Hiroshi H. Miyamura

Hiroshi H. "Hershey" Miyamura (born October 6, 1925) is a retired United States Army soldier and a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the United States military's highest award for valor, for his actions during the Korean War. While he was held as a prisoner of war, the award was classified as top secret.
Early life.
Miyamura was born in Gallup, New Mexico, to Japanese immigrant parents, making him a "Nisei", a second-generation Japanese American. His parents had moved there in 1923 and bought a 24-hour diner. He was the fourth of nine children. His mother died when he was 11. He got the nickname "Hershey" because one of his teachers could not pronounce his first name correctly.
Military service.
World War II.
When the United States entered World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the relocation and internment of Japanese Americans due to fears that some would turn out to be traitors. However, for communities outside the sensitive coastal "military zone", this was not mandatory, and local authorities could decide what they wanted to do. In Gallup, the Japanese-American residents were left alone.
Miyamura joined the United States Army in January 1945. He volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment, where he trained as a machine gunner. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese-Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. He was discharged from the army shortly after Japan surrendered. He later enlisted in the United States Army Reserve.
Korean War.
Miyamura was recalled to active duty following the start of the Korean War, arriving in North Korea in November 1950. He was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on April 24–25, 1951, south of the Imjin River near Taejon-ni (Daejeon-ni) in Yeoncheon County, while serving as a corporal in the 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division. During a night attack by the Chinese, he saw that his squad could not hold much longer, so he ordered his men to retreat. He remained behind to cover their withdrawal.
Miyamura was captured immediately after the actions that led to his award. As he and other prisoners of war (POWs) were marched away, he helped his wounded friend Joe Annello keep moving, but the North Koreans threatened to shoot him if he did not leave Annello behind. Straggling POWs were routinely killed. Miyamura refused, but Annello himself convinced Miyamura to put him down. Annello survived the war and later visited Miyamura in Gallup. The POWs were forced to march over five weeks with little food.
Miyamura's was the first Medal of Honor to be classified Top Secret. As Brigadier General Ralph Osborne explained to Miyamura and a group of reporters upon notifying them of his medal, "If the Reds knew what he had done to a good number of their soldiers just before he was taken prisoner, they might have taken revenge on this young man. He might not have come back."
Miyamura was held for 28 months. Following his release on August 20, 1953, he was informed that he had been awarded the Medal of Honor and promoted to sergeant. He was repatriated to the United States and honorably discharged from the military shortly thereafter. His medal was presented to him by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in October 1953 at the White House.
Medal of Honor citation.
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company H, 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division
Place and date: Near Taejon-ni, Korea, April 24, and April 25, 1951
Entered service at: Gallup, N. Mex. Birth: Gallup, New Mexico
G.O. No.: 85, November 4, 1953.
Citation:
Personal life.
Miyamura married Terry Tsuchimori. He has three children and four grandchildren. One grandchild, Marisa, is an officer in the United States Air Force. He has resided in Gallup, New Mexico, since his discharge from the army, where he established a career as an automobile mechanic and service station owner. Miyamura remains active in supporting fellow veterans including work with the Wounded Warrior Project. Miyamura is a Lifetime Member of Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 1. On Memorial Day 2018, his story was portrayed during the National Memorial Day Concert on the West Lawn of the US Capitol in Washington, D.C.
In recognition of Miyamura's activities involving youth in his community, he received the 2014 Director's Community Leadership Award from the Albuquerque division of the FBI.
As the 2014 Nisei Week Grand Marshal, Miyamura led the Grand Parade on August 10, 2014.
Namesakes.
In his hometown, Gallup, New Mexico, an area is named Miyamura in his honor, as are Hiroshi H. Miyamura High School and the Miyamura Overpass, an interchange on I-40.


Chantilly Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Chantilly of the American Civil War on September 1, 1862. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
Army of Northern Virginia.
Left Wing.
MG Thomas Jackson


87th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (United States)

The 87th Support Battalion (Corps) was constituted on 1 May 1936 in the U.S. Army as the 87th Separate Quartermaster Battalion (Light Maintenance) at Fort Des Moines, Iowa.
In November 1942, the battalion arrived in Africa. Assigned to II Corps, it was to provide 3rd Echelon Maintenance and Supply to Corps troops, 1st Infantry, 1st Armored and 34th Infantry Divisions in and around Oran, Algeria. In early 1943, the battalion was assigned to Fifth Army and then to the 1st Destroyer Group which operated south of Oran near Sebban. By September 1943, the battalion boarded the USS Korea for movement to Salerno, Italy.
Between September 1943 and July 1945, the battalion established a number of ammunition supply points throughout Italy, ranging from Prestum to Monecatini. In addition, the unit was tasked to provide material while working under adverse conditions. The unit handled 89,499 tons of ammunition during a 30-day period.
The battalion earned six battle streamers for participating in six major campaigns in North Africa and Italy. It also received a Meritorious Unit Commendation with streamer embroidered "EUROPEAN THEATER."
On 2 December 1990, the battalion advance party arrived in Saudi Arabia and on 15 December, the battalion began its movement to the desert in support of Operation Desert Shield. Immediately following Operation Desert Shield, the 87th Maintenance Battalion began preparation to reorganize from Wertheim, Germany to Fort Stewart as part of the Army European drawdown. The unit completed this mission on 1 Jan. 1992.
On 30 September 1992, the battalion deployed troops to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, for Operation Hurricane Andrew Relief, to help support the citizens after a major national disaster. The troops returned on 6 November 1992. On 16 October 1993, the battalion was officially re-designated as the 87th Support Battalion (Corps) with the motto: "Base of the Pyramid".
On 11 September 1994, the battalion deployed to Operation Vigilant Warrior, Kuwait. While deployed, the battalion provided all classes of support to the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) deployed in theater.
From January 2005 to February 2006, the battalion deployed to Camp Taji, Iraq where they provided all classes of support, convoy security, force protection, and division distribution to the 3rd Infantry Division. The battalion drove more than two million miles, transporting multiple classes of supply, supporting election operations, and moving several combat units within the division's area of responsibility. The battalion also supported port operations as part of the division's redeployment.


223rd Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 223rd Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army. The regiment was part of the California Army National Guard, and had Soldiers from the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Three members of the 223rd Infantry Regiment were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during the Korean War: David B. Bleak, Gilbert G. Collier and Clifton T. Speicher.
History.
Lineage of the regiment can trace back to 1885, with the formation of the 7th Infantry Battalion of the California National Guard; this unit served briefly during the Spanish–American War, and was later briefly activated to serve at the Mexican Border at Nogales, Arizona in 1917. With the entry of the United States into The Great War, 7th Infantry Battalion and elements of the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the California National Guard, were organized into the 160th Infantry Regiment, a part of the 40th Division. In 1929, 2nd Battalion, 160th Infantry Regiment, became part of the 185th Infantry Regiment, keeping its battalion designation. The 185th Infantry Regiment would go on to serve with the 40th Infantry Division during World War II, completing the war in Korea as part of the American occupation force. In 1946, 2nd Battalion, 185th Infantry Regiment, became the 223rd Infantry Regiment.


207 (Manchester) Field Hospital

207 (Manchester) Field Hospital is a unit of the Royal Army Medical Corps within the Army Reserve of the British Army.
History.
The hospital was formed upon the formation of the TAVR in 1967, from the amalgamation of 7th (Manchester) General Hospital, 125th (Lancashire) Field Ambulance, and 127th (Lancashire) Field Ambulance, as the 207 (Manchester) General Hospital. Throughout the Cold War, the hospital was under command of 42nd (Northwest) Infantry Brigade; and on transfer to war, would re-subordinate to Commander Medical BAOR, to provide 800 beds in the 4th Garrison Area. During the reforms implemented after the Cold War, the hospital was re-designated as 207 (Manchester) Field Hospital. As a consequence of Army 2020, the unit now falls under 2nd Medical Brigade, and is paired with 22 Field Hospital.
Current Structure.
The hospital's current structure is as follows:


Charles A. Bessey

Charles A. Bessey (1848–1909) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in the Indian Wars of the western United States.
Biography.
Bessey was born in Reading, Massachusetts in 1848. By January 13, 1877, he was serving as a corporal in Company A of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment in the midst of the Great Sioux War of 1876-77.
On that day, Bessey and three privates were repairing a telegraph line between Forts Laramie and Fetterman in eastern Wyoming Territory when they learned that Native Americans had attacked three herders close by, near Elkhorn Creek. Bessey led his small group against the much larger Native American force and successfully rescued the herders, although he and two of his men were wounded in the process. For these actions, the four men were commended in general orders and, thirteen years later on May 15, 1890, Bessey was awarded the Medal of Honor.
Bessey was later promoted to sergeant and became Chief Musician of his regiment. He retired in 1899 and died ten years later of kidney failure, probably caused by the wound he received near Elkhorn Creek. Aged 60 or 61 at his death, he was buried in Biloxi City Cemetery, Biloxi, Mississippi.
After his death, his Medal of Honor was held by his daughter, who displayed it in her home. A hurricane destroyed the house and the medal was thought to be lost, but was eventually found in the wreckage. The family then donated the medal to the Third Cavalry Museum at Fort Hood, Texas.
Medal of Honor citation.
Bessey's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
While scouting with 4 men and attacked in ambush by 14 hostile Indians, held his ground, 2 of his men being wounded, and kept up the fight until himself wounded in the side, and then went to the assistance of his wounded comrades.


