Salk Institute for Biological Studies

The Salk Institute for Biological Studies is a scientific research institute located in the La Jolla community of San Diego, California on the Pacific coast. The independent, non-profit institute was founded in 1960 by Jonas Salk, the developer of the polio vaccine; among the founding consultants were Jacob Bronowski and Francis Crick. Construction of the research facilities began in spring of 1962. The Salk Institute consistently ranks among the top institutions in the US in terms of research output and quality in the life sciences. In 2004, the "Times Higher Education Supplement" ranked Salk as the world's top biomedicine research institute, and in 2009 it was ranked number one globally by "ScienceWatch" in the neuroscience and behavior areas.
The Salk Institute employs 850 researchers in 60 research groups and focuses its research in three areas: molecular biology and genetics; neurosciences; and plant biology. Research topics include aging, cancer, diabetes, birth defects, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS, and the neurobiology of American Sign Language. The March of Dimes provided the initial funding and continues to support the institute. Research is funded by a variety of public sources, such as the US National Institutes of Health and the State of California; and private organizations such as Paris-based Ipsen, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Waitt Family Foundation. In addition, the internally administered Innovation Grants Program encourages cutting-edge high-risk research. In 2017 the Salk Institute Trustees elected former president of Booz Allen Hamilton, Daniel C. Lewis as Board Chairman.
The institute also served as the basis for Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar's 1979 book "Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts".
History.
Salk and architect Louis I. Kahn approached the city of San Diego in March 1960 about a gift of land on the Torrey Pines Mesa and were granted their request after a referendum in June 1960. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, known today as the March of Dimes, provided the initial funding. Construction began in 1962 and a handful of researchers moved into the first laboratory in 1963. Additional buildings housing more laboratories as well as the organizational administrative offices were constructed in the 1990s, designed by Anshen & Allen.
As a memorial to Jonas Salk, a golden engraving lies on the floor at the entrance to the institute: "Hope lies in dreams, in imagination and in the courage of those who dare to make dreams into reality."
Francis Crick held the post of J.W. Kieckhefer Distinguished Research Professor at the Salk Institute. His later research centered on theoretical neurobiology and attempts to advance the scientific study of human consciousness. He remained in this post at the Salk Institute until his death in 2004.
50th anniversary celebration.
From 22–27 April 2010, the Salk Institute hosted glass sculptures by artist Dale Chihuly to celebrate 50 years of its inception. The event was underwritten by Irwin Jacobs, past chairman of the board of trustees.
Establishing the institute.
Many supporters, in particular the National Foundation, "helped him build his dream of a research complex for the investigation of biological phenomena 'from cell to society'." Called the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, it opened in 1963 in the San Diego neighborhood of La Jolla. Salk believed that the institution would help new and upcoming scientists along in their careers, as he said himself, "I thought how nice it would be if a place like this existed and I was invited to work there."
In 1966, Salk described his "ambitious plan for the creation of a kind of Socratic academy where the supposedly alienated two cultures of science and humanism will have a favorable atmosphere for cross-fertilization." Author and journalist Howard Taubman explained:
"The New York Times", in a 1980 article celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Salk vaccine, described the current workings at the facility:
At the institute, a magnificent complex of laboratories and study units set on a bluff overlooking the Pacific, Dr. Salk holds the titles of founding director and resident fellow. His own laboratory group is concerned with the immunologic aspects of cancer and the mechanisms of autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis, in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
In an interview about his future hopes at the institute, he said, "In the end, what may have more significance is my creation of the institute and what will come out of it, because of its example as a place for excellence, a creative environment for creative minds."
Francis Crick, codiscoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule, was a leading professor at the institute until his death in 2004.
The institute also served as the basis for Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar's 1979 book "Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts".
Architecture.
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California (1959–1965) was to be a campus composed of three clusters: meeting and conference areas, living quarters, and laboratories. Only the laboratory cluster, consisting of two parallel blocks enclosing a water garden, was built. The two laboratory blocks frame a long view of the Pacific Ocean, accentuated by a thin linear fountain that seems to reach for the horizon. It is "arguably the defining work" of the architect.
The campus was designed by Louis Kahn. Salk had sought a beautiful campus in order to draw the best researchers in the world. Salk and Kahn—having both descended from Russian-Jewish parents that had immigrated to the United States—and had a deeper connection than just partners of an architectural project. The original buildings of the Salk Institute were designated a historical landmark in 1991. The entire site was deemed eligible by the California Historical Resources Commission in 2006 for listing in the US National Register of Historic Places.
Design.
Jack MacAllister, FAIA, of the Kahn office, was the supervising architect and a design influence on the building that consists of two symmetric wings with a water stream flowing towards the ocean in the middle travertine-paved central plaza that separates the two. In the beginning the buildings were made up of different types of concrete mixes of different color. In the basement of the complex, there are different colored water walls because Kahn was experimenting with the mixtures. The buildings themselves have been designed to promote collaboration, and thus there are no walls separating laboratories on any of the floors. The lighting fixtures on the roof slide along rails thus reflecting the collaborative and open philosophy of the Salk Institute's science.
After two years of design work, and after the design had been approved and meetings with building contractors had begun, Kahn and the Salk Institute abruptly decided to reduce the number of laboratory buildings from four narrow ones to two wider ones and to increase the number of floors per building from two to three. Komendant re-engineered the structure and produced a new set of drawings with a speed that professor Leslie described as "legendary". Komendant also trained the construction workers in techniques for producing a highly refined concrete finish.
In 1992 the American Institute of Architects (AIA) gave this building its prestigious Twenty-five Year Award, which is given to only one building per year.
Inside the laboratories, the ducts and vents are reinforced by concrete Vierendeel trusses supported by post-tensioned columns. The authorities at the time were very cautious due to the fact that they felt these trusses would not be able to hold in case of an earthquake, but in a "tour de force" of structural design, August Komendant was able to achieve twice the ductility that a steel frame offered. At first Kahn wanted to put a garden in the middle of the two buildings but, as construction continued, he did not know what shape it should take. When he saw an exhibit of Luis Barragan's work at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, Kahn invited Baragan to collaborate on the court that separated the two buildings. Barragan told Kahn that he should not add one leaf, nor plant, not one flower, nor dirt, instead, make it a plaza with a single water feature. The resulting space is considered the most impressive element of the entire design.
Courtyard.
In the courtyard is a citrus grove containing several rows of semi-dwarf Valencia orange trees. This grove replaces the original grove which contained orange and kumquat trees which were then replaced with lime trees in the 1995 grove refurbishment. This latest replacement was due primarily to a need to remove current trees for structural repairs and waterproofing of central plant ceilings. The trees were mulched and used for ground cover in compliance with project commitments to sustainability. The decision not to replant additional lime trees stems from dissatisfaction with the manner in which the current trees defoliate and turn yellow in the shade. Valencia compensates for shade by producing additional chlorophyll in shaded section, becoming greener.
Open environment.
The Salk Institute replete with empty space is symbolic of an open environment for creation. The contrast between balance and dynamic space manifests a pluralistic invitation for scientific study in structures developed to accommodate their respective functions as parts of a research facility. Although modern in appearance, it is essentially an isolated compound for individual and collaborative study, not unlike monasteries as sanctuaries for religious discovery, and they are thought to have directly influenced Kahn in his design. Ultimately, the Salk Institute's meaning can be interpreted as transcending function and physical place as a reflection of Western civilization's pursuit of truth through science.
In 2014, the Getty Conservation Institute partnered with the Salk Institute to preserve the concrete and teak building which is, due to its coastal location, subject to the punishing rigors of a marine environment.
Laboratories, library.
Most of the laboratories and studies are named after the benefactors, such as the Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology and the Razavi Newman Center for Bioinformatics. A library that houses current periodicals, some books and computers is located on the 3rd level of the west end of the North building. The Conrad T. Prebys auditorium and the Trustees' Room are located in the basement of the east buildings of the institute.
Concrete.
According to A. Perez, the concrete was made with volcanic ash relying on the basis of ancient Roman concrete making techniques, and as a result gives off a warm, pinkish glow. This "pozzolanic" concrete was then only vibrated as needed structurally, leaving a lightly textured wall face. The basement also houses the transgenic core. Each laboratory block has five study towers, with each tower containing four offices, except for those near the entrance to the court, which only contain two. A diagonal wall allows each of the thirty-six scientists using the studies to have a view of the Pacific, and every study is fitted with a combination of operable sliding and fixed glass panels in teak wood frames. Originally the design also included living quarters and a conference building, but they were never actually built.
Structural system.
In keeping with his design and the philosophy of "served and servant spaces," and as the vast requirement for mechanical spaces were extensive, Kahn decided to create a separate service floor for them above each of the laboratories to make it easier to reconfigure individual laboratories in the future without disrupting neighboring spaces. He also designed each laboratory floor to be entirely free of internal support columns, making laboratory configuration easier. Komendant engineered the Vierendeel trusses that make this arrangement possible. These pre-stressed concrete trusses are about long, spanning the full width of each floor and extending from the bottom of each service floor to the top. They are supported by steel cables embedded in the concrete in a curve similar to that of cables supporting a suspension bridge. Their rectangular openings, which are high in the center and at the ends, allow maintenance workers to move easily through the thicket of pipes and ducts on the service floors. The trusses impose strictly vertical loads on their support columns, to which they are attached not rigidly but with a system of slip plates and tension cables to permit small movements during moderate earthquakes.
Unbuilt areas.
The meeting and conference areas and the living quarters were formally designated by Kahn as the Meeting Place and Living Place, respectively. He continued to make drawings of these spaces even after their cancellation following a shortage in construction funding. Kahn's stressed importance of the Meeting Place and Living Place to the entirety of the campus plan was in accordance to the "Urban Reidentification Grid" concepts proposed by British architects Peter and Alison Smithson nearly a decade before, in which interconnectivity between communal activities and their respective spaces took priority. Aesthetically, the unbuilt areas combined cuboidal and cylindrical forms, distinguishing them from the laboratory cluster. The U-shaped road that was part of the original plan was built and exists to this day, but its ends that would have connected the Meeting Place and Living Place to the central laboratories are left bare or occupied by a parking lot.
Scientific activities.
The institute is organized into several research units, each of which is further composed of several scientific groups, each led by a member of the faculty. Some of these units are:
Rusty Gage was named to a five-year term to lead the Institute on January 1, 2019. Jan Karlseder is the chair of the academic council. There are 53 faculty members. Five of these are members of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and more than a quarter are elected members of the US National Academy of Sciences.
In terms of research output measured by number of publications and citations, the institute is recognized as one of the world's leading institutions in several areas of biology, especially in neurosciences and plant biology.
In December 2009, the "Time" magazine ranked Joseph R. Ecker's mapping of the human epigenome as the second biggest scientific achievement of 2009.
In May 2008, the California state government announced that it would provide $US270 million for funding California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). The Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, a joint effort between Salk Institute, UCSD, Burnham Institute and TSRI, received US$43 million from this funding.
In addition, the institute employs postdoctoral scholars and staff scientists who receive training for academic leadership.
Notable projects.
Salk Institute currently runs the Harnessing Plants Initiative (HPI), which aims to improve the capability of agricultural crops to sequester carbon. It comprises two programs:
The Salk Ideal Plants are plants that are genetically modified. The intent is to create plants with increased root mass, root depth and suberin content.
Training program.
Although the Salk Institute is not a degree-granting institution, it runs a graduate program together with the neighboring UCSD, and all Salk Institute professors receive adjunct appointments in the Division of Biological Sciences at UCSD. In addition, several faculty members are affiliated with other programs such as the Neuroscience Graduate Program and the Cellular and Molecular Medicine. The students pursue either a Ph.D. or an M.D/Ph.D. degree.
Nobel laureates.
The institute has two Nobel laureates on its faculty: Elizabeth Blackburn and Roger Guillemin. Four of Salk's 11 Nobel laureates were deceased by 2016: Francis Crick, Robert W. Holley, Renato Dulbecco, and Sydney Brenner. Another five scientists trained at Salk have gone on to win the Nobel Prize.


