Uranium One

Uranium One Inc. (former names: Southern Cross Resources Inc. and SXR Uranium One Inc.) is a Canadian uranium mining company with headquarters in Toronto, Ontario. Since 2013, it is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Russian state-owned nuclear corporation Rosatom.
History.
The company was established as Southern Cross Resources Inc. on January 2, 1997 in Toronto, Canada. It was listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange on August 25, 1997. In 2005, Southern Cross Resources Inc. reverse merged with South African Aflease Gold and Uranium Resources Ltd. under the name SXR Uranium One Inc. After merger, the company received secondary listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Aflease Gold and Uranium Resources Ltd. became a subsidiary of SXR Uranium One and was renamed Uranium One Africa Ltd. The main uranium asset of Aflease was the Dominion mine. The gold assets of Aflease were divested by 2008 and Uranium One Africa was sold in 2010 to Gupta family.
In 2007, SXR Uranium One Inc. acquired UrAsia Energy, a Canadian firm headquartered in Vancouver which owned stakes in uranium mines in Kazakhstan, from Frank Giustra, and dropped SXR from its name. In the same year, Uranium One bought the Shootaring Uranium Mill from the United States Enrichment Corporation. It was sold to Anfield Energy in 2015. Also in 2007, Uranium One acquired Energy Metals Corporation which owned the Hobson uranium processing plant in Texas, and uranium exploration properties located in Wyoming and Texas. The Hobson uranium processing plant and assets in Texas were sold to Uranium Energy Corporation in 2009.
In 2009, the Rosatom subsidiary ARMZ acquired 16.6% of shares in Uranium One in exchange for a 50% interest in the Karatau uranium mining project, a joint venture with Kazatomprom. In 2010, Uranium One acquired 50% and 49% respective interests in southern Kazakhstan-based Akbastau and Zarechnoye uranium mines from ARMZ. In exchange, ARMZ increased its stake in Uranium One to 51%. In 2010, Uranium One acquired Irigaray uranium processing plant, the Christensen Ranch satellite uranium processing facility and associated uranium exploration properties in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming from the joint venture of AREVA and Électricité de France. In December 2010, ARMZ increased its stake in Uranium One to 51.4%. At the time of the 2010 sale, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission estimated that Uranium One held the rights to approximately 20 percent of the licensed uranium ore production capacity in the United States which in its entirety amounted to 0.2% of the world's uranium production. By 2017 additional mining licenses had been issued to other operators, shrinking Uranium One's share of U.S. production capacity to approximately 10 percent.
ARMZ took complete control of Uranium One in January 2013 by buying all shares it did not already own. In October 2013, Uranium One Inc. was delisted from the Toronto and Johannesburg exchanges and became a wholly owned indirect subsidiary of Rosatom. From 2012 to 2014, an unspecified amount of Uranium was reportedly exported to Canada via a Kentucky-based trucking firm with an existing export license; most of the processed uranium was returned to the U.S., with approximately 25% going to Western Europe and Japan. In 2015, Uranium One relocation of certain head office functions such as finance, internal audit and some technical services to Moscow. In 2017, Uranium One established a trading company Uranium One Trading in Zug, Switzerland. However, in January 2018, trading functions of the company were transferred to Techsnabexport, an export arm of Rosatom.
In 2010–2013, Uranium One acquired Mantra Resources, the developer of Mkuju River mine in Tanzania. The Mkuju River project was suspended in 2017 due to the low uranium price. In 2015, Uranium One Australia, the owner of the Uranium One's Australian operations, including the Honeymoon Uranium Project, was sold to Boss Resources. In August 2018, Uranium One closed its Willow Creek mine in Wyoming.
Operations.
Through its subsidiaries and joint ventures Uranium One owns Akdala, South Inkai, Karatau, Akbastau and Kharasan uranium mines in Kazakhstan, the conserved Willow Creek uranium mine in the United States, and the Mkuju River uranium project in Tanzania.
Ownership.
Uranium One Inc. is an indirect subsidiary of the Russian state-owned nuclear corporation Rosatom. It is directly owned by the Amsterdam-based Uranium One Holding N.V. (89.07%) and Moscow-based Uranium One Group (former name: Uranium Mining Company; 10.93%). Uranium One Holding is wholly owned by Uranium One Group. Uranium One Group is owned by Rosatom direct subsidiaries Atomenergoprom (71.084%) and ARMZ (28.916%).
Conspiracy theory.
A conspiracy theory launched during the 2016 presidential election campaign accused Bill Clinton, the Clinton Foundation, Hillary Clinton, the Obama administration, high level officials in Russia, the State Department, Uranium One, and the FBI of allegedly compromising national-security interests, bribery, and suppressing evidence. All parties have denied the accusations, and no evidence of wrongdoing has been found after five years of allegations, an FBI investigation, a House Intelligence Committee inquiry, and the 2017 appointment by the Justice Department of the U.S. Attorney in Utah, John Huber, to evaluate the FBI investigation. Huber's inquiry ended in January 2019 without any findings of consequence.