War Merit Medal

The War Merit Medal ("Kriegsverdienstmedaille") was a World War II German military decoration awarded to recognize outstanding service by civilians in relation to the war effort. It was instituted on 19 August 1940 and usually awarded to those workers in factories who significantly exceeded work quotas. The War Merit Medal was awarded only to Germans and non-Germans civilians, to men and women. An estimated 4.9 million medals were awarded by the end of the war in Europe. It was closely related to the War Merit Cross, which could be awarded to military personnel and civilians alike for outstanding service to the war effort.
Design.
The medal was designed by Professor Richard Klein of Munich. It was a circular bronze award bearing the design of the War Merit Cross on the front (obverse), and the inscription "For War Merit 1939" ("Für Kriegsverdienst") on the reverse side. It was suspended from a ribbon coloured similar to the War Merit Cross, except for a thin red vertical strip added to the center of the black portion. When worn, it was either as a medal ribbon bar above the left breast pocket (soldiers who had earned the medal as civilians could wear it on their uniform), or with the ribbon only through the second buttonhole of a jacket. Since this was a non-combat award, the medal never incorporated swords. After 15 May, 1943, the award of this medal to foreigners was superseded by the Medal of Merit of the Order of the German Eagle.
The medal was presented in an envelope wrapper. The wrapper was blue with black lettering of "Kriegs-Verdienstmedaille 1939" across the front. The medal itself was then wrapped in a piece of tissue paper.


208th (2nd Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade

The 208th (2nd Norfolk and Suffolk) Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as a second line brigade, part of the 69th (2nd East Anglian) Division, from those men in the Territorial Force who had not agreed to serve overseas. The second line infantry battalions had a minimum strength of 600 men.


Cedar Creek Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cedar Creek of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the campaign. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Shenandoah.
MG Philip Sheridan, Commanding

MG Horatio Wright
Escort:
VI Corps.
BG James B. Ricketts (w)

 BG George W. Getty

 MG Horatio Wright
Escort:
1st Michigan Cavalry, Company G: Lieutenant William H. Wheeler
XIX Corps.
BG William H. Emory
Army of West Virginia (VIII Corps).
BG George Crook
Cavalry Corps.
BG Alfred T. A. Torbert
Escort:
1st Rhode Island: Maj William H. Turner, jr.


New Market Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of New Market in the American Civil War. The Union order of battle is shown separately.
Department of Western Virginia.
MG John C. Breckinridge, commanding


Fleet commander (Kriegsmarine)

The Fleet commander of the Kriegsmarine ("Flottenchef") was the highest ranked administrative officer in the organization of the Kriegsmarine, and served as a member of the "Oberkommando der Marine". The fleet commander did not actually serve as commander of an at-sea fleet, but instead was the senior officer to which the vessel type commanders reported. The position of fleet commander was created from an older position of the "Reichsmarine" known as "Der Oberbefehlshaber der Seestreitkräfte".
In 1926, the position adopted the name "Flottenchef", but was declared defunct one year later and left vacant with no assigned officer. The title became a position within the Kriegsmarine in 1936.
Fleet commanders.
The following naval officers served in the position as Fleet commander of the Kriegsmarine.
From December 1940 to June 1941, a deputy to the fleet commander was established known by the title "2. Admiral der Flotte". The only officer to hold this position was "Konteradmiral" Leopold Siemens.
Relationships with other components.
The fleet commander, by practice, was typically most closely associated with the German battleship branch. Most fleet commanders would make their flagship on-board one of Germany's larger capital ships. Günther Lütjens, while serving as fleet commander, embarked on board the battleship "Bismarck" and also tactically commanded the ship during the Battle of the Denmark Strait. Lütjens was later killed on the "Bismarck", making him the only fleet commander to die in active combat.
The fleet commander was not, by design, an operational officer, and thus could only advise the Navy group commanders who served as the operational heads of the various at-sea German forces. For this reason, there was significant jurisdictional conflict between the fleet commander and the group commanders. In mid 1943, the Kriegsmarine leadership attempted to solve this problem by merging the office of fleet commander with that of a group commander. A new position, "Marinegruppenkommando Nord und Flottenchef" was then created giving the fleet commander operational control over deployed forces in the North Sea.
The fleet commander was also technically the senior officer to the commander of submarine forces ("Befehlshaber der U-Boote"); however, in this capacity Karl Dönitz operated with near total independence, including the tactical deployment of his U-boats with little regard for the wishes of either the fleet or group commanders.
Disestablishment.
The position of fleet commander was disbanded upon the defeat of Nazi Germany in May 1945. In the modern day German Navy, the position of Inspector of the Navy is somewhat equivalent to that of fleet commander.


Julius D. Canns

Julius D. Canns (February 20, 1923 – February 20, 2005) was a Republican member of the Vermont State Senate, 1993–2005. He represented Caledonia County.
Julius Canns was first elected to the Vermont State Senate in 1992 and served until his death.
Biography.
Canns was born in Hartford, Connecticut on February 20, 1923. He attended elementary school in Bloomfield, Connecticut, and then the Haaren Aviation High School, in New York City. He went on to receive a certificate of completion from New York University, training in electronics from Delehanty Institute, and an LLB from La Salle Extension University in 1965.
He was married to Mary Canns, and had one daughter and two sons.
In World War II he volunteered for the Marine Corps and served in the Pacific, attaining the rank of Gunnery Sergeant.
He resided in St. Johnsbury, Vermont at the time of his death.
He died on February 20, 2005, his 82nd birthday.
Public life.
Canns held the following offices:
Following Canns' death, Governor James Douglas appointed George R. Coppenrath to serve out the remainder of Canns' term.


927th Combat Service Support Battalion

The 927th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion is a component of the 50th Regional Support Group in the Army National Guard of the United States. Its headquarters are located at Camp Blanding in Florida. , the battalion is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Geri Swarts and , Command Sergeant Major Frank Williams. Five companies are part of the 927th Combat Service Support Battalion:
The battalion headquarters returned from Operation Iraqi Freedom April 2008. LTC Valeria Gonzalez-Kerr and CSM Sally M Bailey was the first all woman command team in Iraq.


XXXX Panzer Corps

XXXX Panzer Corps was a tank corps in the German Army during World War II.
History.
The XXXX. Armeekorps was formed on January 26, 1940 in Lubeck in the Wehrkreis X.
It took part in the invasions of France and Greece before being sent to the Eastern Front.
On September 15, 1940, it was converted into a motorized corps under the name XXXX. Armeekorps (motorisiert) and was renamed XXXX. Panzerkorps on July 9, 1942.
The XXXX Panzer Corps fought at Kharkov, the advance to the Don River, and to the Terek in the Caucasus. The corps later withdrew toward Rostov and later into Romania.
The corps was transferred to East Prussia and withdraw toward Memel and ended the war in central Silesia.


Julius Fast

Julius Fast (April 17, 1919 – December 16, 2008) was an American author of both fiction and non-fiction. In 1946 he was the first recipient of the Edgar Award given by the Mystery Writers of America for the best first novel of 1945.
Fast was born in Manhattan, the younger brother of novelist Howard Fast. Majoring in pre-med, he earned a bachelor's degree at New York University. He was in the United States Army Medical Corps for three years, serving in a blood lab in Boston and became a sergeant. He edited "Out of This World", a 1944 collection of science fiction stories while he was still in the Army.
He married author Barbara Sher in 1946. They co-wrote the 1979 book "Talking Between the Lines: How We Mean More Than We Say". Their three children are: Jennie Gelfand, Dr. Melissa Morgan and Timothy Fast. In 1997, Fast and his son co-authored "The Legal Atlas of the United States".
His first novel, "Watchful at Night", written in 1945 while he was still serving in the Army, was given the first award presented at the inaugural Edgar Allan Poe Award in 1946 for Best First Novel by an American Author in 1945. Reviewer Isaac Anderson of "The New York Times" described his 1947 novel "Walk in Shadow" as a "profoundly moving novel of crime and punishment", telling the story of a once-honest man who becomes a murderer.
Fast wrote and edited for a number of medical magazines, where his time employed at a podiatry journal provided the background he needed to write the 1970 book "You and Your Feet". Other non-fiction works reflected a broad range of subjects, including the 1968 book "The Beatles: The Real Story", "The New Sexual Fulfillment" published in 1972 and his 1979 book "Weather Language". His 1988 semiautobiographical novel "What Should We Do About Davey?" described a gawky teen at a Catskill Mountains summer camp for boys.
He wrote a number of books on request for publishers on subjects of current interest, including writing "What You Should Know About Human Sexual Response" in months after the 1966 publication of "Human Sexual Response" by Masters and Johnson.
He died at age 89 in Kingston, New York on December 16, 2008, after suffering a stroke in 2007.


El Caney order of battle

The following units and commanders of the U.S. and Spanish armies fought at the Battle of El Caney during the Spanish–American War on July 1, 1898.
U.S..
Fifth Army Corps.
MG William R. Shafter, "not present"
Spanish.
IV Corps.
Gen Arsenio Linares, "not present"


Serphin R. Maltese

Serphin R. Maltese (born December 7, 1932) is a former New York State Senator representing New York's 15th State Senate District, located in Queens. He also served as chairman of the Conservative Party of New York from 1986 to 1988.
Maltese, an Italian-American, was born in the neighborhood of Corona in the borough of Queens. In 1951, he graduated from Stuyvesant High School. He received a Bachelor of Arts from Manhattan College in 1958 and an LL.B. and a J.D. from the Fordham University School of Law. He is a Korean War veteran.
In 1984, Maltese ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives from central Queens. The seat was being vacated by Geraldine Ferraro, who was chosen to run for Vice President on the Democratic ticket with Walter Mondale. Maltese was defeated by Democrat Thomas J. Manton.
Maltese was a member of the New York State Senate from 1989 to 2008. He was elected as a Conservative for his first two terms, at most times with endorsement by the Republican and Right to Life parties. He became a Republican in 1990, and continued to win re-election in a district that normally favored Democrats. In 2006, Maltese was nearly defeated, narrowly beating Democrat Albert Baldeo by 894 votes. In 2008, Maltese was soundly defeated by New York City Councilman Joseph Addabbo, Jr. as the Democrats took control of the State Senate.
As of February 2019, Maltese served as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Christ The King Regional High School, an independent Catholic high school in Middle Village, Queens.


