Tavistock MRT station

Tavistock MRT station is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island line located in Serangoon planning area, Singapore.
It will be located underneath Ang Mo Kio Avenue 3, at the junction of Tavistock Avenue and Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park 2 as well as being in the vicinity of industries at Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park 2, residential developments around Tavistock, and community amenities such as Chen Su Lan Methodist Children’s Home, Ling Kwang Home, Cheshire Home, Serangoon Gardens Food Centre and the French School of Singapore (Lycée Français de Singapour).
History.
On 25 January 2019, LTA announced that Tavistock station would be part of the proposed Cross Island line (CRL). The station will be constructed as part of Phase 1(CRL), consisting of 12 stations between Aviation Park and Bright Hill, and is expected to be completed in 2030.

Initially expected to open in 2029, the restrictions on the construction due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to delays in the CRL line completion, and the date was pushed to 2030.


Denzil Kobbekaduwa

Lieutenant General Denzil Lakshman Kobbekaduwa, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP (; 27 July 1940 – 8 August 1992) was a senior Sri Lankan Army officer who served in the 1971 Insurrection and the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Having trained with the British Army, Kobbekaduwa started his military career as an armoured corps officer. He was suspension following an alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt in 1966 and was reinstated in 1970 attached to internal security prior to and during the 1971 Insurrection. Following a brief stint as an officer instructor, he served as a staff officer attached several commands before commanding the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Sri Lanka Armoured Corps. In the mid 1980s he served as district military coordinating officer before joining the general staff of the Joint Operations Command. At Joint Operations Command, he lead the planned of the Vadamarachchi Operation, during which he commanded one of the three brigades. He served as the General Officer Commanding, the 1st Division and the 2nd Division; Overall Operations Commander, Eastern Sector before taking up command as Overall Operations Commander, Northern Sector. During which he held several major military operations such as Operation Gajasinghe and Operation Balavegaya. He was killed on the eve of launching Operation Final Count Down to recapture the Jaffna Peninsula, when he was mortally wounded and much of his senior staff in his command killed when the Land Rover they were travelling in hit a land mine in the island of Kayts.
Early life and education.
He was born in Kandy to a Radala family. His father was Loku Bandara Kobbekaduwa and mother was Lona Ratwatte. He was their second child and eldest of three sons. Spending his early days at the Deldeniya Walauwa in the village of Deldeniya in Menikdiwela, Kadugannawa and at Amunugama Walauwa in the Amunugama village close to Kandy. His uncle was the politician Hector Kobbekaduwa.
He received his primary education at Hillwood College and in 1948 entered Trinity College Kandy. He represented the college at rugby, hockey, and cricket. He captained the College 1XV in 1959 and won the Trinity Lion for rugby and was a school prefect. Although he was offered admission to the University of Ceylon, Peradeniya he opted for a military career.
Early career.
Kobbekaduwa joined the Ceylon Army in May 1960 as an officer cadet. After undergoing basic training at the Army Training Center in Diyatalawa; he proceeded to the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for officer training, along with G. H. De Silva and two other Ceylonese cadets in the 29th Intake. Returning to Ceylon in 1962, he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Ceylon Armoured Corps. A few months later he returned to the United Kingdom to follow the regimental signal officers course. Promoted to Lieutenant, he was attached to the Royal Armoured Corps training unit at Bovington Camp for a six months armoured fighting vehicle training course in 1964. Returning in 1965, he rejoined the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment.
Suspension.
In 1967, Kobbekaduwa was sent on compulsory leave following an alleged coup d'état attempt in which the Commander of the Ceylon Army, Major General Richard Udugama, who was a Kandian and a kinsman of Kobbekaduwa was implicated. He spent his suspension focused farming and on rugby. Having played rugby in school, he played for the Army Sports Club in the Clifford Cup tournament and then represented Ceylon. Joining the Kandy Sports Club, he led the team to become runners-up to the Clifford Cup in 1969. He also coached his school and national rugby teams. Later he refereed and administered the game on a national level. He was also a board member of the Duncan White Sports Foundation.
Marriage and family.
During this time while playing for the Kandy Sports Club Kobbekaduwa met Lalini Ratwatte, younger daughter of Kenneth and Merle Ratwatte. They married in December 1970. They had two daughters and a son.
Insurrection.
Following the 1970 general elections in which the another kinsman Sirima Bandaranaike was elected Prime Minister, Kobbekaduwa was cleared of all charges and reinstated to active service as a Captain. Thereafter, he was attached to the Army's Field Security Detachment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Anuruddha Ratwatte. The Field Security Detachment was tasked with identifying internal threats to and safe guarding the Prime Minister, following the Bandaranaike's experience in the 1962 attempted coup d'état. Based on investigations by the military police unit under his command, Kobbekaduwa warned the government that an youth insurrection was immanent. The warnings materialized when the JVP insurrection started on 5 April 1971, taking the government and the military unprepared in its scale and magnitude. Soon after the start of the insurrection, Kobbekaduwa was placed in charge of security of Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike.
Staff officer.
He was promoted to the rank of Major in June 1972 and was sent in 1975 to the British Army Staff College at Camberley to follow the command and staff course. Returning in 1976, he was posted to the Army Training Centre in Diyatalawa as an officer instructor and thereafter appointed as a staff officer at Army Headquarters. Following the government change in 1977, he was once again sent on compulsory leave but returned soon after to be posted to Jaffna as part of the Task Force Anti Illicit Immigration (TaFAII) which was ongoing since the early 1960s to counter illegal immigration from India. During his posting he was able to gain a good understanding of the Jaffna Peninsula during the on set of the Tamil militancy that led to the Sri Lankan Civil War. From March 1979, he served as principle staff officer to Brigadier Tissa Weeratunga, who was dispatched to Jaffna as Commander Security Forces - Jaffna, with extensive powers under the provisions of Prevention of Terrorism (Special Provisions) Act No: 48 of 1979. until December 1979. In 1980 he was a staff officer attached to Commander Security Forces - Jaffna. In April 1981, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and the following year he was transferred to Army Headquarters as the General Staff Officer (Grade 1) of G branch.
Field command.
In June 1983, he took command of his parent regiment as commanding officer of the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, Sri Lanka Armoured Corps. Based at Rock House Army Camp, he deployed his troops and armored vehicles in Colombo during the Black July riots in July 1983. In 1985, he was appointed military coordinating officer of the Vavuniya District and was promoted to the rank of Colonel in September. In 1987 he was appointed military coordinating officer of the Trincomalee District, before transferring to the Joint Operations Command under the command of Lieutenant General Cyril Ranatunga.
Operation Liberation.
"Operation Liberation", also known as the "Vadamarachchi Operation", was launched after months of planning on May 26, 1987. Brigadier Kobbekaduwa commanded the operation on the ground as the Brigade Commander of the 3 brigade group formed comprising two infantry brigades with supporting armored, artillery and air units of the Sri Lanka Air Force numbering 8000 personal. It was the largest formation deployed by the Sri Lankan Army at that point and the first conventional battle to take place in the civil war. The objective was to take the territory of Vadamarachchi in the Jaffna peninsula from LTTE (Tamil Tiger) control. LTTE forces destroyed the bridge at Thondaimanaru to slow army progress towards Valvettithurai, the town of LTTE leader Prabhakaran's birth. On May 28, army troops captured Udupiddy, Valvettithurai and Nelliady. By the end of the first week of June, the army had gained control over the entire zone and captured a large cache of arms left by the LTTE.
President J.R. Jayewardene and Minister of National Security Lalith Athulathmudali had political responsibility for the operation and terminated it following Operation Poomalai, the Indian air force's show of strength, in which it dropped supplies over Jaffna for the besieged Tamil Tigers on June 4, 1987, leading to the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord.
Principal staff officer.
In December 1987, he was appointed Principal staff officer of the Joint Operations Command and was nominated to attended the Royal College of Defence Studies. He turned down the nomination that year and accompanied resident J. R. Jayewardene to Islamabad for the fourth SAARC summit in 1988. On his return he was sent to the Royal College of Defence Studies in 1989, only to be recalled during the middle of the course. However, he was quickly sent back once the British government questioned the recall mid-course.
Higher command.
On 1 January 1990, he was promoted to Major General and was appointed as General Officer Commanding, 1st Division based at the Panagoda Cantonment.
With the resumption of hostilities in the Eelam War II or the second phase of the civil war with following the failure of peace talks in June 1990, Kobbekaduwa was transferred to the Eastern Province as Overall Operations Commander, Eastern Sector. In July he was appointed as General Officer Commanding, 2nd Division and Overall Operations Commander, Northern Sector directing military operations in the northern province with his headquarters based in Anuradhapura.
He launched operation "Operation Gajasinghe", withdrawing troops from Kilinochchi and strengthening the Army garrison at Elephant Pass, the critical land strip that linked the Jaffna peninsula with the mainland. New camps were set up around the main base, expanding its size. On July 10, 1991, Elephant Pass came under siege by an LTTE attack which it code-named "Operation Charles Anthony", its first suicide bomber. 800 troops of the 6th battalion, Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment held out.
Operation Balavegaya.
At this point, Major General Kobbekaduwa proposed an amphibious assault launched code named Operation Balavegaya. Launching an amphibious assault for the first time in Sri Lankan military history, plans for Operation Balavegaya were drawn up at Joint Operations headquarters in Colombo. 8,000 troops were deployed for the rescue mission to relieve the besieged camp and regain territory captured by the LTTE. This was an amphibious operation using landing craft and helicopters to transport the soldiers.
During the operation the intensity of LTTE resistance led some battalion commanders to consider aborting the operation temporarily, however, General Kobbekaduwa and Brigadier Vijaya Wimalaratne decided it should proceed to join the troops at the front lines. On July 14, 1991 the task-force established a beachhead at Veralakuruna (Vettilaikkerni). After several days of fighting the relief force was able to reach and linkup with the besieged garrison and by August 19 the LTTE militants withdrew. During the month-long battle which was the longest yet in the war, 573 LTTE carders and 202 military personnel had been killed. In the end of August, General Kobbekaduwa launched "Operation Lightning" in the Weli-oya sector to divert pressure on Elephant Pass. Several LTTE camps were destroyed while other operations disrupted LTTE supply lines in the area where the Mannar coast was linked to the Wanni jungle base.
Death.
Operation Final Count Down.
In July 1992, General Kobbekaduwa returned to Colombo for his father's funeral. This was when he was preparing for a new offensive to capture the Jaffna peninsula which was under LTTE control, it was code named "Operation Final Count Down". On August 2, 1992 he was back in Colombo and met with President Ranasinghe Premadasa. He returned to his HQ in Palaly the next day. Since the launching pad for the offensive was the island of Kayts on August 7, General Kobbekaduwa moved to Karainagar naval base by helicopter with his staff. He spent much of the night planning the upcoming offensive with Brigadier Vijaya Wimalaratne, Jaffna Brigade Commander and Commodore Mohan Jayamaha. Due to concerns of the navy about the staging area, it was decided to visit the Araly point the next day.
Araly Point.
On August 8, 1992 at 8.00 am the group made up of Maj. General Kobbekaduwa, Brigadier Wimalaratne and Commodore Jayamaha along with several other officers headed out on a naval patrol boat towards Jaffna and returned to Kayts pier. On returning the party was met by three Land Rovers, the General, the Brigadier and the Commodore got into the Land Rover UHA 8752 with the rest of the army personnel taking vehicle no UHA 8785 and the naval personnel taking 5959. From there they set out to Araly Point. Half way the General order that they all use one vehicle as to not to attract fire from LTTE units in the Jaffna peninsula which was only one-half kilometer away. They reached Araly Point and had a discussion and headed back when the Land Rover was consumed by an explosion. Major Rupasinghe and Major Induruwa who were 400 yards away from the incident ran to the location to find only General Kobbekaduwa and Commodore Jayamaha alive. Killed in the explosion was Brigadier Wimalaratne, Lt. Colonels G.H. Ariyaratne, A. Palipahana, H.R. Stephen, all three battalion commanders, Lieutenant Commander Asanga Lankathilaka, Lieutenant Commander C.B Wijepura, Major Nalin S. De Alwis; the General's Aide-de-camp and Corporal Jagath Wickramaratna. The two wounded officers were rushed to the helicopter waiting to transport the group to base, which took them to the military hospital in Plalay where Commodore Jayamaha was found dead on arrival. General Kobbekaduwa who was awake was then transferred to the Colombo General Hospital for surgery via helicopter. Where a specialist team of surgeons were unable to save his life.
Funeral.
On the day of his military funeral, a crowd numbering about 100,000 persons descended on the Colombo general cemetery, chanting anti-government slogans and throwing stones at government ministers. At least fifteen people were injured, including two ministers, deputy Foreign Minister John Amaratunga and deputy Information Minister A.J. Ranasinghe. According to witnesses, the crowd was angry because the general was not given a state funeral. Police in riot gear responded by firing shots and tear-gas into the air to disperse the crowd.
Aftermath.
Lalini Kobbekaduwa, the General Kobbekaduwa's widow, called for an international commission into the incident. This was not granted, but the Sri Lankan Government set up their own commission to investigate. A Presidential Commission carried out by the Sri Lankan Government speculated that then President Ranasinghe Premadasa, as well as members of the Sri Lankan Army such as Major W A N M Weerasinghe, were "directly responsible" for his death. The Asian Times commented that "a second and last Presidential Commission came up with highly speculative conclusions."
Awards and Decorations.
During his career he received the Republic of Sri Lanka Armed Services Medal, Sri Lanka Army 25th Anniversary Medal, President's Inauguration Medal, Sri Lanka Armed Services Long Service Medal, Vadamarachchi Operation Medal, Purna Bhumi Padakkama and Rana Wickrama Padakkama. He was posthumously promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General and awarded the Vishista Seva Vibhushanaya, Rana Sura Padakkama (twice), Uttama Seva Padakkama and Desha Putra Sammanaya. His widow received the Uththama Pooja Pranama Padakkama medal in 2010.
Legacy.
Several statues of General Kobbekaduwa were erected following his death, along with several roads named after him.


