List of spacecraft with electric propulsion

In chronological order, spacecraft are listed equipped with electric space propulsion. This includes both cruise engines and/or thrusters for attitude and orbit control. It is not specified whether the given engine is the sole means of propulsion or whether other types of engine are also used on a spacecraft. The list does not claim to be comprehensive.
References.


2872 Gentelec


ICTUS Records

ICTUS Records is an avant-garde jazz record label founded in 1976 by Andrea Centazzo and Carla Lugli.
History.
ICTUS in Bologna, Italy
ICTUS in Long Beach, California


GenreBlast Film Festival

The GenreBlast Film Festival is an annual event held in the Winchester, Virginia area that specializes in Genre film. GenreBlast is the largest genre film festival in the Washington, D.C. region, spotlighting short and feature films that are typically independently produced and would not otherwise receive theatrical release.
History.
Started in 2016, by Nathan Ludwig, Chad Farmer, and Charles Hill, the first annual GenreBlast Film Festival took place in August 2016 in Culpeper, Virginia at the now defunct State Theatre. Programmers officially described the fest as playing, "horror, action/adventure, sci-fi, fantasy, martial arts, exploitation, grindhouse, international, experimental and more!"
After the first year, the festival relocated to the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Winchester, Virginia, where it has been located since. Hill departed from the team after the second year of the fest and Raygan Ketterer, previously the fest designer, replaced Hill as programmer.
GenreBlast is attended by filmmakers and writers whose work is recognized by the fest, with about 50% of films represented in the first year and a much higher percentage in subsequent years. It has also been judged to be a top genre fest.
Awards.
GenreBlast gives out rocket trophies in a number of categories for short films, feature films, and unproduced screenplays. The festival also gives out a special wrestling belt to recognize an outstanding woman in genre film each year. The Les Femmes Du Genre Award was given to Tristan Risk in 2016, Samantha Kolesnik in 2017, and Sophia Cacciola in 2018.


Trinity Hoard

Trinity Hoard is a collection of Bronze Age items, including 23 bronze axeheads, found in Jersey in 2012.
Find and study.
The hoard of late Bronze Age (around 1,000 BCE) items was found inside a pottery container, about 30 cm underground, in October 2012, by metal detectorist Ken Rive, in the Parish of Trinity in the north of Jersey. A conservator from Jersey Heritage was able to attend at the find before digging began. The container was around 30 cm across. It had been damaged, probably by a plough, which had freed the two axeheads. There was other material at the site, including pieces of broken pottery not from the primary find.
Initially, only two socketed axeheads were identified, but after scanning by an X-ray scanner at Jersey Airport, a further 21 axeheads, at least, were seen to be present in the pot. The first two axeheads were subjected to an X-ray fluorescence scan at Cranfield University, which showed that the bronze alloy has a very high lead content (nearly 55%). Such a high lead content level would have made the axes too soft for practical use, suggesting that they were prestige objects that were accumulated as a sign of wealth. The pottery container was opened by conservators, and a total of 25 axeheads were recovered, in the care of Jersey Heritage, and treated with advice from the British Museum. A display from the hoard was established in the Jersey Museum in December 2012.
The find came months after another significant find in Jersey, the Grouville Hoard, which included about 70,000 pieces of Celtic coin, and gold and silver jewellery.


Near-infrared spectroscopy

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a spectroscopic method that uses the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from 780 nm to 2500 nm). Typical applications include medical and physiological diagnostics and research including blood sugar, pulse oximetry, functional neuroimaging, sports medicine, elite sports training, ergonomics, rehabilitation, neonatal research, brain computer interface, urology (bladder contraction), and neurology (neurovascular coupling). There are also applications in other areas as well such as pharmaceutical, food and agrochemical quality control, atmospheric chemistry, combustion research and astronomy.
Theory.
Near-infrared spectroscopy is based on molecular overtone and combination vibrations. Such transitions are forbidden by the selection rules of quantum mechanics. As a result, the molar absorptivity in the near-IR region is typically quite small. One advantage is that NIR can typically penetrate much further into a sample than mid infrared radiation. Near-infrared spectroscopy is, therefore, not a particularly sensitive technique, but it can be very useful in probing bulk material with little or no sample preparation.
The molecular overtone and combination bands seen in the near-IR are typically very broad, leading to complex spectra; it can be difficult to assign specific features to specific chemical components. Multivariate (multiple variables) calibration techniques (e.g., principal components analysis, partial least squares, or artificial neural networks) are often employed to extract the desired chemical information. Careful development of a set of calibration samples and application of multivariate calibration techniques is essential for near-infrared analytical methods.
History.
The discovery of near-infrared energy is ascribed to William Herschel in the 19th century, but the first industrial application began in the 1950s. In the first applications, NIRS was used only as an add-on unit to other optical devices that used other wavelengths such as ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), or mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometers. In the 1980s, a single-unit, stand-alone NIRS system was made available, but the application of NIRS was focused more on chemical analysis. With the introduction of light-fiber optics in the mid-1980s and the monochromator-detector developments in the early 1990s, NIRS became a more powerful tool for scientific research.
This optical method can be used in a number of fields of science including physics, physiology, or medicine. It is only in the last few decades that NIRS began to be used as a medical tool for monitoring patients, with the first clinical application of so-called fNIRS in 1994.
Instrumentation.
Instrumentation for near-IR (NIR) spectroscopy is similar to instruments for the UV-visible and mid-IR ranges. There is a source, a detector, and a dispersive element (such as a prism, or, more commonly, a diffraction grating) to allow the intensity at different wavelengths to be recorded. Fourier transform NIR instruments using an interferometer are also common, especially for wavelengths above ~1000 nm. Depending on the sample, the spectrum can be measured in either reflection or transmission.
Common incandescent or quartz halogen light bulbs are most often used as broadband sources of near-infrared radiation for analytical applications. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can also be used. For high precision spectroscopy, wavelength-scanned lasers and frequency combs have recently become powerful sources, albeit with sometimes longer acquisition timescales. When lasers are used, a single detector without any dispersive elements might be sufficient.
The type of detector used depends primarily on the range of wavelengths to be measured. Silicon-based CCDs are suitable for the shorter end of the NIR range, but are not sufficiently sensitive over most of the range (over 1000 nm). InGaAs and PbS devices are more suitable though less sensitive than CCDs. It is possible to combine silicon-based and InGaAs detectors in the same instrument. Such instruments can record both UV-visible and NIR spectra 'simultaneously'.
Instruments intended for chemical imaging in the NIR may use a 2D array detector with an acousto-optic tunable filter. Multiple images may be recorded sequentially at different narrow wavelength bands.
Many commercial instruments for UV/vis spectroscopy are capable of recording spectra in the NIR range (to perhaps ~900 nm). In the same way, the range of some mid-IR instruments may extend into the NIR. In these instruments, the detector used for the NIR wavelengths is often the same detector used for the instrument's "main" range of interest.
Applications.
Typical applications of NIR spectroscopy include the analysis of food products, pharmaceuticals, combustion products, and a major branch of astronomical spectroscopy.
Astronomical spectroscopy.
Near-infrared spectroscopy is used in astronomy for studying the atmospheres of cool stars where molecules can form. The vibrational and rotational signatures of molecules such as titanium oxide, cyanide, and carbon monoxide can be seen in this wavelength range and can give a clue towards the star's spectral type. It is also used for studying molecules in other astronomical contexts, such as in molecular clouds where new stars are formed. The astronomical phenomenon known as reddening means that near-infrared wavelengths are less affected by dust in the interstellar medium, such that regions inaccessible by optical spectroscopy can be studied in the near-infrared. Since dust and gas are strongly associated, these dusty regions are exactly those where infrared spectroscopy is most useful. The near-infrared spectra of very young stars provide important information about their ages and masses, which is important for understanding star formation in general. Astronomical spectrographs have also been developed for the detection of exoplanets using the Doppler shift of the parent star due to the radial velocity of the planet around the star.
Agriculture.
Near-infrared spectroscopy is widely applied in agriculture for determining the quality of forages, grains, and grain products, oilseeds, coffee, tea, spices, fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, beverages, fats, and oils, dairy products, eggs, meat, and other agricultural products. It is widely used to quantify the composition of agricultural products because it meets the criteria of being accurate, reliable, rapid, non-destructive, and inexpensive.
Remote monitoring.
Techniques have been developed for NIR spectroscopic imaging. Hyperspectral imaging has been applied for a wide range of uses, including the remote investigation of plants and soils. Data can be collected from instruments on airplanes or satellites to assess ground cover and soil chemistry.
Remote monitoring or remote sensing from the NIR spectroscopic region can also be used to study the atmosphere. For example, measurements of atmospheric gases are made from NIR spectra measured by the OCO-2, GOSAT, and the TCCON.
Materials Science.
Techniques have been developed for NIR spectroscopy of microscopic sample areas for film thickness measurements, research into the optical characteristics of nanoparticles and optical coatings for the telecommunications industry.
Medical uses.
The application of NIRS in Medicine centres on its ability to provide information about the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin within the microcirculation. Broadly speaking, it can be used to assess oxygenation and microvascular function in the brain (cerebral NIRS) or in the peripheral tissues (Peripheral NIRS).
"Cerebral NIRS"
When a specific area of the brain is activated, the localized blood volume in that area changes quickly. Optical imaging can measure the location and activity of specific regions of the brain by continuously monitoring blood hemoglobin levels through the determination of optical absorption coefficients.
NIRS can be used as a quick screening tool for possible intracranial bleeding cases by placing the scanner on four locations on the head. In non-injured patients the brain absorbs the NIR light evenly. When there is an internal bleeding from an injury, the blood may be concentrated in one location causing the NIR light to be absorbed more than other locations, which the scanner detects.
So-called functional NIRS can be used for non-invasive assessment of brain function through the intact skull in human subjects by detecting changes in blood hemoglobin concentrations associated with neural activity, e.g., in branches of cognitive psychology as a partial replacement for fMRI techniques. NIRS can be used on infants, and NIRS is much more portable than fMRI machines, even wireless instrumentation is available, which enables investigations in freely moving subjects. However, NIRS cannot fully replace fMRI because it can only be used to scan cortical tissue, whereas fMRI can be used to measure activation throughout the brain. Special public domain statistical toolboxes for analysis of stand alone and combined NIRS/MRI measurement have been developed (NIRS-SPM).
The application in functional mapping of the human cortex is called functional NIRS (fNIRS) or Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT). The term diffuse optical tomography is used for three-dimensional NIRS. The terms NIRS, NIRI, and DOT are often used interchangeably, but they have some distinctions. The most important difference between NIRS and DOT/NIRI is that DOT/NIRI is used mainly to detect changes in optical properties of tissue simultaneously from multiple measurement points and display the results in the form of a map or image over a specific area, whereas NIRS provides quantitative data in absolute terms on up to a few specific points. The latter is also used to investigate other tissues such as, e.g., muscle, breast and tumors. NIRS can be used to quantify blood flow, blood volume, oxygen consumption, reoxygenation rates and muscle recovery time in muscle.
By employing several wavelengths and time resolved (frequency or time domain) and/or spatially resolved methods blood flow, volume and absolute tissue saturation (formula_1 or Tissue Saturation Index (TSI)) can be quantified. Applications of oximetry by NIRS methods include neuroscience, ergonomics, rehabilitation, brain-computer interface, urology, the detection of illnesses that affect the blood circulation (e.g., peripheral vascular disease), the detection and assessment of breast tumors, and the optimization of training in sports medicine.
The use of NIRS in conjunction with a bolus injection of indocyanine green (ICG) has been used to measure cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2).
It has also been shown that CMRO2 can be calculated with combined NIRS/MRI measurements. Additionally metabolism can be interrogated by resolving an additional mitochondrial chromophore, cytochrome-c-oxidase, using broadband NIRS.
NIRS is starting to be used in pediatric critical care, to help manage patients following cardiac surgery. Indeed, NIRS is able to measure venous oxygen saturation (SVO2), which is determined by the cardiac output, as well as other parameters (FiO2, hemoglobin, oxygen uptake). Therefore, examining the NIRS provides critical care physicians with an estimate of the cardiac output. NIRS is favoured by patients, because it is non-invasive, painless, and does not require ionizing radiation.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is another NIR medical imaging technique capable of 3D imaging with high resolution on par with low-power microscopy. Using optical coherence to measure photon pathlength allows OCT to build images of live tissue and clear examinations of tissue morphology. Due to technique differences OCT is limited to imaging 1–2 mm below tissue surfaces, but despite this limitation OCT has become an established medical imaging technique especially for imaging of the retina and anterior segments of the eye, as well as coronaries.
A type of neurofeedback, hemoencephalography or HEG, uses NIR technology to measure brain activation, primarily of the frontal lobes, for the purpose of training cerebral activation of that region.
The instrumental development of NIRS/NIRI/DOT/OCT has proceeded tremendously during the last years and, in particular, in terms of quantification, imaging and miniaturization.
"Peripheral NIRS"
Peripheral microvascular function can be assessed using NIRS. The oxygen saturation of haemoglobin in the tissue (StO2) can provide information about tissue perfusion. A vascular occlusion test (VOT) can be employed to assess microvascular function. Common sites for peripheral NIRS monitoring include the thenar eminence, forearm and calf muscles.
Particle measurement.
NIR is often used in particle sizing in a range of different fields, including studying pharmaceutical and agricultural powders.
Industrial uses.
As opposed to NIRS used in optical topography, general NIRS used in chemical assays does not provide imaging by mapping. For example, a clinical carbon dioxide analyzer requires reference techniques and calibration routines to be able to get accurate CO2 content change. In this case, calibration is performed by adjusting the zero control of the sample being tested after purposefully supplying 0% CO2 or another known amount of CO2 in the sample. Normal compressed gas from distributors contains about 95% O2 and 5% CO2, which can also be used to adjust %CO2 meter reading to be exactly 5% at initial calibration.


