Officer in Charge of Construction RVN

Officer in Charge of Construction, Republic of Vietnam (OICC RVN), was a position established by the U.S. Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks in 1965 to manage the large construction program in South Vietnam assigned to RMK-BRJ, a consortium of four of the largest American construction companies. This construction program was to prepare the infrastructure in South Vietnam to allow escalation of U.S. troop levels into Vietnam during the Vietnam War and supply them with facilities and matériel. This program became the largest construction program and contract in history up to that time.
The position ended in 1972 with the completion of the RMK-BRJ contract.
The result was a transformation of southern Vietnam from an area of little infrastructure to the industrial country today that continues to rely on the new ports, airfields, highways, and bridges constructed under this program. As the journalist Richard Tregaskis put it, the bases built under this huge construction program “had the interesting collateral effect of preparing her way [Vietnam] for a catapult-style launching into the modern age.”
History.
In the 1950s, the United States Department of Defense assigned responsibility for contract construction in support of military assistance and military construction in regions around the world to the three major branches of defense: the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. The Navy was assigned as the Department of Defense contract construction agent in Southeast Asia, among other regions.
The Navy established its first contracting officer in Southeast Asia with the Officer in Charge of Construction, Thailand, located in Bangkok, in December 1955, and in 1958, the name was changed to OICC Southeast Asia in order to encompass the construction work undergoing in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
In response to a request from the government of South Vietnam to upgrade airports and build a new airport in Pleiku, OICC Southeast Asia established a branch office, the Resident Officer in Charge of Construction Saigon, in February 1961. Subsequently, the Navy’s Bureau of Yards and Docks (BUDOCKS) awarded a construction contract to a consortium of two of the largest American construction companies, then known as RMK, consisting of Raymond International of Delaware, Inc. and Morrison-Knudsen of Asia. BUDOCKS was renamed the Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) in May 1966.
After the Tonkin Gulf incident in August 1964, and the subsequent planning to introduce American combat troops into Vietnam, the construction program grew exponentially. The construction program for Vietnam became greater than that in Thailand, so the Officer in Charge of Construction, Republic of Vietnam (OICC RVN) was established in Saigon on 1 July 1965, and OICC Southeast Asia became OICC Thailand.
NAVFAC broadened the construction consortium in August 1965 by adding Brown & Root, Inc. and J.A. Jones Construction Co., Inc. The consortium then became known as RMK-BRJ.
By February 1967, OICC RVN staff was 1,050, including 90 naval Civil Engineer Corps officers, at 47 sites with 782 separate projects. This was in response to the growth in work for RMK-BRJ, which reached a peak of over 51,000 employees in July 1966.
At a ceremony marking the completion of all work under the RMK-BRJ contract on 3 July 1972, Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker noted the end of a “decade of achievement.”
With increased “Vietnamization” of the war effort, OICC RVN helped to build up the Vietnamese construction industry from 1969 through 1972 by awarding fixed-price contracts to Vietnamese construction contractors. The largest of these contracts was for a 102-building Combined Arms School at Bearcat, with a contract value of $3.5 million, awarded to the Vietnamese construction contractor Tran Ngoc Tuan & Ngo The Chu Joint Venture in 1972. RMK-BRJ had trained over 200,000 Vietnamese employees over the 10-year life of its contract in construction and administrative trades and many of these workers became the backbone of the Vietnamese construction industry.
OICC RVN was disestablished on 1 October 1972. This coincided with the contract closure report for the RMK-BRJ contract. As reported by Richard Tregaskis, “At that time, no disputes remained between the Navy and the contractor, — a remarkable achievement for a contract relationship of this nature.” The contract was closed with a value of $1.865 billion, which does not include the value of government-furnished materials, equipment, shipping, and transportation. This is the equivalent of $14 billion in 2017 dollars.
On 1 October 1972, all remaining contracts with Vietnamese construction contractors were transferred to the successor organization to OICC RVN, the Director of Construction, Republic of Vietnam, under the command of the Officer in Charge of Construction Thailand.
Organization.
As the Department of Defense contract construction agent in Vietnam, OICC RVN designed projects in accordance with “customer” requirements, and constructed them in accordance with the approved designs. The customers included the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV), all of the branches of the U.S. military, and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). However, customer requirements, especially for MACV, changed rapidly in response to combat conditions and strategy, which required many changes during construction. The adjudication of priorities between competing agency projects became a major concern.
In February 1966, the Directorate of Construction was formed within MACV to coordinate the overall construction program, including the efforts of military engineers and units. The Director of Construction would determine what was to be built, and release funds for design and construction. He approved what agencies did with funds, and allocated construction resources, including OICC RVN and military engineering units, in accordance with operational priorities. The Director of Construction also determined construction standards.
Thus the OICC RVN was under the operational control of the Commander, MACV, through the Commander, Naval Forces Vietnam (NAVFORV), and under the administrative control and technical supervision of NAVFAC.
Commanders.
The OICC RVN organization was commanded by naval officers of the Civil Engineer Corps:


Kevin Vickers

Kevin Michael Vickers (born September 29, 1956) is a Canadian politician, former diplomat, and retired police officer. He served as the leader of the New Brunswick Liberal Association from 2019 to 2020, a retired Canadian diplomat, former Sergeant at Arms and former Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officer. He was the Canadian Ambassador to Ireland from 2015 until 2019. He was the ninth Sergeant-at-Arms of the House of Commons of Canada. The Sergeant-at-Arms is responsible for the safety and security of the Parliament buildings and occupants, and ensuring and controlling access to the House of Commons. The position includes the ceremonial function of carrying the ceremonial gold mace into the House of Commons before every sitting.
Vickers participated in ending the October 22, 2014, shootings at Parliament Hill alongside RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett when they both returned heavy fire at gunman Zehaf-Bibeau. Minutes earlier, Zehaf-Bibeau had killed Corporal Nathan Cirillo, a soldier, at the Canadian National War Memorial and shot a constable at the Peace Tower entrance. For his actions Vickers has been called a hero by the Prime Minister, Ministers of the Crown, the Leader of the Opposition, and Canadian and international media. Barret's contribution was largely ignored. On February 8, 2016, Vickers was presented with the Star of Courage along with six others involved in bringing the incident under control. Eight others were awarded the Medal of Bravery.
Prior to his role in Parliament, Vickers served in the RCMP for 29 years, rising to the rank of Chief Superintendent.
Early life and family.
Vickers was born at Hotel Dieu in Chatham, New Brunswick, where his mother Monica Margaret ("née" Kingston) was a nurse and his father, William James "Bill" (1921–2004), operated a dairy named Northumberland Co-op Dairy. He is of Irish heritage.
Vickers grew up in Newcastle (now part of the city of Miramichi). His father invited home students from developing countries studying co-operatives at the Coady International Institute at St. Francis Xavier University in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
Vickers resides in Miramichi, New Brunswick with his wife Ann ("née" Hubbard). They have two children: Andrew and Laura.
Career.
Policing.
Vickers served in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for 29 years, attaining the rank of Chief Superintendent. He gained prominence as the incident commander during the 1999–2000 Burnt Church Crisis. He spent ten years stationed in Alberta and ten years stationed in the Northwest Territories, and subsequently was the director-general of the RCMP's aboriginal police services branch. In 2003, he became Director General of the National Contract Policing Branch for Canada, managing nine separate branches of law enforcement.
Throughout his RCMP career, Vickers provided security for VIPs, including Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Andrew. He also served as an aide-de-camp for the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.
Sergeant-at-Arms.
In June 2005 he joined the House of Commons as Director of Security Operations. He was appointed Sergeant-at-Arms for the Canadian House of Commons on August 24, 2006, and began serving on September 1, 2006.
On acting to permit the kirpan, the ceremonial dagger that observant Sikhs are required to wear at all times, to be worn in the Commons, Vickers recalled that in his interview for the post "... I told them that if they made me their Sergeant-at-Arms, there would be no walls built around Canada's Parliamentary buildings ... I have kept my promise."
In 2013, when Idle No More protestors arrived at Parliament Hill, Vickers participated in a ritual exchange of tobacco with Serpent River First Nation chief Isadore Day.
On October 22, 2014, during the Parliament Hill attack, Vickers was initially identified as the sole hero and credited with the fatal shooting of Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, but once the independent OPP report was released on June 1, 2015, it was revealed that the suspect was shot several times by both Vickers and RCMP Constable Curtis Barrett. Zehaf-Bibeau entered the Centre Block under the Peace Tower, shooting a Commons security guard in the leg, exchanging gunfire, before running down the Hall of Honour to an alcove by the entrance to the Library of Parliament, which is beside Vickers' office. Vickers pulled a 9mm handgun from a lock-box and entered the hall. He stood behind the pillar in an opposite position to Zehaf-Bibeau and shortly after Zehaf-Bibeau had pulled away from the pillar and shot at Barrett, Vickers threw himself on the ground and fired multiple shots at the gunman, effectively disabling him. A niece told the "Calgary Sun", "This is the first time in his career that he's shot anyone."
Ambassador to Ireland.
Vickers officially started duties as the Canadian ambassador to Ireland on 21 January 2015, replacing Loyola Hearn.
On May 26, 2016, Vickers engaged a protester who was interrupting a ceremony commemorating British soldiers who were killed in the 1916 Easter Rising, dragging the man to one side before handing him over to Gardaí officers.
Politics.
On March 15, 2019, Vickers announced he would run for the leadership of the New Brunswick Liberal Association to replace Brian Gallant. He was acclaimed as the leader after the only other contender René Ephestion dropped out. The Liberal Party's executive board acclaimed Vickers on the recommendation by the leadership convention's steering committee on April 16, 2019, effective April 24, 2019.
Vickers resigned as leader after failing to either win his seat of Miramichi in the September 14, 2020 New Brunswick general election or prevent Premier Blaine Higgs's Progressive Conservative minority government from gaining enough seats to become a majority, as the Liberals lost three seats.
Honours.
On October 22, 2014, members of the House of Commons protection services and the RCMP were instrumental in stopping an armed man who had stormed the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa, Ontario. Constable Son was stationed at the front entrance when he spotted the man entering with a concealed rifle. The constable lunged to gain control of the firearm, but it discharged and struck him in the leg. Drawn to the Rotunda by the noise, Corporal Malo and Constable Thom took cover and exchanged several rounds with the gunman after he entered the building. Constable Létourneau tracked the gunman down the Hall of Honour toward the Library of Parliament and fired at him several times. RCMP Sergeant Rozon, Corporal Daigle and constables Barrett, Bergeron, Bubelis, Célestin, Fraser, Marcoux, Palmer, Ruest and Waye, who had assembled outside the Peace Tower, entered the Centre Block. Supported by their colleagues, Sergeant Rozon, Corporal Daigle and constables Barrett and Fraser assumed a tactical formation (IARD) as they charged down the Hall of Honour. With the shooter now cornered in an alcove leading to the Library, Sergeant-at-Arms Vickers, after being advised of the shooter’s location, dove to the floor in front of him and fired his weapon. RCMP Constable Barrett walked directly toward the gunman while also firing his weapon. The collective actions of these 16 individuals brought the incident to an end in less than three minutes, and avoided further tragedy.
Vickers has also been recognized by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration for his "Outstanding Contribution to Drug Enforcement".
Unofficial honours.
Vickers received an extended standing ovation in the House of Commons for his role in ending the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa.
Comedian Stephen Colbert had high praise for Vickers, comparing his actions to those of Bruce Willis in the movie "Die Hard" and also praising his stoic reaction to the standing ovation in Parliament.
French President François Hollande said in an address to the Canadian Parliament, "I salute the courage of Kevin Vickers, who is known all across the world."
"The International Conference on Homeland Security in Tel Aviv in November 2014 opened with calling Sergeant-at-Arms Kevin Vickers to the stage to acknowledge him for his courage." During the same trip, Vickers was recognized by the speaker of the Israeli Knesset and asked to rise in his seat in the gallery to be acknowledged by parliamentarians.


