Neapolitan chord

In music theory, a Neapolitan chord (or simply a "Neapolitan") is a major chord built on the lowered (flatted) second (supertonic) scale degree. In Schenkerian analysis, it is known as a Phrygian II, since in minor scales the chord is built on the notes of the corresponding Phrygian mode.
Although it is sometimes indicated by an "N" rather than a "II", some analysts prefer the latter because it indicates the relation of this chord to the supertonic. The Neapolitan chord does not fall into the categories of mixture or tonicization. Moreover, even Schenkerians like Carl Schachter do not consider this chord as a sign for a shift to the Phrygian mode. Therefore, like the augmented sixth chords it should be assigned to a separate category of chromatic alteration.
The Neapolitan most commonly occurs in first inversion so that it is notated either as II6 or N6 and normally referred to as a "Neapolitan sixth chord". In C major or C minor, for example, a Neapolitan sixth chord in first inversion contains an interval of a minor sixth between F and D.<score %sound="1"% lang="lilypond">
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Origin of the name.
Especially in its most common occurrence (as a triad in first inversion), the chord is known as the "Neapolitan sixth":
Harmonic function.
In tonal harmony, the function of the Neapolitan chord is to prepare the dominant, substituting for the IV or ii (particularly ii6) chord. For example, it often precedes an authentic cadence, where it functions as a subdominant (IV). In such circumstances, the Neapolitan sixth is a chromatic alteration of the subdominant, and it has an immediately recognizable and poignant sound.<score %vorbis="1"%%T257066% lang="lilypond">
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</score>For example, in C major, the IV (subdominant) triad in root position contains the notes F, A, and C. By lowering the A by a semitone to A and raising the C to D, the Neapolitan sixth chord F–A–D is formed.<score lang="lilypond">
\override Score.TimeSignature
 \relative c' {
 \time 4/4 \key c \major
 <f a c>1 <f aes des> \bar "||"
</score>In C minor, the resemblance between the subdominant (F–A–C) and the Neapolitan (F–A–D) is even stronger since only one note differs by a half-step. (The Neapolitan is also only a half-step away from the diminished supertonic triad in minor in first inversion, F–A–D, and thus lies chromatically between the two primary subdominant function chords.)<score lang="lilypond">
\override Score.TimeSignature
 \relative c' {
 \time 4/4 \key c \minor
 <f aes c>1 <f aes des> \bar "||"
</score>The Neapolitan sixth chord is particularly common in minor keys. As a simple alteration of the subdominant triad (iv) of the minor mode, it provides contrast as a major chord compared to the minor subdominant or the diminished supertonic triad.
Further harmonic contexts.
A common use of the Neapolitan chord is in tonicizations and modulations to different keys. It is the most common means of modulating down a semitone, which is usually done by using the I chord in a major key as a Neapolitan chord (or a flatted major supertonic chord in the new key, a semitone below the original).
Occasionally, a minor seventh or augmented sixth is added to the Neapolitan chord, which turns it into a potential secondary dominant that can allow tonicization or modulation to the V/IV key area relative to the primary tonic. Whether the added note were notated as a minor seventh or augmented sixth largely depends on how the chord resolves. For example, in C major or C minor, the Neapolitan chord with an augmented sixth (B added to D major chord) very likely resolves in C major or minor, or possibly into some other closely related key such as F minor.
However, if the extra note is considered an added seventh (C), this is the best notation if the music is to lead into G major or minor. If the composer chose to lead into F major or minor, very likely the Neapolitan chord would be notated enharmonically based on C (for example: C–E–G–B), although composers vary in their practice on such enharmonic niceties.
Another such use of the Neapolitan is along with the German augmented sixth chord, which can serve as a pivot chord to tonicize the Neapolitan as a tonic (). In C major/minor, the German augmented sixth chord is an enharmonic A7 chord, which could lead as a secondary dominant to D, the Neapolitan key area. As the dominant to II, the A7 chord can then be respelled as a German augmented sixth, resolving back to the home key of C major/minor.
Minor Neapolitan chord.
Sometimes one encounters a minor triad on the Neapolitan second degree rather than the major: for example, a D minor chord in the key of C major or C minor. Sometimes this is enharmonically respelled as occurring on the sharpened tonic, i.e. a C minor chord in C major or C minor. This has the same function as the major Neapolitan but is more expressive.
Voice leading.
Because of its close relationship to the subdominant, the Neapolitan sixth resolves to the dominant using similar voice-leading. In the present example of a C major/minor tonic, the D generally moves down by two steps to the leading tone B (creating the expressive melodic interval of a diminished third, one of the few places this interval is accepted in traditional voice-leading), while the F in the bass moves up by step to the dominant root G. The fifth of the chord (A) usually resolves down a semitone to G as well. In four-part harmony, the bass note F is generally doubled, and this doubled F either resolves down to D or remains as the seventh F of the G-major dominant seventh chord. In summary, the conventional resolution is for all upper voices to move down against a rising bass.
Care must be taken to avoid consecutive fifths when moving from the Neapolitan to the cadential. The simplest solution is to avoid placing the fifth of the chord in the soprano voice. If the root or (doubled) third is in the soprano voice, all upper parts simply resolve down by step while the bass rises. According to some theorists, however, such an unusual consecutive fifth (with both parts descending a semitone) is allowable in chromatic harmony, so long as it does not involve the bass voice. (The same allowance is often made more explicitly for the German augmented sixth, except in that case it may involve the bass – or "must", if the chord is in its usual root position.)<score %vorbis="1"%%T257066% lang="lilypond">
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Inversions.
The II chord is sometimes used in root position (in which case there may be even more concessions regarding consecutive fifths, similar to those just discussed). The use of a root position Neapolitan chord may be appealing to composers who wish for the chord to resolve outwards to the dominant in first inversion; the flatted supertonic moves to the leading tone (in C major, D to B) and the flatted submediant may move down to the dominant or up to the leading tone (A to either G or B).<score %vorbis="1"%%T257066% lang="lilypond">
 \new PianoStaff «
 \new Staff «
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4
 f2 g g1
 \new Voice \relative c' {
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 des2 d e1
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 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemUp \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4
 aes2 g g1
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 des,2 b c1 \bar "||"
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</score>An example of a flatted major supertonic chord occurs in the second to last bar of Chopin's Prelude in C minor, Op. 28, No. 20. In very rare cases, the chord occurs in second inversion; for example, in Handel's "Messiah", in the aria "Rejoice greatly".
In classical music.
From the early 17th century onwards, composers became aware of the expressive power of the Neapolitan chord, especially to convey moments of intense feeling.
Baroque period.
In his oratorio "Jephte", Giacomo Carissimi portrays the grief-stricken tears ("lachrimate") of Jephtha’s daughter and her companions at the prospect of her brutal fate. According to Richard Taruskin, "The daughter’s lament… makes especially affective use of the ‘Phrygian’ lowered second degree at cadences, producing what would later be called the Neapolitan (or ‘Neapolitan sixth) harmony." (B in the key of A minor).
In his opera "King Arthur", Henry Purcell features the chord (D in the key of C minor) among a range of "daring chromatic harmonies" and "strange sliding semitones" to evoke the sensation of intense cold in Act 3 Scene 2, when the spirit of Winter, the awe-inspiring "Cold Genius" is aroused from its slumbers.
In contrast to Purcell, the opening movement of "Summer" from Vivaldi’s "The Four Seasons", "a four-note descent transformed by Neapolitan-sixth harmony" enhances the sensation of weariness and languor under the hot sun (A in the key of G minor). As the sonnet accompanying the music puts it:
Paul Everett describes the above passage as "a set of disarmingly 'slow' gestures, metrically dislocated, that must represent the lethargy of the anxious man as much as the oppressive heat of an airless day."
In J.S. Bach’s "St Matthew Passion", No. 19, the episode conveying Christ’s agony in the garden of Gethsemane, the Neapolitan chord (G in the key of F minor) is used on the word "Plagen" (torments) in the chorale harmonization sung by the chorus:
According to John Eliot Gardiner, "The answering soft-voiced chorus… imbues [the music] with a mysterious quality, almost as though a muted drama is taking place at a distance from the main action – Christ’s ‘Agony in the Garden’ and his acceptance of his role as Saviour."
Classical period.
The Neapolitan chord was a favourite idiom among composers in the Classical period. In his Sonata in C minor, "a masterpiece of tragic power," Haydn uses the chord (D in the key of C minor) as he brings the opening statement of his first subject to a close:
Ludwig van Beethoven used the Neapolitan chord frequently in some of his best-known works, including the opening of his "Moonlight Sonata", Op. 27 No. 2:
Wilfrid Mellers sees the apparent tranquillity of these bars as "deceptive, since in bar 3 the bass’s F sharp is harmonized not as a subdominant but, with the quaver triplet’s D flattened as a first inversion of the Neapolitan chord of D major. The implied progression from D natural to the cadential B sharp delivers a small stab to the nervous system."
Beethoven’s "Appassionata" Sonata, Op. 57 uses the Neapolitan chord on a broader harmonic canvas. Both the first and last movements of the sonata open with a phrase repeated a semitone higher (G in the key of F minor).
Other examples of Beethoven’s use of the chord occur in the opening bars of String Quartet op. 59 No.2, String Quartet op. 95, and the third movement of the "Hammerklavier" Sonata.
A powerful example from Schubert comes in his single movement Quartett-Satz (1820). The opening "has a dramatic intensity… which is all the more powerful because it begins quietly." The passage culminates in a Neapolitan chord (D in the key of C minor): According to Roger Scruton, "It is as though a spirit had arisen out of the turbulent clouds and suddenly burst forth into the light – the clouds formed from the key of C minor, the spirit itself, released at last, being in the negation of C minor, namely D flat major." Scruton sees the "semitone conflict" that recurs in different keys as the movement progresses as a unifying feature that has "penetrated the whole structure of the piece."
Romantic period.
In the fourth scene of Richard Wagner’s opera "Das Rheingold", the earth Goddess Erda prophesies the impending doom of the Gods. Wagner’s orchestration here juxtaposes two significant dramatic leitmotifs, the one ascending to represent Erda and the other, "a descending variant of Erda's motive played over a chord of the Neapolitan sixth" with the intention of conveying their ultimate downfall to ominous and chilling effect. (D in the key of C minor):
In popular music.
In rock and pop music, examples of its use include:


5333 Kanaya

5333 Kanaya, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter.
The asteroid was discovered on 18 October 1990, by Japanese astronomers Makio Akiyama and Toshimasa Furuta at Mishima Observatory () in Susono, Japan, and named for the Japanese city of Kanaya.
Orbit and classification.
"Kanaya" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,312 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.
A first precovery was taken at the Goethe Link Observatory in 1954. It observation arc begins at the Chilean Cerro El Roble Station in 1974, when it was identified as , 16 years prior to its official discovery observation at Susono.
Physical characteristics.
In the SMASS classification, "Kanaya" is a Ch-type asteroid, a hydrated sub-type of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Kanaya" measures 14.2 and 13.6 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.029 and 0.051, respectively.
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 13.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.1.
Lightcurves.
Several rotational lightcurves of "Kanaya" have been obtained from photometric observations. In December 2005, a first lightcurve by astronomer David Higgins at Hunters Hill Observatory (), Australia, gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude ().
In October 2010, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec obtained another well-defined period of hours with an amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (). Other observations rendered similar periods ().
Naming.
This minor planet was named for the Japanese town of Kanaya (金谷町 Kanaya-chō) in Haibara District of the Shizuoka Prefecture. It is the native town of the first discoverer, Makio Akiyama, and also a station on the ancient "Tokai-do" road. The Malinohara plateau south of Kanaya is well known for its production of green tea. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 February 1993 ().