General of the Artillery (Germany)

General der Artillerie (en: General of the artillery) may mean:
1. A rank of three-star general, comparable to modern armed forces OF-8 grade, in the Imperial Army, Reichswehr or Wehrmacht - the second-highest regular rank below Generaloberst. Cavalry officers of equivalent rank were called "general of the cavalry", and infantry officers of equivalent rank "general of the infantry". The Wehrmacht also had "General der Panzertruppen" (tank troops), "General der Gebirgstruppen" (mountain troops), "General der Pioniere" (engineers), "General der Fallschirmtruppen" (parachute troops), "General der Nachrichtentruppen" (communications troops). Today in the Bundeswehr, the rank of lieutenant general corresponds to the traditional rank of general of the artillery. There was no equivalent rank in the army of East Germany, where it was merged into that of Generaloberst.
2. in the Bundeswehr, the position of an artillery officer responsible for certain questions of troop training and equipment, usually with the rank of Brigadegenerals. The position of general of the artillery is connected with that of commander of the artillery school. Corresponding service positions also exist for other branches of the army. Since in this usage it refers to a position not a rank, an Oberst is sometimes "General of" his respective type of troops. The form of address is usually Herr General and/or Herr Oberst ; the form of address Herr General der Artillerie is unorthodox, since it does not refer to a rank.


Band of the Royal Corps of Signals

The Band of the Royal Corps of Signals is the band of the Royal Corps of Signals under the Royal Corps of Army Music. It was formed on the 29th August 1938 at Maresfield Park, Sussex and can be traced back to the Royal Engineers Signal Service.
History.
On the 29th of August 1938, the Band of the Royal Corps of Signals was formed from the 1st Division Telegraph Battalion, Royal Engineers. The Band's uniform is based on the Royal Engineers Band Uniform. The band moved to Catterick Garrison and then to Blandford Forum in Dorset, where it remained until 2014.
The Band of the Royal Corps of Signals has also appeared on the BBC's Songs of Praise.


294th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)

The 294th Infantry Division was a German infantry division in World War II that participated in the invasion of Yugoslavia. The 294th Infantry Division was amalgamated with the 513th Infantry Regiment to create the 513th Grenadier Regiment, on October 15, 1942.
The division was destroyed by the end of August 1944 during the Soviet Jassy–Kishinev Offensive and its commander killed.
Organization.
Structure of the division:


Dee Andros

Demosthenes Konstandies Andrecopoulos (October 17, 1924 – October 22, 2003) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics He was the head coach at the University of Idaho from 1962 to 1964 and Oregon State University from 1965 to 1975, compiling a career record of A native of Oklahoma and a World War II veteran, Andros played college football as a guard at the University of Oklahoma. After retiring from coaching, he was the athletic director at Oregon State from 1976 to 1985.
Early life, military service, and playing career.
Born Demosthenes Konstandies Andrikopoulos in Oklahoma City, Andros was the second of three sons of a Greek immigrant father. He graduated from Oklahoma City's Central High School in 1942, and then enlisted in the military at age seventeen during World War II. Andros served four years in the U.S. Marine Corps; a cook, he picked up a rifle and was awarded the Bronze Star and spent more than a month under heavy fire on the island of Iwo Jima in 1945. He was present at the famed moment when six Marines raised the American flag on Mount Suribachi.
Andros played college football at Oklahoma from 1946 to 1949, under hall of fame head coach Bud Wilkinson. He was selected in the 14th round (177th overall) by the Chicago Cardinals in the 1950 NFL draft. Dee's older brother Plato was an All-American in 1946 at Oklahoma and played four years in the NFL for the Cardinals. His younger brother Gus (Dick) was a ballet dancer and choreographer.
Coaching career.
Andros' coaching career included stops as an assistant at Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas Tech, Nebraska, California, and Illinois. His bowl games as an assistant were the Sun Bowl in January 1956 with Texas Tech and the Rose Bowl in January 1959 with California.
Idaho.
Andros became a head coach at age 37 at Idaho in February 1962. He took over in Moscow for Skip Stahley, who stepped down after eight seasons and remained as athletic director. Andros' starting annual salary was just under
The 1962 team was 2–6–1, but the following year he led Idaho to its first winning season (5–4) in a quarter century. The tenth and final game in 1963 at Arizona State on November 23 was canceled, following the assassination of President Kennedy.
The Vandals won their opener in 1964, but then lost four straight, the latter two were close ones to Oregon and Oregon State. The  loss to the Rose Bowl-bound Beavers in Corvallis came by a late third quarter OSU punt return. The Vandals rebounded and the next week won the Battle of the Palouse for the first time in a decade, defeating neighbor Washington State The Cougars were led by first-year head coach Bert Clark, a former Sooner teammate; the Vandals split the final four games to finish at 4–6.
While Idaho had been a driving force in the founding of the Big Sky Conference in 1963, it was primarily to alleviate basketball scheduling and the Vandals remained an independent for football through 1964 under Andros. Only one conference foe was played during the first two Big Sky seasons, a 1963 game with Idaho State that was previously scheduled. Idaho was in the University Division, while the other Big Sky members were in the College Division (which became Division II in 1973) for football. After Andros left, Idaho began conference play in 1965 under head coach Steve Musseau, Andros' defensive coordinator.
Andros spent three years on the Palouse at Idaho, with an overall record of .
One of his first-year hires at Idaho in 1962 was alumnus Bud Riley then the head coach and athletic director at Lewiston High School, south of Moscow. A former Vandal halfback for Dixie Howell, he coached the Idaho freshman team for Andros and went with him to OSU in 1965. Riley was a defensive assistant in Corvallis for eight years before moving on to the Canadian Football League in 1973 and became a head coach the following year. His eldest son Mike (b.1953) was the head coach at Oregon State for fourteen seasons and later at Nebraska.
Oregon State.
Andros was hired as the head coach at Oregon State in February He replaced the legendary Tommy Prothro, who left after ten seasons in Corvallis for UCLA, just ten days after leading the Beavers in the Rose Bowl. Andros compiled a record in eleven seasons at OSU. In the Civil War games against the Oregon Ducks, he won his first seven and split the last four, for an overall record of Andros was nicknamed "The Great Pumpkin" for his bright orange jacket and large physical size, first dubbed by a Spokane sports columnist during the homecoming rout of WSU in Pullman on Halloween weekend in 1966. It was his first game on the Palouse since he left Idaho; his last Palouse game as Vandal head two years earlier was also a win over the Cougars, 28–13.
As OSU head coach, Andros was 8–3 against Washington State and split the first ten games with Washington while headed by former Oklahoma teammate Jim Owens; Oregon State was beaten by the Huskies in Seattle in 1975, Don James' first season at UW and Andros' last in coaching. He was also against his former team, beating the Idaho Vandals by two in Boise in 1965 and by seven in Corvallis in 1966.
1967.
Andros is best known for his incredible 1967 season in which his team, dubbed the "Giant Killers", went Led by junior quarterback Steve Preece, the Beavers beat #2 Purdue, tied the new #2 UCLA, and then beat #1 USC. But because Oregon State lost to Washington and tied UCLA, USC won the conference title by a half game and earned the berth to the Rose Bowl, where they defeated the Big Ten's Indiana Hoosiers and won the national title. Oregon State finished with a #7 ranking in the final AP Poll. In 1968, the Beavers were ranked sixth in the pre-season and finished fifteenth after a campaign. There was no bowl game for the Beavers in either year, as both the Pac-8 and Big Ten forbade their teams from postseason participation outside of the Rose Bowl until the 1975 season.
Andros expressed an interest in the open position at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater in December and several weeks later, rejected an offer from the University of Pittsburgh, but improved his situation in Corvallis.
Although it wasn't apparent at the time, Andros' tenure at Oregon State crested with the 1968 season. Following two six-win seasons in 1969 and 1970, his teams would only win a total of 13 games in the next five years, the start of 28 straight losing seasons.
Later life and family.
Following an eighth straight loss to open the 1975 season, Andros announced his resignation, effective at the end of the season. Days after the final game, he was named athletic director to succeed the retiring Jim Barratt. Andros retired as AD in the spring of 1985, and continued to serve as a special assistant within the Beaver Athletic Scholarship Fund until health problems forced him to remain at his Corvallis home. He spent nearly four decades with Oregon State athletics.
Though he spent only three years at Idaho, he was still held in high regard in Moscow. In 1989, Andros was invited by new head coach John L. Smith to lead one of the sides in the annual Silver & Gold spring game, opposite former 1970s head coach Ed Troxel.
In 1992, his "Giant Killers" team of 1967 was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame. In the spring of 2003, Andros was awarded the Martin Chaves Lifetime Achievement Award at the Fifth Annual Bennys celebration at Oregon State. Andros married Luella Andros, and they had one daughter named Jeanna. He died in Corvallis on October 22, 2003, at the age of 79.


