Ralph Goodale

Ralph Edward Goodale (born October 5, 1949) is a Canadian diplomat and retired politician who has served as the Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom since April 19, 2021.
Goodale was first elected in 1974 as the member of Parliament (MP) for Assiniboia, as a member of the Liberal Party. He was defeated in 1979, and moved into provincial Saskatchewan politics, serving as leader of the Saskatchewan Liberals from 1981 to 1988. He returned to federal politics in 1993, as the MP for Regina—Wascana (known simply as Wascana from 1997 to 2015), and served in the governments of Jean Chrétien, Paul Martin and Justin Trudeau, in several roles including as minister of finance and minister of public safety.
Early life.
Goodale was born in Regina, Saskatchewan and raised on a farm near Wilcox, Saskatchewan, the son of Winnifred Claire (Myers) and Thomas Henry Goodale. He was a member of Scouts Canada and earned the rank of Queen's Scout. He first attended the University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus and then obtained a law degree from the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, where he was awarded the Gold Medal for academic achievement.
Federal politics, 1974–1979.
Active at politics from a young age, he was first elected to the Parliament of Canada in the 1974 election at the age of 24 from the seat of Assiniboia. He defeated New Democratic Party (NDP) incumbent Bill Knight. He served as a backbench supporter of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's government until the 1979 election, when he was defeated, coming in third behind winning Progressive Conservative Leonard Gustafson and Knight.
Provincial politics.
In 1981, Goodale was named leader of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party. He led that party to a very poor showing in the 1982 provincial election, in which the party received 4.51% of the popular vote and won no seats in the provincial legislature. However, Goodale was the only Liberal candidate to receive more than 1,000 votes; he won 2,760 in Assiniboia-Gravelbourg and lost narrowly to incumbent Allen Engel.
The party won 9.99% of the vote in the 1986 provincial election, but only Goodale was elected to the legislature, defeating Engel in a rematch. Goodale ran on a platform of fiscal responsibility in this election, arguing that both the Progressive Conservative and New Democratic parties favoured excessive spending policies, typified by their proposals for a Keynesian-style stimulation of the provincial economy through subsidized home improvement and renovation schemes.
Return to federal politics.
Defeated in 1988 election.
Goodale resigned as leader to run for the federal Liberals in the 1988 election for the seat of Regina—Wascana. He lost narrowly to former Regina mayor Larry Schneider, who later went on to serve briefly in Kim Campbell's cabinet. Beginning earlier that year and prior to his resignation, Goodale's executive assistant was Jason Kenney. Kenney would become a Conservative Party of Canada MP in Calgary ridings Calgary Southeast and Calgary Midnapore (1997–2016) and later Premier of Alberta (since 2019).
Goodale then spent five years in the private sector, working for companies such as the Pioneer Life Assurance Company, Pioneer Lifeco Inc., and Sovereign Life Insurance Co.; he has stated in interviews that he felt his political career had ended.
In government, 1993–2006.
Goodale contested Regina—Wascana again in the 1993 federal election and was elected as part of the Liberal landslide that year. As a member of the new Chrétien cabinet, Goodale was named Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food. He has the prenominal "the Honourable" and the postnominal "PC" for life by virtue of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on November 4, 1993. He was reelected for this riding, known as Wascana from 1997 to 2015, in the next seven federal elections.
In 1997, he became the Minister of Natural Resources. In May 2002, he was named Minister of Public Works and Government Services, a few weeks after the Auditor General Sheila Fraser issued a report accusing the department of inappropriate contracting practices. This began the exposure of the Sponsorship scandal.
A close ally of Paul Martin, Goodale was appointed to the senior portfolio of Finance Minister when Martin became Prime Minister on December 12, 2003. In that capacity he tabled two consecutive balanced budgets and launched the Government's productivity agenda.
On December 28, 2005, a letter surfaced from Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli confirming the force was launching a criminal investigation into whether details regarding government tax policies relating to income trust funds were leaked from the Finance Minister's office. Goodale said he would co-operate completely with any investigation, but would not step aside while the RCMP continued their probe. The investigation dealt only with the Department of Finance, and not the minister himself. On February 15, 2007 the RCMP announced the conclusion of the income trust investigation and laid a charge of 'Breach of Trust' against Serge Nadeau, an official in the Department of Finance, who pleaded guilty in 2010. Goodale was cleared of any wrongdoing, and blamed the NDP's Judy Wasylycia-Leis for sabotaging the Liberals in the 2006 election.
In opposition, 2006–2015.
Goodale was re-elected to the House of Commons in the general election on January 23, 2006, but the Conservatives won government and he lost his cabinet position. He was named Opposition House Leader by interim Liberal leader Bill Graham in 2006, and continued to serve in this role under the leaderships of Stéphane Dion and Michael Ignatieff until September 2010 when he was promoted to Deputy Leader.
2006 Liberal Party leadership election.
After the Liberals' defeat and Paul Martin's election-night announcement that he would resign as party leader, Goodale initially indicated that he was not interested in succeeding Martin in that post. "I do not anticipate ever having to cross that bridge," he said. "I rule it out." On March 13, 2006, the "Toronto Star" reported that Goodale was reconsidering his decision, and stated that he may enter the Liberal leadership election after all. In the end, he declined, citing his inability to speak French as a key reason. On November 28, 2006, he endorsed Bob Rae to be the next leader of the Liberal Party. After the third ballot, Bob Rae, who finished third, was eliminated. Goodale then endorsed Stéphane Dion, the eventual winner.
Goodale was opposed to David Orchard's candidacy in the by-election for Desnethé—Missinippi—Churchill River. Dion terminated the nomination contest and appointed Joan Beatty as the candidate.
Proposed coalition government, 2008.
Goodale was re-elected once more in the fall of 2008. One month later, in November 2008, the Liberals and their fellow opposition parties in the Canadian parliament, the NDP and Bloc Québécois, indicated their intention to defeat Stephen Harper's Conservative government in a motion of no confidence, and expressed their desire for Governor General Michaëlle Jean to ask a member of the opposition to form a new government. While there was initially some speculation that Goodale would become Prime Minister of Canada as leader of the proposed coalition government, the coalition agreement simply made "the leader of the Liberal Party" Prime Minister. The Liberals agreed shortly after that Stéphane Dion would lead the government on an interim basis until a new Liberal leader was chosen. In the end, at Prime Minister Harper's request, Jean prorogued Parliament before a confidence vote could be put to the House. By the time Parliament resumed in January 2009, Michael Ignatieff had become interim leader of the party. He did not seek to bring down the government and agreed to support Harper's budget with amendments.
2011 election.
Goodale was one of the 34 Liberal MPs who was returned in the 2011 federal election, the Liberal Party of Canada's worst-ever electoral performance. He and Kevin Lamoureux of Winnipeg North in Winnipeg, Manitoba, were the only two Liberal MPs elected from the Prairie provinces.
The NDP surpassed the Liberals in number of seats, becoming the official opposition, resulted in priority in choosing parliamentary offices. They requested that Goodale forfeit his suite in the coveted Central Block. The Liberals saw this as a measure of disrespect to Goodale, noting that he had seniority as a former cabinet minister and house leader, despite this being standard practice and noting the Conservatives had not asked any Liberals to give up their offices.
In government, 2015–2019.
The Liberals won a majority government in the 2015 federal election, and Goodale was re-elected to a ninth term in the House of Commons, once again representing Regina—Wascana as a consequence of redistricting. In his first cabinet, the new prime minister Justin Trudeau named Goodale to be Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. He is the only MP to serve in government with both Pierre and Justin Trudeau. An order in council on November 4, 2015, places Goodale as first in line to assume the prime minister's powers and duties as "acting prime minister", should Prime Minister Justin Trudeau become incapacitated. Trudeau did not appoint a deputy prime minister at that time.
Goodale sought re-election in the 2019 federal election, but lost his bid to Conservative Party candidate Michael Kram in a rematch of the 2015 race. Despite having represented the riding since 1993, Goodale was defeated by more than 16 percentage points.
Post-politics.
On March 31, 2020, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced the appointment of Goodale as Special Advisor to the Government of Canada's response to Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 crash. Goodale will "examine lessons learned" from Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302, Air India Flight 182 and other air disasters and "develop a framework to guide Canada's responses to international air disasters."
Diplomatic career.
Goodale was appointed the Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom on April 13, 2021, replacing Janice Charette who was appointed the interim clerk of the Privy Council for Canada. Goodale's priorities in the position will include "working with the U.K. on climate change and the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic" as well as replacing the "transitional trade agreement with a permanent deal in the wake of Brexit".
Reactions to appointment.
The appointment drew praise from Saskatchewan premier Scott Moe, who called the appointment "well deserved" and stating Goodale will be "a real advocate and a great representative for the nation and Canada, but he’ll also be, in many ways, a great representative for the province of Saskatchewan", as well as Conservative foreign affairs critic Michael Chong, who said Goodale "brings a lot of experience to the job".
Electoral record.
Regina—Wascana.

Assiniboia-Gravelbourg.
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|7,914
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,532
!align="right"|
!align="right"|


Sibaysky mine

The Sibaysky mine is a large copper mine located in the south Russia in Baymaksky District, Bashkortostan
. Sibaysky represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 1.48 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.91% copper.