Marshall Latham Bond

Marshall Latham Bond was one of two brothers who were Jack London's landlords and among his employers during the autumn of 1897 and the spring of 1898 during the Klondike Gold Rush. They were the owners of the dog that London fictionalized as Buck in his 1903 novel "The Call of the Wild".
Marshall Latham Bond was born at Mayhurst Plantation in Orange, Virginia in March 1867 and died in Seattle, Washington in 1941. He was the son of Judge Hiram Bond and Laura Ann Higgins. Marshall Bond was a mining engineer, stockbroker, real estate broker, cowboy and outdoor guide.
Family.
Marshall Bond was married to Amy Louise Burnett, daughter of Charles Hiram Burnett, Sr. and Jeanette Campbell McLean. Charles H. Burnett was from Seattle, where he had been City Treasurer, a commission merchant, a real estate investor and an operator of coal mines. When his wife died young he had sent Amy Louise and her brother Charles H. Burnett Jr. to live with family friends Mr. and Mrs. Howard Cranston Potter of Tacoma who had children. One of Amy Louise Burnett's foster sisters, Bertha Potter Paschall Boeing, was the wife of aviation industrialist William Boeing.
Marshall Bond and his wife had two sons, Richard Marshall Bond and Marshall Bond, Jr.. Richard was named for his godfather Richard Melancthon Hurd.
Ranch boyhood near Denver, Colorado.
In 1872 Judge Hiram Bond purchased a quarter section ranch named Villa Park near Denver, Colorado. The land is now a neighborhood of Denver. Hiram Bond's brother-in-law was Latham Higgins, another Harvard-educated attorney, who owned a larger ranch further out of Denver. As he was growing up Marshall Bond and his older brother Louis were given increasing responsibilities on his father's and uncle's ranches. By the time they were at Yale University, during their summer vacations they were participating in buying trips and cattle drives as far away as New Mexico and Chihuahua, Mexico.
Education.
He was educated at Denver Public Elementary Schools, The Gunnery from which he was expelled, and St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire). Among his experiences there was a legendary eating contest with his roommate Marion Ward Chanler in 1883. This resulted from the latter receiving ten pounds of Turkish Delight from his grandfather, the Washington lobbyist Samuel Ward. The result was Bond losing and Chanler dying. Marshall Bond went to college at Yale University, where he was a member of Delta Psi, he graduated in 1888. He reentered college for post graduate studies in mining at Stanford University and obtained a Masters in 1896.
Jack London and "The Call of the Wild".
Against the advice of his father, Marshall Bond decided he wanted to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush and managed to get his father to put up financing in a partnership, provided Louis went along to manage the purchases and expenditures. He left from Seattle in company with Josiah Collins. By Alaska Marshall Bond became upset with the handling of his cargo by the ship crew and organized a shift of the destination from Dyea to Skagway.
In Skagway, while waiting for a teamster to carry his supplies, he and other miners became upset by the treatment of the miners by the resident packers, and he and other miner activists formed a committee which took control. The cross streets had no names, and part of what they did was name them after various prominent Alaskans. For the next ten years what is now Fourth Street was named Bond Street after Marshall Bond.
During the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897 to 1898, Marshall Bond and his brother Louis Whitford Bond owned a log cabin, storage building and tent ground on a hill overlooking Dawson City, Yukon. One of their tenants during the fall of 1897 and part of the spring of 1898 was a young man who did chores on a labor exchange for one of their tent spaces. This was author Jack London. The main character of the novel "The Call of the Wild", Buck, was based on a large St. Bernard/Collie owned by the Bonds. The dog was lent to London by the Bonds for the performance of his work.
Spanish American War.
Marshall Bond went to Pampanga in the Philippines with a shipment of horses for the United States Cavalry. By that time there was not much action but a group of soldiers in the United States Occupation he was part of were sniped at and returned fire on Philippine Rebels.
Business visits to Europe.
The Bonds attempted to organize mining claims holders to establish a Yukon River dredging operation, and Marshall went to Europe to attempt to raise funds but found himself beaten by two other groups led by Joseph Whiteside Boyle and Arthur Newton Christian Treadgold. Marshall Bond spent several months in Europe during 1900 seeking mining investors, during which time he attended the Paris Exposition Universelle (1900) (the Paris World's Fair).
American Mechanical Cashier Corporation.
Marshall Bond worked in 1901 and 1902 as an executive for the American Mechanical Cashier Company, of which his father was president and a major shareholder. Among those people who Marshall Bond tried to bring in as an investor was a friend from his time at St. Paul School, John Jacob Astor IV. Despite the candy eating contest with school roommate Marion Ward Chanler, an Astor relation in 1883 which turned fatal (or perhaps because of it), the Chanlers and Astors remained friendly with the Bonds.
Assistance to Boer refugee colony.
In 1902 Vice President Theodore Roosevelt requested that Marshall Bond assist Roosevelt's cousin Leila's husband Edward Reeve Merritt, a Bond friend, to help a group of Boer refugees purchase ranchland and establish a colony in Mexico. Judge Hiram Bond's cattle dealing at Villa Park Ranch near Denver had included some previous experience with purchases from and sales to ranchers in Mexico. After Marshall Bond and Edward Reeve Merritt met and negotiated with José Yves Limantour and other federal officials in Mexico City and visited various potential sites, they bought a large ranch Hacienda Humboldt from Governor Luis Terrazas on the Rio Conchos in the municipality of Julimes near Delicias, Chihuahua. For more, see Creel-Terrazas Family. The Boers managed to farm there for about fifteen years, until they were displaced as farmers and managers by native Mexicans who were supported by populist labor agitators.
Seattle.
Marshall Bond's father, the mining investor Judge Hiram Bond, became active in the state of Washington in 1891 around the time he made a decision to leave his involvement in southern coal. The major mining activity that the family had in the state was the formation of a corporation to hold mining claims in the Monte Cristo Snohomish County area of the Cascade Range. Marshall Bond worked for his father and the investors as a foreman. The Bonds also invested in Seattle real estate. Marshall Bond's partner in real estate brokerage and development was architect Oliver H. P. LaFarge. Oliver LaFarge was the son of the artist John La Farge. The Bonds also invested in lumber in Skagit County.
While living in Seattle Marshall met and married Amy Louise Burnett, the daughter of Seattle pioneer Charles Hiram Burnett, Sr., who had been city treasurer, a commission merchant, then a coal mining executive, and had investments in real estate. The Bonds lived in a rented house on First Hill. Marshall Bond joined the Rainier Club and was an early member of the University Club of Seattle. In 1905 Charles Burnett assisted them in building a Charles Bebb-designed second home at Bean Bight Beach on Bainbridge Island. They were associate members of the Country Club of Seattle nearby on Bainbridge. Later they built a home 1230 Federal Avenue on Capitol Hill overlooking Volunteer Park. When the family circumstances declined they sold both homes and concentrated their household on Santa Barbara, California. After her husband died, Amy Louise Burnett returned to Seattle as her primary residence, where she died in 1954.
British Columbia.
Since the Bonds established a presence in Seattle in 1891 to invest in Washington, they had also been active in British Columbia. They were involved in the mining in the Ruby Creek district in the early 1890s. Among the local business leaders they were involved with were the James Dunsmuir Group and Count Gustav Konstantin von Alvensleben, known as Alvo. Marshall Bond also went camping, hunting and fishing in British Columbia many times. A book on the Tsimshian tribe of Hartley Bay recounts Bond's hiring an Indian chief for an excursion. A particular sojourn was made with British travelogue writer, explorer Warburton Pike along the Stikine River Valley in 1911.
Among the people that Bond and Pike met there at Dease Lake in 1911 and were then associated with was Osborne Beauclerk, 12th Duke of St Albans. Pike had met Beauclerk before in 1908 but had not seen him for a while. When Bond first met Beauclerk the Briton was recuperating from an axe wound in an Indian village where he had been treated with a gunpowder and oatmeal poultice by a shaman. They put on a modern dressing and antibiotics which Bond had brought along. This was done only to have Bond wound himself with the same axe, a Hudson Bay Co. shortly after. In order to have Bond and Pike take him along Beauclerk volunteered as camp cook and fire tender. Beauclerk was also later aide-de-camp to British Field Marshal Douglas Haig during World War I. Beauclerk's wife's sister married the Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire their nephew Harold Macmillan became Prime Minister of Britain. Beauclerk was a co-investor with Bond and Pike in various mining projects. When Pike died by suicide prompted by having been rejected for conscription a memorial to his memory at was paid for by Bond and Beauclerk.
Santa Barbara.
In 1912 Marshall Bond bought a house in Santa Barbara, California. Bond had been visiting a friend John J. Hollister, Sr., the son of William Welles Hollister whose family owned the Hollister Ranch and who Bond had met as a fellow mining engineering student at Stanford University. They had since spent time together during the Klondike Gold Rush. Marshall Bond worked as a consulting mining engineer, outdoor guide, real estate and stockbroker. He bought and sold properties in the Santa Ynez Valley and Montecito. He was briefly branch manager for E. F. Hutton Bond had a connection to Hutton through Hutton's father-in-law Henry Lawrence Horton, who was an associate of Judge Hiram Bond. Both were associated with American Mechanical Cashier. Bond was on the board of the Santa Barbara Club and Paseo de la Guerra. Bond continued living there for the next thirty years. His son Marshall Bond Jr. lived there until 1983.
Mining consulting in Mexico.
In 1917 a lieutenant of Pancho Villa kidnapped a group of American mining engineers working in Mexico from a train. When they tried to escape they were killed, and it became difficult to recruit mining engineers for work in Mexico.
As a consequence the compensation offered to the mining engineers went up. Among those who took advantage of the opportunity was Marshall Bond, who took a consultancy with the Alvarado Mining & Milling Company, founded by Americans working with the heirs of Mexican mining magnate Pedro Alvarado, owner of a mine named La Palmilla near Parral, Chihuahua in 1918. Pedro Alvarado, Sr. had been friendly with Villa before his death, but Villa's men tried kidnapping Bond to hold him for ransom. The Villistas were unable to find Bond because instead of hiding in town he joined a group who fortified and supplied a nearby cave.
International counter intelligence agent.
During the First World War Marshall Bond was turned down for military service. As a substitute form of national service he joined the Counter Intelligence section of the United States Secret Service. In this office he did port watching to reduce sabotage and politically inspired work stoppage. His duties also included arresting enemy nationals, which included among them the German count Alvo von Alvensleben, who was the godson of Kaiser Wilhelm, and the Austrian count Karl-Kuno "Rollo" von Coudenhove, who before the war were co-investors in various mines in the Cassiar district in British Columbia. Canada being a part of the British Commonwealth had declared war on Austria and Germany before the United States, and so they had come south. There was a suspicion that one or both were spies. After the war it developed that Alvensleben had supported the Canadians, Coudenhove had sided with Germany and Austria, but the actual spy rumored to be in the organization was probably the Cassiar company secretary clerk Joachim von Ribbentrop.
Research on Billy the Kid.
In 1926 Marshall Bond Sr. and Jr. accompanied a friend, Miguel Antonio Otero II, on a trip to New Mexico to interview the survivors of the Lincoln County War. Judge Hiram Bond had been among those who had been allies of John Tunstall and Alexander McSween. Judge Bond was a landowner who lost land in the Antonio Chavez Grant west of San Acacia, New Mexico near Socorro, New Mexico. The United States set up a Land Court which was run by men who wanted to void Spanish Land Grants to expand the federal public domain. Bond and his partners Arms and Higgins had sold the property to fellow Dernver resident Martin B. Hayes on a mortgage. This was litigated between Bond and Hayes who wanted to make sure the Grant was confirmed. This was in part due to the machinations of the Santa Fe Ring around Thomas B. Catron and Samuel Beach Axtell which saw land accumulated by a few large speculators. Miguel Otero was the former governor of the state of New Mexico, whose family had been merchants between St. Louis and Santa Fe, ranchers and cattle traders. They were business associates of Judge Hiram Bond during his time ranching at Villa Park Ranch in Denver. This resulted in a jointly authored book which was published under the name Miguel Otero and one of the most widely read books on Billy the Kid.
Europe again and safari in Africa.
In 1927 Marshall Bond took a trip through Europe and Africa writing articles for the "Santa Barbara News-Press" with a travelogue writer named Dr. Frederick Crockett who later with his wife Charis co led the Denison-Crockett South Pacific Expedition. Despite his having arrested Count Coudenhove during the First World War they had resumed communication and he was made the subject of a series of articles by Coudenhove in the Vienna press. Jack London's "The Call of the Wild" was a tremendous success when it was translated into German as "Ruf der Wildnis", and Bond was introduced to other members of Austrian nobility and the Habsburgs.
The group traveled by boat and overland from Cairo to Cape Town. Between the Aswan Dam and Khartoum they traveled on the Nile by steamboat for two weeks with two Hungarians, Count Zsigmond Szechenyi a kinsman of Laszlo Szechenyi, husband of Gladys Vanderbilt Széchenyi, and explorer László Almásy. Almasy was later involved with the Hungarian government when allied with the German government of Adolf Hitler in the North African Campaign of World War II. "The English Patient" is a fictionalization of his career. There was a correspondence until 1934 of Almasy trying to get Marshall Bond to have Bond's friend William Boeing donate an airplane to North African exploration.
Stockbroker in Santa Barbara.
Due to the cost of having two sons in boarding school at St. Paul's and then college, and the fatigue his wife felt from staying in a succession of mining camps, he made a change. Marshall Bond took a job as a stockbroker and gave up mining for a while. He was with a firm named Mitchell Logan and Bryant, which went bankrupt in the aftermath of the Stock Market Crash. In April 1931 he hosted a visit and lecture by Hugh Bancroft President of Dow Jones and publisher of the Wall Street Journal. After the collapse of Mitchell, Logan and Bryant Bond then went to work for Edward F. Hutton. Bond had a connection to Hutton through Hutton's father-in-law Henry Lawrence Horton who was an associate of Judge Hiram Bond. For a brief period Marshall Bond was branch manager. By the time his sons were out Marshall Bond was ready for mining again.
Mojave borax prospecting.
In his seventies, when most people would have retired long before, Marshall Bond took a tent, camping and his mining equipment and patented a borax claim in a remote location in Kern County, California, out in the Mojave Desert.
External links.
 Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.


