of the Los Angeles Common Council during the 19th Century.
Biography.
Kercheval was born on 16 March 1829 in Preble County, Ohio; the family moved to Joliet in Will County, Illinois shortly after his birth. Kercheval, who was referred to as a "Will County boy" by one newspaper,
crossed the continent with a group of American pioneers from Peoria, Illinois, leaving from St. Joseph, Missouri, on April 20, 1849. He settled in Los Angeles by 1870.
His wife, Sarah Adelaide Wilson Kercheval, died in the family residence on Lemon Street on April 13, 1892. They had three children, Rosalie Wilson Kercheval, Leland Nelson Kercheval and Venia Alice Kercheval.
Kercheval was a miner in the Mother Lode and in Arizona. He later became one of the leading horticulturalists in the Los Angeles area. He sold his orchard at Santa Fe and Ninth streets for subdividing in 1887.
Kercheval's poetry was published in the "Los Angeles Times"
 and was read at meetings of local organizations. His 532-page book, "Dolores and Other Poems," was published in 1883 by A. L. Bancroft & Company of San Francisco. The book included poems by his daughter Rosalie.
Public service.
Kercheval was elected on December 3, 1877, to represent the 3rd Ward on the Los Angeles Common Council, the governing body of the city, for a one-year term, ending December 6, 1878.
In 1890, he was a member of the Los Angeles County Agricultural Commission and served as its president. Historian Ralph E. Shaffer wrote that: "To some growers he would come to represent a bureaucratic establishment that did not know what to do about the problem facing the industry yet dictated unreasonable solutions to which the growers must conform."


Mount Clara smelter

Mount Clara smelter is a heritage-listed former copper smelter at Rossmore Road, in the upper reaches of Fat Hen Creek, Oakview (near Kilkivan), Gympie Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1873. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
Most of the operation is now in ruins, and the chimney is the only remaining intact part of a once active copper mine.
History.
During the copper boom of the 1860s – mid-1870s the price of copper was as much as UK £95 per ton. Copper mining probably commenced in the Mount Clara – Mount Coora area in 1872. The Mount Clara smelter was built in 1873. The smelter was built with local rock, and sand from Fraser Island.
The Mount Clara smelter was among the earliest built in Queensland, being built after Peak Downs, Mount Perry and Flanagans smelters, but a year before those at Mount Coora, Blackall Mine and the Adolphus William.
An 1872 report states that of copper had been produced from of ore, giving a return of 13 percent copper/ore. Slag from the operation was drained off in to the creek and large clumps are still visible.
The ore was a rich blue-green carbonate, sourced from a } thick solid bed, yielding well over . It was fortuitous that carbonate ores are well suited to the reverberatory furnace method used at this site.
The smelter was reported to run continuously and satisfactorily. During operation it was required to have three shifts of six men working on the furnace as well as around 300 men working in the mines in the area. It is believed that between 10,000 and 12,000 people lived in the area at the time. The main mine was about away, around higher.
The use of the smelter but only operated until 1875 when it was closed and the Mount Clara copper ore was subsequently carted to the Mount Coora smelter for treatment, following the purchase of the Mount Clara holdings by the Mount Coora Copper Mining Company in 1874. This may have been due to the fact that Mount Clara mine was two miles from the smelter, and ore had to be carted a considerable distance anyway. Mount Coora later had an ore roasting furnace built as well.
The Mount Clara smelter fell into neglect. All mining in the area ceased by 1886. At the time seven other similar smelters were functioning in the area, however these are no longer to be seen.
The eventual closure of the mines was attributed by Rands (in 1886) to the high cost of fuel for the smelters.
Conservation and tourism.
Kilkivan Shire Council, with the help of a grant from the National Trust, undertook work to restore the historic Mount Clara Copper Smelter. The chimney was completely restored along with safety fencing, and the unpaved road was also made safer for travel. Mount Clara Chimney was registered with the National Trust of Queensland, and is on the Queensland Heritage Register.
The chimney is now a key tourist attraction in the Kilkivan area. It is located off Rossmore Road, by road out of town. The National Estate citation notes that "The site is notable for the absence of modern intrusions and as a relic of early mining activity in the area."
Description.
The smelter remains which were renovated by Kilkivan Shire Council in 1978, are exposed to ground level. The smelter is made of brick and stone, the walls standing to a height of at the fire-box end, and to height at the opposite end of the smelter. These heights seem to correlate with the spring-level of the now collapsed arched roof. The internal ovoid form of the reverberatory smelter can be readily seen. The fire-box is particularly well preserved and has a deep below-ground access. Iron staples are inserted into the base plinth of the smelter at regular intervals and seem to be the support points for the rail reinforcing bars which would have originally bound the smelter.
The slag heap is small () and contains large square sand mould slag blocks, each about .
West of the smelter is an area of brick rubble and vitrified brick. This seems to be the dump spot where rubble removed from the smelter in 1978 was tipped. A chain wire fence was placed around the smelter and chimney in 1978 which prevents close access to the remains.
The chimney.
The chimney is thought to be the oldest surviving mining industry chimney in Queensland, also being among the first built. It stands about high, although early descriptions reported a height of . It was constructed from local bluestone, clamped with iron, and held together with a lime and sand mortar. Firebricks lining the furnace and chimney were made from good quality local fireclay.
The chimney stands close to the smelter and the entry point of the smelter flue, now collapsed, can be clearly seen at about up the western face of the chimney.
The mine.
The ore from the mine was taken from a shaft dug into the mountain approximately away. The mine has an arched roof and no uprights, and is believed to mimic the style used by miners from Cornwall.
The mine entrance was rediscovered and opened in the 1980s and some more exploratory work was done intermittently over the next several years, although no commercial operations ever took place. It has since been resealed for safety.
The mine itself is situated on private property and is not included in the heritage register boundary.
Heritage listing.
Mount Clara smelter was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Together with the small number of well-preserved 1870s smelters (Flanagans, Adolphus William) the Mount Clara smelter is important in demonstrating the evolution of base metal mining in Queensland.
The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage.
Smelters of this age and good state of preservation are rare aspects of Queensland's history. The smelter chimney is perhaps the oldest surviving mining industry chimney in Queensland.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland's history.
The site may also contain evidence that provides information contributing to the understanding of that period and of early mining in the Maryborough district.


Archie Boyd (footballer)

Archibald Boyd was a Scottish professional football goalkeeper who played in the Scottish League for Heart of Midlothian.
Personal life.
Boyd worked as a shale miner. His brother James was also a footballer for Heart of Midlothian and after the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the brothers were faced with the choice of which was to go to war. James made the decision to enlist, as Archie was engaged to be married. James was killed on the Somme while serving with McCrae's Battalion in August 1916.
Honours.
Heart of Midlothian