Connect for Health Colorado

 Connect for Health Colorado is the health insurance marketplace, previously known as health insurance exchange, in the U.S. state of Colorado, created in accordance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. It is located in Denver. The marketplace operates a toll-free call center and offers 541 health plans from 18 insurance companies.
The marketplace is a resource for families and small business to compare and enroll in health insurance plans offered. It also provides enrollees with access to tax credits. Enrollment started on October 1, 2013. It is estimated that there are currently 700,000 medically uninsured individuals living in Colorado, and the marketplace hopes to sign up 125-140,000 individuals in the first year.
On October 22, 2013, the local CBS affiliate reported that Colorado’s marketplace has had a relatively smooth rollout and that 3,000 families and individuals had already enrolled. There are 150 health plans to choose from and an ability to offload choices into an Excel spreadsheet. However, this report is only in comparison to the significantly worse off federal run plans. The website is just as metered in crashes, glitches and technical issues as most other state run health exchanges.
Patty Fontneau, the president and CEO of Connect for Health Colorado from its inception, announced in July 2014 that she would leave Connect for Health after years to lead the private exchange market at one of Colorado’s largest insurers, Cigna.


List of cutaneous conditions caused by problems with junctional proteins

Mutations of proteins that hold the cells of the skin together can cause disease. Autoantibodies against proteins that hold the cells of the skin together can also cause disease.


Symmastia

Symmastia is a condition defined as a confluence of the breast tissue of both breasts across the intermammary cleft that normally divides them. It can be surgically corrected by a plastic surgeon through symmastia revision.
Symmastia can either be a congenital anomaly or iatrogenic. Congenital symmastia is a rare condition with few published cases. Iatrogenic symmastia may occur following breast augmentation, forming what is also colloquially referred to as a "uniboob" or "breadloafing" as a result of the release of skin and muscle tissue around the sternum due to over-dissection.


Harold Falls

Harold Francis Falls (November 25, 1909 in Winchester, Indiana – May 27, 2006 in Brighton, Michigan) was an American ophthalmologist and geneticist. He helped found one of the first genetics clinic in US. The Nettleship-Falls syndrome, the most common type of ocular albinism, is named after him and English ophthalmologist Edward Nettleship.


International Federation of Match Poker

The International Federation of Match Poker (IFMP) is a non-profit organization whose stated purpose is to "serve as the global governing body for Match Poker". IFMP is incorporated as a legal entity pursuant to articles 60 to 79 of the Swiss Civil Code and is headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland.
History.
IFMP was founded in Lausanne on April 29, 2009. IFMP is structured as an International Sports Federation and is recognized by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Goals.
The goals of IFMP are to promote the development of Match Poker worldwide and to secure its recognition as a Mind Sport based on strategic skill, played without any discrimination of race, sex and creed. IFMP also seeks to assist its national Member Federations in securing legislation that gives players the right to play poker safely and legally, both online and in bricks & mortar establishments.
Match Poker’s recognition as a ‘Mind Sport’.
In April 2010, IFMP secured provisional membership of the International Mind Sports Association (IMSA) at IMSA's annual congress in Dubai.
Tournaments.
As part of the first UK Mind Sports Festival, IFMP hosted its inaugural tournaments in November, 2011, in London’s County Hall: the IFP Duplicate Poker Nations Cup (now Match Poker Nations Cup), a team event contested by IFMP’s Member Federations, and the IFMP World Poker Championship, also called ‘The Table’, in which individual players compete for the title of World Champion. The only organisation to mount international tournaments using Duplicate Poker, in its own version known as Match Poker, IFMP staged the opening hands of the 2011 IFMP Nations Cup in the capsules of the London Eye.
Membership.
Membership of IFMP consists of national poker associations and federations from around the world. The IFMP currently has 60 national member federations, including the original seven member nations.
The seven founding member nations of IFMP, which today form the nucleus of its executive board, are:
Additional national member federations that have joined IFMP since its foundation include:
Internal structure.
The supreme authority of IFMP is the Congress, the assembly of all the members of IFMP on a one-country-one-vote system. Congress meets once a year. The Executive Board of IFMP is elected by Congress for a period of three years and is the managing body of IFMP. The Board elects a President from among its members for a term of four years, which can be renewed. IFMP's first president was Anthony Holden.
IFMP's president and executive board take counsel, at their discretion, from an advisory board of poker players including, among others, Al Alvarez, Doyle Brunson, Humberto Brenes, Gus Hansen, Mel Judah, James McManus and Tom McEvoy.
IFMP Books.
IFMP established its own publishing imprint in association with Limehouse Books in November 2011. Its first title, published in August 2012, was "The Rules of Poker", edited by David Flusfeder, chairman of IFP's Rules Committee.


Lydia Sicher

Lydia Sicher (1890–1962), born Lydia Bak, was an Austrian-born medical doctor and psychologist. She founded the Institute for Individual Psychology.
Life.
Sicher married Harry Sicher in 1913, and they both then volunteered as doctors in World War I for the Austro-Hugarian Empire.
She later studied and worked with Alfred Adler, taking over him as director of the Clinic of Nervous Diseases at Maria Hilfer Hospital. George R. Bach, a co-worker of hers at the University of Southern California in the 1950s, spoke on her psychological techniques that "It was stressful therapy, But never unproductive, always real, genuine, and truth oriented." Her techniques were evocative of the Hegelian dialectic, wherein she used conflict with the patient as a means of arriving at truth.


Paraveterinary workers in South Africa

Veterinary nurses (VNs) in South Africa attend a two-year program at the Onderstepoort campus of the University of Pretoria culminating in a diploma in veterinary nursing [DipVetNurs or DVN (previously Diploma Curing Animals or Dip.Cur.Anim.)] and unlike lay staff are trained to do everything except clinical consultations and surgery subject to the Para-Veterinary Profession's Act. Qualified veterinary nurses, curiously of both genders, utilize the title of "Sister (Sr.)", similar to the practice of female charge nurses in the human medical field in many countries, representing their professional sisterhood (Sr. Tania Serfontein, vice-president, VNASA, February 2009). They can be recognised by the wearing of epaulettes bearing a lamb, representing the patients they care for; a lamp, representing knowledge; and an axe, symbolising strength. They are represented by the Veterinary Nurses Association of South Africa (VNASA) which was started in 1978 after South Africa's first class of qualified veterinary nurses graduated. Permission to offer a Bachelor of Veterinary Nursing through the University of Pretoria was recently applied for to the South African Qualifications Authority; under consideration is the addition of one year of study to the current DipVetNurs program, converting the diploma to a degree.
 Other veterinary para-professionals found in South Africa include animal health technicians (who oversee the well-being of food animals), laboratory animal technologists (who oversee the well-being of research animals), and veterinary technologists (who work mainly in diagnostic laboratories).


Clark Stanley

Clark Stanley (b. c. 1854 in Abilene, Texas, according to himself; the town was founded in 1881), the self-styled "Rattlesnake King," marketed snake oil as a patent medicine.
Career.
Stanley claimed that, starting in 1879, after eleven years working as a cowboy, he studied for more than two years with a Hopi medicine man at Walpi, Arizona. This supposedly included learning the "secrets of snake oil". With the help of a Boston druggist he began marketing his product at Western medicine shows. In 1893 he and his rattlesnakes gained attention at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. Later he went on to establish production facilities in Beverly, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island.
In 1916, subsequent to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, Stanley's concoction was examined and found to be of no value. It was found to contain mineral oil, a fatty compound thought to be from beef, capsaicin from chili peppers, and turpentine. He was fined $20.00 (approximately to $470 in 2019). The term "snake oil" would go on to become a popular euphemism for ineffective or fraudulent products, particularly those marketed as medicines or cures.


Jamshed Vazifdar

Jamshed Nowroji Vazifdar, popularly known as Jimmy, was a Parsi physician from India and a former secretary of the Indian Red Cross Society at its Maharashtra Chapter. Born in Mumbai and graduated in medicine in 1946, he is known to have contributed to the blood transfusion movement in India. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri in 1973. He died in 2000.


