Cloudworks Energy

Cloudworks Energy Inc. was a private, Vancouver-based run-of-river hydro developer formed in 1999. The firm's principals developed the 33MW Miller Creek run-of-river project (subsequently sold to Capital Power Corporation) and the 49.9MW Rutherford Creek project (subsequently sold to Innergex Renewable Energy). In 2011 Innergex Renewable Energy acquired Cloudworks Energy Inc.
Key Personnel.
Cloudworks described its management as "an experienced team with decades of experience in run of river development."
Power Projects.
With 145MW of operational projects, Cloudworks was one of British Columbia's leading independent hydro power producers before its acquisition by Innergex Renewable Energy. The firm was awarded multiple Power Purchase Agreements in both BC Hydro's 2006 and 2008 power calls, which provided opportunities for future growth in its home province.
Operational Projects.
Kwalsa Energy (90MW, 384GWH/YR).
British Columbia's Environmental Assessment office certified this project in September 2006 and BC Hydro awarded it a power purchase agreement in that year's Open Call for Power. The overall Kwalsa Energy project is composed of four separate facilities on the following creeks: Douglas, Fire, Stokke and Tipella at Harrison Lake. It is also reported the project has a total of six 30MW plants, each with 2 x 15MW vertical pelton units.
Estimated capital costs of $263m were partially offset by the Government of Canada's $10/MWh ecoENERGY production credit, which will contribute up to $35m over 10 years. Cloudworks signed a development agreement with the Douglas First Nation, which had been reliant upon diesel generators until this project became operational in late-2009.
Upper Stave Energy (55MW, 264GWH/YR).
Like Kwalsa Energy, this project received a Power Purchase Agreement from BC Hydro in the 2006 Open Call for Power and its revenues are supplemented by the ecoENERGY production credit. Its facilities are located on the Upper Stave River and Lamont Creek.
Projects with Power Purchase Agreements.
Cloudworks Energy was one of the most successful bidders in BC Hydro's 2008 Call for Power, receiving three Power Purchase Agreements.
Northwest Stave River (18MW, 44GWH/YR).
Cloudworks expects construction to begin in Spring 2011 and for the project to be operational in Fall 2013.
Big Silver/Shovel Creek (37MW, 110GWH/YR).
Cloudworks expects construction to begin in Spring 2013 and the facility to be operational in Fall 2016.
Tretheway Creek (21MW, 56GWH/YR).
Cloudworks expects construction to begin in Spring 2013 and the facility to be operational in Fall 2016.
Development Projects.
Statlu Creek (9MW).
As of October 2010, Cloudwoks had no plans to begin construction on this project, which is to be located on the site of an 80-year-old traditional hydro dam near Chehalis, between Harrison and Stave Lake.
Campbell River Projects.
In the 2008 Call for Power, Cloudworks submitted proposals for two projects located near Campbell River. Neither of these projects was awarded a Power Purchase Agreement.


Mycle Schneider

Mycle Schneider (pronounce "Michael", /ˈmaɪkəl/) (born 1959 in Cologne) is a Paris-based nuclear energy consultant and anti-nuclear activist. He is the lead author of "The World Nuclear Industry Status Reports". He has advised members of the European Parliament on energy issues for more than twenty years. In 1997 he received the Right Livelihood Award.
Biography.
Mycle Schneider is an energy consultant, nuclear analyst, and anti-nuclear activistwho has been adviser to Green members of the European Parliament on energy issues for more than twenty years. From 1998 to 2003, Schneider was an adviser on energy policy to the French environment minister's office and the Belgian minister for energy and sustainable development. Since 2000, he has been a consultant on nuclear issues to the German environment ministry.
Schneider is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, and the nuclear non-proliferation group Independent Group of Scientific Experts (IGSE), which is based at Hamburg University. From 2004 to 2009, he has overseen the Environment and Energy Strategies lecture series for the Environmental and Energy Engineering Program at the French Ecole des Mines in Nantes.
Mycle Schneider founded the "citizen's science" group WISE-Paris in 1983 and directed it until 2003.
Awards.
In 1997, along with Jinzaburo Takagi, Schneider received the Right Livelihood Award "... for serving to alert the world to the unparalleled dangers of plutonium to human life."
Publications.
Schneider writes numerous publications on safety, proliferation and economic trends of the nuclear industry. He is co-editor of the 2009 book "International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power". His World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 was published by the German government. Schneider and Antony Froggatt wrote the "Systems for Change" report for the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2010. Also in 2010, Schneider wrote a chapter in the book "Nuclear Power’s Global Expansion: Weighing Its Costs and Risks". He has commented extensively on the implications of the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents.


Concord Electric Company


Gexa Energy

Gexa Energy, headquartered in Houston, Texas, is a retail electricity provider which sells electricity service to residential and commercial customers in all deregulated markets in Texas.
The company is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources. Based in Juno Beach, Florida, NextEra Energy Resources is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy, Inc.
Overview.
The Public Utility Commission of Texas approved Gexa Energy as a retail electric provider in 2001.
Gexa Energy entered the Texas deregulated electricity market in 2002. The company services residential and commercial customers in Houston, Dallas, Fort Worth, Corpus Christi, Midland, Harlingen, Odessa, Lubbock, Waco and all Texas markets where electricity service has been deregulated. Gexa Energy was acquired by NextEra Energy, Inc. formerly FPL Group, in 2005. Gexa operates as a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources. NextEra markets under the NextEra Energy Services brand in Delaware, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia.
Gexa Energy has an A+ rating with the Better Business Bureau and has won the Winner of Distinction Award for Excellence 8 times in a row since 2011. Gexa was also named the winner of the 2019 Pinnacle award. In August 2019, Gexa Energy announced that all of its residential plans will be powered by 100% renewable energy at no additional cost to customers.


CIS Tower

The CIS Tower is an office skyscraper on Miller Street in Manchester, England. It was completed in 1962 and rises to 387 feet (118 m) in height. The Grade II listed building, which houses the Co-operative Banking Group, is Manchester's eighth-tallest building and the tallest office building in the United Kingdom outside London. The tower remained as built for over 40 years until maintenance issues on the service tower required an extensive renovation which included covering its facade in photovoltaic panels.
Background.
The tower was designed as a prestige headquarters to showcase the Co-operative movement in Manchester. In 1958, the company proposed building an office tower block, construction began the following year and it was completed in 1962.
It was designed by Gordon Tait of Burnett, Tait & Partners and Co-operative's own architect, G. S. Hay. In the 1990s, it was granted Grade II listed building status by English Heritage. The tower, described as "the best of the Manchester 1960s office blocks", was listed for its "discipline and consistency". It is part of a group with New Century House and its Conference Hall on Corporation Street. The tower's design was influenced by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill's Inland Steel Building in Chicago after a visit by the architects in 1958.
In 1962, at 387 feet, the CIS Tower overtook the Shell Centre as the tallest building in the United Kingdom, a title it retained for a year until it was replaced by the Millbank Tower in London. In 2006, the Beetham Tower became the tallest building in Manchester.
Architecture.
The office tower building rises above a five-storey podium block. It has a steel frame and glass curtain walls with metal window frames. Black vitreous enamel panels demarcate the floor levels. The building materials, glass, enamelled steel and aluminium, were chosen so that the building could remain clean in the polluted Manchester atmosphere. The tower's concrete service shaft, which rises above the office tower, has two bands of vents at the top and was clad in a mosaic made up of 14 million centimetre-square, grey tesserae designed to shimmer and sparkle. The projecting reinforced concrete service shaft houses lifts and emergency stairs.
The ground floor is set back behind six pillars. A green bronze-like, abstract mural sculpted by William George Mitchell made from fibreglass covers the entrance hall's rear wall. The building has 700,000 square feet of floor area with clear open spaces on the office floors. Interiors were designed by Misha Black of the Design Research Unit. The executive areas are delineated by the use of teak and cherry wood veneers.
Renovation.
Within six months of construction some of the mosaic tiles on the service tower became detached owing to cement failure and lack of expansion joints in the concrete. Although the tower was granted listed building status in 1995, falling tiles were an ongoing problem. English Heritage had to be consulted as alterations could change the building's appearance.
In 2004 CIS consulted Solarcentury with a view to replacing the deteriorating mosaic with 575.5 kW of blue building-integrated photovoltaic (PV) cells which would generate approximately 180,000 kWh (average of 20 kW) of electricity per year. The work was completed by Arup and at that time was the largest commercial solar façade in Europe. The PV cells made by Sharp Electronics began feeding electricity to the National Grid in November 2005. The project, which cost £5.5 million, was partly funded by the Northwest Regional Development Agency which granted £885,000 and the Energy Savings Trust at the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) contributed £175,000. The solar power project was chosen by the DTI as one of the "10 best green energy projects" of 2005. Out of sight on the roof are 24 wind turbines generating 10% of the tower's electricity.


