Demetrius Klee Lopes

Demetrius Klee Lopes (born March 19, 1970) is a cerebrovascular neurosurgeon specializing in neuroendovascular therapy. At Advocate Health, he serves as medical director of the cerebrovascular and neuroendovascular program and is co-director of their stroke program.
Lopes is a guest faculty member of Brigham and Women's Hospital Cerebrovascular and Skull Base Symposium at Harvard Medical School. Lopes is the founder of nonprofit Cure4Stroke Foundation, editor in chief of "Neurovascular Exchange" educational website and serves on the organizing committee of the annual World Live Neurovascular Conference.
Lopes' contributions to neurovascular surgery have improved safety and decreased the disabilities caused by stroke, brain aneurysms and arterial malformations. He collaborated on major studies that defined the current indications for mechanical thrombectomy for the treatment of acute stroke. In addition, Lopes had contributed significantly to the development of flow diversion treatment for cerebral aneurysms.
Early life and education.
Born on March 19, 1970, Lopes lived in Brazil until 1993. He began his medical education in 1987 at Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. After completing his doctorate in medicine in 1993, he completed his residency and fellowship at State University of New York at Buffalo.
Career.
In 2001, Lopes joined Rush University Medical Center. In May 2006, he was voted Chicago's "Dr. McDreamy" by the readers of the Chicago Tribune.
In 2013, Lopes founded the nonprofit Cure4Stroke Foundation, which aims to raise stroke awareness and celebrate stroke survivors.
In 2015, Lopes published articles confirming that the use of endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke improves patient outcomes.
In 2015, along with Elad Levy, Lopes performed research resulting in paradigm shifts in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, including being the US Interventional Principal Investigator for the SWIFT PRIME trials. Lopes also conducted research on the efficacy and safety of endovascular thrombectomy in 2018.
In July 2018, Lopes joined Advocate Health Care as co-director of the stroke program.
In 2019, Lopes published a preliminary study on usage of the pipeline embolization device to treat small to medium-sized intracranial aneurysms, and has also demonstrated its safety and efficacy for patients under 22 years old. Later that year, Lopes also published research results demonstrating the safety and efficacy of transvenous embolization for treating arteriovenous malformations. Lopes published another similar study in July 2020.


Alexander B. Gutman

Alexander B. Gutman (1902-1973) is a co-winner of the Gairdner Foundation International Award known for his research on gout.


Isabella Fraser

Isabella Fraser (15 November 1857 in Largs, Ayrshire, Scotland – 24 November 1932) was a New Zealand matron.


The Comoros Red Crescent

The Comoros Red Crescent Society was founded in 1982, and it is the part of the recognition by the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in 2005. The national headquarters of The Comoros Red Crescent is in Moroni and the other three regional branches are each located are Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli islands of the Comoros. The warehouse which it was built in 2013 with the help from The French Development Agency of France. But they can store 80 tonnes of relief supplies. There are 6,600 Members, 3,600 Volunteers, and 11 Salaried employees of The Comoros Red Crescent Authority.


Alfredo Navarro

Alfredo Navarro (4 May 1868 – 17 May 1951) was a Uruguayan political figure.
Background.
Navarro was a prominent member of the Colorado party in the 1930s.
He was a noted medical doctor.
Vice President of Uruguay.
Navarro served as Vice President of Uruguay 1934–1938, and also President of the Senate of Uruguay.
Navarro stepped down as Vice President in 1938, and was succeeded in that office by César Charlone.
Historical note.
Navarro was the first person to hold the office of Vice President of Uruguay. The office dates from 1934.


Immunogenicity

Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal. It may be wanted or unwanted:
A challenge in biotherapy is predicting the immunogenic potential of novel protein therapeutics. For example, immunogenicity data from high-income countries are not always transferable to low-income and middle-income countries. Another challenge is considering how the immunogenicity of vaccines changes with age. Therefore, as stated by the World Health Organization, immunogenicity should be investigated in a target population since animal testing and in-vitro models cannot precisely predict immune response in humans.
Antigenic immunogenic potency.
Many lipids and nucleic acids are relatively small molecules and/or have non-immunogenic properties. Consequently, they may require conjugation with an epitope such as a protein or polysaccharide to increase immunogenic potency so that they can evoke an immune response.
Antigen characteristics.
Immunogenicity is influenced by multiple characteristics of an antigen:
T cell epitopes.
T cell epitope content is one of the factors that contributes to antigenicity. Likewise, T Cell epitopes can cause unwanted immunogenicity, including the development of ADAs. A key determinant in T cell epitope immunogenicity is the binding strength of T cell epitopes to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC or HLA) molecules. Epitopes with higher binding affinities are more likely to be displayed on the surface of a cell. Because a T cell's T cell receptor recognizes a specific epitope, only certain T cells are able to respond to a certain peptide bound to MHC on a cell surface.
When protein drug therapeutics, (as in enzymes, monoclonals, replacement proteins) or vaccines are administrated, antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as a B cell or Dendritic Cell, will present these substances as peptides, which T cells may recognize. This may result in unwanted immunogenicity, including ADAs and autoimmmune diseases, such as autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) following exposure to recombinant thrombopoietin and pure red cell aplasia, which was associated with a particular formulation of erythropoietin (Eprex).
Monoclonal antibodies.
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used for several diseases, including cancer and Rheumatoid arthritis. Consequently, the high immunogenicity limited efficacy and was associated with severe infusion reactions. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, it is suspected that the mAbs are inducing infusion reactions by eliciting antibody antigen interactions, such as increased formation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which may bind onto mast cells and subsequent degranulation, causing allergy-like symptoms as well as the release of additional cytokines.
Several innovations in genetic engineering has resulted in the decrease in immunogenicity, (also known as deimmunization), of mAbs. Genetic engineering has led to the generation of humanized and chimeric antibodies, by exchanging the murine constant and complementary regions of the immunoglobulin chains with the human counterparts. Although this has reduced the sometimes extreme immunogenicity associated with murine mAbs, the anticipation that all fully human mAbs would have not possess unwanted immunogenic properties remains unfulfilled.
Evaluation methods.
In silico screening.
T cell epitope content, which is one of the factors that contributes to the risk of immunogenicity can now be measured relatively accurately using in silico tools. Immunoinformatics algorithms for identifying T-cell epitopes are now being applied to triage protein therapeutics into higher risk and low risk categories. These categories refer to assessing and analyzing whether an immunotherapy or vaccine will cause unwanted immunogenicity.
One approach is to parse protein sequences into overlapping nonamer (that is, 9 amino acid) peptide frames, each of which is then evaluated for binding potential to each of six common class I HLA alleles that “cover” the genetic backgrounds of most humans worldwide. By calculating the density of high-scoring frames within a protein, it is possible to estimate a protein's overall “immunogenicity score”. In addition, sub-regions of densely packed high scoring frames or “clusters” of potential immunogenicity can be identified, and cluster scores can be calculated and compiled.
Using this approach, the clinical immunogenicity of a novel protein therapeutics can be calculated. Consequently, a number of biotech companies have integrated in silico immunogenicity into their pre-clinical process as they develop new protein drugs.


King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital

King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital (KCMH, ; ) is a public general and tertiary referral hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. It is operated by the Thai Red Cross Society, and serves as the teaching hospital for the Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Srisavarindhira Thai Red Cross Institute of Nursing. With an in-patient capacity of 1,435 beds, it is one of the largest hospitals in Thailand, and as one of Thailand's leading medical school affiliates, is widely considered one of the best public hospitals in the country, along with Siriraj Hospital and Ramathibodi Hospital.
History.
The founding of the hospital was first proposed by King Vajiravudh, who, having observed the operations of the Red Cross Hospital of Japan during his travels, thought it beneficial to establish a hospital in the service of the Red Cross (then the Red Unalom Society). The hospital, named in honour of King Chulalongkorn, was founded through donations by King Vajiravudh and his brothers and sisters, together with the society's funds. The hospital was opened by King Vajiravudh on 30 May 1914.
King Ananda Mahidol aimed to increase physician in Thailand because at that time Thailand is under post–World War II period. Government of Thailand intentionally tried to find another hospital which is ready to be the second medical school of Thailand and finally they should King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital of the Thai Red Cross Society. On 4 June 1947, Affiliation with Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University was established.
Facilities.
Today, the hospital provides general and specialized medical services through its dentistry, forensic medicine, internal medicine, orthopedics, pediatrics, preventive medicine, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, radiology and surgery clinics. It also operates five specialized medical service centers, namely: Cardiac Center, Glaucoma Imaging & Diagnostic Center, Excimer Laser Center, Chulalongkorn Craniofacial Center, and the Queen Sirikit Center for Breast Cancer. It serves as the office of many WHO Collaborating Centres in Thailand.
In 2007, ground was broken for the hospital's Bhumisirimangkalanusorn Building — claimed to be the largest medical hub in ASEAN — is a 12.5-billion baht (US$376 million) 29-storey facility. It was jointly financed by the state and the Thai Red Cross Society. The new addition opened on a partial basis in 2016 and is due to be fully inaugurated by the end of 2017. It has over 1,250 beds. Fully operational, it will house over 1,600 physicians and 2,100 nurses.