USNS Sands (T-AGOR-6)

USNS "Sands" (T-AGOR-6) was a operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) for the Naval Oceanographic Office from 1965 to 1973. During that period she provided ocean-bottom information and underwater test data to the U.S. Navy and other U.S. agencies. The ship was the second naval vessel to be named for Rear Admiral Benjamin F. Sands and his son Rear Admiral James H. Sands, the first being the destroyer . The ship operated in the Atlantic on oceanographic and geophysical assignments for the Oceanographic Office and other agencies.
In 1974 the ship was leased to Brazil, renamed Almirante Camara and in 1990 Brazil purchased the ship under the Security Assistance Program. "Almirante Camara" was engaged in oceanographic work for Brazil in the South Atlantic until retirement in 2003.
Construction.
"Sands" was laid down on 23 August 1962 by the Marietta Manufacturing Co. of Point Pleasant, West Virginia as hull number 911, the first of three such vessels built for the United States Navy by the builder. The ship was launched on 14 September 1963; sponsored by Miss Priscilla G. Sands; and accepted by the Navy and placed in service with the then Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) on 2 February 1965, Capt. George W. Fladerer, Master.
Naval Oceanographic Office service.
Manned by a Civil Service crew, the United States Naval Ship "Sands" was operated in the Atlantic Ocean by the Military Sealift Command (formerly MSTS) for the Naval Oceanographic Office. The ship was operated by that office as one of the "Navy Pool" vessels for which the office coordinated use by Navy laboratories, universities and research organizations with Navy contracts for varied projects.
Until being placed out of service, in reserve, in April 1973, "Sands" performed oceanographic and marine geophysical research and conducted experiments in underwater sound propagation. For example, in the early 1970s "Sands" planted large vertical subsurface acoustic arrays in the tropical Atlantic. These arrays were unique for having long term recording capabilities enabling months' long acoustic data to be collected; and for the first use of the then new material Kevlar as the strength member of the arrays. Kevlar, created by DuPont for use as cords in vehicular tires, was found to have stretch characteristics that matched those of the conductive copper wires embedded in an array. (Whereas a material like dacron can stretch upwards 50% before breaking, kevlar limits stretch to 2% before failure. This greatly reduced longitudinal stresses on the copper wires and permitted precise vertical positioning of hydrophones in the vertical string.) "Sands", during this period, also conducted acoustic data collection voyages in the area around Malta and the lower Adriatic Sea.
"Sands" was placed out of service in 1973.
Transfer to Brazil.
On 1 July 1974 the ship was leased by Brazil, renamed "Almirante Camara", after a major supporter of Brazilian hydrography, Admiral Antônio Alves Câmara Junior, and placed in service under the command of Captain-de-frigate Fernando Carlos Catta Preta Baumeir. In 1990 an agreement was signed for purchase of the ship by Brazil at the end of the lease. The purchase was effective under the Security Assistance Program 5 December 1990. "Almirante Camara" engaged in survey work in the South Atlantic for Brazil, including international operations with U.S. Naval research and hydrographic vessels such as and and in support of the Brazilian Antarctic Program.
"Almirante Camara" decommissioned 7 August 2003 at a ceremony at the Naval Base, Rio de Janeiro and sold at auction in 2004.


TeessideLive

TeessideLive is a regional news website serving the Teesside area of England. The website feeds "The Gazette" daily newspaper and the "Sunday Sun", England’s best-selling regional Sunday newspaper. Formerly known as "Teesside Gazette", the website, mobile app and social media accounts changed to "TeessideLive" on 5 June 2018.
"The Gazette" is the most popular daily newspaper in Teesside, and has been an integral part of life in the area since 1869, when it was founded as the "North-Eastern Daily Gazette" by the Scot, and eventual Liberal Member of Parliament for Aston Manor, Hugh Gilzean Reid. It was also at this time, that a first premises were established on Zetland Road, Middlesbrough. Historical copies of the "Daily Gazette", dating back to 1870, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive. Later The Gazette Media Company Ltd who also publish the free "Herald & Post" newspaper.
The "Teesside Gazette" occupied the Gazette building on Borough Road in the centre of Middlesbrough for almost 80 years; and in April 2018, it moved to a new premises on Hudson Quays, Middlehaven. This houses the editorial staff as well as various operational departments such as advertising and newspaper sales. There is a further Gazette Media Company site on the Riverside Industrial Estate which houses a printing press.
"Teesside Gazette" changed the title of its cover page from "Evening Gazette" to "The Gazette" in 2014 after the company began releasing the newspaper to newsagents on mornings instead of evenings as it had done previously. It mainly provides local news, but also covers national, international and sports news as well as having various supplements relating to lifestyle, business, and events.
"The Pink".
Many local newspapers in the mid-20th century produced a special sports edition on Saturday evening. Before football results were widely available on television and radio such editions were the source of results for players of the football pools. Serious players needed the results as soon as possible since, on afternoons where there were relatively few matches ending in a draw, the payouts from the pools would be large and claims would have to be made quickly, typically by telegram. While the regular evening edition typically "went to bed" in mid-afternoon, if not earlier, the sports edition had to be on news stands as soon as possible after the conclusion of football games across the country. Most games started at 3 p.m. and concluded around 4:45 p.m. The sports edition was usually available by 6 p.m. It was popular with newsagents who capitalized on the rush of customers its appearance generated to sell cigarettes and other "impulse buys". The edition was small compared to the regular edition, often as few as three broadsheets, making twelve pages when folded. Plenty of space was devoted to advertising, as well as lists of results and short descriptions of games.
In the 1960s "The Gazette" began printing the sports edition on pink newsprint. Soon the edition began to be known as "the Pink". To encourage people to buy the sports edition at a time when television was affecting its sales, competitions were run "In the Pink" with cash prizes.
In a similar vein, a sports newspaper published in Sheffield is known as the "Green 'Un" for the green newsprint used.