Hiatal hernia

A hiatal hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn. Other symptoms may include trouble swallowing and chest pains. Complications may include iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, or bowel obstruction.
The most common risk factors are obesity and older age. Other risk factors include major trauma, scoliosis, and certain types of surgery. There are two main types: sliding hernia, in which the body of the stomach moves up; and paraesophageal hernia, in which an abdominal organ moves beside the esophagus. The diagnosis may be confirmed with endoscopy or medical imaging. Endoscopy is typically only required when concerning symptoms are present, symptoms are resistant to treatment, or the person is over 50 years of age.
Symptoms from a hiatal hernia may be improved by changes such as raising the head of the bed, weight loss, and adjusting eating habits. Medications that reduce gastric acid such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors may also help with the symptoms. If the condition does not improve with medications, a surgery to carry out a laparoscopic fundoplication may be an option. Between 10% and 80% of people in the United States are affected.
Signs and symptoms.
Hiatal hernia has often been called the "great mimic" because its symptoms can resemble many disorders. Among them, a person with a hiatal hernia can experience dull pains in the chest, shortness of breath (caused by the hernia's effect on the diaphragm), heart palpitations (due to irritation of the vagus nerve), and swallowed food "balling up" and causing discomfort in the lower esophagus until it passes on to the stomach. In addition, hiatal hernias often result in heartburn but may also cause chest pain or pain with eating.
In most cases however, a hiatal hernia does not cause any symptoms. The pain and discomfort that a patient experiences is due to the reflux of gastric acid, air, or bile. While there are several causes of acid reflux, it occurs more frequently in the presence of hiatal hernia.
In newborns, the presence of Bochdalek hernia can be recognised from symptoms such as difficulty breathing fast respiration, increased heart rate.
Causes.
The following are potential causes of a hiatal hernia.
Obesity and age-related changes to the diaphragm are also general risk factors.
Diagnosis.
The diagnosis of a hiatal hernia is typically made through an upper GI series, endoscopy or high resolution manometry.
Classification.
Four types of esophageal hiatal hernia are identified:
Type I: A type I hernia, also known as a sliding hiatal hernia, occurs when part of the stomach slides up through the hiatal opening in the diaphragm. There is a widening of the muscular hiatal tunnel and circumferential laxity of the phrenoesophageal ligament, allowing a portion of the gastric cardia to herniate upward into the posterior mediastinum. The clinical significance of type I hernias is in their association with reflux disease. Sliding hernias are the most common type and account for 95% of all hiatal hernias. (C)
Type II: A type II hernia, also known as a paraesophageal or rolling hernia, occurs when the fundus and greater curvature of the stomach roll up through the diaphragm, forming a pocket alongside the esophagus. It results from a localized defect in the phrenoesophageal ligament while the gastroesophageal junction remains fixed to the pre aortic fascia and the median arcuate ligament. The gastric fundus then serves as the leading point of herniation. Although type II hernias are associated with reflux disease, their primary clinical significance lies in the potential for mechanical complications. (D)
Type III: Type III hernias have elements of both types I and II hernias. With progressive enlargement of the hernia through the hiatus, the phrenoesophageal ligament stretches, displacing the gastroesophageal junction above the diaphragm, thereby adding a sliding element to the type II hernia.
Type IV: Type IV hiatus hernia is associated with a large defect in the phrenoesophageal ligament, allowing other organs, such as colon, spleen, pancreas and small intestine to enter the hernia sac.
The end stage of type I and type II hernias occurs when the whole stomach migrates up into the chest by rotating 180° around its longitudinal axis, with the cardia and pylorus as fixed points. In this situation the abnormality is usually referred to as an intrathoracic stomach.
Treatment.
In the great majority of cases, people experience no significant discomfort, and no treatment is required. People with symptoms should elevate the head of their beds and avoid lying down directly after meals. If the condition has been brought on by stress, stress reduction techniques may be prescribed, or if overweight, weight loss may be indicated.
Medications.
Antisecretory drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers can be used to reduce acid secretion. Medications that reduce the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure should be avoided.
Procedures.
There is tentative evidence from non controlled trials that oral neuromuscular training may improve symptoms.
Surgery.
However, in some unusual instances, as when the hiatal hernia is unusually large, or is of the paraesophageal type, it may cause esophageal stricture or severe discomfort. About 5% of hiatal hernias are paraesophageal. If symptoms from such a hernia are severe for example if chronic acid reflux threatens to severely injure the esophagus or is causing Barrett's esophagus, surgery is sometimes recommended. However surgery has its own risks including death and disability, so that even for large or paraesophageal hernias, watchful waiting may on balance be safer and cause fewer problems than surgery. Complications from surgical procedures to correct a hiatal hernia may include gas bloat syndrome, dysphagia (trouble swallowing), dumping syndrome, excessive scarring, and rarely, achalasia. Surgical procedures sometimes fail over time, requiring a second surgery to make repairs.
One surgical procedure used is called Nissen fundoplication. In fundoplication, the gastric fundus (upper part) of the stomach is wrapped, or plicated, around the inferior part of the esophagus, preventing herniation of the stomach through the hiatus in the diaphragm and the reflux of gastric acid. The procedure is now commonly performed laparoscopically. With proper patient selection, laparoscopic fundoplication recent studies have indicated relatively low complication rates, quick recovery, and relatively good long term results.
Epidemiology.
Incidence of hiatal hernias increases with age; approximately 60% of individuals aged 50 or older have a hiatal hernia. Of these, 9% are symptomatic, depending on the competence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). 95% of these are "sliding" hiatal hernias, in which the LES protrudes above the diaphragm along with the stomach, and only 5% are the "rolling" type (paraesophageal), in which the LES remains stationary, but the stomach protrudes above the diaphragm.
Hiatal hernias are most common in North America and Western Europe and rare in rural African communities. Some have proposed that insufficient dietary fiber and the use of a high sitting position for defecation may increase the risk.


Preauricular cyst


Alexander Peddie

Alexander Peddie FRSE FRCPE LLD (3 June 1810 – 19 January 1907) was a Scottish physician and author. He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh from 1877 until 1879, and was co-founder of Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh.
Life.
Peddie died at his home at 15 Rutland Street, in the West End of Edinburgh, on 19 January 1907. He is buried with his parents in Warriston Cemetery in northern Edinburgh. His monument is a small granite stone behind the large Peddie monument (on its north side). His nephew, the architect John Dick Peddie, lies adjacent.


Hamish Watson (paediatrician)

Hamish Watson (26 June 1923 – 23 May 2001) was a paediatrician who was a pioneer in paediatric cardiac catheterisation. Watson was most notable for being an authority on the congenital heart defect, Ebstein's anomaly.
Early life.
Hamish Watson was born in Edinburgh to dairy owner John T R Watson and his wife, Annie Ewing Spence. He was educated at George Watson's School before studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, from where he graduated with an MB ChB and an MD in 1945.
In 1951, he married Lesley Wood and had two daughters and a son.
Career.
Following his graduation, Watson spent his national service in Africa as RMO, Nigeria Regiment. Watson returned to Edinburgh with a small collection of animals bound for the zoo. His medical career continued at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh where he was strongly influenced by cardiologist Andrew Rae Gilchrist, who established the cardiology department at the Infirmary. Two years later, Watson moved to St Andrews University Department of Medicine under Sir Ian Hill, working in Dundee hospitals. Watson's early research was in the field of anticoagulant therapy but the tragic death of his young son from severe congenital heart disease, provided the impetus for him to undertake pioneering research work in congenital heart disease in children. From this, Watson developed a diagnostic and treatment technique which involved the insertion of narrow tubes into the heart – cardiac catheterisation. Watson went on to establish the first coronary care unit in Tayside and was appointed both Post-graduate Dean at the University of Dundee and head of the Cardiology Department at Dundee Royal Infirmary. Watson was editor of the 1968 multi-authored book, "Paediatric Cardiology" which became a standard text for students. Watson was influential in the establishment of the European Association of Paediatric Cardiologists, becoming its first president. Watson was also a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology, and in 1987, joint chairman of the British Cardiac Society and a trustee of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
Later life.
Following his retirement, Watson pursued his love of the great outdoors, hunting and fishing regularly. He was a joint Master of Fox Hounds and, like his wife, an expert fly fisher. The Watsons were also keen gardeners. A car accident brought this outdoors lifestyle to an abrupt halt however, leaving Watson paralysed and in great pain. He was nursed by his wife and died in 2001, at the age of 77, from pneumonia in the coronary care unit he had helped establish.


Otocephaly

Otocephaly, also known as agnathia–otocephaly complex, is a very rare and lethal cephalic disorder characterized by the absence of the mandible (agnathia), with the ears fused together just below the chin (synotia). It is caused by a disruption to the development of the first branchial arch. It occurs in every 1 in 70,000 embryos.
Signs and symptoms.
The disorder is characterised by the absence of the mandible (agnathia), with the ears fused together just below the chin (synotia). In addition to agnathia and synotia, other symptoms that may manifest in otocephaly include:
Grades.
Sewall Wright described twelve grades of otocephaly in guinea pigs. Grades 1 to 5 were isolated agnathia with no neurological defects. Grades 6 to 9 featured severe holoprosencephaly. Grades 10 to 12 featured aprosopus (absence of the face and most of the head) with absence of the prosencephalon and mesencephalon. One human case corresponding to a high Wright grade has been reported in .
Cause.
Otocephaly is generally a result of a de novo mutation in the gene "PRRX1" on the long arm of chromosome 1. Autosomal trisomies, while prevalent in related conditions like cyclopia, are uncommon in otocephaly.
Development.
During early embryogenesis, many different organ systems begin development. Any disruption in these processes results in complex malformation that usually results in death. The first branchial arch will normally develop around the 23rd to 26th day of gestation, also known as Carnegie stage 10. Usually, failure of this will result in isolated agnathia, but otocephaly may occur in exceptional circumstances. After agenesis of the first branchial arch, no cure is possible.
Prognosis.
In almost all cases, fetuses with otocephaly are naturally or electively aborted before birth. If the offspring is carried to term, death usually occurs in minutes to hours after birth.
History.
Otocephaly was first described in 1717 by Dutch scientist Theodor Kerckring. In 1933, evolutionary biologist Sewall Wright performed a study on otocephaly on guinea pigs and gave otocephaly its name. The name comes from the Greek-derived New Latin prefix "oto-" ("ear") and the suffix "-cephaly" ("head").
In 2018, Indian neonatologist Kanwar Singh and his associates described a severe case of otocephaly with cyclopia, agnathia, complete astomia and synotia. They termed this severe presentation Kanwar syndrome.