Balsam Gap

Balsam Gap (el. ) is a mountain pass between the Plott Balsam Range to the northwest and the Great Balsam Mountains to the southeast on the county line dividing Haywood and Jackson counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
The gap allows both the Great Smoky Mountains Expressway and the former Murphy Branch of the Southern Railway, now owned by Blue Ridge Southern Railroad, to cross between the two counties running east–west. The Blue Ridge Parkway also runs through the gap in a north–south direction crossing both the expressway and railway branch.
The gap is named for the Great Balsam Mountains in which it lies. The small, unincorporated communities of Balsam in Jackson County and Saunook in Haywood County are also located close by.


Henrik Kyhl

Henrik Larsen Kyhl (8 August 1793 – 12 February 1866) was a Danish clockmaker, politician and the second managing director of Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen.
Early life and education.
Kyhl was born on 8 August 1793 in Søsum at Ølstykke, the son of wheelmaker Lars Henrik Hansen (c. 1764 – 1812) and Maren Jensdatter (c. 1773 – 1841). He apprenticed as a clockmaker in Copenhagen.
Career as clockmaker.
In 1818, Kyhl opened his own workshop which specialized in tower clocks. Over the years, he presented a number of inventions and improvements in the "Magazin for Kunstnere og Haandværkere"., including a "kileindgribningssystem". Kyhl was alderman of the Clockmakers' Guild in Copenhagen from 1832 to 1838. A tower clock presented on the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 attracted considerable attention. It was later installed in the Methodist St. Paul's Church in Rigensgade in Copenhagen.
In 1827, Kyhl constructed a reflector lamp which was used as street lights in Copenhagen from 1828 and until gas lights were introduced in 1857.
Other occupations.
In 1835, he was a co-founder of Industriforeningen. He was also one of the most active members of its board of representatives. In 1843, he was a co-founder of the Scandinavian Society. He was the same year elected for the Committee for Copenhagen ("valgbestyrelsen for København").
Kyhl was from the foundation of the amusement park also a board member of Tivoli Gardens. He was often in opposition to Georg Carstensen, whom he succeeded as managing director of the park until 1857.
Politics.
In 1837–59, Kyhl was a member of Copenhagen City Council. In 1841, he unsuccessfully proposed to surface streets in Copenhagen with asphalt. In 1935, he was a co-founder of the Society for the Freedom of the Press ("Selskabet til trykkefrihedens rette brug"). In 1844 and again in 1846, he was an alternate member of Roskilde Constituent Assembly ("Stænderforsamling), where he argued in favour of a free constitution.
Selected tower clocks.
Kyhl has created tower clocks for the following buildings:


Teck Ghee MRT station

Teck Ghee MRT station is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island line located on the boundary of Ang Mo Kio and Bishan planning areas, Singapore. It will be located underneath Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6, between the junctions of Ang Mo Kio Street 31 and Ang Mo Kio Avenue 1.
The station is in the vicinity of residential estates in Ang Mo Kio and Bishan North, and community amenities such as Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park and Ang Mo Kio Secondary School.
History.
On 25 January 2019, LTA announced that Ang Mo Kio station would be part of the proposed Cross Island line (CRL). The station will be constructed as part of Phase 1, consisting of 12 stations between Aviation Park and Bright Hill, and is expected to be completed in 2030.
Contract N109A, which encompasses the design and construction of Teck Ghee station box, was awarded to Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co (Singapore) at a sum of S$615.9 million in January 2019. Construction started in 2019, with completion in 2026. Contract N107A also includes the design and construction of a section of North South Corridor tunnel between Sin Ming Avenue and Ang Mo Kio Avenue 3, and relevant commuter facilities. As Teck Ghee station will be superimposed with the North South Corridor and surface road, the station box will be constructed initially, and a subsequent contract will be awarded to complete the station.

Initially expected to open in 2029, the restrictions on the construction due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to delays in the CRL line completion, and the date was pushed to 2030.


Alfred Manessier

Alfred Manessier (5 December 1911, Saint-Ouen – 1 August 1993, Orléans) was a non-figurative French painter, stained glass artist, and tapestry designer, part of the new School of Paris and the Salon de Mai.
Biography.
Manessier was born among fishers and masons in the Picardy province of Northern France. There was a family precedent for creative work, as the grandfather was a decorative stonemason while his father and uncle had studied at Ecole des Beaux Arts at Abbeville. The "father gave the young man permission to go to Paris on condition that he studied architecture, which was a safer occupation than that of painter. It was not until his father, then a wholesale wine merchant in Amiens, suddenly died that he was able to change over" to his preferred art studies. He had enrolled in architecture in 1929, switched to art with Roger Bissiere at Académie Ranson in 1935 just prior to the father's death in 1936.
In 1937 at the Paris International Exposition, the French government appointed Sonia Delaunay and Robert Delaunay to represent avant-garde art in Paris transportation centers such as Air Palace and Railways Palace. The couple was given the task to employ and reside with 50 unemployed artists for March and April to create a substantial project of of artwork. Among the artists were Bissiere, Jean Bertholle, and Manessier, who worked on four murals. The following year he married painter Therese Simonnet. In 1939 Manessier was called into military conscription, as a technical draftsman. In 1940, expecting the birth of his son, he found work as a farmhand to support the growing family but by 1941 he returned to Paris to exhibit in the Gallery Braun show "20 Young Painters" that ushered into France the non-figurative movement. Despite the abstract style centered in what the occupying Germans deemed "degenerate" modes, and despite Manessier's teaching at the anti-authority and anti-indoctrination organization Young France, the painter was not censored or molested The Young France organization prepared youth for work at the end of the German Occupation, with a teaching staff that also included Jean Bazaine, Jean Vilar, Jean Desailly, Andre Clement.
Manessier left teaching in 1943 for painting full-time. During this year he made a 3-day visit to the Trappist monastery in Orne. Demoralized by the Occupation and war, at the monastery he was deeply moved by the ancient garb and art, chants and worship, rhythms of work and silence by the monks. "I felt profoundly the cosmic link between sacred chanting and the world of nature all around. These men who sang were perhaps a little out of touch with the world but there was truth in their relationship with nature" he recalled. "If we had the evangelical purity of the Primitives, if we could look at nature with all innocence of love, then perhaps we could depict the sacred as they did. But we are men of this century: broken, exploded." Thus began the fertile period of abstract painting: "mosaic-like patterns, luminous colors often supported by a heavy black grid."
Between paintings, he soon began to explore other mediums for expression. In 1945 his daughter was born, and the 34-year-old Manessier was commissioned to produce costumes and sets for "Marie-Anne Victoire" production at Studio des Champs-Élysées. In 1947 he was commissioned to produce two stained glass windows for a Breseux church. In 1949 he produced a tapestry for the Dominicans of Saulchoir, Seine-et-Oise. These other mediums were ongoing supplements to his painting, throughout his career (selected theatre work includes a 1960 Nervi Italy mounting of the "Decameron" involving 340 costumes and 18 sets, costumes for a 1963 production of "Galileo Galilei" at Theatre National Populaire, Paris; selected stained glass work includes 1952 project at All Saints Church in Basel, 1957 project at Chapel of Ste Therese in Nord, 1959 at Munsterkirche in Essen, 1964 at St Gereau in Cologne, and 1968 for Paris' Convent of the Soeurs de l'Assomption; selected tapestry work includes 1952 commission for State of France, 1957 benediction cape for a Nord church, and a 1969 commission for the National Arts Center in Ottawa).
This latter project in Canada triggered for Manessier another spiritual awakening. When visiting Canada in 1967 to view the projected Arts building site and to assess the Ottawa light, he was inspired during discussions of Canada's large areas of undeveloped land and Inuit art and life relatively untouched by Western culture: "I had a feeling of having penetrated elemental nature. The bottom of the lake is full of roots and of decomposed vegetation, and nature is reborn by way of all this. Never have I experienced a similar sensation. I discovered a prehistoric dimension."
He was the victim of a car accident in Loiret on 28 July 1993, and died four days later at the Source hospital in Orléans. His funeral was held at the church of Saint-Sépulcre d'Abbeville and he was buried in the Cimetière de Saint-Ouen at his birthplace.