Soma mine disaster

On 13 May 2014, an explosion at Eynez coal mine in Soma, Manisa, Turkey, caused an underground mine fire, which burned until 15 May. In total, 301 people were killed in what was the worst mine disaster in Turkey's history. The mine, operated by coal producer Soma Kömür İşletmeleri A.Ş., suffered an explosion, the cause of which is still under investigation. The fire occurred at the mine's shift change, and 787 workers were underground at the time of the explosion. After the final bodies were pulled from the mine on 17 May 2014, four days after the fire, the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources Taner Yıldız confirmed the number of dead was 301. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) announced the names of 301 workers who died in the mine disaster and 486 people who survived but some politicians claimed that the number of dead is more than 340.
Miners protested against dangerous mining conditions in late 2013 and the demand by the main opposition party, the Republican People's Party, to investigate the mine's safety was rejected in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey with votes from the ruling Justice and Development Party only weeks before the disaster.
Background.
Mining accidents are common in Turkey, which has poor mine-safety conditions. According to a report issued in 2010 by the Turkish Economy Policies Research Foundation (TEPAV), in 2008, deaths per 1 million tons of coal mined were 7.22 in Turkey (the highest figure in the world), 5 times the rate in China (1.27) and 361 times the rate in the US (0.02). Official statistics record that more than 3,000 coal miners died in mining accidents from 1941 to April 2014. 78 miners were killed in accidents in 2012, and 95 died in 2013. Prior to the Soma disaster, the deadliest accident in recent Turkish mining history was an explosion which killed 263 people in 1992.
The mine, formerly a state-owned company, had been privatized in 2005. In 2012 Alp Gürkan, CEO of Soma Holding, indicated that since privatization the cost of producing coal had decreased from about $140 to $24 per ton.
In November 2013 hundreds of coal miners protested against working conditions by barricading themselves in a mine in Zonguldak.
On 29 April 2014, the Republican People's Party's demand for a parliamentary investigation regarding the safety in Soma mines was rejected by the Grand National Assembly.
Explosion and fire.
The fire was started by an explosion that occurred below the surface; the explosion caused the mine's elevator to stop working. The explosion killed 301 workers, injured another 80, and trapped nearly 600 workers in the mine, causing most of the victims to die of carbon monoxide poisoning. Because the explosion took place close to shift change, the exact number of employees underground at the time was initially uncertain. "Hürriyet" first declared a young-looking mine worker among the dead to be 15 years old and working illegally, though this claim has been dismissed by the person's family.
Rescue effort.
Rescue crews arrived at the mine soon after the explosion and provided fresh air to the mine workings in an effort to keep those workers still trapped underground alive. Four mine rescue teams were deployed underground to look for trapped miners; however, thick smoke initially hindered progress in the operations to rescue more workers from the mine.
Reactions.
Others.
A black ribbon with a notice that read "condolences to all of us" was placed on the Turkish Google homepage on 14 and 15 May.
Football clubs Beşiktaş, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray and Trabzonspor from Turkey, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester City, and Sheffield United from England, Atlético Madrid and Barcelona from Spain, Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04 from Germany, Porto from Portugal, and Persepolis from Iran published messages of condolence about the disaster. Beşiktaş announced that all revenue of the match to be played the following weekend would be donated to the needy in Soma. Galatasaray and Atlético Madrid played a friendly match in İzmir, as did Sheffield United and Fenerbahçe at Bramall Lane, with income donated to the victims' relatives. Fenerbahçe announced that they would offer one hundred scholarships for five years to children in Soma.


List of mines in Afghanistan

The following list of mines in Afghanistan is subsidiary to the lists of mines in Asia article and Lists of mines articles. This list contains working, defunct and future mines in the country and is organised by the primary mineral output(s) and province. For practical purposes stone, marble and other quarries may be included in this list. Operational mines are demarcated by bold typeface, future mines are demarcated in "italics".


Douglas, South Lanarkshire

Douglas () is a village in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located on the south bank of the Douglas Water and on the A70 road that links Ayr, on the West coast of Scotland, to Edinburgh on the East, around 12 miles south west of Lanark. The placename is of Gaelic origin, derived from the Old Gaelic "dub" and "glais", meaning "dark stream", in reference to the Douglas Water. The Douglas family took this name when their ancestors settled here in the 12th century.
History.
The village grew to service the nearby Douglas Castle, the seat of the Lords of Douglas. The first recorded mention of the Parish of Douglas is in a charter of Bricius de Douglas, Bishop of Moray dated between 1203–1222 to the monks of Kelso Abbey which is witnessed by Freskin Parson of Douglas, brother to the bishop. The castle was well established by the time of William the Hardy when he was called upon to imprison Hugh de Abernethy there in 1288 and where Abernethy died at some point before 1293. The castle was occupied for some time by English forces during the Scottish Wars of Independence. However the castle was liberated by Sir James Douglas when in 1307 he and some followers trapped the English garrison inside the castle chapel whilst they were worshiping and burnt it to the ground, causing some damage to the castle.
Notable buildings.
The only remains of the castle are those of a 17th-century corner tower, still known as "Castle Dangerous", after the Walter Scott novel which took Douglas Castle as its inspiration. In the 1930s Charles Douglas-Home, 13th Earl of Home allowed the mining of coal in the park near to the castle, in a philanthropic effort to alleviate local unemployment. The Lanarkshire coal industry, once the mainstay of Scotland's production, had seen its output almost halved by 1937, with catastrophic consequences for local communities. As a consequence of the mining works the castle was considered to be at risk of subsidence and had to be demolished in 1938.
The oldest structure within the village itself is the ruin of St. Bride's Church, which like the castle originated in the 14th century. This church became the mausoleum of the Lords of Douglas. The church clock, which is still in working order today, and installed sometime in the 16th century, is rumoured to have been given as a gift to the village by Mary, Queen of Scots, after spending time in the area. The parish church was moved to its present site, near to the old chapel, where the Douglas St Bride's Parish Church still stands. Its congregation now worships at the newer St Bride's Church built some distance away.
Within the village stands a monument to the Covenanter James Gavin, a local tailor, who had his ears cut off with his own tailoring scissors for refusing to renounce his presbyterian principles. After suffering this humiliation he was transported to a life of slavery in the West Indies. The ruins of the house he built after his eventual return from banishment stood until 1968 with its engraved lintel still in place above the front door featuring a carving of a pair of tailor's scissors. The lintel has been incorporated within the monument erected in what was the rear garden of the house. Also within the village is a statue of James Douglas, Earl of Angus, commemorating the Cameronians regiment which he raised in 1689. Nearby, another memorial commemorates its disbanding, over two and a half centuries later, in 1968.
The village was shaped later by the Industrial Revolution, which brought woolen mills and coal mining (in common with other villages in this part of Scotland). There is a heritage museum in Douglas that charts the history of the area.
The village was one of several locations near which a large camp of the Polish Army was set up in 1940. Units of the 10th Polish Cavalry, including the Podhalanski (Highland) Battalion, 10th Mounted Rifles Regiment, the 24th Lancers as well as brigade support and service units were stationed here for a brief period in a temporary tented camp before moving north to Fife and Angus where they were deployed to defend the east coast of Scotland against invasion. Three Polish monuments created by the 10th Cavalry Brigade in the vicinity of the village have been put together in a Memorial Garden.