C. J. Stevens

Clysle Julius (C.J.) Stevens (born December 8, 1927 in Smithfield, Maine) is a writer. He has published over 30 books (including poetry, short stories, non-fiction, and biography), been published in hundreds of magazines, and the United States Library of Congress contains a special collection of his works.
In 1998, the "Portland Press Herald" described him as "versatile and charismatic". Stevens has also translated others' works into English from other languages, including Dutch and Flemish.
Biography.
Early life.
Stevens is the son of Earl Wade and Leonora May (Witham) Stevens. He had his first poem published at age 13 in the Waterville "Morning Sentinel", a Maine newspaper.
As a young man he enlisted in the U.S. Army in February 1946 for the duration of the war, plus six months. Afterward, he earned a B.S. in 1953 from Teachers College of Connecticut (now known as Central Connecticut State University).
Writing career.
The United States Library of Congress contains a special collection of Stevens' works. He has published over 30 books, including poetry, short stories, non-fiction, and biography. He said he submitted his poems "haphazardly" over the years to publishers, and he has been a contributor to "The Nation", "Prairie Schooner", "Literary Review", "Modern Age", "The Post-Crescent", and other publications. By 1990, his poems and stories had also been published in 400 magazines, and more than 50 anthologies and texts.
Poetry.
Stevens has written nearly 20 books of poetry. His first book of published poetry, and his only book published under the name "Clysle Stevens", was "Loose Stones: First Poems", published by Hitchcock Press in 1954. He published his next 13 books of poetry under the pen name "John Stevens Wade".
These were
He then began publishing under the name "C.J. Stevens", and produced
His poetry has also appeared in the works of other people. For example, his poetry appeared, under the name John Stevens Wade, in
His poetry also appeared under "C. J. Stevens" in
Short stories.
Stevens has written two collections of short stories, both under the name C. J. Stevens. They are "The Folks from Greeley's Mill and other Maine Stories" ( J. Wade, 1992, ), and "Confessions: New and Selected Stories" (John Wade, 1998, ).
Non-fiction.
Stevens and his wife began prospecting in about 1970, and found gold in more than 30 rivers. When his book "The Next Bend in the River: Gold Mining in Maine" (John Wade, 1989, ) about discovering gold in Maine was published, many readers were amazed to learn that gold nuggets can be found by panning certain rivers.
He also wrote the related book, " Memoirs of a Maine Gold Hunter" (John Wade, 2005, ), about panning for gold and searching for treasure.
He has written additional non-fiction that includes
In his book about the supernatural in Maine, he explores out-of-body experiences, witches, haunted houses, alien abductions, and people from Maine who faced the supernatural. in 2002. He is currently writing a combination of biography and novel.
Biographies.
Stevens wrote a series of biographies starting in the late 1980s. Two were biographies connected to a period in D. H. Lawrence's life in Cornwall
In 2000 Stevens published a biography of the American writer Erskine Caldwell,
in 2004 a biography of English primitive artist Bryan Pearce.
Translations.
Stevens has also had a career as a translator, translating a number of books to English from Dutch and Flemish. Under the name John Stevens Wade he translated "Terrena Troubahi", by Paul De Vree (Ganglia Press) in 1960, "Poems from the Lowlands" (Small Pond) from the Dutch and Flemish in 1967, "Thirty-One New Poets" (Schreiber (editor), Hill & Wang Pub, 1968, ), "Waterland: A Gathering from Holland" (Holmgangers Press, 1977, translator from the Dutch), and "From the Flemish of Gaston Burssens" (Arts End Books, 1982, ) Subsequently, translating under the name C. J. Stevens, he translated "One Score-And-Two Years of Uncommon Fanfare" (John Edward Westburg (editor), Westburg Asso Pub, 1986, ), and collected and translated "Poems from Holland and Belgium" (John Wade, 1999, ).
Career outside writing.
Over his lifetime, Stevens has had many jobs: as a farmer, deliveryman, selectman, and assistant manager at Carvel Hall, an Annapolis landmark. Stevens lived overseas for five years, two of those in the Netherlands, moving approximately every six months to countries including Ireland, England, Portugal, and Malta.
He interest in images led him to become a poet and a writer. It also led to a second career in painting, and along with his writing, he is working on a photographer's portfolio. Photographs of his paintings may be seen at his photography site. His biographies and other non-fiction are unusual, in that in all cases he has had access to either the subject or to someone intimate with the subject–a wife, friend, lover, or mother.
In addition, Stevens has lectured and traveled extensively. He has lived in Phillips, Maine, in Weld, Maine, in Temple, Maine, and in South Carolina with his Dutch wife Stella Rachel (née Taschlicky) Stevens, whom he married on June 13, 1954.


Benxihu Colliery

Benxihu (Honkeiko) Colliery (), located in Benxi, Liaoning, China, was first mined in 1905. Originally an iron and coal mining project under joint Japanese and Chinese control, the mine came under predominately Japanese control. In the early 1930s, Japan invaded the northeast of China, and Liaoning province became part of the Japanese-controlled puppet state of Manchukuo. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese forced Chinese labourers—some of whom had been captured from local military organizations—to work the colliery under very poor conditions. Food was scarce and workers did not have sufficient clothing. Working conditions were harsh, and diseases such as typhoid and cholera flourished due to poor sanitation and water supplies. Typically miners worked 12-hour shifts or longer. The Japanese controllers were known to beat workers with pick handles, and the perimeter of the mine was fenced and guarded. Many describe the conditions as slave labour.
Coal dust explosion.
On April 26, 1942, a gas and coal-dust explosion in the mine sent flames bursting from the mine shaft entrance. Miners' relatives rushed to the site but were denied entry by a cordon of Japanese guards, who erected electric fences to keep them out. In an attempt to curtail the fire underground, the Japanese shut off the ventilation and sealed the pit head. Witnesses say that the Japanese did not evacuate the pit fully before sealing it, trapping many Chinese workers underground to suffocate in the smoke. The Soviet Union later investigated and blamed the actions of the Japanese for needlessly increasing the death toll.
It took workers ten days to remove all the corpses and rubble from the shaft. The dead were buried in a mass grave nearby. Many victims could not be properly identified due to the extent of the burns. The Japanese at first reported the death toll to be 34. Initial newspaper reports were short, as few as 40 words, and downplayed the scale of the disaster, characterizing it as a minor event. Later the Japanese erected a monument to the dead. This stone gave the number of dead as 1,327. The true number is believed to be 1,549, 34% of the miners working that day. It was the worst disaster in the history of coal mining and the second-worst recorded industrial accident. Of this number, 31 fatalities were Japanese, the remaining 1,518 were Chinese.
The Japanese continued to operate the mine until the end of World War II in 1945, when they were defeated and forced to withdraw from China. Following the Japanese withdrawal, the Chinese workers took control of the site. With the liberation after the war, the Soviet Union investigated the accident. They found that only some of the workers died directly from the gas and coal-dust explosion. Most deaths were from carbon monoxide poisoning produced when the Japanese closed the ventilation and sealed the pit head after the initial explosion.


Uranium mining in Utah

Uranium mining in Utah, a state of the United States, has a history going back more than 100 years. Uranium mining started as a byproduct of vanadium mining about 1900, became a byproduct of radium mining about 1910, then back to a byproduct of vanadium when the radium price fell in the 1920s. Utah saw a uranium boom in the late 1940s and early 1950s, but uranium mining declined in the 1980s. Since 2001 there has been a revival of interest in uranium mining, as a result of higher uranium prices.
Uravan mineral belt.
Mining of uranium-vanadium ore in southeast Utah goes back to the late 19th century, at the northern end of the Uravan mineral belt (see "Uranium mining in Colorado"), where it crosses into Grand County, Utah. Uranium occurs in the Salt Wash member of the Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. Because much of the value depended on the vanadium content, the only economic ore minerals were carnotite and tyuyamunite. Following World War II buying for nuclear weapons programs made uranium valuable for its own sake, and attracted hundreds of prospectors to southeast Utah.
Lisbon Valley.
Uranium was discovered in sandstone of the Chinle Formation in Lisbon Valley, San Juan County in 1913, and some carnotite was mined on a small scale for vanadium in 1917, 1940, and 1941. In the uranium mining boom of 1948, mining began in sandstone of the Permian Cutler Formation. Then in 1952, Charles Steen drilled into a rich uraninite orebody in the Triassic Chinle Formation; that type of deposit became the largest producer in the district. Ore is distributed along of outcrop on the southwest side of the Lisbon valley anticline. The district produced of U3O8 (uranium oxide) through 1965.
The Rio Algom Uranium Mill operated from 1972 to 1988.
On November 4, 2016, a historical marker commemorating the Lisbon Valley's uranium heritage and noting Charlie Steen's discovery was dedicated on the Anticline Overlook road off U.S. 191. The marker was funded entirely by private donations. Artist Michael Ford Dunton created an arch to frame the historical marker and the view to the location of the Mi Vida mine, to the east of the marker.
White Canyon and Monument Valley districts.
Uranium associated with copper mineralization at the White Canyon district was identified in 1920, but production did not begin until 1946. The geology is similar to that of the Monument Valley uranium district to the south which straddles the Utah/Arizona state line (see "Uranium mining in Arizona"). Uranium occurs in the Shinarump Member of the Triassic Chinle Formation. Primary ore minerals are uraninite and coffinite. Through 1965, the White Canyon district produced of U3O8.
In 2009 White Canyon Uranium opened the Daneros underground mine, 40 miles west of Blanding in the White Canyon District, trucking ore to Denison Mines's White Mesa Mill. Daneros was the first new uranium mine permitted in Utah since the 1980s. In 2011 Denison took over White Canyon Uranium. In 2012 Energy Fuels acquired the Daneros mine from Denison. Energy Fuels produced from the Daneros mine until October 2012, at which time the mine was placed on standby, care, and maintenance.
Marysvale district.
At the Marysvale district, in Piute and Sevier counties, uranium occurs in hydrothermal veins in igneous rocks (quartz monzonite, latite porphyry, and aplite). Primary uranium minerals are uraninite and umohoite, with associated gangue minerals pyrite, fluorite, quartz, and adularia.
Silver Reef district.
Uranium minerals were noted by 1881 in the silver mines at the Silver Reef/Harrisburg district, at Silver Reef, Washington County. No uranium was extracted until 1950, when a small shipment was made. The uranium occurs as carnotite along with copper mineralization and the silver mineral chlorargyrite in the Chinle Formation. Uranium production has been minor.
Yellow Chief mine.
Uranium was mined from tuffaceous conglomerate and sandstone of the Miocene Spor Mountain Formation at the Yellow Chief mine in the Thomas Range of Juab County. The uranium ore minerals were beta-uranophane, weeksite, and schroekingerite.
Bingham Canyon copper mine.
The Bingham Canyon Mine in Salt Lake County, a large porphyry copper mine, recovered of uranium oxide each year from 1978 through 1989, as part of its copper mining operation.
Recent activity.
All of Utah’s numerous uranium mines closed prior to 2000 due to low uranium prices.
In late 2006, Denison Mines reopened the Pandora mine in the La Sal mining district of southeastern Utah. Denison Mines received all the required permits from the state of Utah and the US Bureau of Land Management to reopen its Tony M uranium mine in the Henry Mountains. The Henry Mountains Complex (including the Tony M mine) has an indicated resource of 12.8 million pounds (5,800 tonnes) of uranium at a grade of 0.27% U3O8.
In 2012 Energy Fuels Inc. acquired all of Denison Mines uranium properties located in the United States, including the White Mesa Mill. The White Mesa Mill, located near Blanding, Utah, is the only conventional uranium (and vanadium) mill operating in the United States.
The Pandora mine and Henry Mountains Complex, in addition to the Beaver and Daneros mines, were placed on standby, care and maintenance by Energy Fuels in the fall of 2012.