Corvette leaf spring

Corvette leaf spring commonly refers to a type of independent suspension that utilizes a fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) mono-leaf spring instead of more conventional coil springs. It is named after the Chevrolet Corvette, the American sports car for which it was originally developed and first utilized. A notable characteristic of this suspension configuration is the mounting of the mono-leaf spring such that it can serve as both ride spring and anti-roll spring. In contrast to many applications of leaf springs in automotive suspension designs, this type does not use the spring as a locating link. While this suspension type is most notably associated with several generations of the Chevrolet Corvette the design has been used in other production General Motors cars, as well as vehicles from Volvo Cars and Mercedes-Benz. Fiat produced cars with a similar configuration, using a multi-leaf steel spring in place of the FRP mono-leaf spring.
Design.
The leaf-spring suspension configuration is independent, because the movement of one wheel is not determined by the position of the other. Control arms are utilized to define the motion of the wheel as the suspension is compressed. The usual coil springs are replaced with a single FRP spring, which spans the width of the car. As in independent suspension systems using coil springs, and unlike the common leaf-spring supported Hotchkiss rear axle, the suspension kinematics are defined only by the control arms.
As in a coil-spring suspension design, the FRP mono-leaf spring supports the weight of the vehicle. However, the FRP leaf springs differ from steel coils and traditional steel multi-leaf springs in a number of significant ways. The FRP plastic springs have 4.3–5.5 times the strain energy storage per weight, compared to steel. This results in a lighter spring for a given application. The single FRP mono-leaf front spring used on the fourth-generation Corvette is 33 percent of the weight of an equivalent set of coil springs. Comparing FRP to conventional steel leaf springs in similar applications, the weight saved is even greater. The third-generation Corvette offered an optional FRP mono-leaf spring as an alternative to the standard multi-leaf steel spring, the steel spring being replaced by a FRP spring. Volvo claims a weight savings of by using a FRP spring in the rear suspension of its second-generation XC90, compared to designs using coil springs. In addition to the reduction in vehicle weight, the weight of the spring is partly unsprung mass.
The relative sliding movement of the leaves of a multi-leaf steel spring results in stiction-based hysteresis with respect to spring compression. This stiction reduces suspension compliance and can compromise both ride quality and handling. Lacking individual leaves, the mono-leaf spring avoids stiction.
FRP springs are advertised as having exceptional cycle life and corrosion resistance. A GM test comparing the third-generation Corvette springs found that failure of the multi-leaf steel springs was likely after 200,000 full-travel cycles. The replacement FRP leaf spring showed no loss of performance after two million full cycles.
Packaging is cited as both an advantage and disadvantage of the transverse FRP leaf spring, as compared to coil springs, depending on the application. The FRP spring is typically set low in the suspension, resulting in a low center of gravity. It also allows manufacturers to avoid tall spring mounts, thus resulting in a flatter load floor about the suspension. James Schefter reports that, as used on the C5 and later Corvettes, the use of OEM coilover damper springs would have forced the chassis engineers to either vertically raise the shock towers or move them inward. In the rear this would have reduced trunk space. In the front this would have interfered with engine packaging. The use of the leaf spring allowed the spring to be placed under the chassis, out of the way, while keeping the diameter of the shock-absorber assembly to that of just the damper, rather than damper and spring. However, in other applications, such as race car designs, the need to span the width of the vehicle resulted in significant design limitations. Coil and torsion springs present better packaging options for racing applications. FRP springs also have limited availability and selection as compared to coil springs. Higher cost has also been cited as a disadvantage, when comparing FRP springs to coil springs on production road cars.
Properties.
A notable advantage of the FRP transverse leaf springs—when supported with widely spaced, pivotable mounts—is the ability to supplement or replace the anti-roll bar. Typically springs that provide a sufficient ride rate need a supplemental spring (the anti-roll bar) to increase the suspension roll rate. The coupling of the two sides of the transverse leaf spring across the vehicle results in an anti-roll bar like behavior. Corvette engineers have cited this property as enabling the use of a lighter anti-roll bar, and even eliminating the rear anti-roll bar on some versions of the seventh generation Corvette.
When either wheel is deflected upward, the center span of the spring (the portion between the pivotable mounts) deflects downward. If both wheels deflect upward at the same time (for example, when hitting a bump in the road) the center section bends uniformly between the pivot mounts. In a roll, only one wheel is deflected upwards, which tends to form the center of the spring into an S-shaped curve. The result is that the wheel rate of one side of the suspension depends on the displacement of the other side. The extent to which the spring acts as an anti-roll bar depends on the distance between the pivot mounts and their rigidity.
A simplified flat, rectangular spring illustrates this principle. Deflecting the right side of the spring results in the left side rising. By comparison, a rigid central mount (2nd and 3rd generation Corvettes and other cars) shows no movement on one side when the other is deflected.
Applications.
A number of manufacturers have produced vehicles or concepts utilizing independent front or rear suspensions supported by transverse leaf springs that have an anti-roll effect.
Recent patents and related research.
Several automotive companies have filed patents for suspension designs using a transverse composite leaf-spring supported in a fashion similar to that of the Corvette.


Thar Engro Coal Power Project

The Engro Thar Coal Power Project (Thar-ll) is a coal-fired power plant developed as part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor by Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (a joint venture between the government of Sindh and Engro Corporation) and China Machinery Engineering Corporation in the Thar Block-II of the Thar Coalfield, Tharparkar District, Sindh, Pakistan 25 kilometers from the town of Islamkot near the village of Singharo-Bitra.
Background.
In May 2008, the Government of Sindh invited proposals for the development of Thar Coal reserves through a public-private partnership basis. The Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC) was formed as a joint venture between Government of Sindh (GoS) and Engro Corporation in October 2009 in order to develop of mining at Thar Coal Block II of the Thar coalfield. In May 2013, a power company in the name of Thar Power Company Ltd. (THARCO) was incorporated as a subsidiary of SECMC with the mandate to develop the first power project based on coal mined by SECMC. As per the JV agreement, Engro is responsible for Project Management and Financing, while GoS for Infrastructural Development and attaining requisite consents and approvals for the project.
Project details.
The first phase of the project will yield 660 megawatts of electricity, with subsequent phases eventually increasing power generation capacity. The consortium will also develop an adjoining open cast coal mine capable of producing up to 3.8 million tons of coal per year at depths of 135 meters as part of the first phase of the Thar-II Project. The first phase is expected to be completed by early 2019 at a cost of $1.95 billion, with the mine itself costing $789 million.
The initial phase will consist of two 330 MW plants which each will have a "Sub-Critical Circulating Fluidized Bed," boiler, steam turbine, and generator. Electricity generated from the project will be connected to the national electricity grid at Matiari, from where power can be directed to Karachi or towards northern Pakistan via the Matiari to Lahore and Matiari to Faisalabad 660 kilovolt transmission lines. In addition to power plant construction, the government of Sindh is currently widening and rehabilitating the road from Thatta to the Thar coalfield at a cost of $100 million.
The mine will then be expanded to yield 6.5 million tonnes per annum of coal to support two addition 330 MW power plant within one year of completion of the initial 660 MW project. While establishing the mine will cost $789 million, the cost required to increase mine capacity from 3.8 to 6.5 million tons per annum will cost an additional $124.7 million as the incremental cost of mining capacity expansion is low.
In Phase II, the mine will be expanded to yield 13.5 million tonnes of coal to support power plants to yield 2400 MW of electricity. In Phase III of the project, the mine will be expanded to yield 19.5 million tonnes of coal annually in order to support 3600 MW of power generation.
Tariff.
The National Electric Power Regulatory Authority of Pakistan has agreed to a tariff of 8.5015 cents/unit for the first 330 MW of electricity, 8.3341 cents/unit for the next 660 MW of electricity, and 7.9889 cents/unit for the next 1,099 MW of electricity. The tariff rates are valid for 30 years, and is based on a debt equity ratio of 75:25.
Local effects of the project.
The villages of Senhri dars, Seengaro, Bitara, Aban Jo Tar and Thareo Halepoto will require relocation in order to develop the project, at a cost of $62 million. Developers of the project also have pledged to re-fill coal pits once coal reserves are exhausted, and have also pledged to "plant hundreds of thousands of indigenous trees to maintain the natural ecosystem of the desert." Developers of the project also predict that 3,000 unskilled workers will be required for construction, and have stated that all these workers would be recruited from the local Thar population, and an additional 1,400 semi-skilled workers.


