Hugh Pennington

Thomas Hugh Pennington, CBE, FRCPath, FRCP (Edin), FMedSci, FRSE (born 19 April 1938 in Edgware, Middlesex) is emeritus professor of bacteriology at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. Outside academia, he is best known as the chair of the Pennington Group enquiry into the Scottish "Escherichia coli" outbreak of 1996 and as Chairman of the Public Inquiry into the 2005 Outbreak of "E. coli" O157 in South Wales.
Early life.
Pennington was educated at Lancaster Royal Grammar School in Lancashire, England. Pennington obtained his MBBS degree in 1962, and his PhD in 1967, both from St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, which became part of United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals in 1982, and has been known as King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry since 2005.
Academic career.
He spent a year at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before moving to the Glasgow Institute of Virology in 1969, where he researched vaccinia, smallpox and other viruses. He was appointed Chair of Bacteriology at the University of Aberdeen in 1979, where he remained until his retirement in 2003. His research focused on improved bacteria typing, or "fingerprinting", methods, and led to new methods for the investigation of virulence and antibiotic resistance in a number of important pathogens including "Staphylococcus aureus", "Haemophilus influenzae", "Neisseria meningitidis", and . He also wrote on the history of science and medicine such as the introduction of antiseptic surgery to Aberdeen by Alexander Ogston using a Lister 'steam spray producer'.
He was dean of the medical school between 1987 and 1992. Pennington was also awarded a higher doctorate, i.e. DSc.
He retired in 2003 after being a professor of bacteriology for 23 years at the University of Aberdeen.
From 2003-6 he was President of the Society for General Microbiology. He is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.
Pennington Group enquiry.
In late November 1996, an "Escherichia coli" outbreak in the town of Wishaw, central Scotland prompted the Scottish Office to establish an expert group, chaired by Pennington. The Pennington Group convened between December 1996 and March 1997. Another case of "E. coli" infection occurred in Tayside in January 1997 and the group was tasked with investigating the additional outbreak.
Subsequent public work.
Following his chairmanship of the "E. coli" enquiry, Pennington has worked for the UK, Scottish and Welsh governments as an expert on microbiology and food safety, and has also appeared in British media as an expert. He was a member of the Scottish Food Advisory Committee, part of the Food Standards Agency, an agency he recommended the government create. He was a founder member of the World Food Programme Technical Advisory Group. He is the former Vice Chair of the Broadcasting Council for Scotland, which advises the BBC.
He has criticised the UK and German governments for their handling of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the NHS for their handling of MRSA. He chaired a 2005 enquiry into a Welsh "E. coli" outbreak. The 2005 Outbreak of E. coli O157 in South Wales Public Inquiry report was published in March 2009.
In 2003, Pennington published "When Food Kills", a popular science book on the topic of BSE, "E. coli" and public food safety.
He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to microbiology and food hygiene.
Personal life.
He married Carolyn Beattie in 1966 in Maidstone, Kent. They have two daughters.


Donald Campbell (anaesthetist)

Sir Donald Campbell (8 March 1930 – 14 September 2004) was a Scottish anaesthetist and the dean of the Royal College of Anaesthetists from 1982–85.
A native of Rutherglen, he was awarded CBE in the 1987 Birthday Honours and knighted in the 1994 New Year Honours for services to medicine.


Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey

Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey (7 August 1912 – 22 April 1983) was a pioneer of Indian cardiology. He was a director of the department of cardiology at KEM Hospital, Mumbai. He was also a founder director of the All India Heart Foundation, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
Datey was born in Jabalpur to Krishnaji Hari Datey, an engineer, and Annapurna bai. He did his schooling from Model High School, Jabalpur, and later joined Ewing Christian College at Allahabad. Thereafter, he studied medicine at the Seth G.S.Medical College (1936), then affiliated with University of Bombay. He received his first MRCP from University of Edinburgh in 1947 and MRCP from University of London in 1949.
He was awarded the Padma Bhushan, third highest civilian honour of India by the President of India, in 1969.


Steven Rasmussen

Steven Rasmussen is an American psychiatrist, currently the Mary E. Zucker Professor of Psychiatry and Human Behavior at Brown University, and is a major figure in his field. He is a member of the Society for Neuroscience and American Psychological Association.


Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause

Karl Friedrich Theodor Krause (15 December 1797 – 8 June 1868) was a German anatomist born in Hanover.
In 1818 he received his medical doctorate from the University of Göttingen, and later attained the chair of anatomy at the surgical school in Hanover. His son Wilhelm Krause (1833–1910) was also an anatomist.
Krause was one of the first anatomists to make extensive use of the microscope. He was the first physician to describe the transverse perineal ligament, sometimes referred to as "Krause's ligament". He also described the accessory tear glands of the eye. These glands are found under the eyelids where the lower and upper conjunctiva meet, and are sometimes known as "Krause's glands".


Viral neuronal tracing

Viral neuronal tracing is the use of a virus to trace neural pathways, providing a self-replicating tracer. Viruses have the advantage of self replication over molecular tracers, but can also spread too quickly and cause degradation of neural tissue. Viruses which can infect the nervous system, called neurotropic viruses, spread through spatially close assemblies of neurons through synapses, allowing for their use in studying functionally connected neural networks. The use of viruses to label functionally connected neurons stems from work done by Albert Sabin who developed a bioassay which could assess the infection of viruses across neurons. Subsequent research allowed for incorporation of immunohistochemical techniques to systematically label neuronal connections. To date, viruses have been used to study multiple circuits in the nervous system.
History.
Most neuroanatomists would agree that understanding how the brain is connected to itself and the body is of paramount importance. As such, it is of equal importance to have a way to visualize and study the connections among neurons. Neuronal tracing methods offer an unprecedented view into the morphology and connectivity of neural networks. Depending on the tracer used, this can be limited to a single neuron or can progress trans-synaptically to adjacent neurons. After the tracer has spread sufficiently, the extent may be measured either by fluorescence (for dyes) or by immunohistochemistry (for biological tracers).
An important innovation in this field is the use of neurotropic viruses as tracers. These not only spread throughout the initial site of infection, but can jump across synapses. The use of a virus provides a self-replicating tracer. This can allow for the elucidation of neural microcircuitry to an extent that was previously unobtainable.
This has significant implications for the real world. If we can better understand what parts of the brain are intimately connected, we can predict the effect of localized brain injury. For example, if a patient has a stroke in the amygdala, primarily responsible for emotion, the patient might also have trouble learning to perform certain tasks because the amygdala is highly interconnected with the orbitofrontal cortex, responsible for reward learning. As always, the first step to solving a problem is fully understanding it, so if we are to have any hope of fixing brain injury, we must first understand its extent and complexity.
Virus life cycle.
The life cycle of viruses, such as those used in neuronal tracing, is different from cellular organisms. Viruses are parasitic in nature and cannot proliferate on their own. Therefore, they must infect another organism and effectively hijack cellular machinery to complete their life cycle. The first stage of the viral life cycle is called viral entry. This defines the manner in which a virus infects a new host cell. In nature, neurotropic viruses are usually transmitted through bites or scratches, as in the case of Rabies virus or certain strains of Herpes viruses. In tracing studies, this step occurs artificially, typically through the use of a syringe. The next stage of the viral life cycle is called viral replication. During this stage, the virus takes over the host cell's machinery to cause the cell to create more viral proteins and assemble more viruses. Once the cell has produced a sufficient number of viruses, the virus enters the viral shedding stage. During this stage, viruses leave the original host cell in search of a new host. In the case of neurotropic viruses, this transmission typically occurs at the synapse. Viruses can jump across the relatively short space from one neuron to the next. This trait is what makes viruses so useful in tracer studies. Once the virus enters the next cell, the cycle begins anew. The original host cell begins to degrade after the shedding stage. In tracer studies, this is the reason the timing must be tightly controlled. If the virus is allowed to spread too far, the original microcircuitry of interest is degraded and no useful information can be retrieved. Typically, viruses can infect only a small number of organisms, and even then only a specific cell type within the body. The specificity of a particular virus for a specific tissue is known as its tropism. Viruses in tracer studies are all neurotropic (capable of infecting neurons).
Methods.
Infection.
The viral tracer may be introduced in peripheral organs, such as a muscle or gland. Certain viruses, such as adeno-associated virus can be injected into the blood stream and cross the blood–brain barrier to infect the brain. It may also be introduced into a ganglion or injected directly into the brain using a stereotactic device. These methods offer unique insight into how the brain and its periphery are connected. Viruses are introduced into neuronal tissue in many different ways. There are two major methods to introduce tracer into the target tissues. Pressure injection requires the tracer, in liquid form, to be injected directly into the cell. This is the most common method. Iontophoresis involves the application of current to the tracer solution within an electrode. The tracer molecules pick up a charge and are driven into the cell via the electric field. This is a useful method if you wish to label a cell after performing the patch clamp technique. Once the tracer is introduced into the cell, the aforementioned transport mechanisms take over.
Once introduced into the nervous system, the virus will begin to infect cells in the local area. The viruses function by incorporating their own genetic material into the genome of the infected cells. The host cell will then produce the proteins encoded by the gene. Researchers are able to incorporate numerous genes into the infected neurons, including fluorescent proteins used for visualization. Further advances in neuronal tracing allow for targeted expression of fluorescent proteins to specific cell types.
Histology and imaging.
Once the virus has spread to the desired extent, the brain is sliced and mounted on slides. Then, fluorescent antibodies specific for the virus or fluorescent complementary DNA probes for viral DNA are washed over the slices and imaged under a fluorescence microscope.
Direction of transmission.
Viruses can be transmitted in one of two directions. First, one must understand the underlying mechanism of axoplasmic transport. Within the axon are long slender protein complexes called microtubules. They act as a cytoskeleton to help the cell maintain its shape. These can also act as highways within the axon and facilitate transport of neurotransmitter-filled vesicles and enzymes back and forth between the cell body, or soma and the axon terminal, or synapse. Transport can proceed in either direction: anterograde (from soma to synapse), or retrograde (from synapse to soma). Neurons naturally transport proteins, neurotransmitters, and other macromolecules via these cellular pathways. Neuronal tracers, including viruses, take advantage of these transport mechanisms to distribute a tracer throughout a cell. Researchers can use this to study synaptic circuitry.
Anterograde transport.
Anterograde tracing is the use of a tracer that moves from soma to synapse. Anterograde transport uses a protein called kinesin to move viruses along the axon in the anterograde direction.
Retrograde transport.
Retrograde tracing is the use of a tracer that moves from synapse to soma. Retrograde transport uses a protein called dynein to move viruses along the axon in the retrograde direction. It is important to note that different tracers show characteristic affinities for dynein and kinesin, and so will spread at different rates.
Dual transport.
At times, it is desirable to trace neurons upstream and downstream to determine both the inputs and the outputs of neural circuitry. This uses a combination of the above mechanisms.
Benefits and drawbacks.
The use of viruses as tracers has its benefits and its drawbacks. As such, there are some applications in which viruses are an excellent tracer, and other applications in which there are better methods to use.
Benefits.
One of the benefits of using viral tracers is the ability of the virus to jump across synapses. This allows for tracing of microcircuitry as well as projection studies. Few molecular tracers are able to do this, and those that can usually have a decreased signal in secondary neurons. Therefore, another benefit of viral tracing is the ability of viruses to self-replicate. As soon as the secondary neuron is infected, the virus begins multiplying and replicating. There is no loss of signal as the tracer propagates through the brain.
Drawbacks.
Although some characteristics of viruses present a number of advantages in tracing, others present potential problems. As they propagate through the nervous system, the viral tracers infect neurons and ultimately destroy them. Therefore, the timing of tracer studies must be precise to allow adequate propagation before neural death occurs. The viruses can be not only harmful to neural tissue, but also harmful to the body at large. Therefore, it has been difficult to find viruses perfectly suited for the task. A virus used for tracing should ideally be just infectious enough to give good results, but not so much as to destroy neural tissue too quickly or pose unnecessary risks to those exposed. Another drawback is that viral neuronal tracing currently requires the additional step of attaching fluorescent antibodies to the viruses to visualise the path. In contrast, most molecular tracers are brightly colored and can be viewed with the naked eye, without additional modification.
Current uses.
Viral tracing is primarily used to trace neuronal circuits. Researchers use one of the previously mentioned viruses to study how neurons in the brain are connected to each other with a very fine level of detail. Connectivity largely determines how the brain functions. Viruses have been used to study retinal ganglion circuits, cortical circuits, and spinal circuits, among others.
Viruses in use.
The following is a list of viruses currently in use for the purpose of neuronal tracing.


