Patient Information Advisory Group

The Patient Information Advisory Group (PIAG) was established in the United Kingdom under section 61 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001 and the Patient Information Advisory Group (Establishment) Regulations 2001 to provide advice on issues of national significance involving the use of patient information and to oversee arrangements created under section 60 of the Act. Its membership was drawn from patient groups, health care professionals and regulatory bodies. Following the implementation of the Health and Social Care Act 2008, PIAG was abolished and its responsibilities transferred to a new body, the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care, with effect from January 2009.
Terms of reference.
The terms of reference for the PIAG were to:
Legal framework.
Section 60 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001 (subsequently Section 251 of the NHS Act 2006) provided a power to ensure that patient identifiable information needed to support essential NHS activity could be used without the consent of patients. The power could only be used to support medical purposes that were in the interests of patients or the wider public, where consent was not a practicable alternative and where anonymised information would not suffice. It was intended largely as a transitional measure whilst consent or anonymisation procedures were developed, and this was reinforced by the need to review each use of the power annually.
This was developed to cover situations where informed consent could not be obtained, for example research projects of such a size as to make contacting each patient impracticable, where the public good derived from the research was agreed to outweigh the individual right to privacy.


Hepatogastric ligament

The hepatogastric ligament or gastrohepatic ligament connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach. It contains the right and the left gastric arteries. In the abdominal cavity it separates the greater and lesser sacs on the right. It is sometimes cut during surgery in order to access the lesser sac. The hepatogastric ligament consists of a dense cranial portion and the caudal portion termed the "pars flaccida".


Gustav Behrend

Gustav Behrend (10 January 1847 – 1925) was a German dermatologist who was a native of Neustettin (today- Szczecinek, Poland).
In 1870 he received his medical doctorate at the University of Berlin, and during the Franco-Prussian War, he served as an assistant at the Reserve Lazareth in Berlin. In 1882 he became a lecturer at Berlin, and in 1891 was appointed chief physician at the Municipal Dispensary for Sexual Diseases. In 1897 he received the title of professor.
Behrend specialized in the fields of dermatology and syphilology, also dealing with the subject of prostitution. He was the author of numerous publications, including a well-regarded textbook on skin diseases, titled "Lehrbuch der Hautkrankheiten" (1883). He also contributed a number of articles to Albert Eulenburg's "Real-Encyclopädie der gesamten Heilkunde".


Uganda Christian University School of Medicine

Uganda Christian University School of Medicine, also UCU School of Medicine or UCU Medical School, is a medical school in Uganda. The school is based at Mengo Hospital and includes a faculty of dentistry.
In February 2018, the Uganda National Council for Higher Education (UNCHE), gave the university a letter of accreditation for three new medical courses (a) Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, (b) Bachelor of Dental Surgery and (c) Bachelor of Public Health. The three courses will be offered at the new Uganda Christian University School of Medicine, starting in August 2018.
Overview.
In December 2016, UCU signed a memorandum of understanding with Mengo Hospital, to establish the faculty of medicine of the university, with its base at the hospital and with the hospital, as the teaching institution of the medical school.
The medical school maintains its offices, laboratories, lecture-rooms and students hostels, on the hospital premises. The original start date was May 2017, pending accreditation by the UNCHE. Initially, a total of 70 undergraduate students will be admitted, 50 in the MBChB programme and 20 in the Bachelor of Dental Surgery track.
The UNCHE approved the medical school's curriculum in March 2017, and gave final approval to three undergraduate courses in March 2018.
The school expects to attract candidates from Uganda and the neighboring countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. The pioneer class of the medical school is expected to enroll in August/September of 2018.
Pioneer class.
The pioneer class of 62 students began attending classes on Friday 14 September 2018. The students were nationals of Eritrea, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.


Pedorthic Association of Canada

Pedorthic Association of Canada (PAC) is a national non-profit organization whose mandate is to develop and promote the study, practice and knowledge of Pedorthics in Canada. Currently the Pedorthic Association of Canada has almost 600 members nationwide. The association headquarters is located in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
The Pedorthic Association of Canada's membership consists of Certified members, who hold professional designations through The College of Pedorthics of Canada, as well as industry professionals. Certified members can hold designations of Certified Pedorthist (Canada), Certified Pedorthic Technician (Canada) or Certified Master Craftsman (Canada). All certified members must complete post graduate courses in the Diploma in Pedorthics program offered across Canada through Western University.
Canadian Certified Pedorthists are orthotic and footwear experts. Pedorthists (C. Ped (C)) are one of the few healthcare professionals trained in the assessment of lower limb anatomy and biomechanics. With specialized education and training in the design, manufacture, fit and modification of foot orthotics and footwear, Pedorthists help to alleviate pain, abnormalities and debilitating conditions of the lower limbs and feet that if left untreated could result in limited mobility.


Cliff McIsaac

Joseph Clifford (Cliff) McIsaac, (August 30, 1930 – July 25, 2006) was a politician, public servant and veterinarian.
Born and raised in Prince Edward Island, McIsaac graduated from the Truro Agricultural College in 1950 and the Ontario Veterinary College in 1955 moving then to Saskatchewan to establish his practice.
McIsaac entered politics in the province and was elected to the Saskatchewan legislature in the 1964 provincial election as the Liberal MLA for Wilkie. He was appointed by Premier Ross Thatcher as Minister of Municipal Affairs from 1965 until 1971 and then as Minister of Education in the provincial cabinet from 1967 until the government's defeat in the 1971 provincial election. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1974 federal election for the riding of Battleford—Kindersley and sat in the federal Liberal caucus of Pierre Trudeau serving as a parliamentary secretary and then Government Whip. He was defeated in the 1979 federal election and again in 1980. After leaving politics he served as a Commissioner of the Canadian Dairy Commission and Chairman of the National Farm Products Marketing Council.


Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate

The Medicare Sustainable Growth Rate (SGR) was a method used by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in the United States to control spending by Medicare on physician services.
President Barack Obama signed a bill into law on April 16, 2015, the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, which ended use of the SGR. The measure went into effect in July 2015.
Enacted by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 to amend Section 1848(f) of the Social Security Act, the SGR replaced the "Medicare Volume Performance Standard" (MVPS), which was the previous method that CMS used in an attempt to control costs. Generally, this was a method to ensure that the yearly increase in the expense per Medicare beneficiary did not exceed the growth in GDP. Every year, the CMS sent a report to the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, which advised the U.S. Congress on the previous year's total expenditures and the target expenditures. The report also included a conversion factor that would change the payments for physician services for the next year in order to match the target SGR. If the expenditures for the previous year exceeded the target expenditures, then the conversion factor would decrease payments for the next year. If the expenditures were less than expected, the conversion factor would increase the payments to physicians for the next year. On March 1 of each year, the physician fee schedule was updated accordingly. The implementation of the physician fee schedule update to meet the target SGR could be suspended or adjusted by Congress, as was done regularly (this was referred to as a doc fix). The repeated task of implementing a "doc fix" led to the permanent repeal of the SGR, or "permanent doc fix," in 2015.
Formula.
Section 1848(f)2 of the Social Security Act specified the formula for calculating the SGR. There were four factors used in calculating the SGR:
Prior to the enactment of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (MMA), the SGR was calculated using a single year's real GDP per capita. After the MMA was enacted in 2003, the SGR was calculated using a 10-year annual average growth in real GDP per capita.
Conversion factor.
In order to meet the target SGR for the next calendar year, the physician fee schedule was updated accordingly. The update was calculated using two factors:
The MEI measured the weighted average price change for various inputs involved with producing physicians’ services. The UAF compared actual and target expenditures and was determined by a formula that included the target and actual expenditures and the SGR. By law, the UAF could not exceed -7.0%.
Past adjustments.
2000 - 2009 adjustments.
Section 101 of the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (MIEA-TRHCA) provided a 1-year update of 0% for the conversion factor for CY 2007 and specified that the conversion factor for CY 2008 must be computed as if the 1-year update had never applied. Section 101 of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 (MMSEA) provided a 6-month increase of 0.5% in the CY 2008 conversion factor, from January 1, 2008, through June 30, 2008, and specified that the conversion factor for the remaining portion of 2008 and the conversion factors for CY 2009 and subsequent years must be computed as if the 6-month increase had never applied. Section 131 of the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008 (MIPPA) extended the increase in the CY 2008 conversion factor that was applicable for the first half of the year to the entire year, provided for a 1.1% increase to the CY 2009 conversion factor, and specified that the conversion factors for CY 2010 and subsequent years must be computed as if the increases had never applied.
2010 - 2013 adjustments.
The estimated SGR to go into effect on March 1, 2010 was -8.8%, and the conversion factor for the physician fee schedule was -21.3%. On March 3, 2010, Congress delayed the enforcement of the conversion factor until April 1, 2010 with the passage of the Temporary Extension Act of 2010. On April 15, 2010, Congress enacted the Continuing Extension Act of 2010 to again delay the implementation and extended the 2009 rate to June 1, 2010. On June 25, 2010, President Obama signed the Preservation of Access to Care for Medicare Beneficiaries and Pension Relief Act of 2010 that not only delayed implementation of the conversion factor until December 1, 2010 but also increased reimbursements by 2.2%. The 2.2% increase was retroactive to June 1, 2010, and expired on November 30, 2010. On December 16, 2010, President Obama signed the Medicare and Medicaid Extenders Act of 2010 into law, delaying the implementation of the SGR until January 1, 2012. This prevented a 25% decrease in Medicare reimbursements from taking effect on January 1, 2011.
When President Obama signed the Middle Class Tax Relief and Job Creation Act of 2012 on February 22, 2012, the implementation of the conversion factor was again delayed until January 1, 2013, when the cut was estimated to be 27.4%. Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 on January 1, 2013, which stated in section 601 that the conversion factor for 2013 "shall be zero percent." This delayed the implementation of the conversion factor until January 1, 2014.
2014-2015 adjustments.
The SGR was supposed to trigger the next set of Medicare reimbursement cuts on April 1, 2014, for cuts of 24 percent. In order to avoid this, the House and Senate turned to yet another bill to delay the SGR cuts until March 2015. That bill was the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 (H.R. 4302; 113th Congress).
Previous MVPS/SGRs and conversion factors.
The table on the left is a table of past years' SGR. Prior to the MMA, the MVPS was in use instead of the SGR. The Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999 (BBRA) changed the calculation from fiscal year (FY) to calendar year (CY). The table on the right is a list of the actual yearly MEI and physician fee update conversion factor. The physician update reflects a weighted average for FY 1991-1993 when there were two different updates (one for surgery and one for other services), and for FY 1994 through FY 1997 when there were three different updates (for surgery, primary care, and other services). The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 consolidated service-specific updates so that starting in FY 1998, primary care, surgical, and nonsurgical services were updated by the same rate.