Meritorious Military Pilot of the German Democratic Republic

Meritorious Military Pilot of the GDR () was the highest honorary title awarded to military pilots of the East German National People's Army. It was given in form of a Medal. Established on August 1, 1974 by the Council of Ministers of the GDR, it was awarded until the dissolution of the GDR in 1990.
Award criteria.
The honorary title could be awarded for:
The number of awarded people was limited to 10 military pilots per year.
Medal description.
The golden medal had the shape of a pentagon with the top below tip, width 31.5 mm and high 41.5 mm. On the lower tip there is to be seen the aircraft emblem of the National People's Army (NPA), a stand on the head flag of the (GDR), that is colorful enameled. The biggest part of the medal is occupied by a MiG-23 or MiG-21 that steeply takes off to the sky in front of the bright rising sun.
Left to the aircraft there is a laurel-bough, and right to it the oblique wording is to be seen. The reverse, however, is empty and glossy.
Different versions have been issued:
Wear.
The medal was worn on the left breast suspended from a pentagonal sky blue ribbon of 25 × 14 mm size. The ribbon bar was adequate and showed additionally the golden aircraft emblem of National People's Army of the in miniature format.
Recipients (compleete list).
The individuals below were recipients of the honorary title of "Honoured Military Pilot of the GDR".


Cottbus Air Base

Cottbus Air Base ( – "Airport Cottbus-North") is a former military airport north-west of Cottbus in Brandenburg, Germany.
History.
During World War II the air base in Cottbus was used by the Luftwaffe and during the 1970s and '80s by the National People's Army. Following German reunification until 2004, the air base was also used by the Bundeswehr.
Present.
The airport is currently closed to air-traffic, although the concrete paved runway has been designated for use by cargo flights in the event of an emergency. There is an aerospace museum on site and most of the runway is now used for a photovoltaic cell storage plant.
Future.
Having been bought by the local government in 2007, the city of Cottbus plans to turn the former air base into an industrial park, creating around 1,000 jobs.


Ian Bush

Ian Bush (July 23, 1983–October 29, 2005), was a Canadian who was killed while in police custody. Significant ongoing controversy has been generated by the case. Ian Bush was a young man living in Houston, B.C. who was shot in the back of the head and killed by Royal Canadian Mounted Police Constable Paul Koester, after being arrested outside a hockey game. Many members of the community believe there were several flaws in the investigation, that there may have been a cover-up and conspiracy to protect Cst Koester. A full inquiry was held by the Commission for Public Complaints against the RCMP.
Incident.
The circumstances leading up to the shooting were that Cst Koester, a rookie with less than six months service, was on patrol outside the Houston hockey arena on the evening of October 29, 2005. Houston, British Columbia, is a small community of approximately 3,000 in Northern B.C. Koester with other police officers, was assigned to patrol around the arena looking for drinkers who then returned inside, intoxicated. Koester approached Bush in the parking lot consuming a bottle of beer with a group of friends. Koester emptied the bottle and gave a warning to Bush. Koester then continued his patrol and upon returning to the area were Bush was, he noticed Bush with another open bottle of beer and decided to give Bush a ticket for having open liquor in public.
When asked for his name, Bush gave a false name. Koester cautioned him about lying about his name and that he could be charged with obstruction but Bush lied again to avoid being fined and Koester arrested him. As another officer approached he identified who Bush actually was.
Arrest and death.
Koester searched Bush after the arrest but did not find his identification in his wallet, nor a bottle of beer Bush had hidden on him. Koester took Bush to the police station to issue him a Promise to Appear and release him from custody. There were no other police officers in the police station at the time. Koester and Bush were inside an interviewing room equipped with CCTV recording cameras, however Koester chose not to turn the cameras on, which was a normal thing not to do at the detachment. (The CPC recommended that the RCMP install automated CCTV recording equipment in every RCMP detachment in areas where prisoners are dealt with and released.) Houston has now done so.
Inside the police station, Koester claims he and Bush got into a scuffle. Koester said that Bush was angry about being charged and said words to the effect of "Why don't I just punch you in the fucking face!" Koester claimed that a fight started and he could not radio for help. Koester reports that Bush was winning the fight and began strangling him from behind. Koester drew his gun, reached behind his head, struck Bush with the gun three times in the back of the head, and then shot Bush once in the back of the head. Bush died instantly. Photographs of Koester after the incident show extensive bruising and cuts to his left eye and forehead. The bullet was lodged above his eyebrows.
Controversy.
Constable Koester's actions surrounding the Bush death have been cleared through a police Criminal Code investigation, an inquiry by the Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP, and a B.C. Coroner's Act Inquiry conducted by Coroner Shane DeMeyer.
Ian Bush's mother Linda later launched a lawsuit against the RCMP.
A second inquiry by the Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP concluded in 2007 that the police internal investigation into the shooting was adequate and timely and that the officer was justified in using lethal force.
After the report was released, Ms. Bush said she disagreed with the commission's conclusion A support website for Ian Bush has been set up to give another side to the picture.
Geoff Berner references the incident in his song "Daloy Polizei" from the album Victory Party
Findings.
It was found that Bush died due to a single gunshot wound to the back of the head,
while Koester and Bush were alone in the interrogation room. and Koester claimed that he was being choked from behind to unconsciousness and acted in self-defence. An investigation was conducted by an RCMP team brought in from another region, and that investigation was reviewed by several external agencies.
Conflicting evidence was given at the coroner's inquest. The analyses of the blood splatter evidence by an RCMP forensics officer, Jim Hignell, and Edmonton police constable, Joseph Slemko, differed; the former supporting Koester's account, the latter stating that Koester's account of events was impossible given the angle of the blood splatter. However, the Commission for Public Complaints against the RCMP ruled that Slemko "[has] gone beyond his area of expertise" and Hignell's evidence was accepted as preferred.
Furthermore, Constable Koester's actions surrounding the death of Ian Bush have been cleared through a police Criminal Code investigation, an inquiry by the Commission for Complaints Against the RCMP, and a B.C. Coroner's Act Inquiry conducted by Coroner Shane DeMeyer.


USCGC Legare

USCGC "Legare" has been the name of more than one United States Coast Guard ship, and may refer to:
See also


Naval Review

A Naval Review is an event where the whole (or a very large part) of the United States Navy is paraded to be reviewed by the President of the United States or the Secretary of the Navy. It often includes warships and delegates from other national navies. The naval review is more regular and frequent than its British equivalent, the Fleet Review, and often occurs on a Navy Day.
Following is a list of past Naval Reviews, by President. Each was reviewed by the President, unless otherwise noted.


Heavy Airlift Wing

The Heavy Airlift Wing (HAW) is an international military airlift organization based at Pápa Air Base, Hungary. It was officially activated on 27 July 2009 as part of the Strategic Airlift Capability (SAC) program, which purchased and operates three C-17 Globemaster III aircraft that fly under the national markings of Hungary. The Heavy Airlift Wing is currently commanded by a Colonel from the United States Air Force, and is composed of up to 155 military personnel from the 12 participating nations, Bulgaria, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United States. Strategic Airlift Capability nations send their personnel to work for the Heavy Airlift Wing on temporary or permanent positions.
The SAC nations have requested missions in order to meet their obligations to employ/deploy/redeploy forces and equipment in support of national, UN, EU, NATO obligations, exercises, training and humanitarian relief, including the International Security Assistance Force 2009–2014, and the Resolute Support Mission, 2015– in Afghanistan. Operation Unified Protector in Libya, 2011. United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, 2013–. The EUFOR RCA, 2014–2015. The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic, 2015–. The wing has also conducted missions to provide logistical support to the investigation of the 2014 Malaysia Airlines MH17 crash in Ukraine. Significant humanitarian operations supported by the wing include earthquake relief in Haiti, 2010, flood relief in Pakistan, 2010, and hurricane relief to the island of St. Maarten, 2017.
The HAW is independent of any command by NATO, European Union, United Nations, but is overseen by the SAC Steering Board and are supported by the NATO Airlift Management Programme Office (NAM PO). The NAM PO sources the majority of the technical, logistic, and training support to the SAC C-17 fleet from the United States Government through its Foreign Military Sales (FMS) programs, including C-17 maintenance which are contracted with Boeing.