Pharmaceutical Care Management Association

The Pharmaceutical Care Management Association (PCMA) is an American national trade association representing pharmacy benefit managers. According to the association's mission statement, PCMA advocates on behalf of its member companies, which claim to improve affordability of prescription drugs and quality of care through the use of tools such as electronic prescribing (e-prescribing), promoting the increased use of generic drugs and mail-service pharmacies, and other innovative cost-saving tools.
PCMA has been involved in the debate in the United States Congress regarding the approval of a pathway for generic biosimilar drugs or follow-on biologics. The Obama Administration agreed with PCMA's position on biosimilars. The organization ran numerous ads urging Members of Congress for approval of a quick pathway for the Food and Drug Administration to approve biosimilars.


United Breast Cancer Foundation

United Breast Cancer Foundation (UBCF), founded in October 2000, is a national nonprofit headquartered in Huntington Station, NY with a regional office in Annapolis, MD
Company overview.
Founded in October 2000, the United Breast Cancer Foundation (UBCF) is a national 501(c)(3) nonprofit that began as a small grassroots organization serving low-income, under and uninsured women and men in New York State. UBCF has grown to serve women, men and their families across the country as a national philanthropic organization. UBCF has been a Combined Federal Campaign approved charity since 2013.
The founder and Executive Director of UBCF is Stephanie Mastroianni, who was inspired to form the organization after her mother died from breast cancer at the age of 42. According to the organization's IRS Form 990, Ms. Mastroianni, her father, Nicholas Mastroianni Sr., and her brother, Nicholas Mastroianni Jr., comprise the three members of the Board of Directors.
Charitable works.
UBCF’s mission is to make a positive difference in the lives of those affected by breast cancer by providing screening, treatment, after-care, educational materials, patient and family assistance and information. UBCF provides grants to hospitals and community health centers to benefit patients and families coping with breast cancer. The Foundation strives to alleviate the stress and strain that cancer can cause to patients and families and to foster health and well-being through both traditional and holistic treatments and never deny anyone service regardless of age, race, gender or income.
UBCF administers seven programs; Breast Screening, Individual Grant, Audrey B. Mastroianni College Scholarship, Holistic Care, Breast Reconstruction, Child Sponsorship, and Community Service.
UBCF’s Breast Screening Program provides funds for a variety of breast screening technologies including mammography, ultrasound, breast thermography and MRI to individuals regardless of age, income, gender, race, ethnicity or health insurance coverage. UBCF’s Breast Screening Program operates in a unique way. UBCF works with screening facilities across the country to ensure that women and men received the type of screening recommended by their healthcare professional at the location of their choice.
UBCF’s Individual Grant Program provides current breast cancer patients or those within three years of remission with customized financial assistance geared towards each individual’s personal needs and circumstances. Understanding that breast cancer has a far-reaching impact on every member of the family, UBCF’s Individual Grant Program considers not only the breast cancer patient’s needs, but the needs of the entire family. The Individual Grant Program provides financial support to those in circumstances where they are unable to pay for critical services and products including, medical procedures, prescription medications, COBRA insurance coverage, housing expenses, utilities, property taxes, prosthetic devices, therapeutic treatments, transportation expenses, vehicle insurance, vehicle payments, and healthy and nutritious foods. Over the years, UBCF has seen that this financial support has reduced patients’ stress, empowering them to be more focused on their healing journey and capable of managing the challenges related to overcoming breast cancer.
The Audrey B. Mastroianni College Scholarship Program is designed to help college bound students who have suffered a loss of a parent or guardian due to breast cancer to make their higher education dreams a reality by providing scholarship funding.
UBCF’s Holistic Care Program provides current breast cancer patients or those within 10 years of remission with holistic and complimentary treatments including";" yoga, reiki, meditation, diet and nutritional counseling and supplements, counseling, mind-body therapies, energy healing, reflexology, lymphatic massage and acupuncture.
UBCF’s Breast Reconstructive Surgery Program provides women who have had a mastectomy with funding for surgery.
In recognition of breast cancer as a family disease, the Child Sponsorship Program supports children whose parents have breast cancer through funding for emergency housing, back-to-school, healthy food, and special holiday gifts.
UBCF’s Community Service Program increases awareness of breast health and wellness through educational campaigns, and further supports the community by distributing gift-in-kind donations and partnering with other charitable organizations to further extend UBCF’s mission.