Raymond Saunders (clockmaker)

Raymond Saunders is a Canadian clockmaker who has designed and built more than 150 customized clocks that mainly serve as tourist-attracting public artworks. In 1977 he was commissioned to build a steam clock for the Gastown district of Vancouver, Canada. The Gastown clock may be the first steam clock ever built, although there is evidence that 19th century British engineer John Inshaw made a steam clock after which was named a Birmingham pub. Saunders has since built six different public steam clocks for clients such as the city of Otaru, Japan, and the Indiana State Museum. He has also built a clock for Vancouver's York House School's 78th birthday in 2010.


Arliss Watford

Arliss A. Watford (1924–1998) was an American woodcarver from Ahoskie in Hertford County, North Carolina. He specialized in the carving of humanoid figures, such as angels and local fixtures in his community, including his family and friends. In 1998, Watford was awarded the North Carolina Folk Heritage Award, one of seven recipients in that year.
Personal life.
Watford was born in the town of Ahoskie in 1924, and remained in the area of Hertford County most of his life, with his shop located just six miles from his birthplace. He grew up with fourteen siblings, and first began to experiment with woodcarving as a child throughout the 1920s. He only began to profit off his works, however, when he opened his shop in the early 1980s. Prior to his professional woodcarving career, Watford worked in a variety of industries, including bricklaying, carpentry, shipyard work, farming, factory work, as well as a stint in the military.
Arliss was married to Louise Simmons Watford. Their children were Arliss Jr., Almarie, Shirley, Reginald, Michael, Velma, and Gregory. Today, many of his family, including his grandchildren, live in the area of Hertford County. Watford died in 1998.
Works.
Most of Watford's early works, created during his childhood, came about as a result of his family's poverty; instead of buying toys and other items that he wanted, Watford was instead encouraged to make his own. He later carved smaller pieces in his adulthood, as he worked in various industries. Watford began honing his specific style of woodcarving after opening his shop. Using primarily red cedar and cypress, he carved a number of works, including human and animal figures, totem poles, and religious scenes.
Themes of African American life in eastern North Carolina are found in much of Watford's work. Many of his carvings feature African American laborers, sharecroppers, and families, specifically mothers. Other works of his reflect his faith and other personal aspects of his childhood and community; a number of these works were given to friends and family in the Ahoskie community following their creation.


Spatial acceleration

In physics the study of rigid body motion provides for several ways of defining the acceleration state of a rigid body. The classical definition of acceleration entails following a single particle/point along the rigid body and observing its changes of velocity. In this article the notion of spatial acceleration is explored, which entails looking at a fixed (unmoving) point in space and observing the changes of velocity of whatever particle/point happens to coincide with the observation point. This is similar to the acceleration definition fluid dynamics where typically one can measure velocity and/or accelerations on a fixed locate inside a testing apparatus.
Definition.
Consider a moving rigid body and the velocity of a particle/point "P" along the body being a function of the position and velocity of a center particle/point "C" and the angular velocity formula_1.
The linear velocity vector formula_2 at "P" is expressed in terms of the velocity vector formula_3 at "C" as:
formula_4
where formula_1 is the angular velocity vector.
The material acceleration at "P" is:
<math>\vec a_P = \frac. Page 41 (link: Google Books ) defines spatial accelerations for use in rigid body mechanics.


Hakimi Lebovic stop

Hakimi Lebovic is a surface light rail transit (LRT) stop under construction on Line 5 Eglinton, a new line that is part of the Toronto subway system. It will be located in the Golden Mile neighbourhood at the intersection of Eglinton Avenue and Lebovic and Hakimi Avenues. It is one of three stops on the line which do not connect to any buses, and is scheduled to open in 2022.
The stop is located in the middle of Eglinton Avenue East at its intersection with Lebovic and Hakimi Avenues. The stop has side platforms on the far side of the signalized intersection in either direction. This staggered configuration means the westbound platform is located west of the intersection, and the eastbound platform is situated east of the intersection. Between this stop and the Pharmacy stop to the west, there are two separate crossovers, one facing point and the other trailing point.
During the planning stages for Line 5 Eglinton, the stop was given the working name "Lebovic" after Lebovic Avenue, a street running south from Eglinton Avenue. However, on November 23, 2015, the TTC Board requested that Metrolinx change the name of the stop to "Hakimi", after the street running north from the same intersection. The TTC and local politicians felt that "Hakimi" was the better choice as that street leads to the prominent locations of Centennial College and Ashtonbee Reservoir Park. This led to much debate as there were still vocal supporters of the original Lebovic name. On January 15, 2016, as a compromise, the Metrolinx board of directors decided to make "Hakimi Lebovic" the name of the stop.


C. F. Theodore Steinway

Christian Friedrich Theodor Steinweg, anglicized name C.F. Theodore Steinway (November 6, 1825, in Seesen – March 26, 1889, in Brunswick), was a piano maker. He was the eldest son of the famous piano maker and piano company founder, Henry E. Steinway.
Life.
He was 25 years old in 1850 when his parents, brothers and sisters emigrated to New York City. The piano factory in Seesen, near the Harz mountains, which his father, Henry E. Steinway, had founded in 1835, was transferred into his name. Soon afterwards he moved the factory to Wolfenbüttel. In 1858 the piano maker Friedrich Grotrian, a man with some capital and with experience of piano manufacturing in Saint Petersburg, became a partner in the business. Production was moved to the neighbouring city of Brunswick.
C.F. Theodor Steinweg held many patents for innovations in piano manufacturing, and exchanges of ideas with his family in America led to several more innovations. In 1865 he sold his share of the Brunswick business to Wilhelm Grotrian and the company was renamed as Grotrian-Steinweg, Helfferich, Schulz, formerly Theodor Steinweg. After his brothers Henry Steinway, Jr. and Charles G. Steinway died in 1865, C.F. Theodor Steinweg followed his family to New York, where he called himself "Theodore Steinway". In 1880 he returned to Brunswick to live out his last years, and in his will he bequeathed his collection of musical instruments to Brunswick's city museum.
Like Wilhelm Raabe, Ludwig Hänselmann, Konrad Koch, among others, C.F. Theodor Steinweg was a member of "Die ehrlichen Kleiderseller zu Braunschweig", also known as "Kleiderseller", (in English: Honorable Clothiers' Company of Brunswick), a society to share social, hospitable and musical interests in Brunswick.
Influence on Steinway & Sons.
In 1866, C.F. Theodore Steinway began a cooperative venture with the Mangeot brothers in Nancy, France, who for several years in the late 1860s imported harps and soundboards from Steinway & Sons in New York City, which they installed in their own piano cabinets and sold under the brand name "Mangeot-Steinway", mostly in France and England. This collaboration is not documented in the Steinway archives.
Upon the death of their father, Henry E. Steinway, in 1871, C.F. Theodore Steinway and his younger brother William Steinway took over the management of Steinway & Sons. After the Steinway pianos had won gold medals at the world expositions in London, Paris (1867), and Philadelphia (1876), C.F. Theodore Steinway and William Steinway began planning a European factory, in order to save costs in customs and transportation expenses as well as to maintain connections with the highly sophisticated German piano-making industry. For shipping convenience, they decided upon a location in the major port city of Hamburg in Germany, where they opened a new Steinway & Sons factory in 1880. The Hamburg plant was a separate business unit solely owned by C.F. Theodore Steinway and William Steinway, apart from the other partners of the New York-based Steinway & Sons company.
C.F. Theodore Steinway followed the wish of his father, that he would support the family's business after the two younger brothers had died. He was chief technician of Steinway & Sons until his death and was CEO of the company from 1865 until 1889, but he never liked living in the United States, preferring to live in Germany. In 1880, he returned to Germany, first to start the new Hamburg plant, then to live again in Brunswick. As the eldest son, C.F. Theodore Steinway often gave peremptory advice to his much younger brother William Steinway, addressing him in letters and telegrams as "Young man, do this, leave that..."
Influence on piano development.
C.F. Theodore Steinway was one of the most innovative inventors and patent holders in the history of the piano: more than 45 patents originate from his development work. The most important development is considered to be the single key mechanism fitted to the newly invented tubular frame built with tubes of brass which contain wooden sticks inside to allow accuracy and a simple screwing, patent gained 1871 for Steinway. Since the Vienna mechanism disappeared at the beginning of the 20th century, all grand pianos have been built using the single key principle, mainly developed by C.F. Theodore Steinway and his younger brothers. With this system it is possible to replace the hammer and also the wippen of a single defective key without either disturbing the neighbouring keys or disassembling any non-defective elements. Also the reinstallation of the elements is supported with high accuracy on the one hand and on the other a quite simple adjustment to perfect working conditions. The precise bearing of the hammer and the whippen on specially profiled brass tubes is still today one of the core elements of Steinway's grand piano mechanism and has not been modified since 1871: a new hammer fits on a tubular fixture of 1871, and vice versa. Theodore's key innovation was the use of a stiff metal fixture with wooden sticks inserted. These permit the continuation of the old and trusted use of wood screws – but provide much higher precision and stability.
The next most important innovation was C.F. Theodore Steinway's rim bending block patent of 1880, which is still used in every grand piano all over the world: long thin strips of sawn wood are glued together and clamped on a wing-shaped fixture with screwed pressing bars. The previous method of casemaking for grands was much more expensive and time-consuming: it demanded the fitting together of wooden corner pieces and in particular the right-hand wall bent by steam into an S curve. The steam bending process required very experienced workers, and a high proportion of the bent pieces had to be rejected. So C.F. Theodore Steinway's invention, which glued together thin saw-cut sheets was very economical: it permitted more cases to be made in a shorter time, with less loss of wood which had already been expensively dried over a period of years.
C.F. Theodore Steinway was the European correspondent in the frequent exchange of letters, and later telegrams, between the Steinway brothers on either side of the Atlantic. This exchange of ideas for better, cheaper and more reliable piano manufacturing led to the final phase of the development of the piano between 1860 and 1885 and a large number of US patents. With the letters and sketches from C.F. Theodore Steinway in Germany, the younger brothers often applied to the US patent office and obtained protection for these ideas. Several further patents, which are not directly connected with C.F. Theodore Steinway's name, nevertheless originate from his work and ideas.