Wayne Allard

Alan Wayne Allard (born December 2, 1943) is an American veterinarian and a Republican Party politician who served as a United States Senator and United States Representative from Colorado, as well as a member of the Colorado Senate. He did not seek re-election to the U.S. Senate in 2008. Since February, 2009, he has worked at The Livingston Group, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm.
Early life.
Allard was born in Fort Collins, Colorado, the son of Sibyl Jean (née Stewart) and Amos Wilson Allard. He is descended from immigrants from Canada and Scotland. He was raised on a ranch near Walden, Colorado. He received a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree from Colorado State University in 1968.
State Senate.
Allard continued to run a veterinary practice full-time, while representing Larimer and Weld counties in the Colorado State Senate, from 1983 to 1990. During his tenure he was a strong supporter of fiscal responsibility and the preservation of a citizen legislature. Allard's influence on local politics is still felt today as he is the sponsor of Colorado's law limiting state legislative sessions to 120 days.
U.S. House of Representatives.
Allard served in the United States House of Representatives from Colorado's Fourth Congressional District from 1991 to 1997. As a Colorado Representative, Allard served on the Joint Committee on Congressional Reform, which recommended many of the reforms included in the Contract with America. These reforms became some of the first to be passed by the Republican controlled Congress in 1995 and were the key to their platform.
U.S. Senate.
Elections.
In 1996, Allard was elected to the United States Senate, defeating state Attorney General Gale Norton in the Republican primary and Tom Strickland by five percentage points in the general election. He made a pledge at the time to serve just two terms in the Senate before retiring. In 2002, he was re-elected, defeating Strickland again by the same margin.
Tenure.
In 2003, Allard introduced into the Senate the Federal Marriage Amendment, seeking to ban same-sex marriages. The amendment failed to advance to the House.
In 2004, Allard reintroduced the Federal Marriage Amendment with minor changes. In presenting the amendment, Allard made the case that there is a "master plan" to "destroy the institution of marriage". Passage of the proposed Amendment failed 227 yea votes to 186 nay votes, where 290 yea votes (two-thirds) are required for passage of a proposed Constitutional amendment.
In an April 2006 article, "Time" named Allard as one of America's 5 Worst Senators, dubbing him "The Invisible Man". The article criticised him for being "so bland that his critics have dubbed him "Dullard"", for "never playing a role in major legislation, even though he's on two key Senate committees, Budget and Appropriations" and for "rarely speaking on the floor or holding press conferences to push his ideas", concluding that "few of the bills he has introduced over the past year have passed". The article did however note that he was "polite, affable and willing to take on thankless tasks, such as his current role overseeing the construction of a visitors center on Capitol Hill". In response, two major Colorado newspapers defended the Senator. The "Rocky Mountain News" retorted that "Time" had made the "wrong call" and that Allard was a "hard-working advocate for Colorado interests." "The Gazette" (Colorado Springs) also weighed in, saying the article was "... soft, subjective, snide, impressionistic slop – further proof of the low to which this once-serious publication has sunk." Upon his retirement, "The Denver Post" stated that "While we didn't always agree with Sen. Wayne Allard on policy matters, we never doubted that he was working hard for Colorado."
On January 15, 2007 Allard announced he would fulfill a 1996 campaign promise to serve only two Senate terms and would retire in January 2009.
In April 2007, Allard announced his endorsement of Mitt Romney for the Republican nomination for President of the United States. He switched his endorsement to John McCain once he secured his spot as the presumptive Republican nominee.
As part of a statement released by his office in support of a day to honor emergency first responders in 2007, Allard was quoted as saying: "First responders in Colorado have recently provided critical services in the face of blizzards and tornados. Since I don't think first responders have really done anything significant in comparison to their counterparts who have dealt with real natural disasters, I have no idea what else to say here …"
In March 2008 the "National Journal" ranked him the second most-conservative U.S. Senator based on his 2007 votes.
Political positions.
Environmental record.
Allard was a co-sponsor of the James Peak Wilderness Bill, which created a preserve around James Peak, and added to the Indian Peak Protection Area. He also sponsored legislation which created Colorado's Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve. Allard was also chairman and founder of the Senate Renewable Energy and Efficiency Caucus.
In 2006, the environmental group Republicans for Environmental Protection praised Allard for his support of legislation to make the Army Corps of Engineers more accountable for its projects' environmental and economic impact, but criticized him for supporting oil drilling both offshore and in Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The nonpartisan League of Conservation Voters issued Allard a grade of 29% for 2006.
Personal life.
While completing veterinary school, Allard married Joan Malcolm, who received her degree in microbiology, also from CSU. They then founded their veterinary practice, the Allard Animal Hospital. The Allards raised their two daughters, Christi and Cheryl, in Loveland, Colorado, and have five grandsons. He is a Protestant.
In 2007, Allard authored "Colorado's U.S. Senators: A Biographical Guide". The book was published by Fulcrum Publishing.
Electoral history.
1996 Race for U.S. Senate – Republican Primary


Claire Wathes

(Dorothy) Claire Wathes née Bulman (born 1953) is a British veterinary researcher who studies the reproduction of farm animals. She is known for her work on infertility in dairy cattle. As of 2018, she is a professor of veterinary reproduction at the Royal Veterinary College in Hatfield.
Education and career.
Wathes gained a BSc in zoology from the University of Birmingham in 1974. Her PhD on fertility in dairy cattle was from the University of Nottingham in 1978, under the supervision of Eric Lamming; her thesis was entitled "Progesterone levels and fertility of lactating cows". In 1990, she was awarded a DSc by the University of Bristol.
Her first postdoctoral post was at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge. From 1979 to 1990, she worked in the University of Bristol's Department of Anatomy, holding positions successively as lecturer and reader, before rejoining the Babraham Institute as a project leader (1990–94). She has been professor of veterinary reproduction at the Royal Veterinary College since 1994, leading the college's Reproduction and Development Group from 1995 to 2007. She also holds a guest professorship at Huazhong Agricultural University in China (since 2009).
From 2000 to 2008, Wathes chaired "ARK-Genomics", the steering committee of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Investigating Gene Function Initiative for livestock, which aimed to facilitate genomics research across the UK. She became the first director of the Farm Animal Genetics and Genomics Faraday Partnership in 2002, and she continues to serve on a committee of its successor body, the Knowledge Transfer Network. She also served on the veterinary advisory committee of the Horserace Betting Levy Board (from 1997 until 2006 or 2008).
Research.
The long-term focus of Wathes' research has been reproduction in domestic ruminants, including cattle and sheep. Fertility in dairy cattle, and the problem of infertility, have formed an important part of her work from the outset. In her early research in Nottingham, with Lamming and others, she developed a method to diagnose and monitor low fertility in cows by measuring levels of the progesterone hormone in their milk. Her subsequent research at the Royal Veterinary College has investigated what causes cows to have low fertility, including their genetic background, nutrition and metabolic status, as well as bacterial infection of the uterus after calving. She has shown that lack of sufficient nutrients is an important cause of infertility.
While working at Bristol she showed, with Ray Swann, that the oxytocin hormone is produced in the corpus luteum of the ovary in sheep and other ruminants, as well as in the neurohypophysis. This might form part of the mechanism by which female ruminants detect whether or not they have conceived. She has subsequently studied how hormonal and other factors regulate the oestrus cycle and the birthing process in sheep and cows.
Awards and societies.
Wathes is an elected fellow of the Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE) and the Royal Society of Biology. She has served on the council of the Royal Society of Biology since 2017, and has also held roles on the committees of several other learned societies, including the European Society of Domestic Animal Reproduction, the Society for Endocrinology and the Society for Reproduction and Fertility.
Her awards include RASE's Research Medal (2006) for her work on fertility in dairy cattle, and the Society for Reproduction and Fertility's Marshall Medal (2015).
Personal life.
She was married to Christopher Wathes, also a veterinary researcher; he died in 2016.