FNET

FNET (Frequency monitoring Network; a.k.a. FNET/GridEye, GridEye) is a wide-area power system frequency measurement system. Using a type of phasor measurement unit (PMU) known as a frequency disturbance recorder (FDR), FNET/GridEye is able to measure the power system frequency, voltage, and angle very accurately. These measurements can then be used to study various power system phenomena, and may play an important role in the development of future smart grid technologies. The FNET/GridEye system is currently operated by the Power Information Technology Laboratory at the University of Tennessee (UTK) in Knoxville, Tennessee, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
History.
A phasor measurement unit is an important tool that is used to monitor and study electric power systems. The first PMUs were developed at Virginia Tech in the late 1980s. These devices measure the voltage, frequency and phase angle at buses within the power system. By utilizing the Global Positioning System, a PMU can provide a timestamp for each measurement. This allows measurements taken from different PMUs to be accurately compared.
A PMU is typically installed at an electrical substation. This process can be quite expensive and time-consuming, costing tens of thousands of dollars per device and requiring several months of effort. The high cost of installing PMUs has limited their use in the electric power industry.
In 2000, researchers led by Virginia Tech faculty member Yilu Liu began the development of a low-cost phasor measurement network that could be installed at the low-voltage distribution level of the power grid. Researchers at Virginia Tech received a NSF MRI grant from the National Science Foundation to develop the system, which became known as FNET. The first frequency disturbance recorder was developed in 2003 with support from TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) and ABB. The FNET system went online in 2004.
Since 2010, in partnership with the Department of Energy (DOE), FNET/GridEye has been developed into a wide-area grid monitoring network that covers the three major North American power grids and 16 of the largest grids around the world.
Frequency disturbance recorder.
The frequency disturbance recorder, or FDR, is a GPS-synchronized single-phase PMU that is installed at ordinary 120 V outlets. Because the voltages involved are much lower than those of a typical three-phase PMU, the device is relatively inexpensive and simple to install.
The FDR works by rapidly sampling (1,440 times per second) a scaled-down version of the outlet’s voltage signal using an analog-to-digital converter. These samples are then processed via an onboard digital signal processor, which computes the instantaneous phase angle of the voltage signal for each sample. The device then computes the voltage angle, frequency and voltage magnitude at 100 ms intervals. Each measurement is time stamped using the information provided by the GPS system and then transmitted to the FNET/GridEye server for processing and storage. The frequency measurements obtained from the FDR are accurate to within ± 0.0005 Hz and angle accuracy could reach 0.02 degree.
An FDR requires only a power outlet, Ethernet port and a view of the sky (for the GPS antenna). Thus, FDRs can be installed virtually anywhere, including substations, offices, and even private residences.
System architecture.
Currently, FNET/GridEye collects data from over 300 FDRs, most of which are installed in the North American power grid. About 70 of these units are located in 30 of the other largest grids around the world.
The FDRs transmit their measurements over the Internet to phasor data concentrators (PDCs) located at the University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Lab. These PDCs collect more than 4 GB of phasor data per day. The PDCs also forward data to an application server that performs near-real-time analysis of the data. Examples of the analysis applications are given below.
Applications.
A variety of applications have been developed using the FNET/GridEye platform. Some operate in near-real-time, while others are used for offline analysis.
Event detection and location.
The sudden addition or removal of large amounts of load or generation in a power system leads to changes in frequency. For example, a generator trip causes a decline in frequency, whereas load shedding results in an increase in frequency. The change in frequency is proportional to the size of the tripped generator or the amount of load shed. These changes propagate in both space and time throughout the grid. Since the geographical location of each FDR is known, as is the time of each measurement, it is possible to estimate both the size and location of these events.
Visualization.
The FDR data can be used to "replay" power system events through intuitive animations. Both frequency and angle data can be used for this purpose.
Oscillation detection.
Power system oscillations can occur as the result of generator trips, load shedding or faults, though some have no obvious cause. Such oscillations are usually not harmful, provided they are quickly and sufficiently damped. FNET/GridEye uses both the phase angle and frequency data to detect oscillations and provide real-time alerts.
Inter-area oscillation modal analysis.
Once an oscillation has been detected, the system can perform modal analysis using the multichannel matrix pencil technique. This analysis reveals the dominant oscillation modes and shows which parts of the power grid tend to oscillate together. Recent studies showed some time-frequency analysis methods are useful for multi-channel mode analysis, such as multivariate empirical mode decomposition methods.
On-line trip detection.
Line trip is one of the general disturbances in the power system. The outage of transmission lines affects the frequency and voltage stabilities of the system. By utilizing the measurement data in FNET system, the line trip events can be detected correctly and efficiently. The current project primarily focuses on the design of a professional line trip adaptor to realize the online line trip detection and to provide automatic alert notification for the clients.
Off grid/islanding detection.
Based on the measurement data acquired by the FDRs deployed in the North American power grids, an islanding detection method is proposed and implemented. This method monitors the critical electrical loads and detects the transition of these loads from an on-grid operation to an islanding operation and also the transition from islanding back to on-grid operation.


Welspun Energy

Welspun Energy Ltd (WEL) is an independent power company based in New Delhi, India. It is a subsidiary of Welspun Group. In addition to the coal-based power projects, WEL is the biggest developer of solar projects in India.
Significant Investments.
In June 2014, Asian Development Bank made a US$50 million equity investment into Welspun Renewables, the largest direct equity investment in the renewable energy sector by ADB.
Welspun Renewables is registered with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) under the Clean Development Mechanism program of activities.
Sale of Welspun Renewables and coal-fired power plants.
On 12 June 2016, Tata Power announced that it had signed an agreement with Welspun Energy to acquire Welspun Renewables Energy Pvt. Ltd, the latter's subsidiary in the renewable energy industry. The Rs 9,249 crore ($1.4 billion) acquisition will give Tata control of Welspun's 1.14 GW of renewable energy capacity. The deal is the largest solar acquisition in Asia. It was completed on 14 September 2016.
Adani Power entered into agreement with Welspun Energy in October 2015 to buy two ready-to-build coal-fired power plants for Rs. 400 Crore. The plants were a proposed 1,320 MW plant in Mirzapur and another in Madhya Pradesh. In December 2016, the National Green Tribunal withdrew environmental clearance for the Mirzapur plant, making it unlikely that it will be built.
Power Projects Commissioned.
In March 2013, the company commissioned the 50-MW Phalodi solar plant, which that time was the largest solar plant in India. In December 2013 the company commissioned an 8-MW solar project in Karnataka. In February 2014, it inaugurated the 151-MW Neemuch solar project in Madhya Pradesh, which is the India's largest and among the world largest solar-power plants. In April 2014, GE Energy Financial Services invested US$24 million in this project. This was also GE's first investment into a renewable energy project in India. In May 2014, the company commissioned a 19 MW solar power project in Chitradurga district of Karnataka. Together with the Maharashtra State Power Generation Company WEL has developed a 50 MW solar power plant at Baramati in Pune district. In August 2015, the company commissioned a 34-MW solar project in Bhatinda district of Punjab. The company aims to develop a total of 550  MW solar capacities in Karnataka, 100 MW in Andhra Pradesh, and 150 MW in Punjab.
Controversy.
Welspun Power proposed the 1320-MW Mirzapur thermal power plant in Uttar Pradesh and 2,000-MW Katni thermal power plant in Madhya Pradesh. Both of these coal plants were suspected of using unofficial methods to obtain their clearances. While the accusation against the Katni Power plant is still in progress, the Environmental Clearance to Mirzapur Thermal Power Plant has been set aside by the National Green Tribunal, New Delhi in December, 2016. The main reasons for setting aside the clearances was due to concealing of certain facts, following questionable procedures for its EIA and unfair conduct of public hearing-terming the process of obtaining the green light as 'tainted' by the courts.