Adastra Minerals

Adastra Minerals Inc (formerly America Mineral Fields Inc), was a London-based mining company with notable operations in central Africa (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Zambia), particularly in copper, cobalt and zinc exploration. Adastra's properties and concessions were acquired in 2006 by First Quantum Minerals for $245m in cash and stock, outpacing a counter-offer by Mwana Africa plc. Founder Jean-Raymond Boulle and top UK insurer Prudential plc had owned 10% and 14% stakes in Adastra, respectively.
In the mid-1990s, the company became known for developing highly prospective copper and cobalt mines in Zaire during a civil war.
History.
American Mineral Fields.
American Mineral Fields (AMF) was founded in 1995 to "develop diamond interests" in Brazil by Mike McMurrough and Jean-Raymond Boulle. American Mineral Fields was based in Hope, Arkansas and operated from Canada. It was the "brainchild" of Boulle, a former executive at De Beers Diamonds in South Africa. It was chaired by McMurrough, described as a personal friend of Bill Clinton.
Early on, it operated as a penny-stock company listed in Vancouver on the Vancouver and Toronto stock exchanges, but "lacked sufficient capital to develop mines on its own." In 1996, when it was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange for the first time, The Robertson Stephens Orphan Fund was among its largest shareholders. In 1996, AMF was trading on the New York Stock Exchange, with a capitalization of US $ 37 billion.
Military financing in Africa.
AMFI had become involved in politics in the Congo by 1996, when Mobutu Sese Seko was the President of Zaire, five years before he was deposed. Overall, the representatives of AMFI signed three agreements to equal the $1 billion dollar deal for "the extraction of copper and cobalt in Kolwezi, cobalt in Kipushi, and the construction of a factory for the treatment of zinc in Kipushi." In Kisangani, AMF acquired an office to buy diamonds. In Lubumbashi, AMFI gave an "advance" of $51 million to finance their war and secure a date for future transactions. The deal was later cancelled in 1998 by Congo's state mining company Gecamines.
AMFI financed the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (ADFL)'s military campaign to depose Mobutu, by providing its corporate jet to ADFL leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, and was awarded a mine contract by Kabila even before he came to power.
In 1996, American Mineral Fields acquired Zairean mineral deposits using the state-owned mining company Gecamines. Main AMF shareholder Jean-Raymonde Boulle signed the contract in mid April of 1996 in Zaire, calling the change “the triumphant liberation of the people of Zaire. In particular, a copper-zinc mine at Kapushi in Shaba province was acquired, with reserves known to "stand at 22.6 million tons of copper and zinc, grading 2.1 per cent copper and 13.8 per cent zinc." It was later revealed that acquisition was done partly for the Anglo-American Corporation, with the two companies signing an agreement. This occurred before AFDL rebels captured Kinshasa. Around this time, AFDL rebels also extended a $60 billion contract to construct an orbital platform, beating out bidders from 60 other countries.
In April 1997, with the signing of a $1 billion deal with Zairian rebels looking to topple dictator Mobutu Sese Seko, Bouule was promised the right to a mine in the city of Kolwezi. Kabila marched on the Zaire capital a month later, with American Mineral Fields getting one of the first mining contracts in the newly renamed Democratic Republic of Congo.
In March 1997, When Kisangani fell to the AFDL, AMFI set up an office in Goma to make contact with Kabila, trading under the initials AMZ.
The company signed deals with rebel leaders in the Republic of Congo in 1997, and in 1998, the $1 billion Kolwezi project was cancelled, with AMF blaming Anglo American for "interfering in its dealings with Gecamines and the Congo government."
On January 2, 1998, AMFI's contract for the Kolwezi tailings was cancelled by the Kabila regime. A week later, AMFI sued Anglo American Corp. for $3 billion for "allegedly interfering with its Congo deal" over a contract, filing the lawsuit in a Dallas court.
In March 1998, American Mineral and Anglo American ended their legal and instead began creating a joint venture to jointly develop the Kolwezi project, and were still negotiating in July 1998 for the rights from the Congo government.
As of 2003, the company had projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola. On September 26, 2020, it listed on the Alternative Investment Market in London, a secondary listing. It also had a primary listing on the Toronto stock exchange, and had just raised $15 million there in an open offer, with the money to be used to "carry out a feasibility study at two tailings dams at the Kolwezi copper and cobalt project in the Congo."
Adastra Minerals.
Adastra Minerals in 2004 contracted a "definitive feasibility study" on the DRC Kolwezi cobalt/copper tailings project to a joint venture of Murray & Roberts and GRD Minproc. It was still being finalized in the middle of 2005.
In 2004, Adastra Minerals rejected a buyout offer by First Quantum. In 2005, the World Bank subsidiary The International Finance Corporation was considering taking a ten percent stake in a project owned by Adastra Minerals. Adastra had formerly been known as American Mineral Fields.
Also in 2005, Adastra Minerals was still involved in copper and cobalt, and its "$300m Kolwezi cobalt and copper tailings deposit in Democratic Republic of Congo is attracting a high level of interest from South African financiers." At that point, Adastra's Kolwezi project had secured a 7.5% ownership stake from the International Finance Corporation, and 10% owned by Industrial Development Corporation in South Africa.
In January 2006, First Quantum Minerals in Canada made a hostile bid to acquire Adastra Minerals, with the bid rejected for being too low. In late April 2006, a second bid was put forward by Mwana Africa, with that bid rejected as well. By 2006, the company was owner of the Kolwezi project as the as a "Kipushi copper and zinc mine." The Kolwezi mine at the time as the "world's largest cobalt and copper surface resource," in the form of waste material from a former mine. It was expected to "produce 5,500 tonnes per year of cobalt and 30,000 tonnes of copper."
After agreeing to a revised bid, in May 2006, First Quantum Minerals acquired Adastra Minerals "in a cash-and-shares deal worth about C$275 million (£135 million)." First Quantum said it would like Adastra on the London Stock Exchange. At the time, Adastra was based in London, England and developing mineral assets in Central Africa, particularly mining operations in Zambia, Mauritania and Congo. After the acquisition, First Quantum again had gained control of the Kolwezi mine, committing to invest a new $600 million in the project.


Barthell, Kentucky

Barthell is a former coal town in McCreary County, Kentucky, United States. It was established in 1902 and was the first of 18 mining camps to be built by the Stearns Coal and Lumber Company. It now serves as an open-air history museum, which is open from April through Thanksgiving.
History.
During the 1880s-90s, a large portion of the land surrounding the Big South Fork was purchased by L.E. Bryant who began exploring the deposits of coal. In 1901, Byrant sent his associate, John Toomey, to lumber baron Justus S. Stearns in Michigan and convinced him to invest in the mineral rights of the Big South Fork area. By 1902, Barthell was established and work began in Mine No. 1. The first shipment of coal was delivered from Barthell in 1903 after the completion of the Kentucky and Tennessee Railroad from Stearns. During 1905 and 1906, operations expanded at Barthell with the opening of Mine No. 2.
From 1923 to 1927, the Bryant lease was fully purchased by the Stearns Coal and Lumber Company. Business boomed even during the height of the Great Depression, with a record monthly coal production of 100,961 tons of coal in January 1930. The onset of World War II further increased coal production at Barthell, requiring the addition of a second railway line.
The decline of Barthell began in 1943 when the tipple at Mine No. 1 was destroyed by fire and was never rebuilt. Mine No. 1 was also closed shortly after the fire at the tipple. Coal mined from Mine No. 2 was then sent to the tipple at Mine No. 18 at the Blue Heron Mining complex. The dismantling of the coal camp began in 1952 and was completed in 1961.
In 1984, the Barthell coal camp was purchased by the Koger family, who invested more than $500,000 of their own money into the revitalization of the community. Many of the community's original structures, such as the company store, doctors office, and school house have been renovated and can be toured. Fifteen former coal camp homes have also been renovated and can be rented for overnight stays.


Gin Pit Colliery

Gin Pit was a coal mine operating on the Lancashire Coalfield from the 1840s in Tyldesley, Greater Manchester then in the historic county of Lancashire, England. It exploited the Middle Coal Measures of the Manchester Coalfield and was situated to the south of the Tyldesley Loopline.
History.
Gin Pit's name suggests it, or a predecessor, had horse driven winding gear and was on the site of even older coal workings. The colliery, owned by John Darlington, was isolated from roads resulting in the building of a narrow gauge tramway worked by horses to transport coal from the pit to the Bridgewater Canal at Marsland Green. In 1851 Darlington attempted to sell his colliery, tramroad, cranes and tipplers on the canal to the Bridgewater Trustees but the operation was sold to Samuel Jackson, a salt merchant and owner of a nearby colliery in Bedford.
The colliery's single shaft was deepened to the Rams mine at 375 yards between 1866 and 1872 by Astley and Tyldesley Coal and Salt Company. It had a pumping engine built by the Haigh Foundry.
In 1896 Gin Pit employed 240 underground and 55 surface workers producing household and steam coal and coal to produce gas. The seams worked were the Crombouke and Six Foot mines. In 1923 the colliery had 237 underground and 57 surface workers. In common with many collieries on the Lancashire Coalfield, women, known as "Pit brow lasses" were employed on the surface to sort coal on the screens at the pit head.
The colliery was linked to St George's Colliery for ventilation.
The colliery became part of Manchester Collieries in 1929. In 1947 when the collieries were nationalised Gin Pit became part of the No 1 Manchester Area of the National Coal Board's (NCB) North Western Division. It ceased production in 1958.
Legacy.
Gin Pit Village is a small settlement which is still inhabited, and the miners' welfare club is still open.
Boat building.
Gin Pit also had a boat building operation. The narrow wooden box boats were taken to the canalside at Marsland Green by rail.