Briolette of India

The Briolette of India is a colorless diamond (weighing ) that was found in India. It is cut in a briolette shape, and is a D-coloured (colourless) type IIa diamond. Its history was thought to date from the 12th century, when it was first acquired by Eleanor of Aquitaine, the Queen consort of King Louis VII of France between 1137 and 1152. This makes the Briolette of India the oldest diamond on record in the world, even older than the famous Koh-i-Noor.
The diamond was in the possession of several famous historical figures such as King Richard the Lion Heart, who carried it with him to the third crusade, and King Henry II of France who presented it to his mistress Diane de Poitiers.
The Briolette of India has disappeared from records for long periods, sometimes even for several centuries, before resurfacing again. It is currently believed to be in the possession of a European family.
Early history.
Modern reports of the diamond's history speculate that it dates back as far as the 12th century, when it is said to have first been acquired and brought to England by Eleanor of Aquitaine, the queen consort of King Louis VII of France. If Eleanor of Acquitaine did come into possession of the diamond, it was probably between 1137 and 1152, which would make the Briolette of India the oldest diamond on record. After her marriage to the King of France was dissolved, Eleanor married Henry II of England, to whom she bore eight children including Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart) who is said to have later acquired the diamond. Modern sources speculate that King Richard I carried the Briolette of India with him when he took part in the third crusade.
The diamond's history was not recorded for almost three centuries after it passed from Richard I's possession. Modern sources resume the story of the diamond from the late 16th century, when Henry II of France is said to have presented it to his mistress, Diane de Poitiers. After Henry II's death, his queen consort, Catherine de Medicis, forced Poitiers to surrender the diamond as well as other jewels given her by the monarch. The jewels that were surrendered may have included the Briolette of India.
The diamond in the 20th century.
According to historian Hans Nadelhoffer, the Briolette of India was cut into its distinctive shape in Neuilly, Paris and sold to Cartier, along with another diamond called the Blue Heart (aka Unzue Heart). "Initially set as a pendant with a 126-grain pearl," Nadelhoffer writes, "the splendid stone was combined the following year [1910] with two 22-carat emeralds and the same pearl to form a brooch, which was sent to the New York branch [of Cartier]. In 1911, Cartier's sold it to [American financier] George Blumenthal", who presented it to his wife, Florence Meyer Blumenthal.
The Briolette resurfaced in 1950, when it was acquired by New York jeweler Harry Winston. Winston sold the diamond to the wife of Canadian millionaire I. W. Killam and bought it from Dorothy J. Killam's estate ten years later, after her death.
In July 1967, the Briolette of India was illustrated in a photograph by Richard Avedon. The image depicts Anglo-American fashion model Penelope Tree holding the unset stone before her right eye.
Harry Winston exhibited the Briolette in 1970 at a dinner organized for American fashion editors. A year later the firm sold it to a European client.
Today.
An unidentified European family illegally reportedly owns the Briolette of India at the present time.
Characteristics.
The Briolette of India is a colourless (D-coloured), clear diamond. It is cut in a briolette shape, an exaggerated form of double rose cut. The diamond weighs . It is D-color and a type IIa diamond, which are the purest type of diamonds with no chemical impurities or plastic deformations in the crystal. Because of its pureness, it is even known as the "purest of the pure". When last seen, the diamond was being used as the pendant of a necklace, along with another diamond and a large pearl.


Kazzinc-Torpedo

Torpedo Hockey Club (, "«Torpedo» hokkeı klýby"; ), commonly referred to as Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk, formerly known as Kazzinc-Torpedo (1999–2015), is a professional ice hockey team based in Oskemen, Kazakhstan. Torpedo has typically been the most dominant developmental club in Kazakhstan and its senior level team also plays at the Supreme Hockey League (VHL), one step below the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Most Kazakh players who have reached the National Hockey League (NHL) trace their roots to Torpedo. Kazzinc-Torpedo is the most crowned Kazakhstan team, with 13 championship wins.
History.
1955–1992: the Soviet era.
The Torpedo were founded by Nikolai Konyakhin in 1955. Konyakhin was a former ice hockey player and he had experience of playing for a youth team of the Moscow region. Father and son Konaykhin's have initiated the foundation of the amateur team at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant. Ice Hockey was a new kind of sport for the factory guys and they started to train and play on the ice of Ulba River in winter. By that time, the factory workers were playing football and bandy. Both teams were calling Torpedo. The new hockey team was named Torpedo, too.
In 1957, they participated at the Kazakh SSR Hockey Championship in Alma-Ata. Also, it was the first official tournament for Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk. They won silver medals at this championship. It was first and last silver medals at the National Championships, because they were unbeaten before 1964. In 1964, Torpedo debuted in the Soviet Hockey Championship's Class B. The team was coached by Olympic medalist and multiple champion of USSR Yuri Baulin. His management led to promotion to Soviet Hockey Championship's Class A2. In 1966–67, they were runners-up and lost only to Avtomobilist Sverdlovsk.
In 1977, Torpedo was relegated to the Soviet Hockey Championship's Class A3. However, three years later they returned to Class A2 Division. That team was coached by Valentin Grigoriev and formed only by its own hockey school graduates. In the early 1980th, the team was headed by local coach Viktor Semykin. The young manager gathered new powerful squad. The team included the most famous local graduate Boris Alexandrov, who returned from CSKA Moscow to his hometown. He became famous all over the world after playing in the Super Series '76 with the team CSKA Moscow and scoring against the New York Rangers, the Montreal Canadiens and the Boston Bruins. In 1986, a conflict between Semykin and the players saw Semykin sacked. Team management assigned Vladimir Goltze as a new head coach. He led the team to the Soviet Hockey Championship's Class A. It was the team's first time at that level. Boris Alexandrov was the best goalscorer at the first round of championships. However, the team was relegated after one season to Class A2 Division. One season later, they returned to the highest division. They stayed at the top division for three seasons until the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The post-Soviet era.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the team kept up much of its momentum, despite losing many of its players and coaches to Russian teams. From 1992 to 1996, Torpedo competed at the International Hockey League, which replaced the Soviet Hockey Championship. In 1993, Torpedo joined the newly created Kazakhstan Hockey Championship, where they would play in parallel to their participation in the International Hockey League. In 1992-93 season, they qualified to the play-offs, but lost to SKA Saint Petersburg in the preliminary round. The team had big financial problems and the Ulba Metallurgical Plant was unable to sponsor them. Vladimir Goltze was fired and Boris Alexandrov replaced him. Alexandrov combined his coaching duties with his playing role. He led the team to victory at the Rudi Hiti Summer League in 1994. In the 1994-95 season, Torpedo reached the play-offs, but lost to Krylya Sovetov Moscow in the preliminary round again. In 1996, the International Hockey League was disbanded.
In 1996, Torpedo was admitted into the Russian hockey system. Torpedo joined the Supreme League of the Russian Ice Hockey Championship, the second highest level after the Russian Superleague. In 1998, the Kazakhstan national team competed at the Winter Olympic Games in Nagano. The team was composed entirely of players from Kazzinc–Torpedo and coached by Boris Alexandrov. Journalists called them "The team of one locker room." It was an unexpected result for many people, when they ranked first at the groupe stage after defeating Italy and Slovakia.
Season-by-season record.
"This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by Kazzinc-Torpedo. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Kazzinc-Torpedo seasons."
"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTW = Overtime/Shootout Wins, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"
Achievements.
Domestic.
Kazakhstan Hockey Championship:
Kazakhstan Hockey Cup:
International.
Supreme Hockey League:
Rudi Hiti Summer League:
IIHF Continental Cup:
Notable alumni.
List of Torpedo players selected in the NHL Entry Draft.
Note: Only counts if the players played for Torpedo before they were selected in the NHL Entry Draft. Some players played only for the Torpedo Junior Team."


Wyodak Resources Development Corporation


Los Azules mine

The Los Azules mine is a large silver mine located in the north-west of Argentina in San Juan Province. Los Azules represents one of the largest silver reserve in Argentina and in the world having estimated reserves of 84.9 million oz of silver and 2.7 million oz of gold. The mine also has reserves amounting to 1.39 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.46% copper.
Los Azules was owned by Minera Andes, which was acquired by McEwen Mining.


Charles-Michel Marle

Charles-Michel Marle (born 26 November 1934 in Guelma, Algeria) is a French engineer and mathematician, corresponding member of the French Academy of sciences since 1983. Charles-Michel Marle is Professor Emeritus at Pierre and Marie Curie University.
Biography.
Charles-Michel Marle completed his primary and secondary education in Constantine (Algeria) where he obtained the first part of the baccalaureate in 1950, and the second part (elementary mathematics series) in 1951.
He was a pupil of the preparatory classes for the grandes écoles at the Lycée Bugeaud in Algiers: higher mathematics in 1951-1952, then special mathematics in 1952-1953.
He was admitted to the École Polytechnique in 1953. When he left this school in 1955, he opted for the Corps des mines.
He did his military service as a second lieutenant at the Engineering School in Angers from October 1955 to February 1956, then in Algeria during the war until 30 December 1956.
Having been kept in the army for a few more months, he began attending the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines in Paris in January 1957, three months late. From October 1957 to September 1958 he attended the École nationale supérieure du pétrole et des moteurs and completed various internships in the oil industry in France and Algeria. Returning to the Paris School of Mines in October 1958, his last year of study was interrupted in January or February 1959 by the decision, taken at that time by the Minister of Industry, to send all junior civil servants of category A to Algeria to participate in the Constantine Plan. He was then attached to the short-lived Common Organisation of the Saharan Regions and worked in Algiers, the Sahara and Paris on various industrial projects.
In October 1959 he was seconded by the Corps des Mines to the French Petroleum Institute (IFP), where he was a research engineer, then head of department, then director of division, until September 1969.
While working at this Institute, with a view to a change of direction, he obtained a degree in mathematics and prepared a doctoral thesis under the supervision of Professor André Lichnerowicz. He works on this thesis outside of working hours at IFP, as his subject has nothing to do with the research done at this Institute.
In October 1969 he changed direction when he entered higher education. First he was a lecturer at the University of Besançon from October 1969 to September 1975, then at the Pierre-et-Marie-Curie University in Paris, and was appointed professor at this university in 1977. He remained there until his retirement in September 2000.
Charles-Michel Marle is the great-great-grandson of the grammarian L. C. Marle (1799-1860), author of an attempt at spelling reform around 1840.
Scientific work.
Work carried out at the French Petroleum Institute.
This work focused on fluid flows in porous media, which are being investigated for applications in hydrocarbon field development. He published a book on the subject, developing a course that he taught at the École nationale du pétrole et des moteurs.
He has published two articles in this field.
Thesis.
The problem he studied in his thesis was the establishment of equations of viscous, heat-conducting, non-uniform composition relativistic fluid dynamics from the Boltzmann relativistic equation. His thesis was published in two papers.
Work on symplectic geometry and Hamiltonian systems.
Since the early 1970s, and until today, he has worked mainly on symplectic geometry, Poisson geometry and their applications in mechanics and physics. With his colleague Paulette Libermann (1919-2007) he published a research-level book on this subject.
He has recently published another book, taking up part of the previous one, exposing recent results obtained in this field since 1987.
He has published a number of articles in this field.