Myint Myint Khin (writer)

Myint Myint Khin (, ; 15 December 1923 – 19 June 2014) was a Burmese medical professor and writer. An English major at the University of Rangoon, she was the chair of the Department of Medicine of the Institute of Medicine, Mandalay from 1965 to 1984, and served as a consultant at the World Health Organization from 1985 to 1991. Her literary career began in 1996, spurred on by the HIV/AIDS crisis in the country. She published 11 books in Burmese and two in English. At the time of her death, the former professor was collaborating on an English language book on the history of medical education in the country.
Most of her books dealt with public health and medicine. One notable exception was her last published book in 2013, "Poetry for Me", a collection of her English language poetry, which she began working on after the death of her husband Dr. San Baw, a hip replacement pioneer, in 1984. Through her books and interviews, she advocated for more openness and transparency in the country, and spoke out about the regression of women's rights in Myanmar. In 2012, she founded a daycare center for elderly physicians in Yangon.
Early life and education.
Myint Myint Khin was born on 15 December 1923 in Bassein (Pathein), in the Irrawaddy delta in British Burma. The oldest of three siblings, she grew up in the nearby delta town of Henzada (Hinthada), before moving to Rangoon (Yangon) as a teenager. She was not yet 15 when she enrolled at the University of Rangoon in 1938 to study English literature, and there she became "obsessed" by the works of poet John Donne.
However, her studies were interrupted by the arrival of World War II in 1941. In a 2013 interview, she said that the war years were a time of "tremendous adversity" and "anguish" during which she lost her mother and brother, and her family lost their property. Her brother was killed by a bomb, and she had to go and retrieve her dead brother's body. Furthermore, the loss of property caused "fears and insecurities in the aftermath of World War II".
Yet it was also the war that got her into medicine. With all the colleges in the country shut down, she enrolled at the only university level school opened during the Japanese occupation: the wartime medical school founded by Drs. Ba Than, S. Sen and Yin May in 1943. After the war, she completed her original major, receiving a BA in English literature in 1946, and then promptly continued her medical education at the just reopened Faculty of Medicine, graduating with an MBBS in 1950.
Medical career.
Early years.
Though Myint Myint Khin got into medicine by happenstance, she excelled at it. After starting out as a staff physician (Civil Assistant Surgeon) at Rangoon General Hospital in 1950, she did her residency at the University of Pennsylvania medical school, and received an MD in 1955. She graduated ahead of her husband San Baw, the medical school classmate she married in 1953 who received an MD and an MS in 1958, also from Penn Medicine. Meanwhile, she finished her training abroad by getting her FRCP from the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.
Mandalay years.
Back in Burma, she was appointed Clinical Professor of Medicine at the Faculty of Medicine of Mandalay University in 1960, joining her husband who had been chief of orthopedic surgery at Mandalay General Hospital since 1957. In 1965, she was promoted to be the head of the Department of Medicine, becoming the first woman chair at the school. According to a 1967 BMJ article, she was the only female head of Department of Medicine in the country's three medical schools at the time.
She was widely respected by her colleagues and her students. According to Prof. Myint Myint Aye, the retired head of the Department of Medicine at the Institute of Medicine, Mandalay (1987–1990), her elder colleague was "widely respected for her excellent lectures and informative clinical bedside teachings", and "she recruited young graduates with promising potential and built the strongest department of medicine in Burma which produced hundreds and thousands of doctors meeting the international standard. These doctors are now not only serving Burma, but all over the world.” She is remembered as an inspirational and "towering figure" by her students, who affectionately called her "Mummy Gyi" ("elder mummy"), while Prof. Myint Myint Aye was known as "Mummy Lay" ("younger mummy".) Myint Myint Khin's description of herself was harsher: a demanding professor who could come across as "aggressive" and "abrasive".
She retired abruptly after the death of her husband of 31 years on 7 December 1984. Still in mourning, she was greeted with more bad news less than three months later. Their only son Myint Zan, who had returned from Los Angeles to see his dying father, was locked up in political detention without charge and trial by the BSPP government. He was placed in solitary confinement in the notorious Insein Prison, and given no contact with the outside world, including his mother.
Career abroad.
Now "mired in a deep personal crisis", Myint Myint Khin left the country. She first took up a post as a visiting professor of medicine at the National University of Malaysia. After a few months, she moved to New Delhi to become a consultant in the World Health Organization’s Southeast Asia regional office. She served for six years on the WHO panel of experts in health manpower development, before retiring in 1991.
Literary career.
It was during the years abroad that she began writing English language poetry. In a 2013 interview, she said she began writing poetry "because I could not bear not to write them" as an outlet from her personal crises. Later, she was inspired to write more poetry after visiting Sri Lanka when she was struck by the country's natural beauty. She said that she kept her love for poetry a secret from everyone including her husband and son; she continued that given her no non-sense public persona, her students would have been surprised by her "sentimental and emotive" side.
At any rate, her first published book came amidst the HIV/AIDS crisis in Myanmar. (She had written for the Myanmar Medical Journal, and developed handbooks and audio tapes as study aids for medical students.) In 1996, she published "The Bells Tolling for Everyone", which calls attention to the menace of HIV/AIDS on the country. Frustrated by the dismissive attitude of the officials, and the low reported percentage of HIV infections in the country, she called for an expansion of general health education with "openness and transparency". To her, "the beginning of secrecy is the end of the truth." She followed up with books on topics such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease as well as her vision on the development of medicine in the country.
It was only in 2013 that the then 89-year-old former English major published her first English poetry book "Poetry for Me". Her poetry often focused on her late husband. One such example is as follows:
<poem style="margin-left: 2em;">
But close to my heart is a treasure trove,
To draw upon if I chose
Happiness shared, joys that glow
And tenderness, I only know</poem>
It turned out to be her last published book. In all, between 1996 and 2013, she published 11 books in Burmese and two in English. At her time of death, she was working on an English language book "A History of Medical Education in Burma" in collaboration with other physicians to tell the history of medical education in Myanmar from the colonial period to the present.
Activism.
Myint Myint Khin maintained an active life until the last four months of her life. She also continued to voice her opinions strongly. According to Thane-Oke Kyaw Myint, a retired paediatrician and founder of the Alumni Myanmar Institutes of Medicine Association (AMIMA), "she had openly written articles in the newspapers on what was wrong with educational systems in Burma, never hesitating to openly criticise the present and the past governments, a stand that very few of us could or dare to do so publicly". For example, in 2004, she gave an interview to "The Irrawaddy", then an exile run media outlet, in which she, quoting Orwell, highlighted the general lack of openness and transparency in the country as the root of many of its problems.
She also spoke out about women's rights. She bemoaned the "truly backward" state of women's rights under the military regimes, away from the traditional Burmese culture. She wrote about the importance of general education, particularly literacy among women, for example to combat the HIV/AIDS crisis. She maintained that "The literacy rate among women influences a household’s health and even life style. You ought to invest in women."
She was a member of the Myanmar Medical Association, and once served as president of the Mandalay chapter, and twice on its board. In 2012, in association with the MMA and the Myint Myint Khin Foundation, she founded "Support Group for Elderly Doctors", which began operating a daycare center for elderly physicians in Tamwe Township, Yangon. Funded by the donations and free services of other physicians, many of whom were her former students, the center provided a place for elder physicians aged 70 and over, not all of whom were well off financially, to socialize as well as receive free medical checkups.
Personal life.
Myint Myint Khin was married to her medical school classmate San Baw from 1953 to his death in 1984. As chief of orthopedic surgery at Mandalay General Hospital, San Baw "pioneered the use of ivory hip prostheses to replace ununited fractures of the neck of the femur." Their only child Myint Zan is a former professor of law, who taught at universities in Malaysia, Australia, the South Pacific and the United States from 1989 to 2016.
Death.
Myint Myint Khin died on 19 June 2014 in Yangon. She had been receiving treatment for heart and kidney failures during the past four months. She was 90.


Student selected component

Student selected components (SSCs; formerly known as special study modules or SSMs) are optional elements within the undergraduate medical syllabus in UK medical schools, introduced following the recommendations of the 2002 report, "Tomorrow's Doctors", by the General Medical Council (GMC) that the syllabus should include student choice. In 2003, the GMC required that between 25% and 33% of curricular time be available for SSCs. However in the 2009 edition of Tomorrow's Doctors this requirement was reduced to a minimum of 10 percent.


Paul Dressel

Paul Dressel (November 29, 1910 - November 22, 1989) was an American educational psychologist. He was the founding director of the Counseling Center at Michigan State University, and the author of several books.
Early life.
Dressel was born on November 29, 1910. He graduated from Wittenberg University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1931. He earned a master's degree from Michigan State University in 1934, and a PhD from the University of Michigan in 1939.
Career.
Dressel began his career as a statistician. He joined Michigan State University as the chairman of its board of examiners. When MSU students first took the Graduate Record Examinations as an experiment for the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1943, it was Dressel who analyzed the results.
Dressel founded MSU's Counseling Center for returning veterans of World War II, and he served as its director until 1981. He was also the director of the Office of Institutional Research from 1959 to 1961, and the Assistant Provost from 1961 to 1964.
Dressel was the author of several books, including "College To University: The Hannah Years at Michigan State, 1935-1969".
Personal life and death.
Dressel married Wilma Frances Sackett. They had three daughters. He died on November 22, 1989, at 78.