Thelton Henderson

Thelton Eugene Henderson (born November 28, 1933) is an inactive Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. He has played an important role in the field of civil rights as a lawyer, educator, and jurist.
Education and career.
Born on November 28, 1933, in Shreveport, Louisiana, Henderson received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1956. He received a Juris Doctor from the UC Berkeley School of Law in 1962. He was in the United States Army as a Corporal from 1956 to 1958. He was the first African-American attorney for the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice from 1962 to 1963. He was in private practice of law in Oakland, California from 1964 to 1966. He was the Directing Attorney of the East Bayshore Neighborhood Legal Center in East Palo Alto, California from 1966 to 1969. He was an assistant dean at Stanford Law School from 1968 to 1977. He was in private practice of law in San Francisco, California from 1977 to 1980. He was an associate professor at the Golden Gate University School of Law from 1978 to 1980.
Notable service.
Henderson was sent to the South to monitor local law enforcement for any civil rights abuses, a role that included investigating the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, which killed four girls. In this capacity, he became acquainted with Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement after winning over their initial skepticism of a government attorney.
Federal judicial service.
Henderson was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on May 9, 1980, to a seat on the United States District Court for the Northern District of California vacated by Judge Cecil F. Poole. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 26, 1980, and received his commission on June 30, 1980. He served as Chief Judge from 1990 to 1997. He assumed senior status on November 28, 1998. He took inactive senior status on August 11, 2017, meaning that while he remains a federal judge, he no longer hears cases or participates in the business of the court.
Notable cases.
In the late 1980s, Henderson presided over a long-running case over the fishing industry's practice of snaring dolphins in its tuna nets. Environmental groups charged that millions of dolphins had drowned because of the industry's refusal to follow existing safety regulations. He rejected attempts by the Clinton and Bush administrations to relax legal standards on fishing practices and loosen dolphin safe labeling on tuna.
In 1982 Henderson overturned the conviction of Johnny Spain, the only member of The San Quentin Six convicted of murder for the deaths of three California Correctional Peace Officers and two inmates in a riot and escape attempt led by Black Panther Party member and Black Guerilla Family founder George Jackson (Black Panther). In a landmark 1995 civil rights case, Madrid v. Gomez, Henderson found the use of force and level of medical care at Pelican Bay State Prison unconstitutional. During its subsequent federal oversight process, Henderson was known to visit the prison personally.
In a 1997 decision, he struck down Proposition 209, the anti-affirmative action California initiative, as unconstitutional, but the next year a three-judge Court of Appeals panel overturned his decision.
In 2005, Henderson found that substandard medical care in the California prison system had violated prisoners' rights under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution to be protected from cruel and unusual punishment and had led to unnecessary deaths in California prisons.
In 2006 he appointed Robert Sillen as receiver to take over the health care system of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation; he replaced Sillen with J. Clark Kelso in 2008.
Honors and recognition.
Among his awards are the American Bar Association's Thurgood Marshall Award, the State Bar of California's Bernard Witkin Medal, the Pearlstein Civil Rights Award from the Anti-Defamation League, the Distinguished Service Award by the National Bar Association, the Lewis F. Powell, Jr. Award for Professionalism and Ethics from the American Inns of Court, the Judge Learned Hand Award from the American Jewish Committee and the 2008 Alumnus of the Year Award from the California Alumni Association at the University of California, Berkeley. The Thelton E. Henderson Center for Social Justice at Boalt Hall is named for him. A documentary on his life, "Soul of Justice" by Abby Ginzberg, was released in late 2005.


60th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 60th Brigade was a formation of British Army. It was part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army. It was assigned to the 20th (Light) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.


76th Brigade (United Kingdom)

The 76th Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army. It was raised during World War I as part of Lord Kitchener's New Armies and was assigned to the 25th Division, and was sent, with the rest of the division, to the Western Front in September 1915, remaining there for the rest of the war. In mid-October 1915 the brigade was exchanged for the 7th Brigade and joined the 3rd Division.
Order of battle.
The 76th Brigade was composed as follows during the war:


VA-209 (U.S. Navy)

VA-209 was a short-lived Attack Squadron of the U.S. Naval Reserve. It was established on 1 July 1970 as part of a reorganization intended to increase the combat readiness of the Naval Air Reserve Force. It was based at Naval Air Station Glenview, Illinois, and flew A-4L "Skyhawk" aircraft. The squadron was disestablished after one year's service, on 15 August 1971, being replaced by the addition of two fighter squadrons to Reserve Air Wing 20.


Ed Bearss

Edwin Cole Bearss (26 June 192315 September 2020) was a historian of the American Civil War, tour guide, and United States Marine Corps veteran of World War II.
Personal life.
On 26 June 1923, Edwin Cole Bearss was born in Billings, Montana. He was raised working on his grandfather's ranch near Hardin, Montana, and attended a one-room school in Sarpy, Montana.
On 30 July 1958, Bearss married author and teacher Margie Riddle of Mississippi (born ), and the two had three children: Sara in 1960, Edwin Jr. in 1962, and Mary in 1965. In 2002, the couple lived in Arlington, Virginia; Margie died and Bearss died on 15 September 2020.
Education.
Bearss was accepted to St. John's Military Academy in Delafield, Wisconsin in 1937, and graduated from Hardin High School in 1941. He would go on to earn his Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service from Georgetown University in 1949, and his Master of Arts from Indiana University in 1955 (with a thesis on Patrick Cleburne). Bearss earned his degrees courtesy of the G.I. Bill.
In February 2005, Bearss was awarded an honorary degree from Lincoln College in Lincoln, Illinois; Gettysburg College did the same in 2010.
Military service.
Bearss enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1941. During World War II, he served in the 3rd Marine Raider Battalion; he fought in the Guadalcanal and New Britain campaigns with the 1st Marine Division. In 1943, Bearss caught malaria in the South Pacific, and was sent to New Zealand to recover. On 2 January 1944 with the 3rd Battalion, 7th Marines at the Battle of Cape Gloucester, Bearss was hit by Imperial Japanese Army machine-gun fire that broke both of his arms and injured his heel and buttocks; after spending the next 26 months in hospital, he left the Marines in March 1946 with the rank of corporal.
History career.
In 1955, Bearss began working for the National Park Service (NPS) in Vicksburg, Mississippi. He prepared historical studies for the Interior Department agency and founded the Mississippi Civil War Roundtable. For the NPS, he found the Civil War-era cannon "Widow Blakely" (also "Whistling Dick") which had been used in the Vicksburg campaign, as well as the wreck of . He also found two lost forts in Grand Gulf, Mississippi, and was party to "the establishment of Grand Gulf as a state military monument." In 1991, he was made the NPS' chief historian of military sites.
The Company of Military Historians made Bearss a fellow of that group in 1964, and he received the Nevins-Freeman Award in 1980 for his work on American Civil War (ACW) history. Three years later, the Department of the Interior awarded him the Distinguished Service Award, and it was followed by a commendation from the United States Secretary of the Army in 1985. On 23 April 2015, US Representative Gerry Connolly (VA) introduced bill H.R.2059 to award Bearss the Congressional Gold Medal "in recognition of his contributions to preservation of American Civil War history and continued efforts to bring our nation's history alive for new generations through his interpretive storytelling." In June 2018, the American Battlefield Trust awarded Bearss its first Lifetime Achievement Award "for his many decades dedicated to researching and relating the nation’s past to millions of people, as well as his advocacy for battlefield preservation."
Bearss retired from the NPS on 30 September 1995, though he continued to lead tours of ACW battlefields for the Smithsonian Institution, the National Geographic Society, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and Civil War Roundtables. The NPS awarded him the unique title of National Park Service Historian Emeritus. Frances and Roger G. Kennedy enjowed the Bearss Fellowship Award in honor of the former chief-historian; it "supports NPS employees' graduate-level studies in American History or American Studies and is administered in partnership with the National Park Foundation."