Frank Moody

Frank Moody (27 August 1900 – 29 July 1963) was a Welsh boxer who fought between 1914 and 1936. He is most notable for winning the British and Empire middleweight boxing championship in 1927 and 1928 and the light-heavyweight title from 1927 to 1929.
Boxing career.
Early career.
Moody was born in Pontypridd and came from a large family, and was one of seven brothers to fight in the boxing ring. Moody began working down a coal mine at the age of eleven. By the time he was thirteen, he had begun boxing, with his first recorded fight, against "Kid Evans", taking place in Tonypandy at the age of fourteen. His early fights as a youth were mainly held in South Wales, with a few ventures to Plymouth and Liverpool. Some of his early notable bouts included a win over Australian Jack Mignot at Covent Garden and a points loss to Freddie Jacks at Blackheath. Moody gained the nickname "The Pontypridd Puncher" and was notable for his powerful right hand delivery.
By 1919, Moody was fighting on a regular basis, sometimes twice a week. His biggest match to date came on 13 January 1920, when he faced Ted "Kid" Lewis at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester. Although scheduled for twenty rounds, Moody was out-classed by his opponent, losing to Lewis by a first round knock-out. His following boxing career was solid if unspectacular, fighting little known opponents, with some success, around Britain.
Fights in the United States.
Moody's fortunes changed when in October 1923 he travelled to the United States to fight a series of bouts, beginning in Massachusetts. He won three arranged bouts in New Bedford, and then beat Jackie Clark in Fall River on 30 November.
On 10 December 1923, Moody fought and beat Young Fisher at Madison Square Garden in New York. This was followed by a points defeat to Lou Bogash in Boston, in February 1924. After a handful of fights in the US, Moody faced Bogash again, this time winning by technical knock-out, and in the fight was reported to be the first person to floor Bogash in a contest. After his victory over Bogash, Moody won two more contests in Massachusetts, over experienced American boxers, George Robinson and Jock Malone. In contrast, his subsequent four fights saw his worst run whilst in America, though facing formidable opposition. Just three days after his victory over Malone, Moody travelled to Waterbury, Connecticut to fight world middleweight champion Harry Greb. Greb stayed out of the reach of Moody's powerful right, and floored the Welshman in the fourth round with a powerful body shot; and after that Moody had little fight left, being knocked out for the count after a barrage of blows in the sixth. This was followed by defeats in rematches to Bogash and Malone, before facing future light heavyweight champion of the world, Jack Delaney. Delaney won the fight in the fifth on a technical knock-out.
After the Delaney contest, Moody took an uncharacteristic two-month break, before returning to fight Pat McCarthy, who had himself just fought Delaney. Moody won the fight with a first round knock-out, but then lost his next fight to New York's Jeff Smith. After a handful of fights in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, Moody was given a shot at Kid Norfolk in a match staged at the Yankee Stadium, New York. Moody proved a strong opponent, stopping Norfolk in the fourth round, though Norfolk was at the end of his career, and this would be his penultimate fight. Moody fought another nineteen matches in the United States, including contests against Tiger Flowers, Maxie Rosenbloom and Dave Shade; and on 16 August 1926 he beat Del Fontaine, future Canadian middleweight champion, which was Moody's only fight in Canada.
British return.
In December 1926, Moody was back in Britain and in his first few weeks back in Wales, he was boxing in Cardiff, beating Joe Bloomfield in the fourth round. Just two months later Moody was carded to fight Roland Todd at the Royal Albert Hall for the vacant British and Empire middleweight titles. Moody lifted the middleweight belt by beating Todd in a points decision.
On 11 April 1927, Moody fought Gipsy Daniels for the Welsh Light Heavyweight title, but lost on points in a 20-round fight. After a victory over Jack Stanley, he then travelled to Italy for his first fight on mainland Europe, losing to Michele Bonaglia, who would later become the Italian champion. Following the Bonglia defeat, Moody won five straight contests on British soil, before facing Ted Moore for the British Light Heavyweight title, which had been vacated by fellow Welshman, Gipsy Daniels. The fight went the full 20 rounds, with Moody winning on points.
Moody was now fighting with less frequency, and on 6 August 1928 he travelled to Glasgow to face Tommy Milligan for the British middleweight title, which Moody had vacated earlier. Milligan was knocked out in the first round, but Moody would lose his newly recaptured title just three weeks later when he was defeated by Alexander Ireland. That was Moody's final fight of 1928, and in 1929 he fought just four times, which included a win over Italy's Leone Jacovacci, a loss to the great Len Harvey and then losing his British Light Heavyweight title to Harry Crossley.
1930 began well for Moody, when he lifted the Welsh Light Heavyweight title by beating Gipsy Daniels in their third encounter. He then earned a respectable draw against German Ernst Pistulla in a contest in Hamburg. After a win over Theo Sass, he then fought a single match in 1931, before apparently retiring.
Boxing return.
In 1935 Moody returned to boxing, winning two fights in Wales. These victories led to a contest with South African heavyweight Ben Foord, which saw Moody beaten in the eighth round in front of his home crowd of Pontypridd. Moody's next two bouts were against one of the greatest Welsh boxers of all time, Tommy Farr. The first encounter was for the Welsh light heavyweight title, and ended in a draw after 15 rounds. The second match with Farr in December 1935 ended in Moody's defeat in the fourth round. Moody ended his boxing career in 1936, losing by technical knockout to Frank Hough.


Lobash mine

The Lobash mine is one of the largest molybdenum mines in Russia. The mine is located in north-west Russia in Republic of Karelia. The Lobash mine has reserves amounting to 128.1 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.14% molybdenum thus resulting 132,000 tonnes of molybdenum.


Harvey Seeley Mudd

Harvey Seeley Mudd (30 August 1888– 12 April 1955) was a mining engineer and founder, investor, and president of Cyprus Mines Corporation, a Los Angeles–based international enterprise that operated copper mines on the island of Cyprus.
Mudd was vice president of the Board of Trustees for the California Institute of Technology. He helped found Claremont McKenna College. The science and engineering college Harvey Mudd College at Claremont was named in memory of him. Mudd was chair of local symphony organizations and art museums.
Early life.
Harvey Mudd was born in Leadville, Colorado, in 1888 to Colonel Seeley W. Mudd, the manager of the Small Hopes silver mine, and Della Mulock Mudd.
Harvey had a younger brother, Seeley (1895–1968), who was a physician and cancer researcher at the California Institute of Technology and then professor and dean at the School of Medicine at the University of Southern California.
In 1902, Col. Mudd moved his family to Los Angeles, California, where he worked as a consulting engineer for the Guggenheim Exploration Company. In 1907, he developed the Ray mine in Arizona, which is still in production. Harvey attended Stanford University for two years and then transferred to Columbia University, where he received a degree in mining engineering in 1912.
Career.
Mining.
Mudd and his father founded the Cyprus Mines Corporation in 1916. The Los Angeles–based enterprise started with development of the copper mines on the island of Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major center for the production of copper, since the second or even third millennium BC. In fact, the Roman name for copper was "aes cyprium", from the name of Cyprus in Greek: Κύπρος, which is read as: Kypros. In later centuries "aes cyprium" became simply cyprium and then cuprum. This was further transformed and gave the word for copper in European languages, for example copper in English. However, at the time the Mudds began the Cyprus Mines Corp., copper had not been mined on Cyprus for almost 1500 years. With the backing of Colonel Seeley Mudd, geologist Charles Godfrey Gunther searched for new copper on Cyprus, but it was twenty years before Cyprus Mines paid its first dividends in 1936.
In 1918, Mudd became president of Cyprus Mines Corporation. Mudd became chairman of Cyprus Mines in 1926 when his father died. As head of Cyprus Mines, Harvey Mudd developed and managed copper mines in the Mediterranean, as well as an iron mine in Peru and oil properties in the United States.
At the time of Harvey Mudd's death in 1955, the company's copper mines on Cyprus had become the island's largest industry, exporting nearly a million tons of copper a year. Mudd's copper mines on Cyprus supported 2,000 of the island's inhabitants and provided more than 25 percent of the island's entire annual revenue. Cyprus Mines paid its employees 15–20 percent above the island average. The company ran an up-to-date, 65-bed hospital for its employees, built scores of low-cost houses for them to live in, and helped to run schools, sports clubs, welfare centers, and summer camps for their families.
Mudd served as president of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers in 1945. In 1949, the Columbia University Engineering School Alumni Association awarded him its Egleston Medal for distinguished engineering achievement.
Caltech.
Mudd became a member of the Board of Trustees for the California Institute of Technology in 1929. He served on the finance and the executive committees and was vice president of the Board of Trustees. In 1954, Caltech faculty member Linus Pauling, upon winning the Nobel Prize in chemistry, sent Mudd a letter thanking him and the Caltech Board of Trustees for "providing here an atmosphere, second to none in the world, that is favorable to research."
Mudd's will left $50,000 to Caltech for research on the genesis of ore deposits. Two geology buildings at Caltech are named for family members. The Seeley G. Mudd Building (South Mudd) is named for his brother, and the Seeley W. Mudd Laboratory (North Mudd) is named for their father.
Civic leadership.
At the time of Mudd's death, he was Chairman of the Board of the Southern California Symphony Association, the Welfare Federation of Los Angeles, and Greater Los Angeles Plans, Inc. He was a trustee and former president of the Southwest Museum, a member of the Board of Governors of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and member of the advisory committee of the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
As Chairman of the Southern California Symphony Association, Mudd is credited with saving the Los Angeles Philharmonic. Fellow copper baron William Andrews Clark Jr. had founded the Philharmonic in 1919, but he had exhausted his fortune supporting the orchestra. To oversee the Philharmonic, the Southern California Symphony Association was created in 1933 with Mudd as chairman. Mudd personally guaranteed the salary of conductor Otto Klemperer. Mudd led fundraising efforts to enable the Philharmonic to continue performing through the Great Depression. Mudd is also credited with starting the Philharmonic's tradition of taking the stuffiness out of high culture. He was initiated as an honorary member of the Beta Psi chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music, in 1941.
Claremont Colleges.
Mudd had a particular interest in The Claremont Colleges in Claremont, California. He served as Chairman of the Board of Fellows of Claremont College, now The Claremont Graduate University and University Center, for a quarter of a century. Harvey Mudd helped in the founding of Claremont McKenna College in 1945. He helped to plan Claremont's new undergraduate college of science and engineering that was chartered in 1955, shortly after his death. He was also Chairman of the Board of Fellows of Claremont College.
Personal life.
Mudd married Mildred Esterbrook (February 21, 1891 – August 23, 1958), the daughter of Mary Nichols and Richard Esterbrook (grandson of Richard Esterbrook (1813-1895)), on March 12, 1913. They had two children: Henry T. Mudd (1913–1990) and Caryll Mudd Sprague (1914–1978). Caryll's husband was Norman F. Sprague, Jr. (1914–1997), a medical doctor. Henry succeeded his father as head of the Cyprus Mines Corporation.
In her youth, Mildred attended the Veltin School for Girls in Manhattan, New York. When she became an adult, she was a social welfare leader. She became involved with the Girl Scouts in 1934 at the recommendation of Lou Henry Hoover, the wife of former U.S. President Herbert Hoover. For three years, beginning in 1934, she was the Los Angeles County Council commissioner of the Girl Scouts. Between 1934 and 1939, Mildred was able to double the enrollment in Los Angeles. She served as the national president of the Girl Scouts by 1938 and from 1939 to 1941. She had been the director of the Children's Hospital in Los Angeles by 1938. In 1939, "Time" magazine described her as "Tall, dark, [and] slender" and as "a typical society matron, noted for her large and lavish parties, her charitable activities, [and] her ancient Roman jewelry (dug up in Cyprus)."
Mudd lived in Beverly Hills on Benedict Canyon Drive. The Tudor style residence was designed for Charles Boldt, owner of the Ohio-based Boldt Glass Co. that produced the popular Mason jars, by architect Elmer Grey in 1922. The residence is on an acre of land with seven bedrooms and a swimming pool. In 2008, the house was listed for sale at a price of $11.495 million. The historic property is known as the Harvey Mudd Estate. As of October 2013, this house is for sale again, asking price is $19.99 million.
Mudd died of a heart attack on April 12, 1955, at his home in Beverly Hills, California. He was 66 years old. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale. Mildred Mudd died three years later at the age of 67.
Harvey Mudd College.
After Mudd's death in 1955, Mildred Mudd supported the founding later that year of the planned undergraduate college of science and engineering college at Claremont, which would be named for him. Mildred and family members contributed $2 million to endow Harvey Mudd College, which awards degrees in science and engineering. The degree programs require humanities and the social science coursework. Mildred was elected as the first chairman of the Board of Trustees of the college, serving from 1955 until 1958.