William O. Richardson

William O. Richardson (born June 9, 1955) is an American politician. He was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2015. A Democrat, he serves the 44th district. He also previously served in the House from 1993 to 1996.
While serving in the General Assembly during the ’93 and ’95 session, his work included being lead sponsor in placing NC as the 6th state to join the DNA Data Bank He was also lead sponsor of Teen Court and one of Governor Jim Hunt’s (1977-1985, 1993-2001) key legislation in passing Smart Start - Partnership for Children. Additionally, he was the lead sponsor of legislation establishing the State Veteran’s Nursing Home.
When Richardson returned in 2015, he submitted legislation which would put NC in the top five in the country in education by increasing teacher’s salaries, re-instituting the Fellows Program and establishing a Teacher-Mentor Program among other factors.
He works tirelessly to advocate for clean water. He successfully fought to require the tracking and prompt testing of all sexual assault kits across the state.
Richardson has been an active member of the North Carolina Advocates for Justice (formerly, the North Carolina Trial Lawyers' Association) for more than 30 years and is largely recognized as highly skilled trial attorney. His trials include accomplishments in both civil and criminal law. His work in criminal law includes State v. Hennis and State v. Mark Thompson, wherein both cases demonstrate the need for competent Defendant. Spell v. City of Fayetteville which at the time clarified the law on 1983 Monell claims and was the standard for east of the Mississippi for 20 years.
His civil trial work is highlighted in NCDOT v. Bullard in which he achieved one of the largest truck verdicts in NC’s history. His civil rights work has been with members Mark Holt and John Edwards (Howard v. Collins & Aikman).
Richardson has appeared in segments of 20/20, 48 Hours and CNN Death Row stories. His case of State of Mississippi v. Marlon Howell will air on CNN in March/April of this year. It will expose prosecutorial misconduct of Mississippi AG and present gubernatorial candidate, Jim Hood.
Richardson's work on defending Timothy Hennis in the Eastburn family murders case was featured in the CNN documentary series "Death Row Stories".


Union of Armed Struggle

Związek Walki Zbrojnej (abbreviation: "ZWZ"; Union of Armed Struggle; also translated as "Union for Armed Struggle", "Association of Armed Struggle" or "Association for Armed Struggle") was an underground army formed in Poland following its invasion in September 1939 by Germany and the Soviet Union that opened World War II. It existed from 13 November 1939 until 14 February 1942, when it was renamed into Home Army ("Armia Krajowa, AK").
ZWZ was created from an earlier organization, Service for Poland's Victory ("SZP"). In January 1940, it was divided into two parts:
Formally, the ZWZ was directed from Paris, by General Kazimierz Sosnkowski (nom de guerre Jozef Godziemba), who after Poland's defeat escaped to France via Hungary. Due to practical problems, however, Sosnkowski's control of the organization was very limited. The instruction of General Sosnkowski, in which he ordered his subordinates to create regional branches of the ZWZ, was brought to Warsaw on 4 December 1939. According to Sosnkowski, the ZWZ was supposed to be a national military organization, without regard to political differences and social ranks. Furthermore, the idea of a national uprising at the moment of entry of regular Polish units was put forward by Sosnkowski and his staff.
After the fall of France, on 18 June 1940, General Wladyslaw Sikorski named Colonel Stefan Rowecki his deputy, with the right to take urgent decisions without consent of the Polish government-in-exile. Sikorski urged Rowecki to closely cooperate with leaders of political parties, gathered in the Political Consultative Committee. The headquarters of the ZWZ formally was under the authority of the Polish government in London, but in reality, military powers were in hands of officers who remained in the occupied country, and had good knowledge of the reality of Nazi- and Soviet-controlled Poland.
After the arrest of General Michal Tokarzewski-Karaszewicz, who was captured by the NKVD on the way from Warsaw to Lwow, the ZWZ in Eastern Poland was left without a leader. Following the Operation Barbarossa, the whole territory of the Second Polish Republic found itself under German occupation.


Patriotic Front (Zimbabwe)

The Patriotic Front in Zimbabwe was a coalition of two African Leadership parties: the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) which had worked together to fight against white minority rule in Rhodesia.
In 1980 elections ZAPU contested as Patriotic Front whereas ZANU contested as ZANU-Patriotic Front.
In 1988 the ruling ZANU absorbed ZAPU to become [Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front] (ZANU-PF) for good.


USCGC Willow

Three cutters of the United States Coast Guard have been named Willow


Coast Guard Air Station Astoria

Coast Guard Air Station Astoria was established August 14, 1964 at Astoria Regional Airport in Warrenton, Oregon.
The unit houses 67 active duty, 24 reserve duty and one civilian personnel. The unit operates three Sikorsky MH-60 Jayhawk helicopters. According to a 2003 press release the unit's annual budget is $1,107,051. The unit's functions include search and rescue, law
enforcement, aids to navigation support, and environmental protection. Air Station Astoria served as one of the filming locations for the movie "The Guardian" (2006).
On April 28, 2017, the Coast Guard announced it would base two Sentinel-class cutters in Astoria, in 2021.


USS LST-24

USS "LST-24" was a United States Navy used exclusively in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II and manned by a United States Coast Guard crew. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.
Construction and commissioning.
"LST-24" was laid down on 19 November 1942, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by the Dravo Corporation; launched on 17 April 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Marguerite E. Davis, and placed in reduced commission on 3 May 1943. She was floated down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans, Louisiana, for her fitting out; and fully commissioned on 14 June 1943, with Lieutenant Arnold I. Sobel, USCGR, in command.
Service history.
"LST-24" sailed from Galveston, Texas, on 29 July 1943, with Convoy HK 113 heading for Key West, Florida, where she arrived on 2 August 1943.
"LST-24" operated in the New Georgia area from 1 to 6 February 1944, and in the Guadalcanal area from 7 to 28 February, that same year. In the latter area she was engaged in transporting cargo and personnel in the Russell Islands and Solomon Islands. On 4 April 1944, she was at Tutila, Samoa.
She participated in the capture and occupation of Guam during August 1944. She returned to Finschhaven on 11 September, and then went on to participate in the Western New Guinea campaign. She landed troops and equipment during the Morotai landings in September 1944, and then at the Leyte landings in the Philippines, participating in General Douglas MacArthur's promised liberation of the islands from the Japanese occupation, through October and November 1944. "LST-24" was also at the Battle of Luzon Lingayen Gulf landings in January 1945. Proceeding by the way of Russell Islands and Guadalcanal, "LST-24" reached Ulithi on 25 February 1945, and then Manila. She departed Manila on 21 March, stopping at Tacloban and arrived at Hollandia on 24 March 1945. She then went on to participate in the assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto from March through June 1945.
"LST-24" finished her combat career with the assault and occupation of Okinawa Gunto from the end of March until 24 June 1945, when she departed for San Francisco via Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 9 December 1945. From there she proceeded to Galveston via San Diego and the Canal Zone.
Postwar career.
She was decommissioned and her Coast Guard crew removed on 16 February 1946. She was struck from the Navy list on 5 June 1946. On 23 December 1947, she was sold to the Humble Oil & Refining Co., of Houston, Texas, and was converted for merchant service.
Honors and awards.
"LST-24" earned five battle stars for her World War II service.