6V6

The 6V6 is a beam-power tetrode vacuum tube. The first of this family of tubes to be introduced was the 6V6G by Ken-Rad Tube & Lamp Corporation in late 1936, with the availability by December of both Ken-Rad and Raytheon 6V6G tubes announced. It is still in use in audio applications, especially electric guitar amplifiers. Following the introduction in July 1936 of the 6L6, the potential of the scaled down version that became the 6V6 was soon realized. The lower-powered 6V6 was better suited for average home use, and became common in the audio output stages of "farmhouse" table-top radios, where power pentodes such as the 6F6 had previously been used. The 6V6 required less heater power and produced less distortion than the 6F6, while yielding higher output in both single-ended and push-pull configurations. Although the 6V6 was originally designed especially for use in automobile radios, the clip-in Loctal base 7C5, from early 1939, or the lower heater current 12V6GT, both with the identical characteristics to the 6V6, but with the smaller T-9 glass envelope, soon became the tubes of choice for many automotive radios manufacturers. Additionally, the 6V6 had applications in portable battery-operated radios.
The data sheet information supplied by the tube manufacturers' design centers, list the typical operation of an audio output stage for a single 6V6 as producing about 5 W of continuous power, and a push-pull pair about 14 W. Amplifier manufacturers soon realized that the tube was capable of being used at ratings above the recommended maximums, and guitar amplifiers with 400 V on the plates of a pair of 6V6GTA claim to produce an output power of 20 W RMS at 5%THD with 40 W Peak Music Power, and with 490 V on the plates, as much as 30 W RMS.
History.
Following the 6V6G, RMA Release #96 – 09 Nov. 1936, sponsored by Ken-Rad Tube & Lamp Corporation, with the ST 14 shouldered glass envelope, the 6V6 was announced with a metal mantel in January 1937 by Hygrade Sylvania Corporation. The RMA Release #125 – 03 Jan.1938, Sponsored by RCA. for the 6V6 tube has led to some confusion as to the origins of the 6V6. The 6V6G but not the 6V6 is in the RCA manual RC-13 from July 1937, but the 6V6 is to be found in the 1937 tube manuals of other manufacturers, such as Raytheon. Tube manufacturers were keen to promote the superiority of the metal tube construction that was introduced on April 1, 1935, and large quantities of the 6V6 tube were produced in the following decade, many as military supply JAN tubes, and the price of the metal and glass versions were held to closely the same retail price level for the first few years of their production. The introduction of the 6V6GT, RMA Release #201 – 10 July 1939, was sponsored by Hytron Corporation. By 1940, the 6V6G production was largely superseded by this smaller "GT" T-9 glass envelope. On April 17, 1942, the War Production Board ordered
radio tube manufacturers to discontinue within seven days the production for civilian use of 349 of the 710 types of radio tubes on the market, amongst these were the 6V6G and 6V6GX. By 1943, we find that the price of the metal version is almost twice that of the GT version, and this proportional difference in price seems to have remained constant, right through to the end of the 1970s. The 6V6GTA – RMA Release #1681 – 2 July 1956, sponsored by Hygrade Sylvania Corporation, has a controlled warm-up period. The various different NOS (new old stock) tubes of the 6V6 family, depending on manufacturer, model, series, strength and condition, will vary enormously in scarcity and therefore usually in price. The metal NOS 6V6 tube, once costing almost twice the price of its now highly valued glass enveloped counterparts, is now considered to be fairly common, and is usually the cheapest NOS tube available, with many current production tubes costing more than its 60 to 80 year older classic predecessor. In the final years of U.S. production, several of the major manufacturers switched to using the so-called "coin" based GT bulb.
Current use.
Now, eighty years after its introduction, and still retaining its original characteristics, the 6V6 has one of the longest active lifetimes of any electronic component, having never been out of production in all this long period of time. Although historically widely used in all manner of electronic goods, many of which are still in service, it is in guitar amplifiers where its use has become archetypal. Not only are there very many existing amplifiers in regular use that rely on the 6V6, with contemporary reproductions of the more iconic models still being made, modern designers are still keen to develop new creations that rely on its use.
Generally speaking, 6V6 tubes are sturdy and can be operated beyond their published specifications (the Soviet made 6P6S, and early Chinese 6V6 versions were not as permissive of exceeding design limits, although current production has improved). Because of this, the 6V6 soon proved itself to be suitable for use in consumer-market musical instrument amplifiers, particularly combo-style guitar amps such as the Gibson GA-40, and the Fender Amplifiers; Champ, Princeton, and Deluxe, some of which drive their 6V6s well in excess of the datasheet specified maximum rating. This ongoing demand encourages Chinese, Slovakian and Russian tube factories not only to keep the 6V6 in production to this day, but to further develop the supply.
The 6V6 Family and equivalents.
6V6G – Glass "Shouldered Tube" ST envelope.
6V6GX – Glass "Shouldered Tube" ST envelope, Ceramic Base.
6V6 – Metal jacketed envelope.
The metal envelope of 6V6 is connected to pin 1 of the base, and was normally used as a ground.
Pin 1 of the other members of the 6V6 family of tubes are usually not internally connected, although some may have the gray RF shield connected.
6V6GT – smaller "Glass Tube" T-9 envelope.
6V6GTA – with a controlled warm-up period.
6V6GTY – a GT with a low loss micanol brown base.
6V6GTX = HY6V6GTX – a GT "Bantam" selected for high gain, with a ceramic base, 15W plate dissipation rating, produced for a limited period around 1941 by Hytron.
5871 – Ruggedized 6V6GT for operation under severe vibrations found in aircraft and similar applications. Radio Valve Co. of Canada Ltd., 1954 : RMA #859A.
5992 – Premium, ruggedized 6V6GT with heater current raised to 600mA. Bendix and GE known manufacturers.
7408 – 6V6GT with additional zero-bias characteristics.
6V6S – A modern production, large plated tube, heater current 500mA, with a higher plate and screen voltage rating. Made by JJ Electronic.
6V6GT(A)(B)-STR – Modern production valve, STR signifying "Special Test Requirement." Claiming to be heavy duty, suitable for high plate voltage.
Military specification 6V6 tubes and their equivalents
American military services contracted tubes from many sources through the U.S. War Department. They used a Joint Army-Navy Nomenclature System (AN System. JAN) Most of these tubes bear the JAN marking as well as a VT number.
VT-107 – Metal 6V6.
6V6Y – Metal, with a low loss micanol brown base.
VT-107A – 6V6GT.
VT-107B – 6V6G.
British Ministry Of Supply valves for the Military & other governmental agencies have a CV number (CV = common valve). Supplied by Mullard & Brimar.
CV509 – 6V6G
CV510 – 6V6
CV511 – 6V6GT & 6V6GTY
The British GPO also used their own VT (Valve - Thermionic) numbering system
VT196 = CV509 = 6V6G – General Post Office (GPO)
Swedish Military supplier Bofors, had tubes made by Standard Radiofabrik (SRF) at the Ulvsunda plant in Stockholm.
5S2D - Premium, ruggedized 6V6GT with triple micas, low loss micanol brown base.
Other tubes cited as being equivalent
6P6S (6П6С in Cyrillic.) Also 6П2 - In the Soviet Union a version of the 6V6GT was produced since the late 1940s which appears to be a close copy of the 1940s Sylvania-issue 6V6GT – initially under its American designation (in both Latin and Cyrillic lettering), but later, the USSR adopted its own system of designations.
6P11S (6П11С in Cyrillic.) = 6П6С-Y2 - Military consignment, ruggedized 6P6S. OTK tested. Higher Voltage ratings.
1515 - Premium version of the 6P6S (6П6С).
6P6P - Chinese version of the 6V6GT made by Shuguang, but now obsolete, different from Shuguang's current production 6V6GT.
3106 – East German production 6V6GT from OSW (Oberspreewerk Berlin, later HF, then WF with 6П6С & 6V6 marking). Open, split-plate design.
6AY5 – East German production 6V6GT
VT227 = 7184 – Cited equivalent, made by Ken-Rad, inadequate documentation, no RMA registration.
WT-210-00-82 – Cited equivalent, inadequate documentation, no RMA registration.
WTT-123 – Cited equivalent, inadequate documentation, no RMA registration.
6V6HD – NOT a 6V6, but relabeled Sovtek 6L6GA / 6P3S.
Similar tubes.
These tubes have very similar characteristics to the 6V6, but differ either in the heater rating, or use a different socket and pin-out
5V6GT – Same as the 6V6GT, but with different heater ratings - 4.7V, 0.6A, controlled 11 sec. warm-up time.
12V6GT – Same as the 6V6GT, but with different heater ratings - 12.6V, 0.225A, suitable for automotive receiver applications.
7C5 – Clip-in Loctal B8G base, T-9 Bulb. Raytheon – 1939 RMA #162. Other version of this tube are 7C5-TV, 2C48, 2C50, N148, CV885
7C5LT = CV886 – Same as the 7C5, except with a small wafer Octalox base 8-pin T-9 Bulb. RCA – 1940 RMA #234.
14C5 – Same as 7C5 but with 12.6V Heater.
6BW6 = CV2136 – British made miniature-tube 12W equivalent of the 6V6, 9-pin base B9A.
6061 – Premium, ruggedized 6BW6. Brimar STC London. 1951 : RMA #965
CV4043 – British made miniature-tube 13.5W equivalent of the 6BW6, 9-pin base B9A.
6AQ5 – slightly lower specifications to the 6V6GT, miniature glass envelope, 7-pin base B7G. Other equivalents of this tube are the CV1862, EL90, 6005, 6095, 6669, 6928, BPM 04, CK-6005, M8249, N7277C5, 6L31
12AQ5 - Same as the 6AQ5, but with different heater ratings.
6P1P (6П1П in Cyrillic.) – 9-pin B9A Noval base Soviet version, not identical characteristics, but very close
6973 – US version, 9 pin Noval base tube, higher plate voltage ratings, intended for high fidelity output applications.
6CM6 – 9 pin Noval base tube, equivalent type primarily intended for vertical deflection amplifiers in television receivers.
12CM6 - Same as the 6CM6, but with different heater ratings.
12AB5 – 9 pin Noval base tube with 12V heater, suitable for automotive receiver applications. Equivalent to the 7061
The pentode EL84/6BQ5 - 9 pin Noval base tube, that although different enough from the 6V6 not to justify rating it as an equivalent, because of its popularity and ready availability, plus having a close enough similarity to make it possible, if bias is altered, adapters have been developed commercially to allow an amplifier designed for 6V6 use, to accept the noval based EL84 tube. Likewise, the inverse adapter is also available.


Minister of Electricity (New Zealand)

The Minister of Electricity was a minister in the government of New Zealand with responsibility for the New Zealand Electricity Department.
History.
The First Labour Government enacted the Electricity Act 1945 which split the hydro-electric branch of the Works Department would be constituted as a separate organisation. Additionally a Minister-in-Charge was to be made responsible for the administration of both the Act and the newly established State Hydro-electric Department. In 1958 the Second Labour Government passed the Electricity Amendment Act which established a dedicated Electricity portfolio as a full cabinet level role, whose minister was responsible for the administration of the Electricity Act and accountability for the New Zealand Electricity Department (superseding the State Hydro-electric Department). In 1978 the Electricity portfolio was abolished and its responsibilities were transferred to the Minister of Energy after the Third National Government passed the Ministry of Energy Act 1977.
List of ministers.
The following ministers held the office of Minister of Electricity.