Audium (theater)

Audium is a sound art event that has been presented weekly in San Francisco since 1967. Audium is a creation of composer Stan Shaff that is performed on original equipment designed by Doug McEachern. It is played in a completely dark theater designed to heighten the spatial effects of sound and for "choreographing sound in space." Compositions are developed from acoustic and electronic instruments and from sounds of the natural world used as metaphors. Works are "sculpted" in space through 176 speakers.
Early development.
The concepts gradually refined in Audium began with Shaff and McEachern's experimental electronic music performances in the late 1950s and early 1960s. In 1959, Stan Shaff met fellow musician and teacher Douglas McEachern, whose background in electronics enabled him to develop original equipment systems for live, spatial performances. Prior to Audium, Shaff and McEachern worked with Anna Halprin's Dancer's Workshop and Shaff worked with Seymour Locks, an artist and the originator of the overhead projected light show later used widely at rock concerts in the 1960s. Shaff was also associated with the Tape Music Center in San Francisco. Early presentations were done at University of California Extension (1960), San Francisco State College (1962) and San Francisco Museum of Art (1963, 1964). These early performances were done with "portable systems" that had about 8 to 16 speakers.
The first theater.
To proceed with experimenting and with exploring these ideas, McEachern and Shaff, in 1965, leased a hall at 309 4th Avenue in San Francisco and began adapting it to become the first Audium theater. It initially was outfitted with 44 speakers, and on May 26, 1967, the first public performance was held. By 1968 the number of speakers had increased to 61. Weekly performances were presented until October 1970. The theater had to close when the lease ended and the building was sold.
The second theater.
In 1972 Shaff received a grant from National Endowment for the Arts. A storefront, formerly a bakery, in downtown San Francisco was purchased and subsequently converted to a theater. The first public presentation was October 31, 1975, and weekend shows have continued since then. Beginning with 136 speakers, the phenomenon has gradually and unrelentingly grown and evolved. It now has over 176 speakers, and Stan Shaff presents his 11th opus with his son, David Shaff, every weekend, opening at 8 PM.
Attendance & acclaim.
The performances have been described as "surreal" and one piece as a "musique concrete of beach sounds, faintly overheard conversations and outdated Moog synthesizer whirls and chortles." Another author said that Audium harnesses "the primal essence of sound" and that after a performance "you'll emerge uncertain, excitable, outside of yourself." According to Shaff, Audium is periodically visited by members of Walt Disney Imagineering, the R&D arm of the Walt Disney Company, engineers from Dolby Laboratories, sound engineers from the film industry, the Audio Engineering Society, and composers from international universities. Shaff has done very little advertising, but after ongoing programs since 1967, Audium now attracts weekly listeners from around the world.