Pegswood

Pegswood is a mining village and civil parish in Northumberland, England, and the site of the former Pegswood Colliery. Pegswood is two miles (3 km) east of Morpeth and three miles (5 km) west of Ashington, with a population of around 3,280. Pegswood is on a small hill above the valley in which Morpeth is situated, close to the River Wansbeck and to the river Brocks Burn.
History.
The prevailing theory as to the origin of the name Pegswood is that it means Pecg's Enclosure, Pecg being a personal name. Another theory is that the element Peg- derives from the Anglo-Saxon word pecg meaning pig. Pegswood started as a small farming settlement, yet with the discovery of coal and the opening of Pegswood colliery, the village expanded to accommodate miners in 1872. The colliery shut in 1969, however the village is still classed as a pit village. All that is left today are the Pit Heap, now a park, and the entrance to the mine shaft, now in the Bothal Court estate. Coinciding with the coal industry, there was also a brickworks in Pegswood, which has since closed down.
Though the original colliery closed, mining was practised until quite recently: as late as 1997, mining company The Banks Group opened up a open-pit mine at Pegswood Moor, from which they extracted some 1.4 million tons of coal, with the help of a 236-ton face shovel made by Orenstein & Koppel. Also reaped was 84,000 tons of fire clay, a kind of high temperature resistant clay often found between coal layers. Mining there stopped in 2004, and the pit was converted into the Pegswood Community Park, which includes "a dedicated nature reserve, a new woodland and ponds." The second phase of the park's construction would also "provide a fishing lake, an amphitheatre sculpted out of the landform and a footpath link from Pegswood to Morpeth." Extensive open-pit mining still takes place in the area, but such operations remain controversial even when former sites are restored.
Like many other "former pit villages," Pegswood has benefited from increased interest among especially young families, who are attracted to such places for the countryside and the quality of education. Since 1969, when the pit closed, the town has welcomed new development plans and new housing estates have been built in an effort by Pegswood to "reinvent itself as a cheaper rural alternative to Morpeth and Newcastle." More recent renewal efforts include plans for a facelift for its Welfare Centre and a £48,000 garden with the colliery as its theme. Local services are also being improved.
Pegswood colliery.
The existence of coal is attested in documentation dating from 1754. The Pegswood colliery was one of many in the north-east of England. The colliery opened ca. 1872 and was in operation until 1969. Acquired by the S.H. Fraser company in the 1880s, in 1947 the National Coal Board took over, following the 1946 Coal Industry Nationalisation Act. Starting in 1914, fire clay began to be produced besides coal. The colliery never had more employees than in 1921, with 857 employed underground and 182 above. No mining disasters (more than five dead) have happened; an incomplete list of mining deaths lists 54 fatalities.
Architecture.
Some typical colliery-style houses from the late nineteenth century still exist in Pegswood however half of these have now been demolished to make way for new luxury housing near the local pit heap or Colliers Hill as it has now been dubbed.. Three noteworthy eighteenth-century houses remain, as well as a few remains from a fifteenth-century chapel. There is also a bridge over the East Coast Main Line.
In 2010, a sculpture funded by Welbeck Estates was erected on the Bothal Roundabout. Officially called 'Fire', but dubbed Robin of Pegswood, a bronze figure stands near the top of a stainless steel girder. The girder juts from the ground at an angle and its tip is curved into the shape of a bow with the bronze figure firing a "shovelled" arrow from it. Northumberland County Council has now installed lighting to enhance its night time viewing
Governance.
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Stobswood and West Chevington, east to the boundary of Ashington, west to Benridge and Causey Park and south to Fairmoor and Morpeth. The total electorate is approximately 3,900. The current County Councillor is David Towns (Conservative) who was elected in May 2017.
Religion.
There is a single church in Pegswood, St. Margaret's. A former church has been converted into housing
Education.
There is only one school in Pegswood, Pegswood Primary School. Secondary education is typically taken in either Ashington or Morpeth, the two closest towns.
Transport.
Pegswood is served by Pegswood railway station on the East Coast Main Line. Rail services link Pegswood to Morpeth, Cramlington and Newcastle. Arriva North East run bus services to Morpeth, Ashington, Alnwick and Newcastle.
Pegswood lies on the A197 road, at the same distance from Morpeth as from Ashington. In 2007 a £9 million bypass was built to the south that removed about half of the traffic through the village. The bypass also necessitated a bridge, which is made from "the same weathering steel as the Angel of the North". Ironically, the man who fought for thirty years to have the bypass built, the then Parish Council chairman Jim Burley, was the first person to crash on it, in 2007: he was not seriously hurt.
Television Filming.
Some scenes on the 1996 TV Drama Our Friends in the North featuring the Metropolitan Police aggressively dealing with strikers during the UK miners' strike (1984–1985) were filmed in Pegswood. These can be seen in Episode 7 (set in 1984) at 21m 04s and 26m 26s.