Sylmar Converter Station

The Sylmar Converter Station is the southern converter station of the Pacific DC Intertie, an electric power transmission line which transmits electricity from the Celilo Converter Station outside The Dalles, Oregon to Sylmar, a neighborhood in the northeastern San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California. The station converts the 500 kV direct current coming from the northern converter station Celilo to alternating current at 60 Hz and 230 kV synchronized with the Los Angeles power grid. The station capacity is 3,100 megawatts. It is jointly owned by two electric utility providers, Southern California Edison and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
History.
Originally mercury-arc valves were used as static inverter valves. The valves were series connected in three six-pulse valve bridges for each pole. The blocking voltage of the valves was 133 kV with a maximum current of 1,800 amperes, for a transmission rate of 1,440 megawatts with a symmetrical voltage of 400 kV against earth.
After the Sylmar earthquake in 1971, the static inverter station in Sylmar was reconstructed due to damage sustained.
In 1982, the power rating of the mercury arc valve rectifiers was raised by various improvements to 1,600 megawatts.
In 1985 two six-pulse valve groups of thyristors were added to increase the voltage to 500 kV per pole for a total differential voltage of 1,000 kV. In 1989 the station was extended on the field east of the highway (called Sylmar East Converter Station), where two new 1,100 ampere, 500 kV 12-pulse thyristor converters were added in parallel with the two existing converters, giving a total transmission power of 3,100 megawatts (3,100 Amperes at +/-500 kV
In 2004, Sylmar East station was upgraded from 1,100 MW to 3,100 MW (rededicated as the Sylmar Converter Station in 2005). The controls and older converters, including the mercury arc valves, were completely replaced (in the same valve hall) by a single pair of 3,100 MW 12-pulse converters built by ABB. The upgrade was made to eliminate the environmental risks of mercury and to reduce the maintenance costs of the obsolete mercury arc valves.


Copel

Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia is a Brazilan electric utility company, the largest company of the State of Paraná, founded on October 26, 1954 with ownership control held by the State of Paraná.
The Company went public in April 1994 on the Brazilian B3 stock market, and in 1997 was the first company of the Brazilian electricity sector to be listed at the New York Stock Exchange. As from June 2002, the brand is also present at the European Economic Community, having been listed at Latibex - the Latin American index of companies of the Madrid Stock Exchange. As of May 7, 2008, Copel's shares were ranked at Level 1 of São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa)'s Corporate Governance. In 2019, Copel announced a plan to divest their natural gas and telecommunications holdings to focus entirely on electricity. In 2020, Copel Telecom was sold to the Bordeaux Fundo de Investimento.
The Company directly serves 3,549,256 consuming units, across 393 cities and 1,114 locations (districts, villages and settlements), located in the State of Paraná. This network consists of 2.8 million homes, 63.8 plants, 295.5 commercial establishments and 341.6 rural properties. The staff is composed of 8,376 employees.


Thomas H. Pigford

Thomas H. Pigford (April 4, 1922 – February 27, 2010) was a professor and the founding chairman of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. The scope of his career in nuclear engineering consisted of reactor design, nuclear safety, fuel cycles, and radioactive waste management. He is credited for having an influential voice in nuclear policy. Pigford was generally well respected by scientists and environmentalists alike because of the expertise he brought to the subject and his objectivity. He was considered a pro-nuclear advocate, but only if done so in a safe way.
Early years.
Pigford graduated magna cum laude from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1943. He served in the Navy during World War II, and was later asked to join the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology while still completing his doctorate. Pigford helped to establish the Nuclear Engineering Department at MIT.
Marriage and family.
Pigford married his first wife Catherine Kennedy Cathey and had two daughters, Cynthia and Julie Pigford. Catherine died in 1992. Two years after the death of his first wife, Pigford married his second wife Elizabeth Hood Weekes in 1994. He had two stepdaughters from his second marriage, Janvrin Deler and Laura Weekes.
Career.
As a chemical engineer, he co-authored the book "Nuclear Chemical Engineering" published in 1958 and 1983 which outlined methods that the government used for harvesting plutonium from reactor fuel to be used in bombs. This text was critical because it was considered to be the first in the field. He won the John Wesley Powell Award for his contribution to the United States Geological Survey.
Three Mile Island accident.
Pigford was appointed to a commission in 1979 to study the Three Mile Island accident in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The commission reported that certain operators lacked proper training which led them to turning off certain safety systems. With these safety systems off, a simple malfunction turned into a larger problem that destroyed the nuclear core. Pigford was very critical of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for their technical errors and the alarmist response. "Every technology imposes a finite degree of risk upon society, both in its routine operation and in the occurrence of accidents. The essential question is the trade-off between the risks and the benefits. The commission neither received any evidence nor reached any conclusions that the risks of nuclear power outweigh its benefits."
Chernobyl disaster.
Seven years after the Three Mile Island incident, a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine exploded and spewed a cloud of radioactive material across Europe. Pigford was appointed by the secretary of energy to a committee for evaluating the safety implementations of a similar reactor in Hanford, Washington. Pigford concluded that the plant, which was being used to make plutonium for nuclear bombs, was less safe than the American commercial nuclear reactors. He rejected safety measures proposed by the department, claiming that they would be no help at all. Immediately after this revelation, the department closed the reactor.
Proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository.
Pigford served on the EPA panel in the mid-1990s to help advise the agency on what standards should be put in place for the proposed Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository in Nevada. The EPA eventually decided that the government should have the power to assume how to use the land in the area in future millenniums. Pigford was critical of the EPA for permitting higher levels of radiation contamination in the water supply for farmers because of their assumption that the land would only be used by subsistence farmers, "They end up with such a less stringent result that cannot be defended. That’s bad for the project; it’s bad for the country."
Death.
In 2001, Pigford was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and was treated for nine years. He died from complications of the disease on February 27, 2010 at his home in Oakland, California.


William Grylls Adams

William Grylls Adams (18 February 1836 in Laneast, Cornwall – 10 April 1915) was professor of Natural Philosophy at King's College, London. He was active in research on subjects ranging from light, magnetism, and astronomy to electrical power generation and transmission. His research in optics yielded the discovery that certain materials, notably selenium, produce an electric current when exposed to light. Adams also actively participated in many academic societies and held major positions within the societies.
Family.
William Grylls Adams was the youngest son of the seven children, four sons and three daughters, of Thomas Adams and Tabitha Knill Grylls. The astronomer John Couch Adams (1819–1892) was his older brother.
Education.
Adams attended St. John's College, Cambridge and graduated as 11th Wrangler in 1855. He subsequently held positions at several other institutions, including vice-principal of Peterborough Training College in 1859 and mathematics master at Marlborough College in 1860. In 1863 Adams moved to King's College, London where he worked under James Clerk Maxwell as a natural philosophy lecturer. He undertook a teaching post at Highgate School in 1864.
King's College.
Adams was a pioneer in the development of science education, in particular manufacturing and engineering. He focused on practical application of conceptual physics material to engineering practices. This model worked well enough that the rest of the department adopted the model. He also worked to increase funding through laboratory accommodations and the Whitworth scholarship scheme.
Career.
In 1839, Alexandre Edmond Becquerel (1820–1891) had discovered that illumination of one of two metal plates in a dilute acid changed the electromotive force (EMF).
Adams, however, had a wide area of interest, chief among these was light and magnetism. Light was the focus of Adams’ research, which began in 1871, in which he studied the effects of polarization. In order to study the effects of polarization on various substances like selenium and tellurium, Adams developed a new variant of the polariscope. In doing this, he was able to research “the optical axes of biaxial crystals.” In 1876, Adams and Richard Evans Day discovered that illuminating a junction between selenium and platinum has a photovoltaic effect. This first demonstrated that electricity could be produced from light without moving parts and led to the modern solar cell. The two also found that "the ultra-red or the ultra-violet rays have little or no effect; also that the intensity of the action depends on the illuminating power of the light, being directly as the square root of that illuminating power."
Although his focus was light, magnetism was also heavy in his research. In this area, his focus was the resistance change in materials due to magnetism. Adams also compared readings of magnetographs form the observatories of various European cities and compared the “disturbances that were produced simultaneously at a number of locations." Adams was able to collect and analyze the data to make recommendations on how to calibrate the machinery with specific constants.
The field of astronomy also drew Adams' attention and eventually lead him to Italy to study eclipses. He also ventured into areas such as electrical power generation and transmission, specifically lighthouse illumination. In this area, he compared varying aspects electric and oil lights for Trinity House. Adams was on the forefront of this field, and even “gave a presidential address outlining the efficiency of dynamos used at the Crystal Palace in 1882.”
Outside of his main position at King's College Adams was extremely active in academic pursuits. Among these were the Department of Science and Art and the universities of Cambridge and London, where he held the title of "examiner" in the field of physics from 1879 to 1892.
Societies and Fellowships.
From 1878 to 1880 he was President of the Physical Society of London. In June 1872 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1875 delivered their Bakerian Lecture.
He was president of the Institution of Electrical Engineers and of the mathematical and physical section of the British Association. Adams was also a frequent attendee to the lectures of John Tyndall at the Royal Institution. One of is duties for the Royal Society was being a member of the Kew observatory committee. Adams was also active at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich as a member of the board of visitors.
Later Years.
“In 1905 Adams retired from King’s College, London, he went to live at Heathfield in Broadstone, Dorset. He would later die here on 10 April 1915 and was survived by his wife, Mary Dingle, and three children.”