Jafet Lindeberg

Jafet Lindeberg (September 12, 1874 – November 5, 1962) was a gold prospector and co-founder of the city of Nome, Alaska.
Background.
Jafet Isaksen Lindeberg was born in Kvænangen, Troms county, in Norway. In his youth, he tried prospecting for gold in northern Norway. Lindeberg's father, Isak, was a farmer and fisherman. He had come to the region from the valley of Norrbotten, an ancient iron mining region in Norrbotten County, Sweden.
Nome Gold Rush.
In the autumn of 1897, the U.S. Congress decided to send help to the gold miners in Klondike. The gold rush had escalated. Thousands of people rallied to the area, most of them completely unfamiliar with the harsh climate. The authorities feared a humanitarian disaster, with famine, epidemics and lawless conditions. It was difficult to send supplies.
It was therefore decided that reindeer and able keepers were to be shipped from Norway to Klondike. Reindeer were known as versatile animals, that could be used for food, clothing and transport. On February 4, 1898, Lindeberg left Alta with the ship "SS Manitoba", heading for New York City. He had been hired as a reindeer keeper. There were 113 people, 535 reindeer, and 250 tons of reindeer lichen on the ship. Upon arriving, he learned that the crisis was not as big as anticipated, and he was freed from his contract.
The Three Lucky Swedes.
On the Seward Peninsula at the Bering Strait he met the Swedish immigrants Erik Lindblom and John Brynteson. The three formed the mining firm, Pioneer Mining Company. Lindeberg was elected president of the new venture. The three partners also founded the city of Nome, where they later made a big find of gold. The rumors about "The Three Lucky Swedes" spread quickly. The following year, Nome experienced a gold rush similar to the Klondike rush. In 1899, Lindeberg joined in the development of Moonlight Springs which was founded by James M. Davidson (1853-1928) to supply water to the City of Nome.
Late-comers tried to "jump" the claims of the Pioneer Mining Company by filing mining claims over the same ground. A federal judge ruled that the Pioneer Mining Company claims were valid, but some of the claim jumpers gave partial interests in their claims to Washington politicians, including Alexander McKenzie, who engineered the naming of their own federal judge in the District of Alaska, Arthur Noyes (1854-1915). Noyes handed the Pioneer claims over to the claim jumpers. William W. Morrow, United States District Judge for the Northern District of California on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco, subsequently reversed Noyes' rulings, and ordered the gold mines restored to their rightful owners. After Noyes left Nome in disgrace, Lindeberg joined a group of masked vigilantes to seize their properties back from the claim jumpers.
The claim-jumping incident was the basis for Rex Beach's best-selling novel "The Spoilers" (1906), which was made into a stage play and five times into movies. Japhet Lindeberg lived long enough to see the character based on himself played on the big screen by John Wayne, although Lindeberg modestly said that he didn't see much resemblance between himself and Wayne's character in "The Spoilers".
Lindeberg sold out his share in the Pioneer Mining Company to Wendell P. Hammon (1854-1938) in the 1920s. During a subsequent visit to Norway, Lindeberg convinced his old friend Leonhard Seppala to come work for him in America. Seppala later became a renowned musher, a hero of the 1925 serum run to Nome, and the foremost breeder of Siberian Husky of his time. Lindeberg was married to Josephine Elizabeth Metson (1874-1965), sister of William Henry Metson, attorney for Pioneer Mining. Lindeberg died in San Francisco, California in 1962.


Laurence Danon

Laurence Danon Arnaud (born 6 January 1956) is a French businesswoman. She currently serves as chairman of her family office Primerose SAS.
Early life and education.
Danon is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure Paris (Ulm 1977-1981) and graduate of France's elite Corps des Mines (1981-1984), with a postgraduate diploma in Organic Chemistry and "agrégée" with a senior postgraduate teaching qualification in Physics.
Career.
Career in the public sector.
Danon began her career in 1984 at the Ministry of Industry. First head of the Industrial Development division for the Region of Picardy, she moved to the Energy and Oil Direction of the Ministry in Paris as Head of Exploration - Production.
Career in the private sector.
In 1989, Danon joined the Elf Group where she was in charge of sales and marketing in the Polymer Division. Two years later, she was appointed Director at the Industrial Specialties Division, and in 1994 was nominated Chief Executive Officer, World Functional Polymers Division. In 1996, she was appointed CEO of Ato-Findley which became Bostik after the takeover of Elf by Total in 1999, and the merger of Ato-Findley and Bostik which was led by her. With sales above 1 billion euros, Bostik became the number two in adhesives worldwide in 2000.
In 2001, Danon was nominated Chairman and CEO of Printemps, the French department store chain and Member of the Executive Committee of PPR (Pinault Printemps Redoute - now KERING). Danon managed the Group's repositioning into fashion and luxury goods. In the wake of Printemps sale in October 2006 for a record price of 1.1 Billion euros, she resigned her post in early 2007.
In 2007, Danon joined the world of Corporate Finance and became CEO of the Edmond de Rothschild Group's Corporate Finance division. In 2013, she joined Leonardo & Co. SAS, a subsidiary of the Italian bank Banca Leonardo as Chairman of the Board.
Following on the disposal of Leonardo & Co. SAS to Natixis in 2015, Danon joined her family office.


Cronberry

Cronberry is a small hamlet situated north-east of Cumnock and one mile north-east of Lugar, in East Ayrshire, Scotland.
History.
Cronberry has a Women's Rural Institute which meets in the old school.
Diane and Holly Fallon were murdered at Cronberry in 2009 by a former soldier, Thomas Smith, who was sentenced to serve a minimum of 32 years behind bars.
The mining village.
The village, in the Parish of Auchinleck, had a public school and in the 1880s a population of 799.
Cronberry (or Kronberry) appears on maps as far back as 1654. Its actual age, however, is thought to be much older. It probably, though as yet unconfirmed, existed as part of the fief of Auchinleck (various spelling) well before 1400. The more recent Cronberry was built in the 1860s by the Eglinton Iron Company. Cronberry had seven miner rows set in lines and not streets or squares, the back of one line facing the front of another. One row had a store, managed as a co-op and as a branch of the Lugar store. Later, the store was semi-detached with the school, which when replaced by a new school building in 1931, became the village hall. Mortonmuir Park lay across the road from Store Row, famous for being the ground where Cronberry Eglinton football team played.
In 1913 the population was approximately 600, and not a single washing-house existed for the whole population. Only the Store Row, No. 7, had a coal house and was built of stone, unlike the others that were built of bricks. The pathways in front of the houses were at that time all unpaved, and the winter condition resembled a quagmire. The village had a gravitation water supply, and there were two wells in every row. Rows 4 - 6 had roofs of tarred felt, the so-called 'Tarry Rows' demolished in the 1920s.
The village was owned by William Baird & Co. The older miners' rows were demolished and the occupants rehoused in Lugar. Riverside Terrace houses were more modern, dating from the 1920s and were converted to form private housing.
Industrial sites.
The remains of Cronberry Moor colliery, comprising the remains of a bing, lie to the north-west of Cronberry village at NGR NS 6031 2281. Mortonmuir Colliery was begun in 1948 and opened in 1950 as one of the National Coal Board's short term drift mines; it closed after only four years as much of the coal was found to have been extracted previously. Locals have stated that no coal at all was found.
An ironstone mine existed at Cronberry in the 1880s, as did a claypit and tileworks.
Covenanting.
The Cameron Stone on nearby Airds Moss commemorates the Reverend Richard Cameron and eight other Covenanter soldiers killed in the Battle of Airds Moss against a troop of dragoons in July 1680. The memorial lies near Muirkirk and was restored in 2005. The village never had its own church.
Archaeology.
Excavations at Cronberry have revealed a medieval turf building and a nearby turf enclosure of unknown date. The turf structure was sub-rectangular and contained a hearth surrounded by some paving with pottery dating to no later than the 16th century.
Micro-history.
Bill Shankly OBE once played at right half for the Cronberry Eglinton youth football club.
The Bellow Water runs past the settlement.
Transport.
Cronberry lay on the old turnpike road from Muirkirk to Ayr. A typical Ayrshire Direction stone survives, having a pyramidal top, square on plan, but set as a diamond. These stones complemented the milestones, which on this road, acted both as distance and direction markers. The lettering and style of the milestones contrasts with the elegant and clear Direction stones.
The nearby Cronberry railway station was originally part of the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway. The station opened on 9 August 1848, and closed on 10 September 1951.


Baiyin Nonferrous

Baiyin Nonferrous Group Co., Ltd. known also as BNMC is a Chinese company based in Baiyin, Gansu Province, China. The company was the main copper supplier in China.
Since 15 February 2017, Baiyin Nonferrous is a listed company in the Shanghai Stock Exchange. In 2017, the localized version of "Fortune" ranked Baiyin Nonferrous as the 116th of top 500 Chinese enterprises.
History.
The predecessor of the company was established in 1954, as one of the industrial project of the First Five Year Plan. It was the main copper supplier in China, however, the mining pit opened in 1956 was shut down in 1988. The city of Baiyin was declared by the government as “resource exhaustion”. As of 2016, the company rely on investment in China, South Africa, Peru, DR Congo and the Philippines.


Tavt mine

The Tavt mine () is a gold mines in the Teshig sum of Bulgan aimag in northern Mongolia.
The mine consists of strips that have gold-silver-copper ingredient. The reserves are estimated to a total of about 7.2 t of Gold and more than 25 t of silver. The yearly capacity is about 350 kg of gold.


Telluride, Nevada

Telluride is a ghost town in Lander County, state of Nevada in the United States.
History.
In 1875 or 1876, the Battle Mountain Mining Company built a 30-ton concentrator nearby at the mouth of Willow Creek to serve the mines of Copper Canyon. The concentrator closed in 1876.
In 1910, J. Hutchins found the Dollar Mine, located in an altitude of . Due to heavy snows, the find was not made public until the spring of 1911. The camp was named in 1911. Although at the site there were the stores of several business and a saloon, the problem was the difficulty of access prevented further development for Telluride. The mine was closed in 1912 and people had abandoned the site. There were recent mining activity in the area and the only remains of the old site are scant ruins.