Uncia (mine)

Uncia is a tin mine in the department of Oruro, capital of the Rafael Bustillo province in western Bolivia. It was served by a railway branch from Oruro. It was one of the mines owned by Simón Iturri Patiño.


Sweet Home Mine

Sweet Home Mine is a mine near Alma, Colorado, United States. It was founded in 1873 as a silver mine. It is best known as the source of the famous rhodochrosite crystals "Alma King", displayed at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, and "Alma Rose", displayed at the Rice Northwest Museum of Rocks and Minerals in Oregon.
Specimens of Sweet Home Mine rhodochrosite are also displayed at the geology museum at the Colorado School of Mines, and in the Royal Ontario Museum, the Houston Museum of Natural Science, and in many other museums and hundreds of private collections.


Gaysky mine

The Gaysky mine is a large copper mine located in the south-west of Russia in Orenburg Oblast. Gaysky represents one of the largest copper reserve in Russia and in the world having estimated reserves of 3.06 billion tonnes of ore grading 1.7% copper.


Richard Smith (mining engineer)

Richard Smith (January 30, 1783 – July 21, 1868) was an English-born mining engineer, industrialist and politician. He represented Cape Breton County in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1833 to 1834. Between 1836 and 1864, Smith was the mineral agent for the estate of the Lords of Dudley.
Life.
Richard Smith was born in Tipton, Staffordshire, the son of Thomas Smith and Mary Morris, and was educated at the Royal School of Mines.
In 1811, he married Elizabeth Fereday. Smith and his father-in-law suffered financial losses when the coal and iron market collapsed at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. He subsequently set himself up in business again in London and also managed coal operations in Wales and Portugal. In 1824 he was engaged by Baron Rothschild to manage his estates in North and South Wales. In 1827, Smith was hired to establish coal mining operations in Nova Scotia for the General Mining Association. He established sites at Albion Mines (later Stellarton), Sydney Mines, Bridgeport and Little Bras d'Or. Smith contested a new assembly seat for Cape Breton in a violent election held in 1832 where William Young's supporters intimidated voters at some polls; he was declared elected to the assembly in 1833 after Young's election was overturned.
In 1834, he returned to England. Smith managed the mineral holdings of the Earl of Dudley from 1836 to 1864, taking over from Francis Downing. The Dudley Estate was extensive and included coal, limestone and iron ore mines and blast furnaces in the Black Country region of England. Richard Smith oversaw the construction of a private railway network for the estate. as well as the construction of the Round Oak Ironworks.
Richard Smith retired as the Earl of Dudley's mineral agent in 1864, being succeeded in the post by his son, Frederick Smith.
Richard's final residence was Berry Hill, near Lichfield. He died near Lichfield, Staffordshire at the age of 85.


John Haney Rogers

John Haney Rogers, born 1822 in Tennessee, died December 27, 1906 Merced, California, was a pioneer of the California Gold Rush, and was one of the first known group of European-Americans to travel through Death Valley, California, in December 1849.
Early life.
Little is known of Rogers's life, other than what is recounted in the autobiography of William L. Manly, "Death Valley in 1849", and there are no known photographs or portraits of him.
Death Valley, Rescue of the Bennett-Arcane Emigrant party.
Rogers is notable primarily for the incident recounted here. In the autumn of 1849, several groups of emigrant gold-seekers were assembled in Salt Lake City, Utah, preparing to head for Southern California via the Old Spanish Trail. Although this route would have brought the emigrants to California about 200 miles south of the gold fields, they knew it was too close to winter to attempt a crossing of the central Sierra Nevada over Donner Pass. At this point, a map was presented to the group by a Captain Smith, who had been hired to guide a different group of emigrants, showing a purported "short cut" to California that crossed south-central Nevada along the foot of an east–west mountain range, along which water and grass for the animals would be available, then into California at a latitude much closer to the gold fields. The groups argued over this proposed short cut, and eventually split up, with some sticking to the original route, and others adopting the short cut. The "short cut" group included families with children (generally referred to as the Bennett-Arcane party in Manly's book), and several unmarried men, including William Lewis Manly and his friend John H. Rogers.
Unfortunately for these emigrants, the east–west mountain range shown on the map turned out to be a figment of the map-maker's imagination, and for three weeks the team's westward travel was through barren sagebrush desert with hardly any drinkable water and even less forage for the oxen and horses. At the end of November, they had arrived at the base of a mountain range and started to climb, believing this to be the Sierra Nevada, with the California Central Valley just a few more day's travel on the other side. This impression was horribly wrong: the mountains they were climbing were the Amargosa Range, and on a direct westward course, they had "four more" ranges to cross to reach California. The route they were following began to descend along a dry arroyo that is today known as Furnace Creek Wash, which deposited the teams in the bottom of Death Valley, with the Panamint Range blocking any further progress westward. They were now completely lost, and both people and animals were on the brink of starvation. The group crossed the valley, heading south along the foot of the Panamints in search of a pass. They camped at a spring, now called Bennett's Well, and determined that their only possibility of survival was to send a small party on foot to scout an escape route and perhaps bring help if a settlement could be found. Two young men volunteered to make this attempt, William Lewis Manly and John Rogers, and they were provided with enough provisions for about two weeks, and all of the money in the camp - about $30 - with which to buy supplies and animals if such could be found.
Manly and Rogers started southwest, and after two weeks of walking through the Mojave Desert, with little more than a few pounds of dried meat and a makeshift canteen made of gunpowder cans, they stumbled into a settlement, Rancho San Fernando, 30 miles or so northeast of Los Angeles near Tejon Pass. Here they were able to procure a pair of horses and a mule, and additional provisions, then they began the 250 mile trek back to Death Valley, arriving back at the Bennett's camp after almost a month's round trip journey, and with only the mule still alive, the two horses having died of exhaustion and privation along the return route. This heroic trek, nearly 500 miles through a completely unknown desert wilderness, resulted in the preservation of the lives of all but one of the members of the Bennett-Arcane Party (a Captain Culverwell had died a day or two before Manly and Rogers' return)
Events after the 1849 Death Valley march.
Manly and Rogers led the Bennett-Arcane party safely back to Los Angeles, after which they parted ways. Rogers spent some time at gold mining, then moved to Gilroy, California in Santa Clara County, where he was the town's first constable in 1852. Later, he settled in Merced, California, where he owned a farm and lived the remainder of his life. Near the end of his life, Rogers was suffering from Mercury poisoning, a common affliction resulting from the use of mercury to extract gold from low-grade ore, and parts of his feet had been amputated, presumably from mercury-induced gangrene.


Mannargudi coalfield

The Mannargudi is a large coal field located in the south of India in Tamil Nadu. Mannargudi represents one of the largest coal reserves in India, having estimated reserves of 2,037 crore tonnes of coal.


Mirador Norte mine

The Mirador Norte mine is a large copper mine located in the south of Ecuador in Zamora-Chinchipe Province. Mirador Norte represents one of the largest copper reserve in Ecuador and in the world having estimated reserves of 217 million tonnes of ore grading 0.51% copper, 0.55 million oz of gold.


Jackpile Mine


Angarrack

Angarrack () is a village in west Cornwall, England, UK. It is in the parish of Gwinear-Gwithian a mile to the east of Hayle. Immediately south of the village Angarrack viaduct carries the Cornish mainline railway over the Angarrack River. The name comes from "An Garrek" which means "The Rock" in the Cornish language. According to the Ordnance Survey the spelling is Angarrack but on signs near the village, it is variously spelled Angarrack, Angharrack, or Angarrick.
Geography.
Angarrack is in a narrow valley from which the Angarrack River flows before entering the Copperhouse Pool in Hayle, through a specially constructed culvert designed to prevent flooding. However, in January 2003 the flooding was severe enough to be reported on the regional television programme "Spotlight". The Angarrack River joins the Hayle Estuary at Copperhouse Pool before running into the sea at St Ives Bay.
History.
A mill known as Melynbran was recorded in 1342 and may be the mill, Conarditone, recorded in Domesday. Angarrack is shown on maps as far back as the sixteenth century. The village was formerly a centre of industry with mining and quarrying and there were a number of mines in the valley of the Angarrack River. At the western end of the railway viaduct was the Mellanvrane mine where, before 1728, Dr John Woodward collected several specimens of tin for his mineral collection. At the eastern end of the viaduct was the Mellanoweth Mine where the North Deep Adit (a drainage and exploratory tunnel) continued to the Nanpusker Mine, further up the valley. An 1846 project to continue the adit up the valley as far as Binner Downs, just to the east of Leedstown, does not appear to have occurred.
There were also four mills on the Angarrack River. One was at Trungle; one (Angarrack Mill) was at the far end of the village on the junction of Grist Lane formally known as (the fields) and Steamer's Hill; one (Grist Mill) was situated at the northern end of the village; and one (Loggans Mill) still stands beside the Angarrack River at the eastern end of Hayle. A smelting house was built in 1704 and the mill(s) were converted into stamps to process ores from the nearby mines. The smelting house closed in 1881 and the only remaining structures are the manager's house, smith shop and tin house which have been converted to other uses
The main road between Redruth and the west once passed through Angarrack. Charles Wesley, following a visit to Redruth on 7 August 1743, was returning to St Ives via Angarrack and stopped to preach to a group of people who were at Velling-Varine (Mellenvrane). It is not known when a Methodist Society formed but the first mention is in 1779 when Angarrack was part of the Redruth Circuit. The first chapel was built in 1843 and the present chapel was built in a quarry, near the smelting house and opened on 10 April 1874. A Sunday School was added in 1889 and Vestries in 1926.
Hayle Railway.
In 1834 the Hayle Railway built a 4-foot 8½ inch gauge track, over the from Hayle to Redruth. Above Angarrack originally horses, and from 1843 a stationary engine, hauled the trains up and down an incline. The incline can still be seen on maps and the stationary engine is commemorated in the name Steamers Hill; the road leading to Connor Downs. Following acquisition by the West Cornwall Railway a new line was constructed from Penzance to Trenowin Farm, to the east of Angarrack and the old line through Hayle and Angarrack was closed on 16 February 1852. The new line bypassed the original Hayle Station and the incline by wooden viaducts built between 1850 and 1852. The present 11-span viaduct was built in 1888 for Great Western Railway beside the original viaduct.