Paul Wilson (nuclear engineer)

Paul Philip Hood Wilson (born October 13, 1971) is the Grainger Professor of Nuclear Engineering in Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is a prominent nuclear energy communicator, and advocate of modern computational science practices. He is well known for leading the production of the computational nuclear engineering toolkits ALARA, Cyclus, and DAGMC. He is also the founding president of the North American Young Generation in Nuclear and is the Faculty Director of the Advanced Computing Initiative (ACI) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Education.
Wilson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was raised in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, Canada. He obtained a Bachelor of Applied Science in engineering science in the Nuclear Power option of the Engineering Science program at the University of Toronto. He then obtained a Doktoringenieur degree in mechanical engineering from the Institute for Neutron Physics and Reactor Engineering of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. He subsequently earned a Ph.D. in nuclear engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1999. There, Wilson became an assistant professor in August 2001, associate professor in July 2008, and full professor in January 2013.
At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Wilson serves on the Executive Committee of the Wisconsin Energy Institute, the Steering Committee of the Holtz Center for Science and Technology Studies, and as Faculty Director of the Advanced Computing Initiative. He also served as Chair of the Energy Analysis & Policy Program (2008–2013).
Work.
Wilson has contributed an array of computational advances to nuclear engineering:


Concentrator photovoltaics

Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) (also known as concentration photovoltaics) is a photovoltaic technology that generates electricity from sunlight. Unlike conventional photovoltaic systems, it uses lenses or curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small, highly efficient, multi-junction (MJ) solar cells. In addition, CPV systems often use solar trackers and sometimes a cooling system to further increase their efficiency.
Systems using high-concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) possess the highest efficiency of all existing PV technologies, achieving near 40% for production modules and 30% for systems. They enable a smaller photovoltaic array that has the potential to reduce land use, waste heat and material, and balance of system costs. The rate of annual CPV installations peaked in 2012 and has fallen to near zero since 2018 with the faster price drop in crystalline silicon photovoltaics. In 2016, cumulative CPV installations reached 350 megawatts (MW), less than 0.2% of the global installed capacity of 230,000 MW that year.
HCPV directly competes with concentrated solar power (CSP) as both technologies are suited best for areas with high direct normal irradiance, which are also known as the Sun Belt region in the United States and the Golden Banana in Southern Europe. CPV and CSP are often confused with one another, despite being intrinsically different technologies from the start: CPV uses the photovoltaic effect to directly generate electricity from sunlight, while CSP – often called "concentrated solar thermal" – uses the heat from the sun's radiation in order to make steam to drive a turbine, that then produces electricity using a generator. , CSP was more common than CPV.
History.
Research into concentrator photovoltaics has taken place since the mid 1970s, initially spurred on by the energy shock from a mideast oil embargo. Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico was the site for most of the early work, with the first modern-like photovoltaic concentrating system produced there late in the decade. Their first system was a linear-trough concentrator system that used a point focus acrylic Fresnel lens focusing on water-cooled silicon cells and two axis tracking. Cell cooling with a passive heat sink and use of silicone-on-glass Fresnel lenses was demonstrated in 1979 by the Ramón Areces Project at the Institute of Solar Energy of the Technical University of Madrid. The 350 kW SOLERAS project in Saudi Arabia—the largest until many years later—was constructed by Sandia/Martin Marietta in 1981.
Research and development continued through the 1980s and 1990s without significant industry interest. Improvements in cell efficiency were soon recognized as essential to making the technology economical. However the improvements to Si-based cell technologies used by both concentrators and flat PV failed to favor the system-level economics of CPV. The introduction of III-V Multi-junction solar cells starting in the early 2000s has since provided a clear differentiator. MJ cell efficiencies have improved from 34% (3-junctions) to 46% (4-junctions) at research-scale production levels. A substantial number of multi-MW CPV projects have also been commissioned worldwide since 2010.
In 2016, cumulative CPV installations reached 350 megawatts (MW), less than 0.2% of the global installed capacity of 230,000 MW. Commercial HCPV systems reached instantaneous ("spot") efficiencies of up to 42% under standard test conditions (with concentration levels above 400) and the International Energy Agency sees potential to increase the efficiency of this technology to 50% by the mid-2020s. As of December 2014, the best lab cell efficiency for concentrator MJ-cells reached 46% (four or more junctions). Under outdoor, operating conditions, CPV module efficiencies have exceeded 33% ("one third of a sun"). System-level AC efficiencies are in the range of 25-28%. CPV installations are located in China, the United States, South Africa, Italy and Spain.
Challenges.
Modern CPV systems operate most efficiently in highly concentrated sunlight (i.e. concentration levels equivalent to hundreds of suns), as long as the solar cell is kept cool through the use of heat sinks. Diffuse light, which occurs in cloudy and overcast conditions, cannot be highly concentrated using conventional optical components only (i.e. macroscopic lenses and mirrors). Filtered light, which occurs in hazy or polluted conditions, has spectral variations which produce mismatches between the electrical currents generated within the series-connected junctions of spectrally "tuned" multi-junction (MJ) photovoltaic cells. These CPV features lead to rapid decreases in power output when atmospheric conditions are less than ideal.
To produce equal or greater energy per rated watt than conventional PV systems, CPV systems must be located in areas that receive plentiful direct sunlight. This is typically specified as average DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance) greater than 5.5-6 kWh/m2/day or 2000kWh/m2/yr. Otherwise, evaluations of annualized DNI vs. GNI/GHI (Global Normal Irradiance and Global Horizontal Irradiance) irradiance data have concluded that conventional PV should still perform better over time than presently available CPV technology in most regions of the world (see for example ).
Ongoing research and development.
CPV research and development has been pursued in over 20 countries for more than a decade. The annual CPV-x conference series has served as a primary networking and exchange forum between university, government lab, and industry participants. Government agencies have also continued to encourage a number of specific technology thrusts.
ARPA-E announced a first round of R&D funding in late 2015 for the MOSAIC Program (Microscale Optimized Solar-cell Arrays with Integrated Concentration) to further combat the location and expense challenges of existing CPV technology. As stated in the program description: "MOSAIC projects are grouped into three categories: complete systems that cost effectively integrate micro-CPV for regions such as sunny areas of the U.S. southwest that have high Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) solar radiation; complete systems that apply to regions, such as areas of the U.S. Northeast and Midwest, that have low DNI solar radiation or high diffuse solar radiation; and concepts that seek partial solutions to technology challenges."
In Europe the CPVMATCH Program (Concentrating PhotoVoltaic Modules using Advanced Technologies and Cells for Highest efficiencies) aims "to bring practical performance of HCPV modules closer to theoretical limits". Efficiency goals achievable by 2019 are identified as 48% for cells and 40% for modules at >800x concentration. A 41.4% module efficiency was announced at the end of 2018.
The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) extended its support in 2017 for further commercialization of the HCPV technology developed by Raygen. Their 250 kW dense array receivers are the most powerful CPV receivers thus far created, with demonstrated PV efficiency of 40.4% and include usable heat co-generation.
A low concentrating solar device that includes its own internal tracker, is in development by ISP Solar which will enhance the efficiency of solar cell at low cost.
Efficiency.
According to theory, semiconductor properties allow solar cells to operate more efficiently in concentrated light than they do under a nominal level of solar irradiance. This is because, along with a proportional increase in the generated current, there also occurs a logarithmic enhancement in operating voltage, in response to the higher illumination.
To be explicit, consider the power (P) generated by a solar cell under "one-sun" illumination at the earth's surface, which corresponds to a peak solar irradiance Q=1000 Watts/m2. The cell power can be expressed as a function of the open-circuit voltage (Voc), the short-circuit current (Isc), and the fill factor (FF) of the cell's characteristic current–voltage (I-V) curve:
Upon increased illumination of the cell at "χ-suns", corresponding to concentration (χ) and irradiance (χQ), there can be similarly expressed:
where, as shown by reference:
Note that the unitless fill factor for a "high quality" solar cell typically ranges 0.75-0.9 and can, in practice, depend primarily on the equivalent shunt and series resistances for the particular cell construction. For concentrator applications, FF and FFχ should then have similar values that are both near unity, corresponding to high shunt resistance and very low series resistance (<1 milliohm).
The efficiencies of a cell of area (A) under one-sun and χ-suns are defined as:
The efficiency under concentration is then given in terms of χ and the cell characteristics as:
where the term kT/q is the voltage (called the thermal voltage) of a thermalized population of electrons - such as that flowing through a solar cell's p-n junction - and has a value of about at room temperature ().
The efficiency enhancement of ηχ relative to η is listed in the following table for a set of typical open-circuit voltages that roughly represent different cell technologies. The table shows that the enhancement can be as much as 20-30% at χ = 1000 concentration. The calculation assumes FFχ/FF=1; an assumption which is clarified in the following discussion.
In practice, the higher current densities and temperatures which arise under sunlight concentration may be challenging to prevent from degrading the cell's I-V properties or, worse, causing permanent physical damage. Such effects can reduce the ratio FFχ/FF by an even larger percentage below unity than the tabulated values shown above. To prevent irreversible damage, the rise in cell operating temperature under concentration must be controlled with the use of a suitable heat sink. Additionally, the cell design itself must incorporate features that reduce recombination and the contact, electrode, and busbar resistances to levels that accommodate the target concentration and resulting current density. These features include thin, low-defect semiconductor layers; thick, low-resistivity electrode & busbar materials; and small (typically <1 cm2) cell sizes.
Including such features, the best thin film multi-junction photovoltaic cells developed for terrestrial CPV applications achieve reliable operation at concentrations as high as 500-1000 suns (i.e. irradiances of 50-100 Watts/cm2). As of year 2014, their efficiencies are upwards of 44% (three junctions), with the potential to approach 50% (four or more junctions) in the coming years . The theoretical limiting efficiency under concentration approaches 65% for 5 junctions, which is a likely practical maximum.
Optical design.
All CPV systems have a solar cell and a concentrating optic. Optical sunlight concentrators for CPV introduce a very specific design problem, with features that make them different from most other optical designs. They have to be efficient, suitable for mass production, capable of high concentration, insensitive to manufacturing and mounting inaccuracies, and capable of providing uniform illumination of the cell. All these reasons make nonimaging optics the most suitable for CPV.
For very low concentrations, the wide acceptance angles of nonimaging optics avoid the need for active solar tracking. For medium and high concentrations, a wide acceptance angle can be seen as a measure of how tolerant the optic is to imperfections in the whole system. It is vital to start with a wide acceptance angle since it must be able to accommodate tracking errors, movements of the system due to wind, imperfectly manufactured optics, imperfectly assembled components, finite stiffness of the supporting structure or its deformation due to aging, among other factors. All of these reduce the initial acceptance angle and, after they are all factored in, the system must still be able to capture the finite angular aperture of sunlight.
Types.
CPV systems are categorized according to the amount of their solar concentration, measured in "suns" (the square of the magnification).
Low concentration PV (LCPV).
Low concentration PV are systems with a solar concentration of 2–100 suns. For economic reasons, conventional or modified silicon solar cells are typically used. The heat flux is typically low enough that the cells do not need to be actively cooled. For standard solar modules, there is also modeling and experimental evidence that no tracking or cooling modifications are needed if the concentration level is low
Low-concentration systems often have a simple booster reflector, which can increase solar electric output by over 30% from that of non-concentrator PV systems. Experimental results from such LCPV systems in Canada resulted in energy gains over 40% for prismatic glass and 45% for traditional crystalline silicon PV modules.
Medium concentration PV.
From concentrations of 100 to 300 suns, the CPV systems require two-axis solar tracking and cooling (whether passive or active), which makes them more complex.
High concentration PV (HCPV).
High concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) systems employ concentrating optics consisting of dish reflectors or fresnel lenses that concentrate sunlight to intensities of 1,000 suns or more. The solar cells require high-capacity heat sinks to prevent thermal destruction and to manage temperature related electrical performance and life expectancy losses. To further exacerbate the concentrated cooling design, the heat sink must be passive, otherwise the power required for active cooling will reduce the overall conversion efficiency and economy. Multi-junction solar cells are currently favored over single junction cells, as they are more efficient and have a lower temperature coefficient (less loss in efficiency with an increase in temperature). The efficiency of both cell types rises with increased concentration; multi-junction efficiency rises faster. Multi-junction solar cells, originally designed for non-concentrating PV on space-based satellites, have been re-designed due to the high-current density encountered with CPV (typically 8 A/cm2 at 500 suns). Though the cost of multi-junction solar cells is roughly 100 times that of conventional silicon cells of the same area, the small cell area employed makes the relative costs of cells in each system comparable and the system economics favor the multi-junction cells. Multi-junction cell efficiency has now reached 44% in production cells.
The 44% value given above is for a specific set of conditions known as "standard test conditions". These include a specific spectrum, an incident optical power of 850 W/m2, and a cell temperature of 25 °C. In a concentrating system, the cell will typically operate under conditions of variable spectrum, lower optical power, and higher temperature. The optics needed to concentrate the light have limited efficiency themselves, in the range of 75–90%. Taking these factors into account, a solar module incorporating a 44% multi-junction cell might deliver a DC efficiency around 36%. Under similar conditions, a crystalline silicon module would deliver an efficiency of less than 18%.
When high concentration is needed (500–1000 times), as occurs in the case of high efficiency multi-junction solar cells, it is likely that it will be crucial for commercial success at the system level to achieve such concentration with a sufficient acceptance angle. This allows tolerance in mass production of all components, relaxes the module assembling and system installation, and decreasing the cost of structural elements. Since the main goal of CPV is to make solar energy inexpensive, there are only a few surfaces that can be used. Decreasing the number of elements and achieving high acceptance angle, can be relaxed optical and mechanical requirements, such as accuracy of the optical surfaces profiles, the module assembling, the installation, the supporting structure, etc. To this end, improvements in sunshape modelling at the system design stage may lead to higher system efficiencies.
Reliability.
The higher capital costs, lesser standardization, and added engineering & operational complexities (in comparison to zero and low-concentration PV technologies) make long-life performance a critical demonstration goal for the first generations of CPV technologies. Performance certification standards (UL 3703,UL 8703, IEC 62108, IEC 62670, IEC 62789, and IEC 62817) include stress testing conditions that may be useful to uncover some predominantly infant and early life (<1–2 year) failure modes at the system, tracker, module, receiver, and other sub-component levels.
However, such standardized tests – as typically performed on only a small sampling of units – are generally incapable to evaluate comprehensive long-term lifetimes (10 to 25 or more years) for each unique system design and application under its broader range of actual - and occasionally unanticipated - operating conditions. Reliability of these complex systems is therefore assessed in the field, and is improved through aggressive product development cycles which are guided by the results of accelerated component/system aging, performance monitoring diagnostics, and failure analysis.
Significant growth in the deployment of CPV can be anticipated once the concerns are better addressed to build confidence in system bankability.
Tracker durability and maintenance.
The tracker and module support structure for a modern HCPV system must each remain accurate within 0.1°-0.3° in order to keep the solar resource adequately centered within the acceptance angle of the receiver collection optics, and thus concentrated onto the PV cells.
This is a challenging requirement for any mechanical system that is subjected to the stresses of varying movements and loads.
Economical procedures for periodic realignment and maintenance of the tracker may thus be required to preserve system performance over its expected lifetime.
Receiver temperature control.
The maximum multi-junction solar cell operating temperatures (Tmax cell) of HCPV systems are limited to less than about 110 °C on account of their intrinsic reliability limitation.
This contrasts to CSP and other CHP systems which may be designed to function at temperatures in excess of several hundred degrees. More specifically, the cells are fabricated from a layering of thin-film having intrinsic lifetimes during operation that rapidly decrease with an Arrhenius-type temperature dependence. The system receiver must therefore provide for highly efficient and uniform cell cooling through sufficiently robust active and/or passive methods. In addition to material and design limitations in receiver heat-transfer performance, other extrinsic factors - such as the frequent system thermal cycling - further reduce the practical Tmax receiver compatible with long system life to below about 80 °C.
Installations.
Concentrator photovoltaics technology established its presence in the solar industry during the period 2006 to 2015. The first HCPV power plant that exceeded 1 MW-level was commissioned in Spain in 2006. By the end of 2015, the number of CPV power plants (including both LCPV and HCPV) around the world accounted for a total installed capacity of 350 MW. Field data collected from a diversity of installations since about 2010 is also benchmarking system reliability over the long term.
The emerging CPV segment has comprised ~0.1% of the fast-growing utility market for PV installations over the decade up to 2017. Unfortunately, following a rapid drop in traditional flat-panel PV prices, the near term outlook for CPV industry growth has faded as signaled by closure of the largest HCPV manufacturing facilities: including those of Suncore, Soitec, Amonix, and SolFocus.