Potosi Mining District

The Potosi mining district, or Potosi, was an area in Clark County of southern Nevada, U.S. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and includes three structures. The town was named after the famous silver-mining city of Potosi, Bolivia.
History.
The mines in the area produced gold, silver, zinc, platinum, copper, palladium, cobalt, nickel, and antimony. A small amount of carnotite (a vanadium-uranium mineral) was also discovered, but not mined.
Geography.
The site of Potosi or Potosi Camp is at an elevation of above sea level.
Included mines.
Potosi mining district was a part of the Goodsprings Mining District and included the following mines:


Angangueo

Angangueo () is a town and municipality located in far eastern Michoacán state in central Mexico noted for its history of mining and its location in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. It is located in high rugged forested mountains, with the town in a small canyon.
The town was officially founded shortly after a large mineral deposit was discovered in the area in the very late 18th century. The mines gave out in the 20th century, but promotion of the area due to its proximity to two butterfly sanctuaries has brought in some tourism.
The town.
The town of Angangueo is officially called Mineral de Angangueo to distinguish it from the rest of the municipality. Like most mining towns, Anguangueo has an irregular layout of its streets and blocks, which has remained the same since colonial times. There is one main road, which is called both Nacional and Morelos. This road leads up the canyon and ends at the Plaza de la Constitución. Most of the houses around the town are made of adobe with wood details and red tile roofs. There are also balconies which contain pots with flowers in the summer. Like a number of other mining towns from the same epoch, there are a number of tunnels that connect buildings, like the one that connects the Casa Parker with the Inmaculada Concepción church.
The main plaza is flanked by two churches: the parish of San Simón and the Inmaculada Concepcíon. The clocks on the two churches often show different times. The Inmaculada Concepción church was built by a single family, in pink stone in Gothic style to imitate in miniature the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The main altar was made of marble from Italy, with images of Saint Joseph and the Virgin Mary from Paris. The tabernacle contains the “chalice of Angangueo,” an important example of Baroque silverwork. The San Simon parish is smaller, built with blue-grey stone. Other chapels include Santa Maria Gorita, Misericordia and Jesus Nazareno.
The Casa Parker was an old train station. In the mid-20th century, it became the home of Bill and Joyce Parker, and English/American couple. Bill was the last mine administrator of the American Smelting and Refining Company before the mines were nationalized. The couple became part of the community and eventually their house was preserved and made into a historical museum. Another museum in the area is the El Molino.
The Monument to the Miner is located on a lookout over the town and the Señor del Rescate Chapel, which is now the site of municipal offices.
While residents in and around the town still extract some lead and silver from the hillsides, the town is best known for being in middle of much of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, with two sanctuaries open to the public nearby: Sierra Chincua and El Rosario. The town's association with the butterflies came when magazines such as National Geographic and México Desconocido began promoting it, along with neighboring Ocampo. The town hosts an annual monarch butterfly festival each year in February to bid goodbye as the insects head north again. The festival consists of artistic and cultural events as well as those related to the region's traditions and customs. Another annual cultural event is the Day of the Miner on 11 July, which is held to honor a way of life that many in the town do not wish to lose. The rest of the municipality's annual festivals are religious including the feasts of Santa Cruz on May 3, San Simon on October 28 and the Immaculate Conception on December 8.
There is bus service between Angangueo and Zitácuaro.
The municipality.
As municipal seat, the town of Angangueo is the local government for about thirty other communities, which together make up a territory of 85.64km2. About half of the municipal population of 9990 (2005) lives in the town proper Other important communities include Colonia Independencia, Jesús Nazareno, Catingón and La Estación. It is located in the far northeast of the state and is part of the Tlalpujahua region. It is bordered by the municipalities of Senguio, Ocampo and Aporo with the State of Mexico to the east. It is mostly rural with just over 2,000 housing units and some public sports facilities in the seat and several other communities. It is directly connected by road to neighboring municipalities of Aporo and Tlalpujahua.
The municipality has preschool, primary, middle and vocational schools. The latter two are mostly provided by distance education. Public schools in the municipality include 11 de Julio pre school, 25 de Abril preschool, Benito Juarez preschool, Carmen Serdan preschool, Cbtis 18 vocational highschool, Educacion y Patria primary school, Patito Feo preschool, Emiliano Zapata primary, Escuela Primaria primary, Escuela Telesecundaria Estv 16 314 middle school, Escuela Telesecundaria Estv 16 735 middle school and Escuela Secundaria Tecnica 2 middle school. There is one private primary school called Corregidora.
Geography.
It is very mountainous terrain with an average altitude of . Its geography is part of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra de Angangueo. Two rivers pass through, the Puerco and the Carrillos along with several arroyos. Angangueo has a spring like climate. Some areas receive rains only in the summer and other all year round. It is mostly covered in forests of conifers with pines, oyamel and juniper as well as mixed forests of conifers such as cedar with broad-leafed trees. Wildlife include weasels, rabbits, squirrels, skunks, deer and various birds. Much of the municipality is part of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, especially Cerro de las Papas, which contains a major colony of the butterflies each winter.
Economy.
Tourism related to the butterflies accounts for over one quarter of the municipality's economy, however it is mostly limited to the municipal seat, which makes most of its living from tourism and commerce. Most of the rest of the land is used for forestry, both legally and illegally. Much of the illegal logging is done on biosphere lands and by organized groups, which have fought back against the operations mounted against them by state and federal authorities.
Another quarter of the economy is from agriculture with corn and wheat as the principal crops, along with barley, beans and fava beans. Other crops include apples, peaches, pulque maguey, pears, and capulin. Livestock such as cattle, pigs, sheep and domestic fowl accounts for about five percent. It is the major source of income for a number of communities. There is still some very limited mining of copper, zinc, lead, iron, silver and gold, with some food processing and metal products.
According to the 2005 census, there were sixteen people in the municipality who spoke an indigenous language, mostly Mazahua and Mixe. The dominant religion is Catholicism.
History.
There is no agreement as to the origin of the name. It has been translated as “entrance to the cave,” “very high thing” and “inside the forest.” The municipality has its own coat of arms divided into three sections. One has symbols referring to mining, the second with a representation of a monarch butterfly and the third with mountains and the sun representing the terrain.
When Nuño de Guzmán arrived to the area in 1550, he described it as a “no-man’s land” with no indication of the riches that were underneath the mountains and forests here. The lands were awarded to Gonzalo de Salazar by viceroy Antonio de Mendoza as part of a larger area encompassing Zitácuaro and Taximaroa shortly thereafter. Some mining and settlement began in the mid-16th century, but it remained relatively unpopulated until the very late 18th century, when large deposits of minerals were discovered on what is now called the former hacienda of Angangueo. These minerals included gold, silver, copper and more and brought a rush of people into the area. The town of Angangueo was officially founded in 1792 and it became a municipality in 1831.
During the struggle between Conservative and Liberal forces in Mexico in the 19th century, possession of the town changed hands. In 1865, General Régules took the town plaza for Conservative forces but Liberal forces retook the town the following year. The Temple of the Inmaculata Concepcion was begun in 1882.
In the middle of the 19th century, mining rights were assigned to an English company called Negociación Minera de las Trojes. In the 20th century, it was then conceded to the U.S. company American Smelting and Refining Company, the last foreign concern to have mining rights. In 1953, an accident in the Dolores Mine claimed twenty five miners and the federal government expropriated the area. It was then managed by the Impulsora Minera de Angangueo, which continued mining here until 1991, when it was decided that the exploitation of the mines was no longer economically feasible. From then to the present, there have been disputes between the shareholders in the Impulsora and former miners and the state of Michoacan over the right to continue mining. The mines are considered to be part of the butterfly reserve.
In the mid-20th century, the town had a population of 10,000, its own newspaper and even a mint. However, it has steadily declined since then as the mines gave out. The town gained a new source of income with tourism with the establishment of the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve and the promotion of the butterfly colonies located very near the town by magazines such as National Geographic and Mexico Desconocido, beginning in 1980. This has promoted the opening of hotels and restaurants near the butterfly sites, and small transport services thereto. However, this has not brought the town back to its former size.
Environmental concerns.
On 5 February 2010, heavy rains and hail caused flooding and mudslides in the region, with Angangueo being hard hit. Landslides on two of the hills surrounding the town buried sections and blocked roads. The week prior a smaller slide had killed three miners. The slides forced the evacuation of hundreds, due to the danger of more slides. The Topos de Tlatelolco assisted with the search for survivors and bodies. At least 1,000 persons were made homeless and moved to a shelter in San José del Rincón, Mexico State. Many houses built on the riverbanks were swept away. At least thirty were killed by the event in the town alone. Bodies were found in the municipal seat and in smaller communities such as Salitre. 2,500 people lost everything in the disaster.
President Calderón visited the disaster area and toured some of the attractions, both on the ground and by air. He was accompanied by Michoacan's governor Leonel Godoy to survey the damage. As an alternative to mining, Calderón suggested developing tourism in Angangueo as a Pueblo Mágico. However, residents demanded the assurance that the town would not disappear, and that jobs would be available.
According to the director of the Forest Commission of Michoacan, Alejandro Méndez, deforestation from legal and illegal logging contributed to the landslides in 2010. In addition, cleared areas on hillsides were used to build homes. The landslides in Angangueo and in other areas such as Zamora have prompted studies by government authorities as to the causes of these events as well as the emergency responses.
Later in February, federal authorities announced that no new residents could move into the town and that the current population would be relocated. The decision was made with the rationale that the landslides create too big a hazard for people to live in the current location and a “New Angangueo” would be built. However, local residents were against the plan. Efforts to relocate the town were officially begun in June 2010, with a projected 600 homes in a location called Barrio Sustentable Monarca. The construction was halted by September of the same year, with only a layout traced on the site and no new homes started.
As tourism is being exploited, the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve runs higher risks of being disturbed as thousands of tourists walk the trails around the forest habitats of the butterfly each year. While the resident population demands other sources for economic stability, the government is implementing methods to boost tourism. No efforts have been made to officially moderate the physical establishments, entertainment, noise and vehicles which are prominently growing in the biosphere area.


Mirador mine

The Mirador mine is a large copper mine located in the south of Ecuador in Zamora-Chinchipe Province. Mirador represents one of the largest copper reserve in Ecuador and in the world having estimated reserves of 673 million tonnes of ore grading 0.66% copper, 4.09 million oz of gold and 32.3 million oz of silver.


Allanton, North Lanarkshire

Allanton is a village on the A71, in North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
Allanton Colliery was the last colliery to be built and the first colliery to be taken over by the National Coal Board in 1951.
Allanton Primary school was opened in 1927 and a nursery school added in 1999.
Places nearby include Hartwood (1.3 miles/2.1 km), Newmains (2.3 miles/3.7 km), Shotts (2.8 miles/4.5 km) and Wishaw (4.4 miles/7.1 km).