ICU quality and management tools

The intensive care unit (ICU) is one of the major components of the current health care system. The advances in supportive care and monitoring resulted in significant improvements in the care of surgical and clinical patients. Nowadays aggressive surgical therapies as well as transplantation are made safer by the monitoring in a closed environment, the surgical ICU, in the post-operative period. Moreover, the care and full recovery of many severely ill clinical patients as those with life-threatening infections occurs as a result of medical intensive care unit.
However, despite many significant advances in various fields as mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, antimicrobial therapy and hemodynamic monitoring this increased knowledge and the wise use of such technology is not available for all patients. Shortage of ICU beds are an important issue, however even when ICU beds are available significant variability in treatment and in the adherence to evidence-based interventions do not occur.
Tools for ICU quality monitoring.
Several measures of ICU performance have been proposed in the past 30 years. It is intuitive, and correct, to assume that ICU mortality may be a useful marker of quality. However, crude mortality rates does not take into consideration the singular aspects of each specific patient population that is treated in a certain geographic region, hospital or ICU. Therefore, approaches looking for standardized mortality ratios that are adjusted for disease severity, comorbidities and other clinical aspects are often sought. Severity of illness is usually evaluated by scoring systems that integrates clinical, physiologic and demographic variables. Scoring systems are interesting tools to describe ICU populations and explain their different outcomes. The most frequently used are the APACHE II, SAPS II and MPM. The APACHE II, for example, provides an estimate of ICU mortality based on a number of laboratory values and patient signs taking both acute and chronic disease into account. The data used should be from the initial 24 hours in the ICU, and the worst value (furthest from baseline/normal) should be used. The APACHE II can also define "chronic organ insufficiency" - including liver, cardiovascular, respiratory and renal- as well as defining when a patient is immunocompromised. However, newer scores as APACHE IV and SAPS III have been recently introduced in clinical practice. More than only using scoring systems, one should search for a high rate of adherence to clinically effective interventions. Adherence to interventions as deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, reduction of ICU-acquired infections, adequate sedation regimens and decreasing and reporting serious adverse events are essential and have been accepted as benchmarking of quality.
The complex task of collecting and analyzing data on performance measures are made easier when clinical information systems are available. Although several clinical information systems focus on important aspects as computerized physician order entry systems and individual patient tracking information, few have attempted to gather clinical information generating full reports that provide a panorama of the ICU performance and detailed data on several domains as mortality, length of stay, severity of illness, clinical scores, nosocomial infections, adverse events and adherence to good clinical practice. Through implementing quality initiatives, increasing the quality of care and patient safety are major and feasible goals. Such systems (for example: Epimed Monitor) are available for clinical use and may facilitate the process of care on a daily basis and provide data for an in-depth analysis of ICU performance.


Rosalind Franklin Institute

The Rosalind Franklin Institute is medical research centre supported by the Government of the United Kingdom located at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, England. It was launched on 6 June 2018. The government approval was announced on 23 February 2017 by Greg Clark, Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. According to the press release the basis of the name was "in honour of the pioneering British scientist [Rosalind Franklin] whose use of X-rays to study biological structures played a crucial role in the discovery of DNA's 'double helix' structure by Francis Crick and James Watson". The objective was "to develop disruptive new technologies designed to tackle major challenges in health and life sciences, accelerate the discovery of new treatments for chronic diseases affecting millions of people around the world (such as dementia), and deliver new jobs and long-term growth to the local and UK economies."
The proposal of the institute was led by Ian Walmsley, Pro-Vice Chancellor at the University of Oxford, and the project was initiated under the lead of Andrew Livingston, Professor of Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London. Originally funded with £103 million by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council through the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation, research collaboration will be shared by ten universities including University of Birmingham, University of Cambridge, University of Edinburgh, Imperial, King's College London, University of Leeds, Manchester, University of Oxford, University of Southampton, and University College London. In July 2018, Vivienne Cox was appointed the first Chair, and in June 2019, Jim Naismith became the first Director.
One of the first projects was development of ultra-fast video camera, which could be used detect and treat complex diseases such as cancer. It would be the first camera in the world that can capture up to 100 million individual frames per second at a resolution of 1 megapixel. The main hub is at Harwell Science and Innovation Campus. The building will be 58,000 sq ft with a budget of £40 million. Construction started on 20 May 2019 and is projected for completion in 2020. It is located adjacent to the Diamond Light Source as this facility planned for housing the largest microscopy centre in the world.


Kalyan Banerjee (homoeopath)

Kalyan Banerjee is an Indian homoeopath from New Delhi. An alumnus of the "Mihijan Institute of Homeopathy", he is the founder of Dr. Kalyan Banerjee Clinic, a homoeopathic healthcare centre based in Chittaranjan Park, New Delhi since 1977. He has been associated several government agencies such as the Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, formerly a member of their Governing Council, and the "Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy" (CCRH) of the Ministry of AYUSH, holding a seat in the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia Committee and the Standing Finance Committee. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2009, for his work in the field of medicine.


Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve

The hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve is a small hole in the petrous part of the temporal bone which connects the facial canal to the middle cranial fossa. The greater petrosal nerve travels through it to branch from the facial nerve and reach the middle cranial fossa on its way to the pterygopalatine ganglion.


Robert C. Fulford

Robert C. Fulford, D.O. (1905–1997) was a pioneer in the introduction of alternative and energetic medicine in the context of osteopathy. From the nineteen forties, he developed several methods to treat chronic illnesses. Among the main methods he employed, was cranial manipulation - sometimes referred to as cranial osteopathy. He was a student of William Garner Sutherland.
Dr. Fulford has been acknowledged prominently by leading alternative medicine proponent Andrew Weil as a major influence on his professional and personal life. Zachary Comeaux discusses Dr. Fulford's approach, philosophy and techniques in his 2002 book "Robert Fulford, D.O. and the philosopher physician". Gene Stone, whom Dr. Fulford asked to collaborate with him on his book "Touch of Life", included Dr. Fulford's five-step exercise plan as the basis for the chapter on Stretching, in his book "The Secrets of People Who Never Get Sick"
Also an electric percussive device is referred to as the Fulford hammer or Fulford percussor, following his introduction of its use in Osteopathic treatment.


Dale Dubin

Dale Dubin, M.D. (b. 1940), is a former American plastic surgeon and author of several cardiology textbooks.
Dubin practiced medicine in Tampa, Florida, and gained fame within the medical community with the 1972 publication of "Rapid Interpretation of EKG's", a best-selling textbook suited for medical students and junior residents. In it, Dubin adopts a simplistic fill-in-the-blank style to teach the basics of reading electrocardiograms. In the fiftieth printing of the book, he hid within the copyright notice an offer to give his prized 1965 Ford Thunderbird to anyone who actually read the message and responded. Out of 60,000 copies in that printing, only 5 readers noticed and responded, and Dubin's own daughter delivered the car to the winner (selected by a random drawing). Dubin also wrote "Adventure in the Heartland: Exploring the Heart's Ionic-Molecular Microcosm" and "Understanding Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation".
In 1986, Dubin, age 46, was arrested and pled guilty to charges related to child pornography and cocaine. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison and his Florida medical license was revoked.


Martin Gore (oncologist)

Martin Gore CBE (February 1951 – 10 January 2019) of the Royal Marsden Hospital was a leading British oncologist. He died of total organ failure after receiving an inoculation against yellow fever.


Guinea pig maximisation test

The Guinea pig maximisation test (GPMT) is an "in vivo" test to screen for substances that cause human skin sensitisation (i.e. allergens). It was first proposed by B. Magnusson and Albert Kligman in 1969 and described in their 1970 book "Allergic Contact Dermatitis in the Guinea Pig"
The test is composed of two phases, the induction phase and the challenge phase. The induction phase includes exposing a test group of animals twice to the test material, first by intradermal injection followed by topical application seven days later. During Induction A, the test animals are exposed intradermally to the test material, along with an adjuvant to enhance the immune reaction of the guinea pig. During Induction B, the topical induction, the test group is exposed to the test article for 48 hours, occluded.
The guinea pigs are then a short while later exposed to a lower concentration of the test material, and their allergic reaction, if any, measured. 15% of guinea pigs must show a reaction for the test to be considered positive. 20 animals would typically be used to ensure against false negative results.
The OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals guideline No. 406 of 1992.
The test has been largely superseded by the murine local lymph node assay. D.A. Basketter and E.W. Scholes reviewed them in 1992
The REACH Regulation, Annex VII, paragraph 8.3 states "The Murine Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA) is the first-choice method for "in vivo" testing. Only in exceptional circumstances should another test be used. Justification for the use of another test shall be provided."