National Exam (Indonesia)

National Exam (Indonesian: "Ujian Nasional", commonly abbreviated as UN or UNAS) was a standard evaluation system of primary and secondary education in Indonesia and the determining factor of quality of education levels among the areas that are conducted by the Center for Educational Assessment of the Ministry of Education and Culture.
The Act Number 20 of 2003 states that, in order to control the quality of education nationwide it is to be evaluated as a form of accountability of education providers to the parties concerned. Further stated that the evaluations conducted by independent agencies on a regular basis, comprehensively, transparently, and systematically to assess the achievement of national education standards and the monitoring process evaluation should be done continuously. Evaluation of the monitoring process is carried out continuously and continuous in the end will be able to fix the quality of education. Improving the quality of education begins with the determination of the standard.
Determination standards continue to rise is expected to encourage increased quality of education, which is the determination of educational standards is the determination of the limit value (cut-off score). One is said to have passed the exam when it has passed the limit value of the boundary between learners who have mastered certain competencies with learners who have not mastered certain competencies. When that happens on the national exam or school then the boundary value function to separate the students who graduated and did not pass is called the limit of graduation, graduation delimitation activities called standard setting.
Benefits of standard setting final exam:
It has been proposed to do a computerized version of National Exam, with trials starting in 2015.
In the same year, National Exam is no longer a standard of education completion as it is stated on Government Regulation No. 13 of 2015. The government policy states that education completion will depend on completing all school learning programs, obtaining at least good on attitude aspect score, and passing the school exam.
There is no cut-off score because the newest exam policy is aimed to map Indonesian students’ competency in every single region in Indonesia. The data are going to be analyzed and will be used to make education improvement strategies in Indonesia.
Originally, the 2020 National Exam was scheduled to be the last, as it will replaced by a new format the following year. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, President Joko Widodo announced the cancellation of the 2020 national examination for all education levels, except Vocational High School ("Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan", SMK) that has already been conducted in 47% of the schools in the country. As a result, the National Exam in Indonesia removed a year earlier.
Subjects.
High school "(Sekolah Menengah Atas/Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan/Madrasah Aliyah (SMA/SMK/MA))".
National Exam for high school and vocational school students has a big change in 2017. In the previous years, students needed to take 6 subjects (3 compulsory subjects and 3 course related subjects) when sitting for national exam. It was changed by the new Minister of Education in the late 2016. Students are given a chance to choose one subject from 3 course related subjects in 2017 National Exam. Total 4 subjects are objected to allow student gain more focus on studying for the exam.
Moreover the chosen subject does not affect the college major option.
National Education Standards.
During this national exam graduation delimitation is determined by agreement between the decision makers only. Limit is determined the same grade for each subject. Whereas the characteristics of subjects and skills students are not the same. It was not a consideration of education decision-makers. Not necessarily in a certain education level, each subject has the same standard as a minimum standard of competency achievement. There are subjects that require a high minimum competency achievement, while other subjects do not specify that high. This situation becomes unfair for students, because the required capacity exceeds the maximum capability.
Standard strategy.
Preparation of standard setting begins with the determination of the approach used in setting standards. There are three kinds of approaches that can be used as a reference, namely:
At the end of each learning activity is concluded and accounting standard setting based on three approaches to determining the limits of graduation.
Controversy.
Criticism.
The National Exam has been the subject of controversy since it was first established. It became notorious for answer key leakage, cheating, fraud, and corruption. Some argue that the exam is too demanding for students. Schools were forced to allocate more time for preparing the students, putting a significant workload on both teachers and students.
The National Exam failure rate is usually very low. Critics argue that it does not give an accurate portrayal of the Indonesian students' real competency because of problems with cheating and other issues.
The 2010 National Exam fail rate for middle and high school was unusually high. A possible explanation for this sudden increase in failure rate is due to the fact that the test was to be issued in March, giving schools less time for prepare. Additionally, there was an increase question difficulty and the cutoff score was raised. There were National Exam retests held in 2009 and 2010, but any further retests were discontinued the following year.
Some Indonesians call for the abolishment of the National Exam. However, the Education and Culture Ministry have so far defended the National Exam.
There is a site dedicated for groups that advocate the abolishment of the National Exam. It can be found here.
Exam fraud and cheating issues.
Cheating is very rampant, because of the huge pressure to passing the exam. Schools and teachers are either ignoring it, encouraging it, or even do it. Examples include using mobile phones to send answers to other students, giving the answer key, either openly or discreetly, and changing the answer on the answer sheet. School principals and teachers has been arrested on that case.
To deter cheating, National Exam question variation had increased for middle and high school, from one to five in 2011, and from five to 20 in 2013. Other measures are inclusion of barcode in 2013 partly to determine question variation codes and to tackle cheating. Even then, cheating still occurs.
Exam material shortage and quality.
In 2013, National Exam for high school are delayed in 11 provinces because of printing and packing confusion and errors. It was attributed to increase of question variation. Schools are forced to self-copy the question papers. Some demanded the then-Education and Culture Minister, Mohammad Nuh, to resign.


Sensor fish

A sensor fish is a small, plastic tubular device containing sensors. It is designed to record information such as the physical stresses that a fish experiences while navigating currents from dam turbines.
Description.
Created by the US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the tubular device is 9 cm (3.5 inches) long, 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter, and weighs 42 grams (1.5 ounces). It is roughly the same size as a juvenile salmon. The sensor fish has neutral buoyancy allowing it to remain underwater. Inside are sensors and a lithium-ion battery. Taking 2,048 measurements each second, it is able to record five minutes of turbulence, pressure, and acceleration, saving the data to a flash memory. It records a maximum of 1.2 MPa (174 pounds per square inch) of external pressure, up to 200 gs of acceleration, temperatures ranging from -40 to 127° C (-40 and +260 degrees F), and rotational velocity of up to 2,000 degrees per second.
Construction.
The sensor fish is built manually at the Bio-Acoustics & Flow Laboratory within the PNNL. It receives funding from the Electric Power Research Institute and the US Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Specifications.
The following are the specifications as stated by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory:
Purpose.
Data collected from the sensor fish is used to help create new designs for dam turbines. Aging dams require retrofits and upgrades, and considerations about the impact on fish can be taken into account.
The sensor fish was initially designed to examine the effects of the most common kind of turbine in the Columbia River Basin, the Kaplan turbine. Most of the tests were carried out at the Ice Harbor Dam, a 100-foot-high structure. Inside the turbine of that dam, the pressure changes experienced are the same as moving from sea level to the peak of Mount Everest in an instant.
In 2015, the sensor fish will evaluate a dam in Southeast Asia's Mekong River, irrigation structures in Australia, a conventional dam as well as three small hydro installations within the United States.
Data acquisition process.
The fish sensor is deposited into the fish release tank at the top of the dam. There, it begins recording data as it travels down through the hub release pipe. It then enters and passes through the turbine. From there, it is flushed into the tailrace and is retrieved by boat.
The device is then placed into a docking station where it begins to recharge its battery and awaits transfer of the data it has gathered. The docking station employs a transistor-transistor-logic to Universal Serial Bus (TTL-to-USB) converter module. This is used to send the data to a laptop computer using software developed by PNNL. Once the serial port has been set to 921.6 kbps, 8 data bits, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, and no parity, transfer can take place. The software can also convert the raw, binary data file into CSV spreadsheet data (comma separated). This enables scientists to plot the data.
Earlier version.
The first version was developed in the late 1990s and was called the "Flubber Fish". It was created to increase the survival rate of salmon during their journey through the Columbia River Basin's dams. It was clear, rubber-coated, and looked like a fish.
Future design.
The second generation model will be able to accommodate other hydraulic structures and turbines. It has improved sensors for detecting pressure, better accelerometers, and better gyroscopes which detect rotational velocity. Within the device is a radio transmitter. Also, there is a device that releases two weights after a specific period of time. This allows the sensor fish to come to the surface for retrieval.