Battle of Pusan Perimeter order of battle

This is the order of battle for United Nations and North Korean forces during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter in August and September 1950 during the Korean War. The engagement brought each side to muster substantial ground, air and sea resources to fight across southeastern Korea.
The UN brought to bear hundreds of units from member countries South Korea, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Several other nations augmented the large naval task forces with ships of their own, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and The Netherlands. Opposing the UN force was the entirety of the North Korean military.
UN forces proved superior to the North Koreans in organization and numbers, but UN forces also suffered from a lack of equipment and training, particularly in their ground forces. As the battles around Pusan Perimeter continued, UN forces and equipment continued to flood into Korea, giving them overwhelming advantages in their land, air, and sea components. Though many nations would eventually contribute forces to the Korean War, the majority of troops at the battle were American and South Korean only.
North Korean forces were inferior to the UN forces in number, but in several cases they were able to make up for this in superior training. North Korean air and naval forces were small and poorly trained and equipped, thus playing a negligible role in the battle. However North Korean ground troops were often well trained and well equipped with modern weapons. The protracted battle around the perimeter severely depleted these troops forcing the North Koreans to rely increasingly on conscripts and replacements, diminishing their advantage in the battle and leading them to an eventual defeat.
UN Forces.
Ground.
The United Nations forces were organized under the command of the United States Army. The Eighth United States Army served as the headquarters component for the UN forces, and was headquartered at Taegu. Under it were three weak US Divisions; the 24th Infantry Division was brought to the country early in July, while the 1st Cavalry Division and 25th Infantry Division arrived between July 14 and July 18. These forces occupied the western segment of the perimeter, along the Naktong river.
The Republic of Korea Army, a force of 58,000, was organized into two corps and five divisions; from east to west, ROK I Corps controlled the 8th Infantry Division and Capital Divisions, while the ROK II Corps controlled the 1st Division and 6th Infantry Division. A reconstituted ROK 3rd Division was placed under direct ROK Army control. Morale among the UN units was low due to the large number of defeats at that point in the war. US Forces had suffered over 6,000 casualties over the past month while the South Korean Army had lost an estimated 70,000.
Troop numbers at the beginning of the battle were initially difficult to estimate for US and North Korean forces. Subsequent research indicates that the North Korean army had around 70,000 combat troops committed to the Pusan Perimeter on August 5, with most of its divisions far understrength. It likely had less than 3,000 personnel in mechanized units, and around 40 T-34 tanks at the front due to extensive losses so far in the war. MacArthur reported 141,808 UN troops in Korea on August 4, of which 47,000 were in US ground combat units and 45,000 were in South Korean combat units. Thus the UN ground force outnumbered the North Koreans 92,000 to 70,000.
Throughout September 1950 as the battle raged, more UN forces arrived from the US and other locations. The 2nd Infantry Division, 5th Regimental Combat Team, and 1st Provisional Marine Brigade and a British Army brigade arrived in Pusan later in the fighting, along with large numbers of fresh troops and equipment, including over 500 tanks. By the end of the battle, Eighth Army's force had gone from three under-strength divisions to four fully manned formations which were well equipped and well prepared for war. By the end of the battle, the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade had arrived to assist the American and South Korean units.
US 8th Army.
 Eighth United States Army<br>
Commander: Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker
Air.
UN forces had a massive arsenal of air support at their disposal, provided by the US Air Force. This support was provided primarily by the Far East Air Forces (FEAF) and the Fifth Air Force, but US Navy and US Marine Corps aviation played a substantial role in supporting operations from the sea. UN Forces had complete control of the air and sea throughout the fight. and US Air Force and US Navy elements provided support for the ground units throughout the battle virtually unopposed. By the end of the battle the Eighth Army had more air support than General Omar Bradley's Twelfth United States Army Group in Europe during World War II.
By the end of July, the US had shipped a large number of aircraft of all types to Korea. On 30 July, the Far East Air Forces had 890 planes-626 F-80's and 264 F-51's-but only 525 of them were in units and available and ready for combat.
The Far East Air Force commanded a large contingent of long-range heavy bomber aircraft, and these assets were based in Japan, far from the North Koreans' striking range. Generally, the massive striking power was too unwieldy for the UN to use against the dispersed North Korean units, and the airpower of FEAF's B-29 Superfortresses was passed over in favor of smaller and more versatile fighter bombers of the Fifth Air Force. Under orders from MacArthur, however, the FEAF bomber command conducted one mission during the Pusan Perimeter fights.
On August 16, in the midst of the fight around Taegu, conducted one large carpet bombing operation northwest of Waegwan, where up to 40,000 North Korean troops were believed to be massing. The bombers from 10,000 feet dropped approximately 960 tons of 500- and 1,000-pound bombs. The attack had required the entirety of the FEAF bombing component, and they had dropped 3,084 bombs and 150 bombs. This comprised the largest Air Force operation since the Battle of Normandy in World War II.
General Walker reported to General MacArthur the next day that the damage done to the North Koreans by the bombing couldn't be evaluated because of smoke and dust, and ground forces couldn't reach it because of North Korean fire. Information obtained later from North Korean prisoners revealed the enemy divisions the Far East Command thought to be still west of the Naktong had already crossed to the east side and were not in the bombed area. No evidence was found that the bombing killed a single North Korean soldier.
However, the bombing seems to have destroyed a significant number of North Korean artillery batteries. The UN ground and air commanders opposed future massive carpet bombing attacks against enemy tactical troops unless there was precise information on an enemy concentration and the situation was critical. Instead, they recommended fighter-bombers and dive bombers would better support ground forces. They subsequently canceled a second bombing of an area east of the Naktong scheduled for August 19.
Naval aircraft.
The US Navy and Marine Corps aviation elements came to bear against the North Korean forces from five carriers during the battle: USS "Valley Forge" with Carrier Air Group 5, USS "Philippine Sea" with Carrier Air Group 11, HMS "Triumph" with two squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm, and two smaller carriers that supported Marine aircraft of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. Carrier Air Group 5 was the only Carrier-based air wing in the Far East at the time of the outbreak of war. Many of the pilots operating these aircraft were World War II veterans, however budget cuts following the end of the war had greatly reduced their training and readiness in the months before the war.
Early in the war, these aircraft were used primarily to conduct raids and gather intelligence on North Korean ground targets, focused on disrupting North Korean supply to the front lines. However, as soon as UN forces retreated to Pusan Perimeter following the Battle of Taejon, the Naval aircraft were immediately re purposed for close-air support and airstrikes against North Korean ground troops on the front. These missions were significantly more risky and the aircraft suffered much higher losses due to North Korean ground fire.
Sea.
The UN forces also had at their disposal a massive naval force of multi-national composition, which assisted in the defense of Pusan Perimeter at several crucial junctures. Ships of the fleet provided supporting artillery fire during pitched ground battles and provided a route of resupply and evacuation during other junctures. Multiple aircraft carriers provided bases for large contingents of aircraft that flew sorties and air strikes over North Korean ground forces.
UN ships continued to stream into the theater during and after the Pusan Perimeter engagement, and they played varying roles in support of the battle. The fleet was split into three primary groups; Task Force 77 formed the primary Aircraft carrier and striking component of the fleet, Task Force 96 consisted of a variety of smaller ships concerned with coastal bombardment, and Task Force 90 formed an attack transport squadron to assist in the evacuation and movement of ground troops.
Overall command of the naval force was taken by the US Seventh Fleet, and the bulk of the naval power provided was also from the US. The United Kingdom also provided a small naval task force including an aircraft carrier and several cruisers. Eventually, Australia, Canada and New Zealand provided ships as well. The Republic of Korea Navy itself was almost negligible during the battle. The South Koreans had a very small navy consisting of a few dozen minesweepers, LSTs, PT boats and other small craft donated to them by other UN member states. Compared to the larger UN fleet these craft played a very small role in the engagement, but North Korean naval ships, which were also very small, tended to target the ROK fleet more often.
US 7th Fleet.
Under Vice Admiral Arthur D. Struble, Task Force 77 formed the core Carrier striking force of the UN forces. The force contained the UN aircraft carriers as well as a number of attendant escorts. The lineup of the escorts differed as ships were assigned roles in Task Force 96 during the course of the battle.
Task Force 96, under Vice Admiral C. Turner Joy, was the largest organization of UN forces by number of ships. The force consisted primarily of cruisers, destroyers, and other smaller ships, which were used to blockade North Korean waterways and conduct coastal bombardments. Ships in this role would also periodically switch to Task Force 77, acting as a screen and escort for the UN aircraft carriers. This force was also the most diverse of the forces, as ships from five nations would eventually be assigned to it.
Task Force 90, under Rear Admiral James H. Doyle, was primarily concerned with amphibious operations in the theater. As such, it contained no combat ships, only attack transports and a large number of LSTs. The force consisted entirely of US ships. At least 15 LSTs were assigned to the force during the battle to support the attack transports.
Additionally, a number of other combat ships were used to ferry weapons and supplies to the growing UN force during the battle. These ships were not deployed in a combat role in this battle, though some would later be moved to combat service later on in the war.
North Korean Forces.
Land.
The North Korean People's Army forces were organized into a mechanized combined arms force of ten divisions, originally numbering some 90,000 well-trained and well-equipped troops in July, with hundreds of T-34 Tanks. However, defensive actions by US and South Korean forces had delayed the North Koreans significantly in their invasion of South Korea, costing them 58,000 of their troops and a large number of tanks. To recoup these losses, the North Koreans had to rely on less experienced replacements and conscripts, many of whom they took from the conquered regions of South Korea. During the course of the battle, the North Koreans raised a total of 13 infantry divisions and one armored division to the fight at Pusan Perimeter.
From south to northeast, the North Korean units initially positioned opposite the UN units were the 83rd Motorized Regiment of the 105th Armored Division and then the 6th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd, 15th, 1st, 13th, 8th, 12th, and 5th Divisions and the 766th Independent Infantry Regiment.
Air and Sea.
The Korean People's Navy controlled a very small force of around 50 or 60 ships, all of which were small ships. The navy possessed a few torpedo boats and gunboats among others, some of which were donated by the Soviet Union, but these ships were no match for the UN naval forces. Following the Battle of Chumonchin Chan, a one-sided engagement in which UN forces ambushed and crushed a small North Korean flotilla, North Korean ships generally avoided UN ships completely, leaving the UN naval forces virtually unopposed. North Korean torpedo boats may have conducted isolated attacks against similarly small South Korean ships but they did not oppose larger UN ships during the fight around the Pusan Perimeter. They could also not find resupply from Soviet or China as neither had a large standing navy in the region. This is seen by historians as one of the largest disadvantages North Korea had during the battle, as it allowed the UN complete sea and air superiority.
At the start of the Korean War in July, the Korean People's Air Force consisted of about 150 combat aircraft. This force was a mixture of Russian-built models and generally were in poor maintenance and repair. Fighter aircraft included Yakovlev Yak-7s, Yak-3s and a few Yak-9s, 70 in total. They controlled a handful of Ilyushin Il-10 for air-to-surface combat, and used Polikarpov Po-2 biplanes for training. These craft were poorly maintained and their pilots were eager but mostly untrained. However, the North Korean ground forces had much more modern equipment, including Anti-aircraft weapons and vehicles, which were more effective in threatening UN aircraft. North Korean aircraft engaged US aircraft in small, isolated dogfights throughout the battle, but the North Koreans were unable to muster a sufficient force of fighters to the front to seriously oppose the massive UN air component.


Revolutionary Communist Group of Colombia

Revolutionary Communist Group of Colombia () is a communist group in Colombia. It was founded in 1982, by a group originating in the Marxist–Leninist League of Colombia. It is a founding member of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement.


Multi-National Division (North) (Bosnia)

Multi-National Division (North) was an international military formation, part of IFOR and then SFOR under NATO command in Bosnia-Hercegovina from 1995. It was based at Tuzla and was American led. Its U.S. designation was Task Force Eagle.
The tasks of the IFOR Land Component were carried out by three Multi National Divisions. Multi-National Division (North) was led by the US Army 1st Armored Division under the command of Major General William L. Nash. It constituted the bulk of the ground forces for Task Force Eagle. They began to deploy on 18 December 1995. MND-N was composed of two U.S. Brigades, a Russian brigade, a Turkish brigade, and the Nordic-Polish Brigade.


Second Corinth Confederate order of battle

The following Confederate Army units and commanders fought in the Second Battle of Corinth of the American Civil War on October 3 and 4, 1862, in Corinth, Mississippi. Order of battle compiled from the army organization during the battle and reports. The Union order of battle is listed separately.
Army of West Tennessee.
MG Earl Van Dorn
Price's Corps (Army of the West).
MG Sterling Price
District of the Mississippi.
BG Daniel Ruggles (not present)


Globe Tavern Union order of battle

The following Union Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Globe Tavern (August 18–21, 1864) of the American Civil War. Order of battle compiled from the casualty returns. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Army of the Potomac.
V Corps.
MG Gouverneur K. Warren, Senior Commander on the field
Escort: Lt John C. Paul
Provost Guard: Maj Henry W. Rider
Ambulance Train: Cpt William F. Drum
IX Corps.
MG John Parke


Red Guards (Finland)