James Andrew (physician)

James Andrew (7 September 1829 – 21 April 1897 was an English physician and lecturer on medicine, known as an outstanding teacher.
Andrew was born in Whitby, Yorkshire on 7 September 1829 the youngest son of Reverend James Andrew, Rector of Whitby. After education at home and at Sedbergh School, James Andrew matriculated at Worcester College, Oxford on 9 June 1848. He subsequently obtained a scholarship at Wadham College, Oxford and migrated there, graduating B.A. in 1852 and M.A. in 1856. After a year at Edinburgh, he became a medical student at St Bartholomew’s Hospital and graduated there with B.M. degree in 1860. At St Bartholomew's Hospital he was from 1861 to 1867 demonstrator of morbid anatomy, from 1864 to 1869 assistant physician, and from 1869 to 1893 full physician, retiring in 1893 to live in Bournemouth. From 1868 to 1890 he was joint lecturer in medicine at the medical school of St Bartholomew's hospital. Andrew was from 1863 to 1878 physician to the City of London Hospital for Diseases of the Chest. He took his higher doctorate of medicine (D.M.) in 1863. In 1866 he was elected F.R.C.P.
Andrew delivered the Lumleian Lectures ("The Aetiology of Phthisis") in 1884 and the Harveian Oration {"Conditions of the Pulmonary Circulation") in 1890.
Andrew married Isabelle Simpson in 1867 but they had no children. Andrew died on 21 April 1897 at Moorland House, Tavistock aged 67.


Harper Whitley

Harper McCaskill (also Whitley) is a fictional character on the New Zealand soap opera "Shortland Street" portrayed by Ria Vandervis. She made her first screen appearance on the 1 May 2013. She was introduced as close friend to established character, Sarah Potts (Amanda Billing), who had returned after working in New York. Her storylines have focused on her relationships including her lesbian fling with Nicole Miller (Sally Martin) and the most notable being her love triangle with characters Boyd Rolleston (Sam Bunkall) and Drew McCaskill (Ben Barrington). Her most recent storylines have seen her suffer from Addison's Disease, and try to battle for Billie's custody after separating from Drew McCaskill, but was later put on hold as she was discovered to have an aggressive brain tumour that need to be removed.
Creation and casting.
To mark the show's 21st anniversary, 4 new young characters were introduced in an attempt to revamp the show, with the characters of Harper, Dayna Jenkins (Lucy Elliott), Dallas Adams (Cameron Jones) being created alongside the return of Henry Lee (Peter Huang) in a more prominent role. Ria Vandervis was cast as new emergency department Doctor, Harper Whitley. Vandervis was originally hired under a 6-month recurring contract that was later extended to a regular role. Vandervis originally commuted between Dunedin and Auckland for filming. She struggled with the extension due to personal relationship issues and considered quitting the show. Like Vandervis herself, Harper is described as "straight talking", "ambiguous" and "mysterious". She was introduced as friend from medical school to existing character Sarah Potts (Amanda Billing). The character had left New Zealand to pursue her career in Australia and then ended up in New York. At first people are suspicious of why she had returned to New Zealand and is described to be "vague" on the subject. Vandervis commented in an interview with the Otago Daily Times; "She's an alpha female and uber confident and used to getting what she wants, which causes conflicts, "She's also hiding a secret and doesn't want that to come up." When Vandervis first joined the cast she found it demanding commenting; "It was terrifying. You get chucked in the deep end. We shoot an episode a day, so you've got 20 minutes to do a scene. You just try try get your words right and hit the mark. You're a little cog in a big machine."
Storylines.
Harper arrived at Shortland Street shortly after returning from a mysterious past in New York, supposedly to visit best friend Sarah (Amanda Billing). However the two were at odds when she took Sarah's job at the hospital and began to date her ex-husband TK Samuels (Benjamin Mitchell). It later turned out Harper had fled a high up criminal family in America that she was set to marry into. When her fiancé arrived, she briefly considered running away with him but decided to stay in New Zealand. Harper soon discovered she was in love with TK despite his reconciliation with Sarah but shocked all when she began to date Nicole (Sally Martin). The relationship was short-lived and Harper was devastated when Sarah died leading her to seek comfort with TK again, entering into a temporary relationship. However, advances from sensitive doctor Boyd Rolleston (Sam Bunkall) lead to a new more measured romance. Strains became apparent in the steadiness of the relationship however and after investing in a motorbike, Harper met rugged new doctor Drew McCaskill (Ben Barrington) and despite being engaged to Boyd, Harper left him after Drew was shot.
Taking on more responsibility at the hospital through management positions, Harper moved in with Drew. Harper continues an unsteady relationship with Drew. Ashley, her cousin arrives in Ferndale after her mother dies and Harper becomes her legal guardian. She later marries Drew, but Ashley dies after hitting the back of her head on the back of a seat whilst in an argument with a tearaway named Olive.
Harper reveals to Drew that she terminated a pregnancy to him, much to Drew's dismay, he then goes and has sex with friend and colleague Kylie Warner (Kerry-Lee Dewing) after she learns that her husband is a bigamist. However, after they reconciled and Harper was pregnant again, Drew took more responsibility, offering to take a year off work to be a stay-at-home dad, however, because Harper's initial insistence on home birth, she played a prank on him within an hour before actually giving birth. On August 8, Billy was born. The baby is an intersex child. She also named Nicole Miller as the godmother, while Boyd Rolleston, who delivered the baby was named as the godfather by Drew McCaskill, who missed the delivery as he was still reeling over her faking childbirth less than an hour ago.
In October, she separated from Drew after he 'selfishly' gave up a liver to save Damo Johnson's life, and suffer from Addison's Disease. On October 23–24, however, her seizures and dizzy spell become more frequent and severe, leading to a brain tumour diagnosis. Despite it being benign, and her initially opting for chemotherapy, her seizure and collapse got so bad that it needed immediate surgical removal.
Harper's relationship continued to dwindle after Drew was sent to prison for tax evasion, invaded her hobby of boxing, and asserted Billy's 'real' gender. Everything came to a head when, after claiming Leanne's lost lottery ticket for $4 million, Drew admitted that he knew and didn't return the money. He had also lied about a major loan for the IV Bar that was already collapsing due to health code violations. Harper finally decided that enough was enough and broke things off with Drew, only to agree to couples counselling the next episode.
Character development.
Relationships.
Boyd Rolleston.
Whilst in a relationship with Boyd, she goes on a motorcycle trip and stops at a pub only to meet Drew. Her attraction towards him "scares" her and she returns to Ferndale straight away. Upon her return, she proposes to Boyd, but shortly after Drew turns up at Shortland Street only to find him as the new plastic surgeon. Boyd is initially oblivious to the connection between the pair. Vandervis commented on Harper and Boyd's relationship saying; "They're both great characters but at the end of the day I think Harper and Boyd are not suited to each other, she likes a little bit of adrenalin and she has a wild side. She's never going to get that from Boyd. Whether finding a guy that's similar to her in that way would ever work in a relationship sense, you never know." It was reported that a 'red wedding' was set to air as the 2015 season finale cliffhanger. Hospital Stalker, Gareth Hutchins (Jarrod Martin), held people hostage in the hospital cafeteria. This interrupted the plans of her wedding to Boyd as he was caught in the crossfire of helping the injured with Harper finding about the situation occurring and also going to the hospital to assist. The wedding is left abandoned with only couple, Dayna Jenkins (Lucy Elliot) and George Kirkwood (Arlo Gibson), at the ceremony. They utilise the celebrant and singers, Sole Mio, and marry.
Drew McCaskill.
After ending her engagement with Boyd, she starts a relationship with doctor, Drew McCaskill. After Drew is shot by gunman Gareth Hutchins, she admits her love for him and supports him, determined to get to the bottom of who made an attempt on his life. The pair start a relationship and decide to get married. However, Drew begins to worry when he is left waiting at the altar due to Harper questioning the marriage, but she ends up arriving on a motorbike. When commenting on whats holding her back on the characters second wedding to Drew, Vandervis commented; "It's not that marriage and children and those things aren't wonderful. I think she's just struggling to work out if that's what she really wants and I think lots of people can relate to that – being unsure," adding "She's a really modern woman and doesn't necessarily see the point in it. She doesn't see why you need to be defined by a piece of paper or by being connected to another person." However, it is revealed after the pair wed that she aborted a pregnancy to Drew after Stuff.co.nz reported about the new 'controversial' set to air. It was said that this would "wreck the marriage" of the newlyweds. It was also said, that Drew would react in a way different to Harper, with Barrington commenting; "Drew keeps going on to Harper, 'You killed our baby'. He says to other people, 'She killed my baby'. For her it's like, 'I had the pregnancy terminated' but Drew's like, 'It was a baby. You killed it. It's like a child murdered.' " Vandervis describes the termination a 'tough' choice for Harper. In amongst the pregnancy, the character also was grieving after the death of her cousin, Ashley Whitley (Ruby Lyon) of whom she had become a legal guardian for.
After Billie was born, Drew's selfish ways tests their relationship. Just as Harper is contemplating separation and divorce, however, she was diagnosed with Addison's Disease, which later progressed badly into an aggressive brain cancer.
Reception.
After only been on the show for 18 months, the character of Harper had been proven popular in such a short amount of time. The character especially won the attention of viewers when a storyline aired that saw her fall in love with, bisexual character, Nicole, with Harper having had no previous lesbian relationships. This was followed with a 'saucy' photoshoot for a women's magazine and attracted attention with plenty of tweets from followers. One fan reportedly named her daughter 'Harper Ria' in honour of Vandervis and her character and the new-to-acting Vandervis stating she gets stopped for autographs and photos.