Loyang MRT station

Loyang MRT station is a future underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Cross Island line (CRL) located in Pasir Ris, Singapore. It will be located underneath Loyang Avenue, at the junction with Loyang Lane.
The station is in the vicinity of Loyang Industrial Estate, Loyang Valley Condominium, and Loyang Bus Depot.
History.
On 25 January 2019, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) announced that Aviation Park station would be part of the proposed Cross Island line (CRL). The station will be constructed as part of Phase 1, consisting of 12 stations between Aviation Park and Bright Hill, and is expected to be completed in 2030.

On 8 March 2021, Contract CR105 for the design and construction of bored tunnels between the Aviation Park and Loyang stations was awarded to Taisei Corporation - China State Construction Engineering Corporation Limited Singapore Branch Joint Venture at a sum of S$356 million (US$ million). Construction works for the tunnel is expected to start in the second quarter of 2021 and is targeted to be completed by 2030 when CRL1 commences passenger service. For the first time, the LTA will use a large-diameter tunnel boring machine to construct a single tunnel with two tracks in it.
Initially expected to open in 2029, the restrictions on the construction due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to delays in the CRL line completion, and the date was pushed to 2030.


Elmer E. Kirkpatrick

Colonel Elmer Ellsworth Kirkpatrick, Jr., was a United States Army Quartermaster Corps and Army Corps of Engineers officer who worked on the Alaska Highway, the Canol project, and the Manhattan Project during World War II.
A 1929 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, Kirkpatrick was involved in numerous construction projects in the United States and Panama. He went to Washington, D.C., in October 1940 to work in the office of the Quartermaster General, where he worked to prepare the necessary accommodation and training facilities for the vast army that would be created to fight World War II. After duty in Alaska, he joined the Manhattan Project, and was responsible for the development of the base facilities used for the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
After the war he was chief of staff of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, and the head of the Construction Division of the Far East Command in Japan.
Early life.
Elmer Ellsworth Kirkpatrick, Jr., was born in Yukon, Oklahoma, on 17 August 1905, the second of four sons of Elmer Ellsworth Kirkpatrick, Sr., a dentist, and his wife Helene Claudia née Spencer. Kirkpatrick and his brothers had a younger sister, Mary Elizabeth.
Kirkpatrick was educated at McKinley Elementary and Central High School in Oklahoma City. He joined the Reserve Officer Training Corps in his freshman year, and rose to the rank of corporal in the 189th Field Artillery Battery of the Oklahoma National Guard. After graduation he spent a year at the Marion Military Institute.
Early career.
On 1 July 1925, Kirkpatrick entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, following in the footsteps of his older brother Lewis Spencer Kirkpatrick, who had graduated with the class of 1924. Lewis later died as a prisoner of the Japanese on 27 April 1943. He graduated 169th in his class of 299 on 13 June 1929, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Quartermaster Corps.
Two days later he married Edith Luise Koelsch. His first posting was to Fort Sam Houston, Texas, as an assistant to the Constructing Quartermaster, where his first child, a daughter called Patricia, was born in 1930. On 9 June 1931, he entered Carnegie Institute of Technology, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering the following year.
Kirkpatrick was posted to Hot Springs, Arkansas, in July 1932 as assistant to the Constructing Quartermaster building the Army and Navy Hospital there. He was then sent to Harrodsburg, Kentucky, as assistant to the Constructing Quartermaster in June 1933, where he was engaged in building the Pioneer Memorial Monument there. In November 1933 he returned to West Point as assistant to the Constructing Quartermaster. After five years as a second lieutenant, he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 November 1934.
After attending the Quartermaster School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from September 1936 to June 1937, Kirkpatrick was assigned to Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, as post quartermaster, and then to Fort DuPont, Delaware, as constructing quartermaster in June 1938. His son William Terry was born in Washington, D.C., later that year. He was promoted to captain on 13 June 1939.
Kirkpatrick 's first overseas posting came in August 1939, when he was sent to the Panama Canal Department as assistant constructing quartermaster. There, he supervised works at Fort Davis, Fort Randolph, France Field, and the new anti-aircraft artillery positions on Gatun Lake.
World War II.
Kirkpatrick went to Washington, D.C., in October 1940 to work in the office of the Quartermaster General. At this point, the US Army was about to embark on a national mobilization, and it was the task of the Construction Division of the Quartermaster Corps to prepare the necessary accommodation and training facilities for the vast army that would be created to fight World War II, which was already raging in Europe.
The enormous construction program had been dogged by bottlenecks, shortages, delays, spiralling costs, and poor living conditions at the construction sites. Newspapers began publishing accounts charging the Construction Division with incompetence, ineptitude, and inefficiency. Between 1 July 1940 and 10 December 1941, the Construction Division let contracts worth $1,676,293,000. He was promoted to major on 10 October 1942 and lieutenant colonel on 1 February 1942. On 19 February, he was transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers.
In October 1942, Kirkpatrick became district engineer of the Milwaukee District. As such he was responsible for the management of $150 million of construction of airfields, cantonments, and other facilities in Michigan, including a new Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company factory. In March 1943 he became chief of staff of the Northwest Service Command, with its headquarters at Whitehorse, Yukon. This was responsible for the maintenance of the Alaska Highway, and for the Canol project. He was promoted to the rank of colonel on 21 April 1943. For his service, he was awarded the Legion of Merit.
Kirkpatrick returned to Washington, D.C., in September 1944, where he became a special assistant to the director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. He was sent to the Pacific island of Tinian as liaison to the Twentieth Air Force. On Tinian he was responsible for base development in support of Project Alberta and the 509th Composite Group, and was alternate to Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell, Groves's deputy for operations. The facilities would be used for operations including the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. For his services to the Manhattan Project he was awarded a second Legion of Merit, and the Commendation Ribbon.
Later life.
After the war, Kirkpatrick was posted to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, as deputy district engineer of the Manhattan District. He was reduced to his permanent rank of major on 13 June 1946. After the Manhattan District was dissolved he was posted back to West Point in March 1947 as assistant chief of staff, Logistics (G-4). There he was promoted to lieutenant colonel again on 1 July 1948. He returned to Washington, D.C., in July 1949 as chief of staff of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project.
Kirkpatrick subsequently served in Japan as head of the Construction Division of the Far East Command and United States Army Forces in the Far East, and as Chief of the Japan Construction Agency. He then became district engineer in Jacksonville, Florida, where he was responsible for the construction of the initial facilities at Cape Canaveral for the space program. This was followed by duty as district engineer of the Southern District of the Mediterranean Division, with its headquarters in Livorno, Italy. He retired from the Army on 1 November 1958 with the rank of colonel. He was awarded a third Legion of Merit.
Kirkpatrick moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where he became an assistant professor in the College of Architecture and the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida. He retired from this in 1965. His son Terry graduated from West Point with the class of 1961 and served with the engineers in the Vietnam War. His wife died in 1982 and he married Virginia Wright in 1986. After he died in Jacksonville on 26 March 1990, he was cremated and half of his ashes were scattered into the waters of Melrose Bay, Florida, while the other half were interred with his first wife's in West Point Cemetery.