Dana Beyer

Dana Beyer (born February 9, 1952) is an American transgender rights advocate and the executive director of Gender Rights Maryland, a civil rights and advocacy organization serving Maryland's transgender community. She is a transgender woman.
Biography.
Beyer was born on February 9, 1952 in New York, New York. Beyer graduated from Cornell University in 1974 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and from University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine in 1978 as a Doctor of Medicine. In 2008, Beyer completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett Foundation LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow.
She is executive director of Gender Rights Maryland. She used to be on the board of directors of Equality Maryland. In 2014, she sat on the board of directors for LGBT employment equality advocacy group Freedom to Work. She is on the board of the national Jewish LGBT organization Keshet.
She blogs about transgender topics at "HuffPost".
She is a politician from Maryland who ran in the Democratic primary for state Senate District 18. She received 41.8% of the vote (4,890 votes) and lost the 2014 primary election to Senator Richard Madaleno, who was the incumbent.
She is Jewish, has two sons and lives in Chevy Chase, Maryland.


Henry B. Harshaw

Henry B. Harshaw was treasurer of Wisconsin. Harshaw was born Henry Baldwin Harshaw on June 14, 1842 in Argyle, New York. He moved to Oshkosh, Wisconsin in 1854. Harshaw married Georgia M. Finney in 1864. During the American Civil War, he served with the 2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. While serving, he would be severely wounded and ultimately lose his left arm. Harshaw died of tongue cancer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on December 25, 1900. The community of Harshaw, Wisconsin was named in his honor.
Political career.
Harshaw was Treasurer from 1887 to 1891. Additionally, he was the postmaster of the Oshkosh post office and a circuit court clerk. He was a Republican.


Hyposensitivity

Hyposensitivity, also known as Sensory under-responsitivity, refers to abnormally decreased sensitivity to sensory input.
Hyposensitivity is especially common in people with Autism, and is mostly seen in children. Those experiencing this have a harder time stimulating their senses than normally. They may not feel pain as easily as others, may be drawn to loud noises, be attracted to bright lights and colours, among other things.
Hyposensitivity can lead to an inactivated brain. This can give concentration problems, feeling drained or feckless, depression, procrastination and also hypersensitivities.
Types of hyposensitivity.
"Auditory hyposensitivity" symptoms include:
"Tactile hyposensitivity" symptoms include:
"Olfactory hyposensitivity" symptoms include:
"Taste hyposensitivity" symptoms include:
"Visual hyposensitivity" symptoms include:
"Vestibular hyposensitivity" symptoms include:
"Proprioceptive hyposensitivity" symptoms include:


Aruba Practical Shooters Club

Aruba Practical Shooters Club (APSC) is the Aruban association for practical shooting under the International Practical Shooting Confederation.


Harry C. Solomon

Harry C. Solomon (1889–1982), an American neurologist, psychiatrist, researcher, administrator, and clinician, was among the first to advocate for major changes in public psychiatry. He called for the closure of large, public mental hospitals and replaced with community-based facilities.
Early life.
Solomon was born in Hastings, Nebraska. His family moved to Los Angeles, California where he received his early education. He earned his B.S. degree at the University of California, Berkeley in 1910, and his medical degree from Harvard Medical School in 1914. His entered the field of neurology and psychiatry during his second year at Harvard while studying at the State Lunatic Hospital at Danvers, Massachusetts.
The Boston Psychopathic Hospital opened in 1912 as a division of the Boston State Hospital. Solomon took his internship and his residency there, then hired as a staff physician. Dr. Elmer E. Southard, the Bullard professor of Neuropathology at Harvard University was then the Superintendent of the Boston Psychopathic Hospital and Solomon studied under him. On June 27, 1916, Solomon married Maida Herman. Maida joined him at the Boston Psychopathic Hospital, where she soon became prominent figure in the developing field of psychiatric social work. Neurosyphilis frequently occurrence then, and in 1917, Solomon and Southard co-authored a book on its diagnosis and treatment. Solomon served at a U.S. Army base hospital in France during World War I.
Solomon remained at Boston Psychopathic Hospital and was its superintendent from 1943 to 1958. He was also Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School. He left the hospital to become the Massachusetts State Commissioner of Mental Health and served in this position from 1958 to 1967. During these years, he was regarded as a major leader in American psychiatry and neurology.
He was active in numerous professional associations: American Psychiatric Association (APA, president, 1957-1958), Boston Society of Neurology and Psychiatry (president, 1928-1929), New England Society of Psychiatry (president, 1938-1939), American Neurological Association (president, 1941), Massachusetts Psychiatric Society, Association of Biological Psychiatry (president, 1950), Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases, and American Psychopathological Association. He was widely sought as a consultant and advisor to the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Veterans Administration, the National Research Council, and during World War II, the Selective Service Board.
In 1958, during his presidential year at the American Psychiatric Association, he startled the profession by declaring that the large public mental hospitals were antiquated, outmoded, and rapidly becoming obsolete, and that they should be liquidated. In their place, he urged for community health centers, psychiatric wards in general hospitals, and other types of rehabilitative facilities. Solomon authored and co-authored numerous books and journal articles.


Brachymetatarsia

Brachymetatarsia is a condition in which there is one or more abnormally short or overlapping toe bones (metatarsals). This condition may result due to a congenital defect or it may be an acquired condition. It most frequently involves the fourth metatarsal. If it involves the first metatarsal, the condition is known as Morton's syndrome. Treatment is via a number of differing surgical procedures.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Congenital causes include: Aarskog syndrome, Turner syndrome, Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, maternal ingestion of thalidomide during pregnancy and Apert syndrome. Can be caused by a trauma, although the exact mechanism is not known.
Treatment.
Symptoms may be treated by wearing wider shoes to relieve pressure, or patient can wear padding around the toes. Surgery is also an option, if the pain and discomfort cannot be treated, or for cosmetic reasons. In this procedure, the short metatarsal is typically cut and a piece of bone is grafted between the two ends. In some cases an external fixator may be attached to the metatarsal with pins. Within the external fixator is an adjustable screw that must be turned (per doctors' orders) to lengthen the gap between bone segments, so the bone will regrow to the appropriate shape.
Following surgery, crutches or a knee scooter should be used to keep all weight off the surgically repaired foot for 3 months. After this period, orthopedic shoes or boots may be used.
Epidemiology.
Brachymetatarsia is found to occur more frequently in women than men.


Bright Health

Bright Health is an American health insurance company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
History.
The company was founded by Bob Sheehy, the former CEO of United Healthcare, with partners Kyle Rolfing, Tom Valdivia and seed investor Flare Capital Partners, upon raising $81.5 million in venture capital in 2016. The company said it would focus on "consumer-centric" technology, facilitating patient experiences through digital interfaces. Bright Health is based in Minneapolis. It first began offering plans in the State of Colorado in a partnership with Centura Health after several large insurers announced they would be pulling out of the state.
In 2017 Bright Health acquired the marketing firm Spyder Trap, and its founder became Bright Health's Chief Technology Officer. In June 2017, the company raised an additional $160 million in Series B funding. In September 2017, "Forbes" included Bright Health on a list of 25 "next billion-dollar startups". The company aligned with Mercy Health, the largest hospital system in Ohio, in July 2018 and partnered with Mount Sinai in New York to offer Medicare Advantage plans the next month. Bright Health closed a $200 million Series C financing round in November 2018, bringing the total raised to more than $440 million. It next began offering plans in the State of Arizona, before setting plans to sell in Alabama in 2018, partnering with Arizona Care Network (an insurer owned by Dignity Health and Abrazo Community Health Network) in Phoenix and Brookwood Baptist Health in Birmingham.
In 2019, Bright Health joined America's Health Insurance Plans, a trade association for health insurance companies, and expanded into parts of New York, Ohio, and Tennessee. It also raised an additional $635 million for expansion, bringing the total amount of funding to more than $1 billion. G. Mike Mikan, who formerly held leadership roles at UnitedHealth Group and Best Buy, joined as vice chairman and president in September 2019. By December 2019, Bright Health was operating in 22 markets in 12 states.
In January 2020, Bright Health appointed former Target exec Cathy Smith to be the new CFO, replacing Don Powers. That same month, the company announced it would acquire Brand New Day Health Plan, increasing its reach in the Medicare Advantage market. The acquisition also enabled Bright Health to begin offering services in California. Bright Health became Minnesota's first "unicorn" when it reached a valuation of $1 billion. G. Mike Mikan became the company's CEO in April 2020.
In 2020, the company promoted former Periscope CEO Liz Ross to the post of new chief marketing officer. Bright Health raised $500 million in Series E funding in September 2020.
In early 2021 Bright Health announced record membership growth, providing coverage to more than 500,000 consumers. The company also announced another acquisition in California, Central Health Plan of California Inc., further growing the Medicare Advantage business.
Health insurance.
It began selling health insurance plans in 2017 and Medicare Advantage plans in 2018, in reaction to the Affordable Healthcare Act. Bright Health works with "narrow networks" of specific doctors and hospitals to suppress the cost of healthcare for those enrolled in their program and facilitate coordination of care. The company works in cooperation with major health systems in a market to design a network of services around those providers. Bright Health refers to these providers as "care partners". , it operates in more than 50 markets in 13 states and provides virtual and in-person care to more than 220,000 patients. The company also has three technology components: a user interface, a data analytics module, and a platform that works with electronic medical records and telemedicine companies.