Arnold Berk

Arnold J. Berk is an American professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was a member of the Molecular Biology Institute, a division of University of California, Los Angeles. He was one of the discoverers of RNA splicing. His work focuses on gene regulation in DNA viruses. In 2003, he received a MERIT Award from the National Cancer Institute.


Kang Zhang

Kang Zhang () is a Chinese-American ophthalmologist specializing in ophthalmic genetics and aging processes in the eye. He is currently a Professor of the Faculty of Medicine at Macau University of Science and Technology. He was previously a Professor of Ophthalmology and the Founding Director of the Institute for Genomic Medicine at the University of California, San Diego. Zhang is particularly known for his work on lanosterol, stem cell research (particularly limbal stem cells), gene editing, and artificial intelligence.
Education.
Born in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China, Zhang obtained his B.S. in Biochemistry from Sichuan University in Chengdu, China in 1984. In 1991, Zhang graduated with a Ph.D. in Genetics from Harvard University. Subsequently, Zhang obtained his M.D. from a Harvard University Medical School and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint M.D. Program with "magna cum laude" honors in 1995.
Career.
After completing an ophthalmology residency at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins University, Zhang became Assistant Staff at the Cole Eye Institute at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Zhang completed a retina fellowship at the University of Utah, and afterwards became Assistant Professor at the University of Utah from 2002 to 2006.
In 2013, Zhang, along with Trey Ideker, identified that the molecular aging clock could be measured by blood and tissues, and made use of epigenetic markers.
In 2014, Zhang, along with Yizhi Liu and Xiangdong Fu, investigated mechanisms and developed a new method of limbal stem cell repair and regeneration. Zhang has also pioneered the usage of artificial intelligence in diagnosing eye diseases.
In 2015, Zhang discovered that lanosterol can be used in eyedrop form to help prevent cataracts.
In 2019, Zhang took on a new position at the Faculty of Medicine of Macau University of Science and Technology.
Awards.
Some of Kang Zhang's selected awards are listed below.
Professional affiliations.
Kang Zhang's professional affiliations are listed below.
Selected publications.
To date, Zhang has published more than 150 papers. Some selected publications are listed below.


Jackson Hole Preserve

Jackson Hole Preserve, Incorporated is non-profit conservation organization whose primary mission is the conservation ethic applied to natural areas.
History.
The Jackson Hole Preserve organization was founded in 1940 by Laurance Rockefeller. In 1943 it protected land, now in Grand Teton National Park, as a nature preserve originally known as the Jackson Hole Preserve and later the Jackson Hole Wildlife Park.
Laurance Rockefeller also purchased and donated of land on Saint John island in the United States Virgin Islands, to the U.S. National Park Service to create Virgin Islands National Park.


Pterygoalar ligament

The pterygoalar ligament extends from the lamina of the lateral pterygoid to the undersurface of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone.


Baby hamster kidney cell

Baby Hamster Kidney fibroblasts (BHK cells) are an adherent cell line used in molecular biology.
The cells were derived in 1961 by I. A. Macpherson and M. G. P. Stoker. Nowadays, subclone 13 is occasionally used, which was originally derived by single-cell isolation from the kidneys of five unsexed, 1-day-old hamsters.
BHK and virus infection.
BHK-21 cells are susceptible to human adenovirus D, reovirus 3, and vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana strain).
BHK-21 cells are resistant to poliovirus 2 and Rabbit vesivirus (RaV).
The cells are negative for reverse transcriptase, which means that they lack integral retrovirus genomes.
Utilization.
The BHK-21 cells are useful for transformations and for stable and temporary transfections. BHK cells are also used to study viral infections.


Jean Descemet

Jean Descemet is a French physician and botanist (1732–1810) who first described the Descemet's membrane. He studied medicine in Paris (doctorate in 1757) and published a "Catalogue des plantes du jardin de MM. les apothicaires de Paris, suivant leurs genres et les caractères des fleurs, conformément à la méthode de M. Tournefort" (1759). He is also known for his book "Observations sur la choroide", that covers Choroid subject and was published in 1768 by De l'Imprimerie Royale.


John Reid (physiologist)

John Reid (9 April 1809 – 30 July 1849) was a Scottish physician and academic, known as an anatomist and physiologist.
Life.
The sixth child of Henry Reid, a farmer, he was born at Bathgate in West Lothian, on 9 April 1809. He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, taking his diploma on 12 July 1830, and being admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, on 4 October 1836.
Reid was appointed assistant physician in the clinical wards of Edinburgh Infirmary in 1830; and in 1831 went to Paris to study. Returning in 1832, he was sent, with three other Edinburgh physicians, to Dumfries during the outbreak of cholera there, remaining for several months there.
He lived nearby at 8 Hill Place.
Reid described the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve. He also proved the heart had a double innervation through the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
Reid subsequently became a demonstrator in the school of anatomy established at Old Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh, and published medical essays. In 1836 he was appointed lecturer on physiology at the Edinburgh Extra-Academical Medical School, and in 1838 pathologist to the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. On the death of Dr. Robert Briggs in 1841, Reid was appointed to the Chandos chair of anatomy in the University of St Andrews. There he began a course of lectures on comparative anatomy and physiology, in addition to the regular work of the professorship. He also conducted sresearches into marine fauna of the Fife coast, and in 1848 published a collection of papers on the subject, entitled "Physiological, Anatomical, and Pathological Researches".
After a long illness, Reid died from cancer of the tongue in 1849.


Nude mouse

A nude mouse is a laboratory mouse from a strain with a genetic mutation that causes a deteriorated or absent thymus, resulting in an inhibited immune system due to a greatly reduced number of T cells. The phenotype (main outward appearance) of the mouse is a lack of body hair, which gives it the "nude" nickname. The nude mouse is valuable to research because it can receive many different types of tissue and tumor grafts, as it mounts no rejection response. These xenografts are commonly used in research to test new methods of imaging and treating tumors. The genetic basis of the nude mouse mutation is a disruption of the FOXN1 gene.
Nomenclature.
The nomenclature for the nude mouse has changed several times since their discovery. Originally they were described as "nu" and this was updated to "Hfh11nu" when the mutated gene was identified as a mutation in the HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 gene. Then in 2000 the gene responsible for the mutation was identified as a member of the Fox gene family and the nomenclature was updated to "Foxn1nu".
History and significance.
Nude mice were first discovered in 1962 by Dr. Norman R. Grist at Ruchill Hospital's Brownlee virology laboratory in Glasgow. Because they lack a thymus, nude mice cannot generate mature T lymphocytes. Therefore they are unable to mount many types of adaptive immune responses, including:
Because of the above features, nude mice have served in the laboratory to gain insights into the immune system, leukemia, solid tumors, AIDS and other forms of immune deficiency as well as leprosy.
Moreover, the absence of functioning T cells prevents nude mice from rejecting not only allografts, but they cannot even reject xenografts; that is, grafts of tissue from another species.
Most strains of nude mice are slightly "leaky" and do have a few T cells, especially as they age. For this reason, nude mice are less popular in research today, since knockout mice with more complete defects in the immune system have been constructed (e.g. RAG1 and RAG2 knockout mice).
Genetics.
Nude mice have a spontaneous deletion in the FOXN1 gene. (Humans with mutations in FOXN1 also are athymic and immune deficient.) Mice with a targeted deletion in the FOXN1 ("knockout" mice) also show the "nude" phenotype. Since "nude" females have underdeveloped mammary glands and are unable to effectively nurse their young, nude males are bred with heterozygous females.
Life span.
The life span of nude mice is normally 6 months to a year. In controlled, germ free environments and with antibiotic treatments found in many laboratories that routinely use nude mice, they can live almost as long as normal mice (18 months to two years).


William Brassington

William Brassington (1837/1841 – 3 March 1905) was a stonemason, sculptor and builder practising in Christchurch, New Zealand in the late 19th century. His sculptured carving on many of the city's unique Gothic revival public buildings is regarded as some of the finest in the Southern Hemisphere. His work is celebrated around New Zealand and he died when he was around 65
Biography.
Brassington was born in Nottingham, England, and trained, like his father, to be a stonemason. In 1863 he and his wife Ellen and two daughters emigrated to New Zealand aboard the ship "Brother's Pride". His youngest child died on the voyage. On arrival in New Zealand he set up business in a Christchurch cemetery as a monumental mason. The quality of his work was noticed by the official Provincial Architect Benjamin Mountfort who was working on the provincial council chamber in Christchurch. Mountfort immediately employed Brassington to carve the decorated stonework. The work Brassington executed at the council chamber is considered to be his best. He decorated the corbels, capitals and arches with carvings of flora and fauna indigenous to the province of Canterbury. In addition was statuary depicting Queen Victoria, her consort and other great statesmen and popular heroes of the day. It was also rumoured that depicted amongst the great and the good was Brassington's favourite barmaid and an image of himself.
Brassington's work at the council chamber established him as a sought after craftsman in the rapidly developing city of Christchurch; he carved the pulpit at the church of St. John the Baptist in Latimer Square on 1866, and the font at Flaxton Church on 1867. He was commissioned to work on Christchurch Cathedral. However, when the project ran out of funds and came to a temporary halt, Brassington turned to building as a source of income, and worked on Lyttelton Harbour and many other projects at Teddington and Allendale.
One of his buildings was the Church of The Holy Innocents, Christchurch, which was completed in 1869. The acclaim with which this building was greeted led him to be chosen to work again with Mountfort completing the last stage of the Canterbury Museum in the 1870s, and again at the museum to build the great portico in 1876.
Brassington's partnership with John Kennington won the duo the prestigious commission of building the castle-like Lyttelton Timeball Station, built of volcanic red stone, and which was completed in 1876. Following this construction he was again employed by Mountfort on the restarted Christchurch cathedral, although here his work is not documented.
In 1889 Brassington emigrated again, this time to Melbourne, Australia, where he seems to have abandoned his masonry career in favour of the Warrandyte goldfield. He died of an oral tumour in 1905 and was buried at Footscray cemetery, Australia.