Cheatham Annex

Cheatham Annex is a Naval Base, located near Williamsburg, Virginia on the York River approximately 35 miles northwest of Norfolk in the heart of the famous Jamestown–Williamsburg–Yorktown "Historic Triangle." Although Cheatham Annex was not commissioned until June 1943, the land on which the base is located can claim the unique distinction of having been associated with every conflict involving the United States freedom and independence. The mission of Cheatham Annex includes supplying Atlantic Fleet ships and providing recreational opportunities to military and civilian personnel.
Location.
Cheatham Annex facility is located outside of Williamsburg in York County, Virginia. The annex is adjacent to the York River, between Queen Creek and King Creek, approximately 15 miles upstream from the Chesapeake Bay. Located in York County, Virginia at latitude 37.284 and longitude -76.591. or Latitude: 37°17’2”N Longitude: 76°35’25”W. The average elevation is 26 feet.
5”
The eastern section of Cheatham Annex is a 1,579 acre federal facility bounded by the entrance of Queen Creek into the York River to the north, the York River to the east, ane King Creek to the south, the western boundaries are with Department of Interior (DOI) property. The former Virginia Fuel Farm is across the Colonial Parkway, southwest of this section of the annex. This former part of Cheatham Annex, 262 acres of contaminated soil, is being turned into a golf course.
The western section of Cheatham Annex is bounded to the north by the Colonial Parkway, and half of the eastern boundary is adjacent to the Virginia Fuel Farm. The remaining western, southern, and lower eastern boundary is adjacent to non-federal government land. There are several ponds on, or adjacent to the annex, including Penniman Lake, Youth Pond, Jones Pond, and Cheatham Pond. Overland drainage from the sources at the annex may flow into these ponds or the York River
History.
Positioned in the center of the Jamestown–Williamsburg–Yorktown "Historic Triangle," CAX was once the location of a native Indian village.
Before 1607, and 1607 to 1624.
Old maps and artifacts indicate an Indian village existed in the area of Penniman Spit, located on base. Historians believe that a Spanish Jesuit Mission occupied the area and was annihilated in an Indian massacre in 1572. Beginning in the 1700s colonial settlers gradually displaced the Indians. The initial settlement of Virginia was the task of the Virginia Company, a private English corporation. From the founding of Jamestown in 1607 to dissolution of the company in 1624, colonization activity was confined to the James River, and practically everyone in the Colony lived on the banks of this one river.
1625 to 1700.
A census taken when the crown assumed administration of the fledgling Colony lists a total of 1,232 individuals alive in Virginia in January 1625. Included among the 1,232 were Ensign John Utie, his wife Anne, their son John, and three servants living on a plantation of 100 acres called Utopia, on the James River below Jamestown. In 1630, the Governor decided to settle the lands along the lower York River, and Captain John Utie was awarded 600 acres on the south side of the river. Captain Utie named his new plantation Utiemaria and lived there until November 1638, by which time he died. His son John Utie acquired Utiemaria and possessed it until it was sold to Col William Tayloe (the immigrant) in 1640. Col William Tayloe's widow, Elizabeth Kingsmill, married Colonel Nathaniel Bacon and they used King's Creek (as it was then called) as their residence although the deed was held by William Tayloe, though they owned other property. This Colonel Bacon, who rose to the president of the Council of the State, was first cousin once removed of Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., who led Bacon's Rebellion.
Another resident of King's Creek was Colonel Bacon's young niece, Abigail Smith. Sometime before 1675, Abigail Smith married Lewis Burwell I, a prosperous planter. On Nov 23, 1693 Col. William Tayloe (the nephew) of Richmond Co., VA, nephew and heir of Maj. William Tayloe (the immigrant), late of King's Creek in York Co., deceased, deeds to Lewis Burwell, 1200 acres between King's Creek and Queen's Creek on York River, formerly the property of Col. William Tayloe (the immigrant), the elder.
1700 to 1800.
At a cemetery onsite, there is a 1718 grave of this 29-year-old son of a Virginia planter and Major. The brick-walled cemetery sits adjacent to a tee on the golf course. James Burwell was one of the justices for York County and a burgess from 1715 to 1718. On Lewis Burwell's death in 1710. King's Creek Plantation passed to his son James Burwell.
In the 1780s Cornwallis' British troops and General Washington's Continental Army used a site on what is now Cheatham.
Owners of King's Creek Plantation:
1850s to 1900.
In April 1862 all of Yorktown, including this site, was caught under a thirty-day siege which included the largest concentration of artillery in one place at one time in history. This was during the Seven Days Battles or more correctly referred to as the Peninsula Campaign. This was the unsuccessful attempt by McClellan to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond and end the war.
1900 to 1942.
The area land was used primarily for farming until World War I when the E.I. Dupont Company built a large powder and shell-loading plant. The Dupont plant loaded explosives into large-caliber shell. Founded during the early 1900s the town was named Penniman, in honor of Russell S. Penniman, inventor of ammonia dynamite. Penniman, Virginia, eventually grew to a city of over 15,000 residents.
During World War I, prior to Navy ownership and activity, a portion of the current Navy property was the location of a large powder and shell-loading plant, the duPont de Nemours Company's U.S. Penniman shell-loading plant. The Penniman shell-loading plant operated under contract to the U.S. government loading shells from 1917 to 1918. The facility consisted of approximately 3,300 acres and included what is now the Cheatham Annex, the United States Department on the Interior National Park Service (National Colonial Park), and the Virginia Department of Emergency Services fuel farm (no longer active).
During this time the area included a city of 10,000 people and was named Penniman. The Penniman shell-loading plant, which was a large powder- and shell-loading facility operated during World War I. The Penniman facility closed in 1918. By May 1919, less than 100 people remained in the city of Penniman and by 1920 the land had reverted to farmland.
Following the end of World War I in 1918, through 1926, the U.S. government operated the Penniman General Ordnance Depot to prepare manufactured ordnance and explosives for long-term storage and shipment to permanent U.S. ordnance depots. At the same time, E.I. duPont de Nemours Engineering Company was decommissioning military ordnance and dismantling the former shell-loading plant and TNT plant structures. From 1926 to 1942, the land was in private ownership and was used for farming or left idle.
1942 and WWII.
With the outbreak of World War 2, the US government construction began on August 27, 1942 at Cheatham with the erection of a supply pier. The pier consisted of an approach, 2,850 feet long by 28 feet wide, with an L-head at the extreme outboard end, 1,215 feet long by 42 feet wide, parallel to the river channel.
Early in September, 1942, work began on the construction at Cheatham of 10 storehouses, an administration building, and all the appurtenant buildings and services needed to make the annex a secure and independent naval installation. The warehouses were of temporary construction, without heat or sprinklers, 120 feet by 828 feet, one-story, affording approximately 1,000,000 square feet of covered storage space.
This area of land located in the Jamestown, Williamsburg, Yorktown historical triangle was seized by the Navy on June 21, 1943. When commissioned and annexed to the Naval Supply Depot at Norfolk, the facility was renamed FISC Cheatham Annex in honor of RADM Joseph Johnston Cheatham, the 1929 Chief of the Bureau of Supplies and Accounts, the forerunner of today's Naval Supply Systems Command. He was also the fifth and eighth commanding officer of Naval Supply Depot Norfolk.
The first ten storehouses at Cheatham Annex were built in 1943. They were one-story cinder-block and timber-frame structures, 835 feet by 120 feet, with concrete ground-level floors. The second group of warehouses, built in 1945, were six storehouses, doubled the station's general storage capacity, by virtue of the buildings' 200-foot width on the 835-foot length. Steel-frame construction was used. The transit shed was of bolted-steel construction, 1,500 feet long by 240 feet wide. The cold storage building, originally built 677 feet by 200 feet, was later extended to 877 feet in length. It had concrete foundations, brick and cinder-block walls, wood frame, and concrete floors at car-door height.
The Fleet Industrial Supply Center, Cheatham Annex, officially opened in 1943 as a storage depot, built on the site of a munitions plant. The 1,572-acre property included 7 archaeological sites, Colonial grave sites, DuPont Company buildings built in 1910, and several World War II buildings.
At inception, CAX occupied approximately 3,349 acres.
In March 1943, construction began of a sizable tank farm at Cheatham Annex, near the fuel depot at Yorktown. Fifteen tanks, of 50,000-barrel capacity each, were installed underground for the storage of fuel oil. Three more of these tanks were provided for diesel oil. A timber T-shaped fueling pier was constructed into the York River, with an approach 2,625 feet long and a head 910 feet long.
Several portions of the original base have since been declared surplus and transferred to other government jurisdictions, including the National Park Service, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and York County.
As a satellite unit of the Naval Supply Depot, Cheatham Annex provided bulk storage facilities and served as an assembly and overseas shipping point throughout World War II.
During World War II, from 1944 to 1945, 520 German and Italian prisoners of war were held at Cheatham Annex.
21st century.
CAX currently occupies 2,300 acres. CAX is divided into two parcels, with the larger parcel situated along the banks of the York River. Almost all of the activities at CAX (administration, training, maintenance, support, and housing) take place in this portion of the Installation. The smaller parcel is located south of the Colonial National Historic Parkway. This area contains Jones Pond and is used mainly as a watershed protection area. In July 1987, CAX was designated the Hampton Roads Navy Recreational Complex. Today, the mission of CAX includes supplying Atlantic Fleet ships and providing recreational opportunities to military and civilian personnel. As part of the Navy's Mid-Atlantic installation claimant consolidation, Cheatham Annex, formerly an annex of the Fleet Industrial Supply Center, Norfolk, was incorporated with the Yorktown Naval Weapons Station on October 1, 1998.
Current status.
The facility provides complete retail supply support services for approximately 40 tenant activities between Cheatham Annex, Williamsburg and Naval Weapons Station, Yorktown. Included as part of this support service is custody asset storage for large, bulky and unique Navy material and programs. At the 50th anniversary of the installation, in 1993, the base employed 128 civilians and housed 627 tenants from other military commands and 307 reservists.
Cheatham Annex has also been called the “Capital of Navy Expeditionary Logistics” as the U.S. Navy reserve command, Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group. There are eighteen warehouses, providing approximately 2.3 million square feet of unheated space and 300,000 square feet of controlled humidity space. The command's new headquarters and training building was designated as a 2009 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver certified building. The 38,960 square foot building joins the command element, administrative, operations and training departments under one roof– providing significantly enhanced capabilities for garrison operations.
Expeditionary training for Navy logistics and cargo handlers, both active duty and reserve, is conducted at Cheatham Annex. These units have deployed multiple times to Iraq and Afghanistan in support of operations on both fronts. CAX is also homeport to USNS Zeus (T-ARC 7), for Military Sealift Command (MSC). Zeus is capable of laying 1,000 miles of cable at depths of up to 9,000 feet and is the only ship of her type currently operated by the U.S. Navy.
Cheatham Annex is headquarters and home for the Navy's “Combat Stevedores” the predominantly Reserve cargo handling command with one active duty battalion, and home away from home for 10 Reserve battalions, and four regiments.
The Navy Expeditionary Medical Support Command (NEMSCOM) is a tenant command on Cheatham Annex. Navy Expeditionary Medical Support Command is Navy Medicine's lead agent for the deployable medical systems. This was originally the Fleet Hospital Support Office, providing medical and surgical support to the needs of all sailors, marines, soldiers and airmen deployed. In 1997, the Chief of Naval Operations, as part of the Base Realignment Act, moved the FHSO from Naval Air Station, Alameda, CA to Cheatham, VA. In April 1998, the mammoth relocation process was successfully completed as more than 100 Naval Reserve men and women from Navy Cargo Handling Battalion 5, home-ported in Tacoma, Washington, offloaded hundreds of containers, civil engineering support equipment, and military vehicles to warehouses at Cheatham Annex.
For government usage, the outdoor range at Cheatham Annex (CAX) is capable of handling all pistols, shotguns and rifles up to and including 7.62 mm. The surface danger zone (SDZ) of the outdoor range extends over portions of the York River. Utilization of the range may be affected at times due to the transit of boats through the SDZ. An increase of boat traffic occurs mainly during the summer months
and through the commercial fishing season.
Since October 18, 2002, Cheatham Annex purchases its drinking water from the Newport News Waterworks, operated by the City of Newport News.
In 2009, Cheatham Annex was named “Tree City USA” community. The Arbor Day Foundation recognized the facility for its community forestry.
On base recreation.
The Navy Morale Welfare and Recreation (NMWR) runs a cabin and recreation facility on Cheatham Annex. Cheatham Annex (CAX). CAX is home to the largest Morale, Welfare and Recreation (MWR) Outdoor Recreation facility on the East Coast. Active duty, Reservists and military retirees and their dependents can take advantage of a wide range of facilities, including 54 cabins, 50 RV parking spots, 20 primitive campsites and more than 10 miles of hiking and mountain biking trails. Along with fishing on two lakes and the York River, swimming pool and an 18-hole golf course, the MWR Outdoor Recreation is ideal for military families looking for a chance to relax.
Ecological footprint.
Endangered animals.
 The globally rare interstitial amphipod, "Stygobromus araeus", is closely associated with the groundwater in shell marl or limestone deposits. Identified in 1969 by Dr. John R. Holsinger, the 2002 DoD report on Species at Risk on DoD Installation describes this animal as 'A small, unpigmented, blind amphipod. The species is sexually dimorphic, with males ranging up to 0.70 cm in length, and females to 0.55 cm.' This extremely rare species is only found on the coast of southeastern Virginia.
Environmental sites.
There are several sites designated on the Cheatham Annex grounds that illustrate the legacy and usage of the site over the years. The overhead view of the facility shows the sites either clustered around naval storage areas or abandoned manufacturing sites.
Active sites.
The following are considered sites requiring active environmental actions.
Recent news.
The senior enlisted chief at Cheatham Annex, Command Master Chief Richard Ward, was relieved by the Expeditionary Support Group Command in February, 2012. CMC Ward committed fraternization, willfully disobeyed a commissioned officer, misused a government cell phone, and made a false official statement.
The command master chief of Navy Cargo Handling Battalion (NCHB) 4 was relieved of duty March 14, 2012 by the commodore of 2nd Navy Expeditionary Logistics Regiment (NELR), at Cheatham Annex, VA. Capt. Charles Rink relieved Master Chief Logistics Specialist Scott Splitgerber, U.S. Navy Reserve, due to misconduct he committed while assigned as the command master chief of NCHB 4.
Marines and sailors of 2nd Marine Logistics Group participated in a large-scale training operation designed to prepare the nation's amphibious – logistics warfighters for an actual humanitarian aid and disaster relief operation, spanning the East Coast from Camp Lejeune, NC to Norfolk, Va., June 11–16, 2012. Elements of the Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group
based at Naval Weapons Station Yorktown – Cheatham Annex, Williamsburg, Va., teamed with 2nd MLG's Combat Logistics Regiment 27, Combat Logistics Battalion 8, and CLB-6 to provide support for the Expeditionary Logistics Wargame.
A new Navy Ordnance Cargo Logistics Training Complex was completed in September 2013. The training facility consists of two buildings, with a 600-square-foot chemical test chamber and a new mock pier, warehouse and cargo hold for training with luffing cranes