Belanovskoye mine

The Belanovskoye mine is a large iron mine located in central Ukraine in the Poltava Oblast. Belanovskoye represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Ukraine and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.7 billion tonnes of ore grading 31% iron metal.


Humorist (horse)

Humorist (1918–1921) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. He was a leading two-year-old in 1920 and finished third in the 1921 2000 Guineas before winning the Derby at Epsom. Less than three weeks after the Derby, Humorist died in his stable from a lung haemorrhage caused by a tubercular condition.
Background.
Humorist was a "beautiful, rather delicate" chestnut colt with a broad white blaze and a “kind and intelligent” temperament. He was bred by his owner Jack Joel, who sent him to his private trainer Charles Morton at Letcombe Bassett in Berkshire.
Humorist's sire, Polymelus, was a good racehorse who won the Champion Stakes in 1906, but went on to much greater success as a stallion. Apart from Humorist, he sired the Derby winners Pommern and Fifinella and through his son Phalaris is the direct male-line ancestor of most modern thoroughbreds. Humorist's dam, Jest was a highly successful racemare, winning the 1000 Guineas and the Oaks in 1913, and was a half sister of the St Leger winner Black Jester.
Throughout his time in training, Humorist puzzled his connections with his performances, both at home and on the racecourse. He would switch from traveling easily to struggling in a matter of strides. Charles Morton was to say that “all the time I felt there was something wrong with him... he would be perfectly well one day and listless the next." Only after the colt's death were the reasons for this tendency revealed.
Racing career.
1920: two-year-old season.
Humorist was among the best two-year-olds of his generation, winning three time and finishing second twice in five starts. He made his debut in the Woodcote Stakes at Epsom in June, winning by a neck after looking set for an easy victory. He then suffered a bout of coughing and missed his intended target at Royal Ascot.
He returned in the Champagne Stakes at Doncaster in which he was beaten a neck by Lemonora. Humorist then won impressively in the Buckenham Stakes and the Clearwell Stakes before being sent to Newmarket for the Middle Park Stakes. He produced a creditable effort to finish second, beaten a neck by Monarch.
1921: three-year-old season.
As a three-year-old Humorist was sent straight for the Classic 2000 Guineas without a trial race and started favourite in a field of twenty-six. He led the race into the closing stages and looked the likely winner, but tired abruptly and finished third behind Craig an Eran and Lemonora. The colt's courage was called into question but Donoghue insisted that there was a physical explanation. Morton changed the horse's training regime, working him very lightly in the lead up to the Derby.
Humorist started at 6/1 second favourite at Epsom, with Craig an Eran starting 5/1 favourite. Humorist tracked the leaders before being sent by Donoghue through a gap on the rails and into the lead two furlongs from the finish and held off the sustained challenge of Craig an Eran in a "battle royal" to win by a neck. Humorist appeared distressed and unsteady after the race and had to spend the night in the racecourse stables before he was well enough to return to Letcombe Bassett.
Humorist was being prepared for a run at Royal Ascot but after bleeding from his nostrils it was decided to rest the horse. In late June Humorist was painted by the artist Alfred Munnings. Hours later he was found dead in his stable, in "a pool of blood". An autopsy revealed that the colt had been suffering from chronic tuberculosis, which would have affected him for many months before his death. He had effectively been running on one lung.
Donoghue paid tribute to the colt:
Humorist was buried at Joel's Childwick Bury Stud, near St Albans.
Assessment.
In their book "A Century of Champions", John Randall and Tony Morris rated Humorist as the best British colt of his generation and at #150 in their list of British-trained horses of the 20th Century .


Newtongrange

Newtongrange () is a former mining village in Midlothian, Scotland. Known in local dialect as "Nitten", or "Nitten by the Bing" (),
it became Scotland's largest mining village in the 1890s, with the sinking of the Lady Victoria Colliery and a shaft over 1600 feet deep. This closed in 1981 but today houses the National Mining Museum, an Anchor Point of ERIH - The European Route of Industrial Heritage.
From its humble beginnings in 1843 with 100 souls, the church in Newtongrange grew to see its roll rise to over 1,000 in the 1950s. On 16 January 2003, the parishes of Newtongrange and Newbattle united to form a new Newbattle parish. The new parish is in fact that which existed before the Disruption of the Church of Scotland in 1843.
Newtongrange is known for its yearly Brass in the Park event, where brass bands play live over three days. The Newtongrange Silver Band became Scottish Brass Band Champions in 2005, and represented Scotland at the European Brass Band Championships in 2006.
It is also where the radio station, 'Black Diamond FM' is based.
They have a football team, Newtongrange Star, who compete in the and play at New Victoria Park in the village. The original Victoria Park was used as a speedway training track in the 1950 and the trainees raced as Newtongrange Rockets. The sport was revived briefly in 1970 and in 1973. The team of 1970 was known as Newtongrange Saints while in 1973 the team were known as Edinburgh Monarchs. Victoria Park's track become the home to stock car racing before its closure and redevelopment for housing.
Newtongrange is home to Newtongrange Primary School. Now at the limits of its capacity, it has been proposed that a new primary school be built, along with several new housing schemes. The most recent addition to Newtongrange's housing stock was planned and constructed by the Mining Museum, and consisted of two streets; Colliery Crescent and Colliery View, both named by school pupil Kerry Morrison.
The new Newtongrange railway station on the Borders Railway has been built near Murderdean Road, giving rail access to the Borders and Edinburgh Waverley station.
Newtongrange is also home to the Dean Tavern, an example of a Gothenburg pub. The premise of Gothenburg pubs was that they were not to be attractive or welcoming, in order to discourage drinking and the sales of spirits was not to be encouraged. The shareholders of the trust were to receive a maximum return of 5% annually and all other profits were to be used to benefit the local community. The town treasury was to control this income and use it to provide libraries, museums, parks and other community facilities. The local coal companies were often a source of funds to establish these systems in Scotland.
External links.
History and geography
Government and services
Sport and recreation


Lander, Nevada

Lander is a ghost town in Lander County in Nevada in the United States.
History.
The town of Lander was established in the 1870s. Early silver mines include the Silver Side, Grey Eagle and Lovie. In 1883 there were 100 people in Lander. Several mills were built in that year and were open until 1885 when mills were closed. Ore extraction was waning and stopped by 1890. Only temporary efforts were made after that year but a school was built in 1889 and was open until 1898 serving Lander and also Utah Mine camp and Mud Springs. In 1905, Charles Montgomery discovered gold 2 miles to the southeast of Lander, which became the site of Tenabo, Nevada. In the summer of 1906 several were newly opened and were working. Lander had a post office from October 1906 until October 1909. By 1907 Lander reached its peak with 75 residents. However the good times finished when mines were abandoned. Lander became in a ghost town and was abandoned in 1921.


Saikhan-Ovoo coal mine

The Saikhan-Ovoo Coal Mine (, "beautiful mound") is an underground coal mine located near Saikhan-Ovoo in the Saikhan sum of Bulgan aimag in northern Mongolia, to the north of Saikhan-Ovoo Mountain.
The mine has coal reserves amounting to 190 million tonnes of coking coal.


Murgul mine

The Murgul mine is a large mine in the east of Turkey in Artvin Province 465 km east of the capital, Ankara. Murgul represents one of the largest copper reserve in Turkey having estimated reserves of 40 million tonnes of ore grading 1.25% copper. The 40 million tonnes of ore contains 500,000 tonnes of copper metal.


Central Zhdanovskoye mine

The Central Zhdanovskoye mine is a large copper mine located in the north-west of Russia in Murmansk Oblast. Central Zhdanovskoye represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 4 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.24% copper.


Ridder, Kazakhstan

Ridder (), formerly known as Leninogorsk () is a city in the East Kazakhstan Region in north-eastern Kazakhstan. Its population is approximately The city is situated in the south-western Altai Mountains and north-eastern of the region's capital, Oskemen, along the Ulba River, at an elevation higher than 700 metres.
History.
The fact that Altai Krai is rich in natural deposits was discovered during Empress Catherine the Great's reign. The history of Ridder started in 1786 when 9 troops of men were sent to the Altai region to search for natural resource deposits. One of these troops was headed by an officer, Philip Ridder. On May 31, 1786, he found a very rich deposit containing gold, silver and other metals.
The same year, in summer, the settlement was founded there and it was named Riddersky pit. This was how the city was founded. The unique ores of the Riddersky deposit were noted by specialists of various levels and commissions. The deposit became known far beyond Russia. In 1850, Riddersky ores received the highest appreciation at The Great Exhibition in London. In 1879 the samples were included into the museum collection of the Stockholm Royal Technical Institute.
During the early 20th century Ridder experienced a number of foreign concessions, revolution and Civil war. On February 10, 1934, the settlement of Ridder was designated a town. In 1941, just before Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, the town of Ridder was renamed to Leninogorsk (in honour of Lenin).
During the Soviet period, Leninogorsk saw significant industrial growth. Several plants were constructed - the lead plant was one of the first plants for the non-ferrous industry in Kazakhstan, while Leninogorsky cascade hydro power station was the only one in Kazakhstan and the second one in Soviet Union. Several other mines and factories, including the zinc plant, were built and the college of mining and metallurgy was opened in this period.
During World War II Leninogorsk produced about 50% of the high-quality lead in the whole Soviet Union. In 2002 the city received back its original name - Ridder.
Economy.
Ridder is a center of mining operations and processing of nonferrous metals. Other branches of industry include wood and textile industry, food production, and mechanical engineering.
Transport.
The European route E40, originating in Calais, France, has its eastern terminus in Ridder. Over long, it is the longest European route.
Points of interest.
Points of interest include a local museum and a botanical garden.
Sports.
In March 2013, Ridder hosted the World Ski Orienteering Championships.