Royal Institute of Health Sciences (Bhutan)

The Royal Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS) is one of two main medical education centers in Bhutan, the other being the Institute of Traditional Medicine Services. The RIHS was established in Thimphu in 1974 as a member college of the Royal University of Bhutan, and is associated with the National Referral Hospital. The RIHS offers diploma and certificate programmes for nurses, medical technicians and other primary health care workers. The institute received the World Health Organization's 50th Anniversary Award for Primary Health Care in 1998.
Health infrastructure is improving in Bhutan and there is growing number of trained human resources, but the country still had only 2 doctors per 10,000 population in 2005.
The RIHS cannot train doctors, so Bhutan must send candidates to neighboring countries such as Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka for their MBBS course.
Courses.
Nursing.
The institute trains auxiliary nurse midwives, general nurse midwives and assistant nurses.
A joint initiative between La Trobe University, the World Health Organization and the Royal Government of Bhutan gives Bhutanese qualified nurses the opportunity to obtain a bachelor's degree.
Students who successfully complete this program are eligible to apply for postgraduate studies in Australia.
Pharmacy.
The RIHS conducts a two-year Pharmacy Technician Course, teaching students pharmacy and pharmacology, with basic introductions to physiology, anatomy, health education, first aid etc. Other health work trainees are also taught pharmacology and pharmacy on similar lines.
Physiotherapy.
The RIHS offers a 2 years of certificate program in Physiotherapy, following which the students work for a few more months in the general referral hospital, and are then sent out to provide services in various districts across the country.
Other Courses.
The institute also trains health assistants, basic health workers, and technicians of various other disciplines such as laboratory, dental, medical radiography, ophthalmology and operation theater.


David Macbeth Moir

David Macbeth Moir (5 January 17986 July 1851) was a Scottish physician and writer.
Biography.
Moir was born at Musselburgh on 5 January 1798, the son of Elizabeth Macbeth (1767–1842) and Robert Moir ("d". 1842). He was educated at Musselburgh Grammar School. At the age of 13 he was apprenticed to the medical practitioner Dr Stewart, studying with him for four years while also attending classes at the University of Edinburgh, from where he graduated in 1816.
In 1817 he entered into a partnership with Dr Brown, a Musselburgh doctor, practising there until his death. He was a contributor of both prose and verse to the magazines, and particularly, with the signature of Delta, to "Blackwood's Magazine". His life is featured in the book, "The "Blackwood" Group" by Sir George Douglas, Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier, 1897.
A collection of his poetry was edited in 1852 by Thomas Aird. Among his publications were the famous "Life of Mansie Wauch, Tailor" (1828), which shows his gifts as a humorist, "Outlines of the Ancient History of Medicine" (1831), and "Sketch of the Poetical Literature of the Past Half Century" (1851).
He is one of several writers who are claimed as the author of the "Canadian Boat-Song".
On 22 June 1851, while away from home, he was seriously injured when dismounting his horse. He died in on 6 July 1851 at Dumfries as a result of his injuries. He was buried on 10 July 1851 at Inveresk Church, Musselburgh.
He is commemorated by a memorial statue, which was erected in Musselburgh in 1853. There are also several street names in the town which make reference to him, and a branch of the pub chain Wetherspoons opened in February 2012 is named The David Macbeth Moir.
Family.
In June 1829 he married Catherine Elizabeth Bell at Carham Church, Northumberland, and together they had 11 children. Their daughter Annie Marie Moir married Rev William Milligan and their children included the church historian Oswald Milligan and Rev. George Milligan.


Neck manipulation

Cervical manipulation, commonly known as neck manipulation, is a procedure involving adjustment of the upper seven vertebrae of the spinal column. This procedure is most often utilized by chiropractors, as well as osteopathic physicians who practice osteopathic manipulation. This type of manipulation may increase the risk of stroke and other issues, with studies suggesting the relationship is causative.
Location.
The cervical areas is located in the upper neck region of the spine from C1 to C7 .
Methods.
Many types of practitioners use various techniques to adjust the position of the cervical bones. They include bonesetters, physical therapists, chiropractors, non-physician osteopaths, and osteopathic physicians. The various techniques range from high velocity low amplitude thrusts to gentle positional release techniques such as Brett's Procedure.
Risks.
There are associated risks that come with cervical manipulation including spinal disc herniation, stroke and vertebral artery dissection. Chances of stroke may be increased due to possible tears in neck arteries, known as cervical dissection, and is among the most common causes of stroke for young and middle-aged adults. However, it is difficult to quantify this risk, with a 2012 meta analysis of previous studies stating that a significant risk “can not be ruled out,” but noted that the true risk is possibly drastically underestimated, owing to the lack of a reporting requirement for private chiropractic practitioners.


California Health Care Foundation

Based in Oakland, California, the California Health Care Foundation (CHCF) is an independent, nonprofit philanthropy that focuses on improving the health care system for the people of California, especially low-income Californians. The organization has three main goals: improving access to coverage and care, promoting high-value care, and investing in people, knowledge, and networks that help to make meaningful change possible in California’s health care system.
Established in 1996, CHCF operates with an endowment of more than $750 million in assets and has paid out more than $500 million to support its programmatic work.
Inception.
The California Health Care Foundation was one of two philanthropies created in 1996 as a result of Blue Cross of California’s conversion from a nonprofit health plan to a for-profit corporation, WellPoint (now Anthem). CHCF’s first responsibility was managing the sale of WellPoint Health Networks stock. Of the $3 billion yielded from this process, four-fifths of the proceeds went to create The California Endowment and the remainder, some $600 million at the time, stayed with CHCF. From its inception, CHCF has looked for opportunities to improve health care in California by supporting higher quality, greater efficiency, and broader access to care.
Leadership.
Dr. Sandra R. Hernández became president and CEO of the California Health Care Foundation in January 2014. Prior to joining CHCF, Hernández was CEO of The San Francisco Foundation, which she led for 16 years. She previously served as director of public health for the City and County of San Francisco.
Hernández is an assistant clinical professor at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine. She practiced at San Francisco General Hospital in the AIDS clinic from 1984 to 2016. She was appointed by Governor Jerry Brown to the Covered California board of directors in February 2018. She is a graduate of Yale University and the Tufts University School of Medicine.
Previously, the foundation had been led for 18 years by founding president and CEO Mark D. Smith.
Resources.
CHCF provides information and resources on a wide range of issues that contribute to achieving a more efficient, effective, accessible, and high-quality health care system. Resources include:
Additionally, CHCF supports health journalism, helping to strengthen the capacity of nonprofits to cover health policy in California and nationally.
Publications.
CHCF commissions and publishes research on a wide variety of topics related to the financing and delivery of health care in California. The CHCF Blog draws on experts from inside and outside CHCF to share their health policy insights. A selection includes:


American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service

The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service (AACOMAS) is a service run by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine through which prospective osteopathic medical students can apply to osteopathic medical schools in the United States that grant the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree.
Medical schools in the United States that grant the Doctor of Medicine degree use either the American Medical College Application Service (AMCAS) or the Texas Medical & Dental Schools Application Service (TMDSAS). The University of North Texas is the only osteopathic medical school that does not use AACOMAS.


Macrostomia

Macrostomia refers to a mouth that is unusually wide. The term is from the Greek prefix "makro-" meaning "large" and from Greek στόμα, "mouth".
Macrostomia is characterized as a physical abnormality that causes clefts to form on the face of affected individuals. These clefts can form on either or both sides of the face, but they are most commonly seen on the right cheek and have a higher rate of occurrence in males. Macrostomia is very irregular and on average occurs only once in every 150,000 to 300,000 live births. It's unusual for macrostomia to occur on its own and it is included as a symptom for many diseases including craniofacial microsomia. The clefts result from improper development and fusion of the mandibular and maxillary processes. The clefts cause problems with facial muscle development. The origin of macrostomia is not yet fully understood it could have multiple causes.
Phenotypic variations.
There are 4 distinct variations of macrostomia. Classifications are a complete lateral facial cleft, simple macrostomia, macrostomia with diastasis of the facial musculature, and isolated facial musculature diastasis. Each has a different physical appearance with varying levels of severity.
The cleft associated with macrostomia is associated with improper or failed fusion of the mandibular and maxillary processes during embryonic development. This can lead to a variety of abnormalities involving skin, subcutaneous tissue, facial muscles, and the mucous membrane. The severity of each abnormality can vary from minor to severe. Environmental contaminants may play a role in causing macrostomia. Many affected individuals were found in Lagos, an industrial area of Nigeria, where water supplies are known to be contaminated by improper disposal of industrial and domestic waste.
Complete lateral facial cleft.
The facial cleft runs from the corner of the mouth towards the bottom of the ear. The outside of the ear on the affected side of the face appears as normal and a region of soft tissue connects the cleft to the right lateral posterior hard palate. Internally there is no soft palate.
Simple macrostomia.
This version of macrostomia is less severe because it does not affect the facial muscles and is not associated with any soft tissue or bone deformities. A small cleft(s) extends from the mouth and can be repaired surgically.
Diastasis of the Facial Musculature.
Clefts in this variant are slightly more severe than the ones seen in simple macrostomia. It also does not have bone deformities, but it does include minor soft tissue deformities. The defining feature is muscle diastasis which is separation of the masseter. This phenotype can also be partially corrected with surgery.
Isolated Facial Musculature Diastasis.
The facial cleft in this case results in a more severe muscle separation even though there is not a true open cleft. Bones in the region remain unaffected and the phenotype appears as an indentation of the cheek rather than an open cleft. The external ear in this phenotype can also be deformed.
Mechanism.
Likely due to the complexity of macrostomia, many theories have been provided over time in an attempt to define its origin. There is no definitive mechanism to explain its development but it is likely that there are interactions between genes and the environment resulting in improper development of the first and sometimes second brachial arch.
Genetic.
Macrostomia can be partially classified as a heritable autosomal dominant disease. The responsible mutation is found on the short arm of chromosome 1 in locations 32-34 (1p32-1p34). The mutation is heterozygous meaning that it only occurs in one allele. A single base substitution in the 11th coding region of the gene PTCH2 changes an adenine to guanine. This results in a valine being incorporated instead of an isoleucine at the 147th position during translation of the resulting transmembrane protein (Val147Ile).
The transmembrane protein encoded by PTCH2 is 1204 amino acids long and is involved with inhibiting the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway that is involved with development. PTCH2 inhibits the smooth frizzled class receptor (SMO) which when active is responsible for increasing transcription rates of many genes involved with development and differentiation. PTCH2 (Val147Ile) is a loss of function mutation which results in a lack of control of cell growth during development and links it to macrostomia.