Isoantibodies

Isoantibodies, formerly called alloantibodies, are antibodies produced by an individual against isoantigens produced by members of the same species. In the case of the species "Homo sapiens", for example, there are a significant number of antigens that are different in every individual. When antigens from another individual are introduced into another's body, these isoantibodies immediately bind to and destroy them.
One common example is the isohaemagglutinins, which are responsible for blood transfusion reactions. This may subjectively differ from the term 'natural' antibodies, or simply 'antibodies', as the former seem to arise from genetic control without apparent antigenic stimulation whereas the latter arise due to antigenic stimulation.
Isoantigens.
A protein or other substance, such as histocompatibility or red blood cell antigens, that is present in only some members of a species and therefore able to stimulate isoantibody production in other members of the same species who lack it. When injected into another animal, they trigger an immune response aimed at eliminating them. Therefore, it can be thought of as an antigen that is present in some members of the same species, but is not common to all members of that species. If an alloantigen is presented to a member of the same species that does not have the alloantigen, it will be recognized as foreign. They are the products of polymorphic genes.
Production of isohaemagglutinins.
Isoantibodies are seen in people with different blood groups. The anti-A or anti-B isoantibodies or both (also called isohaemagglutinins) are produced by an individual against the antigens (A or B) on the RBCs of other blood groups. In a person with A blood group, the plasma will contain isoantibodies against B antigens, so immediately after transfusion of blood from B group the anti-B isohemagglutinins agglutinate the foreign red blood cells.
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies (called "isohaemagglutinins"), which are not present in human babies, appear in the first years of life. It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral or plant antigens) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross react with ABO-incompatible red blood cells when it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM type. O-type individuals can produce IgG-type ABO antibodies.


Judith Kaur

Judith Salmon Kaur (born 1945) is an American oncologist who is Director of the Native American Programs in the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. According to "Indian Country Today", Kaur is one of only two Native American oncologists working in the United States.
Early life and education.
Kaur is of Choctaw–Cherokee heritage. At the age of five, her grandmother told her that she was "meant to be a healer,". She was the first member of her family to graduate from high school, and, after graduating from Augustana College, started her professional career as a teacher. Whilst working as a teacher, Kaur had a daughter and got married. Her husband would come home to see her spending her evenings reading "Scientific American". Her husband eventually challenged her to apply to medical school, and in 1975 she was accepted to the University of North Dakota Indian Health Service's Indians into Medicine Program (INMED) programme, which supports Native Americans and Alaska Natives in pursuing careers in healthcare. She originally intended to earn her medical degree and move back to the reservation to work in family medicine. In her third year of medical school, Kaur decided to specialise as an oncologist. She eventually completed her medical degree at the University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Research and career.
Kaur is committed to ending health inequities for indigenous communities, looking to transform the medical outcomes of people suffering from cancer. She has focused on increasing participation in clinical trials and supporting indigenous students in pursuing careers in medicine. As one of the first National Cancer Institute (NCI) investigators to collect data on cancer prevalence and perceptions amongst indigenous communities, she has raised awareness of cancer amongst tribes in the Midwest United States. Before the work of Kaur, there was a misconception that cancer was a 'white people's disease'.
In particular, Kaur specialises on women's cancers, with a focus on breast and cervical cancer. She has studied the biomarkers of breast cancer in Alaska Natives and Native Americans. She also worked with Alaska Native pregnant women on smoking cessation and exposure to carcinogens. Since founding the resource centre in 1999, Kaur has served as medical director of the American Indian/Alaska Native Cancer Information Resource Center and Learning Exchange (Native CIRCLE). Alongside Native CIRCLE, Kaur leads the American Indian / Alaska Native Initiative on Cancer, "Spirit of EAGLES". The programme looks to provide culturally relevant education and research. In particular, Kaur works to improve the access of indigenous communities to the Affordable Care Act.
In 2007 Kaur published the "Annual Report to the Nation on the Status of Cancer", which identified that despite the progress the United States had made in reducing the prevalence of cancer, this was not reflected in indigenous populations. Kaur was named the 2017 Richard Swanson Humanitarian Award winner by her alma mater Augustana College. In 2018 she was awarded the Mayo Clinic Distinguished Alumni Award for her work with Native American communities.


Electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy

ENB (Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy) is a medical procedure utilizing electromagnetic technology designed to localize and guide endoscopic tools or catheters through the bronchial pathways of the lung. Using a virtual, three-dimensional (3D) bronchial map from a recently computed tomography (CT) chest scan and disposable catheter set, physicians are able to navigate to a desired location within the lung to biopsy lesions, stage lymph nodes, insert markers to guide radiotherapy or guide brachytherapy catheters.
Components.
The ENB system consists of four essential components:
General Overview.
Electromagnetic Navigation Bronchoscopy consists of two primary phases: planning and navigation. In the planning phase previously acquired CT scans are utilized to mark and plan pathways to targets within the lung. In the navigation phase these previously planned targets and pathways are displayed and can be utilized for navigation and access deep within the lung. Upon arriving at the target ENB enables multiple applications all within the same procedure.
Planning Phase.
CT scans of the patient’s chest are loaded into proprietary software that reconstructs the patient’s airways in multiple 3D images. The physician utilizes these images to mark target locations and plan pathways to these target locations within the lungs.
Navigation Phase.
Using the planned pathway created in the Planning Phase and real-time guidance, the physician navigates the steerable sensor probe and extended working channel to the desired target location(s). Once at the desired location, the physician locks the extended working channel in place and the steerable sensor probe is removed. The extended working channel provides access to the target lesion for standard bronchoscopic tools or catheters.
History.
According to the Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletin on ENB, “In 2004, the FDA cleared for marketing through the 510(k) process the Medtronic superDimension/Bronchus system, also known as the inReach system (superDimension, Ltd, Israel), a minimally invasive image-guidance localization and navigation system that uses electromagnetic guidance for the management of peripheral lung lesions. The system consists of several components: a guide catheter, a steerable navigation catheter, and planning and navigation software and hardware (i.e., computer and monitor). Navigation is facilitated by an electromagnetic tracking system that detects a position sensor incorporated into a flexible catheter advanced through a bronchoscope. Information obtained during bronchoscopy is super-imposed on previously acquired computed tomography (CT) data and 3-dimensional virtual images. The system was designed to solve the clinical problem of reaching small suspected lesions in the peripheral lung airways and mediastinal lymph nodes and is being proposed as an alternative to open surgical biopsy of distant lung lesions and as an alternative to transthoracic implantation of radiosurgical markers.”
Field Use and Prospective Studies.
Despite the medical advances of detection, diagnosis and treatment methods throughout the past 50 years, lung cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer in both men and women. Currently, lung cancer is the most common form of cancer diagnosed in the United States and a major cause of death, accounting for 14% of all cancers.
The most effective way of stopping cancer comes at diagnosis and treatment in the early stages. Lung cancer diagnosed in the early stages yields an 88% survival rate at ten years versus 16% at five years when found in the later stages, although 88% rate has only been achieved once.
Although 1 in 500 chest x-rays show a peripheral lesion, 65% of traditional bronchoscopes fail to reach these distant lesions. More invasive diagnostic techniques are then necessary, posing a greater potential for complications such as pneumothorax.
Patients with poor lung function may not tolerate more invasive procedures, leaving them with "watchful waiting" as their only option.
There are four publications that show that peripheral lung lesions can be diagnosed successfully in 69% to 86% of cases using the Medtronic superDimension system.
According to the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, a prospective…study was conducted to determine the ability of electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy to sample peripheral lung lesions and mediastinal lymph nodes with standard bronchoscopic instruments and demonstrate safety the ENB.” The results provided a “yield/procedure [rate at] 74% and 100% for peripheral lesions and lymph nodes, respectively.” Additionally, “a diagnosis was obtained in 80.4% of bronchoscopic procedures.” The study concluded that ENB “is a safe method for sampling peripheral and mediastinal lesions with high diagnostic yield independent of lesion size and location”.
A similar study of 40 patients issued in the ERS Journals resulted in an overall 62.5% diagnostic yield and concluded;
“electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy without additional fluoroscopic guidance is a safe and efficient technique for the diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules. The overall diagnostic yield found in the present study is superior to rates reported in most previous studies performed for small peripheral pulmonary nodules with bronchoscopy”.
Virtual bronchoscopy continues to be an active subject for basic engineering research. The Bioelectromagnetics group at University College Cork has developed a novel low-cost tracking system for use in electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy. The group is also collaborating with the Surgical Planning Laboratory at Harvard Medical School to develop the world's first open-source virtual bronchoscopy module to be implemented in the 3DSlicer environment.