All Souls College, Oxford

All Souls College (official name: College of the Souls of All the Faithful Departed) is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Unique to All Souls, all of its members automatically become fellows (i.e. full members of the college's governing body). It has no undergraduate members, but each year recent graduate and postgraduate students at Oxford are eligible to apply for a small number of examination fellowships through a competitive examination (once described as "the hardest exam in the world") and, for those shortlisted after the examinations, an interview.
The college entrance is on the north side of the High Street whilst it has a long frontage onto Radcliffe Square. To its east is The Queen's College whilst Hertford College is to the north of All Souls.
The current warden (head of the college) is Sir John Vickers, a graduate of Oriel College, Oxford.
History.
The college was founded by Henry VI of England and Henry Chichele (fellow of New College and Archbishop of Canterbury), in 1438, to commemorate the victims of the Hundred Years' War. The Statutes provided for a warden and forty fellows; all to take Holy Orders: 24 to study arts, philosophy and theology; and 16 to study civil or canon law.
Today the college is primarily a graduate research institution, with no undergraduate members. All Souls did formerly have undergraduates: Robert Hovenden (Warden of the college from 1571 to 1614) introduced undergraduates to provide the fellows with "servientes" (household servants), but this was abandoned by the end of the Commonwealth. Four Bible Clerks remained on the foundation until 1924.
For over five hundred years All Souls College admitted only men; women were first allowed to join the college as fellows in 1979, the same year as many other previously all-male colleges in the university.
Buildings and architecture.
Codrington Library.
The All Souls Library (formally known as the Codrington Library) was founded through a 1710 bequest from Christopher Codrington (1668–1710), a fellow of the college and a wealthy slave and sugar plantation owner. Codrington was an undergraduate at Oxford and later became colonial governor of the Leeward Islands. Christopher Codrington was born in Barbados, and amassed a fortune from his sugar plantation in the West Indies.
Under the terms of his will Codrington bequeathed books worth £6,000 to the college in addition to £10,000 in currency for the library to be rebuilt and endowed. The new library was completed in 1751 to the designs of Nicholas Hawksmoor and has been in continuous use since then. Today the library comprises some 185,000 items, about a third of which were published before 1800. The collections are particularly strong in law and history (especially military history).
Sir Christopher Wren was a fellow from 1653, and in 1658 produced a sundial for the college. This was originally placed on the south wall of the Chapel, but in 1877 was moved to the quadrangle (above the central entrance to the Codrington Library).
Chapel.
Built between 1438 and 1442, the college chapel remained largely unchanged until the Commonwealth. Oxford, having been a largely Royalist stronghold, suffered under the Puritans' wrath. The 42 misericords date from the Chapel's building, and show a resemblance to the misericords at Higham Ferrers. Both may have been carved by Richard Tyllock. During the 1660s a screen was installed in the Chapel, which was based on a design by Wren. However, this screen needed to be rebuilt by 1713. By the mid-19th century the Chapel was in great need of renovation, and so the current structure is heavily influenced by Victorian design ideals.
All services at the chapel are according to the "Book of Common Prayer"; the "King James Bible" is also used rather than more modern translations.
Wealth.
All Souls is one of the wealthiest colleges in Oxford, with a financial endowment of £420.2 million (2018). However, since the college's principal source of revenue is its endowment and it does not earn income from tuition fees, it only ranked 19th (in 2007) among Oxford colleges in total income. All Souls is a registered charity under English law.
Fellowships.
Examination fellowships.
In the three years following the award of their bachelor's degrees, students graduating from Oxford and current Oxford postgraduate students having graduated elsewhere are eligible to apply for examination fellowships (sometimes informally referred to as "prize fellowships") of seven years each. While tutors may advise their students to sit for the All Souls examination fellowship, the examination is open to anybody who fulfils the eligibility criteria and the college does not issue invitations to candidates to sit. Every year in early March, the college hosts an open evening for women, offering women interested in the examination fellowship an opportunity to find out more about the exam process and to meet members of the college.
Each year several dozen candidates typically sit the examination. Two examination fellows are usually elected each year, although the college has awarded a single place or three places in some years, and on rare occasions made no award.
The competition, offered since 1878 and open to women since 1979, is held over two days in late September, with two papers of three hours each per day. It has been described in the past as "the hardest exam in the world".
Two papers (the 'specialist papers') are on a single subject of the candidate's choice; the options are classics, English literature, economics, history, law, philosophy, and politics. Candidates may sit their two specialist papers in different specialist subjects, provided each paper is in one subject only (for example, a candidate might sit one paper in History and one paper in Politics). Candidates who choose Classics have an additional translation examination on a third day.
Two papers (the 'general papers') are on general subjects. For each general examination, candidates choose three questions from a list. Past questions have included:
Before 2010 candidates also faced another examination, a free-form "Essay" on a single, pre-selected word.
Four to six finalists are invited to a viva voce or oral examination. Previously, these candidates were then invited to dinner with about 75 members of the college. The dinner did not form part of the assessment, but was intended as a reward for those candidates who had reached the latter stages of the selection process. However, the dinner has been discontinued as the college felt candidates worried too often that it was part of the assessment process.
About a dozen examination fellows are at the college at any one time. There are no compulsory teaching or requirements, although examination fellows must pursue a course of study or research at some point within their first two years of fellowship. They can study anything for free at Oxford with room and board. As "Londoners" they can pursue approved non-academic careers if desired, with a reduced stipend, as long as they pursue academia on a part-time basis and attend weekend dinners at the college during their first academic year. each examination fellow receives a stipend of £14,842 annually for the first two years; the stipend then varies depending on whether the fellow pursues an academic career.
Notable candidates.
Until 1979, women were not permitted to put themselves forward for fellowships at All Souls.
Other fellowships.
Other categories of fellowship include:
There are also a number of professorial fellows who hold their fellowships by virtue of their University post.
Chichele professorships.
Fellows of the college include the Chichele professors, who hold statutory professorships at the University of Oxford named in honour of Henry Chichele, a founder of the college. Fellowship of the college has accompanied the award of a Chichele chair since 1870.
Following the work of the 1850 Commission to examine the organisation of the university, the college suppressed ten of its fellowships to create the funds to establish the first two Chichele professorships: The Chichele Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, established in 1859 and first held by Mountague Bernard, and the Chichele Professor of Modern History, first held by Montagu Burrows.
There are currently Chichele Professorships in five different subjects:
Probably the best known former Chichele Professor is Sir Isaiah Berlin. Perhaps the best known former Professor of the History of War was Cyril Falls.
Chichele Lectures.
The Chichele Lectures are a prestigious series of lectures formally established in 1912 and sponsored by All Souls College. The lectures were initially restricted to foreign history, but have since been expanded to include law, political theory, economic theory, as well as foreign and British history. Traditionally the lectures were delivered by a single speaker, but it is now common for several speakers to deliver lectures on a common theme.
Customs.
Every hundred years, and generally on 14 January, there is a commemorative feast after which the fellows parade around the college with flaming torches, singing the "Mallard Song" and led by a "Lord Mallard" who is carried in a chair, in search of a legendary mallard that supposedly flew out of the foundations of the college when it was being built. During the hunt the Lord Mallard is preceded by a man bearing a pole to which a mallard is tied – originally a live bird, latterly either dead (1901) or carved from wood (2001). The last mallard ceremony was in 2001 and the next is due in 2101. The precise origin of the custom is not known, but it dates from at least 1632. A benign parody of this custom has been portrayed as the Unseen University's "Megapode chase" in Sir Terry Pratchett's 2009 novel "Unseen Academicals".
People associated with All Souls.
Fellows.
Past and current fellows of the college have included:


Committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE)


3684 Berry


880 Herba

880 Herba is a minor planet orbiting the Sun that was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 22 July 1917 in Heidelberg.
Photometric observations of this asteroid at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, in 2011 gave a light curve with a period of 12.266 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.13 ± 0.02 in magnitude. The curve is asymmetrical with one maxima and one minima.
880 Herba is named after Herba, the Greek god of misery and poverty.


Second (angle)


824 Anastasia

824 Anastasia is a main belt asteroid orbiting the Sun. It is approximately 34.14 km in diameter. It was discovered on March 25, 1916, by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in Russian Empire. It is named in memory of Anastasia Semenoff, an acquaintance of the discoverer.
Occultation.
On April 6, 2010, 824 Anastasia had the distinction of causing the brightest asteroid occultation ever predicted for North America for an asteroid of its size. The asteroid occulted the naked-eye star ζ Ophiuchi over a path stretching from the Los Angeles area to Edmonton, Alberta.


Quiet Design

Quiet Design is an independent music and sound art label based in Austin,TX and founded in 2007. Owned and curated by composers Mike Vernusky and Cory Allen, Quiet Design has released work by over 30 artists from 10 countries. It has been said of Quiet Design that their "intriguing and often brilliant recordings will open your eyes, your ears, and very likely your mind."
The label's focus is releasing electronic music and sound art that is described as minimal, avant-garde and experimental. The packaging for each release is custom tailored to the sound of each piece in the catalog.
Artists on Quiet Design.
Tetuzi Akiyama, Cory Allen, Jim Altieri, Christopher Ariza, Alfredo Barros, Daniel Blinkhorn, Mark Cetilia, Thomas Dempster, exclusiveOr, Fires Were Shot, Guy Gelem, Glen Hall, Glen Charles Halls, Erdem Helvacioglu, Nick Hennies, Jandek, Kioku, Clara Latham, Alvin Lucier, Yoshio Machida, Paula Matthusen, Alex Mincek, Kim Myhr, Alex Ness, Damian O'Riain, Duane Pitre, Sam Pluta, Sebastien Roux, Keith Rowe, Josh Russell, Paul Russell, Jeff Snyder, Kate Soper, Steinbruchel, Peter Swendsen, and Mike Vernusky


Shit Year

Shit Year is a 2010 American experimental drama film written and directed by Cam Archer and starring Ellen Barkin. The film was screened at the Directors' Fortnight event of the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.
Plot.
After a successful career, actress Colleen West (Ellen Barkin) decides to retire and return to a life without so much adventure in a peaceful place. It is when a large building is installed in the vicinity and breaks the calm of the place. Mrs. West, then, realizes that the serenity of before all that would not return and that her life, in reality, was an entire stage, where everything and everyone were full interpretations. Seized by dissatisfaction, Colleen begins to feel as if she has lived her life through her characters staged on stages and on screens.
Production.
According to Archer, the film was shot in Los Angeles, with additional reshoots in Santa Cruz, California.
Reception.
The film has a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Glenn Heath Jr. of "Slant Magazine" awarded the film three stars out of four.
Eric Kohn of IndieWire gave the film a mixed review but praised Barkin's performance. Jay Weissberg of "Variety" gave a positive review and wrote that the film "stays engrossing thanks not only to Barkin’s strengths but also Archer’s compositional eye."