C-ImmSim

C-ImmSim started, in 1995, as the C-language "version" of IMMSIM, the IMMune system SIMulator, a program written back in 1991 in APL-2 (APL2 is a Registered Trademark of IBM Corp.) by the astrophysicist Phil E. Seiden together with the immunologist Franco Celada to implement the Celada-Seiden model. The porting was mainly conducted and further developed by Filippo Castiglione with the help of few other people.
The Celada-Seiden model.
The "Celada-Seiden" model is a logical description of the mechanisms making up the adaptive immune humoral and cellular response to a genetic antigen at the mesoscopic level.
The computational counterpart of the Celada-Seiden model is the IMMSIM code.
The Celada-Seiden model, as well as C-ImmSim, is best viewed as a collection of models in a single program. In fact, there are various components realising a particular function which can be turned on or off. At its current stage, C-ImmSim incorporates the principal "core facts" of today's immunological knowledge, e.g.
Besides, an antigen can represent a bacterium, a virus or an allergen or a tumour cell.
The high degree of complexity of the Celada-Seiden model makes it suitable to simulate different immunological phenomena, e.g., the hypermutation of antibodies, the germinal centre reaction (GCR), immunization, Thymus selection, viral infections, hypersensitivity, etc.
Since the first release of C-ImmSim, the code has been modified many times. The actual version now includes features that were not in the original Celada-Seiden model.
C-ImmSim has been recently customised to simulate the HIV-1 infection. Moreover, it can simulate the immunotherapy to generic solid tumours. These features are all present in the code and people can choose to turn them on and off at compiling time. However, the present user guide deals with the description of the "standard" immune system response and gives no indication on the features of HIV-1 and cancer.
The latest version of C-ImmSim allows for the simulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Contributors.
The porting was possible thank to the aid of Seiden, especially during the initial validation phase. Massimo Bernaschi contributed to the development of C-ImmSim starting as the "beta" release. Most of the optimization of the memory usage and I/O has been possible thanks to Bernaschi in particular for what concerns the development of the parallel version. Other few people contributed to the further development of the code in the coming years.
Related projects.
There are other computational models developed on the tracks of the Celada-Seiden model which come from (to a certain extent) the first porting in C-language of IMMSIM by F. Castiglione. They are IMMSIM++ developed by S. Kleinstein, IMMSIM-C developed by R. Puzone, Limmsim developed by J. Textor and SimTriplex developed by Pappalardo.
C-ImmSim has been partially described in a series of publications but never extensively, in part because of the availability of other references for the IMMSIM code which could serve as manuals for C-ImmSim as well, in part because it is impractical to compress a full description of C-ImmSim in a regular paper.
IMMSIM, in the authors' minds, was built around the idea of developing a computerized system to perform experiments similar to the real laboratory in vivo and in vivo experiments; a tool developed and maintained to help biologists to test theories and hypothesis about how the immune system works. They called it "in Machina" or "in silico" experiments. IMMSIM was in part developed keeping an eye on the educational potentialities of these kind of tools, in order to provide to students of biology/immunology courses, a way to play with the immune mechanisms to get a grasp on the fundamental concepts of the cellular and/or molecular interactions in the immune response.
For this purpose, IMMSIM++ was developed for Microsoft Windows® and offers the chance to explore various (but not all) features of the Celada-Seiden model. However, since only the executable is available that code is not open for testing/development.
LImmSim is available under the GNU GPL.
SimTriplex is a customized version of the same model and derives from version 6 of C-ImmSim. It has been developed to simulate cancer immunoprevention.


Martin Gleave

Dr. Martin Gleave is a Canadian surgeon and cancer researcher who was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2018.
Gleave is a co-founder and Executive Director of the Vancouver Prostate Centre as well as a head of a department at University of British Columbia.
Gleave's team was recognized in 2010 as the first in the world to develop an anti-clusterin agent.


British Society of Oral Implantology

The British Society of Oral Implantology (BSOI) is dedicated to the advancement of education and training in implant dentistry.
Its headquarters are in Southport, Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, North West England.


John Buckley Bradbury

John Buckley Bradbury (27 February 1841 – 4 June 1930) was a medical doctor and Downing Professor of Medicine. The chair was discontinued on his death in 1930.
Life.
He was born in Saddleworth in Yorkshire the eldest son of John Bradbury a merchant and manufacturer.
He was educated at King's College, London and then Caius College, Cambridge University. From 1866 to 1876 he was a lecturer in Comparative Anatomy at Downing College in Cambridge.
He served as a physician at Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge from 1869 to 1919.
He delivered the Bradshaw Lecture in 1895 and the Croonian Lecture in 1899. He was an expert on sleep disorders and vertigo.
During the First World War he served as a lieutenant colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps at the Eastern General Hospital.
He died on 4 June 1930 after a week's illness.
He is buried in the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge, with his second wife Jane Gwatkin. They had one son and two daughters.


Manipulation under anesthesia

Manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) or fibrosis release procedures is a multidisciplinary, chronic pain-related manual therapy modality which is used for the purpose of improving articular and soft tissue movement. This is accomplished by way of a combination of controlled joint mobilization/manipulation and myofascial release techniques. Medication-assisted manipulation (MAM) may also be used to describe the procedure, although that term more broadly categorizes the varied forms of existing MUA techniques. In any form, MUA is used by osteopathic/orthopedic physicians and specially trained (MUA certified) chiropractors. It is intended as a means of breaking up adhesions (scar tissue) of or about spinal joints (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or pelvic regions), or extremity joint articulations (i.e., knee, shoulder, hip) to which painfully restricted range of motion significantly limits function. Failed attempts at other standard conservative treatment methods (i.e., manipulation, physical therapy, medication), over a sufficient time-frame, is one of the principal patient qualifiers.
Procedure.
In the outpatient ambulatory or hospital-based setting, with a qualified medical physician in attendance, the anesthetic or medication component/s of the spinal MUA procedure may be provided in one of two ways.
Intravenous (IV) infusion.
Historically, the medical literature identifies sodium pentothal as the earliest of the anesthetizing agents used with the MUA procedure. That was followed by a period during which propofol was used to induce a “twilight state” (aka, IV sedation or conscious sedation ). The latter became the doctor-preferred means of rendering the service, as it offered preservation of patient responsiveness during the delivery of treatment. With today's MUA procedure, deep conscious sedation is accomplished with agents such as propofol, through monitored anesthesia care (MAC).
Local injection.
As a less common mode of MUA treatment, select injectable medications can be administered directly to affected synovial joints, spinal facet joints or into the surrounding epidural space. Local anesthetic injection allows previously incomplete office-based manual therapy methods to be better delivered/tolerated, but outside of the general anesthesia scenario. When rendered to the spine, this variety of MUA procedure is qualified by terms such as manipulation under joint anesthesia (MUJA) and manipulation under epidural anesthesia (MUEA).
History.
Medication Assisted Manipulation (MAM) has been used since the 1930s, and MUA was practiced by osteopathic physicians and orthopedic surgeons in the 1940s and 1950s. It was largely abandoned due to complications from general anesthesia and due to the type of nonspecific manipulation procedures used. It was modified and revived in the 1990s, primarily by chiropractors, and also by osteopathic physicians; this was likely due to safer anesthesia used for conscious sedation, along with increased interest in spinal manipulation (SM).
In the MUA literature, spinal manipulation under anesthesia has been described as a controversial procedure. It has had a history susceptible to enthusiastic claims of success and indiscriminate use. With continued misperceptions about the findings and significance of primary research, similar issues remain today. An example of this is seen in endorsements for MUA that inaccurately cite study outcomes and/or focus on selective information which places the procedure, and the practice of multiple day applications, in a more favorable light. The table that follows provides detail concerning this phenomenon.
State of evidence.
Spinal MUA.
Since the 1930s, spinal manipulation under anesthesia has been reported in the published medical literature. Within the existing base of studies are some reports of positive results. However, it appears that as part of the evolution of the procedure, the medical literature reveals many variations in [A] the type of sedatives/medications used, [B] manipulation technique, [C] the number of MUA sessions employed, [D] the span of time between procedure doses (if administered in series), and [E] the types and breadth of application of post-MUA adjunctive and/or rehabilitative measures.
There has been and remains a strong theoretical basis for spinal MUA. However, considering the aforementioned differences in existing published studies, field practitioners have not had an objective and uniform means by which to establish evidence-based treatment protocols. Also, because the preponderance of studies are of lower level evidence the issue of long-term effectiveness of MUA in the management of specific spinal conditions has yet to be investigated. Another area for which basic experimental research is lacking to support the efficacy of MUA treatment of the low back, and other spinal regions, relates to the two presiding theories that [A] flexibility of the spine may be increased when adhesions are reduced, and [B] MUA is more effective at treating adhesions than office-based manual therapy methods. Perhaps of greater significance, the circumstances by which or how often spinal adhesions (scar tissue) may form in the general population, in the presence or absence of prior surgery or vertebral fracture, have not been addressed in the medical literature. To date, after tens of thousands of spinal MUA procedures having been performed in the United States, and with more than eight decades worth of related studies, there is only one published paper in the MUA literature that clearly demonstrates the presence of spinal adhesions. That relates to two patients, whose pre-MUA advanced diagnostic imaging revealed fibrosis after prior lumbar surgery.
A 2005 consensus statement from the American Academy of Osteopathy indicates that research and publication is limited for the use and effectiveness of MUA. More recently, it has been reported that there are gaps in the medical literature for spinal MUA in the areas of patient selection and treatment protocols. On account of that, a Delphi process was undertaken to develop evidence-informed and consensus-based guidelines for the chiropractic profession. The outcome of that process offers direction to MUA practitioners and facilities, although not intended for individual patients.
Notably, the criteria recommended by members of the chiropractic profession are distinctly different from the criteria established by the American Academy of Osteopathy. Moreover, the Delphi method is a consensus process which represents consenting opinion from an impaneled group of experts. But with expert opinion serving as the lowest level of evidence (Level V) in the medical evidence hierarchy, the MUA-related Delphi process publication of 2014 does not enhance the state of the evidence for spinal MUA. Therefore, the largely anecdotal basis for procedural effectiveness, and continued reliance upon the spinal MUA protocols historically used, are what principally influence the practice of MUA today.
In comparison to other available treatment options for chronic spine pain patients, it is the benchmark of the randomized controlled trial that could best define patient candidacy, optimal procedure dosing, and long-term effectiveness for MUA. Previous MUA investigators have mentioned the use of inconsistent protocols and have called for large-scale MUA studies (randomized trials) for chronic low back pain. To date, no such studies have been undertaken.
Due to the lack of high-level research evidence for the long-term clinical efficacy of spinal MUA, several traditional criteria for patient selection are without support or remain unproven. The most recent analysis of the published medical evidence for MUA shows that disc herniation/protrusion qualifies as at least a relative contraindication, with risk for injury and no proven long-term benefit. Also, in the presence of a positive lumbar EMG study (nerve root compression) with lumbar disc herniation, Level II evidence suggests that patients will eventually need surgical correction. For chronic neck and low back pain patients who also have significant anxiety/stress, Level II evidence suggests that MUA will not be of therapeutic benefit. Accordingly, most insurance carriers in the United States maintain medical policy which deems the spinal MUA unproven or experimental/investigational.
Extremity joint MUA.
Patients that may qualify for MUA to an extremity joint include those with stiff post-operative knee joints that have undergone total knee replacement (total knee arthroplasty- TKA). Range of motion data taken at discharge following TKA have been suggested as an indicator for MUA, when falling short of the “optimal zone” of ≥70˚ flexion combined with an extension deficit of ≤10˚. It appears that the ideal period for applying manipulation to knee stiffness after TKA is at less than 20 weeks from primary surgery, with no added benefit reported from re-manipulations. Similarly, another recent study also found that MUA is useful for decreased range of motion but the success rate of repeated MUA was less than that of the primary dose.
Outside of the above clinical scenario and related research, the supportive evidence for MUA to other extremity joints is weak, inconclusive or non-existent. The shoulder, when failing to achieve flexibility following standard treatment, is one of the extremity regions for which the frozen shoulder condition has traditionally been cited as an indication for MUA. There are some supportive studies in this area, including one showing that patients fare better with intervention at 6 and 9 months after condition onset (having significantly better abduction and external rotation, with less pain at rest and at night). However, for those studies which represent the highest level of research evidence, the results of two recent systematic reviews for frozen shoulder raise question as to treatment superiority when compared to other forms of treatment. Namely, in the 2012 systematic review, Maund, et al. found a single adequate study, but no evidence there of better outcome with MUA versus home exercise. In the 2015 systematic review, Uppal, et al. determined MUA to be equivocal at best, when compared to hydrodilation and steroid injection.
The provision of MUA to an extremity joint is reserved for primary conditions thereof, such as a frozen articulation. The practice of applying MUA to an extremity joint that conjoins the spine (i.e., shoulder and/or hip), as a routine component or an extension of a spinal MUA procedure, is not supported by clinical investigation.
Risk.
Tens of thousands of uneventful spinal and extremity MUA procedures have been performed in the United States over the past several decades. As such, in all likelihood, the risks with the procedure are relatively low or minimized with current techniques and when patients are properly selected and evaluated by the anesthesiologist, the medical physician who is providing medical clearance, and the MUA manual therapy practitioner (DC, DO, MD). However, as with any procedure, there are inherent risks with MUA. The chiropractic literature seems to best address concern for complications, poor outcomes, or adverse events with spinal MUA.; however, better event reporting is needed in developing more definitive risk criteria. In part, these include severe sacroiliac pain with transient “pain paralysis” (of one or both legs), transient respiratory distress, a significant adverse cardiovascular event, spinal fracture with hemothorax, lower extremity fracture, glenoid fracture, shoulder dislocation, and pseudoaneurysm.