Johann Gottfried Langermann

Johann Gottfried Langermann (August 8, 1768 – September 5, 1832) was a German psychiatrist and administrator born in Maxen, near Dresden.
Initially he studied law in Leipzig, afterwards transferring to the University of Jena, where his focus turned to medicine. At Jena he had as instructors Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland (1762–1836) and philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814). In 1797 he obtained his medical doctorate with a dissertation on the diagnosis and treatment of melancholia. He worked for a period of time as a physician in a madhouse in Torgau, and from 1805 to 1810 was director of a psychiatric institute at Bayreuth. Later in his career he was appointed director of Prussian Health Services, where he wielded influence on the overall development of Prussian mental hospitals.
During his tenure at Bayreuth he made efforts at transforming a former penitentiary-madhouse into a place of treatment for the mentally ill, having limited success. As a psychiatrist he equated mental illness with uncontrolled passions, and defined treatment as establishing control of reason over passions by educational means.


American Society of Preventive Oncology

The American Society of Preventive Oncology is a multidisciplinary professional society dedicated to cancer prevention and control research. It was established in 1976. The society contributes 48 pages per year to the Journal "Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention" published by the American Association for Cancer Research.

In 1992, the society established the Cullen Memorial Award, named after Joseph W. Cullen, which is given at each of their annual meetings to an individual who has made distinguished achievements in tobacco control. Ellen Gritz was the award's first recipient.

The society has eight special interest groups: Behavioral Science & Health Communication; Lifestyles Behavior, Energy Balance & Chemoprevention; Molecular Epidemiology & the Environment; Early Detection & Risk Prediction of Cancer; Cancer Health Disparities; Survivorship & Health Outcomes; Junior Investigators; and International Issues in Cancer. Since 2017 ASPO has hosted monthly webinars led by the special interest groups.

The society has held an annual scientific conference for 44 years. The 44th of these conferences was held virtually in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. The 45th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Preventive Oncology will be held in Tucson, Arizona in 2021.


Kind for Cures

Kind for Cures was a medicinal marijuana dispensary located in the Palms neighborhood of Los Angeles County. The marijuana dispensary inhabited a building that was previously occupied by a Kentucky Fried Chicken. The store opened in 2009 and the owners' decision to keep the same KFC acronym garnered national media attention, including being the inspiration for an episode of "South Park" in 2010. However, on June 10, 2015, the owners were ordered to shut down the business by the afternoon of June 11, 2015.
History.
Originally KFC kept the traditional red roof, as seen in "South Park", until YUM Corporation threatened to file a lawsuit against the KFC owners, citing trademark infringement against the Colonel's famous red mansard roof. YUM agreed to paint the roof green for the owners in 2010. Scrap metal from the original Kentucky Fried Chicken oven ranges was used to create the interior designs inside the showroom. The original floor, counters and food refrigerators also remain to keep the originality and humor intact.
"LA Weekly" called the owners' marketing a "genius" strategy and KFC won "The Best Re-Appropriation of a Fast Food Restaurant Award" in "LA Weekly"'s "Best Of 2009" Publication. A northern California marijuana dispensary tried to copy the KFC marketing strategy in August of 2010 by donning the same acronym and trying to lease a KFC in the state of Maine, but it was denied.
"South Park" episode.
The third episode of the 14th season of the animated show "South Park" parodies the real life circumstances surrounding the establishment of Kind For Cures. In the episode titled "Medicinal Fried Chicken", Cartman gets involved in the black market selling of fried chicken when the South Park KFC is replaced with a marijuana dispensary. Kind for Cures subsequently incorporated the South Park publicity into its theme. A mural of the South Park pot shop was painted on the store front window of Kind for Cures by Los Angeles artist Kimberley Edwards (The Window Goddess) whose bright signage adorned the windows of the colorful dispensary. Also, there were cutouts of the "South Park" characters posted throughout the inside of the shop, in addition to the selling of "South Park" merchandise. The marijuana dispensary even named a few marijuana strains after South Park characters, including Kenny's Cat Piss, Stan's Wet Dream and South Park Kush.
KFC in the media.
KFC has been written about in numerous media outlets, and appeared on the cover of many national magazines.
Legal compliance.
Kind for Cures was in strict compliance with California Proposition 215 (passed in 1996) and California Senate Bill 420 (passed in 2004). Each marijuana dispensary member had to provide Kind for Cures a valid California identification card and a valid original recommendation from a licensed California physician. Only under those guidelines could Kind for Cures offer a variety of medical marijuana strains in the form of Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid. In addition, the shop offered concentrates, edibles, tinctures, and drinks.


Charles Theodore Dotter

Charles Theodore Dotter (14 June 1920 – 15 February 1985) was a pioneering US vascular radiologist who is credited with developing interventional radiology. Dotter, with his trainee Dr Melvin P. Judkins, described angioplasty in 1964.
Dotter received a bachelor of arts degree in 1941 from Duke University. He went to medical school at Cornell, where he met his future wife, Pamela Battie, a head nurse at New York Hospital. They married in 1944. He completed his internship at the United States Naval Hospital in New York State, and his residency at New York Hospital.
Dotter invented angioplasty and the catheter-delivered stent, which were first used to treat peripheral arterial disease. It was Dotter who, in 1950, developed an automatic X-Ray Roll-Film magazine capable of producing images at the rate of 2 per second. On January 16, 1964, at Oregon Health and Science University Dotter percutaneously dilated a tight, localized stenosis of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) in an 82-year-old woman with painful leg ischemia and gangrene who refused leg amputation. After successful dilation of the stenosis with a guide wire and coaxial Teflon catheters, the circulation returned to her leg. The dilated artery stayed open until her death from pneumonia two and a half years later. He also developed liver biopsy through the jugular vein, initially in animal models and in 1973 in humans.
Charles Dotter is commonly known as the "Father of Interventional Radiology." He served as the chairman of the School of Medicine Department of Diagnostic Radiology at Oregon Health Sciences University for 33 years, from 1952 until his death in 1985. The University now boasts the Dotter Interventional Institute in his honor.


Pedro Cavadas (surgeon)

Pedro Carlos Cavadas Rodríguez (born November 1965, in Valencia) is a Spanish surgeon known for directing world-pioneering interventions.
Education.
Cavadas graduated as a doctor from the University of Valencia in 1989 with honours, and served as an intern at Hospital La Fe de Valencia, where he specialised in plastic surgery.
Notable Surgeries.
In December 2006, he performed the first double hand transplant on a woman.
In July 2011, he performed a world-first double leg transplant on a 20-year-old male amputee. The double leg transplant took 10 hours to perform due to connecting nerves, blood vessels, muscles, tendons and bone structure. In June 2013, the unnamed patient encountered an unrelated illness which "forced the man to stop taking anti-rejection drugs". His legs were then required to be amputated once again.


Marama Russell

Marama Russell (c.1875–1952) was a notable New Zealand midwife and tribal leader. Of Māori descent, she identified with the Nga Puhi, Ngati Whatua and Te Roroa iwi. She was born in Waimamaku, Northland, New Zealand in about 1875.


Louis-Auguste Desmarres

Louis-Auguste Desmarres (September 22, 1810 – August 22, 1882) was a French ophthalmologist born in Évreux, Eure.
Background.
After obtaining his medical degree he became an assistant to Frédéric Jules Sichel (1802–1868) in Paris. He worked as a physician in the hospitals of Paris, and was a teacher to Swiss ophthalmologist Johann Friedrich Horner (1831–1886).
Desmarres was one of the better known ophthalmic surgeons in 19th century France, and is remembered for an important textbook on diseases of the eye called "Traité théorique et pratique des maladies des yeux" (1847). He is credited for introducing a surgical procedure for pterygium, and has a number of surgical instruments named after him, including: "Desmarres curved lid retractor", "Desmarres corneal dissector" and "Desmarres chalazion forceps". His name is also associated with "Desmarres' dacryoliths", defined as concretions consisting of "Nocardia" species, located in the lacrimal ducts.
He died in Neuilly-sur-Seine.