4297 Eichhorn


BIBC


Umu Response

The umu test, first developed and published by Oda et al., is based on the ability of DNA-damaging agents to induce the expression of the umu operon. In connection with the damage inducible genes (din genes) recA, lexA and umuD, the umuC gene is essentially involved in bacterial mutagenesis through the SOS response.
Overview.
LexA protein is the repressor of all cellular din genes. Lesions such as single-stranded DNA, depurinic and depytimidinic sites or even free deoxynucletoides seem to activate RecA to LexA processing form that facilitates cleavage of LexA repressor, thus leading to derepression of all din genes. RecA protein appears to have further roles in the mutagenic process: first it facilitates cleavage of UmuD protein, thereby generating a mutagenically active form (UmuD’).
Due to the participation of the umuC in the mutagenic process leading to both point- and frameshift-mutations, only one single bacterial strain is necessary to detect different types of mutagens. Nevertheless, additional strains have been developed in order to increase sensitivity for the detection of genotoxins, belonging to certain classes, such as nitroarenes.
All umu strains carry the plasmid pSK1002 which bears an umuD gene and an umuC gene fused with lacZ, the structural gene for beta-galactosidase. The induction of mutator gene umuC by DNA-damaging agents is detected by measuring intracellular beta-galactosidase levels. Like other tests, the strains have been genetically modified further. A reduction of the lipopolysaccharide structure of the cell wall (rfa) facilitates an increased permeability, especially for hydrophobic chemicals such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons. A further sensitivity enhancing alteration compared with wild type strains is the deficiency in a general pathway for the excision of damaged bases from the DNA: the nucleotide-excision repair. Incision near conformational distortions of the DNA, caused by a variety of bulky adducts, occurs via the formation of multiprotein complex, consisting of three proteins, collectively called UvrABC excinuclease. The deletion of this region results in a loss of repair efficiency.
Genotoxicity Testing.
The umu operon is useful as it is likely to be more involved in mutagenesis than the other known SOS genes (Kato and Shinoura, 1977), and can be taken advantage of in the same way as the SOS Chromotest. Taking advantage of the operon fusion placing the lac operon (responsible for producing beta-galactosidase, a protein which degrades lactose) under the control of an SOS-related protein, a simple colorimetric assay for genotoxicity is possible. If a genotoxin is present, the resulting DNA damage will result in the production of beta-galactosidase instead of DNA repair as a result of the gene fusion. A lactose analog is added to the media which is degraded by the beta-galactosidase, producing a colored compound which can be measured quantitatively through spectrophotometry. The degree of color development is a direct measure of the amount of beta-galactosidase produce, which itself is directly related to the extent of DNA damage.


Joint Matriculation Board

The Joint Matriculation Board of the Universities of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield and Birmingham (JMB), sometimes referred to as the Northern Universities Joint Matriculation Board, was an examination board, operating in England, Wales and Northern Ireland between 1903 and 1992. It became part of NEAB, which itself is now part of AQA.
Beginnings.
The Joint Matriculation Board was founded by the Victoria University of Manchester, the University of Liverpool and the University of Leeds. The universities had been part of the same institution (the Victoria University), but were in the process of de-merging. The universities set up the board to maintain a common entrance exam. The board allowed its exams to be taken by local schools, which was to become its main business.
The University of Sheffield joined the board in 1905. The University of Birmingham followed in 1916, spreading the board's activities to the Midlands.
Status.
When the first national qualifications, the School Certificate (SC) and Higher School Certificate (HSC) were introduced, the JMB offered the exams and rose to be the most popular exam board for the qualifications. When the SC and HSC were replaced by the GCE Ordinary Level and GCE Advanced Level respectively, JMB took on the new qualifications and continued to be a leading provider.
The government introduced the Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) in 1965 for the majority of students working below O Level standard, but the JMB – like all the other GCE exam boards – was not asked to administer the new qualification. Instead, new regional exam boards were created for this purpose, to operate in parallel with the GCE boards.
Despite the GCE boards also being regional, schools were free to choose which one they entered their students for exams with. The JMB began to exploit this when they eventually began to market themselves outside their northern and Midlands heartland from 1978.
Beginning of rationalisation.
In 1988, the GCE O Level and CSE were merged to form a new qualification: the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). This posed a problem, as, in England, the O Level and CSE had completely separate exam boards. To solve this, four English examining groups were created. Each group was made up of at least one GCE board and two or more CSE boards. The JMB became part of the Northern Examining Association (NEA), along with four CSE boards: the Associated Lancashire Schools Examining Board, the Northern Regional Examinations Board, the North West Regional Examinations Board and the Yorkshire Regional Examinations Board. The JMB continued to offer A Level exams independently.
Merger.
As CSEs were now extinct, the old CSE boards effectively ceased to exist outside their GCSE examining groups. The NEA took this opportunity to rationalise and the JMB merged with the four other NEA members to form the Northern Examinations and Assessment Board (NEAB) in 1992. It was at this point that the universities behind the JMB took a more backseat role, with the NEAB becoming a charity and the universities remaining only as board members.
NEAB then merged with AEB/SEG to form the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) in 2000. AQA's board is not required to include representatives of any of the JMB universities, though it does have representatives from Universities UK.
For replacement certificates, verification of results services or confirmation of results to third parties, former JMB students have to contact AQA.


Sonic Youth Recordings

Sonic Youth Recordings (sometimes referred to as SYR) is a record label established by American alternative rock band Sonic Youth in 1996. SYR was set up to allow the band to release records by themselves and their friends without the commercial pressures of a major label. As a result, the work on this label tends towards free improvisation and experimental music.
The records that Sonic Youth themselves released on this label follow a tradition where each album is released in a different language. ' has song titles and album sleeve artwork in French; ' is in Dutch, ' is in Esperanto, ' is in English, "SYR5" is in Japanese, ' is in Lithuanian, ' is in Arpitan, "" is in Danish, "SYR9" is in French, and "AUG5" is in English.


Uniformly most powerful test

In statistical hypothesis testing, a uniformly most powerful (UMP) test is a hypothesis test which has the greatest power formula_1 among all possible tests of a given size "α". For example, according to the Neyman–Pearson lemma, the likelihood-ratio test is UMP for testing simple (point) hypotheses.
Setting.
Let formula_2 denote a random vector (corresponding to the measurements), taken from a parametrized family of probability density functions or probability mass functions formula_3, which depends on the unknown deterministic parameter formula_4. The parameter space formula_5 is partitioned into two disjoint sets formula_6 and formula_7. Let formula_8 denote the hypothesis that formula_9, and let formula_10 denote the hypothesis that formula_11.
The binary test of hypotheses is performed using a test function formula_12.
meaning that formula_10 is in force if the measurement formula_15 and that formula_8 is in force if the measurement formula_17.
Note that formula_18 is a disjoint covering of the measurement space.
Formal definition.
A test function formula_12 is UMP of size formula_20 if for any other test function formula_21 satisfying
we have
The Karlin–Rubin theorem.
The Karlin–Rubin theorem can be regarded as an extension of the Neyman–Pearson lemma for composite hypotheses. Consider a scalar measurement having a probability density function parameterized by a scalar parameter "θ", and define the likelihood ratio formula_24.
If formula_25 is monotone non-decreasing, in formula_26, for any pair formula_27 (meaning that the greater formula_26 is, the more likely formula_10 is), then the threshold test:
is the UMP test of size "α" for testing formula_33
Note that exactly the same test is also UMP for testing formula_34
Important case: exponential family.
Although the Karlin-Rubin theorem may seem weak because of its restriction to scalar parameter and scalar measurement, it turns out that there exist a host of problems for which the theorem holds. In particular, the one-dimensional exponential family of probability density functions or probability mass functions with
has a monotone non-decreasing likelihood ratio in the sufficient statistic formula_36, provided that formula_37 is non-decreasing.
Example.
Let formula_38 denote i.i.d. normally distributed formula_39-dimensional random vectors with mean formula_40 and covariance matrix formula_41. We then have
which is exactly in the form of the exponential family shown in the previous section, with the sufficient statistic being
Thus, we conclude that the test
is the UMP test of size formula_20 for testing formula_46 vs. formula_47
Further discussion.
Finally, we note that in general, UMP tests do not exist for vector parameters or for two-sided tests (a test in which one hypothesis lies on both sides of the alternative). The reason is that in these situations, the most powerful test of a given size for one possible value of the parameter (e.g. for formula_48 where formula_49) is different from the most powerful test of the same size for a different value of the parameter (e.g. for formula_50 where formula_51). As a result, no test is uniformly most powerful in these situations.


65 nm process

The 65 nm process is advanced lithographic node used in volume CMOS (MOSFET) semiconductor fabrication. Printed linewidths (i.e. transistor gate lengths) can reach as low as 25 nm on a nominally 65 nm process, while the pitch between two lines may be greater than 130 nm. For comparison, cellular ribosomes are about 20 nm end-to-end. A crystal of bulk silicon has a lattice constant of 0.543 nm, so such transistors are on the order of 100 atoms across. Toshiba and Sony announced the 65nm process in 2002, before Fujitsu and Toshiba began production in 2004, and then TSMC began production in 2005. By September 2007, Intel, AMD, IBM, UMC and Chartered were also producing 65 nm chips.
While feature sizes may be drawn as 65 nm or less, the wavelengths of light used for lithography are 193 nm and 248 nm. Fabrication of sub-wavelength features requires special imaging technologies, such as optical proximity correction and phase-shifting masks. The cost of these techniques adds substantially to the cost of manufacturing sub-wavelength semiconductor products, with the cost increasing exponentially with each advancing technology node. Furthermore, these costs are multiplied by an increasing number of mask layers that must be printed at the minimum pitch, and the reduction in yield from printing so many layers at the cutting edge of the technology. For new integrated-circuit designs, this factors into the costs of prototyping and production.
Gate thickness, another important dimension, is reduced to as little as 1.2 nm (Intel). Only a few atoms insulate the "switch" part of the transistor, causing charge to flow through it. This undesired effect, "leakage", is caused by quantum tunneling. The new chemistry of high-κ gate dielectrics must be combined with existing techniques, including substrate bias and multiple threshold voltages, to prevent leakage from prohibitively consuming power.
IEDM papers from Intel in 2002, 2004, and 2005 illustrate the industry trend that the transistor sizes can no longer scale along with the rest of the feature dimensions (gate width only changed from 220 nm to 210 nm going from 90 nm to 65 nm technologies). However, the interconnects (metal and poly pitch) continue to shrink, thus reducing chip area and chip cost, as well as shortening the distance between transistors, leading to higher-performance devices of greater complexity when compared with earlier nodes.
Example: Fujitsu 65 nm process.
There are actually two versions of the process: CS200, focusing on high performance, and CS200A, focusing on low power.