Tong Mengshi

Tong Mengshi (; born 22 January 1993), is a Chinese actor.
Early life and education.
Tong was born in Xuzhou, Jiangsu. Under his father's influence he became a National second-level athlete, specializing in 100-metre dash.
Tong studied at the China University of Mining and Technology. He worked as an advertisement model prior to his debut.
Career.
In 2014, Tong participated in the variety program "Journey On Sail". The following year, he became known after participating in the variety program "One Grade Graduation".
In 2016, Tong made his acting debut with a supporting role in the xianxia drama "Noble Aspirations". The same year, he played his first lead role in the romance web series "Proud of Love".
In 2017, Tong starred in the fantasy suspense drama "Colorful Bone". In 2018, Tong played lead roles in the youth sports drama "Basketball Fever", and fantasy wuxia drama "The Taoism Grandmaster".
In 2019, Tong portrayed the role of Ying Zheng in the historical drama "The Legend of Haolan". The same year, he gained recognition for his role as Wu Zhu in the historical drama "Joy of Life".
He played the lead role of Yang Guo in the wuxia drama "The New Version of the Condor Heroes", based on the novel of the same name by Louis Cha.


Lalmatia, Godda

Lalmatia is a village in the Boarijore CD block in the Godda subdivision of the Godda district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography.
Location.
Lalmtia is located at .
Lalmatia has an area of .
Overview.
The map shows a hilly area with the Rajmahal hills running from the bank of the Ganges in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where Farakka Barrage is, just inside West Bengal. Rajmahal coalfield is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.
Demographics.
According to the 2011 Census of India, Lalmatia had a total population of 1,208, of which 720 (60%) were males and 488 (40%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 183. The total number of literate persons in Lalmatia was 786 (76.68% of the population over 6 years).
Civic administration.
Police station.
Lalmatia police station serves Boarijore CD block.
Economy.
A major coal mining project of Eastern Coalfields Limited (Rajmahal open cast project, a part of Rajmahal coalfield) is going on in Boarijore, Mahagama and Sunderpahari CD blocks. Please see the satellite view of the Google map.
Education.
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Lalmatia is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1987. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.
Adwasi Inter College, Lalmatia is a Hindi-medium coeducation institution established in 1985. It has facilities for teaching in classes XI and XII.
Government High School Lalmatia is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1961. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X.


Loanhead

Loanhead (pop. 6,900) is a small town in Midlothian, Scotland, in a commuter belt to the south of Edinburgh, and close to Roslin, Bonnyrigg and Dalkeith. The town was built on coal and oil shale mining, and the paper industries.
History.
Loanhead was a tiny village by about 1599, when it was included on a map of the Lothians. It was granted a charter allowing a weekly market and annual fair in 1669. Coal was mined profitably in the area for Sir John Clerk of Penicuik by 1685. The Springfield paper mill, in the valley of the River North Esk to the south of the town, commenced in 1742, while Polton mill followed in 1750. By 1754 Loanhead was a medium-sized settlement.
The limestone industry was a source of employment by the late eighteenth century, the works being at Burdiehouse, about a mile to the northwest. The coal industry continued to expand and by 1874 the town was linked to the railway. Shale was mined between Loanhead and Burdiehouse in the late nineteenth century, from 1880 under the Clippens Oil Company of Paisley. By this time the population had expanded to 3,250. The town was granted burgh status in 1884. The North British Railway built a steel lattice girder box viaduct across Bilston Glen in 1892, replacing another which had been designed by Thomas Bouch.
The shale mines closed in 1909 because of incoming water from the Edinburgh waterworks aqueducts. Burdiehouse limeworks ceased in 1912, although limestone was mined in the area until 1960. The Polton paper mill closed in 1955.
Coal mining continued, with the large Bilston Glen pit being sunk between 1952 and 1961. It was closed in 1989, and the site cleared. Bilston Glen Colliery at one stage produced 1,000,000 tons of coal per annum, and employed 2,300 men. The coal workings stretched from Rosewell to Dalkeith. All coal working ceased following the violent strikes of 1984-1985, when Margaret Thatcher was Prime Minister. The site is now used as an industrial estate.
Governance.
Loanhead is administered by Midlothian Council, and following recent boundary changes lies in the new ward of Midlothian West, served by three Midlothian Councillors. At a local level, the Community Council provides a forum at which local views can be aired.
Economy and commerce.
Straiton Retail Park includes one of only two IKEA stores in Scotland. Proposals have been made for Straiton to be further developed with new facilities including an 8,000 capacity events arena serving Edinburgh. Two hotels are included in the proposals.
The main street, Clerk Street, is busy with traffic and local shoppers. Large supermarkets such as Sainsbury's and Costco are in proximity.
A large, modern industrial estate with around 100 different concerns provides a wide range of jobs for local residents. Businesses include: MacSweens haggis factory, and Police Scotland's Communications Centre (The Force Communications Centre, or FCC) where all radio traffic and emergency calls are handled. The Pentlands industrial estate was opened in the 1970s, and a number of retail and other businesses trade from the periphery of the town. These were from the likes of Greggs to the more industrial companies focusing on welding and steel fabrication.
Culture, recreation and leisure.
Loanhead has an annual gala day, also known as "Children's Day". A book to commemorate the 100th Anniversary was published in 2003. Since 2001, an annual weekend music festival, Loanhead Music Festival, has been staged. This increasingly popular event attracts a wide range of mainly acoustic musicians to the town each June, and features around eight venues. As an offshoot from the Festival, Loanhead Guitar Club meets on Wednesday evenings to provide informal tuition and practice opportunities in guitar and other instruments for over 18's.
The Loanhead Miners Club continues to be a major social and community hub for the town, and wide variety of events are run from there. Loanhead Guitar Club meets on Wednesday evenings to provide informal tuition and practice opportunities for over 18's.
Several community groups run a variety of clubs including five a side football and Girl Guides.
A small green square in the centre of the town features a memorial to miners killed in the town's coal mines, and large and popular bronze sculpture known as the Coghorn, by Andrew Burton. A small cat originally featured on the tip of the horn, but this was removed by vandals, and is yet to be replaced. A local Palladian mansion, Mavisbank House, built in 1723 but derelict for many years, featured on the BBC television series "Restoration" in 2004.
Education and healthcare.
The town has three primary schools - Paradykes, St. Margaret's (Catholic) and Loanhead Primary.
A new joint campus for St. Margaret's and Loanhead Primary was completed and opened in March 2008. The two schools are on the same site but separate allowing the separation of Roman Catholic and secular education but children are able to mix in a range of activities.
Paradykes incorporates a Family Learning Centre and is part of the Loanhead Centre, providing school/wrap around care, a library, medical centre, early years’ provision and leisure facilities. Opened in October 2018 by Deputy First Minister of Scotland and the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills, John Swinney .
Transport.
A new park and ride facility, provides bus service into Edinburgh City Centre, opened in 2009. Loanhead is under a mile from the A720 city by-pass.
Twin towns.
The town is twinned with Harnes in northern France, which also has a strong mining tradition. The town was formerly twinned with Dalum in Denmark, just south of Odense, on the island of Funen. In the 1960s, several exchange visits between the two towns took place, but the twinning formally ceased as a consequence of Dalum being absorbed by the much larger Odense.