Robert Hollenhorst

Robert W. Hollenhorst (12 August 1913, St. Cloud, Minnesota – 10 January 2008, Rochester, Minnesota) was an American ophthalmologist remembered for describing Hollenhorst plaques.
Biography.
Robert Hollenhorst was educated at St. Cloud State University and St. John's University, and graduated from the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1941. He served as a physician in the Army Medical Corps in New Guinea and the Philippines, receiving the Bronze Star Medal. After the war he studied at the Mayo Clinic and joined the staff in 1949, becoming professor of ophthalmology at the Mayo Graduate School of Medicine. His research led to the description of cholesterol plaques in retinal blood vessels which indicate atherosclerosis and increased risk of stroke.
He served as president of the American Ophthalmological Society in 1982 and was awarded its Lucien Howe Medal in 1986. He was also vice chairman of the American Board of Ophthalmology.
He was consulting ophthalmologist to Minnesota State Services for the Blind for 30 years, and a founder of the Minnesota Pre-school Medical Survey of Vision and Hearing. Governor of Minnesota Arne Carlson declared 24 April 1991 "Dr. Robert Hollenhorst Day" in recognition of his services to the state.


Palau Red Cross Society

Palau Red Cross Society was founded in 1977. It has its headquarters in Koror.


Henryk Hilarowicz

Henryk Hilarowicz (born 1890 in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, died 3/4 July 1941 in Lwów, Nazi-occupied Poland) was a Polish surgeon, and a professor at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów. He was murdered by the Nazis in the Massacre of Lwów professors.


K. V. Ghorpade

Krishna Rao Voomaji Rao Ghorpade, better known as K. V. Ghorpade (March 17, 1919 – December 23, 1997) was an Indian pathologist.
He was born on 17 March 1919. After medical education, he worked under Dr. P. Krishna Rao and obtained Ph.D. from Victoria Hospital.
He has worked on the toxicity of Abrus precatorius on the maternal and fetal tissues, Kyasanur forest disease and South Indian Paraplegia.
He held many administrative jobs as member of various University boards, Vice Dean of K.M.C., Hubli and Dean of Kidwai Memorian Cancer Hospital, Bangalore.
He established the Pathology laboratories in Victoria Hospital, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and St. Martha's Hospital.


Leon Pierce Clark

Leon Pierce Clark (sometimes L. Pierce Clark) (1870 – 3 December 1933) was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He was the president of the American Psychopathological Association (APPA) during 1923 and 1924.
His pioneering work in psychobiography was published during the last four years of his life and was way ahead of his time. In 1929 Clark published "Napoleon: Self-Destroyed", the first book-size psychoanalytic study of Napoleon Bonaparte. In the last year of his life he published "Lincoln: A Psycho-biography", another early work in this field. Clark fought some of the heated battles of the American psychiatrists against the American neurologists that were common in the first part of the twentieth century.
Clark's reputation suffered when he was found to have plagiarized most of "Napoleon Self-Destroyed." Clark also was criticized for misunderstanding what Freud meant by what Clark referred to as "narcism."


American Society of Clinical Oncology

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) is a professional organization representing physicians of all oncology sub-specialties who care for people with cancer. Founded in 1964 by Fred Ansfield, Harry Bisel, Herman Freckman, Arnoldus Goudsmit, Robert Talley, William Wilson, and Jane C. Wright, it has nearly 45,000 members worldwide.
Physician education.
ASCO offers educational resources for cancer physicians and other health care professionals of clinical oncology. These include scientific meetings, educational conferences, professional workshops, and special symposia on issues of particular relevance and importance to oncologists and researchers. It also produced the patient information website, Cancer.Net
It publishes numerous journals, books, newsletters, and online and multimedia resources; it publishes the "Journal of Clinical Oncology" (JCO), the "Journal of Oncology Practice" (JOP), and the "Journal of Global Oncology" (JGO), "JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics", which publishes clinically relevant research based on biomedical informatics methods and processes applied to cancer-related data, information, and images, and "JCO Precision Oncology", which publishes original research, reports, opinions, and reviews related to precision oncology and genomics-driven care of patients with cancer.
ASCO also publishes special curricula to address the specific educational needs of cancer professionals.
Initiatives.
Created by members of ASCO, the Conquer Cancer Foundation of ASCO is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization. Since the inception of its grants and awards program in 1984, Conquer Cancer has awarded more than $90 million in funding through nearly 1,500 grants and awards to researchers in 65 countries. In 2015, the foundation launched The Campaign to Conquer Cancer, a comprehensive campaign to raise $150 million to fund cancer research, support Conquer Cancer's top priorities, and bring national awareness to the Foundation.
ASCO's patient information website, Cancer.Net, is supported by the Conquer Cancer Foundation of ASCO. CancerLinQ is ASCO's data platform initiative. It was created to give oncologists a robust quality monitoring system that collects and analyzes data from all patient encounters to improve quality of care. ASCO published its Value Framework in 2015 and updated it in 2016. This provides physicians and patients with a tool to assess and compare the value of different drugs in an era of skyrocking anticancer drug costs.


Alexander Stuart Douglas

Alexander Stuart Douglas FRSE FRCP (1921–1998) was a physician and haematologist. He was Regius Professor of Medicine at Aberdeen University from 1970 to 1985.
He received international acclaim for his discoveries in relation to blood coagulation, causes of abnormal bleeding, and causes of thrombosis. He played a key role in identifying the role of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents in preventing heart attacks, setting a modern benchmark for the treatment of heart disease.
He was one of the two people in 1951 establishing that Haemophilia split into two groups: isolating what is now commonly called Haemophilia B, then known as Christmas disease after its first known host, Stephen Christmas.
Life.
He was born in Elgin in northern Scotland on 2 October 1921 and was the son of Robert Douglas (1871–1948), a crofter. He was educated at Elgin Academy. He studied Medicine at Glasgow University graduating BSc in 1941. In 1944 Glasgow University granted him MB ChB.
From 1945 to 1948 he served as a Major in the Royal Army Medical Corps in the post-war re-establishment of Palestine and was Mentioned in Dispatches.
After this period he worked in the Blood Coagulation Research Unit in Oxford with Robert Gwyn Macfarlane. Jointly they isolated and identified the condition now known as Haemophilia B, but then known as Christmas Disease after its first identified sufferer, Stephen Christmas.
From 1953 he was a lecturer in Medicine at Glasgow University. In 1965 he was seconded to Nairobi University. In 1970 he was awarded the chair in Medicine at Aberdeen University.
In 1993, in his old age, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Prof John Mallard, S C Frazer, Prof E M McGirr, H M Keir, Prof John Anderson Strong, Prof Hans Kosterlitz, I A McGregor, and F W Robertson.
He died on 15 November 1998.
Family.
His wife was Christina and they had one son and one daughter.


Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut

Universal Health Care Foundation of Connecticut is an independent, nonprofit organization with offices in Meriden, Connecticut. The foundation supports the mission of its parent organization, CHART (Connecticut Health Advancement and Research Trust). The foundation has assets of approximately $30 million.
History.
In 1997, Attorney General Richard Blumenthal, Comptroller Nancy Wyman and a coalition of advocacy and labor organizations sued the for-profit Anthem Insurance Co. over its merger with the non-profit Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Connecticut. The aim was to recover tax benefits and other concessions that the former Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Connecticut had received over several decades. The lawsuit was dropped after Anthem Insurance agreed to a settlement in 1999. As a result, the state established the Connecticut Health Advancement and Research Trust. Anthem Foundation of Connecticut was incorporated as a supporting organization to CHART.
It is one of about 165 foundations nationwide to be created by conversions of nonprofit health corporations to for-profit entities. As a condition of these conversions, the law requires that the assets of the nonprofit be retained for some public purpose.
At the time, Blumenthal called the agreement "a historic victory". The foundation received $41 million to carry out the conditions of the settlement. It was charged with working toward system-wide health care reform. The agreement established Anthem Foundation's legal obligation to help improve health care for those who need it most. The foundation was incorporated in 2000. It opened its first offices in New Haven, Connecticut. In January 2003, Juan Figueroa, a former community organizer, former Connecticut legislator, former assistant attorney general of Connecticut and former president and general counsel of the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund in New York, became foundation president. In 2004, the foundation changed its name to reflect a final separation from the Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Connecticut. At the time, Figueroa stated that no relationship with Anthem existed and that the foundation's main focus was passage of universal health care.
Since 2004, the foundation has awarded over $7 million in grants to organizations to advance that goal.
In 2007, the Hartford Business Journal chose Juan Figueroa as a 2007 "Health Care Hero".
SustiNet.
In January 2009 the foundation unveiled SustiNet, a proposal for a statewide health care plan for Connecticut that would provide residents with their choice of health coverage and care regardless of their employment status, age, or pre-existing conditions.
According to analysis by the nation's leading health economists, SustiNet would reduce the proportion of state residents without health coverage from 12 percent to 2 percent by 2014. In addition, SustiNet would bring about savings in the private sector which would far exceed additional state government expenditures.
SustiNet passed its first hurdle in the General Assembly's joint committees on Thursday, March 26, receiving a favorable report from the Public Health Committee, which voted 22-8 to move the bill forward. On May 20, 2009, the House of Representatives voted 107-35 for SustiNet, and on the 30th, the Senate did the same, 23-12. SustiNet was sent to Governor M. Jodi Rell, who vetoed it on July 8. On July 20 the governor's vetoes were overridden by the Connecticut House of Representatives with a vote of 102 to 40 and then by the Connecticut Senate with a vote of 24-12.


Michael Watt (doctor)

Michael Herbert Watt (16 March 1887 – 7 April 1967) was a notable New Zealand doctor and public health administrator. He was born in Green Island, Otago, New Zealand, in 1887.
In the 1935 King's Birthday Honours, Watt was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.


Theodor Langhans

Theodor Langhans (28 September 1839 – 22 October 1915) was a German pathologist who was a native of Usingen, Duchy of Nassau.
He studied medicine at the University of Heidelberg, and at the University of Göttingen under Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (1809–1885), at Berlin under Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) and in Würzburg, where he became an assistant to Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen (1833–1910). In 1867 he became a lecturer at the University of Marburg, and in 1872 became a full professor of pathology at the University of Giessen, where he succeeded Ludwig Franz Alexander Winther (1812–1871).
From 1872 until 1912, Langhans was a professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Bern, where one of his assistants was surgeon Fritz de Quervain (1868–1940). He also worked with Serafina Schachova on kidney anatomy research using a canine model of induced nephritis.
Langhans is remembered for his discovery of multi-nucleated giant cells that are found in granulomatous conditions, and are now referred to as Langhans giant cells.


Herb Pardes

Herbert Pardes (born July 32, 1932) is an American physician, psychiatrist, and the executive vice-chairman of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital.
He was the Dean of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons when he was selected to be the inaugural CEO of the merged Presbyterian Hospital and New York Hospital. Dr Pardes retired in 2011 as CEO of the combined entity, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital and assumed his current post. He is a national figure in psychiatry and academic medicine.
Education and career.
Pardes received his Bachelor of Science degree "summa cum laude" from Rutgers University in 1956 and his medical degree from the State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn in 1960.
From 1978 to 1984, he was the director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), where he strengthened the institute's research program and emphasized the need to increase research support for psychiatry.
From 1989 he was president of American Psychiatric Association (APA).
Pardes was chair of Columbia's Department of Psychiatry, where he remains a professor. From 1989 to 1998 Dr. Pardes was Dean of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
From January 2000 through September 2011 as president and chief executive officer of New York-Presbyterian Hospital and the New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System.
Pardes is also a member of Institute of Medicine, president of scientific board of the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (NARSAD), a charter associate member of the National Depressive and Manic Depressive Association (NDMDA), and a regular advisor to National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), the Anxiety and Depression Association of America, and Mental Health America Association.
Pardes was a member of the board of directors, audit and compensation committees of Value Line Incorporated (NASDAQ:VALU). Dr. Pardes was removed "without cause" from all Value Line committees and the board of directors April 16, 2010.
In 2008 Pardes received compensation of more than nine million dollars, along with other benefits.
On November 13, 2009, John J. Mack, chairman of the board of trustees, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, informed staff "that Dr. Herb Pardes has decided to retire at the end of 2011 as our President and Chief Executive Officer … While Dr. Pardes is stepping down as CEO at the end of 2011, the intention is that he will continue to play a vital role at the hospital beyond that time."
In 2014, the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation announced a new Pardes Humanitarian Prize in Mental Health would be named in honor of Dr. Pardes for his profound impact on the lives of people suffering with mental illness. The award is bestowed annually.
Personal life.
Pardes lives near the main Columbia University campus in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan. He has 3 sons: Stephen, Lawrence, and James.


Abram Bennett

Abram Elting Bennett (1898–1985) was an American psychiatrist best known for his work on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
Bennett published over 50 research articles and several books, including "Fifty Years in Neurology and Psychiatry" (1972), "Alcoholism and the Brain" (1977) and "Huguenots Migration: Descendants' Contributions to America" (1984). In the 1930s, Bennett introduced the use of curare to prevent fractures and other adverse side effects caused by shock treatments. He also advocated pentylenetetrazol to induce convulsions in patients.
Bennett was affiliated with Johns Hopkins University, Bishop Clarkson Memorial Hospital in Omaha, Nebraska and the California Pacific Medical Center.
He contributed to the second edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" and earlier was also one of the many consultants involved in the creation of the DSM-1.


Association of National Olympic Committees

The Association of National Olympic Committees (ANOC) is an international organization that affiliates the current 206 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Eight National Olympic Committees who are not recognized by the International Olympic Committee but recognized by the continental associations are its associate members.
History.
The ANOC was established in June 1979 during the Constitutive General Assembly in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The organization's purpose is for the IOC to manage the general affairs for the National Olympic Committees, to give them their support, advice, cooperation, and recommendations for their development.
Members.
Its members are affiliated to one of five continental associations:
The organization was founded in 1979 under the presidency of Mario Vázquez Raña of Mexico. Since 2012, Sheikh Ahmad Al-Fahad Al-Sabah of Kuwait has served as the ANOC president. He self-suspended himself in November 2018 and the ANOC Senior Vice President Robin Mitchell is currently serving as the Acting President.


Wilhelm His Jr.

Wilhelm His Jr. (29 December 1863 – 10 November 1934) was a Swiss-born cardiologist and anatomist, son of Wilhelm His Sr..
In 1893, His discovered the bundle of His, the collection of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the heart that transmits electrical impulses and helps synchronize contraction of the cardiac muscles. Later in life, as a professor of medicine at the University of Berlin, he was one of the first to recognize that "the heartbeat has its origin in the individual cells of heart muscle."
Werner–His disease (or trench fever) was also named after him.
Angle of His (or incisura cardiaca) was posthumously named after him by Daniel John Cunningham in 1906.


Jasbir Singh Bajaj

Jasbir Singh Bajaj was an Indian physician and diabetologist. He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award, for his outstanding contribution to the medical sciences and research, and his efforts to improve the healthcare delivery system. Earlier he was decorated with the Padma Shri in 1981 and the Padma Bhushan in 1982. He was the ninth person in the country to receive the award for services in the field of medicine and research.
Bajaj was a member (health) of the Planning Commission with the rank of Minister of state in 1991–98. He joined the AIIMS faculty in 1966 and in 1979 was appointed professor and head of medicine. He was appointed honorary physician to the President of India during 1977-1982 and again from 1987 to 1992. He was also consultant physician to the Prime minister from 1991 to 1996. He specialized in endocrinology and was honoured by the Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden when, at the time of its 175th anniversary celebration in 1985, Doctorate in Medicine was conferred upon him. He was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London as well as of Edinburgh, and of the National Academy of Medical Sciences. He was also a founder fellow of the Indian College of Physicians.
Prof. Bajaj died on January 8, 2019.