Stephanie Guzzwell

 Stephanie Guzzwell (born May 1, 1987 in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador) is a Canadian curler who resides in Oxford, Nova Scotia.
Career.
Juniors.
Guzzwell was a member of the Stacie Devereaux junior rink, which finished 7th place at the 2003 Canada Winter Games and won four Newfoundland and Labrador junior women's championships between 2004 and 2007. Guzzell played third on the team. The team represented the province at the Canadian Junior Curling Championships in each of those years, going 8–4 in 2004, 5–7 in 2005, 5–6 in 2006 and winning the championship in 2007, with a 12–1 record. The team represented Canada at the 2007 World Junior Curling Championships, winning a silver medal. After posting a 6–3 round robin record, they won their semifinal match against Denmark, but lost in the final against Scotland.
Women's.
After juniors, Guzzwell remained a member of the Devereaux rink. The team won the 2011 Newfoundland and Labrador Scotties Tournament of Hearts provincial women's championship. They represented the province at the national 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, where they finished with a 1–10 record. Guzzwell left the team after the season.
Guzzwell skipped her own team for two seasons between 2013 and 2015 before joining the Heather Strong rink as her third between 2015 and 2017.
Guzzwell joined the Kelli Sharpe (Turpin) rink in 2018 as her third. The team won the 2019 Newfoundland and Labrador Scotties Tournament of Hearts.
Personal life.
Guzzwell is employed as a police officer with the RCMP. She is originally from Mount Pearl, Newfoundland and Labrador. Guzzwell attended Memorial University as a business administration student. While at Memorial, Guzzwell was the skip of the university's curling team. They played in the 2008 national championship.


George Makinson

George Tingley Makinson (December 23, 1903 – February 18, 1986) was a farmer, police officer and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Port de Grave in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1949 to 1951.
The son of Thomas C. Makinson and Margaret Tingley, he was born in Nakusp, British Columbia in 1903 and was educated at Bishop Feild College, King's College and the Nova Scotia Agricultural College. The family had returned to the family estate in Newfoundland while he was still young; the nearby community later became known as Makinsons. From 1921 to 1923, Makinson worked as an entomologist and orchard inspector. In 1923, he joined the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in Halifax, mainly serving in western Canada and the Canadian Arctic. While he was stationed on Ellesmere Island from 1927 to 1928, he discovered an inlet that was later named Makinson Inlet. Makinson served aboard the RCMP supply schooner "St. Roch" from 1933 to 1936. He married Audrey Kathleen Stevenson in 1935. In 1943, he retired from the RCMP while posted in Swift Current, Saskatchewan and he returned to Newfoundland to operate the family dairy farm. He also raised beef cattle and mink and operated a tourist lodge.
A supporter of confederation with Canada, Makinson was elected to the Newfoundland assembly in 1949. He did not run for reelection in 1951. He died at Makinsons at the age of 82.


Forces sweetheart

Forces Sweetheart (or Forces' Sweetheart) is an accolade in the United Kingdom given to those who have become a favourite of serving men in the British Armed Forces, though the term is also used in other countries.
Origins.
The role of being a favourite among the armed forces started in World War I. During this time, Lady Angela Forbes was considered a Forces Sweetheart as a catering organiser for the British army from November 1914. The British Soldiers' Buffets, commonly known as Angelinas, met every train of wounded as it arrived and were often open 24 hours a day, and food never ran out. Following her, Elsie Janis was called The Sweetheart of the American Expeditionary Forces.
Service entertainers from around the world.
British Forces Sweethearts.
Sweethearts during World War II included Vera Lynn, (whose singing ("(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover" and "We'll Meet Again" brought great happiness to many in Britain); Gracie Fields; and Anne Shelton.
Present-day sweethearts for the British forces include Nell McAndrew, Katherine Jenkins, Kirsten Orsborn, Cheryl Cole.
In 2011 London drag queen Richard Rhodes became the first man to be awarded the title.
United States.
Frances Langford, whose husband served as assistant secretary of the United States Air Force under president Harry Truman, was "Singing Sweetheart of the Fighting Fronts" from World War II to the Korean War and the Vietnam War.
Commonwealth countries.
Lorrae Desmond, along with Little Patti was the forces's sweetheart in Australia when troops were stationed in Vietnam.


Soviet Signals Troops


Robert Gumede

Robert Gumede (born 9 August 1963) is a South African businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder of the IT firm Gijima Technologies and its holding company Gijima Group.
Early life.
Robert Gumede was one of seven children raised by his mother and grandmother in the town of Nelspruit, South Africa. He worked as a golf caddie, gardener and a petrol attendant to help support his family in his youth. He went on to study law at the University of Zululand, graduating in 1986 with a diploma in law. After graduating he worked as a clerk and prosecutor at the Kabokweni Magistrate's Court. Gumede was employed by the Ministry of Justice for a time before leaving that position in 1988.
Business career.
In 1988 Gumede left his job with the Ministry of Justice due to his political activities during apartheid, starting his business career when he founded Gijima Electronic And Security Systems. Gumede's worked as a business consultant after moving to Johannesburg in 1992. This led him to identify a number of business opportunities and by the mid-1990s he had registered a number of companies with the name "Gijima", ranging from a firm that provided protection services to the ANC-led Mpumalanga government to a stationary company. Gumede's most successful venture was the IT company he setup in 1997 that successfully received government tenders to develop and deploy IT solutions for the Department of Justice and Correctional Services services and the Department of Home Affairs. The IT company was consolidated in 2002 into Gijima Afrika Smart Technologies (GijimaASTP), which went on to win additional tenders from the government owned telecoms monopoly Telkom to produce phonecards.
In 2011 GijimaAST settled out of court with the Department of Home Affairs after a dispute over a tender project worth R2.3 billion due to escalating project costs. In 2014 the Special Investigating Unit of South Africa concluded that a R360 million tender by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform, and the State Information Technology Agency awarded to GijimaAST was irregular. Reports by "The Sunday Independent" newspaper about the alleged non-delivery on a government tender by GijimaAST resulted in Gumede threatening to file a R1 billion defamation lawsuit against the publication.
Politics.
Gumede is open about his political and financial support for the governing party of South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC), and has a close friendship with former ANC treasurer general Mathews Phosa. In 2016 he donated a fleet of 12 vehicles to the ANC's election campaign for the South African municipal elections of 2016. The "Daily Maverick" alleges that Gumede is part of an economic elite in South Africa that owes its existence to a system of patronage created by the African National Congress.
In 2018 a "Sunday Times" article alleged that Gumede provided substantial support to Emmerson Mnangagwa's election campaign during the Zimbabwean general election that year. It is illegal in Zimbabwe for foreigners to fund local elections. Gumede strongly denied the accusation, calling it fake news.


List of missiles of the RAF

The following list of missiles of the Royal Air Force contains both current and former missiles used by the British air force:


USCGC Chautauqua

USCG "Chautauqua" (WHEC-41) was an "Owasco" class high endurance cutter which served with the US Coast Guard from 1945 to 1973. Originally intended for World War II service, she was commissioned only days before the end of hostilities and consequently never saw combat.
"Chautauqua" was built by Western Pipe & Steel at the company's San Pedro shipyard. Named after Chautauqua Lake, New York she was commissioned as a patrol gunboat with ID number WPG-41 on 4 August 1945, just days before the end of World War II. In the postwar period, her ID was changed to WHEC-41 (HEC for "High Endurance Cutter" - the "W" signifies a Coast Guard vessel).
Operational service.
"Chautauqua" was homeported at San Francisco, California, from 4 August 1945 to October 1948 and used for law enforcement, ocean station, and search and rescue operations in the Pacific.
On 19 May 1947 she searched for a reported mine. From October 1948 to 22 July 1954, she was stationed at Alameda, California. Her duties remained similar to those she had at San Francisco. On 29 and 30 October 1948, she escorted the disabled F/V "Reefer King" to Honolulu, Hawaii. From 11 to 14 November 1949, she towed the disabled M/V "Navigator" until relieved by a commercial tug. From 15 to 21 April 1950, she towed the disabled tug "Omar" to San Francisco. On 15 May 1953, she assisted the disabled F/V "Bering Strait" 20 miles west of Point Reyes, California.
"Chautauqua" was homeported at Honolulu, Hawaii, from 22 July 1954 to February 1972, with duties of law enforcement, ocean station, and search and rescue. On 21 November 1956, she medevaced a crewman from M/V "Evibelle". On 13 July 1959, she assisted the yacht "Cloud Nine" at 23°20’N, 143°00’W. She patrolled the Trans-Pacific Race from 15 to 17 July 1959. On 6 September 1959, she medevaced a crewman from M/V "Pioneer" at 34°25’N, 162°16’E. While on ocean station in February 1965, the Chautauqua sustained damage and had to depart early for Yokosuka, Japan due to main motor-bearing problems.
On 20 January 1967, "Chautauqua" sustained a fire in the Combat Information Center while undergoing renovation in a San Francisco yard. In late December 1971, "Chautauqua" was on-scene commander following the sinking of the Danish M/V "Heering Kirse" off Midway Island. 31 of 36 victims were rescued. She transferred to Norfolk, Virginia in February 1972.
Decommission.
"Chautauqua" was decommissioned on 1 August 1973 and scrapped along with the rest of the "Owasco" class in 1974.


Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela

Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela is a 2005 documentary film about a generation of men, considered terrorists by the U.S. government, who left South Africa to form the African National Congress and spread their message across the world. Filmmaker Thomas Allen Harris focuses on his stepfather Benjamin Pule Leinaeng, who was among the first ANC members to leave South Africa in 1960.
"Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela" was met with critical acclaim, winning an Independent Spirit Award nomination for its Stranger Than Fiction category and was aired on PBS as part of its Point of View series in 2006.


Integrated Deepwater System Program

The Integrated Deepwater System Program (IDS Program or Deepwater) was the 25-year program to replace all or much of the United States Coast Guard's equipment, including aircraft, ships, and logistics and command and control systems. The $24 billion program (which began with a price tag of $17 billion) lost authorization in Fiscal Year 2012 and is officially defunct.
The initial idea was to develop interoperable system which included new cutters and small boats, a new fleet of fixed-wing aircraft, a combination of new and upgraded helicopters, and land- and cutter-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). All of these assets will be linked with Command, Control, Communications and Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. Performance-based logistics is also an aspect of the contract.
History.
The Coast Guard performs many missions in a deepwater environment, which is usually defined as waters more than 50 nautical miles offshore. These missions include drug interdiction, alien migrant interdiction, fisheries enforcement, search and rescue, International Ice Patrol operations, maritime sanctions enforcement, overseas port security and defense, overseas peacetime military engagement, defense operations in conjunction with the U.S. Navy, maritime pollution law enforcement, enforcement of lightering zones, and overseas inspection of foreign vessels entering U.S. ports. During the 1990s, it was determined that the assets and capabilities needed to complete deepwater missions were antiquated and becoming obsolete and included 93 cutters and 207 aircraft. The assets were technologically obsolete and often expensive to operate as well as unsuited for evolving mission requirements.
In 1993, the Commandant's Office of Operations formally acknowledged that the Coast Guard needed a long-term strategy to recapitalize its inventory of cutters and aircraft, and supporting systems. In 1998 the Coast Guard issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) for industry teams to bid in proposal a package of assets and systems to meet an identified set of Coast Guard mission requirements. This unique "performance-based approach" to modernization and replacement of the Coast Guard deepwater fleet was competitively bid on by three teams: One led by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), one led by Boeing, and one led by Integrated Coast Guard Systems LLC, a joint venture of Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman established in June 2001 and jointly owned and fully guaranteed by both companies. On June 25, 2002, the Coast Guard awarded the base-term agreement of the then 20-year, $17 billion Deepwater contract to Integrated Coast Guard Systems (ICGS).
During the first three years of the initial five-year contract the Coast Guard re-baselined the Deepwater program in July 2005, expanding requirements due to post-9/11 mission needs, which expanded the program to 25 years and a total of $24 billion.
Since July 13, 2007, Deepwater became part of the newly created Acquisition Directorate (CG-9).
The Program Executive Officer (PEO) for Deepwater since June 8, 2007 is RADM Ronald J. Rábago. His predecessors include RADM Gary Blore and the "founding father of the IDS", RADM Patrick M. Stillman.
Integrated Coast Guard Systems has participated in joint Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) with the Coast Guard since the inception of the Deepwater program. Oversight of contractor performance by the government is largely non-existent, due to contract language developed by the contractor. A major performance metric was IPT meeting attendance.
ICGS subcontracts with more than 600 suppliers in 41 states, as well as manufacturers from around the world.
Assets.
National Security Cutter.
One of the key components of the Deepwater solution is the National Security Cutter (NSC). These eight Legend-class cutters are designed to replace the aging 378-foot (115 m) Hamilton-class cutters currently in service. The NSC will have a length of 418 feet (125.2 m), be powered by a gas turbine engine with two auxiliary diesel engines, and be capable of 12,000 nautical mile (22,000 km) voyages lasting up to 60 days.
The new class of NSCs will carry an MK 110 57 mm gun and will be equipped with a stern launch ramp for launch and recovery of the Short Range Prosecutor (SRP) and the Long Range Interceptor (LRI). They will also be equipped with a state-of-the-art C4ISR suite. A contract for the third cutter was issued in August 2007, but it will include structural improvements based on flaws discovered during the construction of the first two cutters.
USCGC Bertholf (WMSL-750) – The first-in-class NSC is named for Commodore Ellsworth Price Bertholf, USRCS, USCG, the fourth Commandant of the United States Coast Guard. The cutter was built by Northrop Grumman Ship Systems in Pascagoula, Mississippi under contract from ICGS and was completed in early 2008.
Meryl Chertoff, wife of U.S. Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff, was chosen by the Coast Guard as sponsor of the first NSC. The keel laying for Bertholf took place on March 29, 2005. The cutter was launched on September 29, 2006 and she was christened on November 11, 2006.
The Coast Guard accepted delivery of the "Bertholf" on May 8, 2008 and she was commissioned on Coast Guard Day, August 4, 2008 at her homeport in Alameda, California.
USCGC Waesche (WMSL-751) – The second Legend-class NSC is named for Commandant Russell R. Waesche who served as Commandant of the Coast Guard and was the first Coast Guard Admiral to receive four stars. The cutter was built at Northrop Grumman Ship Systems in Pascagoula, Mississippi.
Marilla Waesche Pivonka, granddaughter of the cutter's namesake, was chosen by the Coast Guard as sponsor of the second NSC. The keel laying for the "Waesche" took place on September 11, 2006 and she was christened on July 26, 2008. USCGC "Waesche" was commissioned May 7, 2010.
USCGC Stratton (WMSL-752) - The third NSC is named for Captain Dorothy C. Stratton who was the director of the SPARS, the Coast Guard's Women's Reserve established during World War II. The cutter began construction on July 21, 2008 in Pascagoula, Miss. First Lady Michelle Obama was chosen as sponsor of the third NSC.
Fast Response Cutter.
The Fast Response Cutter (FRC) was intended to replace the 110’ Island Class Cutters currently in service. It was removed from the IDS contract due to concerns over the feasibility of the ship design. The role will now be served by the Sentinel class cutter, which is based on an off-the-shelf design that has already proven itself.
Offshore Patrol Cutter.
The Offshore Patrol Cutter is intended to replace the 210' and 270' cutters currently in service. It was also removed from the IDS contract, but developed and delivery continued. In February 2014, the USCG announced that Bollinger Shipyards, Eastern Shipbuilding and General Dynamics Bath Iron Works had been awarded design contracts for the OPC.
123' Patrol Boat.
The 123' patrol boats were intended to serve as a bridging strategy until replacements for the 110' Island Class cutters could be designed and procured. They were created by lengthening eight existing 110' cutters to accommodate additional mission capabilities. The converted 123's were deemed unsafe for use in the projected operating environment in 2007 and are currently awaiting disposition. The USCG asked the contractors in August 2007 for a refund because these former 110 foot cutters will now have to be scrapped resulting in a reduction of capability instead of improvement. In August 2011, the U.S. government sued contractor Bollinger Shipyards over the failed modifications, alleging that the company made false statements about the hull strength that would result from its extensions to the patrol boats. That lawsuit was settled in 2015 with Bollinger paying $7.5 million to the U.S. government, as opposed to a proposed $73 million penalty and a $96 million partial refund.
Medium Range Surveillance Aircraft.
The Medium Range Surveillance Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MRS) HC-144 Ocean Sentry is a new twin-turbo-prop airplane selected by the Coast Guard to replace the HU-25 Falcon Guardian, which has been in service since 1982.
Also known as the CN-235, the MRS aircraft are built by EADS CASA in Seville, Spain and are being transported upon completion to Mobile, Ala. for C4ISR pallet installation by Lockheed Martin. The first MRS aircraft was delivered to the Coast Guard in December 2006. Currently there are three aircraft undergoing testing in Mobile and an additional five are in various stages of construction.
The MRS aircraft, or "Ocean Sentry", will be the eyes of the Coast Guard fleet. It features a belly-mounted radar and is equipped with improved detection capability. It will be used in search and rescue missions, international patrol missions, law enforcement, and for illegal drug interdictions.
Multi-Mission Cutter Helicopter.
The Multi-Mission Cutter Helicopter (MCH) MH-65C is the upgraded model of the HH-65 Dolphin helicopter, which has been used by the Coast Guard since the 1980s. The new model (HH-65C model) features a more powerful engine, allowing the helicopter to fly faster, twice as far, and with twice the payload as their predecessor, the HH-65B model.
The reengining, which began in 2004, was originally scheduled to take place during the conversion to a multi-mission cutter helicopter, equipped with airborne use of force, but was accelerated under the Deepwater program following multiple in-flight loss of power events.
The upgrade program was completed in Fall 2007.
Small Unmanned Aerial Systems.
The United States Coast Guard is currently in the acquisition phase of their sUAS program. The Boeing Insitu ScanEagle has been selected by the Coast Guard to fulfill the cutter based sUAS role. Currently they are in the process of initial operating testing of sUAS capability on National Security Cutters. A request is expected to be released by the Coast Guard in early fiscal year 2018 for sUAS capability for NSCs with a contract award for the retrofit of sUAS capability on the USCGC Stratton and one other NSC later in the fiscal year.
The USCGC Stratton had sUAS deployed on it throughout 2017 assisting with drug interdiction missions. In total the sUAS was used in 9 out of 11 drug seizures which seized over 50,550 pounds of cocaine worth approximately $679.3 million.
The Coast Guard expects to have sUAS capability across all of the National Security Cutter fleet along with the Offshore Patrol Cutter fleet. The cutter-based sUAS systems are excepted to be operated by AVDETs of 3 officers and 4 enlisted personnel once fully operational. Officers will serve as pilots, however it is unclear as to whether or not they will be trained as manned aircraft aviators or if a new officer qualification will be created for officers or if it will become a maritime-rating for cuttermen. Enlisted personnel are to serve in launch and recovery roles as provide needed maintenance to the sUAS.
Performance Based Logistics.
All logistics support was intended to be provided through ICGS. With the exception of one year of support for C4 systems, this has been cancelled.
Controversy.
RAND Report.
In 2004, the RAND Corporation released a report that questioned the ability of the Deepwater program to handle both the traditional duties of the USCG and the additional missions it has undertaken under DHS and recommended doubling the number of cutters and increasing airpower by 50%.
Funding and management issues.
Because of the scale of the building program exceeded anything done by the USCG before, Deepwater is unique in that the primary contractors were tasked with making design and procurement decisions on behalf of the Federal government. This did not achieve its intended result - assets that were designed to meet mission needs.
Because of performance problems, Deepwater has been the source of congressional budget battles over its funding. For fiscal year 2006, President George W. Bush requested funding of over $900 million, but the House of Representatives approved only $500 million. In September 2005, the full Congress did approve $900 million, just short of the President's original request.
In August 2006, the inspector general in the Homeland Security Department said that the department's oversight of the program was hampered by funding limitations and lack of experience with this type of program.
As of late 2006, the cost of the program had risen to $24 billion, from the original estimate of $17 billion in 2002. In 2007, the Coast Guard took over management of the program.
Lockheed whistleblower.
Michael DeKort, a former lead systems engineer at Lockheed Martin for Deepwater, was dissatisfied and concerned with Lockheed Martin's conduct, in particular that of Lockheed executive Fred Moosally. After a series of failed attempts to draw needed attention to a growing problem within the project, DeKort made news headlines for taking a bold approach into corporate whistleblowing by utilizing YouTube. After over a year of investigations, some conducted by congress, the Department of Homeland Security Inspector General's office and various members of the press, it appears DeKort's allegations have all been proven to be accurate. Recently news stories have surfaced demonstrating his warning, that significant C4ISR problems will continue on all future ship assets, like the National Security Cutters, appears to be true. A Department of Justice investigation which began in the fall of 2007 is ongoing. In May 2008 the Coast Guard was asked to put aside its $96 million refund request from ICGS so the DoJ and DHS IG could pursue the case themselves. In the summer of 2008 several reports on the Deepwater program—specifically the state of the 123 refund and the NSCs were submitted to congress by the GAO. Relative to the 123s the GAO compiled a list of costs the Coast Guard has incurred as a result of the eight lost patrol boats. These costs add up to well beyond the $96 million refund the Coast Guard requested. Their figures approached $150 million and did not include the residual value of the eight 123s or the $1.3 million for the eight rejected SRPs (Short Range Prosecutors). In another report the GAO acknowledged that the DoJ investigation now included an investigation into the NSC problems as well as the problems associated with 123s.
On May 29, 2009, the DHS IG released a report on the claims and amounts recovered. DeKort responded to this report with a list of additional issues the IG neglected and suggested that the same issues may occur with the NSC.