Elena Erosheva

Elena Aleksandrovna Erosheva is a Russian statistician and social scientist whose research applies Bayesian hierarchical modeling and latent variable models to problems in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. She is a professor at the University of Washington, appointed jointly in the Department of Statistics and the School of Social Work, and the associate director of the university's Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences.
Education and career.
Erosheva graduated from Novosibirsk State University in 1995, with an honors diploma in mathematics and applied mathematics. After earning a master's degree in statistics at Utah State University in 1998, she completed her Ph.D. in statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in 2002. Her dissertation, "Grade of Membership and Latent Structure Models with Application to Disability Survey Data", was supervised by Stephen Fienberg.
She became a research assistant professor at the University of Washington in 2002, where she has been full professor since 2017. For 2018–2019 she held the International Chair in Data Science at Côte d'Azur University in France.
She is a moderator for the statistics section of the arXiv preprint repository, a member of the National Academies Committee on Diversity and Inclusion in the Leadership of Competed Space Missions, and 2021 program chair for the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association.
Contributions.
Erosheva and her coauthors won the 2013 Mitchell Prize of the Section on Bayesian Statistical Science of the American Statistical Association and the International Society for Bayesian Analysis for their work on correlations between age and criminal behavior. Other topics in her research have included racial bias in peer review of National Institutes of Health grants, and negative correlations between teen pregnancy, delinquency, and drug use.
She is an editor of the "Handbook of Mixed Membership Models and Their Applications" (Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2015).


Hypoionian mode

The Hypoionian mode, literally meaning "below Ionian", is the name assigned by Henricus Glareanus in his "Dodecachordon" (1547) to the plagal mode on C, which uses the diatonic octave species from G to the G an octave higher, divided at its final, C. This is roughly the same as playing all the white notes of a piano from G to G: G A B C | (C) D E F G .
Glarean regarded compositions with F as the final and a one-flat signature as transpositions of the Ionian or Hypoionian mode (depending on the ambitus). Most of his contemporaries, however, appear to have continued considering such compositions as being in the fifth and sixth modes (Lydian and Hypolydian), which had been regarded since the beginnings of medieval modal theory as preferring B over B for the fourth degree above the final, F .


Reflectometric interference spectroscopy

Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) is a physical method based on the interference of white light at thin films, which is used to investigate molecular interaction.
Principle.
The underlying measuring principle corresponds to that of the Michelson interferometer.
Realization.
White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-layer system of a SiO2, a high-refractive Ta2O5 and an additional SiO2 layer (this additional layer can be chemically modified). The partial beams of the white light are reflected at each phase boundary and then refracted (transmitted). These reflected partial beams superimpose which results in an interference spectrum that is detected using a diode array spectrometer.

Through chemical modification the upper SiO2 layer is changed in a way to allow interaction with target molecules. This interaction causes a change in the thickness of the physical layer d and the refractive index n within this layer. The product of both defines the optical thickness of the layer: n • d.

A change in the optical thickness results in a modulation of the interference spectrum. Monitoring this change over time allows to observe the binding behaviour of the target molecules.
Application.
RIfS is used especially as a detection method in chemo- and biosensors.
Chemosensors are particularly suitable for measurements under difficult conditions and in the gaseous phase. As sensitive layers, mostly non-selective measuring polymers are used which sort the analytes according to size (the so-called molecular sieve effect when using microporous polymers) or according to polarity (e.g. functionalized polydimethylsiloxanes). When performing non-selective measurements, a sum signal from several analytes is measured which means that multivariate data analyses such as neural networks have to be used for quantification. However, it is also possible to use selectively measuring polymers, so-called molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) which provide artificial recognition elements.
When using biosensors, polymers such as polyethylene glycols or dextrans are applied onto the layer system, and on these recognition elements for biomolecules are immobilized. Basically, any molecule can be used as recognition element (proteins such as antibodies, DNA/RNA such as aptamers, small organic molecules such as estrone, but also lipids such as phospholipid membranes).
RIfS, like SPR is a label-free technique, which allows the time-resolved observation of interaction among the binding partners without the use of fluorescence or radioactive labels.