Dai Evans

David "Dai" Evans (1872 – 29 January 1912) was a Welsh international rugby union forward who played club rugby for Penygraig and international rugby for Wales.
Evans was born in Maenclochog, Pembrokeshire, but came to the Rhondda Valley to find work. A policeman by profession, Evans was one of the first 'Rhondda forwards', an aggressive style of forward player who was expected to play a more physical style game.
Rugby career.
Evans first came to note as a rugby player when he was selected to face Scotland as part of the 1896 Home Nations Championship. Originally a collier, Evans became a police officer in 1892 and his size and strength typified the style of forward player the Welsh selectors turned to in the late 19th century. The previous game, the Championship opener against England, saw the first 'Rhondda forward' when Sam Ramsey of Treorchy was selected. Evans played club rugby for neighbouring team Penygraig, and was the first international cap for the club.
Evans was one of five new caps to be brought into the pack for the 1896 game against Scotland, after Wales had suffered a heavy defeat away to England. Wales beat Scotland 6-0, and Evans was reselected to face Ireland for the last game of the tournament. Played at Lansdowne Road, the new Welsh forward play was no match for the Irish kick-and-rush tactics which saw Ireland win 4-8. Despite the defeat, Evans was back for the only match of the 1897 Championship, in a tournament disrupted by Wales leaving the International Rugby Board due to The Gould Affair. The one game Wales played was against England, and Evans played in a pack with Rhondda players Dick Hellings and Jack Rhapps. The game ended with the largest win for Wales over England.
When Wales were accepted back into the International Rugby Board in 1898, Evans found his place in the Welsh team taken by Joseph Booth; but he was reinstated for his last appearance in the final match of the tournament against England. Evans' reintroduction by the selectors was seen by the English press as an attempt to intimidate the England team. Whether this was intentional or not, the result ended in an English victory, and the end of Evans' international career, being replaced by Jere Blake the next season. He died in 1912, at the age of 39 from tuberculosis.
International matches played.
Wales


Vermilion Lake Gold Rush

The Vermilion Lake Gold Rush was a small gold rush to Lake Vermilion, Minnesota, when prospectors found small specks of gold in quartz stone in 1865. It was not profitable to try to process this, so the rush ended in 1866, and the prospectors mostly abandoned their land by 1867. Nonetheless, prospectors returned, spreading word of all the iron that they found, leading to the development of the Minnesotan iron ranges twenty years later.
References.
Minnesota Mining History:


Mather Mine disaster

The Mather Mine disaster refers to the events surrounding an explosion that occurred in the Mather Mine on May 19, 1928 at 4:07 PM in Mather, Pennsylvania. A report released by the United States Bureau of Mines states that a total of 195 men were killed in the catastrophe, of which two died in hospitals after being discovered by rescue crews and volunteers. The Mather Mine disaster ranks as the seventh worst mining disaster in U.S. history and the second worst in Pennsylvania history.
Mather mine.
The Mather Mine was a shaft mine owned and operated by Pickands-Mather and Company from 1917 to 1965. Prior to the disaster the mine employed approximately 750 miners working an average of 300 days per year and had an output of approximately 1,000,000 tons of coking coal per year. Officials had described the working conditions of the mine as normal with no prior accidents having been reported.
Events.
The explosion occurred as the mine was transitioning from day shift to night shift. Most of the day shift workers had already exited the mine, while most of the night shift workers had just reached their work areas in the northwest section. The assistant to the mine boss, Tom Callaghan, was among a group of sixteen men who had worked together to erect a cloth brattice approximately 500 ft from the flame zone. Within a few minutes of the explosion, Callaghan had managed to telephone the mine house on the surface.
In the early hours of the crises that ensued, volunteers from nearby coal mines in Greene, Fayette, and Washington counties rushed to Mather to provide aid, as did trained rescue crews from the U.S. Department of Mines in Pittsburgh. It was quickly discovered, however, that the extent of the devastation was far-reaching, and many in the small mining community began to lose hope when it was reported on the night of May 20 that the bodies of Callaghan and his men had been brought to the surface.
Aftermath.
Subsequent investigations as well as reports from survivors suggest that the incident was the result of a methane gas and dust explosion that was triggered by an arc from a battery-powered locomotive being operated in the affected area. A total of 279 men were estimated to have been underground at the time, 209 of whom were in the affected area when the gas-dust mixture ignited. Of those 209, 193 died in the explosion or were suffocated by afterdamp, 2 died in hospitals after being rescued, and 14 escaped to safety.


Elbistan coalfield

Elbistan coalfield, also known as Afşin Elbistan Lignite Reserve, is a large lignite coalfield located in the south-east of Turkey in Kahramanmaraş Province. Elbistan is the field with the most coal in Turkey. Kışlaköy coal mine now mines the field. 200 million tons of CO2 were emitted by burning lignite from this field before 2016, and 2.4 billion tons could be emitted in future. The lignite is high in sulfur and moisture, and only has 1,000 to 1,500 kcal/kg, or less than 5 MJ/kg, which is a quarter of typical thermal coal. The coalfield supplies the Afşin-Elbistan power stations.


Thomas Burt

Thomas Burt PC (12 November 1837 – 12 April 1922) was a British trade unionist and one of the first working-class Members of Parliament.
Career.
Burt became secretary of the Northumberland Miners' Association in 1863, then, in 1874, was returned to parliament for Morpeth, alongside Alexander MacDonald, a fellow miners' leader. Burt stood as a Radical labour candidate with Liberal support and formed part of a small group of Liberal–Labour politicians in the House of Commons in the 1880s and 1890s. After the 1892 General Election, William Ewart Gladstone appointed Burt as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, in which capacity he served until 1895.
Despite the emergence of the Independent Labour Party and the Labour Representation Committee, Burt remained loyal to his backers in the Liberal Party and refused to join. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1906 and continued to represent Morpeth in Parliament until 1918. From 1910 to 1918 he was Father of the House in the House of Commons.
Burt resigned as general secretary of the Northumberland Miners' Association in 1913.
Personal life.
Thomas Burt was born at Murton Row, near Backworth, in the county of Northumberland, on 12 November 1837. His father, Peter Burt, was at this time working as a coal hewer for the Backworth Coal Company. At the age of 10 Burt's working life began as a trapper boy at the Haswell Pit. With only approximately two years schooling and at the age of 17 Burt decided "how utterly ignorant I was and when I was seized with an eager desire for knowledge and mental improvement". In 1860 Burt married Mary Weatherburn and in the 1881 census they were listed as having three daughters and three sons; Rebecca aged 20, Mary aged 13, Thomas aged 11, Peter aged 8, Jane aged 6 and Wilfred aged 1. Poor health led to Burt's retirement from politics in 1918. During the final three years of his life he was bed-ridden. Burt died on 12 April 1922, aged 84 and was buried in Jesmond Cemetery which was in the neighbourhood of his residence in Newcastle upon Tyne. On 12 April 2014 a re-dedication of the Thomas Burt Memorial took place in Jesmond Cemetery.
Politics.
Formation of the Northumberland Miners' Mutual Confident Association which became the Northumberland Miners' Association.
In 1865 Burt was elected executive secretary of the Northumberland Miner's Mutual Confident Association. Continuing as General Secretary of the association for the next fifty years.
Burt was guest speaker at the 2nd Durham Miners' Gala and attended as a guest speaker on a regular basis in subsequent years.
A march for universal manhood suffrage was held in Newcastle on 12 April 1873,: an estimated 80,000 union members marched through Newcastle to the Town Moor, here speakers included Burt.
Burt stood on a Radical reform platform, he believed that the franchise should be extended and this would lead to the election of reform-minded MPs. He called for universal suffrage, which would include women, reapportionment of districts to provide roughly the same number of voters in each constituency, shorter duration of each Parliament and payment of MPs.
In 1874 Burt was elected as Member of Parliament for the Borough of Morpeth in Northumberland. He received 3,332 votes whilst his opponent Capt. F. Duncan received 585.
Burt gave his maiden speech on 13 May 1874 in support of G.O. Trevelyan's private member's bill to 'equalize franchise requirements by extending the borough franchise to the counties. In his speech which was to last fifteen minutes he declared 'that the unfairness of the present law was evident to the miners of Northumberland. Of workers at the same colliery, miners residing in the borough could cast a ballot, while those living in the county could not. Also, because miners often moved from one colliery to another, they could easily lose the vote previously enjoyed'. Unfortunately on this occasion the bill was defeated.
After his election as M.P. Burt was to split his time between London and his duties as representative for the Borough of Morpeth and Newcastle and his union role. He made sure he was in attendance for every important union meeting. In October 1874 the mine owners called for a twenty percent reduction of wages, the union put forward a reduction of eight percent. After arbitration the two sides settled on a wage reduction of fourteen percent.
In 1906 Burt was made a Privy Councillor.
He lost the formal support of his own Union, in 1909, because he would not join the Labour Party.
Legacy.
On 12 November 1987 on the 150th anniversary of his birth, Dr Eric Wade of the Open University gave the memorial address 'Thomas Burt: His Life and Ideas'.
The Stephenson Railway Museum located near Murton Row, where Burt was born, has a steam train which the named 'Thomas Burt' in his honour.
The aged miners' homes at Choppington, under construction at the time of Burt's death were named the Burt Memorial Homes.
The Northumberland Miners' Association named their Trade Union Offices building Burt Hall. The building - in Northumberland Road, Newcastle upon Tyne and now used by Northumbria University - was opened in 1895 and bears a plaque stating the hall 'was built by the miners' in recognition of valuable service rendered by Thomas Burt M.P. as general secretary for 27 years, and to commemorate his appointment as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade in 1892.' A block of flats in Bethnal Green, East London, is named after Thomas Burt.