Costomediastinal recess

The costomediastinal recess is a potential space at the border of the mediastinal pleura and the costal pleura. It assists lung expansion during deep inspiration, although its role is not as significant as the costodiaphragmatic recess, which has a greater volume. The lung expands into the costomediastinal recess even during shallow inspiration. The costomediastinal recess is most obvious in the cardiac notch of the left lung.


John F. Burke

John F. Burke (July 22, 1922 – 2011) was an American medical researcher at Harvard University widely known for his co-invention of synthetic skin in 1981, together with Dr. Ioannis V. Yannas.
Burke was also widely noted for developing a system of infection control in hospitals and showing that antibiotics given before surgery lower risks of post-operative infections.
Burke was head of the Shriners Burns Institute and chief of trauma services at Massachusetts General Hospital, a professor of surgery at Harvard University.
Life.
Burke was born in Peoria, Illinois on July 22, 1922. He received his medical degree from Harvard University.


Gustavo Tamayo

Gustavo E. Tamayo is a Colombian ophthalmologist known for developing a refractive surgery method known as Contoured Ablation Patterns (CAP), which enables doctors to make surgeries faster and at an easier rate. Tamayo has also developed and patented a procedure to treat presbyopia, which is at the moment being tested by AMO (Abbott Medical Optics) in order to massively apply this procedure in a global manner once approved by the FDA. He also has other patents dealing with cataract removal through laser application. Tamayo was designated subdirector of the Subspecialty Refractive Surgery Day at American Academy of Ophthalmology meeting in 2008 which took place in Atlanta and was appointed director for the same meeting in its 2009 edition. He is the president and founder of a surgical eye clinic in the north of Bogotá founded in 2001 called Bogota Laser Ocular Surgery Center. Tamayo also serves as a Member of the Medical Advisory Board at AMO, Presbia, Keramet and currently serves as the medical director for Latin America of Avedro. Tamayo is a member of various medical associations, including the American Academy of Ophthalmology, The Cornea Society, and both the American and European Societies of Cataract & Refractive Surgery.


John O. Butler

Dr. John O. Butler was a dentist and periodontist in Chicago, Illinois, and founder of the John O. Butler Company, manufacturer of toothbrushes, dental floss in 1923 and sundry oral-care products under the Butler and GUM brand names. The company was purchased in 1988 by Sunstar Group, a major Japanese manufacturer of personal care products. In 2006 the John O. Butler Company adopted the name of its parent company, although the brand names Butler and GUM are still in use. John O. Butler Company provided Sunstar with both knowledge and access to the U.S. market. Sunstar provided John O. Butler with production methodology and technical assistance.


Acrania

Acrania is a rare congenital disorder that occurs in the human fetus in which the flat bones in the cranial vault are either completely or partially absent. The cerebral hemispheres develop completely but abnormally. The condition is frequently, though not always, associated with anencephaly. The fetus is said to suffer from acrania if it meets the following criteria: the foetus should have a perfectly normal facial bone, a normal cervical column but without the fetal skull and a volume of brain tissue equivalent to at least one third of the normal brain size.
Causes.
Genetics.
There are no known family ties in acrania and recurrence rates are extremely low. Not much is known about the exact mechanism involved in acrania. It is hypothesized that like other developmental malformations, there are multiple origins for acrania.
Recent work has identified mutations in the hedgehog acyltransferase (HHAT) gene that have caused acrania along with holoprosencephaly and agnathia. The mutation in which causes this disease is a loss-of-function mutation. Before this discovery in 2010, HHAT was known to play a role in the sonic hedgehog pathway. When HHAT contains a loss-of-function mutation, less HHAT protein is produced. is necessary for the production of Hedgehog () proteins post-transcriptionally. As HHAT production decreases, production of long-range Hh proteins decreases proportionally. Decreases in Hh| production disturb the production of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, bone morphogenetic proteins, and fibroblast growth factors, all of which play important roles in craniofacial patterning. Disruption of these pathways leads to abnormal bone and cartilage formation causing acrania and multiple other craniofacial patterning problems.
Genetic counseling.
Little genetic counseling can be offered for acrania because the genetic origins are not fully understood. In order to make genetic counseling for families easier this disease is often differentially diagnosed with other diseases that can occur at the same time such as anencephaly and acalvaria, though these diseases may not always occur simultaneously. While this disease is tragic, reoccurrence rates are extremely low so genetic counseling is not always necessary.
Amniotic band syndrome.
During amniotic band syndrome (ABS), fibrous bands may entrap various parts of the developing fetus causing malformations. When these fibrous bands form around the developing skull, the bones will not form properly. ABS occurring in the developing brain neural tissue is one cause of acrania. When is the cause of acrania the fibrous bands cannot be detected through ultrasound.
Mechanism.
During the fourth week of human development the neuropore in a normally developing fetus closes. When this process is either interrupted or never initiated, acrania occurs. The desmocranium becomes a membranous coverage instead of forming the epidermis of the scalp. Whether from being blocked by amniotic bands or by just not initiating, the migration of mesenchyme under the ectoderm does not occur. Because this migration does not occur, the skull, and all involved muscles, are never formed. Without the presence of the neurocranium, the brain fails to separate into two separate lobes. The hindbrain proceeds to develop normally, allowing for the child to be carried to term, but the diencephalon and ocular lobe remain small and underdeveloped.
Ectodermal mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme is formed in the developing embryo and will eventually become cartilage and bone. When ectodermal mesenchyme fails to migrate into the head region of the embryo, the skull will not be able to form. What exactly causes the failure of mesenchymal migration is unknown.
Diagnosis.
Acrania can be diagnosed early in pregnancy through an ultrasound. This abnormality appears during the beginning or end of the fourth week of the fetus's development. An absence of the skull is needed in order to make a diagnosis. A presence of brain tissue will confirm the diagnosis of acrania and differentiate it from other developmental problems such as anencephaly.
Prognosis.
Anencephaly is a fatal condition. Infants with anencephaly are stillborn in about 75 percent of cases. Newborns who survive die within several hours, days, or weeks. This disease is rare, occurring in 1 in 20,000 live births. In order to better manage an acrania diagnosis, early detection is of extreme importance. Families may choose either to terminate the pregnancy, or to carry the child to term. Acrania may cause a fetus to spontaneously abort before reaching term.


Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is the United States' largest philanthropy focused solely on health; it is based in Princeton, New Jersey. The foundation's goal, through the use of grants, is "to improve the health and health care of all Americans."
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation makes grants for a range of health issues, including access to care, childhood obesity, and training for doctors and nurses. Other topics of interest to the foundation include social and economic factors that can impact health, including quality of housing, violence, poverty, and access to fresh food.
History.
Robert Wood Johnson II built the family firm of Johnson & Johnson into the world's largest health products maker. He died in 1968. He established the foundation at his death with 10,204,377 shares of the company's stock.
Leadership.
The foundation is currently headed by Richard E. Besser, who was named president and CEO in April 2017. Besser succeeded Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, the foundation's president between 2002 and 2017. Lavizzo-Mourey worked to advance its vision of building a Culture of Health, including spearheading efforts to reverse the national childhood obesity epidemic. The foundation committed $1 billion toward eradicating this health problem, dedicating $500 million to the mission in 2007 and another $500 million in 2015.
From 1990 to 2002, Steve Schroeder led the foundation.
Grantmaking areas.
These interest areas include:
Childhood Obesity: Backing projects that help reverse the childhood obesity epidemic by improving access to affordable, healthy food and providing more opportunities for children to play and exercise in their schools and communities. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's grants are focused on driving public policy initiatives and changing community environments. These include programs that encourage supermarkets to return to low-income communities and that improve nutrition, physical activity, and staff wellness in schools nationwide. The foundation partnered with The Food Trust, a non-profit in Philadelphia that helps make fresh, affordable food accessible to the underprivileged and educates children about healthy eating.
Healthy Communities: Supporting initiatives that are helping to change conditions in local communities so that residents can reach their greatest health potential. The foundation's grants are focused in investments in housing, transportation, parks and open spaces, disease prevention, life expectancy, and the social, economic, and environmental factors that shape health.
Health Insurance Coverage: Supporting policies and initiatives that expand health care coverage and increase enrollment in programs so that anyone in the U.S. can have affordable health care coverage.
Health Care Cost, Quality, and Value: Promoting efforts to make high quality care available cost effectively. The foundation funds projects that study the relationships between the cost of care and results, develop ways to cut waste in the health care system, and advance research into how people's health is affected by factors such as education, transportation, income, clean air, and public or business policies. For example, in 2009, the foundation donated $2 million to Health Leads, a national health care organization that works with doctors in participating clinics to "prescribe" food, fuel assistance, housing vouchers, or other resources for their patients the same way they might prescribe medication.
Leadership for Better Health: Supporting projects that help health professionals develop leadership skills, encourage networking between different disciplines, and increase the diversity of people working in health care.
Pioneer Portfolio: Making grants to promote approaches to entrenched problems, identify emerging health issues, and build new models for providing care. For example, the foundation gave nearly $5 million to Project ECHO, based at the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center. ECHO uses online videoconferencing to link primary-care doctors, nurses, and physicians' assistants with specialists to train them to treat and help manage complex conditions, such as hepatitis C and opiate addiction.