Litopys UPA

The Litopys UPA volume series was created under the auspices of the Litopys UPA Publishing Company, an Ontario Corporation Without Share Capital incorporated in 1978. Publishing primary source, archival material and documents, and first person accounts that relate to the military history of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army UPA, underground resistance organizations, as well as the history of Ukraine during World War II and post war decade. Each volume or group of volumes is devoted to a specific theme. Some deal with the military history in a specific period of time or region - for example, in Volyn, in Halychyna, as in the regions of Ukraine under Poland and so on. Two, three, or more volumes may be devoted to specicific themes. Memoirs, or books by individual authors dealing with particular questions offer insight into individual topics. Ukrainian language with English introductions.
Books.
Administration in Canada and USA.
B. Kowalyk, R. Kulyk, Z. Brozyna
Editors and Administration in Ukraine.
M. Romaniuk - editor-in-chief, A. Sova - deputy editor, I. Homziak, B. Stoliar - administration


Owen W. Siler

Owen Wesley Siler (January 10, 1922July 17, 2007) was a United States Coast Guard admiral who served as the fifteenth Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard from 1974 to 1978.
Early life and education.
Siler was born in Seattle, Washington and grew up in Santa Maria, California where he attended Santa Maria High School. He graduated from Santa Maria Junior College (now Allan Hancock College) in 1940, and transferred to the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London, Connecticut, graduating a year early due to World War II. Upon graduation, he was assigned to the assault troop transport ship, , and participated in the invasion of Bougainville. Siler received a Master of Science degree in international affairs from George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs in 1968.
Career.
During World War II, Siler quickly advanced through the ranks, serving as a gunnery officer, assistant navigator, and deck watch officer. In the immediate aftermath of the war, he participated in the U.S. occupation of Northern Honshū, Japan.
Upon returning to the United States in April 1946, he briefly served as a personnel officer at the U.S. Coast Guard Training Center in Alameda, California, before his assignment as navigator of .
His career with the U.S. Coast Guard included serving as a deck officer afloat, as an aviator performing search and rescue patrols, and ashore in the law enforcement, marine safety and environmental protection fields. Other assignments included chief of the search and rescue branch in Juneau, Alaska, deputy chief of staff in Washington, and commanding officer at Air Station Miami, where the station received a Coast Guard unit commendation for Cuban exodus operations during October and November 1965.
From 1971 until his appointment as commandant, he served as commander of the St. Louis-based 2nd Coast Guard District.
During Siler's tenure as commandant he instituted a minority recruiting program and was instrumental in having women admitted to the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, making it the first of the military service academies to do so. He also oversaw the expansion of the U.S. Coast Guard's marine environmental protection program, with the passage of the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976, which included an increase of the service's jurisdiction along the U.S. coastline to more than two million square miles.
Siler was the last World War II veteran to serve as commandant.
Later life and death.
Following his retirement from the U.S. Coast Guard, Siler moved to Savannah, Georgia, where he died from complications of heart failure on July 17, 2007, at the age of 85, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.


Below the zone

Below the zone (BTZ) is a competitive early promotion program offered to enlisted U.S. Air Force personnel in the grade of Airman First Class/E-3. This early promotion opportunity is restricted to exceptional Airmen who stand out from their peers and perform duties at a level above their current rank. Selection opportunity is 15 percent of the total time-in-grade (TIG) and time-in-service (TIS) eligible population. Airmen selected for BTZ are nominated by their chain of command, and then usually appear before a board of judges, a board generally composed of their base's senior leadership (depending on unit size.) A "package", reviewed by the panel of judges, is also constructed for each competing Airman listing in bulleted format his/her major accomplishments and attributes. Upon selection for promotion, the Airmen will then receive a date upon which their newly assigned rank of Senior Airman will take effect. The effective date of promotion is six months earlier than the normal promotion date, hence "below the (promotion) zone".


Dewey Medal

The Dewey Medal was a military decoration of the United States Navy which was established by the United States Congress on June 3, 1898. The medal recognizes the leadership of Admiral of the Navy George Dewey, during the Spanish–American War, and the Sailors and Marines under his command.
Criteria.
The Dewey Medal was created to recognize the forces of the U.S. Navy and United States Marine Corps who participated in the Battle of Manila Bay. To be awarded the Dewey Medal, a service member must have served on one of the following naval vessels on May 1, 1898:
The colliers and were part of Dewey's squadron and supported the Manila Bay operation but are not listed in Navy regulations having their crew members eligible for the Dewey Medal. This is probably because 1. the ships were not actively engaged in the battle and 2. they were, at that time, civilian manned ships purchased to support the Navy. "Nanshan" was commanded by Lieutenant Benjamin W. Hodges, USN but technically remained a merchant ship so she could resupply at neutral ports which simplified the squadron's logistics. "Zafiro" was commanded by Ensign Henry A. Pearson, USN and, like "Nanshan", was technically a merchant ship at the time of the battle. Both ships were later commissioned in the Navy.
The Dewey Medal was a one-time only decoration and there were no devices or campaign stars authorized to the medal. The medal consists of a circular medallion, upon which rests an image of Admiral George Dewey, suspended from a blue and yellow ribbon. Admiral Dewey was awarded the medal, although, out of modesty, he always wore it with the medal's reverse displayed which depicted a sailor sitting on a gun. Dewey had the rare distinction of being one of only four Americans entitled to wear a medal with their own image on it. The others were Rear Admiral William T. Sampson (Sampson Medal), Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd (1st and 2nd Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medals) and General of the Armies John J. Pershing (Army of Occupation of Germany Medal).
The medal was recognized as being given for active military duty; yet because it recognized a single battle in a single campaign, the Dewey Medal was a commemorative medal. When worn on a military uniform the Dewey Medal was considered senior to the Sampson Medal, although there were no individuals who received both medals.
The Dewey Medal is one of a very few United States military awards to have fewer recipients than the Medal of Honor. Only 1,825 medals were struck, each machine engraved to the recipient with his name and rate (enlisted) or rank (officer).
Appearance.
This medal was designed by celebrated artist Daniel Chester French, who sculpted the statue of a seated Lincoln in Washington's Lincoln Memorial and the "Minuteman" statue at Concord, Mass. The medal was struck by Tiffany & Co. The front, or obverse, depicts a bust of Commodore George Dewey. On the back, or reverse, is included the name of the vessel on which the recipient served. The name of the recipient is engraved on the medal's lower rim, this being one of only two service medals issued officially named to the recipient.


Feldflieger Abteilung

Feldflieger Abteilung (FFA, Field Flying Company) was the title of the pioneering field aviation units of what became the "Luftstreitkräfte" (German air service) by October 1916, during World War I.
Composition.
The use of aircraft as a tactical reconnaissance tool, to serve within the "Deutsches Heer"'s "Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches" air service formed in 1910, was established by the German Army in its annual exercise in June 1911. Early usage was limited to providing post-flight situation reports. At the start of World War I, there were thirty-three units, comprising one allocated to each of the eight Army Headquarters and one to each of the twenty-five regular Corps Headquarters. Each unit, having a designation number usually matching that of the army group it was assigned to, was equipped with either six Idflieg Category A (unarmed monoplane) or Category B (unarmed biplane) two-seater aircraft. By March 1915 the number of Feldflieger Abteilung had doubled and the ideas for separate specialist fighter and bomber units, known as Jastas and Kampfgeschwader, respectively, were beginning to be conceived, not forming formally under such names until the reformation of the "Fliegertruppe" into the "Luftstreitkräfte" by October 1916.