The Red Guards (, ) were the paramilitary units of the Finnish labour movement in the early 1900s. The first Red Guards were established during the 1905 general strike, but disbanded a year later. After the Russian 1917 February revolution the Red Guards were re-established and in the 1918 Finnish Civil War they formed the army of Red Finland. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at between 90,000 and 120,000 during the course of the conflict. The number included more than 2,000 members of the Women's Guards. In May 1918, up to 80,000 Reds were captured by the victorious Whites, 12,000 to 14,000 of them died in the prison camps due to execution, disease and malnutrition. A majority of the Reds were finally pardoned in late 1918.
Approximately 10,000 to 13,000 Reds managed to flee to Soviet Russia. Some of them fought in the Russian Civil War until 1920 against the Finnish Whites invading East Karelia. The Murmansk Legion was a British-organized military unit composed of the Red Guard members from Northern Finland who had fled to Russia in the early stages of the Finnish Civil War.
1905 general strike and Sveaborg rebellion.
Establishment.
The Red Guards came about during a general strike in November 1905. The strike began in reaction to the Russification of Finland and was a joint effort between the Social Democratic labour movement and the political right. The strike lasted only a week, but in the final days differing views created a deep gap between the two parties. The National Guard, which was established for law enforcement as the police began to participate, was likewise split into the working-class Red Guards and the bourgeoisie-aligned Protection Corps. Some minor incidents followed, especially in the capital Helsinki, but violent clashes were avoided. Although the general strike was over, both guards remained active. In 1906, the number of Red Guard members was estimated at 25,000.
Hakaniemi riot.
Violence between the two sides finally burst out on 2 August 1906 during the Sveaborg rebellion, a revolt of the Russian Bolshevik sailors in the Sveaborg Fortress in Helsinki. As the mutiny started, the Helsinki Red Guard, led by Johan Kock, joined the rebellion by conducting sabotage in the mainland. In the final day of the revolt, Johan Kock declared a general strike on his own, without permission from the Social Democratic Party, which was leading the Finnish labour movement in the absence of any central trade union. The strike was joined by thousands of Helsinki workers.
The bourgeoisie opposed the strike and sent the Protection Corps to the Hakaniemi working-class district in order to keep the city's tram traffic rolling. At Hakaniemi Square the Protection Corps was surrounded by an angry mob of local people throwing stones. The incident escalated into a gunfight between the Protection Corps and the Red Guards, supported by a squad of Russian sailors. The riot was finally disrupted by the Russian cossacks, ending with two Reds and seven Protection Corps members dead.
200 people were arrested, but only one Red Guard platoon leader was convicted, as there was not enough evidence against the others. The funeral of the slain Reds became a mass demonstration against the violence of the bourgeoisie. The Protection Corps, in turn, arranged a large funeral as a protest against Red violence.
Once the Sveaborg rebellion was suppressed, 900 Russian mutineers and about 100 Red Guard members were arrested. 77 Reds were convicted.
Dissolution.
As a result of the Hakaniemi riot, the Senate of Finland banned both guards. The Social Democratic Party had already decided to disband the Red Guards in the party congress held in Oulu in late August. Some delegates opposed the decision and had a secret meeting where an underground organization was established to preserve the Red Guards. The organization was soon revealed to the party leaders but the underground Red Guards were active until the 1907 general election. Their task was to be prepared for the possible revolution in Russia.
1917 re-establishment.
February Revolution.
The Red Guards were re-established during the 1917 Russian revolution as a result of disputes over law enforcement and the general turmoil in the Grand Duchy of Finland. After the February revolution, the Russian-controlled police force lost its status in Finland. The role of law enforcement was first transferred to the Russian military, which turned it over to local labour organizations. The established unarmed units were temporary and had no further revolutionary goals.
Finally, a new "People's Militia" was organized in late March in the seventeen largest Finnish towns. The political right did not accept the new arrangement and the Senate formed a committee to solve the dispute.
On 18 July, the so-called ″power law″ was passed in the Social Democratic majority parliament. The power to enact laws was to be transferred from Saint Petersburg to Helsinki and from the Senate to the parliament. This law would have enabled a purely Social Democratic government to be formed in consequence of the position the party gained in the 1916 election. The Russian Provisional Government refused to approve the law and, with the co-operation of the Finnish bourgeois parties, dissolved the parliament.
In the October 1917 election, the Social Democratic Party lost its majority, although it remained the largest party with 92 seats. The Senate now disbanded the People's Militia and established a police force which left-wing and labour activists were not allowed to join.
Workers' Order Guards.
The food shortage launched a large number of agricultural strikes during the summer of 1917. On 13 July, a violent clash between the striking farm workers and their employers occurred in the Western Finnish municipality of Huittinen. The incident is often seen as the beginning of the events which finally led to the Civil War in January 1918. After the Huittinen riot, the right-wing farmers in the Satakunta province started forming "Protection Guards" and were soon followed in other parts of the country.
The labour movement responded by establishing "Workers' Order Guards". By the early October, guards were formed in seventeen towns and twenty rural municipalities, mostly in the industrialized areas of the Turku and Pori, Uusimaa and Viipuri provinces. These units had up to 7,000–8,000 men. On 20 October, the Finnish Trade Union Federation urged the party and trade union locals to establishing Workers' Order Guards throughout the country.
In the next three weeks, the number of guards increase to 237 with more than 30,000 members. The rules of the Guards were published in the party newspapers. The formation was very similar to a common military organization, though the commander was replaced with a five-men committee.
Finland was now split into two camps; the middle and upper classes, including the wealthy farmers, against the working class, poor peasants and the landless people. The first violent incidents between the Protective Guards and the Workers' Order Guards occurred during the general strike in November 1917. More workers were still joining the Order Guards, as the strike ended on 20 November, the number of members was 40,000–50,000. The newspaperman Ali Aaltonen, who had served as a lieutenant in the Imperial Russian Army, was named the first commander-in-chief of the Workers' Order Guards.
The general strike was the first time the Workers' Order Guards were used as a nationwide organization. In many places, they were actually leading the strike, instead of the strike committees. The guards were acting on their own, searching for food supplies and weapons from wealthy houses. As the right-wing Protection Corps were rather weak, the Workers' Order Guards could usually act without any resistance, although, in some places, the Protection Corps took up arms, which resulted in violent clashes, prefiguring the oncoming Civil War.
The Workers' Order Guards were most powerful in Helsinki as they were armed by the Russian troops. The Helsinki Guard captured a couple hundred people and invaded the House of the Estates, which prevented the Senate from working. The leaders of the Social Democratic Party strictly condemned this kind of action, insisting the militant guards must be taken under the party control. Soon after the general strike, the first congress of the Worker's Order Guards was held in the Tampere Workers' Hall on 16–18 December 1917. By the new rules adopted in the meeting, the guards were now under an unconditional authority of the Social Democratic Party and the Trade Union Federation.
Drift toward war.
After Finland gained its independence from Soviet Russia on 6 December 1917, disagreement and discontent were still growing. Incidents occurred across the country as the striking workers and the Workers' Order Guards clashed with the Protection Corps and right-wing bourgeoisie. Unemployed demonstrators surrounded the town hall for two days in Vyborg and in Tampere the city council was captured by the local Workers' Order Guard. In Turku, the Order Guard occupied town offices and captured the chief of police. The Protection Corps attacked the labour activists in some places too.
On 6 January, the Helsinki Workers' Order Guard declared itself independent from the Social Democratic Party. The unit was renamed the Helsinki Red Guard. Three days later, the guard occupied the residence of the Governor-General of Finland. It was now called as the Smolna, like the Bolshevik headquarters in Saint Petersburg. On the same day, the Helsinki Guard sent 200 men to Sipoo to search for guns hidden by the local Protection Corps. The operation escalated into a gunfight in which two Reds were killed.
At the beginning of 1918, the Workers' Order Guards still had very few guns. For example, the largest guard in Helsinki was armed with only 20–30 military rifles. In early January, the commander-in-chief Ali Aaltonen went to Saint Petersburg to acquire weaponry from the Bolsheviks. On 13 January, Aaltonen informed the general staff of the cargo of 10,000 rifles and 10 artillery pieces which would be brought to Finland within a couple of weeks. At the same time, the Protection Corps was preparing to receive 60,000 rifles from Germany.
Up to this point, many of the largest Workers' Order Guards were occupied by radicals who were pushing the Finnish labour movement towards an armed conflict. They were no longer under the authority of the Social Democratic Party or the Trade Union Federation. In order to keep the labour movement united, the party leadership was forced to negotiate with the revolutionary guards. Many of the leading Social Democrats, such as Väinö Tanner, Taavi Tainio and Evert Huttunen, were moderate and opposed armed revolution and the acts of the Order Guards.
In 19–23 January, violent clashes between the Workers' Order Guards and the Protection Corps occurred in eastern Finland in Vyborg and Luumäki and in the western part of the country in Kiikka. In Vyborg, the second largest city in Finland, the Protection Corps was trying to seize control but was expelled from the town. Another serious incident was in Luumäki, as the Protection Corps seized 200 rifles at the Taavetti railway station. Two days later, the Workers' Guards attacked the Protection Corps in order to take the guns back.
Finally, on 25 January, the Senate declared the Protection Corps to be government troops. The Social Democrats and the labour movement interpreted this as a declaration of war against the working class. As a result, the Workers' Order Guards and the Helsinki Red Guard were merged into the paramilitary Red Guard of Finland "(Suomen Punainen Kaarti)" and the revolution was proclaimed in the late evening of 26 January by lighting a red lantern as a sign on the tower of the Helsinki Workers' Hall. The order for the mobilization came on the next morning from the executive committee of the Trade Union Federation, coinciding with the spontaneous clashing of Red Guards and the Protection Corps.
1918 Civil War.
Commanders.
The first commander-in-chief of the Red Guards was the former Russian Army lieutenant Ali Aaltonen, who was elected during the general strike in November 1917. As the Civil War started, the task was given to Eero Haapalainen, with the Russian colonel Mikhail Svechnikov as his military advisor from the end of February. Haapalainen was expelled on 20 March and replaced by Eino Rahja, Adolf Taimi and Evert Eloranta. The troika stayed at the office until 10 April, when Kullervo Manner was given the dictator's rights as head of the Red Government and the Red Guards. August Wesley served as the chief of the Red Guards general staff from 16 February to 6 April. On 25 April, Manner fled to Soviet Russia, and for the last ten days of the war, there was no commander-in-chief. The final major battle was fought in Vyborg under the command of Edvard Gylling and Oskar Rantala.
Size.
Due to incomplete and destroyed records, the exact number of men who served in the Red Guards is unknown. Historians provide estimates between 80,000 and 100,000 men. As the war started, the number was about 40,000, but by the end of the war, the total strength rose to 80,000–100,000 men and women, including 2,600 female fighters and thousands of women in the unarmed maintenance units. Approximately 40,000 were at the front at any one time. The largest single unit was the Helsinki Red Guard with a strength of 8,000–10,000 men and women. Other major units were the Red Guards of Tampere and Vyborg and the Saint Petersburg Finnish Red Guard. The Female Guards had about 2,000–2,600 members. Russian participation remained low, although 40,000 soldiers of the Imperial Russian Army and the Baltic Fleet were still in Finland. Only a few hundred joined the Red Guards, including a few dozen officers. Most of the Russian troops simply wanted to leave the country and return home. In addition to the Finland-based troops, the Saint Petersburg Bolsheviks supported the Reds in some battles on the Karelian Front.
Organization.
The Red Guards were composed of industrial workers, landless rural workers and crofters. Most of them were members of the Finnish Trade Union Federation. The number of middle-class people was very small. The average age was between 20 and 30, the youngest fighters were only 15 to 16-years-old. The Red military units consisted of infantry, artillery and a small unit of cavalry. Weapons and other equipment were mostly received from the Russian troops. In the beginning of February, a train commanded by Jukka Rahja arrived from Saint Petersburg, carrying a cargo of 15,000 rifles, machine-guns, artillery pieces and 2 million cartridges, which the commander-in-chief Ali Aaltonen had purchased from the Bolsheviks. The Reds also had six armoured trains and a couple of aeroplanes which were flown by Russian pilots.
The general staff was located in Helsinki, with major subordinate staffs in Tampere and Vyborg. The infantry was divided into regiments and battalions but in practice, the largest commanded units were companies. A Red Guard company usually consisted of the men of some trade union local. For example, the Helsinki Red Guard had units composed of shoemakers, tailors, blacksmiths, sheet metal workers, plumbers, stonemasons and so on. Also some working-class sporting clubs formed their own squads. In the rural areas, the units were assembled by the men of the same locality. The Red Guard fighters received a salary that was sometimes even bigger than what they were paid for their usual work. As there was high unemployment, money was one of the reasons for joining the guards. Very few Reds had any kind of military background. The ones who had served in the Russian Imperial Army were usually voted as company leaders. The Red Guard fighters had a short military training before they were sent to the front line. The battles were usually fought like an ordinary working day. The fighting begun at the dawn and as the Sun set, the men returned to the base. On the Tavastia Front, some troops even spent the nights in Tampere, returning to the front by train in the morning.
The Red Guards' major problems were a lack of equipment, poor leadership and training, and food shortages at the front. The practice of electing officers democratically made discipline lax. Sometimes this led to a general unwillingness to go on offensive operations or to operate outside their local areas. The Red Guards did not have a clear command structure. Local commanders developed plans of their own, which did not always coincide with the ones composed by general staff in Helsinki. As there were very few trained officers, battlefield tactics had to be kept basic.
War.
As the war started on 27 January, the Red Guards occupied the capital, Helsinki, and the largest towns of industrialized southern Finland. The front line was soon established, stretching from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Karelian Isthmus, 30–50 kilometres north of Pori, Tampere, Lahti, Lappeenranta and Vyborg. The Whites occupied rural northern Finland, where the few Red strongholds fell in less than two weeks without any strong resistance. The last Red occupied town in the north was Varkaus, which the Whites seized on 21 February. In the Ostrobothnia, Central Finland, Savonia and North Karelia regions most Reds were captured, but in Lapland many were able to flee to Sweden, Norway or Soviet Russia.
The Red military operations were divided into three major theaters: the Western Front (Satakunta and Häme provinces), the Middle Front (Savo province) and the Eastern Front (the Vyborg province). The northernmost area of the Western Front, located north of Tampere, was often known as the Northern Front. The Red Guard general staff worked in Helsinki, with major subordinate staffs in Tampere and Vyborg. As a major railway junction, Lahti was also an important town for the Red military. A large number of units were organized and trained there before they were sent to the eastern fronts in Savo and Karelia.
The Reds launched three major offensives; in the beginning of February, 21 February and 10 March. The goal was to take the east–west railways connecting Ostrobothnia, Savonia and Karelia. From there the Reds could strike at the strongest White strongholds as well as the White capital of Vaasa. However, the offensives failed and the front line remained in the same position from early February to mid-March.
On 15 March, the Whites launched their major offensive against the Reds in the northern Häme where the Red front collapsed in a couple of days. The Whites were now able to besiege Tampere, militarily the most important Red town. The Battle of Tampere was fought from 23 March to 6 April. It was the fiercest battle of the Finnish Civil War, and at the time, also the largest urban battle in the world. The Battle of Tampere ended with mass executions of surrendering Reds, of whom 10,000–11,000 were captured, and thousands fled the surrounding areas.
At the same time, German troops landed on the south coast of Finland and launched their campaign to support the Whites. On 6 April, the Red Government and the Red Guard general staff left Helsinki for Vyborg. The Red units in the western provinces of Satakunta and Finland Proper were given the order to retreat to eastern Finland. The intention was to re-organize the troops behind the river Kymijoki, but the plan was never realized. Instead, the order caused a mass exodus of refugees as tens of thousands of Red Guard fighters, their family members and other Red supporters fled towards the east.
As the Germans seized Helsinki on 13 April, up to 8,000 local Reds surrendered. Thousands of others from the Uusimaa province joined the refugee column that was coming from the west. In two weeks, more than 100,000 Red refugees headed east, in order to flee to Soviet Russia. About 12,000 managed to cross the border, while most of the remaining were captured. In late April, up to 30,000 civilians and Red fighters fell into the hands of the German and White troops in Lahti. The captured were first placed at the Fellman camp, and then transferred to various prison camps across the southern Finland. Although most of the women and children were released, 200–600 Red women were executed and hundreds of others moved into other prison camps. The last major battle took place in Vyborg, which the Whites occupied on 29 April. The last remaining Red stronghold was in the Kymenlaakso province where the Reds finally surrendered to the Germans on 6 May.
Between 23 March and 18 April, some clashes also occurred in the remote eastern Lapland. The Karelian nationalist Iivo Ahava was fighting against the Whites who launched the Viena expedition in order to annex the Russian White Karelia into the newly independent Finland. Ahava formed a Red Guard unit in the Russian town of Kandalaksha of the Reds who had fled from Lapland. Two other Finnish Red Guards were formed in Knyazhaya Guba and Kem. In the mid-March, these units had up to 2,500 men. Ahava managed to stop the Whites and he was also eager to attack their rear in the northern Finland. However, the Red leaders were not interested in supporting him as they considered that the war would be determined in the populated areas of south.
After the War.
A substantial number of Finnish Red Guards managed to retreat into Russian-held territories after the Whites' victory in Finland. Red Guard units served in the 7th Red Army when it fought in Estonia. There, the Finnish Reds clashed with Finnish White volunteers fighting for the Republic of Estonia.