Western Coal Field

The West Kentucky Coal Field comprises an area in the west-central and northwestern part of the state, bounded by the Dripping Springs Escarpment and the Pennyroyal Plateau and the Ohio River, but is part of the Illinois Basin that extends into Indiana and Illinois. It is characterized by Pennsylvanian age sandstones, shales and coal. Nearly all of the counties in the area are part of the television market known as the Kentucky–Illinois–Indiana tri-state area.
Included areas.
The Western Coal Field region of Kentucky includes all of the following counties:
Additionally, the region includes parts of the following counties, mostly in the Clifty Area, which does not contain coal:
The term Western Coalfield (or Western Coal Field) is used to define the region with Pennsylvanian-age strata, largely sandstone and shale, in contrast to the Mississippian-age limestone of the adjoining and older Pennyroyal region. A transitional zone, generally defined as being part of the coalfield, is the Clifty Area, where there is no coal but some sandstone is bituminous, and has commercial value as paving material and potentially as tar sands for liquid refining.
The biggest concentration of surface mines in this region has historically been in Hopkins, Muhlenberg, and Ohio counties. All three counties still contain a very large amount of coal and have active mining, surface and underground, operations taking place. The use of power shovels and draglines were very common in these counties where the coal would lay as close as 60–80 feet from the surface. This is a region that was considered to be the largest producer of coal in the world from the 1960s through part of the '80s until it dramatically dropped in the early '90s after the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The largest mining company founded during the 30-year span of prosperity became Peabody Coal Company (Peabody Energy), whose corporate offices were located in the region in Henderson, Ky., at the time. A combination of economic shifts and industry contributed to a decline in coal production starting in the early 1970s. Western Kentucky coal production has risen since 2004, partly because coal-fired power plants have been reconfigured to meet Clean Air Act requirements, making it easier for them to burn and the region's higher-sulfur coal. In 2012 Western Kentucky coal production exceeded Eastern Kentucky production for the first time since 1960, because of the decline of the industry in the Central Appalachian Basin. In 2003 Armstrong Coal Company leased a large chunk of property in the region from Peabody to recover the coal.


Oliver Iron Mining Company

The Oliver Iron Mining Company was a mining company operating in Minnesota, United States. It was one of the most prominent companies in the early decades of mining on the Mesabi Range. As a division of U.S. Steel, Oliver dwarfed its competitors—in 1920, it operated 128 mines across the region, while its largest competitor operated only 65.
After the Merritt brothers began shipping iron ore from their Mountain Iron Mine in 1892, Henry W. Oliver, a Pittsburgh businessman, traveled to the Iron Range to consider investing in the fledgling industry. Impressed by what he saw, Oliver offered to purchase one of the ore deposits for $75,000 and 65 cents per ton of ore mined. The Merritts sold Oliver the deposit, and Oliver Iron Mining Company was born.
Many early mines on the Mesabi were controlled by East Coast financiers. John D. Rockefeller bought the Merritt brothers' holdings in February 1894. That April, Andrew Carnegie loaned Oliver $500,000 for half of Oliver's stock so he could compete with Rockefeller. Since Carnegie owned steel mills but Rockefeller didn't, Rockefeller had virtually no other options than to sell his ore to Carnegie. As a result, the three men reached a compromise in 1896: Oliver would mine the ore, Rockefeller's railroad system would transport the product, and Carnegie would transform it into steel. This agreement was finalized in 1901, and U.S. Steel (USS) was incorporated as the largest corporation in the world.
Oliver mines were originally clustered on the eastern end of the Mesabi. In 1900, however, investors Chester Adgate Congdon and Guilford G. Hartley acquired mineral leases on the western end of the Range near the town of Nashwauk. The ore in this area was sandier than the ore mined on the eastern end, so it needed processing in order to be used in a steel mill. This processing is called concentration because ore is concentrated into a higher-grade product. Because of the high costs associated with processing, the businessmen approached Oliver Iron Mining Company with an investment opportunity. In 1904, Oliver invested $10 million in a concentration plant that would serve this area, which the corporation referred to as the "Canisteo District". The plant, called the Trout Lake Concentrator, transformed the region, helping existing towns like Bovey and Calumet grow. In addition, the towns of Coleraine, Marble, and Taconite were directly built by Oliver to house workers in the newly developing region.
In 1907, miners organized themselves into labor unions because they felt that mining companies—including Oliver—weren't treating them fairly. A majority did not speak English and were therefore vulnerable to exploitation. When Oliver didn't respond to a list of union demands presented that July, nearly 16,000 miners launched the 1907 Mesabi Range strike. To continue operations, Oliver brought in new workers directly from Europe. When production recovered as a result, the strike collapsed and many miners returned to work—although some were blacklisted by the mining companies and never worked in a mine again. Nine years later miners protested once again with the 1916 Mesabi Range strike. This time, Oliver hired armed guards, and in June, a dispute between strikers and guards broke out in Virginia, Minnesota. A picketer, John Alar, was killed and subsequently became a martyr for the cause. As the strike continued into late July, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn—a well-known American labor organizer—spoke to strikers and encouraged them to persevere, but many soon returned to work in August, effectively ending the strike.
As natural ore reserves diminished due to increased production for the World War I effort, Oliver turned to ore that required more processing than the rich ore that he originally purchased from the Merritt brothers. While the Trout Lake Concentrator was still in operation in the Canisteo District, Oliver built the Pilotac and Extaca plants near the city of Virginia. Pilotac was built to research methods for concentrating taconite ore, and Extaca was built to agglomerate, or combine, taconite concentrate into a high-iron product that could be used in steel mills.
Millions of dollars were invested in taconite plants throughout the Iron Range, and taconite became the chief rock mined in the region. As the Iron Range transitioned to taconite mining, United States Steel dropped the Oliver name in place of Minnesota Ore Operations.


Emmet D. Boyle

Emmet Derby Boyle (July 26, 1879 – January 3, 1926) was an American politician. He was the 13th Governor of Nevada. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
Biography.
Boyle was born on July 26, 1879 in Gold Hill, Nevada, making him the first governor of Nevada to be born in the state. He was a mining engineer, and was the Governor of Nevada from 1915 to 1923. He also served as president of the Reno Chamber of Commerce.
As governor, he gained prominence for his opposition to boxing. In 1918, he refused to allow Fred Fulton and Jess Willard to fight in the state.
After retiring as governor, he served as publisher of the Nevada State Journal.
Boyle died on January 3, 1926 in Reno, Nevada, at the age of 46.


Kholzunskoye mine

The Kholzunskoye mine is a large iron mine located in southern Russia in the Altai Republic. Kholzunskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 680 million tonnes of ore grading 30% iron metal.


Sorsk mine

The Sorsk mine is one of the largest molybdenum mines in Russia. The mine is located near Abakan in south Russia in Khakassia. The Sorsk mine has reserves amounting to 140.3 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.05% molybdenum thus resulting 70,000 tonnes of molybdenum.


Government Polytechnic Bhaga

Government Polytechnic Bhaga, also known as Bhaga Mining and BIT, is a college of mining engineering and computer engineering in Motinagar, India.
Established in 1905, BIT is considered the oldest college of mining engineering in Asia .
About College.
Although the college was founded in 1887 and the studies of mining started, the institution was formally established in 1905.


Mua mine

The Mua mine is a large iron mine located in central Portugal in the Bragança District. Mua represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Portugal and in the world having estimated reserves of 2.56 billion tonnes of ore grading 37% iron metal.


Yichun mine

The Yichun mine is a large mine located in the southern part of China in Jiangxi. Yichun represents one of the largest tantalum reserves in China having estimated reserves of 34 million tonnes of ore grading 0.02% tantalum.