Alan Fitch

Ernest Alan Fitch (10 March 1915 – 7 August 1985) was a British Labour Party politician.
Fitch was educated at Kingswood School, Bath (1927–1932), and was a mineworker. He represented mineworkers on the executive committee of the Lancashire and Cheshire Regional Council of Labour.
He was elected to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Wigan in a by-election in 1958, following the death of sitting Labour MP Ronald Williams. He was re-elected at the next seven general elections, before stepping down at the 1983 general election, when the seat was held for Labour by Roger Stott.
Fitch was one of only two MPs for Wigan in the 20th century to stand down (retire) rather than die in office. His successor Roger Stott reverted to the trend and died in office in 1999.
Fitch was a government Assistant Whip from 1964 to 1966, a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1966 to 1969 and Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1969 to 1970, and was a member of the nationalised industries select committee.
Fitch was also a Member of the European Parliament.


Mining Museum of Asturias

Mining Museum of Asturias (: Museo de la Minería de Asturias, MUMI) is located in El Entrego, San Martín del Rey Aurelio, Asturias, Spain.
MUMI opened in 1994.
The complex includes the information on mining activity that developed in the coalfields of Asturias from the 18th century as well as the history of coal mining, the Industrial Revolution, and technological advances in the field of coal mining. The main building comprises a cylindrical central area with a tower. Two aisles are attached to the main building and are home to numerous exhibition halls, and other services. Apart from the extensive exhibits and machinery on display, a simulated underground mine can be accessed by a cage, and is considered the main attraction of the museum.


Richard Yeeles

Richard Yeeles in an English-born Australian businessman and former senior South Australian public servant with interests in the resources sector, particularly uranium mining and processing.
Career.
Yeeles has worked at the Olympic Dam mine near Roxby Downs in South Australia under the management of Western Mining Corporation and later BHP Billiton during their open-pit expansion proposal. Yeeles holds the position of Corporate Affairs Manager at BHP Billiton and was appointed Approvals and Community Director of the ASX listed uranium explorer and prospective mining company Toro Energy in October 2009.
Yeeles entered the resource sector in 1996, having previously held several key senior positions within the Government of South Australia including Chief of Staff for both the Premier and Opposition Leader, Press Secretary and Manager of Public Relations. Yeeles worked as Chief of Staff for Liberal party opposition leader Dale Baker in 1989. In the 1990s he was Baker's closest confidante and adviser and remains a close friend. Yeeles began his professional life as a cadet journalist for the ABC and is the editor and author of two books about former South Australian premier, Don Dunstan.
Yeeles was appointed as a member of the Resources Industry Development Board in 2008. The board provides policy advice to the Government of South Australia.
Yeeles was appointed to the Olympic Dam Agreement Trust Advisory Council in 2010. The council provides advice to the trustee administering payments to Aboriginal people in northern South Australia under the terms of the Olympic Dam Agreement.
In 2015, Yeeles wrote a 270-page submission to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission supporting the development of high-level nuclear waste storage facilities and an expanded nuclear industry in South Australia.
In 2016, he was appointed Policy Director of the Liberal Party of South Australia.
Yeeles also provides services as an advisor for the corporate advisory firm and political lobbyist, Barker Wentworth.
Olympic Dam mine.
Richard Yeeles has worked on the Olympic Dam mine project since 1996. He was first employed by Western Mining Corporation, and entered the employ of BHP Billiton after its corporate takeover of WMC. He has served as a media spokesperson for both companies in addition to fulfilling his core role in Corporate Affairs.
1995 contamination allegation.
In July 1996, an allegation of a worker contamination incident in 1995 was raised in the South Australian parliament by Democrat, Sandra Kanck. It was claimed that drums of radioactive waste had been transported illegally from the Lucas Heights nuclear facility in New South Wales to the Olympic Dam mine where they were run through processing plant facilities in an experiment which failed. Yeeles told the media that the material was 11 tonnes of yellowcake and that "All necessary government clearances were obtained for the transportation and the material underwent normal processing... there was no failure of the process."
Kanck's allegation claimed that waste precipitated to the bottom of one of the very large separation tanks and set like cement and that workers were contaminated on the first day of excavation. Her account stated that "they sent Geiger counters ‘off the scale' when they entered the lunch room. They had taken off their protective clothing and washed but still had a comparatively high level of radiation on their bodies."
On 2 August the Minister for Mines and Energy, Dale Baker stated that “The transport took place with full knowledge of both State and Commonwealth Governments. All necessary and appropriate notifications were made.”
1999 uranium processing plant fire.
On 24 December 1999 a fire occurred at the Olympic Dam uranium processing plant. Richard Yeeles told the media that the fire caused no injuries, and that there was "certainly no effect to public health at all". He described the fire as burning kerosene in a solvent collection pond. He also stated that there was no contact between the fire and any radioactive material, and that the wind was blowing from the south (suggesting that any smoke would travel away from the township of Roxby Downs).
2009 seawater desalination plant proposal.
In 2009, BHP Billiton published an Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed expansion of the Olympic Dam mine. Public concern had been expressed as early as 2006 that the brine discharge proposed for Point Lowly could harm the mass aggregation of giant Australian cuttlefish which occurs on rocky reef near Port Bonython, between Point Lowly and Whyalla. Richard Yeeles told the ABC that there would be "no adverse impact on cuttlefish from the operation of the desalination plant." The statement was refuted by marine ecologist Bronwyn Gillanders of the University of Adelaide who published scientific research demonstrating the vulnerability of the animals' eggs to local increases in salinity. The desalination plant received environmental approval, but as of 2015 has not been constructed.
Publications.
1978 Don Dunstan compilation.
Yeeles compiled content for the book "Don Dunstan - The first 25 years in Parliament", which was published in 1978. Yeeles was inspired to produce the book during the years 1970-1974 when he was a Parliamentary reporter with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).
2014 Don Dunstan biography.
In 2014 Yeeles published a Don Dunstan biography as an e-book entitled: "Don't Ask. Don't Tell.: Too long untold – Don Dunstan in life and politics". The book purports to contain "new perspectives on the controversies of his life, including some personally corrupt behavior, the sacking of a police commissioner and his banning of uranium mining" with reference to documentary evidence.
Public responses to the book were varied, ranging from criticisms that the book was "pulling him down from the pedestal... almost vicious at times and unbalanced" through to compliments for "a very, very thorough and important work."


Manhattan Mine


Copper Country

The Copper Country is an area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the United States, including Keweenaw County, Michigan, Houghton, Baraga and Ontonagon counties as well as part of Marquette County. The area is so named as copper mining was prevalent there from 1845 until the late 1960s, with one mine (the White Pine mine) continuing through 1995. In its heyday in the latter half of the 19th century and the early 20th century, the area was the world's greatest producer of copper.
Native copper.
The Copper Country is highly unusual among copper-mining districts in that the copper was predominantly in the form of copper metal – "native copper" – rather than the copper oxides or copper sulfides that form the copper ore at almost every other copper-mining district.
History.
Native Americans mined copper from small pits as early as 3000 B.C. on this peninsula surrounded by the waters of Lake Superior.
Douglass Houghton, the State Geologist of Michigan in the mid 1800s and later to become mayor of Detroit, reported on the copper deposits in 1841. The first successful copper mine, the Cliff mine, began operations in 1845, and spurred by venture capital from Boston and other East Coast investors, many other mines quickly followed. Mining of the most productive deposit, the Calumet conglomerate, began in 1865. Mining took place along a belt that stretched about 100 miles southwest to northeast.
While mining continues on a small scale, tourism and logging are now the area's major industries.
Immigrants to Copper Country.
Initially, Irish, Cornish, French-Canadian and German immigrants came to mine copper on the peninsula. They were followed by large numbers of Finns, Swedes, Danes, Sámi and Norwegians who immigrated to the Upper Peninsula, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, to work in the mines. The immigration of people from Finland peaked from 1899 to World War I. Slovenes, Croatians, and Italians emigrated from about 1880, the first two groups sometimes called Austrians as their homelands were then part of the Austrian Empire. Polish people also were attracted to this successful mining area. Thus the pattern in this boom period was first the native Americans and people from the British Isles, French Canada and Western Europe, followed by people from the Nordic countries, and then by people from Southern and Eastern Europe. The Finns in particular stayed on and prospered even after the copper mines closed, while most moved on to other mining areas or homesteaded in other Midwestern states.
The list of ethic groups included the aforementioned Nordic peoples, Chinese; Cornish; Croatians; French Canadians; Germans; Irish; Italians; Native Americans; Poles; and Slovenes.
After the copper mining.
Popular tourist destinations include the cities of Copper Harbor and Houghton, and the Porcupine Mountains with Lake of the Clouds. Snowmobiling is very popular in the winter, and snowmobile trails are found in most areas.
The Copper Country is largely rural, and much of it has been designated as state parks or similar designations. These include McLain State Park, Porcupine Mountains State Park, and the Copper Country State Forest. The Keweenaw National Historical Park includes several important sites relating to the area's copper-mining history.
Institutions of higher education include Finlandia University in Hancock, founded in 1896 as Suomi College, and Michigan Technological University in Houghton, originally established in 1885 as the Michigan School of Mines. Finlandia University is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, reflecting the spiritual heritage of the region's many Finnish immigrants. Michigan Tech was founded in response to the needs of the copper mines.
Winter snowfall.
The Copper Country averages more snowfall than any part of the USA east of the Mississippi River, and more snowfall than any non-mountainous region of the continental United States.


Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte

', officially the ' (), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people.
The municipality was formerly known as Mambulao, a word taken from “"mambulawan",” meaning bountiful in gold. It was renamed to honor José María Panganiban on December 1, 1934.
Barangays.
Jose Panganiban is politically subdivided into 27 barangays.
Demographics.
In the , the population of Jose Panganiban was people, with a density of .
Climate.
Climate in the Philippines is classified into four types. Camarines Norte's climate is classified under Type II, which is characterized by the absence of a dry season, with maximum rain period occurring between December to February, and minimum monthly rainfall occurring between March to May.
The northeast monsoon moves mainly north and northeast trending to easterly towards the end of the season. Average temperature ranges from 20 degrees Celsius to 28.3 degrees Celsius. Wind averages 15 to 20 miles per hour and is steadiest during January. The southeast monsoon is prevalent from June to September and is steadiest during the months of July and August, with wind speeds averaging from 10 to 15 miles per hour. The hottest months are from March to June, while the coolest months are from November to January.
Occurrences of rainfall in Jose Panganiban are more frequent during the predominance of the northeast monsoon between the months of October and May with maximum occurrence in November and December.
The highest rise in temperature occurs during the months of May and June, averaging between 28.9 degrees Celsius to 29 degrees Celsius. The coolest months are between December and February, with average ranging between 26.0 degrees Celsius to 26.4 degrees Celsius.
Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the air. The municipality's normal relative humidity is at its highest and the steadiest between the months of September and December, while it is at its lowest between the months of April and June, the hottest months per year.
Economy.
Mining.
It is known that even before the colonizers came, Mambulao was already a flourishing mining town. It was the Spaniards, drawn by the rumor of immense gold deposits in the Mambulao-Paracale district, who mastered in exploring the gold mining potentials of these towns.
From the 1750s to 1800s, Paracale held the major Spanish mines, but due to its closure in the 1790s, its people were living in desultory gold washing, fishing and selling betel nut to Mambulao which has now become the mining center. During that time, there were plenty of small shops but there's no rice fields and vegetable gardening. All necessities came from Ambos Camarines and Tayabas (Quezon). Fifteen years later, the mines of Mambulao were no longer open. There was still some haphazard gold washing by women of Indio Class whose husbands, it was alleged, gambled away their meager earning in card games run by the town mayor. But by 1818, the population was back to the levels of the 1790s and by the mid-1820s annual gold production levels ran as 3,200 ounces (90.7 kg.) worth Php. 44,000 at prevailing prices. By 1829, Camarines Norte was considered to be wealthy and populous enough to warrant separation as province of its own for the first time. But after the 1840s the mining and population declined. Dr. Fedor Jagor (in his book Travels in the Philippines and The former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes), a well known German traveler who visited Mambulao in 1859, reported that it was thinly populated and that the mining mania was already ruined. From 1837 to 1876 the population of Mambulao and Paracale decreased by 30%.
From 1900 until the early twenties, Mambulao was a sleepy town, isolated from the other towns of Camarines Norte. During the gold bloom, it was dubbed as “Little Manila”, due to flourishing business operated by Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese, Syrians and many others. Dutch-born Filipino citizen Jan Hendrik Marsman operated two rich mines during the American occupation, a substantial dredging operation and the Philippines only smelter located in the Mambulao- Paracale district. The population quadrupled between 1918 and 1938. One of the most notable mining company to operate in this municipality is the Philippine Iron Mines, then the largest iron mine in Asia.
Mining companies operating in Jose Panganiban include:
Infrastructure.
Airport and Seaports.
The Larap (Jose Panganiban) Airport (ICAO Code: RPUP), formerly operated by the Philippine Iron Mines, covers an area of approximately 35 hectares and with existing 1,400 meter stretched runway. It is located at Latitude 14°17′28″N Longitude 122°38′46″E.
The International Port of Jose Panganiban (Latitude 14° 17’N Longitude 122° 42’E) is nearly 2 miles wide at the entrance between Calambayungan Island and Pinandungan Point and with sea distance to Manila of 468.10 nautical miles.The port is situated at Barangay Osmeña which is approximately five (5) kilometers away from the town proper of Jose Panganiban. The port serves as the passage of all water borne traffic to and from the Paracale mining area, Larap., Lucena, other Quezon town and the rest of Bicol and Visayas provinces. Copra, coconut oil and copra pellets used to be its principal exports.
The Port of Larap Bay is a natural coastal harbor situated at Barangay Larap (Latitude 14° 18' 36" N Latutude 122° 39' 0" E), currently serving the needs of a local mining company. The harbor entrance is restricted due to swell.
The Private Port of Jose Panganiban SEZ is located inside Magnakron Oleo Philippines, Inc. It is registered at the Philippines Ports Authority with registration type P/NC and is being operated by Magnakron Realty Philippines, Inc.
Public Land Transportation.
The municipal's public transportation needs are provided by Tricycles, Jeepneys (Route: Downtown to Mountainous Villages), Vans (Route: Jose Panganiban to Daet), and Buses (Routes: Jose Panganiban to Daet via Labo, Jose Panganiban to Tabaco, Albay via Naga City, and Jose Panganiban to Metro Manila). Philtranco, Superlines, and Elavil serve the Jose Panganiban/Paracale-Metro Manila route.
Electricity and Water Supply.
Jose Panganiban is being served by the National Power Corporation through CANORECO (Camarines Norte Electric Cooperative). A Coal Power Plant is set to be built by H and WB Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. by 4th quarter of 2017 which is expected to generate a total of 700 Megawatts of power supply by 2025.
Water supply and treatment is provided by Jose Panganiban Water District, a local cooperative. The water system of Jose Panganiban Water District (JPWD) includes surface water and groundwater (through wells) as water source. It also consists of treatment facilities, pumping facilities, reservoir, pipelines and service connections. It was constructed in 1953 with the concrete intake structure (Paltic Dam) along Paltic Creek, a reservoir, pipelines and service connections as its original facilities. A series of rehabilitation projects had been implemented in Jose Panganiban consisting of source development (well drilling and construction of surface water source), provision of electromechanical facilities, pipeline extension to adjacent barangays and installation of additional service connections.
Communication.
Mambulao Cable Television and JP Cable TV System provide digital cable services and fixed-line internet connection throughout the municipality. Smart Communications, Globe Telecom, and Sun Cellular are the mobile, fixed-line, broadband, 3G and 4G internet Service provider. International Calls are provided by the Local Government for free. Town FM 89.3 also broadcasts from the municipality.
Educational institutions.
Public Primary.
West District:
East District:
Private Schools.
Listed below are private schools currently included in the Department of Education's Masterlist.
Nonsectarian Schools
Sectarian Schools
Religions.
Christian churches:
Roman Catholic churches:


Meghahatuburu

Meghahatuburu (mentioned in census records as Meghahatuburu Forest village) is a census town in West Singhbhum district of the Indian state of Jharkhand. The town was largely built by the Steel Authority of India Limited as it is the Raw Material Division of SAIL.
Overview.
The towns of Meghahatuburu and Kiriburu are contiguous, sharing many local facilities, although Meghahatuburu is in West Singhbhum district of the state of Jharkhand, whilst Kiriburu is in Kendujhar district of the state of Odisha.
They are differentiated by MIOM and KIOM, the two iron ore mines. Meghahatuburu is a major tourist centre of Jharkhand. It is adjacent to a very dense forest (Saranda) and has streams and mountain ranges. Megahatuburu is very rich in iron ore and many companies are excavating the ore. This place had an annual rainfall of 128cc which has decreased because of the cutting of trees.
List of places.
There are many great places to visit in Kiriburu and Meghataburu, some of them are,
Saranda Forest, Pundul Waterfall, Swapneswar Temple, Khandadhar Waterfall, Sanaghagara Waterfall, etc.
Demographics.
 India census, Meghahatuburu Forest village had a population of 6,879. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Meghahatuburu Forest village has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 66%. In Meghahatuburu Forest village, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.