Crystal microphone


978 Aidamina

978 Aidamina, provisional designation "", is a dark background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Sergey Belyavsky in 1922, and later named after Aida Minaevna, a friend of the discoverer's family.
Discovery.
"Aidamina" was discovered on 18 May 1922, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, Twelve nights later, the body was independently discovered by Max Wolf at Heidelberg in Germany.
In 1906, it was first observed as "" at Heidelberg. "Aidamina"s observation arc begins at Vienna, one month after its official discovery. The Minor Planet Center's observational records do not include the body's discovery observation at Simeiz from May 1922.
Orbit and classification.
"Aidamina" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,089 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after a friend of the discoverer's family, Aida Minaevna. The author of the "Dictionary of Minor Planet Names", Lutz Schmadel, compiled this citation asking several Russian astronomers including Nikolai Chernykh for further information.
Physical characteristics.
In the Tholen taxonomy, "Aidamina" is the only asteroid classified as asteroid, a transitional class between the carbonaceous F-type and dark P-type asteroids, of which only a few dozens bodies are currently known.
Rotation period.
In 2003, three mostly fragmentary lightcurves of "Aidamina" were obtained by astronomers Maurice Clark at Montgomery College (9.5 hours; Δ0.1 mag; ), French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Jean-Gabriel Bosch (10.100 hours; Δ0.1 mag; ), and a group of astronomers including Elaine Kirkpatrick at Rose-Hulman Observatory in Indiana, United States (10.099 hours; Δ0.13 mag; ).
In July 2014, a rather asymmetric bimodal lightcurve, obtained by a collaboration between American astronomers Frederick Pilcher and Andrea Ferrero, gave a more refine rotation period of 10.098 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude.().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Aidamina" measures between 78.73 and 82.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.035 and 0.04 (without preliminary results).
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained from 17 observations made by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0365 and a diameter of 78.73 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.73.


Separation test

A separation test is a statistical procedure for early-phase research, to decide whether to pursue further research. It is designed to avoid the prevalent situation in early-phase research, when a statistically underpowered test gives a negative result.


2427 Kobzar


HD 8535

HD 8535 is a star located 181 light years away from the Sun in the southern constellation of Phoenix. It has a yellow hue and can be viewed using binoculars or a small telescope, having a low apparent visual magnitude of 7.70. The star is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +2.4 km/s.
This is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G0V. The luminosity class of 'V' indicates the star is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. It is about two billion years old and is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 3 km/s. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium in the star – what astronomers term metallicity – is about the same as in the Sun. It has 17% more mass than the Sun and an 18% greater radius. The star is radiating 1.85 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,200 K.
The survey in 2015 have ruled out the existence of any stellar companions at projected distances above 23 astronomical units.
Planetary system.
In 2009, a gas giant was found in orbit around the star using the radial velocity method. It has an orbital period of and has at least 68% of the mass of Jupiter.


Unit of length

A unit of length refers to any arbitrarily chosen and accepted reference standard for measurement of length. The most common units in modern use are the metric units, used in every country globally. In the United States the U.S. customary units are also in use. British Imperial units are still used for some purposes in the United Kingdom and some other countries. The metric system is sub-divided into SI and non-SI units.
Metric system.
SI.
The base unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the metre, defined as "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of seconds." It is approximately equal to . Other units are derived from the metre by adding prefixes from the table below:
For example, a kilometre is . A slang term for the kilometre in the US and UK militaries is "klick".
Non-SI.
In the Centimetre–gram–second system of units, the basic unit of length is the centimetre, or of a metre.
Other non-SI units are derived from decimal multiples of the metre.
Imperial/US.
The basic unit of length in the imperial and U.S. customary systems is the yard, defined as exactly by international treaty in 1959.
Common imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:
Marine.
In addition, the following are used by sailors:
Aviation.
Aviators use feet for altitude worldwide (except in Russia and China) and nautical miles for distance.
Surveying.
Surveyors in the United States continue to use:
Science.
Astronomy.
Astronomical measure uses:
Physics.
In atomic physics, sub-atomic physics, and cosmology, the preferred unit of length is often related to a chosen fundamental physical constant, or combination thereof. This is often a characteristic radius or wavelength of a particle. Some common natural units of length are included in this table:
Archaic.
Archaic units of distance include:
Informal.
In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are:
Other.
Horse racing and other equestrian activities keep alive:


86 Semele

Semele (minor planet designation: 86 Semele) is a large and very dark main-belt asteroid with an orbital period of 5.5 years. It is rotating with a period of 16.6 hours, and varies in magnitude by 0.13 during each cycle. This object is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonates.
Semele was discovered by German astronomer Friedrich Tietjen on January 4, 1866. It was his first and only asteroid discovery. It is named after Semele, the mother of Dionysus in Greek mythology.
The orbit of 86 Semele places it in a 13:6 mean motion resonance with the planet Jupiter. The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is only 6,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations of the planets. This Lyapunov time is the second lowest among the first 100 named minor planets.


Nexsound

Nexsound is a Ukraine based independent record label founded by Andrey Kiritchenko in 2000 and was also co-operated by Dmytro Fedorenko (Kotra) from 2003 till July 2007.
Founded in 2000, Nexsound has been dedicated to the unusual and experimental music, both acoustic and electronic, released on CDs, cassettes and digital releases. During 8 years of its activity Nexsound released 60 albums from more than 30 artists, such as Muslimgauze, Kim Cascone, Perlonex with Charlemagne Palestine and Keith Rowe, Anla Courtis, Tom Carter, Zavoloka, Kotra, the Moglass, Andrey Kiritchenko and many more.
From 2005 to 2007 Nexsound hosts international festival for electronic music and visual arts - "Detali Zvuku".
In 2007 Nexsound opened up a new series of CDs – "Nexsound PQP" (pickup) which is dedicated to music that lies on the edges of pop and experimental music.


3858 Dorchester


Bike Boy

Bike Boy is a 1967 American avant garde film directed by Andy Warhol, and was shown, for initial viewings, at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre, at 152 Bleecker Street, Manhattan, New York City. The film has a bit part by Valerie Solanas.