John Dickinson (physician)

Professor Christopher John Dickinson DM, FRCP, ARCO (1927-2015), known as John, was a British physician and clinical researcher.
Dickinson was born on 1 February 1927. He underwent medical training at Oxford University and at University College Hospital, London. He worked at University College Hospital from 1964, and became Professor of Medicine (in 1974) and Chairman of the Department of Medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, retiring in 1982. He was subsequently Emeritus Visiting Professor at the Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine.
He was a member of the Medical Research Council and Chairman of the British Medical Research Society. He was also Secretary of the European Society for Clinical Investigation, an Honorary Fellow of Queen Mary University of London, a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (FRCP), and an Associate of the Royal College of Organists (ARCO).
He died on 30 September 2015.


AdvaMed

AdvaMed, or the Advanced Medical Technology Association, is an American medical device trade association, based in Washington, D.C. It is the largest medical device association in the world with U.S. and international members who are medical technology companies (medical devices, diagnostic products, and health information systems) that collectively represents 80% of U.S. medical technology firms in the United States, that produce close to 90% of annual health care technology purchases in the United States and more than 40% globally.
Scott Whitaker is AdvaMed’s President and CEO, and its current Board Chairman is Nadim Yared, also serves as President and CEO of CVRx, Inc.
Policies.
AdvaMed’s website states that the organization promotes competitive policies that foster the highest ethical standards, rapid product approvals, appropriate reimbursement, and access to international markets.
The Innovation Agenda identifies five core policy pillars: improving the FDA’s regulatory processes, restructuring CMS’s coverage and payment processes, reforming the U.S. tax system to create a level playing field, improving access to international markets, and supporting the maintenance and growth of an R&D infrastructure.
Medical Device Tax.
AdvaMed has consistently and strongly opposed the 2.3 percent medical device excise tax imposed by the Affordable Care Act in 2013, stating that it harms job creation, deters medical innovation needed to save and improve patients’ lives, and inhibits economic growth.
In 2015, Congress temporarily suspended the medical device excise tax. While AdvaMed supported the suspension, the association continues to push for full and permanent repeal of the tax. Whitaker has stated that "“It’s not enough to delay or further suspend this disruptive tax, even if for a longer period of time. It simply does not give industry the certainty and confidence it needs to make these critical long-term R&D investments. The time is now. We stand ready to help this administration, Congress, and the nation get Americans back on the job.""
In February 2017, AdvaMed released data from the U.S. Department of Commerce revealing that the U.S. medical technology industry saw its jobs ranks fall by nearly 29,000 while the medical device excise tax was in effect.
VentConnect platform.
In August 2020, The Advanced Medical Technology Association (AdvaMed) reported that VentConnect is growing its network. The updated MedDeviceNetwork network (MedDeviceNetwork.org) would expand past ventilators and incorporate many emerging medical devices in the current battle against COVID-19 and other potential health crises that America's doctors and caregivers require.


Shyama Prasad Mandal

Shyama Prasad Mandal is an Indian orthopedic surgeon and the co-chairperson of Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi. After securing his graduate and MS degrees from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, he continued his education to secure the degree of MCh in orthopedics from Liverpool University. He is a former president of the Indian Orthopaedic Association as well as the president of its Building Committee and the incumbent president of Board of Trustees of "Amarjyoti Charitable Trust", a not-for-profit organization engaged in educational and rehabilitation service. He has been involved with the organization of medical conferences, and was the co-chairman of the organizing committee of "Knee and Arthroscopy Workshop" of 2008 and the patron of the "Lower Limb Symposia" of 2012, conducted jointly by the Indian Federation of Sports Medicine, Indian Arthroscopy Society and Indian Association of Sports Medicine. He was in the news when he examined Sachin Tendulkar in 1999 for his recurring back injury. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2011, for his contributions to medical science. He is also a recipient of a civilian honor from the Government of Bangladesh. Indian Orthopedic Association has instituted an award, "S. P. Mandal Gold Medal", in his honor.


Deolali transit camp

Deolali transit camp was a British Army transit camp in Maharashtra, India. Established in 1861, the camp remained in use throughout the time of the British Raj. It served to house soldiers newly arrived in the country and those awaiting ships to take them to Britain. It also housed a military prison and during the two world wars served as a prisoner of war camp. Conditions in the camp were said to be poor especially for those stationed there for long periods and the term "doolally" became associated with mental illness. The camp was transferred to the Indian army following the independence of India.
Transit camp.
The camp was located near Deolali, Maharashtra, around north-east of Mumbai. The camp is situated near a prominent conical hill and the Bahula Fort. The British camp was established in 1861 as the Deolali Cantonment and was soon used as a transit camp, particularly for soldiers awaiting return to Britain. It was also used for training and acclimatisation for soldiers newly arrived in British India. New drafts would stay at the camp for up to several weeks carrying out route marches and close order drill to get used to the hotter climate. The camp is described as one of India's hill stations.
The camp was connected to the port at Mumbai by means of a railway, which was used for troop transport. During the First World War it was used as a hospital for prisoners of war held in other camps in India, including Turks taken prisoner on the Mesopotamian campaign and German soldiers. The camp had a military prison that was used for soldiers of the British Army and, during the Second World War, for captured Indian nationalists who had served in the Japanese-founded Indian National Army. During the Second World War the camp also boasted cinemas, swimming pools, amusement parks and restaurants for the troops.
The complex was transferred to the Indian Army after Indian Independence in 1947 and was used as an artillery school and depot for at least 10 artillery and service corps units. It also hosted an army records office and an aerial observation squadron. During the period leading up to independence the camp was known as the "Homeward Bound Trooping Depot" and was used to return large numbers of British troops and their families back home as British forces withdrew from the country. The camp is the setting for the 1970s BBC comedy series "It Ain't Half Hot Mum".
Doolally.
The soldiers' name for the camp, "Doolally", became a slang term associated with mental illness. The term is a contraction of the original form "Doolally tap", where the latter part is derived from "tapa" ("fever" in Hindustani and "heat" or "torment" in Sanskrit). The whole phrase is perhaps best translated as "camp fever". The term was in use from the late 19th century and the contracted form was dominant by the First World War.
It was said that soldiers at the camp, who often had a long wait for a troop ship back home, broke down from the heat of the long Indian summers. The ships only sailed between November and March so some men had to wait at the camp for months. Having been disarmed and allocated only light duties there was little to occupy the men. The camp was often full by the end of summer with soldiers awaiting troop ships; new arrivals in this period often had to sleep on the floor owing to a lack of beds and suffered from sand flea bites. Men were allowed to spend time in the nearby city of Nasik which offered numerous gin bars and brothels; as such venereal disease was common. Malaria, which can affect the brain, was also common in the Deolali area and remained a major issue for the British Army right through the Second World War despite the development of anti-malarial drugs. Suicides in the camp were not uncommon. Despite its reputation the Deolali area actually has a milder climate than nearby Mumbai or Pune, though it was known to be incredibly dusty in the period leading up to the monsoon.
The camp had a sanatorium (military hospital) but, despite its reputation, there was never a dedicated psychiatric hospital there. Cases of mental illness were instead confined to the military prison or sent to dedicated hospitals elsewhere in the country.


List of psychiatrists

This list is of notable psychiatrists.
Additional lists of psychiatrists can be found at the articles List of figures in psychiatry (though not all individuals at that list are psychiatrists and medical doctors), Fictional psychiatrists, and List of physicians.
Medical doctors who are psychiatrists and included in those lists and are also listed below. Some psychiatrists are also in the list of neurologists and the list of neuroscientists.