CASPer

CASPer (Computer-Based Assessment for Sampling Personal Characteristics), is an admissions test developed by Harold Reiter and Kelly Dore at McMaster University's Program for Educational Research and Development (PERD) and used by the McMaster University Medical School since 2010. The test was developed to assess an academic applicant's personal and professional (also known as non-cognitive or non-academic) attributes in an online format in the pre-screening stage of the application process.
While descriptions of the test have been described in peer-reviewed journals, it has also been criticized.
Format.
The test, which is a form of situational judgement test, has 12 sections that either consist of video-based scenarios or word-based scenarios, based on real-life situations. Video-based scenarios consist of a short video followed by a series of three open-ended follow-up questions. Word-based scenarios consist of a paragraph describing a scenario followed by a series of three open-ended follow-up questions. Candidates have five minutes to answer these three questions. In video-based scenarios, the video cannot be replayed.
Although fees vary by program and country, the CASPer cost consists of a base fee ($10–40), plus a distribution fee for each school that results are sent to ($10). Results are valid for one application cycle only.
Scientific validity.
Two primary peer-reviewed papers are published covering the structure and efficacy of CASPer. The original paper, published in Academic Medicine, references the original name of CASPer as "CMSENS". The second primary peer-reviewed paper is published in Advances in Health Science Education, and covers the structure, reliability and predictive validity found for the test.
Braden MacBeth criticised CASPer on Science-Based Medicine for lack of transparency, flawed studies and a conflict of interest. MacBeth concludes "CASPer should not be incorporated into the medical school admissions process".
History.
CASPer was piloted by Northern Ontario School of Medicine in the 2014 application cycle. In 2015 the test was adopted by three medical schools: the University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and New York Medical College. In 2015, the test was also adopted by the nursing schools at McMaster University, York University, Mohawk College and Conestoga College. In 2016, it was also adopted by Tulane University School of Medicine, East Tennessee State University and Central Michigan University's Schools of Medicine.


Glossary of industrial scales and weighing

While almost every weighing scale uses the same basic principle (the gravitational force exerted by an object divided by the area the force is applied on), industrial weighing scales are designed to do a lot more. They handle heavier loads, often in different conditions, both environmental and physical.
The terminology applied to different industrial weighing systems is widely ranged, with some terms adapted specifically for them, which are included in this glossary. Modern scales are electronic, and often computer-networked; consequently, the field has imported a fair amount of terminology from electrical engineering and computerized data transfer.


List of longest naval ships

This is a list of longest naval ships.


856 Backlunda

856 Backlunda ("prov. designation": "or" ) is a dark background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 3 April 1916, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.1 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named after Swedish-Russian astronomer Oskar Backlund (1846–1916).
Orbit and classification.
"Backlunda" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,388 days; semi-major axis of 2.43 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 14° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as at Taunton Observatory in February 1908. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers Observatory in North Africa on 28 February 1931, almost 15 years after to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after Swedish-born Russian astronomer Oskar Backlund (1846–1916), who is known for studying the orbit of comets, in particular that of Comet Encke. The was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 (). The astronomer is also honored by the 75-kilometer lunar crater "Backlund".
Physical characteristics.
In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Backlunda" is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It is also a C-type in the MOVIS catalog of the VISTA Hemisphere Survey conducted with the VISTA telescope at Paranal Observatory in Chile.
Rotation period and poles.
In February 1984, a rotational lightcurve of "Backlunda" was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude ().
In May 2019, an alternative period determination of hours with an amplitude of magnitude was made by Tom Polakis at the Command Module Observatory in Arizona (). Additional, tentative lightcurves gave a period of () by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in July 2004, () by Jean-Gabriel Bosch and Axel Martin in March 2007, and () by Bruno Christmann, David Augustin and Raoul Behrend in July 2019 ().
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve gave a concurring sidereal period of hours using data from a large collaboration of individual observers (such as above). The study also determined two spin axes of (42.0°, 44.0°) and (226.0°, 73.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ,β).
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Backlunda" measures () and () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of () and (), respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 40.51 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.69. Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (), (), (), () and () with corresponding albedos of (), (), (), () and (). Between 2003 and 2009, several asteroid occultations of "Backlunda" were observed. The best-rated observations from March 2003, October 2005 and August 2008, gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (), () and (), respectively. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.


7763 Crabeels


Secondary School Entrance Examination

The Secondary School Entrance Examination () was an examination for primary six students in Hong Kong held by the Education Bureau. Its goal was to select students to enter secondary schools. It was established in 1962 to replace the Joint Primary 6 Examination. It was last held in 1977 and subsequently replaced by Secondary School Places Allocation in 1978.
Overview.
The examination included Chinese, English, and arithmetic. English students could choose to replace Chinese and English with English I and English II. The examination started on the first week of May. Each subject had one paper. The allowed time was 45 minutes. In 1962, the examination started at 13:30. There were two 30-minute recesses in between examinations. From 1963, the examination started at 13:15. The recesses were extended to last 40 minutes. From 1970, the examination started at 13:00. The recesses were extended to last 50 minutes.
Each paper contains large amounts of questions with the intend of making most students unable to complete the entire paper. (For example, the 1963 arithmetic paper has 92 questions. The average answering time for each question is less than half a minute.)
Initially, students who took part in the examination were chosen by primary schools. The maximum percentage of students that could be chosen by each school is double of students in that school that entered secondary schools last year or 60%, whichever is larger. Examination takers must not be 14 or more years old on 31 August on the year of the examination unless they were recommended by the principal. (14 was the minimum working age at that time in Hong Kong.) Students could not repeat the examination. From 1970, all primary school graduates were allowed to take the examination, but the age and repeat requirements were unchanged.
The rank was determined by the sum of adjusted scores of each subject. The grades of each subject could be classified in nine classes. The first class was the best, while the ninth class was the worst. Students who obtained the sixth class or better passed the examination. The results of place allocation were announced in mid July. Students could obtain X1~3 or Y1~3 level. The X levels were given five-year secondary school places, while the Y levels were given three-year secondary places. Others were not allocated places.
From 1962 to 1964, each paper was separated into two parts. The first part can only be done in the first 20 minutes, while the latter part can only be done in the last 25 minutes. From 1965, each paper was no longer separated into parts. From 1969, multiple choice questions that were marked by computers were added, and each paper was separated into the A and B sections. The A section contained multiple choice questions with five options while the B section contained conventional questions. In the same year, the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination also adopted multiple choice questions for the first time.
Protests.
In 1973, due to the unresolved salary problems, teachers initiated protest actions. After supervising the examination, teachers distributed "a letter to examination takers" () and "the examination is bad" () in red on white stickers. The letter heavily criticised the examination for forcing students to revise for a long time, depriving their happy childhood, and harming their health. It also criticised that the teachers were forced to train students for the examination and were harmed as well. It also requested the government to build more government schools in five years so that all primary school graduates can enter secondary schools and the examination can be disestablished.
Adoption of metric units.
Before 1974, arithmetic used imperial units and Chinese units so calculations were complicated. For example:
Due to Hong Kong promoting the use of metric units in the 1970s, from 1975, arithmetic fully used metric units.
In the first few years of the examination, as pound sterling had not undergone decimalisation, even though Hong Kong does not use pounds, arithmetic tested students' ability of calculating with pounds. For example:
Disestablishment.
The last examination was held on 3 May 1977. Starting from 1978, the government has implemented 9-year free education scheme and the examination was disestablished. The first Hong Kong Academic Aptitude Test was held on 6 December 1977. It replaced this examination.


Jazz minor scale

The jazz minor scale is a derivative of the melodic minor scale, except only the ascending form of the scale is used. As the name implies, it is primarily used in jazz. It may be derived from the major scale with a minor third, making it a synthetic scale, and features a dominant seventh chord on the fifth degree (V) like the harmonic minor scale.
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
 \clef treble \time 7/4
</score>
Thus, the jazz minor scale can be represented by the following notation:
The scale may be considered to originate in the use of extensions beginning with the seventh in jazz and thus the necessity to, "chromatically raise the diatonic 7th to create a stable, tonic sound," rather than use a minor seventh chord, associated with ii, for tonic.
The jazz minor scale contains all of the altered notes of the dominant seventh chord whose root is a semitone below the scale's tonic: "In other words to find the correct jazz minor scale for any dominant 7th chord simply use the scale whose tonic note is a half step higher than the root of the chord." For example, the G7 chord and A jazz minor scale: the A scale contains the root, third, seventh, and the four most common alterations of G7. This scale may be used to resolve to C in the progression G7–C (over G7, which need not be notated G75599).
It is used over a minor major seventh chord. See: chord-scale system. The scale also easily allows diatonic chord progressions, for example a I−vi−ii−V progression:
Its modes also include Lydian 5, Lydian 7, Locrian 2, and the altered scale.


List of spectroscopists

Articles about notable spectroscopists.