Oncology Nursing Society

The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) is a nonprofit membership organization of more than 35,000 members committed to promoting excellence in oncology nursing and the transformation of cancer care.
ONS traces its origin to the first National Cancer Nursing Research Conference, supported by the American Nurses Association and the American Cancer Society in 1973. Following this conference, a small group of oncology nurses met to discuss the need for a national organization to support their profession. Since its official incorporation in 1975, it has grown to include 215 chapters. It provides information and education to nurses around the world. In addition, the society plays an active role in advocacy activities at the local, state, national, and international levels. ONS produces the largest conference dedicated to oncology nursing, Congress, held annually.
ONS members represent a variety of professional roles, practice settings, and subspecialty practice areas. Registered nurses, including staff nurses, advanced practice nurses, case managers, educators, researchers, and consultants, and other healthcare professionals, are eligible for membership. The society offers information and resources for nurses at all levels, in all practice settings, and in all subspecialties.
Nursing education.
ONS is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. ONS is also accredited as a provider of continuing education by the California Board of Registered Nursing, Provider #2850.
ONS offers online and in-person education for oncology nurses to stay current on the latest cancer treatments and symptom management techniques. The society also holds both in-person and e-conferences.
Publications.
ONS publishes two scholarly journals: the "Oncology Nursing Forum" and the "Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing".
The Society's news magazine, "ONS Voice", is published both in print and online.
ONS also publishes books, guidelines and standards for the cancer care community.
Advocacy.
ONS participates in a variety of advocacy activities. It lobbies Congress on behalf of nursing and especially oncology nursing.
For example, ONS signed on to the nursing consensus statement to improve patients’ access to, cost, and quality of treatment as part of the 2010 healthcare reform. It also advocated with the nursing community for nursing provisions to be included as part of the healthcare reform bills.
Cancer Patient Treatment Education Bill.
With Representative Steve Israel as the bill sponsor, ONS reintroduced the Assuring and Improving Cancer Treatment Education and Cancer Symptom Act (H.R. 1661) to the House of Representatives in 2013. The legislation would provide for Medicare reimbursement of the time that registered nurses spend educating people diagnosed with cancer and their caregivers about their disease and the effects of treatment.
ONSEdge.
ONS:Edge was a former healthcare intelligence company and the former for-profit subsidiary of the Oncology Nursing Society. It specialized in a core group of services: healthcare advisory boards, ancillary events at oncology nursing conferences, speaker bureau programs, strategic planning and marketing support, market research, and communications and awareness campaign development and support.


Thomas Alexander Goldie Balfour

Thomas Alexander Goldie (T. A. G.) Balfour FRCPE, FRSE ( 1825 - 10 March 1895) was a Scottish physician and botanist. He was the father of Sir Andrew Balfour.
Life.
Thomas Balfour graduated at the University of Edinburgh, Medical School, in 1851 with the thesis "'Alcohol as an etiological agent"'. He became a member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh in 1868, and served as President of the society from 1877–1879, subsequently continuing as a Vice-President and Councillor. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1870.


Fort Lauderdale Agreement

The Fort Lauderdale Agreement was a public declaration of scientists and professionals in biomedicine supporting the free and unrestricted use of genome sequencing data by the scientific community before that data is used for publication. The Agreement was the main outcome of a meeting in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, organized by the Wellcome Trust in 2003 and involved about 40 individuals. The Agreement's main outcome was for a shared system of responsibility among funding agencies, resource producers, and resource users to maintain and expand a community resource of genomic data. The tenets of the Fort Lauderdale Agreement were adopted by the relevant funding agencies, including the National Institute of Health.
Along with the Bermuda Principles, the Agreement is considered to be a founding document of open-access publishing in biomedicine, and is argued to have influenced subsequent agreements for data sharing and open access models.


Paraveterinary workers in Belgium

Veterinary auxiliaries in Wallonia (the French-speaking region of the Kingdom of Belgium) are known as ASV—"assistantes veterinaires" (veterinary assistants). There is a single state-recognized program in Belgium organized by la Communauté Française de Belgique. This is a two-year program offered by l'Institut d'Enseignement de Promotion Sociale de la Communauté Française at Jupille. This program is still in its infancy, graduating its first class in June 2011. There are non-state sanctioned programs offered in private institutions in Flanders (the Flemish or Dutch speaking region of Belgium). One of these programs, that offered at Katholieke Hogeschool Kempen in Geel, has received full accreditation from ACOVENE. At this time there is not a national organization representing veterinary assistants in Belgium. (Renaud Poizat, Dr. Vét. Lic. AESS biologie, program developer and instructor at l'Institut d'Enseignement, June 2010).


James Copland

James Copland (3 February 1834 – 9 November 1902) was a New Zealand presbyterian minister, doctor and writer. He was born in Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland on 3 February 1834 and emigrated to New Zealand in 1864. He was active as a minister in Lawrence and then in North Dunedin, because he resigned from the ministry. He then practised again as a doctor and moved to Gore, where he died on 9 November 1902.
It is believed that the surveyor George John Roberts named the Copland River on the West Coast of New Zealand for Copland, with the name later adopted for an alpine pass and a glacier.


Hans Finsterer

Hans Finsterer (June 24, 1877 in Weng im Innkreis – November 4, 1955 in Vienna) was an Austrian surgeon.
He is known for the Hofmeister-Finsterer operation


John Kearsley Mitchell

John Kearsley Mitchell (May 12, 1798 – April 4, 1858) was an American physician and writer, born in Shepherdstown, Virginia (present-day West Virginia). Orphaned at the age of eight, and sent to his late father's family in Scotland at the age of thirteen, Kearsley was educated at Ayr Academy and the University of Edinburgh.
He returned to the United States in 1814, and began studying medicine under Dr. Samuel Powel Griffitts (apprenticeship was a common method of medical education in this period) before enrolling at an institution for his medical education. He graduated from the Medical College of the University of Pennsylvania in 1819. Before he went to Philadelphia to practice his profession, he made three voyages to the Far East as ship's surgeon.
In 1826 he became professor of medicine and physiology at the Philadelphia Medical Institute and in 1833 professor of chemistry at the Franklin Institute. In 1827, Mitchell was elected to the American Philosophical Society. From 1841 to 1858, he was professor of the theory and practice of medicine at Jefferson Medical College.
He was also the father of American physician and writer Silas Weir Mitchell (February 15, 1829 – January 4, 1914).