Droop Mountain order of battle

The following army units were involved in the Battle of Droop Mountain on November 6, 1863, near Hillsboro, West Virginia, in the American Civil War. Hillsboro, spelled "Hillsborough" on some maps from that century, is located in the mountainous terrain of Pocahontas County, West Virginia. A Union brigade commanded by Brigadier General William W. Averell defeated a smaller Confederate force commanded by Brigadier General John Echols and Colonel William L. "Mudwall" Jackson. A second Union force commanded by Brigadier General Alfred N. Duffié, tried to prevent the Confederate retreat, but did not engage at Droop Mountain. Aware of Duffié's troops, Confederate forces escaped before he arrived.
The Union Army units, and their commanders, are listed first. The Confederate Army units, and their commanders, follow. Many of the men on both sides were from West Virginia. In one case, Confederate Captain James McNeil of the 22nd Virginia Infantry Regiment was captured by the 3rd West Virginia Mounted Infantry—the regiment of McNeil's half brother, Private Alfred McKeever. Not shown is the Confederate force commanded by Brigadier General John D. Imboden, which did not arrive at Droop Mountain in time for the battle and unsuccessfully pursued Averell in the days after the battle.
Union Army Department of West Virginia.
Fourth Separate Brigade.
BG William W. Averell<br>
!bgcolor="#99ccff"|Principal Confederate commanders


Funker (rank)


Cross Keys Union order of battle

The following United States Army units and commanders fought in the Battle of Cross Keys of the American Civil War. The Confederate order of battle is listed separately.
Union Forces Near Cross Keys.
MG John C. Frémont
Mountain Department.
MG John C. Frémont
Department of the Rappahannock (formerly I Corps, Army of the Potomac).
MG Irvin McDowell (not present)


Panzerpionier


Quartermaster sergeant instructor

Quartermaster sergeant instructor (QMSI) is a warrant officer appointment in the armies of the United Kingdom and Canada.
British Army.
Quartermaster sergeant instructor is an appointment held by warrant officers class 2 in the British Army's Small Arms School Corps and Royal Army Physical Training Corps and by some in the Royal Engineers.
Canada.
In the Canadian Army, QMSI is an appointment held by the senior master warrant officer within each battalion of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry.


British ground forces in the Falklands War

This is a list of British ground forces in the Falklands War. For a list of ground forces from Argentina, see Argentine ground forces in the Falklands War
Land Forces.
The land forces employed by the United Kingdom during the Falklands War amounted to a divisional sized formation, named as Land Forces Falkland Islands, consisting of two brigades:
Land Forces HQ.
3 Commando Brigade.
Commander: Brigadier JHA Thompson
Royal Marines
5 Infantry Brigade.
Commander: Brigadier MJA Wilson


Generalissimus of the Soviet Union

Generalissimus of the Soviet Union (; ) was a military rank created on 27 June 1945 styled after a similar Imperial Russian Army rank held by Aleksei Shein, Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, (reportedly) Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, and Count Alexander Suvorov). It was proposed for but rejected by Joseph Stalin following World War II. It was the highest military rank in the Soviet Union.
Overview.
According to Stalin biographer Robert Service, Stalin regretted allowing himself the ostentatious military title and asked Winston Churchill to continue to refer to him as a marshal instead. Stalin rejected any kind of distinctions between his military rank and the other Soviet marshals and kept using the original Marshal of the Soviet Union insignia and uniform.
The possibility of the Generalissimus of the Soviet Union rank was mentioned again in 1947 when a draft of a decree about Soviet military ranks was presented to Stalin. General Andrey Khrulyov, director of the General Department of Logistics, was tasked with designing a Soviet Generalissimus uniform for Stalin to use in the victory parade on 9 May 1947. The uniform was finished and presented to Stalin one week before the parade. After examining it, Stalin again expressed dissatisfaction. He declared: "I will never sign this decree. The Soviet Red Army only has Marshal as its highest rank." The subject of new rank was not raised again. Fabricated samples were rejected by Stalin, who considered them to be too luxurious and old-fashioned. Currently they are stored in the Museum of the Great Patriotic War located in Moscow at Poklonnaya Gora.
Proposed shoulder insignia.
Below are proposed designs of the shoulder insignia of Generalissimus of the Soviet Union.