3375 Amy


Twaddell scale

The Twaddell scale is a hydrometer scale for reporting the measured specific gravity of a liquid relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and 2.000 reports as 200. Concentrated sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.8 has a Twaddell scale measurement of 160 (as per the linear relationship between readings and sp. gravity). The Twaddell scale is only used for liquids with specific gravity greater than water. The scale was used in the British dye and bleach manufacturing industries. While the Baumé scale was adopted throughout England, the Twaddell scale was used in England and Scotland.
The scale is named after the scientific instrument manufacturer W. Twaddell of Glasgow, who first developed hydrometers on this scale at the start of the 19th century.
Converting between Twaddell scale and specific gravity.
let a = any degree of Twaddell's Hydrometer, x = specific gravity in relation to water taken at 1.000


22 nm process

The 22 nm node is the process step following 32 nm in CMOS MOSFET semiconductor device fabrication. The typical half-pitch (i.e., half the distance between identical features in an array) for a memory cell using the process is around 22 nm. It was first demonstrated by semiconductor companies for use in RAM memory in 2008. In 2010, Toshiba began shipping 24 nm flash memory chips, and Samsung Electronics began mass-producing 20 nm flash memory chips. The first consumer-level CPU deliveries using a 22 nm process started in April 2012 with the Intel Ivy Bridge processors.
The ITRS 2006 Front End Process Update indicates that equivalent physical oxide thickness will not scale below 0.5 nm (about twice the diameter of a silicon atom), which is the expected value at the 22 nm node. This is an indication that CMOS scaling in this area has reached a wall at this point, possibly disturbing Moore's law.
The 20-nanometre node is an intermediate half-node die shrink based on the 22-nanometre process.
TSMC began mass production of 20nm nodes in 2014. The 22 nm process was superseded by commercial 14 nm FinFET technology in 2014.
Technology demos.
In 1998, FinFET devices down to 17nm were demonstrated by an international team of researchers working at UC Berkeley, led by Digh Hisamoto from Japan's Hitachi Central Research Laboratory and Chenming Hu from the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), along with Wen-Chin Lee, Jakub Kedzierski, Erik Anderson, Hideki Takeuchi, Kazuya Asano, Tsu-Jae King Liu and Jeffrey Bokor. In December 2000, a 20nm FinFET process was demonstrated by the same research team.
On August 18, 2008, AMD, Freescale, IBM, STMicroelectronics, Toshiba, and the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) announced that they jointly developed and manufactured a 22 nm SRAM cell, built on a traditional six-transistor design on a 300 mm wafer, which had a memory cell size of just 0.1 μm2. The cell was printed using immersion lithography.
The 22 nm node may be the first time where the gate length is not necessarily smaller than the technology node designation. For example, a 25 nm gate length would be typical for the 22 nm node.
On September 22, 2009, during the Intel Developer Forum Fall 2009, Intel showed a 22 nm wafer and announced that chips with 22 nm technology would be available in the second half of 2011. SRAM cell size is said to be 0.092 μm2, smallest reported to date.
On January 3, 2010, Intel and Micron Technology announced the first in a family of 25 nm NAND devices.
On May 2, 2011, Intel announced its first 22 nm microprocessor, codenamed Ivy Bridge, using a FinFET technology called "3-D tri-gate".
IBM's POWER8 processors are produced in a 22 nm SOI process.


826 Henrika

826 Henrika ("prov. designation": "or" ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 28 April 1916. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.98 hours and measures approximately in diameter. Any reference to the origin of the asteroid's name is .
Orbit and classification.
"Henrika" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,631 days; semi-major axis of 2.71 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory on 2 July 1921, more than five years after its official discovery observation.
Naming.
Any reference of this minor planet name to a person or occurrence is unknown.
Unknown meaning.
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, "Henrika" is , for which has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers, the first one being . The last asteroid with a name of unknown meaning is . They were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.
Physical characteristics.
In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Henrika" is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, with an untypically high albedo "(see below)" for such spectral class. In a taxonomic classification based on MOVIS near-infrared colors, "Henrika" could not be assigned a final class and was labelled as undefined (U).
Rotation period.
In April 210, a rotational lightcurve of "Henrika" was obtained from six nights of photometric observations by Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory in New Mexico. Analysis of the classically shaped bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude (). During the same apparition, a virtually identical period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude () was determined by Kenda Albers and colleges of the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), "Henrika" measures (), () and () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (), () and (), respectively.
Alternative mean-diameters published by the WISE team include (), () and () with corresponding albedos of (), () and (). The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.1103 and a diameter of 19.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6. An asteroid occultations of "Henrika" from 19 January 2010, gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (). These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.


API Sanity Checker

API Sanity Checker is an automatic unit test generator for C/C++ shared libraries.
The main feature of this tool is the ability to completely automatically generate reasonable (in most, but unfortunately not all, cases) input arguments for every API function straight from the library header files. The tool can be used as a smoke test or fuzzer for a library API to catch serious problems like crashes or program hanging.


Penning gauge


Carl Kress

Carl Kress (October 20, 1907 – June 10, 1965) was an American jazz guitarist.
Music career.
Kress started on piano before picking up the banjo. Beginning in 1926, he played guitar during his brief time as a member of Paul Whiteman's orchestra. For most of his career, he was a studio musician and sideman buried in large orchestras, and his name was little known. His work in the 1920s and 1930s included sessions with The Boswell Sisters, The Dorsey Brothers, Bix Beiderbecke, Hoagy Carmichael, Miff Mole, Red Nichols, Adrian Rollini, and Frankie Trumbauer.
Outside of orchestras, Kress played in several guitar duets with Eddie Lang (1932), Dick McDonough (1934, 1937), Tony Mottola (1941), and George Barnes (1961–1965). In 1938 and 1939 he made some solo recordings, the songs "Peg Leg Shuffle", "Helena", "Love Song", "Sutton Mutton", and "Afterthoughts". During the 1940s, he played Dixieland jazz with Bobby Hackett, Pee Wee Russell, and Muggsy Spanier.
Kress was married to Helen Carroll, a native of Bloomington, Indiana, who moved to New York City to become a singer. She was a member of the Satisifiers and sang with Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, and Jo Stafford. Carl and Helen Kress lived in Manhasset, New York. Carl Kress died of a heart attack in 1965 while he was on tour with his partner George Barnes (musician) in Reno, Nevada.
Technique.
Like many early jazz guitarists, Kress played banjo before switching to guitar. The tenor banjo tunes its consecutive strings in intervals of fifths,
and Kress adapted this all-fifths tuning for his guitar
although he down-tuned the A-string an octave.
Before switching to fifths tuning, Kress used other tunings on the banjo and tenor guitar. His fifths-tuning gave Kress's playing "fuller chords and basslines", according to . When Kress's duets with Dick McDonough were published, they were transposed from his fifths tuning to standard tuning.
All-fifths tuning is used by other instruments besides tenor banjos. For example, it is used by mandolins, violins, mandolas, violas, mandocellos, and cellos.