List of skin conditions

Many conditions affect the human integumentary system—the organ system covering the entire surface of the body and composed of skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands. The major function of this system is as a barrier against the external environment. The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers by diffusion from the dermis since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis. This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.
The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance. Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands. The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels. The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.
The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying fascia. This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or panniculus adiposus, and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the panniculus carnosus. The main cellular component of this tissue is the adipocyte, or fat cell. The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and lobular compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance. Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.
Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, melanonychia and racquet nails). While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described. Classification of these conditions often presents many nosological challenges, since underlying etiologies and pathogenetics are often not known. Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, conditions of the mucous membrane), morphology (chronic blistering conditions), etiology (skin conditions resulting from physical factors), and so on. Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition is made by gathering pertinent information regarding the presenting skin lesion(s), including the location (such as arms, head, legs), symptoms (pruritus, pain), duration (acute or chronic), arrangement (solitary, generalized, annular, linear), morphology (macules, papules, vesicles), and color (red, blue, brown, black, white, yellow). Diagnosis of many conditions often also requires a skin biopsy which yields histologic information that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.
Acneiform eruptions.
Acneiform eruptions are caused by changes in the pilosebaceous unit.
Autoinflammatory syndromes.
Autoinflammatory syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by bouts of inflammatory skin lesions and periodic fevers.
Chronic blistering.
Chronic blistering cutaneous conditions have a prolonged course and present with vesicles and bullae.
Conditions of the mucous membranes.
Conditions of the mucous membranes involve the moist linings of the eyes, nose, mouth, genitals, and anus.
Conditions of the skin appendages.
Conditions of the skin appendages are those affecting the glands of the skin, hair, nails, and arrector pili muscles.
Conditions of the subcutaneous fat.
Conditions of the subcutaneous fat are those affecting the layer of adipose tissue that lies between the dermis and underlying fascia.
Congenital anomalies.
Cutaneous congenital anomalies are a diverse group of disorders that result from faulty morphogenesis, the biological process that forms the shape of a human body.
Connective tissue diseases.
Connective tissue diseases are caused by a complex array of autoimmune responses that target or affect collagen or ground substance.
Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue.
Abnormalities of dermal fibrous and elastic tissue are caused by problems in the regulation of collagen synthesis or degradation.
Dermal and subcutaneous growths.
Dermal and subcutaneous growths result from (1) reactive or neoplastic proliferation of cellular components of the dermis or subcutaneous tissue, or (2) neoplasms invading or aberrantly present in the dermis.
Dermatitis.
Dermatitis is a general term for "inflammation of the skin".
Atopic.
Atopic dermatitis is a chronic dermatitis associated with a hereditary tendency to develop allergies to food and inhalant substances.
Contact.
Contact dermatitis is caused by certain substances coming in contact with the skin.
Eczema.
Eczema refers to a broad range of conditions that begin as spongiotic dermatitis and may progress to a lichenified stage.
Pustular.
Pustular dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin that presents with pustular lesions.
Seborrheic.
Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, superficial, inflammatory disease characterized by scaling on an erythematous base.
Disturbances of pigmentation.
Disturbances of human pigmentation, either loss or reduction, may be related to loss of melanocytes or the inability of melanocytes to produce melanin or transport melanosomes correctly.
Drug eruptions.
Drug eruptions are adverse drug reactions that present with cutaneous manifestations.
Endocrine-related.
Endocrine conditions often present with cutaneous findings as the skin interacts with the endocrine system in many ways.
Eosinophilic.
Eosinophilic cutaneous conditions encompass a wide variety of diseases that are characterized histologically by the presence of eosinophils in the inflammatory infiltrate, or evidence of eosinophil degranulation.
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts.
Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts are skin lesions that develop from the epidermal layer of the skin.
Erythemas.
Erythemas are reactive skin conditions in which there is blanchable redness.
Genodermatoses.
Genodermatoses are inherited genetic skin conditions often grouped into three categories: chromosomal, single gene, and polygenetic.
Infection-related.
Infection-related cutaneous conditions may be caused by bacteria, fungi, yeast, viruses, or parasites.
Bacterium-related.
Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an indication of a generalized systemic process or simply an isolated superficial infection.
"Mycobacterium"-related.
"Mycobacterium"-related cutaneous conditions are caused by "Mycobacterium" infections.
Mycosis-related.
Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions are caused by fungi or yeasts, and may present as either a superficial or deep infection of the skin, hair, or nails.
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites.
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites in humans are caused by several groups of organisms belonging to the following phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Bryozoa, Chordata, Cnidaria, Cyanobacteria, Echinodermata, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes, and Protozoa.
Virus-related.
Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses–DNA and RNA types–both of which are obligatory intracellular parasites.
Lichenoid eruptions.
Lichenoid eruptions are dermatoses related to the unique, common inflammatory disorder lichen planus, which affects the skin, mucous membranes, nails, and hair.
Lymphoid-related.
Lymphoid-related cutaneous conditions are a group of disorders characterized by collections of lymphocyte cells within the skin.
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms.
Melanocytic nevi and neoplasms are caused by either a proliferation of (1) melanocytes, or (2) nevus cells, a form of melanocyte that lack dendritic processes.
Melanoma.
Melanoma is a malignant proliferation of melanocytes and the most aggressive type of skin cancer.
Monocyte- and macrophage-related.
Monocyte- and macrophage-related cutaneous conditions are characterized histologically by infiltration of the skin by monocyte or macrophage cells, often divided into several categories, including granulomatous disease, histiocytoses, and sarcoidosis.
Mucinoses.
Mucinoses are a group of conditions caused by dermal fibroblasts producing abnormally large amounts of mucopolysaccharides.
Neurocutaneous.
Neurocutaneous conditions are due organic nervous system disease or are psychiatric in etiology.
Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related.
Noninfectious immunodeficiency-related cutaneous conditions are caused by T-cell or B-cell dysfunction.
Nutrition-related.
Nutrition-related cutaneous conditions are caused by malnutrition due to an improper or inadequate diet.
Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic.
Papulosquamous hyperkeratotic cutaneous conditions are those that present with papules and scales caused by a thickening of the stratum corneum.
Palmoplantar keratodermas.
Palmoplantar keratodermas are a diverse group of hereditary and acquired keratodermas in which there is hyperkeratosis of the skin of the palms and soles.
Pregnancy-related.
Pregnancy-related cutaneous conditions are a group of skin changes observed during pregnancy.
Pruritic.
Pruritus, commonly known as itchiness, is a sensation exclusive to the skin, and characteristic of many skin conditions.
Psoriasis.
Psoriasis is a common, chronic, and recurrent inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by circumscribed, erythematous, dry, scaling plaques.
Reactive neutrophilic.
Reactive neutrophilic cutaneous conditions constitute a spectrum of disease mediated by neutrophils, and typically associated with underlying diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and hematologic malignancy.
Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions.
Recalcitrant palmoplantar eruptions are skin conditions of the palms and soles which are resistant to treatment.
Resulting from errors in metabolism.
Skin conditions resulting from errors in metabolism are caused by enzymatic defects that lead to an accumulation or deficiency of various cellular components, including, but not limited to, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
Resulting from physical factors.
Skin conditions resulting from physical factors occur from a number of causes, including, but not limited to, hot and cold temperatures, friction, and moisture.
Ionizing radiation-induced.
Ionizing radiation-induced cutaneous conditions result from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Urticaria and angioedema.
Urticaria is a vascular reaction of the skin characterized by the appearance of wheals, which are firm, elevated swelling of the skin. Angioedema, which can occur alone or with
urticaria, is characterized by a well-defined, edematous swelling that involves subcutaneous tissues, abdominal organs, or upper airway.
Vascular-related.
Vascular-related cutaneous conditions result from dysfunction of the blood or blood vessels in the dermis, or lymphatics in the subcutaneous tissues.


Marian Grzybowski

Marian Grzybowski (15 June 1895 in Chardzhou – 11 December 1949) was a Polish dermatologist. He authored more than 80 scientific publications. He first described a variant of keratoacanthoma, called today generalized eruptive keratoacanthoma of Grzybowski.


Joseph C. Muhler

Joseph Charles Muhler (December 22, 1923 – December 24, 1996) was an American biochemist and dentist who was responsible for the development of Crest Toothpaste.
Early life and education.
Muhler was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He attended Indiana University from 1942 to 1944 until he was drafted into the Navy. He returned to Indiana University as a dental student through the support of the Navy. In 1948, he received his D.D.S and in 1951, he received his Ph.D. in chemistry. He joined the IU faculty in 1951 as an assistant professor. In 1978, he was named research professor of dental science and director of the dentistry's research institute. While at Indiana University, he assisted in the development of the school's first preventative dentistry program until his retirement in 1984.
Crest Toothpaste.
Muhler was a biochemist who led a team at Indiana University that came up with the original formula for Crest Toothpaste. He studied over 150 fluoride compounds for the purpose of finding a compound that protected teeth from cavities and decay. With help from Harry G. Day, Grant Van Huysen, and William H. Nebergall, he found that stannous fluoride was a very effective compound for protecting teeth. After years of studies, they found stannous fluoride to be 50% more effective than sodium fluoride. Procter & Gamble was impressed with their research and decided to underwrite their formula and sell it as Crest Toothpaste in 1956. Crest Toothpaste became the first toothpaste to earn the American Dental Association (ADA) endorsement. Muhler and his team received royalties from Procter & Gamble which they used to help establish the Oral Health Research Institute at Indiana.
Accomplishments.
In 1976, the American Chemical Society (ACS) recognized stannous fluoride toothpaste as one of the 100 greatest discoveries of the previous 100 years. Muhler died on December 24, 1996, at St. Joseph Medical Center in Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 2019, 23 years after his death, both he and William H. Nebergall were elected into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.


James C. Hogg

James C. Hogg (born December 3, 1935) is a Canadian physician.
Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Hogg studied medicine at the University of Manitoba and McGill University. He completed his residency at the Massachusetts General Hospital and McGill. Hogg became an assistant professor in pathology at McGill in 1971 and moved to the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1977. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in 1974 and of the Royal Society of Canada in 1992. He is the principal investigator at the UBC James Hogg Research Centre at St. Paul's Hospital and professor emeritus in the Pathology and Laboratory Medicine department at UBC.
Hogg has been recognized for his research into Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. He received the Canada Gairdner Wightman Award in 2013.
He became an officer of the Order of Canada in 2005 and was named to the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 2010.


Trevor disease

Trevor disease, also known as dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica and Trevor's disease, is a congenital bone developmental disorder. There is 1 case per million population. The condition is three times more common in males than in females.
Presentation.
This disorder is rare, and is characterised by an asymmetrical limb deformity due to localized overgrowth of cartilage, histologically resembling osteochondroma. It is believed to affect the limb bud in early fetal life. The condition occurs mostly in the ankle or knee region and it is always confined to a single limb. This usually involves only the lower extremities and on medial side of the epiphysis. It is named after researcher David Trevor.
Diagnosis.
Differential diagnosis.
Trevor disease can often mimic posttraumatic osseous fragments, synovial chondromatosis, ostechondroma, or anterior spur of ankle. It is not possible to distinguish DEH from osteochondroma on the basis of histopathology alone. Special molecular tests of the genes EXT1, EXT2 are used for the analysis of genetic expressions. These are within normal ranges in DEH, while they are lower in ostechondroma (owing to a mutation). These tests are expensive and the diagnosis is often made on clinical and radiological findings. Synovial chondromatosis occurs in a much older age group and can be ruled out on this basis.
Treatment.
Most reported cases of DEH in the literature have been treated surgically, usually with excision of the mass, as well as by the correction
of any deformity, while preserving the integrity of the affected joint as much as possible.
History.
Trevor disease was first described by the French surgeon Albert Mouchet and J. Belot in 1926. In 1956, the name "dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica" was proposed by Fairbank. The usual symptoms are the appearance of an osseous protuberance, on one side of the knee, ankle or foot joint which gradually increases Radiologically, the condition shows a nonuniformity of growth and multiple unconnected ossification centers around the epiphyses.