The higher cost and complexity of maintaining the precision HCPV dual-axis trackers has also been reported in some instances to be especially challenging.
Nevertheless, the growth outlook for the PV industry as a whole continues to be strong, thus providing continued optimism that CPV technology will eventually demonstrate its place.
List of largest HCPV systems.
Similar to traditional PV, the peak DC rating of a system is specified as MWp (or sometimes MWDC) under "concentrator standard test conditions" (CSTC) of DNI=1000 W/m2, AM1.5D, & Tcell=25 °C, as per the IEC 62670 standard convention. The AC production capacity is specified as MWAC under IEC 62670 "concentrator standard operating conditions" (CSOC) of DNI=900 W/m2, AM1.5D, Tambient=20 °C, & Wind speed=2 m/s, and may include adjustments for inverter efficiency, higher/lower solar resource, and other facility-specific factors. The largest CPV power plant currently in operation is of 138 MWp rating located in Golmud, China, hosted by Suncore Photovoltaics.
Concentrated photovoltaics and thermal.
Concentrator photovoltaics and thermal (CPVT), also sometimes called combined heat and power solar (CHAPS) or hybrid thermal CPV, is a cogeneration or micro cogeneration technology used in the field of concentrator photovoltaics that produces usable heat and electricity within the same system. CPVT at high concentrations of over 100 suns (HCPVT) utilizes similar components as HCPV, including dual-axis tracking and multi-junction photovoltaic cells. A fluid actively cools the integrated thermal–photovoltaic receiver, and simultaneously transports the collected heat.
Typically, one or more receivers and a heat exchanger operate within a closed thermal loop. To maintain efficient overall operation and avoid damage from thermal runaway, the demand for heat from the secondary side of the exchanger must be consistently high. Collection efficiencies exceeding 70% are anticipated under optimal operating conditions, with up to 35% electric and exceeding 40% thermal for HCPVT. Net operating efficiencies may be substantially lower depending on how well a system is engineered to match the demands of the particular thermal application.
The maximum temperature of CPVT systems is too low, typically below 80-90 °C, to alone power a boiler for additional steam-based cogeneration of electricity. The captured thermal energy can nevertheless be stored and used to enable an accompanying organic Rankine cycle generator to provide electricity on demand. The captured thermal energy may also be employed in district heating, water heating and air conditioning, desalination or process heat. For thermal applications having lower or intermittent demand, a system may be augmented with a switchable heat dump to the external environment in order to safeguard cell life and maintain reliable photovoltaic output, despite the resulting reduction in net operating efficiency.
HCPVT active cooling enables the use of much higher power thermal–photovoltaic receiver units, generating typically 1–100 kilowatts electric, as compared to HCPV systems that mostly rely upon passive cooling of single ~20W cells. Such high-power receivers utilize dense arrays of cells mounted on a high-efficiency heat sink. Minimizing the number of individual receiver units is a simplification that may ultimately yield improvement in the overall balance of system costs, manufacturability, maintainability/upgradeability, and reliability.
Demonstration projects.
The economics of a mature CPVT industry is anticipated to be competitive, despite the large recent cost reductions and gradual efficiency improvements for conventional silicon PV (which can be installed alongside conventional CSP to provide for similar electrical+thermal generation capabilities). CPVT may currently be economical for niche markets having all of the following application characteristics:
Utilization of a power purchase agreement (PPA), government assistance programs, and innovative financing schemes are also helping potential manufacturers and users to mitigate the risks of early CPVT technology adoption.
CPVT equipment offerings ranging from low (LCPVT) to high (HCPVT) concentration are now being deployed by several startup ventures. As such, longer-term viability of the technical and/or business approach being pursued by any individual system provider is typically speculative. Notably, the minimum viable products of startups can vary widely in their attention to reliability engineering. Nevertheless, the following incomplete compilation is offered to assist with the identification of some early industry trends.
LCPVT systems at ~14x concentration using reflective trough concentrators, and receiver pipes clad with silicon cells having dense interconnects, have been assembled by Cogenra with a claimed 75% efficiency (~15-20% electric, 60% thermal). Several such systems are in operation for more than 5 years as of 2015, and similar systems are being produced by Absolicon and Idhelio at 10x and 50x concentration, respectively.
HCPVT offerings at over 700x concentration have more recently emerged, and may be classified into three power tiers. Third tier systems are distributed generators consisting of large arrays of ~20W single-cell receiver/collector units, similar to those previously pioneered by Amonix and SolFocus for HCPV. Second tier systems utilize localized dense-arrays of cells that produce 1-100 kW of electrical power output per receiver/generator unit. First tier systems exceed 100 kW of electrical output and are most aggressive in targeting the utility market.
Several HCPVT system providers are listed in the following table. Nearly all are early demonstration systems which have been in service for under 5 years as of 2015. Collected thermal power is typically 1.5x-2x the rated electrical power.