International Coal Group

International Coal Group, Inc. (ICG), is a company headquartered in Teays Valley, West Virginia that was incorporated in May 2004 by WL Ross & Co for the sole purpose of acquiring certain assets of Horizon. ICG eventually operated 12 mining complexes in Northern and Central Appalachia (Kentucky, Maryland, and West Virginia) and one complex in the Illinois Basin. In November 2005 ICG had a stock offering on the New York Stock Exchange. In 2011 ICG became a subsidiary of Arch Coal, Inc in 2011.
History.
Wilbur Ross's WL Ross & Co and other investors established the International Coal Group, Inc. (ICG) in May 2004 with the intention of purchasing distressed coal companies, then restructuring them to operate more competitively.
In August 2004 Wilbur Ross's Newcoal LLC and Oldcoal LLC, in partnership with A.T. Massey Coal Company acquired the assets of the bankrupt Horizon Natural Resources, the fourth largest coal company in the United States. for $786 million.
On August 9, 2004 U.S. Bankruptcy Judge William Howard ruled that Ross, would "not have to honor union contracts that guaranteed benefits for 1,000 active miners and some 2,300 retirees." The United Mine Workers of America staged a protest in response. Newcoal LLC was only interested in acquiring Horizon's nonunion properties.
When the International Coal Group, Inc. acquired the assets of Horizon Natural Resources it changed its name to ICG, Inc. in September 2004.
In a letter to shareholders ICG Chairman Ross, announced that ICG had agreed to acquire Anker Coal Group, Inc. and CoalQuest Development LLC with the transaction being carried out through a holding company reorganization. Through the reorganization the "existing International Coal Group, Inc." changed its name to "ICG, Inc." A new company called "International Coal Group, Inc." will be the holding company for ICG, Anker and CoalQuest. Shareholders who have shares of the "old International Coal Group" created in 2004 will receive shares of International Coal Group, Inc., the new holding company created in 2005 in a "one-for-one tax-free exchange". The directors and officers of old International Coal Group will become the directors and officers of International Coal Group, Inc., the new holding company.
On June 15, 2011 Arch Coal acquired International Coal Group through a merger for $3.4 billion. ICG became a wholly owned subsidiary of Arch Coal. Coal prices were rising as demand for coal from China and India were increasing. The merged company is the second-largest coking-coal producer in the United States.
By 2006, W.L. Ross & Co. owned 13.7% of the ICG shares which were then valued at about $200 million.
Sago Mine disaster.
ICG operates the mine in Sago, West Virginia where at approximately 6:30 a.m. on January 2, 2006, 13 coal miners were trapped after an explosion in the Sago Mine disaster. Twelve miners were later found to have died, while one survivor, Randal McCloy Jr., was taken to a hospital in critical condition. ICG faced controversy after an initial report claimed 12 of the trapped miners had been found alive. According to an article in the "Wall Street Journal" ICG gave an initial donation of $2 million to support the families of the victims. According to a January 27, 2008 article in the "Pittsburgh Post", McCloy Jr. and the family of one of the victims settled lawsuits against ICG. The lawsuits "alleged negligence by ICG and the other companies, including alleged failure to maintain a safe working environment."
In 2005, the mine was cited by the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) 208 times for violating regulations, up from 68 in 2004. Of those, 96 were considered significant/serious and substantial (S&S). According to a January 4, 2006 article in the "New York Times", federal records showed that their inspectors had fined the Sago mine "more than $24,000 for roughly 202 violations in 2005". Anindya Mohinta, a London-based mining analyst with J.P. Morgan, questioned Ross for investing so heavily in the coal industry "because of myriad government safety and environmental regulations" the coal industry "requires so much capital investment to improve bankrupt assets." Mohinta said that the "human risks of investing in businesses like coal mines have an "act of God" component and it is risky for new companies in the sector to know where and when to spend money for maintenance and prevention."
In late November of early December 2005, ICG acquired Anker West Virginia Mining Company Inc who had been the official mine operator of Sago Mine. The official Sago Mine operator became Wolf Run Mining Company in late 2005. Wolf Run Mining Company was a subsidiary of Hunter Ridge Mining Company, which in turn was a subsidiary of the parent company ICG according to Vice President Sam Kitts in his testimony before the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) hearing on March 23, 2006. Kitts identified Ben Hatfield as his supervisor during the period of transition from Anker to ICG. ICG was in the process of acquiring Anker in November 2005.
Clean Water Act.
In 2012 four groups including the Waterkeeper Alliance and Kentuckians for the Commonwealth, Appalachian Voices, Kentucky Riverkeeper and three private citizens won an historic settlement in the Franklin Circuit Court with the Energy and Environment Cabinet and ICG that "addresses water pollution and false reporting by the International Coal Group". The lawsuit revealed a lack of state oversight, inaccurate water monitoring reports, and noncompliance with the Clean Water Act in the coal industry in Kentucky. In late 2010 as reports of the violations were revealed, the state of Kentucky clamped down on ICG. With accurate reporting in place, water pollution violations by ICG were revealed. The proposed settlement of $575,000 that ICG has agreed to pay includes a fine of $225,000. The settlement includes third-party auditing of ICG's water monitoring. The money "will be used to monitor and clean up polluted waterways in eastern Kentucky." ICG will pay $335,000 to Kentucky PRIDE to use toward eliminating residential "straight pipes" dumping sewage into streams."
Bennett K. Hatfield.
Ben Hatfield was President and CEO of ICG in 2006. Hatfield had management positions at Arch Coal, Massey Energy and until his resignation in 2015, he was president and CEO of Patriot Coal. Patriot filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the month following Hatfield's resignation. He was also a member of the West Virginia Coal Association board. In May 2016 59-year-old Bennett K. Hatfield was shot and killed by twenty-year-old Anthony R. Arriaga of Gibsanburg, Ohio in what appeared to be a bungled robbery attempt.


Nizam Diamond

Nizam Diamond is believed to have been the most famous diamond in the 1800s. It is named after its original owner Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad. There are tales about its size, around . The story goes back to the rulers of Golconda, and is believed to have been found at Kollur Mine.
There have been no records of any international auction. Nizam diamond, known as little Kohinoor, was mined from Krishna river. Kollur diamond mine, is now submerged under water of Pulichintala dam. Nizam diamond was mined in year 1830 and went missing after Police Action in year 1948.
As per state archival data, Nizam diamond was present in 1944 and India office in London had sought its details. This had angered the Nizam and he refused to divulge details about the Nizam or Golconda diamond and other precious stones and gems in his possession.


Thomas Lewis (unionist)

Thomas L. Lewis (1866 – May 1, 1939) was a miner and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1907 to 1911.
He was born in Locust Gap, Pennsylvania, and worked in the mines as a boy. He later helped found the United Mine Workers in 1890.
He first ran for the presidency of UMWA in 1898 against John Mitchell, but withdrew before a vote could be taken. He became vice president of District 6 under William Green. When Mitchell fell ill in 1907 and was unable to control the UMWA convention, Lewis led an attack on him and won the presidency. He fought off challengers in 1908, 1909 and even Green himself in 1910, although he was forced to rig elections in the latter two campaigns.
Although Lewis stacked the organizing staff of the Mine Workers with his political supporters and turned the union's journal into a propaganda organ supporting his presidency, he did not retain leadership of the union after he signed regional wage agreements in 1909 and 1910 without the consent of the affected district presidents. He was defeated in 1910 by John P. White. He ran again for the presidency of the union in 1912, but lost.
After leaving the union, he became an anti-labor consultant for coal operators in West Virginia, published a coal operators' trade journal (the "Coal Mining Review"), and helped found the National Coal Association. According to Winthrop Lane, Lewis also served as Secretary of the New River Coal Operator's Association. He died in Charleston, West Virginia, in 1939.


Jharia (community development block)

Jharia was a community development block that formed an administrative division in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand state, India. Jharia (community development block) has been merged with Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.
Overview.
Dhanbad district forms a part of the Chota Nagpur Plateau, but it is more of an upland than a plateau. The district has two broad physical divisions – the southern part is a coal mining area with mining and industrial towns, and the northern part has villages scattered around hills. The landscape of the southern part is undulating and monotonous, with some scars of subsidence caused by underground mining. One of the many spurs of Parashnath Hills (1,365.50 m), passes through the Topchanchi and Tundi areas of the district. The spur attains a height of 457.29 m but there is no peak as such. The Dhangi Hills (highest peak 385.57 m) run from Pradhankhanta to Govindpur. While the main river Damodar flows along the southern boundary, its tributary, the Barakar, flows along the northern boundary. DVC has built two dams across the rivers. The Panchet Dam is across the Damodar and the Maithon Dam is across the Barakar.
Maoist activities.
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by Maoist activities. , Dhanbad was one of the highly/moderately affected districts in the state., Dhanbad was not identified as a focus area by the state police to check Maoist activities. However, there were some isolated Maoist activities in the Dhanbad area.
Geography.
Jharia is located at .
Jharia CD Block is bounded by Dhanbad CD Block, on the north, Baliapur CD Block on the east, Raghunathpur II CD Block, in Purulia district in West Bengal, on the south and Chandankiyari CD Block, in Bokaro district, on the west.
Jharia CD Block has an area of 9,077.15 hectares. It has 63 gram panchayats and 58 villages. Jharia, Jorapokhar, Tisra, Sudamdih, Pathardih and Sindri Police Stations serve this block. Headquarters of this CD Block is at Jharia.
Demographics.
Population.
As per the 2001 Census, Jharia CD Block had a total population of 475,341, of which 2,839 were rural and 472,952 were urban. There were 258,743 (54%) males and 216,598 (46%) females.
In 2001, population below 6 years was 69,073. Scheduled Castes numbered 81,450 (17.14%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 14,188 (2.98%). In 2001, the number of literates in Jharia CD Block was 299,908 (73.82% of the population over 6 years).
See also – List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate
Language.
Hindi is the official language in Jharkhand and Urdu has been declared as an additional official language. Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.
In the 2011 census, Hindi was the mother-tongue (languages mentioned under Schedule 8 of the Constitution of India) of 62.5% of the population in Dhanbad district, followed by Bengali (19.3%) and Urdu (8.1%). The scheduled tribes constituted 8.4% of the total population of the district. Amongst the scheduled tribes those speaking Santali formed 77.2% of the ST population. Other tribes found in good numbers were: Munda, Mahli and Kora.
Economy.
Coal.
Jharia coalfield is the richest treasure house of metallurgical coal in India. The Kustore, Bastacola, Lodna, Eastern Jharia and Western Jharia Areas of BCCL are located in Jharia CD Block.
The following collieries function under the Kustore Area: Alkusa, Kustore, Kustore Fire, E/Bhuggatdih, Ena, South Jharia, Burragarh, Simla Bahal, Hurriladih and Bhalgora. Collieries functioning in the Bastacola Area are: Bastacola, Bera, Dobari, Ganhoodih, Kujama, Kuya and C.O.C.P. Collieries functioning in the Lodna Area are: North Tisra, South Tisra, Jeenagora, Joyrampur, Lodna, Bagdigi, Jealgora and Bararee. Collieries functioning in the Eastern Jharia Area are: Bhowrah North, Bhowrah South, Bhowrah (OC 3 Pit), Amlabad, Sudamdih Incline, Sudamdih Shafts, Pathardih and C.O.C.R. Collieries functioning in the Western Jharia Area are: Lohapatty, Murulidih 20/21, Bhatdee and Moonidih.
The Bastacola Area is amalgamation of thirty-three mines of the pre-nationalisation era. It presently has four underground and four open cast mines. The Lodna Area has mineable reserves of 46.368 million tonnes of coking coal and 618.6 million tonnes of non-coking coal. Western Jharia Area is a predominantly underground mining area, presently with four underground mines. Underground mining in the Eastern Jharia Area has been going on for about a century. Primitive mining methods used by private mine owners at shallow depths in the pre-nationalised era has led to large scale fires.
Agriculture.
Dhanbad district has infertile laterite soil, having a general tendency towards continuous deterioration. The soil can be classified in two broad categories – red sandy soil and red and yellow soil. There are patches of alluvium along the river banks. Limited water resources constitute a major constraint for cultivation. Paddy is the main crop. The soils for rice cultivation fall into three categories – "baad", "kanali" and "bahal". "Aghani", is the main winter crop, consisting primarily of winter rice. "Bhadai" is the autumn crop. Apart from paddy, less important grain crops such as marua and maize are grown. The "Rabi" crop includes such cold weather crops as wheat, barley, oats, gram and pulses.
Backward Regions Grant Fund.
Dhanbad district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.
Transport.
There is a station at Jharia on the Railways in Jharia Coalfield.
State Highway 12 (Jharkhand) passes through Jharia.
Healthcare.
In 2013, Jharia CD Block had 1 block primary health centre, 3 primary health centres and 13 private nursing homes with total 24 beds and 10 doctors (excluding private bodies). 5,756 patients were treated indoor and 66,053 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.