William E. Henry

William E. Henry (1918–1994) was an American psychologist who worked on projective personality assessment, particularly in relation to executive leadership. He received the Bruno Klopfer Award in 1973.
He graduated from the University of Utah in 1939 and from the University of Chicago with his Ph.D. in 1944. He worked for the University of Chicago from 1947 until his retirement in 1978.


Phenotype mixing

Phenotype mixing is a form of interaction between two viruses each of which holds its own unique genetic material. The two particles "share" coat proteins, therefore each has a similar assortment of identifying surface proteins, while having different genetic material.
In other words; non-genetic interaction in which virus particles released from a cell that is infected with two different viruses have components from both the infecting agents, but with a genome from one of them.


John Blair Deaver

John Blair Deaver (25 July 1855 - 25 September 1931,) was an American surgeon, the chief of surgery at the German Hospital in Philadelphia at the turn of the 20th century, who was known to be radical in his surgery. His main area of surgery was of the abdomen and he was an advocate of early appendectomy in appendicitis. He was described in his obituary as the "great slasher” and his methods led to the phrase "death by Deaver". He wrote five textbooks and nearly 250 articles.


Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences

The Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (MCGSBS), formerly known as Mayo Graduate School (MGS), is one of the schools of higher education within the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science. It offers graduate training in the biomedical sciences with programs for Ph.D., M.D.-Ph.D., and master's degree-seeking students. In addition, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences offers summer undergraduate research fellowships and post-baccalaureate research opportunities.
Location.
Mayo Graduate School has locations in the three Mayo Clinic campuses: Rochester, MN, Jacksonville, FL, and Scottsdale, AZ. The majority of students pursue their degrees in Rochester; however, research areas such as neuroscience and cancer biology include faculty at the other sites. The Rochester campus has its school office located in the Guggenheim building and a student center in the Mitchell building.
Rankings.
As of 2018, U.S. News & World Report ranks the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences #27 (tie) on their "Best Grad Schools: Biological Sciences" list.
Academics.
Ph.D. program.
Core courses for all Ph.D. students cover basic mechanisms and fundamental concepts in biological sciences. More specialized education is provided in advanced, track-specific courses. During the first year, students complete at least three 8-week laboratory rotations in laboratories of their choice. Students then select the labs in which they will pursue their degrees. In order to complete the degree, students must pass written and oral qualifying exams, have at least one first author publication accepted, and write a thesis on their work. The average time length for a Mayo graduate student to get a PhD degree is 5.25 years.
All Ph.D. students are guaranteed an internal fellowship for up to five years. The fellowship covers full tuition, benefits and a competitive stipend. Students are not required serve as a teaching assistant but can if they choose.
Tracks.
Over 340 faculty members mentor students in eight tracks:
Additionally, a Regenerative Sciences Training Program (RSTP) was started in 2017 in collaboration with the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine. The RSTP is open to students in any of the Ph.D. tracks as a subspecialization in order to foster application of these fields to regenerative medicine. The RSTP evolved into the REGS track in 2020.
M.D.-Ph.D. program.
MCGSBS cooperates with the Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine (MCASOM) to offer the MD-PhD degree, which is fully funded by an NIH/NIGMS Medical Scientist Training Program T32 grant.
Master's program.
MCGSBS also provides master's degree of biomedical research education. It typically takes 2–3 years. Students or Mayo employees can choose master education from seven tracks described above. Students usually take related courses and finish a scientific project to obtain the degree.
Other programs.
Career development internships.
Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences is committed to the principle that society benefits from PhD-trained biomedical scientists leading in a broad range of careers. Many of these careers are different from the careers of graduate school mentors. Therefore, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences offers to upper level PhD and MD/PhD students funded 100-hour Career Development Internships (CDI) allowing networking in a variety of professional settings where biomedical PhD training is highly valued. Internship opportunities include liberal arts education, pharma, clinical lab management, technology transfer, science writing, and public policy.
Diversity programming.
Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences is a national center of excellence for the biomedical research training of students from backgrounds underrepresented in science. This training is supported by three long-running NIH diversity training grants.
Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship (SURF).
Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences sponsors a highly-competitive Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship program at its three national campuses for PhD- and MD/PhD-bound rising juniors and seniors.


Minnesota Twin Registry


Pierre Baudeau

Pierre Baudeau (1643–1708) was a surgeon-major in New France where he arrived in 1692, replacing Michel Sarrazin in that position.
It is known from the writings of Governor Frontenac that Baudeau was highly regarded by him. He was active at the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec during his service in New France.


Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology

The Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology is a biannual peer-reviewed medical journal on ophthalmology. It was established in 2009 and is the official journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society. It is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed. It publishes original articles, case reports, review articles, and letters to the editor. The editor-in-chief is Badri P. Badhu (Department of Ophthalmology, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal).


Athletics Association of Thailand

The Athletics Association of Thailand (AAT, ), officially known as the Athletics Association of Thailand under the Royal Patronage of His Majesty the King ) is the national governing body for Sport of athletics. It is accredited by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) which is the governing body for the sport of Athletics in the world, and the National Olympic Committee of Thailand (NOCT). It founded in 1948.
The association is headquartered in Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani. The current head of the federation is Pol.Col. Sant Sarutanond.


W. Dean Warren

W. Dean Warren (October 28, 1924 May 10, 1989) was Joseph B. Whitehead Professor and Chairman of the Department of Surgery at Emory University until his death in from cancer) in 1989. Prior to his chairmanship at Emory he was Chairman of Surgery at the University of Miami. Warren was a pioneer in surgery for portal hypertension and developed the distal splenorenal shunt.
He was the recipient of many honors and served as President of the American College of Surgeons. His memory is honored by an annual lectureship at Emory University.


Betty Collette

Betty Elaine Collette (December 5, 1930 – February 5, 2017) was a veterinary pathologist from Asheville, North Carolina. She attended Stephens-Lee High School, earned her bachelor's degree in biology from Morgan State University, and her Ph.D. in bacteriology from Catholic University of America.
Research.
Collette was the only African-American pathology researcher at Georgetown University School of Medicine in the 1950s.
Her research focused on hypertension in animals. Later in her career, she was a professor at Howard University.


Satish Pande

Satish Pande is a bird lover and, by profession, medical doctor from Pune. He is the founder of the Ela Foundation, which works on nature education and conservation. Pande has conducted many studies on birds, and has been published in various journals in the field of ornithology.


Mel Krajden

Mel Krajden is a physician and professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Dr. Krajden obtained his BSc, MD, and FRCPC (Internal Medicine) at McGill University, followed by a fellowship in Infectious Diseases at Stanford University. He is also the Medical Director of the Public Health Laboratory at the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. His research focuses on the prevention and care of hepatitis, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
Krajden serves on Health Canada's Expert Advisory Committee on Blood Regulation and Expert Advisory Committee on Cells, Tissues, and Organs. His role on these is because of his "expertise in medical microbiology, immunology, internal medicine and infectious diseases". Krajden is also the Treasurer of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada.
In addition to numerous publications in peer-reviewed journals, Krajden has been quoted in the lay press on subjects such as human metapneumovirus, and SARS.
Krajden was appointed as a member of the Order of British Columbia in 2020.


Bhakti Yadav

Dr. Bhakti Yadav (3 April 1926 – 14 August 2017) was an Indian doctor who was the first female MBBS from Indore, India and she was recognised by being awarded one of India's highest civilian honors, Padma Shri. She was known for her generosity, including offering free treatment since 1948. She was a gynaecologist.
Early life.
She was born on 3 April 1926 in Ujjain in Mahidpur. She hailed from a renowned Maharashtrian family. In 1937 when education of girls was discouraged, she expressed her desire for higher studies. Her father sent her to a nearby village where she got to study till the seventh standard. Thereafter her father visited Indore to get her admitted in Ahilya Ashram School, the only girls' school in Indore in those times. The school had boarding facilities. After her 11th standard, in 1948, she joined Hollkar Science College, Indore for her BSc studies. She was topper in the college in the first year.
Medical education.
She did her MBBS from Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (MGM) where she got admitted based on her credible results for the 11th standard. Among the total of 40 MBBS students, she was the only female. Bhakti was the first female student of the first batch of MGM Medical College's MBBS students. Upon her graduation as 1952 she also became the first MBBS doctor from central India. She also did her MS from MGM Medical College.
Work.
She rejected job offers from the government to work in Nandalal Bhandari Maternity Home to treat the wives of poor mill workers. She started the Vatsalya Nursing Home with her Husband Late Dr CS Yadav at her residence, which has been continuing for 36 years now. It is now being looked after by Dr. Chetan M Yadav, her son and Dr. Sunita Yadav, her daughter-in-law. Dr. Bhakti Yadav conducted 1.5 lakhs operations including 70,000 normal deliveries. She treated about a thousand women patients without charging them any fees.
Death.
She died at her home on 14 August 2017. She was suffering from osteoporosis and other age related ailments. Over the past few months she was continuously losing weight.


Wallace Brigden

Wallace William Brigden (8 June 1916 – 11 March 2008) was a British cardiologist who pioneered new treatments for heart disease after the Second World War.
He is buried at St Andrew's church, Totteridge, London.