Order of battle for Operation Olive Branch

This is the order of battle for the Operation Olive Branch, a joint Turkish Armed Forces/Syrian National Army attack on the People's Protection Units-held Afrin Canton.
Turkey and allied forces.
 Grey Wolves
 Olive Branch Operations Room (Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army)
"Southern front (non-TFSA units):"
Democratic Federation of Northern Syria and allied forces.
 Syrian Democratic Forces
 Afrin Region forces
 Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
 International Freedom Battalion and Peoples' United Revolutionary Movement
 Sinjar Alliance
 Anti-Turkish insurgents in Afrin District
 Pro-government forces ("Popular Forces")


Paul B. Steinberg

Paul Burton Steinberg (born March 21, 1940) is an American attorney and former politician in the state of Florida.
Early life, education, & military service.
Steinberg was born in Brooklyn, New York. He came to Florida in 1957. He graduated from the University of Miami (BBA, 1961) and from Stetson School of Law (JD, 1963). He was an editor of the business school newspaper and served on the debate team. He served in the United States Coast Guard from 1963 to 1971. He served on active duty in 1963 and was in the reserves from 1964 to 1971. He reached the rank of Petty officer third class.
Political career.
He is the former chairman of the Miami Beach Beautification Committee. He served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1972 to 1978, as a Democrat, representing the 101st district. He served in the Florida Senate from 1978 to 1982 representing the 36th district.
From 1981 to 1982 he served as chairman of the Florida Motion Picture & T.V. Council.
Legal career.
He has practiced law with Steinberg & Associates since the firm's founding in 1969.
Personal life.
Him and his wife Sandra have three children. Him and his son Richard work at the same law firm.


Type commander (Kriegsmarine)

A type commander in the Kriegsmarine was a permanently assigned administrative officer in the organization of the Kriegsmarine which oversaw the development, deployment, and in some cases operational activities of the various classes of German naval vessels. Due to cross jurisdiction with the Navy group commanders, who tactically commanded all vessels at sea, some type commanders were little more than ceremonial officers who held a title with little authority. Others, such as Karl Dönitz who commanded the German U-boat force, exercised near total independence and held enormous authority, both operationally and administrative.
The type commands of minesweepers and patrol boats were under direct control of the Harbor Security Command ("Sicherungsstreitkräfte") and thus were not considered as regular type commanders in comparison to other classes of vessels.
Battleships and Cruisers.
The battleship and cruiser type commands were originally separate offices, beginning with an office inherited from the Reichsmarine known as the "Befehlshaber der Linienschiffe" (Commander of Liners). In November 1936, the command was renamed as "Befehlshaber der Panzerschiffe". Rolf Carls was the first commander under the new title until 1938 when the post was assigned to "Vizeadmiral" Wilhelm Marschall. The following year, Marschall was named as the new Kriegsmarine fleet commander and no successor was appointed to lead the battleship branch. The post remained vacant until June 1941 when it was merged with the cruiser type command to form the "Befehlshaber der Schlachtschiffe (B.d.S)" (Commander of Battleships).
Otto Ciliax served as commander of battleships until May 1942 when the command was abolished completely and thereafter battleship type affairs were placed back under the authority of the cruiser type commander. The cruiser type command had originally begun as an umbrella senior position, known as the "Befehlshaber der Aufklärungsstreitkräfte (B.d.A.)", which commanded all cruiser type vessels as well as serving as the superior officer for the type commanders of torpedo boats and minesweepers. This position was held by four Kriegsmarine officers between 1935 and 1941, when the title was disbanded and merged with the "Befehlshaber der Schlachtschiffe (B.d.S)".
Commander of Cruisers (1942-1944).
Between April and May 1942, the German surface fleet was reorganized with the torpedo boat and battleship type commands discontinued and placed under the authority of a new cruiser command known as the "Befehlshaber der Kreuzer (B.d.K.)". Vice admiral Oskar Kummetz then became the first cruiser type commander serving until November 1943 when he was succeeded by "Konteradmiral" Erich Bey. In June 1944, the cruiser type command was renamed as the "Befehlshaber der Kampfgruppe (B.d.K.)" and the position assumed by Rear admiral Rudolf Peters who held the title until the end of the war.
The Kriegsmarine had in commission a total of sixteen battleship and cruiser type vessels during the Second World War.
Destroyers.
The posting of Commander of Destroyers ("Führer der Zerstörer") was first created in November 1939; prior to that time, all destroyer development and deployment had been under the authority of the Commander of Torpedo Boats. All German destroyers were further divided into eight administrative flotillas (Z-Flotille), each contained between four and five destroyer with its own flotilla commander and flagship. Operationally, destroyers were deployed under the authority of the Naval group commanders, leaving the commander of destroyers as little more than administrative head with little tactical control. In April 1942, the position was increased in its responsibility when all German torpedo boats were placed under the administrative control of the Leader of Destroyers.
The following officers served as Commander of Destroyers during the Second World War.
Ten destroyer escorts were also constructed by the Kriegsmarine for use in convoy protection duties. These ships were interspersed among five escort flotillas augmented by converted civilian craft and torpedo boats of the "Torpedoboot Ausland" program. A type commander for escort ships was never established with these vessels administratively under the command of the Commander of Destroyers.
Submarines.
The commander of submarines held the most authority and independence of any type commander and possessed direct operational and deployment ability. This was in contrast to other vessel class commanders which were administratively assigned with deployment and tactical operations usually under a Navy group commander. Karl Dönitz was the first and longest serving commander of submarines, a title which he inaugurated in January 1936 as the "Führer der Unterseeboote". In the early days of Dönitz's tenure, his submarine force consisted of a single flotilla which he also commanded. At the height of World War II, the submarine force consisted of several U-boat regional commands within which were interspersed over thirty U-boat flotillas.
The submarine force would see its greatest amount of combat in the Battle of the Atlantic. Dönitz himself personally directed the movement of individual submarines from his headquarters and also invented the "wolfpack" concept where submarines would group together to attack multiple targets. The wolf packs were temporary tactical formations and were not permanently maintained as the U-boat flotillas were. U-boat flotillas and regions also did not maintain flagships on a particular U-boat, but instead operated from an established shore headquarters.
In January 1943, Dönitz succeeded Erich Raeder as Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy. In his new position, Dönitz channeled most of the remaining resources of the Kriegsmarine into the submarine force, leading to a neglect and downsizing of the surface fleet. Dönitz also retained his title as commander of submarines, but left the day-to-day operations to his deputy Eberhard Godt.
Torpedo and Attack boats.
The position "Führer der Torpedoboote" dated in the German Navy from before the First World War and had existed as a command for all German surface craft during the inter-war years of the 1930s. By the outbreak of World War II, torpedo boats were organized into ten separate "Torpedobootsflottille", mostly consisting of between ten and twelve torpedo destroyers. During the first years of the war, the Leader of Torpedo-boats was administratively assigned as a subordinate to the "Befehlshaber der Aufklärungsstreitkräfte". The torpedo boat leader postilion carried little operational authority; in April 1942, the position was disbanded with all torpedo boats placed under the administrative command of the Leader of Destroyers.
Leader of Attack Boats.
German Navy fast attack boats, also known as S-boats or E-boats, were organized into twenty four "Schnellbootsflottille", collectively known as the "Schnellbootseinheiten". These attack boats were operationally controlled by various commands of the German Navy and administratively had originally been under the command of the Leader of Torpedo-boats. In April 1942, the attack boats were separated to become their own type class and placed under the command of the "Führer der Schnellboote". Kommodore Rudolf Petersen was the only officer to hold this title during World War II.
Motorboats and Auxiliary craft.
A command for German motorboats, mainly consisting of inland waterway craft as well as small support vessels, was established in January 1941 as a subordinate to the Netherlands Navy Regional Command. The command was known as "Der Führer der Motorbootsverbände". There were three flotillas of motor craft originally attached, these being the Donauflottille, Rheinflottille, and Flußräumflottille Niederlande. In 1942, the Donauflottille was renamed as the Maasflottille


Alvaro Lojacono

Alvaro Lojacono (born 7 May 1955) is an Italian terrorist, currently a Swiss citizen.
Biography.
Lojacono was born in Rome, the son of a member of the Italian Communist Party.
He participated in several far-left extra-parliamentary organizations in Rome, including Potere Operaio, and then became a member of the Red Brigades.
He was accused of the murder of Greek student Mikis Mantakas (28 February 1975) in front of a seat of the Italian Social Movement (a post-Fascist party) and sentenced "in absentia" to 16 years of detention.
After his admission to the Red Brigades, he was involved in the murder of judges (14 February 1978) and , and he also allegedly participated in the assassination of Aldo Moro's escort. Thanks to the Swiss citizenship of his mother, he emigrated to Switzerland where he was sentenced to 17 years of imprisonment, being freed after 11 years. He was also acquitted from any prosecution for the Moro case, because the witnesses refused to speak in front of the Swiss magistrates.
In the fourth Italian trial on the Moro affair, he was sentenced to life imprisonment (sentence confirmed on 14 May 1997).
In June 2000 he was arrested in Bastia, Corsica. He however avoided the extradition to Italy because French law does not recognize default sentences; further, Swiss law does not allow extradition for its citizens.