Alexander Kennedy

Sir Alexander Blackie William Kennedy FRS, FRGS (17 March 1847 – 1 November 1928), better known simply as Alexander Kennedy, was a leading British civil and electrical engineer and academic. A member of many institutions and the recipient of three honorary doctorates, Kennedy was also an avid mountaineer and a keen amateur photographer being one of the first to document the archaeological site of Petra in Jordan following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Early life and works.
Kennedy was born in Stepney, London to Rev. John Kennedy, MA, and Helen Stodart Blackie, both from Aberdeen. His maternal uncle was John Stuart Blackie, a Scottish scholar. He received his early education at the City of London School, before taking a short course at the Royal School of Mines, Jermyn Street to give him a basic grounding in engineering. In 1864, he was apprenticed into the shipbuilding firm of J & W Dudgeon of Cubitt Town. He spent the next four years there working as a draughtsman and had a hand in the construction of the first ships with compound engines and twin screws. By the time he left in 1868 he was one of a few draughtsmen in the country with a thorough understanding of the workings of both systems. He put this understanding to good use when he joined Palmers' Engine Works of Jarrow on Tyne upon completion of his apprenticeship, he became the leading draughtsman and designed the first compound engine to be built in the north. Having spent three years with Palmers he worked for a short time for T.M. Tennant and Company of Leith as their chief draughtsman.
Partnership.
In 1871 at the young age of 24 he was invited to become a partner of H.O. Bennett in Edinburgh. Over the next three years Kennedy was heavily involved with boiler design, building and testing. In 1873 he visited the Vienna Exhibition to study the boiler and engine designs exhibited there. He wrote a series of articles on several designs for the journal "Engineering" which were later reprinted in the official report on the exhibition made by the British Royal Commission.
Academic works.
In 1874, aged only 27, he was appointed to the chair of Engineering at University College, London, a post he would hold for the next 15 years (succeeded by Thomas Hudson Beare). He set about a series of changes that were to reform the way engineering was taught worldwide. He insisted that all of his students received not only lectures in engineering principles but also a firm grounding in mathematics, physics, chemistry, geology and the other sciences upon which engineering is based. He also asked that an engineering laboratory be built so that the students could have first hand experience of the applications of their theoretical studies. This proposal met widespread support from the engineering profession and the presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers were among the leading figures who supported it. In 1878 the laboratory was built and put to use, it was the first of its kind in the world and proved so useful that over the next nine years ten other educational institutions followed Professor Kennedy's example and built their own.
Whilst working at the UCL he translated Franz Reuleaux's "Kinematics of Machinery" into English for the first time in 1876. In 1886, he published "Mechanics of Machinery", the first time that a book based on Reuleaux's kinematic analysis had been published in English. He also used the laboratory to carry out experiments to determine the strength and elasticity of various materials and was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society for this work in 1887. There followed a series of other experiments in which he investigated the strength of riveted joints and the possibility of developing new electric turbines.
Consultancy.
Kennedy found time outside of his academic works to establish an extensive consultancy business. His designs include the steel arched pier at Trouville-sur-Mer, the concrete structure and steelwork of the rebuilt Alhambra Theatre and the steelwork of the first Hotel Cecil. He made great use of his laboratory to test his materials and his designs were always valued for the hours of research he had invested in them.
During this period he was asked to investigate a remote oil concession in California which lay several days horse riding from the nearest road or railway. Kennedy had no riding experience and knew little about horses, however he immediately accepted the job and set about arranging riding classes in the mornings before he started lecturing. He soon became a very proficient rider and the trip to California proved a great success for Kennedy and the concession owners.
Electrical engineer.
In 1889, Kennedy resigned his professorship and left the University turning to electrical engineering, which he had researched during his academic career. That year he established a very thriving private practise as a consulting engineer at Westminster in partnership with Bernard Maxwell Jenkin, (son of Fleeming Jenkin) with the firm adopting the name of Kennedy & Jenkin. His consultancy soon became famous for its works in this field. His first major contract was to design the supply system for the Westminster Electric Supply Corporation and he was retained by that corporation as their consultant engineer for the rest of his life. He also worked for the Central Electric Company and the St James and Pall Mall Electric Light Company. Many towns first electric generating stations were built to his designs including those of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Manchester, Belfast, Croydon, Carlisle, Kirkcaldy, Weymouth, Hartlepool, York and Rotherham. Kennedy was contracted to build two hydroelectric stations for the British Aluminium Company, their first at the Falls of Foyers in 1896 and a second at Kinlochleven in 1909.
Kennedy also acted as a consultant to several railway companies in the London area, particularly in regard to electrification and tram systems. He advised the London County Council with regard to their tram network and instigated their use of unusual underground conduits for their electricity supply. In 1896 he was appointed engineer to the Waterloo and City Railway and the electrical systems were designed to his specifications. He held consultancy contracts with the London and Home Counties Electricity Authority, London Power Company, Edinburgh Corporation and the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation. Kennedy hired as his Assistant Engineer at the firm another climber, Sydney Donkin, who was made a partner in the business in 1908 and became senior partner in 1934 upon the retirement of the son of the founder.
In 1932 the London Power Company commemorated Kennedy by naming a new 1,315 GRT coastal collier "SS Alexander Kennedy".
Admiralty work.
In 1900 Kennedy was asked by The Admiralty to serve as a member of the Belleville Boiler Committee to investigate the installation of French designed Belleville boilers on Diadem class cruisers. This was the first in a long line of Admiralty commissions that he undertook which included work behind the front lines in France during the First World War. There followed several more admiralty appointments, serving on the Machine Design Committee from 1900 to 1906, the Ordnance Board in 1909 and on the government committee for wireless telegraphy in 1913. During the First World War his skills were in great demand and he served on many committees including the Panel of the Munitions Inventions Department; as chairman of the Committee on Gunsights and Rangefinders; Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Ordnance and Ammunition and as Vice-Chairman of the Anti-Aircraft Sub-Committee. After the war he was employed by the Ministry of Transport as chairman of the Electric Railway Advisory Committee.
Photography, the Alps & Petra.
Kennedy was a member of The Camera Club and served as their president in 1890. As part of his duties on the Committee on Ordnance and Ammunition and the Anti-Aircraft Sub-Committee during World War I he was required to visit the Western Front where he took many photographs of the effects of the war and later published these in his account of the war, "Ypres to Verdun", in 1921. He maintained a keen interest in mountaineering, in particular the Alps mountain range, and was a member of the Alpine Club. He used his inaugural presidential address to the Institution of Civil Engineers to highlight the impact the profession had upon the environment. Kennedy edited a revised edition of A.W. Moore's "Alps in 1864: A Private Journal" in 1902, illustrated with photographs he had taken of the area.
In 1922, aged 75, he visited the ruins of Petra in Jordan, then under British mandate, which had become much safer to visit after the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following the First World War. The ruins fascinated him as an engineer and he returned the next year as the guest of Emir Abdullah. He returned for a third and final time in 1924 and was made a Pasha by the Emir. These excursions did, however, take their toll on his physical and mental health and Kennedy resigned himself to not to visit again. He published an account of the history of the area in his book "Petra: its history and monuments" published in 1925.
Personal life.
Kennedy married Elizabeth Verralls Smith on 8 September 1874, in Cromdale, Inverallan and Advie, Inverness, Scotland. Together they had one daughter (Elizabeth Helen) and two sons (William Smith and Sir John MacFarlane). The younger son, John MacFarlane became a full partner of his father's firm, Kennedy & Jenkin, in 1908. He was widowed in 1911 and died at his home at 7a The Albany in London, on 1 November 1928.
His great-grand daughter is Tessa Kennedy, mother of film producer Cassian Elwes, artist Damian Elwes , actor Cary Elwes, writer Dillon Kastner and film producer Milica Kastner.
His great-grand-son is Christopher Kennedy, British photographer and sculptor, creator of the Photo Luminism photographic technique.
UCL Kennedy Chair in Mechanical Engineering.
University College London named a Professorial Chair in Kennedy's honour. The Kennedy Chair was previously held by the university's Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering but is now the title of UCL's Professor of Mechanical Engineering.
Kennedy Professors have included:
The Kennedy Chair of Mechanical Engineering is currently held by Professor Yiannis Ventikos, who also serves as UCL Mechanical Engineering's Head of Department.
Societies and institutions.
1878 – Member of Council of the Physical Society of London

1879 – Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

1887 – Fellow of the Royal Society

1890 – President of The Camera Club

1890 – Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers

1891 – Honorary Member of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland

1894 – President of the engineering section of the British Association

1894 – President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

1907 – President of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Honorary awards.
Doctor of Laws, Glasgow University

Doctor of Laws, Birmingham University

Doctor of Engineering, Liverpool University

Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales
Bibliography.
"The Mechanics of Machinery" MacMillan and Co., London (1886)
"The Kinematics of Machinery: Two Lectures Relating to Reuleaux Methods" Delivered at the South Kensington Museum with an Introduction by Professor R.H. Thurston, A.M., C.E. Reprinted from Van Nostrand's Magazine. D. Van Nostrand, publisher, New York (1881)
"The Kinematics of Machinery; Outlines of a Theory of Machines" by Franz Reuleaux, translated by Kennedy, Engineering, Vol. 22, p. 197, London (1876)
"The Berlin Kinematic Models" Engineering, Vol. 22, pp. 239–240, London (1876)
"Alps in 1864: A Private Journal" by A.W. Moore; edited and illustrated by Kennedy, Edinburgh (1902)
 "Ypres to Verdun; A Collection of Photographs of the War Areas in France & Flanders" Country Life, London (1921)
"Petra: its History and Monuments" Country Life, London (1925)


Stephen Jones (milliner)