Catharina Serafin

Catharina Serafin, was a Prussian lady who had an enchondroma removed from her cardiac region, leaving the chest wall open except from a thin skin layer. This allowed the German physician Hugo von Ziemssen in 1892 to do the first cardiac pacing experiments ever, giving understanding to how the heart works electrically.


Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project

The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) (previously known as the "Myocardial Infarction National Audit Database") began in late 1998 when a broadly based steering group developed a dataset for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This allowed clinicians to examine the management of myocardial infarction within their hospitals against targets specified by the National Service Framework (NSF) for coronary heart disease. The audit project produces annual reports on "How the NHS manages heart attacks" to show the performance of hospitals, ambulance services and cardiac networks in England and Wales against national standards and targets for the care of heart attack patients.
MINAP recently changed its name to reflect the importance of all acute coronary syndromes. Quarterly reports are available for hospitals, strategic health authorities, and the Department of Health. MINAP provided thrombolysis data to the Healthcare Commission for their Annual Health Check. MINAP provides data to ambulance services to help monitor patient outcomes and support improvements in training and care delivery. MINAP also provides data to cardiac networks to support service improvement. MINAP is the first national audit to release annual reports showing hospital performance against NSF targets in the public domain which are available below. Sustained improvement of performance against NSF targets for thrombolysis and use of secondary prevention medication has been demonstrated since the end of 2000.


Paul Bruce Beeson

Paul Bruce Beeson (18 October 1908 – 14 August 2006) was an American physician and professor of medicine, specializing in infectious diseases and the pathogenesis of fever.
Biography.
After undergraduate study at the University of Washington in Seattle, Paul Beeson studied medicine at McGill University Medical School, where he received his MD in 1933. After two years as an intern at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, he joined his father's and elder brother's practice in Wooster, Ohio. In 1937 he became a research fellow at Manhattan's Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. There he worked for two years in the laboratory of Oswald Avery. In 1939 he relocated to Harvard Medical School's teaching affiliate Peter Brent Brigham Hospital to work under Soma Weiss.
At Atlanta's Emory University School of Medicine Beeson became in 1942 an assistant professor and in 1946 a full professor and chair of medicine. From 1952 to 1965 he was chair of medicine at the Yale School of Medicine.
As successor to Leslie John Witts, Beeson was from 1965 to 1974 the Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford. He gave the Bradshaw Lecture in 1968. When he left Oxford he donated all the money from his Oxford pension for the upkeep of William Osler's old house at 13 Norham Gardens. The house became the warden's lodge of Green College. Beeson persuaded Cecil Howard Green, founder of Texas Instruments, to endow the first one million British pounds to establish the college. (In 2007 Green College and Templeton College were merged to form Green Templeton College, Oxford.)
In 1974 Beeson became the VA distinguished professor of medicine at Seattle's University of Washington Medical School, retiring in 1981 as emeritus professor.
Beeson and Petersdorf published a clinical study of patients with persistent fevers of unknown cause – they suggested guidelines for diagnosing the causes.
In 1981 the Yale School of Medicine established the Paul B. Beeson professorship in internal medicine.
From 1950 to 1954 he was editor for "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine" (London, McGraw-Hill). From 1959 to 1982 he was a co-editor for the "Cecil-Loeb Textbook of Medicine" (Philadelphia/London, Saunders). He published "The Eosinophil" (Philadelphia/London, Saunders) in 1977. For "The Oxford Companion to Medicine" (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986), he was a co-editor with Sir Ronald Bodley Scott and then with Lord Walton after Bodley Scott's death.
William Hollingsworth's "Taking Care: The Legacy of Soma Weiss, Eugene Stead and Paul Beeson" (1995) and Richard Rapport's "Physician: The Life of Paul Beeson" (2001) explain the importance of Beeson's career.
Beeson married in 1942. Upon his death he was survived by his widow, two sons, a daughter, six grandchildren, and one great-grandchild.


National Nurses Association

The National Nurses Association (also known as the Association of Nurses) was a trades union for British nurses founded by Thora Silverthorne and Nancy Zinkin in 1937.
It organised a campaign to highlight the poor pay and conditions of nurses with a protest march of 1000 nurses. Silverthorne was attacked by the Royal College of Nursing for “not being a registered nurse” or “paid by Moscow”. The Association later joined the National Union of Public Employees.


Malignant pilomatricoma

Malignant pilomatricoma is a cutaneous condition characterized by a locally aggressive tumor composed of hair matrix cells.


Pyaemia

Pyaemia (or pyemia) is a type of sepsis that leads to widespread abscesses of a metastatic nature. It is usually caused by the staphylococcus bacteria by pus-forming organisms in the blood. Apart from the distinctive abscesses, pyaemia exhibits the same symptoms as other forms of septicaemia. It was almost universally fatal before the introduction of antibiotics.
Sir William Osler included a three-page discussion of pyaemia in his textbook "The Principles and Practice of Medicine", published in 1892. He defined pyaemia as follows:
Earlier still, Ignaz Semmelweis – who would later die of the disease – included a section titled "Childbed fever is a variety of pyaemia" in his treatise, "The Etiology of Childbed Fever" (1861). Jane Grey Swisshelm, in her autobiography titled "Half a Century", describes the treatment of pyaemia in 1862 during the American Civil War.
Symptoms.
The disease is characterized by intermittent high temperature with recurrent chills; metastatic processes in various parts of the body, especially in the lungs; septic pneumonia; empyema. It may be fatal.
Clinical sign and symptoms can be differ according to system it involves.
Diagnosis.
features of systemic inflammatory response syndrome tachycardia >90beats/min
tachypnea >24/min
temperature >38 or <36
Treatment.
Antibiotics are effective. Prophylactic treatment consists in prevention of suppuration.


August Homburger

August Homburger (1873–1930) was a prominent German child psychiatrist, hailed as a "pioneer" in the field.
He taught as a professor at Heidelberg University, where he was the founder alongside Ernst Moro of the Children's Counselling Centre. He wrote extensively about Haltlose personality disorder in children.
Leon Eisenburg credited Homburger's 1926 magnum opus "Lectures on the Psychopathology of Childhood" as the first
comprehensive source on childhood psychiatry.


Ada Paterson

Ada Gertrude Paterson (6 June 1880 – 26 August 1937) was a New Zealand school doctor, child health administrator and community worker.
Early life and education.
Paterson was born in Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1880. She graduated from the University of Otago in 1906, and subsequently travelled to the University of Dublin for further training.
Career.
She returned to New Zealand and commenced practicing medicine in Picton. Paterson was appointed a Medical Inspector of Schools in 1912, initially based in Dunedin but then in Wellington from 1916. She was one of the four women doctors in the School Medical Service: the others were Dr Margaret McCahon in Auckland, Dr Eleanor McLaglan in Christchurch and Dr Emily Irwin in Dunedin. In 1923 Paterson was promoted to Director of the School Hygiene Division of the Department of Health.
In 1935 Paterson represented New Zealand at a conference associated with the League of Nations held in Geneva.
She was dedicated to working for the welfare of children. Her obituary recorded that 'her wise and sympathetic handling of many of the problems of childhood earned her the esteem and affection of many generations of school children and their parents, as well as the confidence of the educational authorities'.
Community activities.
Paterson was the first chairperson of the Wellington District Children's Health Camp Association and was influential in the running of the Ōtaki Children's Health Camp. She was also involved with the kindergarten movement. She was a member of the New Zealand Women's University Federation and served on that organisation's committee.
Death and funeral.
Paterson died on 26 August 1937 in Wellington. Her funeral and cremation were held on 28 August 1937. Her pallbearers included the Minister of Health Peter Fraser, the Director General of Health Michael Watt, the Director-General, Mental Hospitals Department Dr T. Gray and the Director of Education T. N. Lambourne. Her ashes are buried at her family plot in the Northern Cemetery in Dunedin.


American Board of Hospital Medicine

The American Board of Hospital Medicine (ABHM) is a Member Board of the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS), the nation's third largest physician multispecialty certifying organization and was founded in 2009. The ABHM is North America's first and only board of certification devoted exclusively to hospital medicine founded by hospitalists and governed by hospitalists.
The term "hospitalist" refers to physicians whose practice emphasizes providing care for hospitalized patients. The term was coined by Drs. Robert Wachter and Lee Goldman in a New England Journal of Medicine article in August 1996.
According to ABHM Chair, Dr. Thomas G. Pelz, a hospital based physician at Boscobel (Wisconsin) Area Health Care, "The American Board of Physician Specialties recognizes the vital role that hospitalists play in the delivery of health care in the United States and Canada. Hospital medicine is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic medical specialties in North America and the ABPS is excited about taking the lead in the formation of the American Board of Hospital Medicine." Canadian ABHM board member, Dr. Luay Dindo of Surrey, British Columbia, said, "The ABHM is not a subspecialty of another board of certification but a fully fledged, comprehensive board in hospital medicine. I believe that hospital medicine is its own specialty and necessitates a board of certification reflecting that fact."
The ABHM's founding American and Canadian physician leaders represent Diplomates from the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS), the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), and the American Osteopathic Association Bureau of Osteopathic Specialists (AOABOS).
In its 58th year, the American Association of Physician Specialists, Inc. (AAPS), and its official certifying body, the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS), is one of three nationally recognized multispecialty medical organizations overseeing physician certification. It assists its 15 Member Boards in their efforts to develop and implement educational and professional standards for the evaluation and certification of physician specialists. The AAPS is a not-for-profit organization headquartered in Tampa, Florida.