Ismar Isidor Boas

Ismar Isidor Boas (28 March 1858 – 15 March 1938) was a German gastroenterologist born in the town of Exin, then in the Prussian Province of Posen, today in Poland.
Boas was born in the family of a small merchant and among several siblings he was the only one who was educated. He went to a high school in Zülichau in Silesia and then studied medicine in Berlin, Halle and Leipzig, and subsequently became an assistant to Carl Anton Ewald (1845-1915) at the Augusta Hospital in Berlin. In 1886, he became a licensed specialist of gastro-intestinal diseases in Berlin.
Boas was one of the leading authorities on gastroenterology in Europe. Alone, and with Professor Ewald, he made several contributions regarding the pathology and physiology of digestion. He described "Lactobacillus acidophilus", a bacillus found in the gastric juice of individuals with stomach carcinoma. This bacterium is sometimes referred to as the "Boas-Oppler bacillus".
In 1895 he founded the "Archiv für Verdauungs-Krankheiten", the first medical journal dedicated to gastroenterological topics, and in 1913 established the German gastroenterological society ("Deutsche Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten"). He set up a policlinic in the north of Berlin. He also has a handful of eponyms named in his honor, including:
Being a Jew, Boas lost his teaching position in the University of Berlin and left for Vienna in 1936. His wife escaped to Holland. When the Nazis entered Austria, he killed himself with an overdose of the sedative Veronal. His wife Sophie and son Kurt, a dermatologist, were killed by the Nazis.


George Ryerson Fowler

George Ryerson Fowler, M. D. (December 25, 1848 – February 6, 1906), was a surgeon from Brooklyn, New York. He is known for describing Fowler's position, and also for the first thoracoplasty.
Biography.
George Ryerson Fowler was born in Brooklyn on December 25, 1848. His parents were Thomas W. Fowler and Sarah Jane F. He graduated from Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1871, marrying Louise R. Wells in 1873.
At various times he was surgeon-in-chief at Brooklyn City Hospital, amongst other hospitals. In 1884 he was a founder the first president of the Brooklyn Red Cross. For a time he served in the Spanish–American War under General Fitzhugh Lee in the 17th army corps in Havana, where he organized hospitals; he was discharged on the January 31, 1899.
He died in Albany, New York on February 6, 1906.


Non-progressive congenital ataxia

Non-progressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) is a non-progressive form of cerebellar ataxia which can occur with or without cerebellar hypoplasia.
Cause.
NPCA is a syndrome and can have diverse causes. It has a genetic basis and inheritance is considered to be autosomal recessive. However, autosomal dominant variety has also been reported. There may be familial balanced translocation t(8;20)(p22;q13) involved.
Diagnosis.
Neuroimaging like MRI is important. However, there was considerable intrafamilial variability regarding neuroimaging, with some individuals showing normal MRI findings. Early individual prognosis of such autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias is not possible from early developmental milestones, neurological signs, or neuroimaging.


Lateral pulvinar nucleus

Lateral pulvinar nucleus ("nucleus pulvinaris lateralis") is one of four traditionally anatomically distinguished nuclei of the pulvinar of the thalamus. The other three nuclei of the pulvinar are called anterior, inferior and medial pulvinar nuclei.
Clinical significance.
Lesions of the lateral pulvinar nucleus can result in neglect syndromes and attentional deficits.


Ambulatory Surgery Center Association

The Ambulatory Surgery Center Association is a nonprofit association in the United States. It represents all aspects of the Ambulatory Surgery Center industry including the physicians, nurses, administrative staff and owners.
The association represents the industry before the media, Congress, state legislatures and regulatory bodies, and advocates for quality standards, insurance coverage by Medicare and private payers, and reasonable conditions for coverage.
History.
The ASC Association was formed in 2008 when the two leading national ASC associations — FASA and the American Association of Ambulatory Surgery Centers (AAASC) — merged. The new organization commenced operations January 1, 2008.
Ambulatory Surgery Centers.
Ambulatory Surgery Centers are medical facilities where surgery that does not require hospital admission are performed. The specific type and range of surgery performed by a particular facility varies. Some of the most common procedures are cataracts, colonoscopies, and arthroscopic surgery.
Patients who elect to have surgery in these type of facilities do so without being admitted to a hospital. They arrive on the day of the procedure, have the surgery in an operating room, and recover under the care of the nursing staff.


Jeffrey E. Barlough

Jeffrey E. Barlough (born 1953 in Los Angeles, California) is a trained biologist and veterinarian with a Ph.D. in Virology from Cornell University who has published over 60 research and review articles in scientific journals since 1979. He is also an armchair historian and has edited small press publications of minor and archaic English works.
He is also the author of several dark fantasy novels that comprise his Western Lights series, set in an alternate world in which the last Ice Age never ended. Then, in the year 1839, a catastrophic event known as "the sundering" (its cause unknown at the time) wiped out most of the Earth's population and plunged the world into an even deeper Ice Age. By an accident of geography, only a narrow North American coastline (from what is now lower British Columbia to approximately San Diego) of civilization survives, where Victorian society exists alongside prehistoric beasts. The books are written in a style reminiscent of 19th century authors that has often been referred to Charles Dickens mixed with H. P. Lovecraft. His stories portray eccentric and (mostly) likable characters set within detailed locations that, on the surface, seem mundane and sometimes even cheery, but sinister plots and presences are slowly and carefully revealed.


James Collip

James Bertram Collip (November 20, 1892 – June 19, 1965) was a Canadian biochemist who was part of the Toronto group which isolated insulin. He served as the Chair of the Department of Biochemistry at McGill University from 1928–1941 and Dean of Medicine at the University of Western Ontario from 1947–1961, where he was a charter member of The Kappa Alpha Society.
Education.
Born in Belleville, Ontario, he enrolled at Trinity College at the University of Toronto at the age of 15, and studied physiology and biochemistry. He obtained a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the same university in 1916.
Career.
In 1915, at the age of 22, Collip accepted a lecturing position in Edmonton in the Department of Physiology at the University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine, shortly before completing his doctorate. He fulfilled the role for 7 years, eventually rising to the position of Professor and Head of the Department of Biochemistry in 1922. His research at the time was mainly focused on blood chemistry of vertebrates and invertebrates.
He took a sabbatical leave beginning in April 1921, and travelled to Toronto on a Rockefeller Travelling Scholarship for a six-month position with Professor J. J. R. MacLeod of the University of Toronto's Department of Physiology. There his research program (on the effect of pH on the concentration of sugar in the blood) would take him to marine biological stations in Woods Hole, Massachusetts and St. Andrews, New Brunswick before he returned to Toronto late in the year.
MacLeod was overseeing the work of Frederick Banting and Charles Best in their search for a treatment for diabetes which they had begun in May 1921. In December, when Banting and Best were having difficulties in refining the pancreatic extract, MacLeod freed Collip from his other research to enable him to join the research team. Collip's task was to prepare insulin in a more pure, usable form than Banting and Best had been able to achieve to date.
Success of insulin.
In January 1922, after 14-year-old Leonard Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction to an injection of insulin, Collip achieved the goal of preparing a pancreatic extract pure enough for him to recover and to use in clinical trials. Successful trials were soon completed and the future of insulin was assured. Banting, Best and Collip subsequently shared the patent for insulin, which they sold to the University of Toronto for one dollar.
Regrettably, due to disagreements between Banting and MacLeod, there was ill-will generated within the team. The Nobel Prize for Medicine was awarded to Banting and MacLeod in 1923. Feeling that Best had been overlooked in the award, Banting shared his portion with Best. In response, MacLeod shared his portion with Collip. Nonetheless, Collip is often overlooked as a co-discoverer of insulin.
Following this early success, Collip returned to Edmonton to take up a position as Head of the new Department of Biochemistry, and to pursue his own studies on hormone research. In 1928 he was recruited to McGill University in Montreal by his former graduate advisor, Archibald Macallum. Collip served as Chair of McGill's Department of Biochemistry from 1928 to 1941. From 1947-1961, Collip was appointed Dean of Medicine at the University of Western Ontario. He is regarded as a pioneer of endocrine research. He did pioneering work with the hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
He died on June 19, 1965 at the age of 72.


Francis Badgley (doctor)

 Francis Badgley (14 June 1807 – 24 December 1863) was the son of Francis Badgley (1767–1841), a merchant with business connections to the London, England, fur trade. The senior Badgley had made his start in Canada as a partner of Richard Dobie. His brother, William became a judge and attorney general for Canada East.
Francis was licensed to practice in 1826 and, after receiving his diploma from the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh and his MD from the University of Edinburgh in 1829, he finished his studies in Europe. He then practiced in England until returning to Montreal in 1843. Upon his return, he concentrated mainly on teaching medicine and in 1843 was instrumental in setting up the Montreal School of Medicine and Surgery, later to become the Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine. He was also involved in setting up the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lower Canada. This organization received government recognition in 1847.
Francis Badgley continued to teach medicine in Canada until 1860. At that time he was on the medical faculty of the University of Trinity College in Toronto. He returned to England that year because of his wife's health and remained there in practice until his death.


Danish Twin Registry

The Danish Twin Registry, also known as the Danish Twin Register, is a twin registry aiming to include records of all twins in the country of Denmark. Established in 1954, it is the oldest nationwide twin registry in the world. It initially included only twins born in Denmark from 1870 to 1910, but it has since grown to include almost all twins born in the country since 1870. It includes over 86,000 twin pairs, making it one of the largest twin registries in the world, and it is considered to be representative of the general population of Denmark. It includes biological data and repeated measurements from the same subjects, as well as information from other national registers in Denmark.