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Icon Water

Icon Water Limited, trading principally as Icon Water, is a water and wastewater public utility that is an Australian Capital Territory-owned corporation. The company provides drinking water and wastewater services to the ACT. Icon Water is also a 50% owner of ActewAGL, a multi-utility provider of electricity and gas services in the ACT and south-east New South Wales. Icon Water Limited is also the owner of Bendora Dam, Corin Dam (further upstream), Cotter Dam (further downstream) and Googong Dam in New South Wales. Water is gravity fed to Canberra via the Bendora Gravity Main and pumped from Googong Dam. Icon Water operates, and maintains 48 service reservoirs, 25 pump stations and over 3,300 km of water pipelines.
Icon Water Limited is wholly owned by the Government of the Australian Capital Territory, with the only voting shares being held by the Chief Minister and the Minister for the Environment and Heritage of the ACT.
History and relevant legislation.
The origins of the Icon Water Limited (previously ACTEW Corporation) go back to the Australian Public Service. The Australian Capital Territory Electricity Authority was established in 1962, with functions transferred from the Commonwealth Government to the ACT Government. In 1988 its functions were transferred to the Australian Capital Territory Electricity and Water Authority.
The ACTEW Corporation was established under the in 1995 to take over the Authority's functions. The company was given obligations under the , , , and the .
In October 2000 ACTEW Corporation joined with the Australian Gas Light Company (AGL) to form ActewAGL to jointly provide electricity and gas services in the ACT and south-east New South Wales.
In 2000 ACTEW Corporation entered into a contract with ActewAGL for the management and operation of the water and sewerage network of the ACT and surrounding area. The contact was not renewed in June 2012.
On 4 May 2015 ACTEW Corporation was renamed Icon Water Limited. The reasons given for the change were brand confusion with electricity and gas supplier ActewAGL, the name ACTEW no longer being relevant in the company's operations, disconnect between the company's origin and future.


Shenergy Group

Shenergy Group Company Limited is a state-owned enterprise owned by Shanghai government in China. It is the parent company of Shenergy Company Limited, the listed company in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. It is engaged in the investments of electricity, petroleum and natural gas in Shanghai and Eastern China regions.
Its major subsidiary Shenergy Company Limited () was reorganized from Shenneng Electric Power Company in 1992. It is engaged in the investments of electricity, petroleum and natural gas. It was listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 1993, and it is the first Chinese electricity energy company listed in Shanghai. It invests in Shanghai Waigaoqiao Electric Power Generating Company Limited and Wujing Thermal Power Plant with Shanghai Electric Power Company. It also involves in energy saving and environmental protection.


WECC Intertie Paths

The Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) coordinates a number of high voltage power links in western North America. These links, known as WECC Intertie Paths, are not necessarily single transmission line, rather they are interties between various areas. These areas can be quite distant, such as Path 65 between The Dalles, Oregon and Los Angeles, California or short such as Path 62 between Southern California Edison's Eldorado and LADWP's McCullough substations. These are currently numbered from 1 to 81, with a few numbers intentionally left out.
Table of paths.
Since the interties may consist of multiple power-lines, the maximum voltage used is shown in the table below. Some of the links such as Path 65, the Pacific DC Intertie, do consist of a single transmission line, so the maximum voltage is the voltage used.


Solar power in Japan

Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s.
The country is a leading manufacturer of photovoltaics (PV) and a large installer of domestic PV systems with most of them grid connected.
Japan has an insolation of about 4.3 to 4.8 kWh/(m2·day).
Solar power has become an important national priority since the country's shift in policies toward renewable energy after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011.
Japan was the world's second largest market for solar PV growth in 2013 and 2014, adding a record 6.97 GW and 9.74 GW of nominal nameplate capacity, respectively.
By the end of 2017, cumulative capacity reached 50 GW, the world's second largest solar PV installed capacity, behind China.
Overall installed capacity in 2016 was estimated to be sufficient to supply almost 5% of the nation's annual electricity demand.
Solar manufacturing industry.
Japan is a leading manufacturer of photovoltaics. Solar companies of Japan include: Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Sanyo, Sharp Solar, Solar Frontier, and Toshiba.
Government action.
Feed-in tariff.
The Japanese government is seeking to expand solar power by enacting subsidies and a feed-in tariff (FIT). In December 2008, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry announced a goal of 70% of new homes having solar power installed, and would be spending $145 million in the first quarter of 2009 to encourage home solar power. The government enacted a feed-in tariff on November, 2009 that requires utilities to purchase excess solar power sent to the grid by homes and businesses and pay twice the standard electricity rate for that power.
On June 18, 2012, a new feed-in tariff was approved, of 42 Yen/kWh. The tariff covers the first ten years of excess generation for systems less than 10 kW, and generation for twenty years for systems over 10 kW. It became effective July 1, 2012.
In April 2013, the FIT was reduced to 37.8 Yen/kWh. The FIT was further reduced to 32 Yen/kWh in April 2014.
In March 2016, a new feed-in tariff was approved.
The Procurement Price Calculation Committee compiled and publicized recommendations concerning the FY 2016 purchase prices and the periods therefor. Respecting the recommendations, METI finalized the prices and periods therefor as below.
(1) Electricity generated by photovoltaic power for non-household customers (10 kW or more) was reduced from 27 yen/kWh to 24 yen/kWh.
(2) Electricity generated by photovoltaic power for household customers (10 kW or less) was reduced from 33 yen/kWh to 31 yen/kWh when generators are not required to have output control equipment installed. When generators are required to have output control equipment installed the price was reduced from 35 yen/kWh to 33 yen/kWh.
Residential PV feed-in tariffs for systems below 10 kW were updated in 2017 to values between JPY24/kWh to JPY28/kWh depending on the circumstances. These will remain unchanged until 2019.
The most recent FIT only concerns non-residential solar power plants.
The new non-residential FIT will go from JPY21/kWh in 2017 to JPY18/kWh for facilities certified in and after April 2018.
Targets.
The government set solar PV targets in 2004 and revised them in 2009:
The targets set for 2020 were surpassed in 2014, and the target for 2030 was surpassed in 2018.
New targets were adopted after 2011.
Notable projects.
The Solar Ark, built in 2002, is one of the largest solar buildings in the world.
After the shift away from a nuclear power-dependent energy policy in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear accident, the first three solar plants by TEPCO were completed in 2011 and 2012, the Ukishima Solar Power Plant, 7 MW, the Ogishima Solar Power Plant, 13 MW, and the Komekurayama Solar Power Plant, 10 MW.
341 MW of photovoltaics are planned for the island of Hokkaido, and a total of 1,800 MW of photovoltaics projects have been approved for Japan, as of October 2012.
Additional projects include the 70MW Kagoshima Nanatsujima Mega Solar Power Plant by Kyocera in Kagoshima Prefecture that went online in November 2013 and a 100 MW plant by Toshiba in Minami Soma, Fukushima Prefecture.
A 77 MW photovoltaic power plant was planned for Tahara City, on the Atsumi Peninsula, in 2013 and was completed in 2014. A 200 MW plant is proposed for Tomakomai.
Another recent project starting in 2017 will include a floating solar farm on the Yamakura Dam. This project will provide enough power for 5,000 households in Japan. It is said to be completed in 2018 and will be located on a reservoir in Japan's Chiba prefecture.
It is expected that many new projects will be constructed, to take advantage of the new feed-in tariff.