Ned McGowan (lawyer)

Edward "Ned" McGowan (March 12, 1813 – December 8, 1893) was an American lawyer, Pennsylvania assemblyman, Judge of the California Court of Quarter Sessions, poet, Fraser Canyon gold seeker, adventurer, assistant sergeant-at-arms in the United States Congress, newspaper publisher and bon vivant instigator of the eponymous McGowan's War in colonial British Columbia.
Pennsylvania: rise to power and descent to disgrace.
Ned McGowan was born into an Irish-Catholic family in Philadelphia. In 1838 he was elected as a Democrat to the post of County Clerk of Moyamensing, Philadelphia County, and in 1842 was elected to the House of Assembly of Pennsylvania. McGowan was placed on the state committee on printing. John Bratton, a powerful Whig who owned a printing business that was in danger of losing government contracts, alleged in his newspaper that McGowan had accepted bribes to support a rival bid.
When Bratton was permitted onto the floor of the Assembly, McGowan became enraged and attacked him. After Bratton stabbed him, McGowan hit Bratton with a chair on the head, all in front of the Pennsylvania legislators. The investigation which followed the fight was dominated by Whigs, and McGowan resigned rather than face an ignominious expulsion. Appointed as superintendent of police in Moyamensing, McGowan became embroiled in yet another controversy when he was implicated in a robbery and convicted in October 1848 on dubious evidence by a judge who, according to Donald Hauka, was either a Whig or a personal enemy. The verdict was overturned on appeal by the Quarter Sessions Court.
California: troubles in San Francisco.
In 1849 McGowan resolved to head west to California where the discovery of gold had led to the California Gold Rush. In San Francisco he began a career running a roulette wheel on the second floor of a brothel, and made friends with David Broderick, a powerful Tammany Hall Democrat of the northern Irish-Catholic "The Boys" faction. The Democrats managed to get McGowan appointed judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions for San Francisco County. An outbreak of arson, attributed to San Francisco's merchants hoping to convert a surplus of low-priced goods into insurance claims, created a groundswell of public clamour for the imposition of "law and order" to rid the town of the criminals thought to be behind the devastating fires. The merchant class joined the outcry and was instrumental in the creation of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance. The vigilantes began to take the law into their own hands, even appearing at a courthouse on one occasion demanding the death sentence for a man who had slapped another at a party. The mob was quelled only when McGowan, the other judges and the state governor showed their own weapons.
The Committee of Vigilance operated as a secret society. As the activities of the Committee of Vigilance became increasingly outrageous, it was only a matter of time before there would be a showdown between Judge McGowan and committee members. Four persons were lynched or garotted by "the committee" following secret trial, however when the Committee of Vigilance did turn its sights on McGowan and tried to hound him from his position for the earlier bank robbery matter in Pennsylvania, McGowan forced the Committee to back down when he produced proof of his acquittal from the higher court. The Committee of Vigilance disbanded in 1851.
California: return of the Committee of Vigilance.
In 1855 power shifted in California from the Democrats to the American Party, also known as the Know-Nothings, an anti-Catholic, anti-immigrant movement that had subsided in the East, but was still very much alive in frontier California. The shooting of U.S. deputy marshall General William H. Richardson in November 1855 was to set off a chain of events that would lead to McGowan having to abandon California altogether. Richardson was shot by a gambler named Charles Cora following a confrontation between the gambler and an angry, drunken, pistol-waving Richardson who had been angry at Cora because of a public fight between their respective wives. Cora claimed self-defence. James King of William, editor of the pro-merchant, pro-American Party "Bulletin" whipped the citizens into a frenzy over the possibility that Cora might not be hung for the death of Richardson, and was driven to frenzy when the jury in the trial couldn't reach a decision. The "Sunday Times", published by a former Democrat turned Know-Nothing named James Casey, fanned the problem by including a defamatory insert attacking King of William's brother Tom and the morals of his wife, signed "Caliban", a pen-name known to be used by McGowan. Tom King threatened James Casey. Casey appealed to Judge McGowan, who conveniently lent him his knife and Texas five-shooter. When King of William published a story libelling Casey, claiming he had spent time in prison for stealing furniture for his prostitute mistress, Casey and King of William had a run-in which resulted in King of William being shot by Casey with McGowan's pistol. King of William was not gravely wounded in the altercation, but still died a few days later, probably from dilatory medical care. The Committee of Vigilance was reactivated even before King of William died. A veritable army of 2,500 was gathered instantly. The sheriff guarding the jail where Casey was being held called for help in the face of this build-up of the vigilante army, and McGowan was one of those who came forward. However the American Party state governor of California, James Neely Johnson, allowed the Committee of Vigilance access to the jail, and the committee members quickly seized both Casey and Cora. Notes arrived at McGowan's residence advising him that he was next, and when King of William died and Casey and Cora were summarily executed, Ned McGowan went into hiding.
McGowan escaped San Francisco, using a Mexican disguise, and hid out in various parts of California, narrowly escaping the Committee of Vigilance in Santa Barbara, by having himself rolled into a carpet. Eventually his friends managed to have a special act passed in the California legislature to enable him to be tried in the Napa Valley, far enough away from San Francisco to ensure a fair jury. As expected, McGowan was acquitted, and subsequently founded two newspapers, the "Phoenix" and the "Ubiquitous" which he used to expose the sordid and criminal backgrounds of members of the Vigilance Committee. However, the Committee of Vigilance remained powerful in San Francisco, and when McGowan tried to leave California in 1858, news of his departure reached committee members and when he reached San Francisco a warrant had been issued for his arrest and one of the police officers, Jim Boyce, pulled a gun and shot McGowan in front of the courthouse. Fortunately for McGowan the bullet had missed, and despite the general hostility of Vigilance-ridden San Francisco, McGowan managed to escape to the harbour and board the Victoria-bound steamer "Pacific".
British Columbia: McGowan's War.
Victoria in 1858 was a city that had seen itself transformed from a tiny village outpost of the British Empire to one of the principal staging centres for the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Upon his arrival McGowan met in the street a member of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee (who tried to shoot him) and the colonial governor who warned him that he needed to obey Her Majesty's laws while in British territory. Once on the mainland, in the newly created Colony of British Columbia, McGowan met up with Democrat friends and sympathizers at Hill's Bar, while the Vigilance Committee members gathered around the settlement at Yale up river. It wasn't long before McGowan was in trouble with the law (another fight, with Dr. Max Fifer, a Vigilance Committee member) and implicated in sheltering a man wanted for murder of a British subject at Yale. McGowan then became embroiled in the semi-comical dispute that broke out between the magistrates at Hill's Bar and Yale which saw the constable from Hill's Bar arrested by Peter Whannell, the magistrate at Yale, who was in turn arrested and convicted of contempt of court by George Perrier, the magistrate at Hill's Bar. All of this took place against a backdrop of a summer that had been very tense, with a series of bloody clashes between incoming miners from California, who were mostly American but included Europeans and Britons and others, and the Nlaka'pamux peoples of the Fraser Canyon, during events known as the Fraser Canyon War. Parallel to this were a series of skirmishes along the route of the Okanagan Trail with the Okanagan people of that region, which are seen as an extension of the contemporaneous Yakima War in Washington Territory. Governor Douglas had had enough, and when Whannell sent word of his arrest, warning that the country was in an uproar, and the Victoria correspondents of the San Francisco press (with many papers run by Vigilance Committee members) printing tales of Ned McGowan's outrageous excesses, the Governor decided to send the newly arrived Royal Engineers under Colonel Richard Moody to restore the Queen's Peace. This was accomplished in relatively short order, and without bloodshed, although McGowan's supporters at Hill's Bar did fire upon the Royal Engineers as they made their way up the Fraser River to Yale. McGowan was convicted of assaulting Dr. Fifer before the colony's first judge, Matthew Baillie Begbie, but McGowan charmed everyone, the Colonel, the Judge and the future British Rear Admiral Richard Charles Mayne, then a young lieutenant, with toasts to Queen Victoria and President James Buchanan, (the latter a friend of McGowan's). The incident is known in British Columbia history as McGowan's War.
Washington, D.C. and Arizona.
In 1859, tired of struggling against the numerous Vigilance Committee miners on the Fraser, McGowan sold his stake at Hill's Bar for $500 and left British Columbia with $5,000 in gold dust. He returned to the East, and a friend managed to get him a position as assistant sergeant-at-arms in the United States House of Representatives. In 1881 he was out west again, in Tombstone, Arizona, appearing as a witness in a murder trial. He moved to San Francisco and published accounts of his times in British Columbia, as well as a two-part biography of the notorious Parker H. French. Ned McGowan, having outlived almost all of his friends, died in relative poverty in December 1892. He is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, San Francisco.