Kenneth L. Casey

Kenneth Lyman Casey (born 1935) is professor emeritus of neurology and professor emeritus of molecular and integrative physiology at the University of Michigan, and consultant in neurology at the Ann Arbor Veteran's Affairs Medical Center.
Career.
Casey studied medicine at the University of Washington (Seattle), did his internship at The New York Hospital (Cornell Medical Center), and postdoctoral work at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and McGill University and joined the University of Michigan faculty, where he completed his training in neurology. While at McGill, he and Ronald Melzack devised the now widely accepted model of the three dimensions of pain. He was the first to record the responses of single neurons to noxious stimuli in an awake animal and, with colleagues, to use functional brain imaging to show responses in the human brain specifically to heat pain as compared to increases in temperature.


David Taylor (professor)

David Taylor FFRPS FRPharmS (born 1963) is a British professor. He is the head of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinical Academic Group within King's Health Partners. Taylor has been lead author and editor of the Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines in Psychiatry since 1994. In 2014, Taylor was named as one of the top 100 clinical leaders in the UK National Health Service.
Early life and education.
Taylor was born in Leicester in 1963 and attended Loughborough Grammar School (1975-1982). He is the second of four brothers. His father, James Taylor CChem MRSC, contributed to the development of sodium cromoglycate.
Taylor was guitarist in New Wave group The Thought Police, who supported Theatre of Hate on their 1981 UK tour.
A keen rugby player, Taylor played three seasons for Loughborough Grammar School first team and was later captain of Old Pauline FC 1st XV, for whom he made over 300 appearances, many alongside fellow Old Loughburian Patrick MacLarnon.
Taylor obtained a BSc in pharmacy and an MSc in clinical pharmacy from the University of Brighton. He later gained a PhD in clinical pharmacology at King’s College, London. He is a fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (FRPharmS), a fellow of that organisation’s faculty (FFRPS) and an elected fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh (FRCP). In 2020 he was made an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists (FRCPsych) in recognition of his "outstanding contribution to the profession and the cause of mental health".
Career.
Taylor's first experience in psychiatry was in 1986 – a brief placement at the Towers Hospital in Leicester. He then worked in general medicine at hospitals in London and Sydney until joining the Maudsley hospital in 1993. In 1997 Taylor founded the national centre for information on drugs in psychiatry, part of the UKMi network. He has been head of pharmacy since 1995 and Director of Pharmacy and Pathology at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust since 2010.
In 2008, Taylor was awarded a chair in psychopharmacology at King’s College, London and also made honorary professor at the Institute of Psychiatry. Since 2010, Taylor has been head of the Pharmaceutical Sciences Clinical Academic Group within King's Health Partners.
Public works.
Taylor was chairman of the UK Psychiatric Pharmacy Group (1997-1999) and the foundation president of the College of Mental Health Pharmacy, a role recognised by the award of a lifetime fellowship (FCMHP). He was a member of the government-appointed panel which brought in laws in drug driving and is currently a member of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs.
Taylor has been a member of several NICE panels responsible for drawing up treatment guidelines in mental health.
Since 2011 he has been editor-in-chief of Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology.
Taylor is widely recognised as an expert witness on the effect of drugs on behaviour and has given testimony on over two hundred civil and criminal cases.
Research.
Taylor has authored 350 papers (H Index 67) in journals such as the Lancet, BMJ, British Journal of Psychiatry and Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, on subjects ranging from the value of long-acting antipsychotic injections, the efficacy of psilocybin as an antidepressant and the efficacy and safety of agomelatine. Taylor’s research has helped further understanding of the use of clozapine. He has also developed a genetic test predicting response to clozapine and the risk of agranulocytosis. This test is marketed in the UK by Psychiatric Genetics Ltd. Most recently Taylor has tackled the controversial subjects of discontinuation of antidepressants and antipsychotics. He is co-founder of 428 Pharma a company developing the world's first antidepressant long-acting injection which is designed for use both as longterm treatment and, at different dosage levels, as a means of successfully withdrawing from antidepressant treatment.
Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines.
Taylor was the originator of the idea of an evidenced-based mental health prescribing guideline along with the late professor Robert Kerwin and has made a major and unique contribution by writing the Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines for 25 years. Taylor is the de facto editor of this publication and is the only author to be credited on all 13 editions. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines have sold over 300,000 copies in thirteen editions and twelve languages. The 14th edition will be published in May 2021. He has also co-written three other books in the "Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines" series.
Lectures.
Professor Taylor has lectured throughout the world, including tours of New Zealand (2011), Hong Kong (2016), Australia (2019) and Japan (2019).
He was a keynote speaker at the 2018 annual meeting of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in Auckland and at the Royal College of Psychiatrists annual meeting in London in 2019.


American Foundation for Children with AIDS

The American Foundation for Children with AIDS (AFCA) is a non-profit organization that helps children in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as their guardians, who are HIV positive or who have contracted AIDS and lack access to appropriate medical care. Sub-Saharan Africa has been most affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, given that of all new HIV infections in the world, those in sub-Saharan Africa account for more than two-thirds of that number, as of 2008. In helping to fight the battle against HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, AFCA provides critical antiretroviral medicine and other related medications, medical equipment and supplies, sustainable food solutions for families and institutions helping orphans, emergency supplies needed by the institutions in AFCA's targeted areas, as well as critical support for the prevention of HIV/AIDS, which included training of personnel. Currently, AFCA collaborates with twenty-eight partners in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.
History.
The organization, operating under the name Global Foundation for Children with AIDS until 2005, received its 501(c)(3) status in March 2004. Its headquarters were originally located in Lawrence, KS, but were moved to Harrisburg, PA, in August 2008. AFCA's first partners were the Pediatric Infectious Disease Clinic at the Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda; St. Mary's Mission Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya; and the Mombasa Community-Based Health Care and AIDS Relief Program in Mombasa, Kenya. AFCA expanded its partnerships in 2005 to include St. Joseph's Shelter of Hope Center in Voi, Kenya, later adding St. Mary's Mission Hospital and St. Theresa's Home of Hope in Elementita, Kenya, in 2007. Also in 2007, AFCA began working with a program called Zimbabwe Orphans through Extended Hands (ZOE) in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In 2008, AFCA began partnering with the Church of the Ascension in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe and in 2009, AFCA expanded its partnerships by collaborating with Tandala Hospital in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kilembe Mines Hospital and Cooley Clinic in Uganda. In 2011, AFCA expanded its partnerships to include 16 additional clinics in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2012, AFCA added Mpumudde Clinic and Atutur Hospital in Uganda to its partner list and in 2014, AFCA created livelihoods programs in Tandala and Gemena, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2019, AFCA started work in Mzuzu, Malawi.
AFCA is a member of the Children's Medical Charities of America and in May 2007, AFCA received the Best in America Seal of Excellence from the Independent Charities of America. This seal is awarded “to the members of Independent Charities of America and Local Independent Charities of America that have, upon rigorous independent review, been able to certify, document, and demonstrate on an annual basis that they meet the highest standards of public accountability, program effectiveness, and cost effectiveness. These standards include those required by the US Government for inclusion in the Combined Federal Campaign, probably the most exclusive fund drive in the world. Of the 1,000,000 charities operating in the United States today, it is estimated that fewer than 50,000, or 5 percent, meet or exceed these standards, and, of those, fewer than 2,000 have been awarded this Seal.”
Ratings and reviews.
AFCA meets 20 out of 20 standards from the Better Business Bureau.
AFCA has earned a 4 out of 4 rating with Charity Navigator.
AFCA is considered a Top-Rated Charity, earning a B+ rating from Charity Watch.
AFCA is a Platinum-level GuideStar Exchange participant, demonstrating its commitment to transparency.
Mission.
The mission of AFCA is to "provide critical comprehensive services to infected and affected HIV+ children and their caregivers. Our programs are efficient, promoting self-reliance and sustainability. Since 2005, in collaboration with our in-country partners, we have served tens of thousands of families in some of the most underserved and marginalized communities in Africa. Our areas of impact include: medical support, livelihoods, educational support and emergency relief.”
AFCA's approach to HIV care is family oriented. In addition to providing care for HIV-infected children from ages 0 through 19, the organization provides pregnant women who are HIV positive with the antiretroviral medication required to prevent the transmission of HIV to their unborn children. This preventive care is an important aspect of the care provided by AFCA since according to UNAIDS, reversal of the global HIV epidemic will not occur unless there is a decrease in the number of new HIV infections. AFCA also provides antiretroviral and other medicines for the HIV-positive guardians of infected children to prolong the guardians’ lives, thus preventing the children from becoming orphans. Believing that children and guardians in their programs should become self-reliant, AFCA provides livestock (goats, chickens, sheep, pigs, guinea fowl, and rabbits) and seeds and tools, water filters, and solar lights to families who've been affected by HIV/AIDS and who want to escape the ravages of poverty. With husbandry and gardening training and monthly follow ups, the families are able to provide for themselves and not to rely on outside help.
AFCA maintains a warehouse in Lebanon, PA where medical supplies and equipment are stored, packaged, inventoried, and from where they are sent to hospitals and clinics in the countries AFCA works. Hospitals request specific supplies or equipment and AFCA delivers them to their doorstep in order to help them grow their capacity and ability to give good care to their patients, including the children AFCA serves.
AFCA runs a program called Vacation with a Purpose, inviting people from all walks of life to visit their programs in Africa while building a house for AIDS orphans, painting a clinic, playing with children, working side by side with medical personnel, doing administrative tasks, gardening, and much more. This program takes teams to Democratic republic of Congo, Kenya and Zimbabwe.
The main fundraiser AFCA utilizes to fulfill its mission is called Climb Up So Kids Can Grow Up. This fundraiser consists of outdoor events, which cater to individuals of any age or ability: Climb Up: Kilimanjaro, Climb Up: Nigeria, Climb Up: Nepal, Climb Up: New Zealand and Climb Up: Peru are some of the events currently supporting AFCA's work.
Assets.
As of 2019 the American Foundation for Children with Aids had net assets, end of year of $332,821.
Funding details.
Funding details as of 2019:


Maddy Young

Madeleine "Maddy" Young is a fictional character in the BBC medical drama "Holby City", portrayed by actress Nadine Lewington. The character first appeared on-screen on 16 January 2007 in episode "Face Value" - series 9, episode 15 of the programme. Her final appearance in the show was in the Series 11 episode "Just A Perfect Day" when her character was fatally stabbed. Her role in the show was that of a Senior House Officer undergoing her general surgical rotation in Holby's acute admissions unit. Described by the BBC as "enthusiastic [...] fun" and "dedicated to her job", Maddy was created alongside fellow new character General Surgical Consultant Dan Clifford. Her major storylines have centred on their friendship and relationship as well as her troubled family background and her continual rule breaking.
The character has proven popular with viewers, seeing Lewington long-listed for the 'Most Popular Newcomer' award at the 2007 National Television Awards for her portrayal of the character, and Maddy voted by "Holby City" fans 'Favourite Newcomer' of Series 9. However, in October 2007, the character also came under heavy criticism from drinks industry body the Portman Group, resulting from an incident of on-screen binge drinking broadcast without showing any negative effects, which the group lambasted as "highly irresponsible."
In May 2009, Maddy died after being stabbed by disturbed patient Chantelle Tanner. After the attack, a full episode misled viewers by showing what would have happened if Maddy had been saved, before revealing at the end that Maddy had actually died.
Creation.
Maddy was created by "Holby City"s executive producer Tony McHale as an SHO level doctor who would work on the hospital's Acute Assessment Unit. The character was conceived alongside fellow series 9 newcomer Dan Clifford (Peter Wingfield), who arrived as the new General Surgical Consultant of the hospital's Keller Ward, in episode "It's Been a Long Day" - eight weeks before the introduction of Maddy. BBC Publicity explained at the time: "Maddy is good friends with Clifford (Peter Wingfield) and has saved him from trouble on a few occasions". In the closing credits of the character's first two appearances - episodes "Face Value" and "Feast or Famine" - her name was given as "Maddie Young". In every subsequent episode, the character has been credited by the altered spelling of "Maddy Young".
On 4 October 2006, it was announced that actress Nadine Lewington had been cast in the role of Maddy. Lewington had made a previous appearance in series 20, episode 22 of "Holby City" sister show "Casualty". Lewington recalls of her role: "I was a young married mum of one with another on the way. I loved my little bump. My reckless hubbie had had a motorbike accident, in which a baby was injured, after promising to give the bikes up. I threatened to leave him, Charlie Fairhead gave him what for and told him how lucky he was to have me and he promised to be model father after all. Happily ever after. It was a really sweet little story actually. Very touching".
On joining the cast of "Holby City", Lewington commented: "I've been on cloud nine since receiving that all-important phone call. My parents are surprised to suddenly have a doctor in the family but are thrilled nonetheless! I'm just really looking forward to being part of an incredible cast in such a successful show – I can't wait!" A spokesperson for BBC Publicity added: "We are delighted to have Nadine on board to play the part of Maddy, she's a great addition to the show and her character will be involved in some dramatic storylines." Discussing her casting a year into her time on the show, Lewington assessed: "I enjoy it more as I wade through the years. As with any ensemble work, the more time spent as a team, working together and discovering each others rhythms, dynamics and struggles, the better. And because of that, more fun. I certainly feel more settled and confident. Part of something. It was all a bit daunting for a while."
Development.
Upon announcing the character's creation, BBC Publicity initially stated of her personality: "Maddy's enthusiasm and ability speaks for itself. She's a young SHO who loves her job and is fun to be around." Expanding, it was added that: "Maddy's young, fun and up for a laugh while, at the same time, dedicated to her job. She's definitely not going to be single for very long, but there's a family secret she's harbouring which could just get in the way..." The BBC "Holby City" homepage describes Maddy as: "enthusiastic and eager to learn. Being with her is fun. She doesn't moan, she loves her job and gets on with it. She just wants to be happy". Comparing the character's personality to her own, Lewington commented: "My good pal, Sir Robert Powell (Mark Williams) has said that a character is often only yourself turned 3 degrees. I think this to be true of Maddy and I. There "are" similarities. Although she's smarter than me, she does the daftest things! She's says things I wouldn't. But when she cries, I cry and when she smiles, I smile".
Throughout the show's ninth series, Maddy maintained a close relationship with General Surgical Consultant Dan Clifford. It was revealed in her first episode that she had previously worked alongside him in Middlesex. It later came to light that she once covered for him when he attempted an operation drunk - going so far as to date the lesbian anesthetist present during the surgery in order to buy her silence. Shortly before his departure from "Holby City", Dan and Maddy briefly became romantically involved. However, Dan was also in love with his sister-in-law Louise and ultimately departed for a new job in France, leaving Maddy behind. Peter Wingfield (Dan) has said of the relationship:
Lewington's own assessment of the relationship is that: "Maddy doesn't have anyone in her life that she can count on. Dan was her family and that's what hurt so bad. I guess to have Dan as a lover would mean that he would never go away. She wouldn't have to share him. Dan loved Maddy sincerely which is why he didn't want to risk hurting her than he already had. He was too messed up to be good for anyone and he knew it."
The character also had a brief sexual relationship with hospital Lothario Sam Strachan. She and Sam had a one night stand in episode "The Borders of Sleep", and went on to become close friends, with Maddy assisting Sam in caring for a teenage prostitute he felt responsible for. She also supported him through his Non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, and enlisting his support in illegally proving a patient's death through negligence. In the show's tenth series, Maddy also formed a fast respect for the new head of the hospital's Acute Assessment Unit, Linden Cullen (Duncan Pow). Pow ruled out a romance between the two characters, however, stating: "They're protective of each other, but they're more like brother and sister than anything else. I don't think he's ready for the relationship merry-go-round at Holby just yet". He added that: "Any man would be a fool to turn down Maddy, but Linden wants his wife back". Similarly, Lewington has assessed that neither Sam nor Linden are Maddy's ideal man, and instead she is "waiting for a new hunk!"
Storylines.
Maddy arrives at Holby City Hospital in episode "Face Value". It is revealed that she has a history with General Surgical Consultant Dan Clifford, and that the pair are good friends. The pre-existing relationship between Maddy and Dan initially makes some staff wary of her, especially on the hospital's Acute Assessment Unit, where she is assigned. However, she quickly strikes up a friendship with PRHOs Matt Parker and Dean West, and Senior Staff Nurse Donna Jackson.
Maddy engages in a one-night stand with Cardiothoracic Surgical Registrar Sam Strachan in episode "The Borders of Sleep", and later bends the rules to help him take care of underage prostitute patient Jade MacGuire. In episode "What Lies Beneath", Maddy's father arrives in Holby having escaped from prison. She treats him for an injury he sustained prior to escaping, and, aided by Dan, helps him avoid the police when they arrive searching for him. Her father reveals to Dan that Maddy once stole pharmacy drugs and planted them on the abusive boyfriend of her twin sister, Hannah. She discusses her past with Dan, mentioning the fact she once covered for him when he operated drunk. Maddy gets into further trouble when she poses as Cardiothoracic Consultant Elliot Hope, attending a racial awareness course under the guise of "Ellie", only to be caught out by the hospital's Chief Executive Officer Jayne Grayson.
Maddy's sister Hannah arrives at Holby with an abscess in episode "Guilt by Association". Maddy convinces her to have an operation by illegally stopping her pain medication, in order to emphasize how badly she needs surgery. In the following episode, Hannah seeks out Maddy's help when she accidentally gives her daughter, Sunny, a methadone overdose. Although Maddy again breaks the rules and the law to help them, Sunny dies while being treated from an exacerbated pre-existing cardiac problem. The police are suspicious of Sunny's death, but Dan blackmails fellow Consultant Ric Griffin into covering up for Maddy. Dan and Maddy go on to share a short-lived romantic relationship before his departure in October 2007. She is hurt by Dan's love for his sister-in-law Louise, and left heartbroken when Dan departs Holby for a prestigious job in France. In episode "Love Will Tear Us Apart", Maddy makes an error in the middle of an operation after Dan calls her out of the blue to arrange a meeting. She is devastated when he later stands her up.
Following Dan's departure, Maddy goes on to support Sam through his battle with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and form a professional relationship with the new head of the AAU, Linden Cullen. When Linden is suspended following the death of a patient, Maddy breaks the law by stealing samples from the hospital's morgue to prove his innocence. She is severely reprimanded by Jayne Grayson, although Linden is eventually cleared. When Linden becomes involved with a case of conjoined twins, Maddy is temporarily placed in charge of the AAU in his absence.
Maddy had recently been transferred to Keller on surgical rotation. She continually tried to impress Ric. But Ric kept taking his frustrations out on her because she was friends with Tom O' Dowd. But Ric was impressed in the end and offered her a promotion and told she could be a great surgeon one day.
In "Mirror, Mirror" Maddy's sister Hannah, having been released from prison, arrives at Holby with her cellmate Chantelle, who has been stabbed, in her car. Because Chantelle refuses treatment in the hospital, believing they will send her back to jail for being in a fight, Maddy agrees to treat Chantelle in secret. Linden finds out and tries to help and they operate on her but Ric finds out and tells her to report it to the police. She refuses as doing so would cause Chantelle to run away, leaving her with a potentially fatal stab wound. As a consequence Ric withdraws her from the promotion interview.
In "Seeing Other People" Chantelle stabs Maddy in the back, whilst she was on her way to Ric Griffin to talk about the promotion.
In "Just a Perfect Day" Maria finds Maddy stabbed and bleeding out on the floor in the Keller ward toilets. She immediately starts trying to resuscitate her. Linden rushes in to help. Three weeks have passed since Maddy was stabbed. She is in Holby Care and we hear her thinking about a letter she has written to her sister Hannah. She seems to be fully recovered and is desperately trying to get back to work and be interviewed for the ST3 job. Ric held the interviews open until Maddy was well enough, and today she's going to make sure she gets the job. Maddy's going to show them that they can throw anything at her and she'll cope...even after being stabbed. Linden wants Maddy to be careful and take things easy, as she nearly died, but Maddy wants to get back to work.
Meanwhile, Maddy receives a visit from Dan Clifford, who she has not seen for over 18 months since he took his job abroad. After hearing about Maddy's attack he has arrived to see how she is doing and to offer her a research position with him at his new hospital. Maddy decides to try for the position at Holby before making any decisions.
Back on the ward, a father and his two daughters have been brought in, one with a stab wound and one badly burnt. The father only has minor injuries but the police seem to believe he had something to do with the incident. Maddy tries to find out what is happening from the father, who is not talking to the police. She seems to have some connection with him but can't seem to put her finger on what it is.
Ric is having second thoughts about allowing Maddy to be interviewed. He explains to Michael that he doesn't think that she is ready for the position. Maria overhears the pair's conversation and chips in saying that she feels that Maddy is perfect. Michael knows Maria is right but Ric thinks he might have made a mistake and he explains to Maddy that he is withdrawing her interview offer. Maddy is devastated.
Clifford comforts Maddy and explains that the board have now asked him to move back to Holby and there is a position waiting for him. After advice from Linden Maddy decides to stay at Holby. Her aim is to show Ric what she is capable of achieving. Determined to show Ric her skill she takes a leading role in the procedure on the stab victim. Ric is impressed but explains that he would like to see more before she gets an interview. Her plan has failed.
Maddy overhears Ric and Clifford talking about her. Clifford explains that Ric might be hit with a lawsuit if he denies Maddy an interview and suggests that he interviews her without giving her the job.
The stab victim dies and Maddy blames herself, even though there was nothing she could have done. But Ric tells Maddy he has reconsidered and she can have an interview. Although she's happy to have this opportunity she knows that Ric is only doing it to avoid a court case.
She heads into the interview, bold and honest about her work. She impresses the board and they give her the position. She can't believe it. She heads out to tell Dan Clifford the news, who then tells her that the board have offered that he can move his entire work to Holby and he tell her that the reason he wants to stay is that he loves her. Maddy is overjoyed and they kiss passionately against the bonnet of his car. She heads back to the ward to find the father of the stab victim missing. She finds him in the basement, confused and he speaks to Maddy as if she is his dead daughter. Maddy tries to help but he keeps referring to Maddy as his daughter. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that everything that happened since Maddy was stabbed was actually a dream and that Maddy actually died in Chantelle's attack. This whole episode was Maddy living out her perfect day in her head. On October 21, 2009, Chantelle was admitted to AAU, pregnant after her boyfriend kicked her in the stomach. Despite telling Maria she didn't kill Maddy, she actually confessed to the murder after Mark told her of the consequences about her lying about her boyfriend abusing her and killing Maddy.
Reception.
Within six months of arriving at "Holby City", Lewington was long-listed for the 'Most Popular Newcomer' award at the 2007 National Television Awards, for her portrayal of the character. In the 2007 official fan awards, Maddy was voted fans' 'Favourite Newcomer of series 9', as well as third 'Favourite Female of series 9', fourth 'Favourite All-Time Female' and fifth 'Favourite series 9 Storyline', for the plot strand with her twin sister. Informed of Maddy's strong fan base, Lewington commented: "How lovely! I think it's because she's identifiable. People understand her motives and see that she has no hidden agenda. She's emotional but strong, cheeky but kind. I rather like her so I'm glad others do to!"
In October 2007, drinks' industry body the Portman Group made an official complaint to communications regulator Ofcom about a scene in "Holby City" episode "Trial and Retribution", which depicted the characters Maddy and Sam Strachan each taking five shots of tequila following a stressful day at work. The body's chief executive David Poley claimed that in failing to show the negative consequences of this action, the series was presenting a "highly irresponsible portrayal of excessive and rapid drinking". "The Daily Telegraph" noted that the complaint came shortly after Home Secretary Jacqui Smith expressed concern about televisual glorification of drunkenness, having told the Labour Party conference such a thing would be branded unacceptable as part of a "zero-tolerance" approach to anti-social behaviour. In response to the Portman Group's accusation that "We would expect the BBC to take greater care with the portrayal of alcohol in programmes", the BBC released a statement explaining that: ""Holby City" takes the issue of the negative effects of alcohol abuse very seriously. On occasions when our continuing drama series deal with alcohol within a storyline we always seek to handle the issue sensitively".
The series 10 episode "Love Will Tear Us Apart", which saw Maddy stood up by Dan on a return visit from France, was selected as a televisual pick of the day by "The Guardian", the "Daily Mirror", and the "Birmingham Mail". "The Guardian" critic Gareth McLean was critical of the episode, writing: "Now here's an idea for another Holby spin-off - one set in the hospital's STD clinic. Of course, given the ceaseless intra-departmental shagging that goes on in that hospital, there might be too much crossover with existing shows, with not a look-in for characters who aren't actually on staff. Here, sexist surgeon Clifford returns to complicate Maddy's life, though since she's been sleeping with Sam, who's slept with Connie, Chrissie and Faye, she appears to need no help in that area.She's going to die." "Daily Mirror" critic Jim Shelley has discussed the outlandish nature of the character's storylines, dubbing the line "I don't know why people complain about the NHS" from a 2007 episode his 'Naive statement of the week', explaining: "Hmmmm let's see. Abra covering up that he was operating on his arms-dealer father. Maddy hiding the fact she killed her junkie sister's daughter. And secret cokehead Jesus Of Nazareth (Robert Powell) keeping quiet about counselling Elliot's son for heroin addiction. Oh yeah, and in "Casualty", in Holby's A&E department, nurse Ruth Winters secretly fixed her dad's breathalyser test. Anyone detect a theme emerging?" Shelley has, however, also deemed Maddy to be one of "Holby City"'s "few really good, realistic, characters".
In popular culture.
The 17 November 2006 "Children in Need" charity telethon included a segment featuring the "Holby City" cast performing a version of "Hung Up" by Madonna. Although the character had not yet made her on-screen debut in the programme, Lewington as Maddy appeared in the sketch - as did fellow newcomers Peter Wingfield (Dan Clifford) and Phoebe Thomas (Maria Kendall) who also had yet to arrive in the show itself. The 16 November 2007 "Children in Need" appeal again contained a musical performance from "Holby City" cast members. Lewington, alongside Rakie Ayola (Kyla Tyson) and Phoebe Thomas (Maria Kendall) provided backing vocals for Sharon D Clarke (Lola Griffin), who performed a soul version of Aretha Franklin's signature song, Respect. Lewington said of these appearances: "I had the time of my "life"...Woo hoo! Loved every second. Although I was a gibbering wreck before the live performance of 'Respect'. Sharon D Clarke was amazing, not a whisper of fear. I however was convinced that I was going to forget everything and stare blankly into the eyes of 14 million viewers or however many squillions there were watching. All went well though and I've got a little bit of history in my dvd collection ready for the grand kiddies!" Lewington has also appeared in a "Holby City" vs. "Casualty" special episode of BBC Two quiz show "The Weakest Link", alongside co-stars Phoebe Thomas, Tom Chambers (Sam Strachan), Duncan Pow (Linden Cullen) and Robert Powell (Mark Williams).