Bloody Wednesday (Poland)

Bloody Wednesday () refers to the events of 15 August 1906 in the (Congress) Kingdom of Poland, where the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party (OB PPS) carried out a series of attacks on Russians, primarily police officers and informants. This took place in the context of the Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907), and represented one of the biggest actions in the history of OB PPS.
Events.
The aim of OB PPS was to stop repressions following in the wake of the revolution, and demonstrate its strength to the Russian government. It organized a series of simultaneous attacks on Russian officials, primarily policemen, in the Russian partition of Poland that occurred on August 15, 1906.
There were about 100 incidents, with attacks reported in 18, 19 or 20 cities and towns. Sources vary significantly with regards to the number of fatalities, reporting about 80, 70, 51, 29 or 19 fatalities among Russian officials (primarily policeman) and informants (see Okhrana), and 43 or 69 injured. In Warsaw alone, sources note "over 100 civilian casualties", another notes 50 Russian policemen killed and 100 wounded, yet another talks of about 200 fatalities. There, an OB PPS group led by Henryk Baron attacked police offices and clashed with a Cossack military unit, which led to a panic in the Russian garrison, suspecting an uprising, and the retreat of some military units from the town. There was also a demonstration at Grzybowski Square. Another large assault took place in Łódź, where a 25-strong OB PPS group under F. Lipiński attacked a police station, and ambushed several patrols.
Aftermath.
Three days later, on 18 August 1906, OB PPS carried out another of its landmark operations, when OB PPS female activist Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz attempted to assassinate the Russian Governor-general of Warsaw, Georgi Skalon, in Warsaw.
OB PPS was not fully united behind this operation; it was notably opposed by Józef Piłsudski. Other, more moderate organizations like Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania and Bund were also critical of this operation. The Russian response was a new wave of arrests and persecution of anti-state activists. The Imperial Russian Army terrorized worker districts in Warsaw, Łódź and other towns; the most infamous of the reprisal actions was the Russian-organized Siedlce pogrom on 8–10 September 1906.
Those events became among the best known actions of the OB PPS. They were also among the biggest terrorist-like events in the history of OB PPS. It also marked the high point of OB PPS activity, which would wind down over the next year or so.


SS Cape Jacob (T-AK-5029)

The SS Cape Jacob is a steam turbine-driven ship, first launched as the "SS California". It was to be used by the Maritime Administration, and was delivered in 1962 and put under contract to the States Steamship company. The ship was later transferred to the Military Sealift Command, and put into reserve status temporarily. It was then transferred to active duty as a prepositioning ship.


RAF Daws Hill

RAF Daws Hill was a Ministry of Defence site, located near High Wycombe and Flackwell Heath, in Buckinghamshire, England, close to the M40 motorway.
The station was established in 1942 on land owned by Wycombe Abbey School, for use by the United States military. Initially used by the United States Army Air Forces, RAF Daws Hill was used in its later years by the United States Navy. It became an important part of US defence in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, housing a nuclear bunker with a control centre for the direction of nuclear bombers and cruise missiles. As a result of this and the wider presence of US nuclear weapons on British soil during the 1980s and 1990s, the site became home to a peace camp between 1982 and 1985.
Following a review of Ministry of Defence properties in the south-east of England, the station closed in 2007 and the site was sold to a property developer in 2011. The station's nuclear bunker received Grade II* listed status from English Heritage in October 2013, and much of the remaining site was cleared for redevelopment as housing during 2015.
History.
Establishment.
American military forces were first stationed at High Wycombe in 1942, shortly after the United States' formal entrance into the Second World War. So urgent was the action that Wycombe Abbey School, situated on the land that would become the station, was given three weeks to find new facilities; failure in this effort led to the school's closing, until the independent girls' school was returned by the US in 1945. An underground bunker, which later became a nuclear-reinforced bunker was built within the grounds of the school and was codenamed "Pinetree".
The VIII Bomber Command Headquarters was at RAF Daws Hill and known as USAAF Station 1101.
In 1952, the station, formerly known as Daws Hill House, welcomed US forces again. The following years of the Cold War saw fluctuation in the station's importance.
Approximately 800 personnel were stationed there when, in 1969, their numbers were reduced, so that, in the early 1970s, only a small group remained for upkeep of facilities.
Then, in 1975, activity escalated, revitalising the station's importance to the American military in Europe. Its nuclear bunker, with 23,000 square feet (2,100 square meters) of space, housed high-tech equipment for the direction of nuclear bombers and guided missiles.
Between 1982 and 1985 there was a peace camp outside the base protesting against the bringing of United States cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.
Use of the station was reduced with the end of the Cold War; by 1992, US Defense personnel at RAF Daws Hill numbered fewer than 350.
Closure and redevelopment.
In 2002, the UK Ministry of Defence proposed to close RAF Daws Hill some years in the future, turning the of land over to other public and private use and relocating American Naval personnel and activities to other locations near London, particularly RAF Uxbridge. The plan apparently fizzled, however, when the US Navy voiced its preference to remain. High Wycombe, desiring to build at least 400 new houses by 2011 for its growing population, considered the land ideal for up to 600 houses; but nearby residents also rejected the proposal because of the changes that it would entail, including increased traffic on relatively quiet roads.
During 2007 the US Navy staged a withdrawal from the greater London area, leading to the facilities at RAF Daws Hill becoming surplus to operational requirements. Station facilities including the shops, workshops and petrol station closed in August 2007, followed by the remainder of the station later that year.
In June 2011, the site was placed up for sale by the Ministry of Defence. Taylor Wimpey subsequently bought the site, planning to build a housing estate of around 500 homes. Some personnel and their families remained on the site, occupying the housing while alternative accommodation was found. The Ministry of Defence continued to rent the 67 bungalows from Taylor Wimpey until September 2011. Local residents formed the Daws Hill Residents' Association in light of the proposals for redeveloping the site, following concerns over the impact it could have on the area.
In March 2012, the Ministry of Defence sought permission from Wycombe District Council for the demolition of the station's Cold War bunker by the summer. However, in September 2014 it received Grade II* protected status listing from English Heritage. By January 2015 demolition of the bungalows was underway and by February 2017, 50 homes had been completed out of a projected 444. The estate is to be called Pine Trees and roads will be given names such as Kennedy Avenue, Arizona Way and Eisenhower Close to reflect the service by US Forces based there.
London Central Elementary High School.
The station was home, between 1971 and 2007, to the London Central High School and Elementary School, part of the Department of Defense Dependents Schools, with pupils in grades K–12. Also at Daws Hill were 70 housing units for American personnel and their families. Other facilities include warehouses and those for vehicle maintenance, as well as support buildings for persons who lived and worked at the station, such as a bank, a post office, a bowling alley, sports grounds and buildings, a small exchange, an automobile refuelling station, and a social club.
The school's final class graduated in 2007 when the school closed.


USCGC Daniel Tarr

USCGC "Daniel Tarr" (WPC-1136) is the United States Coast Guard's 36th cutter, and the first of three to be homeported in Galveston, Texas.
Design.
Like her sister ships, "Daniel Tarr" is designed to perform search and rescue missions, port security, and the interception of smugglers. She is armed with a remotely-controlled, gyro-stabilized 25 mm autocannon, four crew served M2 Browning machine guns, and light arms. She is equipped with a stern launching ramp, that allows her to launch or retrieve a water-jet propelled high-speed auxiliary boat, without first coming to a stop. Her high-speed boat has over-the-horizon capability, and is useful for inspecting other vessels, and deploying boarding parties.
The crew's drinking water needs are met through a desalination unit. The crew mess is equipped with a television with satellite reception.
Operational career.
"Daniel Tarr" was delivered to the Coast Guard, in Key West, on November 7, 2019, and she was commissioned on January 10, 2020. on her first patrol she successfully interdicted 5 illegal Mexican launcha fishing vessels along with hundreds of feet of fishing line.
Namesake.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the United States Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all 58 cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. The Coast Guard chose Daniel Tarr as the namesake of the 36th cutter. Tarr, and three other Coast Guard sailors, piloted the first landing craft during the United States first amphibious landing, in the Pacific Theater, in World War II. Tarr, and his three colleagues were each awarded a Silver Star medal for this task. His three colleagues, Harold Miller, Glen Harris and William Sparling, will also have Sentinel-class cutters named after them.


Nigerian Army University Biu

Nigerian Army University Biu (NAUB) is a Nigerian Public tertiary institution located in Biu, Borrno State, Nigeria. It is a research higher institution for innovation and technology for the Nigerian Army . It was established in 2018.
The university is managed by the Nigerian Army which has 75% civilian and 25% military and paramilitary. It is the first Nigerian Army University and Africa's First Green University.
Background.
Nigerian Army University Biu was established by the federal government of Nigeria to be a center of innovation and technological development for the Nigerian defence sector and the nation to meet the ever changing and rapid development in the dynamics of modern warfare.The Act to establish it was passedi in 2018.
The university is located in Biu Borno State. It focuses on research and technological innovation in the defence sector with particular emphasis on local challenges in asymmetrical warfare in Nigeria, Africa and the world at large.


USCGC Angela McShan

USCGC "Angela McShan" (WPC-1135) is the United States Coast Guard's 35th cutter.
Like her sister ships she was built in the Bollinger Shipyards, in Lockport, Louisiana.
Design.
Like her sister ships, "Angela McShan" is designed to perform search and rescue missions, port security, and the interception of smugglers. She is armed with a remotely-controlled, gyro-stabilized 25 mm autocannon, four crew served M2 Browning machine guns, and light arms. She is equipped with a stern launching ramp, that allows her to launch or retrieve a water-jet propelled high-speed auxiliary boat, without first coming to a stop. Her high-speed boat has over-the-horizon capability, and is useful for inspecting other vessels, and deploying boarding parties.
The crew's drinking water needs are met through a desalination unit. The crew mess is equipped with a television with satellite reception.
Operational career.
The vessel was delivered to the Coast Guard base in Key West for her acceptance trials on August 1, 2019. She was commissioned in her home port of Cape May, New Jersey, in October 2019.
In April 2020, two canoeists went missing 10 miles south of Annapolis, near Herring Bay. They were Maeve McKean and Gideon Joseph Kennedy McKean, the daughter and grandson of Kathleen Kennedy Townsend of the Kennedy clan. The "Angela McShan" was dispatched to help search for the missing boaters.
Namesake.
In 2010, Charles "Skip" W. Bowen, who was then the United States Coast Guard's most senior non-commissioned officer, proposed that all 58 cutters in the Sentinel class should be named after enlisted sailors in the Coast Guard, or one of its precursor services, who were recognized for their heroism. The Coast Guard chose Angela McShan, their first African-American woman to be promoted to Master Chief Petty Officer to be the ship's namesake.