Charles Knight (cardiologist)

Professor Charles Knight MD FRCP OBE is a consultant cardiologist and chief executive of St Bartholomew's Hospital, part of Barts Health NHS Trust.
Knight was trained at Cambridge and Oxford universities. He is an honorary Professor at the William Harvey Research Institute at Queen Mary University of London. He has published over 100 research papers.
He served as honorary secretary of the British Cardiovascular Society from 2008 to 2011 and was associate editor of the journal "Heart" until 2014. He was a member of the Royal College of Physicians' Cardiology Speciality Advisory Committee.
From 2010, he led the development of the Barts Heart Centre at Barts Health NHS Trust which opened in 2015 by merging cardiac services from the London Chest Hospital, The Heart Hospital and St Bartholomew's Hospital to create one of the largest cardiac centres in Europe. In 2015 he was appointed as managing director and then chief executive of St Bartholomew’s Hospital.
In March 2020, Knight was seconded as chief executive officer of NHS Nightingale Hospital London, established to care for patients during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. In July 2020, he received the Freedom of the City of London for outstanding work during the outbreak. In October 2020, he was awarded an OBE for services to the NHS and people with heart disease.
Knight is a specialist in alcohol septal ablation. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and a trustee of the National Heart and Lung Institute Foundation.
He also works at the private King Edward VII's Hospital and is a trustee of Barts Heritage.


HollyRod Foundation

HollyRod Foundation is a nonprofit organization founded by actress Holly Robinson Peete and retired NFL quarterback Rodney Peete that provides "medical, physical, and emotional support" to individuals living with Parkinson's disease as well as families of children with autism. The HollyRod4kids initiative assists families affected by autism through providing resources to help improve the lives of children diagnosed with the disorder. Concurrently, the foundation provides aid for Parkinson's Disease patients through its HollyRod Compassionate Care Program in partnership with the Center for Parkinson's Research and Movement Disorders located at the University of Southern California's Keck School of Medicine.
History.
Former NFL quarterback Rodney Peete and his wife, actress Holly Robinson Peete, established the HollyRod Foundation in 1997 in honor of Holly's father, late actor and television producer Matt Robinson, who died of Parkinson's disease in 2002. He had been living with the disease since the age of 46. As it began to progress, the symptoms began to affect Robinson's ability to complete certain tasks in his daily life. Rodney, Holly, and the rest of their family stepped in to support him. During the time period of caring for her father, Peete and her husband became inspired to help others suffering from the disease who lacked the financial means to pay for the associated costs. With this motive in mind, the HollyRod Foundation came into inception.
In 2000, after the Peetes' oldest son (3 years old at the time), Rodney 'RJ' Peete Jr., was diagnosed with autism, the HollyRod Foundation expanded its mission to bring awareness to this issue. Holly Robinson Peete has since become a recognizable international advocate for autism causes. She and her family have appeared on behalf of the HollyRod Foundation on various television shows, events, and print media including "The Oprah Winfrey Show", World Autism Awareness Day events, "People" magazine, and others, to share their personal story of how autism has affected their lives and to bring awareness to the issue.
In 2003, The HollyRod Foundation partnered with Target Corporation. In 2007, Anheuser-Busch pledged $200,000 to HollyRod over the following two years. At the time the donation was the largest single contribution the organization had ever received.
In 2010, co-founder Holly Robinson Peete became a candidate on the reality television series "The Celebrity Apprentice 3" to raise money for the HollyRod Foundation. At the time of the season finale, Peete had raised the most money for her charity in Celebrity Apprentice history. However, she was not hired by Donald Trump in the finale and finished second to musician Bret Michaels, but earned $597,893 USD to benefit HollyRod.
Programs and events.
HollyRod Parkinson's Compassionate Care Program.
HollyRod Parkinson's Compassionate Care Program was formed in 2002 in collaboration with Keck School of Medicine of USC's Center for Parkinson's Research and Movement Disorders. Through this partnership the foundation assists PD patients with little or no medical insurance coverage in obtaining medications, treatments, medical equipment, and various services. Currently the program is available only to patients residing in the Greater Los Angeles Area.
HollyRod4kids.
HollyRod4kids was established in 2000 in response to Rodney Peete and Holly Robinson Peete's son's autism diagnosis. The initiative's main mission is helping the families of children with autism gain access to affordable treatments and therapies. In 2008, VH1 Classic's Rock Autism joined forces with HollyRod4kids to raise funds and awareness for autism through hosting a celebrity bowl-off and silent auction.
During the 2010 season finale of the "Celebrity Apprentice", Snapple donated $250,000 to the HollyRod Foundation to benefit families of children with autism in addition to launching a limited release of Robinson Peete's handcrafted Snapple Compassionberry Tea. Holly along with her daughter Ryan wrote the fictional children's book, "My Brother Charlie", which centers around growing up with an autistic twin sibling. It is slightly based on Ryan Peete's experience of having an autistic twin brother. In March 2010, Rodney Peete released a book titled "Not My Boy! A Father, a Son, and One Family’s Journey with Autism". In the book Rodney Peete gives his perspective as a father raising a son with special needs. A percentage of the proceeds from both books will go to HollyRod4kids.
HollyRod4kids recently began its "Giving Words Campaign" to donate communication software and hardware to non-verbal or minimally verbal autistic children who meet certain eligibility requirements.
HollyRod4kids is currently developing the Compassionate Care Center for Autism in Los Angeles that will provide support services for autistic children and their families. To coincide with the Center's opening, HollyRod is also launching a national grant program to assist families living outside of Los Angeles. Current plans have the opening date for the facility and launch of the grant program in "late 2012, early 2013."
DesignCare.
DesignCare, formerly DesignCure, is an annual fundraising event that raises money for the HollyRod Foundation. Its guests and honorees range from people in the entertainment, medical, and business industry to individuals and families affected by autism and Parkinson's disease. Each year DesignCare honors people with special awards like the 'Matthew T. Robinson Award of Courage', 'HollyRod Media Hero Award', 'HollyRod4kids Champion Award', 'HollyRod Media Award', 'HollyRod Founders Award', and 'Humanitarian Award'. The 'HollyRod4kids Champion Award' is presented to "people who have been an inspiration to teens with autism." Past celebrity honorees have included: Michael J. Fox, Donald Trump, and Muhammad Ali.
In 2009, DesignCare raised over $350,000 and more than $500,000 the following year. Since DesignCare began, it has helped the HollyRod Foundation earn over $2 million to help improve the lives of those living with Parkinson's disease and autistic children.


Ryhurst

Ryhurst Ltd is a specialist provider of health estate management services in England. The firm is based in Sussex.
Ryhurst formerly delivered new NHS facilities via the Private Finance Initiative. It built Lymington New Forest Hospital, which opened in 2007 for Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust but has now developed a strategic estates partnership model. The public sector contributes the land and the assets, and the private sector secures funding to an equivalent amount. Both have a 50-50 share in the resulting company. Stephen Collinson, the managing director of Ryhurst, is a former hospital chief executive.
Partnerships have been formed with Cheshire and Wirral Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust, and the Isle of Wight NHS Trust. Collinson claims that the company acts as a 50:50 partner with the trust and tries to help them deliver their clinical service plans and service change strategies by providing the most appropriate estate.
Concerned residents on the Isle of Wight held a meeting about the future of the Isle of Wight NHS Trust and the partnership with Ryhurst, in December 2014. The deal was described by trade unions as a slippery slope towards privatisation. Isle of Wight Council scrutiny committee chairman Cllr Geoff Lumley questioned why health trust bosses failed to mention the deal when they met with councillors in November 2014.


Emily Bushnell

Emily W. Bushnell (born 1950) is an emeritus professor of psychology at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts, USA. Her areas of professional interest include child development, infant perception, haptic perception and acquisition of perceptual-motor skills. Professor Bushnell received her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1979 and a BA in Psychology from Swarthmore College in 1972. She served as chair of the Tufts Psychology Department from 1993 to 1996 and sat on the editorial board of the journal "Child Development".
Representative publications.
Bushnell, E. W., and Boudreau, J. P. (1998) "Exploring and exploiting objects with the hands during infancy" in K. Connolly (Ed.), "The Psychobiology of the Hand", pp. 144–161, Cambridge, UK: Mac Keith Press.
Bushnell, E. W., and Baxt, C. (1999) "Children’s haptic and cross-modal recognition with familiar and unfamiliar objects", "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance", 25, pp. 1867–1881.
Roder, B. J., Bushnell, E. W., and Sasseville, A. M. (2000). "Infants preferences for familiarity and novelty during the course of visual processing", "Infancy", 1, pp. 491–507.
Striano, T., and Bushnell, E. W. (2005). "Haptic perception of material properties by 3-month-old infants", "Infant Behavior and Development", 28, pp. 266–289.