2746 Hissao


Sigah

Segah (or Sigah; Persian: سه‌گاه) is the name of a Dastgah (musical mode) in Persian and related systems of music.
"Segah" (From Persian "se-gāh", سه + گاه = سه‌گاه "third place") is named because the maqam starts on the third degree in relation to the "basic" Turko-Arabic scale found in Rast. Sigah features a half-flat tonic and a half-flat fifth scale degree; as such, it has an unstable sound that tends to favor its own third degree, found on a whole tone.
Middle eastern Sephardic Jews make heavy use of this in their liturgy. For the prayers during Parashas Bo, Beha'alotecha, and Eqeb, parashas that are the "third" in their respective books, maqam Sigah is used. It is also applied on holidays. This maqam is linked to the holiday of Purim due to the abundance of pizmonim related to the holiday in this maqam (no doubt because the maqam is of Persian origin, and the events of the book of Esther take place in Persia). This maqam is also of importance because it is the maqam that is always used for the cantillation of the Torah.
Related maqamat are Huzam and Iraq.


Midland Examining Group

The Midland Examining Group (MEG) was an examination board, operating in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It offered a range of GCSE and Certificate of Achievement qualifications. It became part of OCR in 1998.
History.
The board was one of a number of new 'examining groups' formed to develop syllabuses for the GCSE qualification, which was due to replace the GCE O Level and CSE qualifications in 1988. MEG was formed by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board and Southern Universities' Joint Board for School Examinations GCE boards and the East Midlands Regional Examinations Board and The West Midlands Examinations Board CSE boards in 1985. Though this was not a merger and the boards remained independent of each other, the East Midlands and West Midlands boards, who stopped offering CSEs after they were phased out in 1987, now only offered exams as part of MEG, although they continued their other services such as in-service training, OFSTED inspections, and prison service education. The operation and processing of the GCSE was shared out between the constituent boards with the Oxford, Cambridge, Bristol, Nottingham and Birmingham centres each taking responsibility for a number of the subjects offered. The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board and Southern Universities' Joint Board each continued to offer A Levels independently.
Despite its regional name, schools were free to pick which exam board to use for their qualifications and MEG eventually set 30% of all GCSE qualifications taken each year. The board also wrote syllabuses for the Certificate of Achievement (later becoming the Entry Level Certificate), aimed at students working below GCSE level.
In 1993, MEG became part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), though it retained its separate identity. Around this time, UCLES also took over the East Midland Regional Examination Board. UCLES's A Level division, the Oxford and Cambridge Examinations and Assessment Council (OCEAC), took over both the Southern Universities' Joint Board and later, in 1995, the Oxford and Cambridge Board. The Midland Examining Group (MEG) headquarters offices were then in Cambridge at the UCLES offices in Hills Road, although some MEG subject officers and part of the exam processing were still based in Birmingham in the TWMEB offices at Mill Wharf.
Following the government decision to establish "unitary" exam boards, UCLES announced in 1997 that it was, with the Royal Society of Arts Examinations Board, launching the Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations (OCR) exam board, which would take over running all UCLES (including MEG and OCEAC) and RSA qualifications in the United Kingdom from October 1, 1998, though it continued to use the old syllabuses until they expired. The West Midlands Examinations Board became part of OCR. The MEG name appeared on some, but not all, of the Summer 1999 exam papers, but the certificates for that year, and all subsequent exam papers, featured the OCR name only.


Titwrench

Titwrench Festival features women and LGBTQIAP artists and musicians and other underrepresented/emerging artists pushing the boundaries of genre and form. The festival began in 2009 as a showcase for the talent of female-identified people and those in the LGBTQIA communities.
Purpose.
Titwrench is a community-based organization that works to create and cultivate audiences and platforms in which the community can come together and celebrate and empower women and LGBTQIAP artists/musicians who are pushing the boundaries of genre and form.
Titwrench seeks to cultivate community around these artists, advanced and unconventional music forms, feminist thought, art and ideas and inspire collaborative works among women and LGBTQIA communities in Denver and around the globe.
Music should be accessible for all ages, gender identities and communities and they are actively working to create inclusive, fun, safe spaces for all participants of our events.
History.
Founder Sarah Slater has long been an active participant in the local music and art community, and when she and former Denver Zine Library volunteer Kristy Fenton came up with the name and the concept for the initial festival, it was a natural next step for Slater's longstanding history of booking shows. Since the festival beginnings it has had many long standing volunteers and has moved through locations throughout Denver.
In 2014 and 2018 the festival took place in Stockholm.


73 Klytia

Klytia (minor planet designation: 73 Klytia) is a main-belt asteroid. It was the second and last asteroid discovery by the prolific comet discoverer Horace Tuttle, on April 7, 1862. It is named after Clytia, who loved Apollo in Greek mythology. Of the first one hundred numbered asteroids, Klytia is the smallest.
Based upon photometry observations between 1984 and 2007, it has a sidereal rotation period of 8.283065 h with an amplitude that can range up to in magnitude. The lightcurve shows some shape irregularities. There are two valid solutions for the pole's ecliptic coordinates: (λ1, β1) = (38°, +75°) and (λ2, β2) = (237°, +73°).


Supersynch


2357 Phereclos

2357 Phereclos is a large Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 1 January 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at the Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The dark and possibly spherical D-type asteroid belongs to the 30 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 14.4 hours. It was named after the shipbuilder Phereclos from Greek mythology.
Orbit and classification.
"Cebriones" is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the trailing Trojan camp at Jupiter's Lagrangian point, 60° behind its orbit in a 1:1 resonance "(see Trojans in astronomy)". This Jupiter trojan is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0–5.4 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,344 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as "" at Lowell Observatory in September 1929. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell one month later with a precovery taken in October 1929, or more than 51 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.
Physical characteristics.
"Phereclos" is a dark D-type asteroid, according to the Tholen classification, the SDSS-based taxonomy and the survey conducted by Pan-STARRS.
Rotation period.
In July 2010, a rotational lightcurve of "Phereclos" was obtained from photometric observations by Stefano Mottola using the 1.2-meter telescope at Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.394 hours with a low brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (), indicative of a nearly spherical shape.
Between 2010 and 2017, photometric follow-up observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies, California, gave several, concurring periods of 7.16 (half-period), 14.345 and 14.49 hours.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Phereclos" measures between 94.62 and 98.45 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.049 and 0.0521.
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0521 and a diameter of 94.90 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.94.
Naming.
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the skilled craftsman and shipbuilder Phereclos (Phereclus; Phereklos), who constructed the ship that Paris used to kidnap Helen. During the Trojan War, he was killed by the Greek hero Meriones. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1981 ().


List of multiplanetary systems

From the total of stars known to have exoplanets (as of ), there are a total of known multiplanetary systems, or stars with at least three confirmed planets, beyond the Solar System. The stars with the most confirmed planets are our Sun and Kepler-90 with 8 confirmed planets each, followed by TRAPPIST-1 with 7 planets. The star with the most candidate planets is HD 10180, with a maximum of 9 planets — 6 confirmed and 3 candidates.
The multiplanetary systems are listed below according to the star's distance from Earth. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar System, has two planets (b and c) and a third unconfirmed sub-Earth. The nearest system with three or more confirmed planets is Luyten's Star, with four known. The farthest confirmed multiplanetary system is OGLE-2012-BLG-0026L, at 13,300 ly away.
The table below contains information about the coordinates, spectral and physical properties, and number of confirmed planets. The two most important stellar properties are mass and metallicity because they determine how these planetary systems form. Systems with higher mass and metallicity tend to have more planets and more massive planets. However, although low metallicity stars tend to have fewer massive planets, particularly hot-Jupiters, they also tend to have a larger number of close in planets, orbiting at less than 1 AU.
Stars orbited by both planets and brown dwarfs.
Stars orbited by objects on both sides of the 13 Jupiter mass dividing line.
See also.
For links to specific lists of exoplanets see:
Online archives:


Beats per minute


Canvas element

The canvas element is part of HTML5 and allows for dynamic, scriptable rendering of 2D shapes and bitmap images. It is a low level, procedural model that updates a bitmap and does not have a built-in scene graph, but through WebGL it allows 3D shapes and images to be displayed. HTML5 Canvas also helps in making 2D games.
History.
Canvas was initially introduced by Apple for use in their own Mac OS X WebKit component in 2004, powering applications like Dashboard widgets and the Safari browser. Later, in 2005 it was adopted in version 1.8 of Gecko browsers, and Opera in 2006, and standardized by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) on new proposed specifications for next generation web technologies.
Usage.
A codice_1 consists of a drawable region defined in HTML code with "height" and "width" attributes. JavaScript code may access the area through a full set of drawing functions similar to those of other common 2D APIs, thus allowing for dynamically generated graphics. Some anticipated uses of canvas include building graphs, animations, games, and image composition.
Example.
The following code creates a Canvas element in an HTML page:
<canvas id="example" width="200" height="200">
This text is displayed if your browser does not support HTML5 Canvas.
</canvas>
Using JavaScript, you can draw on the canvas:
var example = document.getElementById('example');
var context = example.getContext('2d');
context.fillStyle = 'red';
context.fillRect(30, 30, 50, 50);
This code draws a red rectangle on the screen.
The Canvas API also provides codice_2 and codice_3, for saving and restoring all the canvas context's attributes.
Canvas element size versus drawing surface size.
A canvas actually has two sizes: the size of the element itself and the size of the element's drawing surface. Setting the element's width and height attributes sets both of these sizes; CSS attributes affect only the element's size and not the drawing surface.
By default, both the canvas element's size and the size of its drawing surface is 300 screen pixels wide and 150 screen pixels high. In the listing shown in the example, which uses CSS to set the canvas element's size, the size of the element is 600 pixels wide and 300 pixels high, but the size of the drawing surface remains unchanged at the default value of 300 pixels × 150 pixels. When a canvas element's size does not match the size of its drawing surface, the browser scales the drawing surface to fit the element (which may result in surprising and unwanted effects).
Example on setting element size and drawing surface size to different values:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
 <head>
 <title>Canvas element size: 600 x 300,
 Canvas drawing surface size: 300 x 150</title>
 <style>
 body {
 background: #dddddd;
 #canvas {
 margin: 20px;
 padding: 20px;
 background: #ffffff;
 border: thin inset #aaaaaa;
 width: 600px;
 height: 300px;
 </style>
 </head>
 <body>
 <canvas id="canvas">
 Canvas not supported
 </canvas>
 </body>
</html>
Canvas versus Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG).
SVG is an earlier standard for drawing shapes in browsers. However, unlike canvas, which is raster-based, SVG is vector-based, so that each drawn shape is remembered as an object in a scene graph or Document Object Model, which is subsequently rendered to a bitmap. This means that if attributes of an SVG object are changed, the browser can automatically re-render the scene.
Canvas objects, on the other hand, are drawn in immediate mode. In the canvas example above, once the rectangle is drawn the model it was drawn from is forgotten by the system. If its position were to be changed, the entire scene would need to be redrawn, including any objects that might have been covered by the rectangle. But in the equivalent SVG case, one could simply change the position attributes of the rectangle and the browser would determine how to repaint it. There are additional JavaScript libraries that add scene-graph capabilities to the canvas element. It is also possible to paint a canvas in layers and then recreate specific layers.
SVG images are represented in XML, and complex scenes can be created and maintained with XML editing tools.
The SVG scene graph enables event handlers to be associated with objects, so a rectangle may respond to an codice_4 event. To get the same functionality with canvas, one must manually match the coordinates of the mouse click with the coordinates of the drawn rectangle to determine whether it was clicked.
Conceptually, canvas is a lower-level API upon which an engine, supporting for example SVG, might be built. There are JavaScript libraries that provide partial SVG implementations using canvas for browsers that do not provide SVG but support canvas, such as the browsers in Android 2.x. However, this is not normally the case—they are independent standards. The situation is complicated because there are scene graph libraries for canvas, and SVG has some bitmap manipulation functionality.
Reactions.
At the time of its introduction the canvas element was met with mixed reactions from the web standards community. There have been arguments against Apple's decision to create a new proprietary element instead of supporting the SVG standard. There are other concerns about syntax, such as the absence of a namespace.
Intellectual property over canvas.
On March 14, 2007, WebKit developer Dave Hyatt forwarded an email from Apple's Senior Patent Counsel, Helene Plotka Workman, which stated that Apple reserved all intellectual property rights relative to WHATWG's Web Applications 1.0 Working Draft, dated March 24, 2005, Section 10.1, entitled “Graphics: The bitmap canvas”, but left the door open to licensing the patents should the specification be transferred to a standards body with a formal patent policy. This caused considerable discussion among web developers, and raised questions concerning the WHATWG's lack of a policy on patents in comparison to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)'s explicit favoring of royalty-free licenses. Apple later disclosed the patents under the W3C's royalty-free patent licensing terms. The disclosure means that Apple is required to provide royalty-free licensing for the patent whenever the Canvas element becomes part of a future W3C recommendation created by the HTML working group.
Privacy concerns.
Canvas fingerprinting is one of a number of browser fingerprinting techniques of tracking online users that allow websites to identify and track visitors using HTML5 canvas element. The technique received wide media coverage in 2014 after researchers from Princeton University and KU Leuven University described it in their paper "The Web never forgets". The privacy concerns regarding canvas fingerprinting centre around the fact that even deleting cookies and clearing the cache will not be sufficient for users to avoid online tracking.
Browser support.
The element is supported by the current versions of Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, Konqueror, Opera and Microsoft Edge.


Seqlock

A seqlock (short for "sequence lock") is a special locking mechanism used in Linux for supporting fast writes of shared variables between two parallel operating system routines. The semantics stabilized as of version 2.5.59, and they are present in the 2.6.x stable kernel series. The seqlocks were developed by Stephen Hemminger and originally called frlocks, based on earlier work by Andrea Arcangeli. The first implementation was in the x86-64 time code where it was needed to synchronize with user space where it was not possible to use a real lock.
It is a reader–writer consistent mechanism which avoids the problem of writer starvation. A seqlock consists of storage for saving a sequence number in addition to a lock. The lock is to support synchronization between two writers and the counter is for indicating consistency in readers. In addition to updating the shared data, the writer increments the sequence number, both after acquiring the lock and before releasing the lock. Readers read the sequence number before and after reading the shared data. If the sequence number is odd on either occasion, a writer had taken the lock while the data was being read and it may have changed. If the sequence numbers are different, a writer has changed the data while it was being read. In either case readers simply retry (using a loop) until they read the same even sequence number before and after.
The reader never blocks, but it may have to retry if a write is in progress; this speeds up the readers in the case where the data was not modified, since they do not have to acquire the lock as they would with a traditional read–write lock. Also, writers do not wait for readers, whereas with traditional read–write locks they do, leading to potential resource starvation in a situation where there are a number of readers (because the writer must wait for there to be no readers). Because of these two factors, seqlocks are more efficient than traditional read–write locks for the situation where there are many readers and few writers. The drawback is that if there is too much write activity or the reader is too slow, they might livelock (and the readers may starve).
The technique will not work for data that contains pointers, because any writer could invalidate a pointer that a reader has already followed. In this case, using read-copy-update synchronization is preferred.
This was first applied to system time counter updating. Each time interrupt updates the time of the day; there may be many readers of the time for operating system internal use and applications, but writes are relatively infrequent and only occur one at a time. The BSD timecounter code for instance appears to use a similar technique.
One subtle issue of using seqlocks for a time counter is that it is impossible to step through it with a debugger. The retry logic will trigger all the time because the debugger is slow enough to make the read race occur always.


3507 Vilas


Chernoff face

Chernoff faces, invented by applied mathematician, statistician and physicist Herman Chernoff in 1973, display multivariate data in the shape of a human face. The individual parts, such as eyes, ears, mouth and nose represent values of the variables by their shape, size, placement and orientation. The idea behind using faces is that humans easily recognize faces and notice small changes without difficulty. Chernoff faces handle each variable differently. Because the features of the faces vary in perceived importance, the way in which variables are mapped to the features should be carefully chosen (e.g. eye size and eyebrow-slant have been found to carry significant weight).
Detail.
Chernoff faces themselves can be plotted on a standard "X"–"Y" graph; the faces can be positioned "X"–"Y" based on the two most important variables, and then the faces themselves represent the rest of the dimensions for each item. Edward Tufte, presenting such a diagram, says that this kind of Chernoff-face graph would "reduce well, maintaining legibility even with individual areas of 0.05 square inches as shown ... with cartoon faces and even numbers becoming data measures, we would appear to have reached the limit of graphical economy of presentation, imagination, and let it be admitted, eccentricity".
Extensions.
Asymmetrical faces.
In 1981, Bernhard Flury and Hans Riedwyl suggested "asymmetrical" Chernoff faces; since a face has vertical symmetry (around the "y" axis), the left side of the face is identical to the right and is basically wasted space – a point also made by Tufte. One could have the 18 variables that specify the left be one set of data, but use a different set of data for the right side of the face, allowing one face to depict 35 different measurements. They present results showing that such asymmetrical faces are useful in visualizing databases of identical twins, for example, and are useful in grouping as pairs of Chernoff faces would be.
Chernoff fish.
In "Visualizing Financial Data" (2016, ), Julie Rodriguez and Piotr Kaczmarek use "Chernoff fish", where various parts of a cartoon fish are used to encode different financial details.
In literature.
In the Peter Watts 2006 novel "Blindsight" a transhuman character is seen using a variant of Chernoff faces. This is explained by the character as a more efficient method of representing data, as a large portion of the human brain is devoted to facial recognition.
In the sci-fi short story "Degrees of Freedom" by Karl Schroeder, Chernoff faces make a prominent appearances as a future technology, supporting the communication of aggregate sentiment and perspective.


Zeta Piscium

Zeta Piscium (ζ Piscium, abbreviated Zet Psc, ζ Psc) is a quintuple star system in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. Based upon parallax measurements obtained during the Hipparcos mission, it is located roughly distant from the Sun.
The system consists of a binary star (Zeta Piscium A) and a triple star system (BC), the latter consisting of a spectroscopic binary (B) and a single star (C). A's two components are themselves designated Zeta Piscium Aa (officially named Revati ) and Ab; B's two components as Ba and Bb.
As the star system is 0.21° south of the ecliptic, it can be eclipsed (occulted) by the moon, when close to or at one of its two nodes of its orbit; and is eclipsed by the sun from about 8-10 April.
Nomenclature.
"ζ Piscium" (Latinised to "Zeta Piscium") is the system's Bayer designation. The designations of the three constituents as "Zeta Piscium A", "B" and "C", and those of "A's" and "B's" components - "Zeta Piscium Aa", "Ab", "Ba" and "Bb" - derive from the convention used by the Washington Multiplicity Catalog (WMC) for multiple star systems, and adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
The system is identified with "Revati" (रेवती "rēvatī", ), one of the Indian nakshatra (lunar mansions). In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name "Revati" for the constituent Zeta Piscium A on 30 June 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. Where a component letter is not explicitly listed, the WGSN says that the name should be understood to be attributed to the brightest component by visual brightness (component "Aa" in this case).
In Chinese, (), meaning "Outer Fence", refers to an asterism consisting of Zeta Piscium, Delta Piscium, Epsilon Piscium, Mu Piscium, Nu Piscium, Xi Piscium and Alpha Piscium. Consequently, the Chinese name for Zeta Piscium itself is (, .)
Properties.
The primary, Zeta Piscium A, is a pair of A-type subgiant stars with an angular separation of 0.15 arcseconds and visual magnitude 5.28.
The secondary, Zeta Piscium B, is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 9.075 days and an eccentricity of 0.04. Together, components Ba and Bb have a combined visual magnitude of 6.43 and lie at an angular separation of 22.9 arcseconds from the primary. They are a F-type main sequence star and a G-type main sequence star, respectively.
The tertiary and fifth component, Zeta Piscium C, is a magnitude 12.2 star at an angular separation 1.0 arc seconds from component B.
Together the star system has an apparent magnitude of +4.9.