Stephen Jones OBE (born 1957) is a leading British milliner based in London, who is considered one of the world's most radical and important milliners of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. He is also one of the most prolific, having created hats for the catwalk shows of many leading couturiers and fashion designers, such as John Galliano at Dior and Vivienne Westwood. His work is known for its inventiveness and high level of technical expertise. Jones co-curated the 2009 exhibition "Hats: An Anthology" for the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Early life.
Stephen Jones was born on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire and educated at Liverpool College. From an early age, his mother instilled in him an appreciation of art by taking him around the Walker Art Gallery, Speke Hall, and to National Trust properties around the North West.
He studied art at foundation level at the High Wycombe College of Art. In 1975 he travelled to London to see the exhibition "Fashion from 1900-1939" at the V&A, which inspired him to pursue a career in the fashion industry. This led him to apply to study fashion design under Bobby Hillson, at the Saint Martin's School of Art, London, where he was the sole male student in his year. Although he enjoyed being taught by Peter Lewis Crown, the designer-owner of the London couture house Lachasse, he had little prior sewing experience, and so in order to develop his skills Crown secured Jones a summer placement in Lachasse's tailoring workroom. Jones soon requested a transfer to the next-door millinery department presided over by Shirley Hex, but was told he had to make a hat from scratch first. The hat he eventually submitted, his first original millinery creation, was a cardboard pillbox covered in blue crêpe de Chine and trimmed with a plastic iris, sprayed silver that his mother had received as a free gift from a petrol station in the 1960s. In his innocence, Jones had not realised that millinery flowers were traditionally made of silk, but Hex approved the hat, commenting on the flower's modernity. Between 1976 and 1979 Jones spent his summer breaks working for Hex and learning about millinery methods and techniques. Through hats he developed a keen interest in fashion history, particularly the drama and exaggerated glamour of the 1950s.
Jones left Saint Martin's in 1979, the same year that he became a regular attendee of London's "Blitz" nightclub in Covent Garden for New Romantics and fans of new wave music. Jones had been a Punk while at St Martins, but keenly embraced the New Romantic movement as its drawing of inspiration from historical dress resonated with his thinking. As one of the "Blitz Kids", he hung out with the likes of Spandau Ballet, Duran Duran, Isabella Blow, and Jean Paul Gaultier; and shared a house with Boy George and Grayson Perry, competing with them to wear the most outrageous outfits to Blitz, including a pinstripe suit with stiletto heels. Many of the Blitz Kids became his first clients, with Jones creating outlandish hats for them to wear to the club.
Millinery career.
Jones designed a line of hats for Fiorucci in 1979. In 1980, Blitz's owner Steve Strange provided financial backing for Jones' first millinery salon, which opened nearby in the basement of the trendy store PX, Endell Street, Covent Garden on 1 October. It was an instant success, with Jones commenting in 2008: "Overnight, I had a business". On New Year's Eve 1980, Jones had his head shaved by drunk friends, leading him to discover that without hair, his head was a perfect woman's stock size, and that he could become his own fit model, developing all his ideas and designs upon himself.
1982 saw Jones' first Paris fashion show and his first televised show (for the BBC's "Riverside") By this point, he was able to count Diana, Princess of Wales as a regular customer, in addition to his clients from "Blitz", and had a hat commissioned by the Victoria & Albert Museum for their newly refurbished Costume Court. This was the beginning of Jones' long and fruitful relationship with the V&A, culminating in the "Hats: An Anthology" exhibition of 2009 that he co-curated with Oriole Cullen. One of his hats appeared on the December 1982 cover of "Tatler", the first time his work had featured on a magazine cover; the hat is now in the V&A.
Jones relocated his studio to Lexington Street in 1984. That year, Jean Paul Gaultier invited him to Paris to make hats for his show, his first designs for a Paris couturier, and he also made hats for Thierry Mugler. After their second show together, Gaultier ensured that Jones received full credit for his hats, therefore ensuring that the Paris fashion world was made aware of his work. In 1984 he also sold his first designs to a department store, Bloomingdale's in New York.
Jones was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours.
Collections.
This is a list of Stephen Jones' bi-annual hat collections since 1980. The collections from Fall 1981 to Fall 1984 were unnamed.
In 1988 Jones moved again, to Heddon Street. His salon and workshop are based on Great Queen Street, Covent Garden, London as of 2013.
Diffusion lines and non-millinery designs.
In 1990, Jones launched a Miss Jones diffusion line for hats, and in 1993, this was followed by Jonesgirl which is exclusive to Japan. The Stephen Jones brand has had a strong presence in Japan since 1990, when Jones struck a licensing deal for T-shirts, cosmetic bags, and handkerchiefs to be manufactured there under his name; this was followed by "Stephen Jones Kimonos" in 1991, gloves in 1993, sunglasses in 1992, and handbags in 2002.
Jones has occasionally designed garments and accessories other than hats. In 1983 he designed dresses for Susanne Bartsch's shop in SoHo, New York and furs for Sol Feldman Furs, New York, and created his first shoe line for Sergio Rossi in 1987. He has had a lasting success with his scarf range, which was launched in 1988, and continues being sold through his millinery salon as of 2009. He has also experimented with non-fashion mediums, including ceramics in 1985 and interior design in 1991.
Jones designed two mannequins for display at the Simone Handbag Museum in Seoul, South Korea.
Design partnerships.
In November 1996, Stephen Jones was the only British milliner to have control of a Paris haute couture millinery studio, or "atelier de la modiste", making hats for Galliano's high-profile couture shows at Dior. He has worked with Galliano since 1993. Jones also created Vivienne Westwood's iconic Harris Tweed Crown of 1987. Since the 1980s his hats have been in great demand for multiple shows per season. For the Paris collections in early 1995 alone, he was creating human-hair hats for Nicolas Ghesquière's first collection at Balenciaga and designs for Peter O'Brien at Marcel Rochas and Claude Montana as well as Galliano. In 2008, he made hats for Marc Jacobs, L'Wren Scott, Basso & Brooke, Comme des Garçons, Giles Deacon, Loewe, Pollini and Walter van Beirendonck, in addition to multiple Galliano collections, four per season for Dior and two under Galliano's own label. Throughout his career he has designed hats for the shows of many other designers and couturiers.
Stephen Jones and popular culture.
In addition to his hat collections for designers, Jones has undertaken numerous individual high-profile commissions for pop groups, musicians, actors, and other celebrities. He has also been commissioned by a number of companies to create designs for advertisements and promotions.
Music.
Grace Jones, Diana Ross, George Michael, Spandau Ballet and Culture Club were among Jones's first high-profile celebrity clients in the 1980s. Jones made a personal appearance in the Culture Club video "Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?" and went on to create headgear for Wham!, Wet Wet Wet, Madonna, Erasure, Bryan Ferry and Barbra Streisand.
In the 1990s, his client list expanded to include Monie Love, Paula Abdul, U2, the Rolling Stones, Cappella, New Order, Marc Almond, Billy Ray Martin, Take That, Belinda Carlisle, Mike + The Mechanics, Skunk Anansie, Eternal, B*Witched, All Saints, Celine Dion, and Kylie Minogue.
Jones's client list expanded through the first decade of the 21st century to include the Spice Girls, Robbie Williams, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Hear'Say, Macy Gray, Björk, Steve Strange, Paul Simonon, Will Young, Pink, Tori Amos, Alison Goldfrapp, Christina Aguilera, Rihanna and Usher.
He created the hats for three major tours starting in 2005: Kylie Minogue's "", Mick Jagger's "A Bigger Bang" and Marilyn Manson's "Against All Gods".
Films.
Jones made the hats for Faye Dunaway in "Supergirl", and also provided hats to "Beverly Hills Cop II" and "Entrapment". From the 1990s onwards his film commissions became more frequent, including designs for Glenn Close as Cruella de Vil in "101 Dalmatians", the "Spice World" film, "Jurassic Park", "Lost In Space", and the hats for Lady Penelope (Sophia Myles) and Parker in "Thunderbirds". He created the hats for leading ladies such as Cate Blanchett in "", Keira Knightley in "Atonement", Dita Von Teese in "The Death of Salvador Dali", and Audrey Tautou in "Coco avant Chanel". Tautou reportedly commented during her fitting that Jones's hats made her feel like Coco Chanel, the character she was playing.
Promotions.
Jones' first commercial commission was for Liquifruita cough mixture in 1982, followed by the Brazilian Fruit Board in 1983. In 1985, his hats were commissioned for use in campaigns for Batiste and Schwarzkopf hair products, and Jones has since then provided hats for many leading brands in the beauty industry, such as Revlon Boots, Garnier (for Ambre Solaire sun lotion), Yardley of London, Lancôme, MAC Cosmetics, and the 2004 L'Oréal campaign featuring Beyoncé. His work also features in perfume advertisements such as those for Nina Ricci's "L'Air Du Temps" and Parfums Christian Dior.
Jones hats have been used to promote food and soft drinks, including Chiquita, Twix, St Ivel, Quaker Oats, Ryvita, Golden Wonder, Walker's Sensations, Tango, and Robinson's orange squash. Alcoholic beverages have also been advertised using his hats, beginning with Tennents lager in 1987 and including Tia Maria, Cinzano, Perrier, Boddingtons, and Martini & Rossi.
A number of car companies, such as Peugeot, Ford Motor Company, Nissan Motors, Fiat, and Renault have used his hats in their ad campaigns, as have the Esso fuel company and the Pirelli tires company. Jones has also provided hats for use in financial sector promotional material, including MasterCard, Barclays, and Legal & General; and for miscellaneous other companies including Cellnet, National Panasonic, and Ariston.
"Hats: An Anthology".
The 2009 exhibition, "Hats: An Anthology", held at the V&A from 24 February 2009, was inspired by Cecil Beaton's landmark exhibition, "Fashion: An Anthology", held at the V&A in 1971. Beaton's exhibition showcased 1900-1971 garments donated by leading fashion designers of the 20th century and their clients, many of which entered the Museum collection afterwards, and firmly placed fashion within the Museum's remit. Along with Oriole Cullen, V&A Curator of Modern Fashion and Textiles, Jones explored the collections of the V&A and other international collections such as those at the Fashion Museum, Bath and the Hollywood archives of Warner Bros..
The exhibition was based predominantly upon hats from the V&A's collections and Stephen Jones's own archive, but also included loans from museums and collections around the world. The work of up-and-coming milliners such as Noel Stewart and Nasir Mazhar was featured alongside hats by Philip Treacy, Mitza Bricard for Dior, Claude Saint-Cyr for Norman Hartnell and Vladzio d'Attainville for Cristóbal Balenciaga. The exhibition also included hats worn by famous hat-wearers such as Gloria Guinness, Isabella Blow, Anna Piaggi, and Gertrude Shilling, as well as the hats of celebrities including Dita Von Teese, Madonna, and Boy George. Film millinery was also featured, such as Beaton's own designs for the stage and screen versions of "My Fair Lady" and hats worn by Ava Gardner and Marlene Dietrich. The exhibition launched during London Fashion Week with a lavish party attended by famous clients and admirers of Jones, including Piaggi, Daphne Guinness, Peter Blake, Erin O'Connor and Daisy Lowe.
The exhibition and its accompanying book (also called "Hats: An Anthology") were generally well received. A month after opening, record-breaking visitor attendance figures were reported. The "Evening Standard" gave the exhibition four stars out of five. In the "Toronto Star", the exhibition and book were described as a celebration and a delight.
The exhibition subsequently moved to New York City to be shown at the Bard Graduate Center of Decorative Arts, Design History and Material Culture, Bard College, until Spring 2012. For this exhibition, work by New York-based milliners such as Rod Keenan, Jennifer Ouellette, and Eugenia Kim, was incorporated into the show.


James Archbald

James Archbald (1793–1870) was a Scottish-American railroad executive and politician. After immigrating to the United States with his family in 1805, he later was elected as Pennsylvania state representative and as the first mayor of Carbondale, Pennsylvania.
Early life and family.
Archbald was born March 3, 1793, on Little Cumbrae island, off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland, to a family of shepherds. His family was one of many displaced by the Lowland Clearances; they emigrated to the United States when he was 12. They purchased a farm in the Mohawk Valley in New York.
In 1832 he married Sarah Augusta Frothingham (born 1805), the daughter of Major Thomas and Elizabeth Frost Frothingham of Sand Lake, New York. They had seven children: James, Mary, Augusta, Thomas, Robert, a son who died in infancy, and a daughter Elizabeth, who died at age 12.
Railroad career.
From his location in the Mohawk Valley, Archbald had become familiar with the Erie Canal, which was completed through the Mohawk Valley in 1824. He went into the canal and railroad industry, which was displacing canals as the transportation of choice. Succeeding John B. Jervis, Archbald served as the general superintendent of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company (D&H) from 1829 to 1854. He helped plan the construction of the Pennsylvania Coal Company's railroad from Pittston to Hawley in 1847.
He left D&H to become the vice president of Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad in 1854. Two years later in 1856, he became the general manager and chief engineer of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and relocated to Scranton, where it had its headquarters. He lived there until his death in 1870.
Political career.
In 1851 Archbald was elected as the first mayor of Carbondale, Pennsylvania. He was reelected three times and served four terms. His last year of office was 1855. He was nominated at the Lackawanna County Convention held at Wilkes-Barre September 4, 1866, to represent the 133rd district in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He had no partisan affiliation.