Arnold Lupton

Arnold Lupton (11 September 1846 – 23 May 1930) was a British Liberal Party Member of Parliament, academic, mining engineer and a managing director (collieries). He was jailed for pacifist activity during World War One.
Family background.
Arnold Lupton was the son of Arthur Lupton, (1819–1867) and Elizabeth Wicksteed. His father was a Unitarian minister. and member of the Lupton family of Leeds. His mother's brother was the Rev Charles Wicksteed, a minister at Mill Hill Chapel in Leeds. The Wicksteeds were "Unitarians of vigorous mind and keen intelligence".
Career.
Lupton was articled to Woodhouse and Jeffcock, civil and mining engineers in Derby and became Professor of Coal Mining, at the Yorkshire College from 1878 to 1899 and an examiner in Mine Surveying for the City and Guilds of London Institute. The Royal Coal Commission employed him to prepare maps, sections and estimates of coal reserves in Yorkshire, Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire.
Lupton, the first managing director of the Shirebrook Colliery Company in 1894, was a controversial figure. He left Shirebrook four years later after a 17-week miners' strike because of poor working conditions and low wages. Blackleg miners from Glasgow and Wales were brought to replace them but after they were sent home, Lupton resigned.
After leaving Shirebrook, Lupton continued working in the technical and mechanical running of collieries and authored books and pamphlets. He was subsequently the consulting engineer and manager at Highfield Colliery, Oakerthorpe in Chesterfield and resident engineer and manager at Bettisfield Colliery. He was consulting engineer and manager of Manston, New Hall, Fieldhouse, and Rock Collieries. As engineer and managing director, he planned work for Tinsley Park Colliery and obtained leases for Yorkshire Main, Maltby Main and Harworth Main Collieries. He inspected coal and other mines and quarries in Britain, Europe, the United States, Australia and India and was an expert witness in Parliamentary and Arbitration cases. He was awarded the Silver Medal of the Order of St John of Jerusalem for saving life in a mine when he saved two persons after an explosion at Wharncliffe Colliery, Barnsley.
Lupton published many papers on mining and three books, "Mining", "Mine Surveying" and "Electricity as Applied to Mining", in conjunction with Parr and Perkin. Outside mining he developed Niagara Water Power for which he was awarded a prize by the International Commission. He obtained Acts of Parliament for Yorkshire Electric Power and for Derby and Nottingham Electric Power.
Harworth Colliery and the German connection.
In 1907, George Monckton-Arundell, 7th Viscount Galway was keen to exploit the coal under his Serlby Estate in Nottinghamshire. Leases changed hands several times before being granted to Arnold Lupton in 1910. Lupton then had to raise an estimated £450,000 to develop Harworth Colliery and made several promises to Viscount Galway that capital would be forthcoming and a prospectus to raise £500,000 in shares of £1 was drawn up in 1912. The promised capital was not forthcoming and Lupton, facing a crisis, turned to Hugo Stinnes, a German industrialist. In 1913 Lupton leased the coal to Stinnes for £2,000 and played a part in establishing the Anglo-German owned Northern Union Mining Company to develop the colliery on the Serlby Estate. Development started and Germans who worked there were interned during the First World War. In 1922 Lupton had still not been paid and claimed the money from his pre-war deal in an arbitration court. Stinnes had refused to pay but the court ruled in Lupton's favour and he received his money, interest and costs. When Lupton's dealings with Germans were leaked after the horrors of the war, public opinion was not favourable.
Politics.
Lupton was elected in 1906 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Sleaford division of Lincolnshire, defeating the Conservative MP Henry Chaplin who had represented Sleaford and its predecessor seat since 1868.
Whilst an MP, Lupton had the opportunity to vote for the 1908 Women's Enfranchisement Bill but he neither spoke nor voted in the debate. He supported Free Trade and laissez-faire economics.
Lupton's record in parliamentary debates and international press reports highlight his strained relationship with Prime Minister H. H. Asquith and opposition leader Arthur Balfour over issues such as compulsory vaccination and conscription, the Union of South Africa and Asquith's Land Tax policy (1912). In 1926, parliamentary records show Lupton lobbying the Minister of Health, Neville Chamberlain, to abolish compulsory vaccination.
A prolific writer, these issues were the impetus for much correspondence between Lupton and fellow Liberal MPs, including Winston Churchill, and campaigners such as Bertrand Russell. Lupton's political views were not always appreciated by his fellow parliamentarians. In 1909, George V, (then Prince of Wales), was "in the gallery when Professor Arnold Lupton got to his feet to speak". Although he remained to listen to Lupton's speech, the press reported that, "so great was the turmoil of men rushing to the lobby that it was impossible to hear what the member of Sleaford was saying".
Alongside Liberal Home Secretary, Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone, Lupton was an associate of the "Balkan Committee" which had been founded in 1906 by Radical Liberal Cabinet Minister James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce.
Lupton was defeated at the January 1910 election by the Conservative Edmund Royds and did not contest the December 1910 General Election when Royds was returned unopposed. A pacifist, Lupton was opposed to Britain's participation in World War One. He wrote pamphlets expressing his pacifist views. "Voluntary Service versus Compulsory Service" was written in September 1915 when inciting pacifism was an offence. He was imprisoned for six months for distributing pacifist leaflets activities considered prejudicial to recruiting in February 1918. When he visited Ireland in October 1917, a special notice by the Omagh Royal Irish Constabulary was issued requesting that a "discreet watch be kept on Sir Arnold Lupton" because of his well known anti-conscription views.
Lupton contested Plaistow at the 1918 General Election presenting himself as a 'Liberal and Temperance' candidate. His decision to stand may have been influenced by his Labour opponent, an out-spoken supporter of the war who supported conscription, putting him at odds with his local party. Lupton failed to gain backing from local organised labour or the Liberal Party and was beaten heavily, winning only 5.1% of the votes.
After the war, the coalition government was attacked from the right by politicians and newspaper proprietors advocating retrenchment policies and opposition to government waste. Lupton had some sympathy with this view. At the Westminster Abbey by-election in 1921, he was selected as the Liberal Party candidate and presented himself as the 'Liberal and Anti-waste' candidate but his opponents also presented themselves in this way. No candidate was prepared to support the Coalition government. Finishing third, Lupton exceeded all expectations by polling 3,053 votes, the highest vote ever polled by a Liberal in either Westminster division.
Lupton did not stand for parliament again. He was well known on the international stage, visiting the United States of America, India, Ireland, Australia and other countries as a lecturer on mining and political campaigner. The "New York Times" reported that this "celebrated parliamentarian" had plans to rid London of its famous smog in 1906.
After Lupton's death aged 83 in 1930, he left a portion of his estate to the National Liberal Club, where as a member, he had often given lectures, and a luncheon was given to his mourners.
Beliefs.
Lupton was a teetotaller and supported the temperance movement. He was an anti-vaccinationist believing that vaccines were dangerous and the Government should dissociate itself from supporting their use. Lupton was a member of the executive council of the National Anti-Vaccination League and contributed £100 a year to the league and between £500 to £900 for anti-vaccination activities. Lupton authored the booklet "Vaccination and the State", published in 1906.


Lawrence Ennis

Lawrence Ennis CMG OBE (31 August 1871 – 5 May 1938) was a Scottish-born engineer.
He was best known as the managing director of Dorman Long and the main supervisor of the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Life.
Ennis was born in West Calder, Scotland. He was descended from a family of engineers on his maternal line. He went to work in a shale pit from the age of twelve. When he was 15 he emigrated with his family to the United States.
Ennis managed one of the American Bridge Company's largest sites by 1900. Ennis joined Dorman Long in 1903 as superintendent in charge of bridge and constructional works. In 1905 he was made works manager. Ennis became general manager of the company in 1915 and a company director in 1924.
Ennis was appointed OBE in 1918, in reignition of his conversion of the Dorman Long works into a munitions manufacturing site during World War One.
From 1924 to 1932 Ennis was resident in Australia to manage the construction of Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Upon his return to Britain in 1932, Ennis was appointed managing director of Dorman Long. Under his tenure the firm built a large steelworks at Warrenby, Redcar.
He died in 1938.


Sebuku (Borneo)

Sebuku (old spelling Seboekoe) is a island south-east of Borneo and administratively part of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sebuku is home to a large coal mine operated by Straits Asia Resources, which produces 3 million tonnes of coal every year.
Overview.
Sebuku is located to the south-east of Borneo, approximately from Laut Island. It is roughly from north to south and from east to west at its widest point, covering a total area of . Administratively, it is part of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is on the Kanibungan Fault.
Coal was first found on the island by the Dutch colonial government in 1925. Large deposits of coal, dating from the Eocene, have been found in Sebuku's south-west region; the main deposit forms a syncline which trends from north to south. The strata around the coal is mainly mudstone and shale.
Sebuku is home to roughly 4,900 people, with a total population density of . Prior to the opening of the coal mine, it had no infrastructure; now there are small roads, a port, and a small airfield.
Mining.
Although the Dutch originally discovered at least 25 coal deposits on Sebuku, after realizing that the island may not survive mining they cancelled their plans. Instead, they kept the island as a preserved park to serve as a buffer for Laut Island.
Due to estimates of coal reserves measuring eleven million metric tonnes, infrastructure for a mine was built beginning in June 1997; mining began in December of the same year, despite concerns that the mining could sink the island. The mine is operated by Singapore-based Straits Asia Resources, a subsidiary of Straits Resources. Mining is done using multiple open pits.
As of 30 June 2008, the total remaining coal was estimated at 384 megatonnes, with a reserve base of 19 megatonnes. Production is estimated to be 3 megatonnes per annum.


Dilhorne

Dilhorne is an ancient parish and village in Staffordshire, three miles from Cheadle and six miles from Stoke-on-Trent. The village is within the Staffordshire Moorlands area.
Historically the village has been in the Parish of Dilhorne and the ancient Hundred of Totmonslow.
Etymology.
The name Dilhorne has its origins in the old English name of "Delverne" which means "place of digging" and is because Dilhorne sits on the Cheadle Coalfield and several seams of very high quality coal outcrop in the area. The name of Delverne, which is mentioned in the Domesday Book, suggests that the area was known for coal mining nearly a thousand years ago.
Coal mining.
Historically, the largest industry in Dilhorne for hundreds of years was coal mining. The coal mining industry became the main source of employment in the 19th century as the small adit mines that followed the outcrops of coal progressively gave way to larger mines, funded and owned in part by the local landowners who now became coalmasters. In particular the Whitehurst and Bamford families became co-owners of several mining concerns, the largest being the Dilhorne Colliery, a large mine which was known in the coalfield for its modern steam engines. The site of Dilhorne Colliery is occupied nowadays by a small farm known as "Old Engine Farm".
Foxfield Colliery.
Foxfield Colliery, located at Godley Brook was the largest mine in Dilhorne, eventually the largest mine in the Cheadle Coalfield and in the end the last mine remaining in the coalfield, working for well over 80 years.
However, its beginnings made its future far from uncertain. Originally, the landowner wouldn't let anyone prospect for coal on her land, and when finally a shaft was sunk in 1880 it was called "Manns Pit", instead of Foxfield.
The pit did though have access to good coal, and the Dilhorne and Woodhead seams were mined. In a sign of the times, when the first Woodhead coal was mined all the colliery's staff were treated to a grand supper at the Wagon and Horses Public House.
The pit continued to grow and by 1893 Foxfield became the first mine in Cheadle to have its own rail connection to the national rail network as a three and a half mile branch line was opened to Blythe Bridge and connection to the NSR Stoke to Derby line.
Foxfield was extensively modernised in the 1930s as all production from neighbouring Parkhall Colliery was moved to Foxfield. New coal screens were built and concrete headgears were constructed. The seams mined were the Dilhorne, Four Foot and Woodhead.
Foxfield, along with the rest of the coal industry was nationalised in 1947, and the pit entered a period of expansion where by 1954 the workforce stood at 550 with 210,000 tonnes mined a year.
However, this was the high water mark and gradually output and manpower decreased. In 1965 Foxfield Colliery was closed by the National Coal Board. The colliery had nearly exhausted its economic reserves, and as it was not fully mechanised, the board decided to transfer the majority of the miners to Florence Colliery in Longton where a fully mechanised face in the Moss Seam was prepared for the Foxfield men.
Foxfield Colliery is still standing, and today is owned by the Foxfield Steam Railway who run heritage steam traction to the site.
Mining still continued in the Dilhorne area but on a very small scale in small private adit mines. The most prominent was Abovepark Colliery near to Dairy House Farm. This small mine closed in 1998.
Agriculture and farming.
Agriculture in Dilhorne still plays a large part in the village, but the number of farms and workers has dramatically decreased over the years. The main concern of agriculture around the Dilhorne area is dairy farming.
All Saints Parish Church.
The parish church, All Saints, dates back to the Norman Conquest of England. A feature of the church is its octagonal tower, one of only a few such church towers in the country. All Saints Parish Church is one of the oldest in Staffordshire and services are every Sunday. The old parish of Dilhorne has changed a great deal over the last hundred years as outlying areas have merged into other parishes or became newer parishes. Dilhorne parish itself is now linked with nearby Caverswall as the united benefice of Caverswall and Dilhorne.
There is also a Methodist chapel in the Godley Brook area of the village.
Elsewhere in the village.
Within the village there are two fine public houses. The Royal Oak at the top of High Street and Charlie Bassets, which is near All Saints Church. The latter is named after one of its former landlords, Charlie Bassett, and was originally named the Colliers Arms. It was renamed as The White Lion from 2010 to 2014. Another pub which closed a few years ago was the Rose and Crown near Foxfield Colliery in the Godley Brook area.
Dilhorne Hall was the ancestral home of the Buller family who were noted in the legal profession in London during the 19th Century.
There is also a small primary school in the village, the Dilhorne Endowed School which has a very good reputation locally.