Adani Transmission

Adani Transmission Limited (, ) is an electric power transmission company headquartered in Ahmedabad, India. Currently, it is one of the largest private sector power transmission companies operating in India.
As of July 2020, the company operates a cumulative network of 12,200 circuit kilometers, and more than 3,200 circuit kilometers are under various stages of construction.
History.
Adani Transmission was founded by Gautam Adani in December 2015 after separating the decade-old transmission business from Adani Enterprises. At the time of the founding, the company became the primary custodian for more than 3800 circuit kilometers of transmission lines originating from the Mundra Thermal Power Station, connecting Mundra–Dehgam, Mundra–Mohindergarh and Tirora–Warora.
Mergers & acquisitions.
In 2015, ATL acquired three wholly owned subsidiaries of PFC Consulting, which itself is a subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation – the Chhattisgarh-WR transmission line, Sipat transmission line connecting with Sipat Thermal Power Station and Raipur-Rajnandgaon-Warora transmission line.
In 2016, ATL further acquired the GMR Group’s transmission assets in the state of Rajasthan — the Maru Transmission Services Ltd (MTSL) and Aaravalli Transmission Services Ltd (ATSL). In the same year, the company also acquired Reliance Infrastructure's transmission assets of the Western Region System Strengthening Scheme (WRSSS).
In December 2017, the company obtained a share purchase agreement (SPA) for the acquisition of the Mumbai Generation Transmission & Distribution (GTD) business from Reliance Infrastructure. In March 2018, the shareholders of Reliance Infrastructure approved the sale of its power business for Rs. 18,800 crore to Adani Transmission Limited. This resulted in the founding of Adani Mumbai Electricity Limited, a 100% wholly owned subsidiary of ATL which currently serves more than 3 million consumers across a license area of approximately 400 square kilometers in the city of Mumbai.
In February 2019, ATL acquired KEC International's Bikaner-Sikar transmission asset in Rajasthan. In September of the same year, the company acquired PFC Consulting's Bikaner-Khetri transmission project in Rajasthan.
In July 2020, the company signed definitive agreements with Kalpataru Power Transmission (KPTL) for acquiring Alipurduar Transmission. adding 650 circuit kilometers in its network from the state of Bihar and West Bengal.


Powershop

Powershop is an online electricity retailer, founded in New Zealand and also available in Australia and the United Kingdom. Powershop is a subsidiary of Meridian Energy which is 51% owned by the New Zealand government. The retailer operates through an online platform offering pre-pay and post-pay options.
History.
Meridian traditionally had been a major electricity generator, but only a small retailer. In 2006, Ari Sargent, an electricity industry veteran, had an idea to increase Meridian's market share in the retail market: turn electricity from a utility into a consumer good. Initially, it was planned to sell electricity tokens in supermarkets, but that idea was scrapped due to cost and they turned the idea to the Internet.
Sargent, with Simon Coley, a design specialist, founded Powershop in September 2007. In September 2008, Powershop bought its predecessor, Meridian Energy's "Marketplace Innovations Business Unit", for NZ$1.26 million in stock. After 14 months of private beta, it officially launched to the public on 22 February 2009 and was unofficially available in the weeks prior.
Reception.
Powershop planned on 4–50,000 customers in its first year. Powershop achieved 5000 customers in October 2009, and 10000 customers in February 2010. CEO Ari Sargent blamed this on inertia and general distrust of power companies. Energy expert Molly Melhuish claims that because "people are so terrified of their power bills", "a majority of people" wouldn't want to try a new concept like Powershop. The Consumers' Institute of New Zealand welcomes initiatives to increase retail power competition.
In a 2009 survey by the Ministry of Economic Development, Powershop was found to be the cheapest electricity retailer for the typical consumer (one who consumes 8000kWh/year) in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Manawatu and New Plymouth. It was the second cheapest in Whanganui and Wairarapa.
In Consumers' Institute of New Zealand's 2009 survey of electricity companies, Powershop gained the highest rating ever in the history of the survey. 92% of Powershop customers found it 'good' or 'very good'. It did not receive a single poor rating from any of its customers. In 2010, it again received a 92% satisfaction rating. In 2011 and again in 2012, it gained a 96% customer satisfaction rating.
It was the best company in Consumers' Institute of New Zealand's 2011 survey of electricity companies.
In Australia, Powershop is ranked 1st of 15 companies for customer service tracked by social media tracking website, servicerage.com.


Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana

Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) is the financial turnaround and revival package for electricity distribution companies of India (DISCOMs) initiated by the Government of India with the intent to find a permanent solution to the financial mess that the power distribution is in. It allows state governments, which own the DISCOMs, to take over 75 percent of their debt as of September 30, 2015, and pay back lenders by selling bonds. DISCOMs are expected to issue bonds for the remaining 25 percent of their debt.
Launch.
The scheme was announced by Piyush Goyal, Minister of State (IC) for Power, Coal & New and Renewable Energy (Now Railway minister and coal minister) in November 2015. The scheme is optional for the states to join. Jharkhand became the first state to come under uday scheme. Other states that have given their in-principle approval are Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Telangana, Assam.
Recently Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Mizoram joined, thereby making the total of 27 states to have joined. Till November 2017, only states that have not joined it are Odisha and West Bengal. Till now 31 states/UT have joined this scheme Mizoram being the 27th state to join. Lakshadweep joined the scheme on 28 February 2018, bringing the total of states and Union Territories covered to 32.


Torrent Power

Torrent Power Limited (, ) is an India-based company engaged in the electricity generation, transmission and distribution. Its current operations are in the states of Gujarat , Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The company is the sole distributor of electricity to consumers in the cities of Agra, Ahmedabad, Bhiwandi, SMK-Shil,Mumbra,Kalwa Gandhinagar, Kanpur, Surat.
History.
In 1997, the company completed its acquisition of the Ahmedabad Electricity Company by purchasing the entire 28.89% stake held by the Gujarat government. This acquisition formed what was then known as Torrent Power AEC Limited. Similarly, after acquiring the Surat Electricity Company in the same deal, Torrent Power SEC Limited was formed.
In 2005, the parent company, Torrent Group floated the company Torrent Power Generation to further expand into the power business. In 2006, the three power-related companies of Torrent Group, Torrent Power AEC Ltd, Torrent Power SEC Ltd, and Torrent Power Generation Ltd were merged to form Torrent Power.
More recently, in 2009, Torrent Power inked a deal with Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited to franchisee to supply power to parts of Kanpur and Agra then handled by The Kanpur Electricity Supply Company Ltd. (KESCo) and the Agra Circle of Dakshinanchal Vidyut Vitran Nigam Limited (DVVNL) for 20 years.
Operations.
With ventures in power generation, transmission and distribution.
Generation.
Torrent Power has an aggregate generating capacity of 3191.6 MW comprising:
Transmission.
Torrent Power has set up a 400 kV transmission system for evacuating power generated at its SUGEN plant to the various off take centers. The project being implemented in a phased manner is nearing completion and is expected was functional during FY 2010-11.
Distribution.
Torrent Power transmits and distributes more than 13 billion units of power to almost 3 million customers in the cities of Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat and Bhiwandi,Agra spanning an area of 408 km2. and franchise area of 721 km2. These cities are major industrial and commercial hubs.
The T&D losses in Gujarat at 6.54% is amongst the lowest in the country. A testimony of Torrent Power’s operational efficiency is the drastic reduction in T&D losses in Bhiwandi from 48% in January 2007 to the present 19.33%.
T&D loss in Feb-17 approx 15℅
Further info.
Torrent Power is one of the leading brands in the Indian power sector, promoted by the USD 2.8 billion Torrent Group – a healthcare and power group.
The high points of Torrent’s foray into power however were the acquisitions of two of the India’s oldest utilities – The Surat Electricity Company Ltd and The Ahmedabad Electricity Company Ltd.
Torrent has a generation capacity of 3334 MW and distributes power to more almost 3 million customers annually in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat, Bhiwandi, Kanpur, and Agra.
Distribution Franchise business is one area which Torrent Power has been aggressively pursuing as part of its expansion plans. Torrent Power created history by entering into the country’s first distribution franchisee agreement with Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Company Limited for Bhiwandi Circle in December 2006. It has also been awarded the distribution franchise for Agra in Uttar Pradesh and has already commenced distribution operations in Agra.