Herta Groves

Herta "Georgette" Groves (April 1920 – 27 April 2016) was an Austrian-born British milliner who made hats for Queen Elizabeth II.
Early life.
Groves grew up in Vienna, the daughter of Jewish parents, Wilhelm and Amelia. Her father died of pneumonia which he caught after being forced at gunpoint to shovel snow from the streets of Vienna, and her mother and younger sister Alice died in a Latvian concentration camp in 1942.
Life in Britain.
Groves emigrated to Britain and founded the London Hat Company, creating hats based on her own couture designs. The firm was successful and made hats for Queen Elizabeth II. Groves was married twice, and lived in St John's Wood.
Groves died on 27 April 2016, aged 96, after being knocked down by a lorry following a concert at London's Wigmore Hall.


Thermoplastic-sheathed cable

A thermoplastic-sheathed cable (TPS) consists of a toughened outer sheath of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thermoplastic, covering one or more individual annealed copper conductors, themselves insulated with PVC. This type of wiring is commonly used for residential and light commercial construction in many countries. The flat version of the cable, with two insulated conductors and an uninsulated earth conductor (all within the outer sheath), is referred to as "twin and earth". In mainland Europe, a round equivalent is more common.
Description.
Each of the current carrying conductors in the "core" is insulated by an individual thermoplastic sheath, coloured to indicate the purpose of the conductor concerned. The protective earth conductor may also be covered with green/yellow (or green only) insulation, although, in some countries, this conductor may be left as bare copper. With cables where the current carrying conductors are of a large cross sectional area (CSA), the protective earth conductor may be smaller, with a lower "continuous" current carrying capacity. The conductors used may be solid in cross-section or multi-stranded.
The type of thermoplastic, the dimensions of the conductors and the colour of their individual insulation (if any) are specified by the regulatory bodies in the various countries concerned.
Thermoplastic-sheathed cable is more vulnerable to rodent damage and accidental mechanical damage than wiring within electrical conduit or armoured cable.
North America.
In North America, this type of cable is designated as NM cable. NM means "nonmetallic", referring to the outer sheathing; the conductors are still metallic. NM was first listed and described in the NEC in 1926, but it was invented a few years earlier by the Rome Wire Company in 1922 in Rome, New York, and marketed under the trade name "Romex". The name "Romex" is a trademarked brand of the Southwire Company. Nonetheless, TPS cabling of this type, no matter the brand, at least in the US, is often colloquially called "Romex."
In modern products, the color of the NM cable sheath (or jacket) indicates either the gauge of the current carrying conductors within it, or special properties of the sheathing itself. Cables found in older installations may not conform with this colour coding.
The following are "nominal" current ratings for copper conductors; long runs may require thicker wires to minimize voltage drop.
The outer jacket is labeled with letters that show how many insulated wires are concealed within the sheath. This does not include the uninsulated ground wire. For instance, if the cable lists "12-2 AWG", it means there are two insulated 12-gauge wires (a black and a white wire), plus a ground wire. If the label says "12-3", this is a three-conductor, 12-gauge cable with a bare copper ground wire understood to be included.
Different types of cables are approved for different applications; the cable used for interior wiring in dry locations is different from the types approved for underground burial, direct embedment in concrete, or service entrance use.
Australia and New Zealand.
In Australia and New Zealand, the colour of the external sheath is usually white for flat TPS or black for circular TPS but several other colours are available. Wire sizes of 1–6 mm2 cross-sectional area (CSA) are available with the outer sheath covering the cores. TPS cable is available in several conductor configurations: single, twin, twin and earth, three and earth, and four and earth, the latter two for three-phase supply. Although available in the larger sizes, solid conductors are rarely used with wire sizes greater than 1 mm2 CSA, since the small increase in manufacturing cost of stranded conductors is far outweighed by the relative ease of working with them, especially at the points of termination.
Unlike in North America, the existence of the earth wire within the sheath is always specified if it is present (e.g. twin cable has two conductors and twin and earth cable has three.) The earth conductor is always stranded (unlike North American usage), with the exception of 1 mm2 cables, and covered with green-yellow striped plastic insulation. In older cables the plastic insulation of the earth conductor is green.
Prior to the introduction of TPS cable, tough rubber sheathed (TRS) cable was used. Because of this, TPS is sometimes referred to as "tough plastic sheathed".
Flat TPS is more common than circular, and is used for fixed wiring of domestic and industrial lighting, power outlets, appliances, and HVAC units. Circular TPS is common in industrial and commercial installations but generally not in domestic installations. It may be more difficult to strip the outer sheathing from circular TPS than from flat TPS.
United Kingdom.
In the UK, thermoplastic-sheathed cable in twin and earth (or T and E) format has the circuit protective conductor (Cearth) uninsulated (bare) and of reduced diameter compared to the main cores. Green and yellow sleeving is sold separately, to be applied at the ends.
The cross section on the main conductors is given first, and then the cross-section of the CPC.
Standard UK metric twin and earth cable sizes
In older properties (pre-1970) cable with imperial sizes are found, sometimes without CPC.
Mainland UK wiring regulations do not at present (BS 7671:AMD3) acknowledge twin and earth or flat TPS with a full sized and insulated (G/Y) earth conductor as a valid cable type, which may be awkward for contractors who work cross-border with the Republic of Ireland.
Also available in smaller conductor sizes are versions containing three current-carrying conductors and a circuit protective (earth) conductor. These configurations are commonly used for applications such as switched light circuits, battery-backed emergency lighting which requires a switched and unswitched supply, extractor fans with a run-on timer which require a switched and unswitched supply, mains-powered interlinked smoke alarms, and central heating thermostats.
There is an overall sheath of grey PVC (BS 6004), or white for low smoke compound (BS 7211), although prior to 2005 white PVC was also available.
Republic of Ireland.
In the Republic of Ireland the situation is different from that in the UK. Prior to 2013 IS 201-4:2001 ( I.S. 201 part 4: PVC and Low Smoke Halogen Free Sheathed cables for fixed wiring) permitted both the UK style of twin and earth, and also a version with a CPC with a cross-section equal to that of the main conductors and insulated in green and yellow inside the full length of the cable.
However, from 2013, the option for the uninsulated and reduced CPC has been removed from the standard IS 201-4:2013, and as such is no longer permitted in new installations in the Republic of Ireland.


Hillsborough station (North Carolina)

Hillsborough is a planned train station in Hillsborough, North Carolina, located on the North Carolina Railroad (NCRR). According to town officials, the station building will be closely modeled on the Kannapolis station. When it is completed, Amtrak's "Carolinian" and "Piedmont" will serve the station. It will be the nearest Amtrak station to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
History.
The city purchased the parcel around to construct a rail station.
Plans originally called for a station near the intersection of Churton Street (old NC 86) and US 70 Business to be completed by 2015 at a cost of $8.9 million. After unanticipated delays between NCRR, Norfolk Southern Railway and the North Carolina Department of Transportation, construction was initially scheduled for 2019-2020 with $7.2 million currently budgeted and a projected cost of $8.4 million. However, after further delays, the Hillsborough town commission signed an interlocal agreement with GoTriangle and NCDOT in April 2020, with construction slated for 2027 on a budget of $8.1 million.


Alfred Giles (civil engineer)

Alfred Giles (3 October 1816 – 1895) was a British civil engineer and Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1878 and 1892.
Giles was born in London, the second son of Francis Giles canal builder and railway engineer and his wife Mary Ann Wyer, daughter of Samuel Wyer of Birmingham. He was educated at Charterhouse School and became a civil engineer, constructing railways and dock works in Britain and overseas. He was consulting Engineer to Southampton Dock Co., chairman of Union Steamship Co. and a director of Commercial Union Fire and Life Assurance Co. Giles was also created a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog by King Christian IX of Denmark. He lived in Godalming in Surrey.
Giles was elected Member of Parliament for Southampton, first winning his seat in a by-election in 1878, sitting as a Conservative. He lost his seat at the 1880 General Election but regained it in another by-election in 1883. He retained his seat at the 1885 and 1886 General Elections but was defeated in 1892 by the Liberal Party's Francis Evans.
Giles served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers from May 1893 to May 1894.
Giles married Jane Emily Coppard, daughter of John Coppard of Hastings in 1838. Their son Charles Tyrrell Giles was a lawyer and politician. They also had a daughter, Mary.


David du Bose Gaillard

David du Bose Gaillard (September 4, 1859 – December 5, 1913) was a U.S. Army engineer instrumental in the construction of the Panama Canal. During the years of the US Canal Zone (c. 1915–2000), the Culebra Cut in the Panama Canal bore his name in his memory.
Biography.
Lieutenant Colonel David DuBose Gaillard was born in Fulton Crossroads, South Carolina, which is located in what is now the Manchester State Forest near Sumter. Gaillard graduated from the West Point in 1884. After promotion to first lieutenant in 1887, he married Katherine Ross Davis. The couple had one child, David St. Pierre Gaillard. By 1903 he was a Captain in the Army Corps of Engineers.
In 1908 Gaillard was placed in charge of construction of the central portion of the Panama Canal, crossing the continental divide. He was in charge of the notorious Culebra Cut through the backbone of the isthmus. Men who worked with him said he gave 12 hours every day to the Culebra Cut, besides which, he took his share in the labor of general administration of the Canal Zone. He checked up expenses, even on small things, and once it was computed he had saved the government $17,000,000.
Gaillard died nine months before the Panama Canal opened. He returned to the US suffering from what was thought to be nervous exhaustion brought on by overwork and died of a brain tumor on December 5, 1913 at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, aged 54. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Family.
Gaillard married Katherine Ross Davis at Winnsboro on October 6, 1887. She accompanied him to Panama and while there collected plant specimens for the United States National Herbarium. While in Panama she was also an orchid collector.


John Weston Thomas

John Weston Thomas (25 January 1921 – 1992) revived the tradition of Welsh harp making.
Thomas was born in Cardiff. After spells in the merchant navy, and teaching carpentry, he began making harps, originally with the aid of old instruments and illustrations, as there was no existing harp maker to teach him. Although the harp is firmly associated with Wales, at the time he was the only harp maker in Wales, and one of three in the whole of Britain. John Weston Thomas had three students, these were Alun Thomas (his son), Bryan Blackmore (in Pembrokeshire) and Allan Shiers (in Llandysul); all three are still working as harp makers. John Weston Thomas died in Pembrokeshire in 1992 having worked until shortly before his death.