Harwick Mine disaster

The Harwick Mine disaster was a mining accident on January 25, 1904 in Cheswick, Pennsylvania, some sixteen miles north of Pittsburgh in the western part of the state. The blast killed an estimated 179 miners and 2 aid workers. The disaster ranks among the ten worst coal mining disasters in American history. One community especially impacted was the Hungarian community in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Fifty-eight of the members of the First Hungarian Reformed Church of Homestead—a full third of the congregation—died in the explosion.
Coal was mined by compressed-air machine, blasted down with dynamite. Ice accumulation in the air shaft restricted ventilation which caused a buildup of methane gas. At 8:15am, workers blasted down dynamite which ignited the methane. Coal dust suspended in the air assisted the explosion in traveling throughout every region of the mine. In addition to interior devastation, the force was so powerful that it wrecked the exterior of the shaft.
Of 175 mine workers underground at the time, the single survivor was the severely burned 16-year-old Adolph Gunia. Other casualties included Daniel A. Lyle and the mine engineer Selwyn M. Taylor, who both gave their lives in rescue attempts after responding to the scene. Greatly touched by Taylor's and Lyle's sacrifice, Andrew Carnegie had medals privately minted for their families, and within two months had established a $5 million Carnegie Hero Fund as a result.
The mine was owned by the Allegheny Coal Company.


John K. Luttrell

John King Luttrell (June 27, 1831 – October 4, 1893) was a U.S. Representative from California.
Born near Knoxville, Tennessee, Luttrell attended the common schools. He moved with his parents to a farm in Alabama in 1844. He moved to Missouri in 1845 with his parents, who settled on a farm near St. Joseph. He moved to California in 1852 and engaged in mining. He settled in Yolo County and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He moved to Prairie City (later Folsom) in 1853, to El Dorado County in 1854 and thence to Watsonville in Santa Cruz County, and to Alameda County. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Oakland in 1856. He was a Justice of the Peace in Brooklyn (now a part of Oakland) in 1856 and 1857. He moved to Siskiyou County in 1858 and purchased a ranch near Fort Jones. He engaged in agricultural pursuits, mining, and the practice of law. He was sergeant at arms of the California State Assembly in 1865 and 1866.
He again served as a member of the Assembly in 1871 and 1872.
Luttrell was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-third, Forty-fourth, and Forty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1873 – March 3, 1879). He declined to be a candidate for reelection. He resumed the practice of law, farming, and mining. He served as member of the board of state prison directors from 1887 to 1889. He was appointed United States Commissioner of Fisheries and special agent of the United States Treasury for Alaska in 1893. He died in Sitka, Alaska at age 62, and was interred in Fort Jones Cemetery, Fort Jones, California.


Bled El Hadba mine

The Bled El Hadba mine is a large mine located in Tébessa Province. Bled El Hadba represents one of the largest phosphates reserve in Algeria having estimated reserves of 800 million tonnes of ore grading 15% P2O5.