Furrow profilometer

A furrow profilometer is used for the measurement of the cross-sectional geometry of furrows and corrugations, and is important in furrow assessments. For each furrow, the cross-sectional geometry should be measured at two to three locations before and after the irrigation. A profilometer for determining the cross-sections of furrows is shown in Figure. Individual scales located on the horizontal rod of the profilometer provide data to plot furrow depth as a function of the lateral distance and the data can be numerically integrated. This gives geometric relationships such as area verses depth, wetted perimeter versus depth and top-width verses depth.


3647 Dermott


Releasing Eskimo

Releasing Eskimo was a small record label in Sweden. The label released music by Aube, Brainbombs, Killer Bug and Merzbow among others.


Acoustic rheometer

An acoustic rheometer employs a piezo-electric crystal that can easily launch a successive wave of extensions and contractions into the fluid. It applies an oscillating extensional stress to the system. System response can be interpreted in terms of extensional rheology.
It is well known that properties of viscoelastic fluid are characterised in shear rheology with a shear modulus "G", which links shear stress "Tij" and shear strain "Sij"
There is similar linear relationship in extensional rheology between extensional stress "P", extensional strain "S" and extensional modulus "K":
Detail theoretical analysis indicates that propagation of sound or ultrasound through a viscoelastic fluid depends on both shear modulus "G" and extensional modulus "K". It is convenient to introduce a combined longitudinal modulus "M":
There are simple equations that express longitudinal modulus in terms of acoustic properties, sound speed "V" and attenuation α
Acoustic rheometer measures sound speed and attenuation of ultrasound for a set of frequencies in the megahertz range. These measurable parameters can be converted into real and imaginary components of "longitudinal modulus".
This type of rheometer works at much higher frequencies than others. It is suitable for studying effects with much shorter relaxation times than any other rheometer.


2370 van Altena


Fan Death Records

Fan Death Records is an independent record label based in Baltimore, Maryland, and Montreal, Quebec. The label is operated by Sean Gray, Chris Berry, and Tracy Soo-Ming.
Fan Death is affiliated with DNA Test Fest, a noise rock and experimental music festival held in Baltimore every year. The label began in 2007 in with Gray's radio show "DNA in the DNA" on WMUC-FM in College Park, Maryland.


Bonjour Balwyn

Bonjour Balwyn is a 1971 Australian independent film directed by Nigel Buesst and starring John Duigan, Peter Cummins, and John Romeril. It was one of the most notable films of the "Carlton Wave" of filmmaking.
Premise.
Kevin Agar is a Carlton-based owner of a fledgling magazine who struggles to make ends meet. As his financial situation turns desperate, he finds work assisting a television repair man with repossessions. Agar's parents live in the suburb of Balwyn.
Production.
"Bonjour Balwyn" was shot on 16mm with funds from the Experimental Film and Television Fund. The original running time was 70 minutes but it was cut down to under an hour to qualify for the short fiction competition at the Sydney Film Festival.
The film was not seen widely outside Melbourne.


688 Melanie

688 Melanie ("prov. designation:" "or" ) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory on 25 August 1909. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 18.9 hours and measures approximately in diameter. Any reference to the origin of the asteroid's name is .
Orbit and classification.
"Melanie" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,618 days; semi-major axis of 2.7 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Vienna Observatory in July 1913, or four years after its official discovery observation.
Naming.
This minor planet was named in 1910, by Otto Prelinger who collaborated with Johann Palisa and Max Wolf on the photographic star charts ("AN" 186, 15). Any reference of this minor planet name to a person or occurrence is .
Unknown meaning.
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, "Melanie" is , for which has been published. All of these asteroids with an unknown meaning have low numbers, beginning with and ending with , all discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.
Physical characteristics.
In both the Bus-DeMeo classification and the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Melanie" is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid.
Rotation period.
In September 2011, a rotational lightcurve of "Melanie" was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a low brightness variation of magnitude (). The first but unsuccessful attempt to measure the objects period was undertaken by Richard Binzel in June 1984. Other observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi (2005) and René Roy (2011) gave a period of () and () hours and an amplitude of and magnitude, respectively (). Also in 2011, an ambiguous period of () with an alternative period solution of 16.10 hours and an amplitude of () magnitude was determined ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and the Japanese Akari satellite, "Melanie" measures (), () and () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (), () and (), respectively.
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the albedo obtained by IRAS and derives a diameter of 41.38 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.59. Alternative mean-diameters published by the WISE team include (), (), (), () and () with a corresponding albedo of (), (), (), () and (). On 4 August 2002, an asteroid occultation gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of () with a low quality rating of 0. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.


English Language Proficiency Test

The English Language Proficiency Test (ELPT) was the name of a SAT II last administered in January 2005. It was a one-hour multiple choice test given on English language proficiency by The College Board. A student whose native language was not English could have chosen to take this test instead of or in addition to Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) for college entrance depending upon requirements of the schools in which the student was planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT II's were known as Achievement Tests. The ELPT assessed both the understanding of spoken and written standard American English and the ability to function in a classroom where English is spoken. The test was intended for students whose best language was not English; who attend U.S. high schools, or who had studied in an international school where courses were taught in English; had completed two to four years of English language instruction in an English as a Second Language program or in English enrichment courses; and/or students who spoke a language other than English at home or work. It was scored on a scale of 901 to 999
English Language Proficiency Testing is also important in aviation. Pilots and air traffic controllers have to demonstrate English language competency in accordance with ICAO Document 9835 in order to be allowed to exercise the privileges, either as Air Traffic Controllers, or the privileges endorsed in their pilot´s license when operating outside of their national airspace. However, an entirely different scoring (“rating”) system from LEVEL 1 to LEVEL 6 is used. Pilots have to demonstrate at least ICAO Level 4.
Format.
The test had 84 multiple-choice questions and was divided into three sections: two listening sections totaling 30 minutes and one 30-minute reading section.
Format in Aviation.
The test for the aviation community consists of two parts: the first part, called the "digital part" contains a number of questions from a data base which are played. The second part is an interview which lasts for at least 15 minutes and which is conducted by a language examiner. This type of testing is referred to as "semi-direct" test.
Scoring.
The following is the final release of score percentiles as seen on the 2007 SAT score reports. The mean score was 964.


5329 Decaro


Pi Tucanae

Pi Tucanae (π Tuc, π Tucanae) is a double star in the southern constellation of Tucana. It is visible to the naked eye with a combined apparent visual magnitude of +5.49. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.25 mas as seen from Earth, it is located around 317 light years from the Sun.
The brighter star, component A, is a B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B9 V. At an age of about 206 million years, it is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 236. The star has an estimated 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 59 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,393 K.
There is a nearby visual companion, component B, but the two stars may not form a physical pair. This star has a K-band magnitude of 10.1 and is a source of X-ray emission. It has 60% of the Sun's mass and just 6.3% of the Sun's luminosity, with an effective temperature of 3,890 K. The pair have an angular separation of 2.28 arc seconds along a position angle of 211.4°, which corresponds to a projected separation of 214.1 AU.


Jane Elliott (sociologist)

Barbara Jane Elliott (born 25 January 1966) is a British sociologist and academic. She is Professor of Sociology at the University of Exeter. From October 2014 to September 2017 she was chief executive of the Economic and Social Research Council. Her research uses longitudinal, qualitative and quantitative methodologies to explore issues of gender and employment.
Early life.
Elliott was born on 25 January 1966 to Keith Elliott and Barbara Joy Elliott. She was educated at Sharnbrook Upper School and Bedford College of Higher Education. She studied mathematics and then social and political science at King's College, Cambridge. She graduated in 1987 with an upper second class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Later, she undertook post-graduate research in sociology at the University of Manchester, completing her Doctor of Philosophy degree in 2001. Her thesis was titled "Success stories: Narrative representations of women's lives?".
Academic career.
Elliott began her academic career as a Research Associate at the University of Cambridge from 1987 to 1992. From 1992 to 1994, she was a fellow and lecturer in Social and Political Sciences at Newnham College, Cambridge. She moved to the University of Manchester, where she was a research fellow from 1994 to 1999.
She moved from research to teaching when she became a lecturer in sociology at the University of Liverpool in 1999. She was a Visiting Lecturer at Harvard University during the 2002/2003 academic year. In 2004, she moved to the Institute of Education, University of London. She was the Principal Investigator of the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohort studies. She was promoted to Professor of Sociology in 2009.
From 2010 to 2014, Elliot was director of the Centre for Longitudinal Studies. The centre hosts the 1958 National Child Development Study, 1970 British Cohort Study, and Millennium Cohort Study. In October 2014, she became chief executive and deputy chair of the Economic and Social Research Council. while retaining her title as professor of sociology at the University of London. She became professor of sociology at the University of Exeter in October 2017.
Honours.
In March 2015, Elliott was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS).
She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to the social sciences.