Gulf Medical University

Gulf Medical University () (GMU), established in Ajman, UAE in 1998, is one of the largest private medical universities in the Middle East region. It has various programs in medicine and health sciences.
Dr. Thumbay Moideen is the Founder, President of Board of Trustees of Gulf Medical University. It is owned and promoted by Thumbay Group.
Prof. Hossam Hamdy is the Chancellor of GMU.
GMU has six colleges and 26 accredited programs.
History.
<br>
Gulf Medical University (GMU) is located in the emirate of Ajman, on the western coast of the UAE.
It was founded in 1998 as Gulf Medical College (GMC) by the Thumbay Group. The college was opened under Decree Number 1, issued on 28 January 1998, by His Highness Sheikh Humaid Bin Rashid Al-Nuaimi, the ruler of Ajman and Member of the Supreme Council, UAE.
The institution became a University in the year 2008 following a Decree by Sheikh Nahyan Bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, United Arab Emirates.
Today, the focus of Gulf Medical University has extended into three core areas: Medical Education, Healthcare and Research.
International Collaborations.
GMU enjoys a robust collaboration with a number of prestigious universities around the world, such as the University of Arizona, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee - USA, University of Saint Joseph School of Pharmacy in Connecticut, German Heidelberg University, American University in Cairo, University of Ghana, Medical University of Lublin, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, etc., as well as research institutes such as the Gustave Rossi Cancer Research Institute – France.
Facilities.
Campus.
The Gulf Medical University is located at Thumbay Medicity, in Al Jurf, Ajman that currently houses the main campus and its support facilities and academic health centers. It has within itself a state-of-the-art research center, laboratories, classrooms and administration buildings, a stand-alone building that houses the library and the modern multimedia centers, a food court, restaurants, coffee shops and a sports complex with courts for tennis, basketball, volleyball and grounds for cricket and football.
Research Facility.
The Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine (TRIPM) is an interdisciplinary basic and translational cancer and diabetes research program to meet growing challenges facing UAE health care providers dealing with the increase in cancer burden and diabetes disease. It will focus its activities on comprehensive, translational research and personalised medicine, and aims to become a centre of excellence and a leader in developing personalised medicine in the region.
Virtual Patient Learning (VPL).
GMU is the first university in the Middle East region to introduce Virtual Patient Learning (VPL), significantly enhancing students’ skills and learning experience. VPL is the most sophisticated simulator with the highest fidelity using artificial intelligence and problem-based learning in medical education.
3D Learning.
GMU is the first medical university in the region to introduce 3D Digital Learning.  The new technology brings all aspects of medical education; particularly basic medical sciences, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry presented in immersive technology in high definition stereoscopic 3D with 5.1 surround sound.
Electronic Resource Center.
Grants the students seamless availability of academic and research resources, irrespective of the time or place of access.
Testing Center.
With a capacity of holding up to 88 participants, the university's testing center has all modern facilities. GMU is an international center for the MRCP (UK) PACES examination.
Startup Lab.
Helps GMU students and alumni turn their business ideas into reality.
Sports, Recreation & Socialization.
The campus has the following amenities for students:
Academic Health System.
The Gulf Medical University Academic Health System (GMUAHS) is the first such initiative in the UAE's private sector. Part of GMUAHS are the Thumbay Hospitals and Thumbay Clinics operated by the healthcare division of Thumbay Group at multiple locations in Dubai, Ajman, Sharjah, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah and Umm Al Quwain, as well Thumbay Hospital – Hyderabad. The latest additions to the GMU Academic Health System include Thumbay University Hospital, Thumbay Dental Hospital and Thumbay Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital, all within the GMU campus at Thumbay Medicity.
Colleges Under Gulf Medical University.
College of Medicine.
Conducts Bachelor of Medicine & Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program, Bachelor of Biomedical Sciences (BBMS), Associate Degree in Preclinical Sciences (ADPCS), Masters in Public Health (MPH) program in collaboration with The University of Arizona, USA, Joint Masters in Health Professions Education (JMHPE) Program with FAIMER, USA and the medical internship program.
College of Dentistry.
Conducts three programs: Doctor of Dental Medicine (D.M.D) program, internship program and Master of Dental Surgery (M.D.S) program in Endodontics and Periodontics.
College of Pharmacy.
Conducts two programs: Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) entry-to-practice degree program and Master in Clinical Pharmacy (MCP) degree program that offers several areas of specialization including cardiology, infectious diseases, parenteral nutrition, and others. Both programs are accredited by Commission for Academic Accreditation, Ministry of Education, UAE and the PharmD program is under certification by Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, USA.
College of Health Sciences.
Conducts programs in Physical Therapy, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Imaging Sciences, as well as Anesthesia Technology.
College of Healthcare Management and Economics (CoHME).
Conducts a four years Bachelor of Science in Healthcare Management and Economics and a 3 Semesters Executives Master in Healthcare Management and Economics.
Events & Activities.
GMU Annual Sports Festival.
The week-long inter-university sports festival hosted by GMU annually is the biggest sporting event of its kind in the country.
GMU Global Day.
Organized every year to appreciate the cultural diversity of the students and staff of GMU, the event is a convergence of cultural and traditions of the 80+ nationalities that form the student cohort of GMU.
‘Future Scientists of the UAE’ Initiative.
Launched by GMU in collaboration with GEMS International Schools, students are selected from grades 9 to 12 from various schools under GEMS, through a competitive admission process. These future scientists are mentored by research scientists, professors and clinical staff at Gulf Medical University. GMU’s world-class research facility, The Thumbay Research Institute for Precision Medicine - plays a central role in the program.
Global Alumni Summit.
Held biennially, the ‘GMU Global Alumni Summit’ organized by the GMU Students Affairs Department recognizes the most outstanding accomplishments of its alumni.
Student Council Executive Board.
Elected representatives from the Student Council form the Student Council Executive Board. This is made up of one elected student from each program who will attend the respective college council meetings called for by the deans of the respective colleges.
A General Secretary is elected from amongst the Council's Executive Board along with a few Joint Secretaries on an annual basis.
The institute hails its elected officials by placing their names on the University boards main entrance hall.
Thumbay Medicity.
Gulf Medical University is located in Thumbay Medicity, Ajman, the regional hub of medical education, healthcare and research. The Medicity occupies 1.2 million square feet and can serve up to 20,000 people daily


Septum intermedium

Endocardial cushions project into the atrial canal, and, meeting in the middle line, unite to form the septum intermedium which divides the canal into two channels, the future right and left atrioventricular orifices.


Hans Kundrat

Hans Kundrat (6 October 1845 – 25 April 1893) was an Austrian pathologist born in Vienna.
He studied medicine in Vienna, and as a student he was a demonstrator under Josef Hyrtl and Karl von Rokitansky. In 1868 he received his medical doctorate, and remained in Vienna as an assistant to Rokitansky. In 1873 he obtained his habilitation, and in 1877 attained the chair of pathology at the University of Graz. Five years later he returned to the University of Vienna as chair of pathology, a position he kept until his death. One of his better known students was Richard Paltauf (1858–1924).
In 1893 he provided a comprehensive description of lymphosarcoma, and was able to differentiate it from other disease such as pseudoleukemia and some forms of Hodgkin's disease. Historically, another name for lymphosarcoma was "Kundrat's disease". In the field of gynecology, with George Julius Engelmann, he was the first to document the cyclical changes that take place in the endometrium.
He was the uncle of artist Maximilian Liebenwein, and served a key role in helping him pursue his chosen career.


Linus Pauling Institute

The Linus Pauling Institute is a research institute located at the Oregon State University with a focus on health maintenance. The mission statement of the institute is to determine the functional roles of micronutrients and phytochemicals in promoting optimal health and to treat or prevent human disease, and to determine the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in health and disease. There are several major areas of research occurring at the institute, focused on many vitamins, minerals and other compounds found in the diet.
The Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine was founded in 1973 in Menlo Park, California by Linus Pauling and several colleagues under the name Institute of Orthomolecular Medicine.
After Linus Pauling's death, it relocated to Oregon State University in 1996, and was renamed the Linus Pauling Institute. Several researchers from the original institute, including the assistant director of research, went on to form the Genetic Information Research Institute in nearby Mountain View, CA. At Oregon State University, the institute operates under the Research Centers and Institutes under the university's Research Office.
Since July 2020, the director of the Linus Pauling Institute is Dr. Emily Ho, a nutritionist. The institute is housed in the Linus Pauling Science Center, which opened in October 2011. It is the largest-ever academic building on the Oregon State University campus. The Linus Pauling Institute receives a significant amount of research funding from private and public organizations, such as the National Institutes of Health.
The Linus Pauling Institute web site is home to the Micronutrient Information Center, an online database for vitamin, mineral, phytochemical and nutrition information. The institute also produces a free biannual newsletter with information on micronutrient research, sponsors several research awards, and promotes several outreach programs.


Harry Rowsell

Harry Cecil Rowsell, (29 May 1921 – 3 February 2006) was a Canadian veterinarian, pathologist, animal welfare advocate and humanist.
Born in Toronto, Ontario, he served as a lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. Upon his return, he received a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from the Ontario Veterinary College in 1949, a D.V.P.H. from the University of Toronto in 1950, and a Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1956. In 1946, he married Anne Bradshaw. They had one daughter: Carole and three sons: Paul, Craig and John. He also has four grandchildren: Bronwyn, Claire, Philip, and Graham
From 1953 to 1956, he was an assistant professor in the Department of Bacteriology at the Ontario Veterinary College. From 1958 to 1965, he was a professor and head of pathological physiology. From 1965 to 1968, he was head of the Department of Veterinarian Pathology, West College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Saskatchewan. From 1970 to 1986, he was a professor in the Department of Pathology in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Ottawa.
In 1968, he established the Canadian Council on Animal Care, was its first executive director, and was the first recipient of the CCAC Outstanding Service Award. In 1987, he was made an Honorary Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
In 1988, he was the first veterinarian made an Officer of the Order of Canada for being "recognized and respected throughout the world for his outstanding contributions to the promotion of the responsible and humane treatment of animals in biomedical and scientific research".


Quality of Life Index for Atopic Dermatitis

The Quality of Life Index for Atopic Dermatitis (QoLIAD) is a disease specific patient reported outcome which measures the impact that atopic dermatitis (AD) has on a given patient’s quality of life.
It is a 25 item questionnaire for patients over the age of 16 with a maximum score of 25 and is restricted to yes or no answers. Higher scores on the QoLIAD indicate a greater negative influence that the disease has on quality of life.
Development.
The QoLIAD was developed in 2004 and funded by Novartis Pharma AG, Switzerland. It was produced in several countries and the content was derived from 65 qualitative interviews with patients in the UK, Italy and Netherlands. The initial version of the measure was produced in UK English and it was then translated for the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, France and the US. A Spanish version was then later developed. Further tests were implemented to validate the measure and it was administrated to 300 patients in each country to finalize the instrument.
The institutions involved in the development of the QoLIAD are: Galen Research (United Kingdom), Erasmus University (The Netherlands), University of Greifswald (Germany), University of Verona (Italy), C.H.U Bichat (France), 3D Health Research (Spain) and Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation (USA).
International use.
The QoLIAD has been translated into seven languages other than UK English. They include German, Spanish and Japanese.
The QoLIAD has also been utilized to assess the effectiveness of new treatments of atopic dermatitis. This includes studies looking into educational intervention, topical corticosteroids and pimecrolimus.