Mohammad Marashi

Mohammad Marashi () (25 January 1944 – 15 May 2020) was a Syrian physician and lexicographer. His most notable work is "Marashi's Grand Medical Dictionary" (), which was published in 2005.
Biography.
Marashi was born in Aleppo, Syria, on 25 January 1944. He was educated at Damascus University, Faculty of Medicine, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1970. He then specialized in obstetrics and gynecology between 1971 and 1976, and was licensed in 1977. He lived in Aleppo until August 2012, then moved to 6th of October City, Egypt until his death on 15 May 2020 in 6th of October City, Egypt.
Works.
Marashi established Dar Al-Shifa Hospital in Aleppo in 1981 and worked as its director from 1982 to 1988. He also established Al-Maraashi Hospital in Aleppo in 1988. He also worked as a lecturer at the Health Institute in Aleppo from 1994 to 1997.
He published more than 5 books on medicine in Arabic and English, including 3 dictionaries:


The National Recreation Foundation

The National Recreation Foundation (NRF) is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing and encouraging youth with recreational activities to improve their quality of life. The Foundation also seeks to promote healthy lifestyles in communities across the United States by partnering with local, state and national agencies. The Foundation was begun during World War I as a way to provide men in the military with recreational activities while they were on the homefront. Today, some of its goals including proving grant money to projects that are in line with their mission as well as awarding the Robert W. Crawford Achievement Prize to people who make significant contributions to the recreation field by helping at-risk youth.
History.
During World War I, the National Recreation Foundation began as the War Camp Community Services (WCCS), Inc. Its goal was to provide military men on the homefront with recreational activities. After the War, the Foundation was organized in 1919 and became the NRF.
In 1995, the NRF changed its mission to focus on promoting healthy lifestyles in at-risk youth.
Mission and achievements.
As a non-profit organization, the NRF is dedicated to providing and encouraging at-risk youth with recreational activities to improve their quality of life. The Foundation has worked at improving mental, physical, and social health through recreational activities. It also seeks to promote healthy lifestyles in communities across the United States by partnering with local, sate and national agencies.
One of its goals includes providing grant money to projects that are in line with their mission. The NRF has been giving grants since 1965. The members of the board of trustees are the ones who seek out recipients of the grants, which is a unique thing about the NRF. In the year 2016, the National Recreation Foundation donated $1,384,445 to charities that support their mission.
They also award the Robert W. Crawford Achievement Prize to people who make significant contributions to the recreation field by helping at-risk youth.
In 2010-2011 the NRF gave out grants to 36 programs for nearly $2 million to support non-profit organizations and government agencies in the United States.


Thulasiraj Ravilla

Thulasiraj Ravilla is part of the leadership team at Aravind, a social organization providing eye care for the needy.


Harold Whittingham

Air Marshal Sir Harold Edward Whittingham (3 October 1887 – 16 July 1983) was a British physician notable for a distinguished medical career in the Royal Air Force and contributions to Aviation medicine. After graduating from the University of Glasgow, he was the first pathologist and Assistant Director of Research at the Beatson Institute for Cancer Research in Glasgow.
Much of his work concerned, pathology, disease, aerospace medicine, medical records, medical education, first aid, malaria, tropical medicine, physiology and occupational health.
Early life.
Whittingham was the second son of Engineer-Rear Admiral William Whittingham CB and Elizabeth Annie, and like his siblings he chose to study medicine. He was educated at Christ's Hospital, the Greenock Academy and the University of Glasgow. As an undergraduate he excelled at winning medals of distinction in Zoology, Surgery, Pathology and the Gairdner medal in the practice of medicine.
His first post in 1910 was as pathologist and assistant director of research at the Royal Cancer Hospital, Glasgow, (later renamed to the Beaston Institute) which had a dedicated area for the pathological study of cancer.
In 1915 he was a volunteer in the first world war serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps and subsequently the Royal Flying Corps in India and Mesopotamia where he pursued his studies in tropical medicine. In 1917 his younger brother Clive, who was also a physician, was killed in action followed by his elder brother William, who was killed in action in 1918.
RAF.
Tropical medicine.
Whittingham had a long career in the RAF beginning in 1918 when he was transferred to the Royal Air Force as a pathologist. Promotion followed and by 1923, he was Wing commander and head of the Sandfly fever commission, stationed at Kalafrana, Malta. He was the first to study and breed sandfly in captivity; his recommendations resulted in reduced incidence of sandfly fever within the RAF.
For his sandfly research paper he was awarded the North Persian Medal in 1923 which was awarded annually for the best tropical research paper. His highly detailed sandfly drawings were displayed at the British Empire Exhibition of 1924 and are now in the Wellcome Library in London. As well as serving as director of pathology and tropical medicines for the RAF, he gave biochemistry lectures at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine during the inter-war years.
Aviation medicine.
From 1927 to 1939 he was a pathologist at the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital and in 1930 he was awarded the CBE. In 1932 he became Group captain and from 1934 until 1939 was the commanding officer of the RAF Central Medical Establishment, promoted to Air commodore in 1936. He took the Membership of the Royal College of Physicians in 1936 and was elected FRCP in 1940.
From 1938 until 1946 he held the appointment of honorary physician to the king.<br> He was given a knighthood at the beginning of World War II. Many of his lecture notes, drawings and cartoons were implemented into Air Ministry booklets such as "Health Hints for Warm Climates" and distributed for the well-being of British servicemen. Lessons learnt from the second world war indicated that there was a requirement for studying the effects of aviation on aircrew and in 1943 he proposed the establishment of the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine (IAM). He was successful and it was eventually built on a corner of Farnborough airfield and officially opened by the Princess Royal in 1945.
Problems with exposure to altitude in flying such as hypoxia had already been recognised and with future high altitude aircraft such as English Electric Canberra being envisaged, the IAM played an important role in altitude protection. They covered both military and commercial issues such as determining the safe maximum cabin altitude for commercial passenger aircraft.
Post Second World War.
He was made Legion of Merit commander USA and Order of Polonia Restitutain 1945 retiring from the RAF in 1946 to become medical adviser to the British Red Cross Society where his expertise was used for military and civilian first aid manuals. In 1948 he joined BOAC as director of medical services where he worked for the next decade. In 1949 he was appointed chairman of the Air Ministry Flying Personnel Research Committee, whose brief was to advise the Secretary of State for Air on all aspects of research concerning flight safety. Whittingham and his colleagues travelled the world examining medical facilities, sanitation and food supplies in BOAC stations and made reports and recommendations for improvement. During his career he made significant contributions toward investigating medical evidence from aircraft crashes; most significantly, the Comet disasters. The findings of the Comet team led by Group Captain Bill Stewart demonstrated the need for research trained, medical specialists and this led to the formation of the RAF Department of Aviation Pathology. In 1955, a conference was held from which the Joint Committee on Aviation Pathology was formed consisting of members from the flying services of the US, Canada and Britain.
Whittingham, a BMA member, was held in high esteem by his peers and in 1973, the RCP professorship of aviation medicine was renamed the Whittingham professorship "in honour of his outstanding leadership in this field".
Honours.
During his career, he gained the following honours:


Manfred Bial

Manfred Bial (10 December 1869 – 26 May 1908) was a German physician who invented a test for pentoses using orcinol, now known as Bial's test.


Paul Grof

Paul Grof is a psychiatrist in Canada who was a member of the World Health Organization committee that evaluated ecstasy.
Rick Doblin notes:
Following his graduation in medicine, Paul Grof took his psychiatric training and became specialized in psychiatry in 1962. He worked as a research psychiatrist in the Psychiatric Research Institute in Prague, and as a fellow in psychoendocrinology of affective disorders in West Germany. In the fall of 1968 Dr. Grof was recruited as research psychiatrist and faculty member at McMaster University, Canada. Between 1974 and 1977 he helped develop and run Affective disorder Clinics at the Sunnybrook Medical Center at the University of Toronto, and several other Canadian universities. Dr. Grof spent 1977 and 1978 as a Visiting Scientist at the National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, initially in a clinical neuropharmacology branch with Dennis Murphy and later in the psychobiology branch with Fred Goodwin. In 1982 Dr. Grof became Director of Research and Education at the Hamilton Psychiatric Hospital, a teaching hospital of McMaster University where he expanded research activities in psychobiology, and established a psychopharmacology research and training center. 1985–2000 he was active as Expert of the World Health Organization, Mental Health section and chaired both an Expert committee and a Working Group on psychotropic drugs. In 1988 Dr. Grof was recruited as Clinical Director of the Royal Ottawa Hospital. He was recently Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Ottawa, and remains so with the University of Toronto, and directs a Mood Disorders Center. He has published over 350 articles and two books, and received several national and international research awards."
References.
Saunders, N. (1994) E for Ecstasy by Nicholas Saunders Appendix 1: Reference Section Retrieved 10/5/2008.