Otto Kohlrausch

Otto Ludwig Bernhard Kohlrausch (March 20, 1811 – November 14, 1854) was a German physician and surgeon born in Barmen. His son Christian Georg Kohlrausch (1851-1934) rediscovered the discus throw.
He studied natural sciences at the University of Bonn and medicine at University of Göttingen. He visited hospitals in Copenhagen and London, then in 1835 started a medical practice in Hanover. In 1841 he established a health spa at Bad Rehburg on behalf of the government.
Otto Kohlrausch was a member of a distinguished family of scientists and scholars; an uncle of his was famed physicist Friedrich Kohlrausch (1840–1910). The eponymous "Kohlrausch's valves" are named after him (also known as the transverse rectal folds). Another anatomical structure associated with his name is "Kohlrausch's muscle", a term used to refer to any of the longitudinal muscles of the rectal wall.


Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar

Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar, or TCBS agar, is a type of selective agar culture plate that is used in microbiology laboratories to isolate "Vibrio" species. TCBS agar is highly selective for the isolation of "V. cholerae" and "V. parahaemolyticus" as well as other "Vibrio" species. TCBS agar contains high concentrations of sodium thiosulfate and sodium citrate to inhibit the growth of "Enterobacteriaceae". Inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria is achieved by the incorporation of ox gall, which is a naturally occurring substance containing a mixture of bile salts and sodium cholate, a pure bile salt. Sodium thiosulfate also serves as a sulfur source and its presence, in combination with ferric citrate, allows for the easy detection of hydrogen sulfide production. Saccharose (sucrose) is included as a fermentable carbohydrate for metabolism by "Vibrio" species. The alkaline pH of the medium enhances the recovery of "V. cholerae" and inhibits the growth of others. Thymol blue and bromothymol blue are included as indicators of pH changes.
Formula.
pH 8.6 ± 0.2 @ 25°C
Expected results.
Bacteria that are not "Vibrio" but produce hydrogen sulfide grow as small black colonies. This is because the hydrogen sulphide produced from thiosulphate, which acts as a source of sulphur and creates a reduced oxygen tension in which "Vibrio" can grow due to its facultative anaerobic nature, combines with ferric ions from ferric citrate to produce ferric sulphide, which is black.
TCBS agar is both selective and differential. It is highly selective for "Vibrio" species and differential due to the presence of sucrose and the dyes. Sucrose fermentation produces acid, which converts the colour of bromothymol blue or thymol blue. Two dyes rather than one make the medium produce an array of yellow, green, or blue so that differentiating among various "Vibrio" species is possible.
Control of "Acanthaster planci".
TCBS agar has also been used to control outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns sea star ("Acanthaster planci"), which is a threat to coral reefs. Single injections lead to deaths of sea stars within 24 hours, with symptoms of "discolored and necrotic skin, ulcerations, loss of body turgor, accumulation of colourless mucus on many spines especially at their tip, and loss of spines. Blisters on the dorsal integument broke through the skin surface and resulted in large, open sores that exposed the internal organs." This was due to promotion of the growth of naturally occurring "Vibrio" species to high densities, with subsequent symbiont imbalance.