Keweenaw National Historical Park

Keweenaw National Historical Park is a unit of the U.S. National Park Service. Established in 1992, the park celebrates the life and history of the Keweenaw Peninsula in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of 2009, it is a partly privatized park made up of two primary units, the Calumet Unit and the Quincy Unit, and 21 cooperating "Heritage Sites" located on federal, state, and privately owned land in and around the Keweenaw Peninsula. The National Park Service owns approximately in the Calumet and Quincy Units. Units are located in Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties.
The Congressional legislation establishing the Park stated, among other things, that:
(1) The oldest and largest lava flow known on Earth is located on the Keweenaw Peninsula of Michigan. This volcanic activity produced the only place on Earth where large scale economically recoverable 97 percent pure native copper is found.
(2) The Keweenaw Peninsula is the only site in the country where prehistoric aboriginal mining of copper occurred. Artifacts made from this copper by these ancient Indians were traded as far south as present day Alabama.
Copper heritage.
The Keweenaw Peninsula is the site of the most extensive known deposits of native copper in the world. Occurring here in relatively pure form, the red metal could be broken out of the rock and worked to make a wide variety of products, from jewelry and tools by its earliest miners to coins and electric wire by its final generations. Keweenaw copper was mined for approximately 7,000 years, from 5000 BCE until 1968. During the period for which records were kept, 1840–1968, more than 11 billion pounds (5 million metric tons) of copper were mined here. During the peak production years of World War I, 1916–1917, the annual copper yield reached a maximum of 270 million pounds (125,000 t).
"(7) The entire picture of copper mining on Michigan's Keweenaw Peninsula is best represented by three components: the Village of Calumet, the former Calumet and Hecla Mining Company properties (including the Osceola #13 mine complex), and the former Quincy Mining Company properties. The Village of Calumet best represents the social, ethnic and commercial themes. Extant Calumet and Hecla buildings best depict corporate paternalism and power, and the themes of extraction and processing are best represented by extant structures of the Quincy Mining Company."
Ethnic heritage.
Many ethnic groups contributed to the heritage of the Keweenaw National Historical Park. Throughout the later half of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th, century, immigrants from across Europe migrated to the Keweenaw to work in the copper mines and mining communities. By 1910 the Copper Country had been settled by French Canadian, German, Chinese, Irish, Cornish, Croatian, Finnish, Italian, Greek and Syrian people.
When news of the region's rich native copper was first widely published in the 1830s, many families from the English county of Cornwall immigrated to the Upper Peninsula, bringing the Cornish pasty and their region's knowledge of hard-rock mining with them. Several park Heritage Sites, including the log cabin village of "Old Victoria," recall Cornish heritage in the region.
Later in the 1800s, many families from Finland emigrated to the United States. Until 1918, Finland belonged to Russia as a Grand Duchy. A large percentage of these Finns settled in the Western Upper Peninsula because of perceived similarities between their old and new homes, and found work in the Keweenaw. Finnish saunas can still be found throughout the area. Several park Heritage Sites, including the "Hanka Homestead", recall the Finnish influx.
Calumet Unit.
The Calumet Unit of the Keweenaw National Historical Park includes many sites in and around the villages of Calumet and Laurium, which are not ghost towns but operating human communities that have survived the shutdown of their parent employer, the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, in 1968. By digging shafts into the rock, the men and owners of the Calumet & Hecla found geological formations of rock laced with nuggets of almost pure copper.
The Calumet & Hecla was the richest of the separate copper mines of the Keweenaw, and the towns built at the mine head reflect its productivity. A 1,200-seat opera house, large churches built of Lake Superior brownstone, and mansions built by the mining bosses survive as memories of the Calumet mine's glory years.
Quincy Unit.
The Quincy Unit of the Keweenaw National Historical Park commemorates one of the most remarkable feats of engineering in northern Michigan, the deep Quincy Mine shaft. Nicknamed "Old Reliable" for its record of paying annual dividends for decades, the Quincy mine enjoyed a position on the rich copper rock of the Pewabic Lode. A private preservation foundation maintains the Quincy Mine's surface mine hoist, which is the largest steam-powered hoist in the world.
Heritage Sites.
As of 2013, the Keweenaw National Historical Park operates in cooperation with 21 heritage sites in the Keweenaw Peninsula and nearby. The heritage site system was established in 2007 with an original set of 19 sites. In October 2013, two new sites were added: Houghton's Carnegie Museum and the Michigan Technological University Archives.
Adventure Mining Company.
The Adventure Mining Company is located at 200 Adventure Avenue in Greenland, Michigan. The Adventure Mine operated in Greenland from 1850 until 1920, and consisted of five shafts, one of which descended beneath the surface. Although the site seemed promising, the mine never turned a profit. The Adventure Mining Company currently offers tours of the surface and underground portions of the Adventure Mine.
A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum.
The A.E. Seaman Mineral Museum was located on the Fifth Floor of Electrical Resource Center at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan. As of 2011, it is now located across from the Advanced Technology Development Complex. The museum is named for Arthur Edmund Seaman, who worked at Michigan Tech in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was the museum's curator from 1928–1937.
The mineral collection was established in the 19th century, and by 1890 numbered 27,000 specimens. A museum to house the collection was constructed in 1908. The museum has since moved several times, and the collection has grown to over 30,000 specimens, of which 8,000 are on display. The museum features an extensive mineral collection and exhibits on copper formation, and has the world's best collection of crystallized native copper and native copper in crystallized calcite.
Carnegie Museum.
The Carnegie Museum in Houghton is a former Carnegie library and former home of the Portage Lake District Library. It is currently a museum focusing on local history.
Calumet Theatre.
The Calumet Theatre is located at 340 Sixth Street in Calumet, Michigan, within the park's Calumet Unit. The theatre was built in 1899 and opened on March 20, 1900. It is the first municipally built theatre in the country. The theatre originally housed live theatre, attracting notable performers such as Frank Morgan (later famous for his roles in "The Wizard of Oz"), Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., Lon Chaney, Sr., John Philip Sousa, Sarah Bernhardt, and Madame Helena Modjeska among others. However, in the late 1920s, the theatre converted to a movie house, serving in this medium until the 1950s. Summer stock theatre was brought back to the Calumet Theater in 1958, and performed there every summer until 1968, and returned in 1972.
In 1975, the auditorium was restored for the centennial of Calumet. In 1988−89, the exterior of the theatre was restored. In 1983, the Calumet Theatre Company was incorporated as a non-profit organization. The staff consists mostly of volunteers, though there are eight full-time staff members. Today, the Calumet Theatre is home to as many as 80 theatre-related events a year, with an estimated 20,000 people attending.
Chassell Heritage Center.
The Chassell Heritage Center is located at 42373 Hancock Street in Chassell, Michigan. The heritage center, located in a 1917 elementary school building, features exhibits that trace Chassell's history from a fishing and lumber town up to the present. It includes the Chassell Township Museum and the Friends of Fashion Vintage Clothing Collection
Copper Range Historical Museum.
The Copper Range Historical Museum is located Trimountain Avenue in South Range, Michigan. The museum is located in an old bank building and features exhibits on the Copper Range Company.
Coppertown USA Museum.
The Coppertown USA Museum is located at 25815 Red Jacket Road in Calumet, Michigan, within the park's Calumet Unit. Coppertown USA is housed within the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company's old pattern shop. Exhibits span the range of the copper mining timeline, from prehistoric times to the present, but concentrate on the operations of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company.
Delaware Copper Mine.
The Delaware Copper Mine is located off U.S. Highway 41 (US 41), south of Copper Harbor, Michigan. The Delaware Copper Mine provides tours of one of the oldest copper mines in the Keweenaw, dating back to 1846. The mine had five shafts, with the deepest reaching . The mine is open June through October and offers guided and self-guided tours.
Finnish American Heritage Center & Historical Archive.
The Finnish American Heritage Center & Historical Archive is located at 601 Quincy Street on the campus of Finlandia University in Hancock, Michigan. The Finnish American Heritage Center includes a theater, an art gallery, and Historical Archives which house the largest collection of Finnish-North American materials in the world. The Finnish American Heritage Center links the Finnish community in America to the one in Finland through exhibits on Finnish history and tradition. The associated Historical Archive houses the largest collection of Finnish-North American materials in the world. This collection, established in 1932, currently houses 20,000 items, including genealogical resources, information about Finnish culture, artifacts, and Finnish-American artwork.
Fort Wilkins Historic State Park.
Fort Wilkins Historic State Park is located on US 41 in Copper Harbor, Michigan. The fort was built in 1844, and provided order and protected the Keweenaw's copper resources during the Civil War. The park also contains one of the first lighthouses on Lake Superior, and offers camping, fishing, hiking, swimming, and biking, and day-use facilities.
Hanka Homestead.
The Hanka Homestead is located approximately west of U.S. Highway 41, off Tower Road in Pelkie, Michigan. The Hanka Homestead is a Finnish-American "stump farm" homestead originally settled around the turn of the twentieth century. The farm was lived in by members of the Hanka family until 1966; the farm has been restored to its appearance in 1920.
Houghton County Historical Museum.
The Houghton County Historical Museum is located at 5500 M-26 in Lake Linden, Michigan. The museum houses over 100 years of photographs and artifacts with three floors of exhibits of local Copper Country mining, logging and cultural history. In addition, the Houghton County Historical Museum runs the narrow gauge Lake Linden & Torch Lake Railroad, the Traprock Valley School House (a one-room school), the First Congregational Church in Lake Linden, Michigan (used as the HCHS Heritage Center), the Leo Chaput Log Cabin, and the Perl Merrill Research Center (used as the archives and a genealogical facility).
Keweenaw County Historical Society.
The Keweenaw County Historical Society, established in 1981, has five locations throughout Keweenaw County, Michigan. These locations include the Eagle Harbor Lighthouse, Central Mine Historic District, Phoenix Church, the Rathbone School and the Bammert Blacksmith Shop. Visitor Centers for the Historical Society are located at the Eagle Harbor Lighthouse and Central Mine. Their sites are open from June through October.
Keweenaw Heritage Center.
The Keweenaw Heritage Center is located in the old Ste. Anne's church at 25880 Red Jacket Road in Calumet, Michigan, within the park's Calumet Unit. Ste. Anne's was built in 1900 as a French Canadian Roman Catholic church and deconscrated in 1966. It was underutilized for a number of years until, in 1994, a group of local citizens bought the building. The Keweenaw Heritage Center's mission is to "preserve and interpret the culture and heritage of the Copper Country through the preservation of buildings, development of exhibits and other educational activities." A major museum on the first floor is planned.
Laurium Manor Inn.
The Laurium Manor Inn is located at 320 Tamarack Street in Laurium, Michigan. The structure was built as a home by wealthy mining captain Thomas H. Hoatson in 1908 at a cost of $50,000. The house functions as a bed and breakfast and is open to the public for tours.
Michigan Technological University Archives.
The Michigan Technological University Archives, housed in the university library, store many documents related to the history of the area.
Old Victoria.
Old Victoria is located at Victoria Dam Road in Rockland Township, Michigan. The site features a group of small log houses which were once used by miners of the Victoria Mining Company. These cabins were built in 1899 and abandoned in 1921. The structures were restored in the 1970s, and tours through the cabins and the mine site beyond are available.
Ontonagon County Historical Society.
The Ontonagon County Historical Society is located at 422 River Street in Ontonagon, Michigan. The Ontonagon County Historical Society was founded in 1957 "to collect and preserve the artifacts of the county's history and to educate the public about that history and related topics." Exhibits at the historical society's museum include artifacts related to the early days of mining and other topics. The Society also operates the Ontonagon Lighthouse, constructed in 1851–52. The Society acquired the lighthouse in 2000, and offers tours in the summer months.
Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park.
Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park is located west of Ontonagon, Michigan on Michigan State Route 107. The park totals and offers day-hiking, backpacking, camping, canoeing, biking and winter sports. There are also numerous historical copper mining sites within the park, as well as stands of virgin timber.
Quincy Mine Hoist and Underground Mine.
The Quincy Mine Hoist and Underground Mine is located at 49750 US 41 in Hancock, Michigan, within the park's Quincy Unit. The company offers tours through the surface buildings of the Quincy Mine as well as underground tours.
Upper Peninsula Firefighters Memorial Museum.
The Upper Peninsula Firefighters Memorial Museum is located at 327 Sixth Street in Calumet, Michigan, within the park's Calumet Unit. The second floor of the building holds exhibits on the history of fire fighting in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.


Hosta Butte

Hosta Butte is an ancestral site southwest of Chaco Culture National Historical Park, New Mexico. Along with Gobernador Knob and Huérfano Mountain, it forms part of the Dinétah, considered to be the birthplace of early Navajo culture. The mountain, with an elevation of , is in close proximity to Crownpoint, New Mexico. Due to its prominence in the cosmography of Native tribes in the area, the mountain contains a number of small shrines. In 1877, photographer William Henry Jackson named the butte in honor of Francisco Hosta, who guided him to the Ancestral Puebloan ruins in Chaco Canyon.
Uranium mining is exploited in the area, over some 3,020 acres, and forms part of the Grants Uranium Belt.


Taio gold mine

The Taio mine (Japanese:鯛生金山) was the large gold mine in Oita, Japan. At its peak productivity between 1934 and 1938, it produced 2.3 tons of gold per year, being the most productive gold mine of Japan. Tunnels stretch for 500 meters below ground level, and total tunnels length is 110 km, although all tunnels below 4th are flooded. From 1983, the mine has become a museum, with 800-meter tunnel section opened to the visitors.


Noyon-Tologoisky mine

The Noyon-Tologoisky mine is one of the largest lead and zinc mines in Russia. The mine is located in southern Russia in Zabaykalsky Krai. The mine has reserves amounting to 14 million tonnes of ore grading 1.79% lead and 1.55% zinc thus resulting 0.25 million tonnes of lead and 0.22 million tonnes of zinc. The mine also has reserves amounting to 30.4 million oz of silver.


Herb Dhaliwal

Harbance Singh (Herb) Dhaliwal, PC (born December 12, 1952) is a Canadian politician and businessman.
He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1993 election as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Vancouver South.
Prime Minister Jean Chrétien recommended Dhaliwal's appointment to Cabinet (the first Indian-Canadian to become a federal cabinet minister) in 1997 as Minister of Revenue. In 1999, he became Minister of Fisheries and Oceans, and in 2002 he was appointed Minister of Natural Resources and Minister with political responsibility for British Columbia.
Dhaliwal was a firm supporter of Chrétien against Paul Martin's attempt to force the Liberal leader to retire. As a result, Martin's campaign team targeted Dhaliwal and successfully took over his riding association. Dhaliwal publicly denounced Martin's campaign team for this and criticized them for restricting access to Liberal Party membership forms. Allegations were made by Warren Kinsella, among others, that Martin's team exploited the fact that Dhaliwal's wife was suffering from cancer, although Dhaliwal was not with his wife, but rather travelling out of the country on the date of his riding's annual general meeting, which he lost.
When Chrétien announced his resignation, Dhaliwal briefly considered running in the 2003 Liberal leadership campaign, but decided against it. Several months later, he endorsed Martin for leader and said he would be willing to serve in a Martin cabinet. However, on December 3, 2003, he announced that he would not be running for re-election.
Business.
After graduating from the University of British Columbia with a Bachelor of Commerce degree, he started a maintenance company out of his basement. He is a top level executive of Dynamic Facility Services Ltd. He became a self-made millionaire with diversified business interests including transportation, maintenance and real estate development.
Dhaliwal is chairman of National Green Biomed Ltd., a medical marijuana producer that donated $1 million in 2015 for health research into medical cannabis at the University of British Columbia. He spoke about decriminalization of cannabis by the Justin Trudeau federal government.
Personal life.
Born in India at Chiheru, Punjab in 1952, Dhaliwal's family emigrated to Vancouver when he was six. He attended John Oliver Secondary School, graduating in 1972.
Dhaliwal was married to Amrit Dhaliwal, who died in 2004 after suffering from cancer. He has two daughters and a son - Andrea, Justin and Jessica.