797 Montana

797 Montana, provisional designation "", is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1914, by Danish astronomer Holger Thiele at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. It was later named for the discovering observatory.
Classification and orbit.
"Montana" is a stony asteroid that orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.7 AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The first identification at Heidelberg dates back to 1898 (), while the asteroid's observation arc begins two months after its discovery with the first used observation made at Bergedorf in 1915.
Physical characteristics.
In both the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, "Montana" is a common stony S-type asteroid.
Rotation period.
Between 2003 and 2007, three rotational lightcurves of "Montana" were obtained from photometric observations made by amateur astronomers René Roy, Horacio Correia, Laurent Bernasconi, and Richard Ditteon. All three lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.55 hours with a brightness variation between 0.32 and 0.41 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Montana"s surface has an albedo of 0.28–0.35 and its diameter measures between 19.2 and 21.9 kilometers, while the "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a somewhat larger diameter of 25.4 kilometers, as the lower the albedo, the larger the body's diameter at a constant absolute magnitude.
Naming.
This minor planet was named in honor of the Bergedorf Observatory. It was the observatory's first ever made discovery. "Montana" means "mountain village" in Latin and literally translates to "Bergedorf" in German ().


Metric engine (American expression)

A metric engine is an American expression which refers to an internal combustion engine, often for automobiles, whose underlying engineering design is based on a metric system of units, particularly SI.
As American industry converted from traditional units to SI in the late 20th century, the automotive industry responded by transitioning its auto and engine designs to be "metric" rather than "English".
Characteristics.
A metric engine has one or more of the following characteristics:
Units.
Previously, American engine displacement was most typically measured in cubic inches (in³). Many classic American automobiles had engines popularly known by the displacement of their engine, such as the "350" Chevrolet Small-block, the Ford 302 and 427, or the Chrysler "426 Hemi".
Beginning around the 1970s, most of the U.S. automakers began converting their engine designations from cubic inches to liters. Thus, in 1970, the V-8 engine in the Cadillac Eldorado grew to 500 cubic inches, but was badged "8.2 Liters" for the first time.
Once this conversion was complete, engines worldwide were most commonly referred to by their displacement in liters. This conversion must have caused some marketing dilemmas: Ford's "302 Windsor" engine, which displaced approximately 4942 cc, became badged "5.0" after metric conversion.
Some usage of cubic inches continues in the 21st century, such as in traditional American-style motorcycles; and the occasional new-era muscle car, such as the 2004 Dodge Viper, which boasted a 500 cubic inch (8,193 cc), 500 horsepower (373 kW) engine, or the Ford "427" concept car. In the case of such cars, the use of cubic inches, rather than the metric cubic centimeters, can be considered vestigial.


4265 Kani

4265 Kani ("prov. designation": ) is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Japanese astronomers Yoshikane Mizuno and Toshimasa Furuta at Kani Observatory on 8 October 1989. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.7 hours and measures approximately in diameter. It was named for the Japanese city of Kani.
Orbit and classification.
"Kani" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.9 AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,382 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's first observation at Crimea-Simeis dates back to 1917, while the first used observation was made at Turku in 1940, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 49 years prior to its discovery.
Naming.
This minor planet was named for the Japanese city of Kani, home of the discoverer, located in the countryside of Japan's Gifu Prefecture, approximately 30 kilometers north of Nagoya, the country's third largest city. Kani is situated on the Kiso riverside, which is referred to as the Japan Rhine because of its similarities to the Rhine in Europe. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 March 1990 ().
Physical characteristics.
In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Kani" is characterized as a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid.
Rotation period.
In October 2008, two rotational lightcurves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the Golden Hill Observatory in Stourton Caundle and the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The lightcurves gave an identical rotation period of hours and a brightness variation of 0.75 ± 0.02 in magnitude (). Observations at the Palomar Transient Factory and revised shape-models have since confirmed the body's rotation period.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 15.7 and 14.2 kilometers in diameter, respectively. Conversely, the "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" calculates a diameter of only 7.5 kilometers, due to an assumed albedo of 0.20, which is untypically high for a carbonaceous asteroid.


Mauritian units of measurement

A number of units of measurement were used in Mauritius. The metric system was adopted in 1876, and has been compulsory in Mauritius since 1878.
System before metric system.
Systems including old French and British were used.
Capacity.
In addition to old French and British units, the following were used:
1 cash = 227.11 litre
1 velt = cash.


Square second


Musical temperament

In musical tuning, a temperament is a tuning system that slightly compromises the pure intervals of just intonation to meet other requirements. Most modern Western musical instruments are tuned in the equal temperament system. Tempering is the process of altering the size of an interval by making it narrower or wider than pure. "Any plan that describes the adjustments to the sizes of some or all of the twelve fifth intervals in the circle of fifths so that they accommodate pure octaves and produce certain sizes of major thirds is called a "temperament"." Temperament is especially important for keyboard instruments, which typically allow a player to play only the pitches assigned to the various keys, and lack any way to alter pitch of a note in performance. Historically, the use of just intonation, Pythagorean tuning and meantone temperament meant that such instruments could sound "in tune" in one key, or some keys, but would then have more dissonance in other keys.
The development of well temperament allowed fixed-pitch instruments to play reasonably well in all of the keys. The famous "Well-Tempered Clavier" by Johann Sebastian Bach takes full advantage of this breakthrough, with pieces written in all 24 major and minor keys. However, while unpleasant intervals (such as the wolf interval) were avoided, the sizes of intervals were still not consistent between keys, and so each key still had its own character. This variation led in the 18th century to an increase in the use of equal temperament, in which the frequency ratio between each pair of adjacent notes on the keyboard was made equal, allowing music to be transposed between keys without changing the relationship between notes.
Definition.
""Temperament" refers to the various tuning systems for the subdivision of the octave," the four principal tuning systems being Pythagorean tuning, just intonation, mean-tone temperament, and equal temperament. In "just intonation", every interval between two pitches corresponds to a whole number ratio between their frequencies, allowing intervals varying from the highest consonance to highly dissonant. For instance, 660 Hz / 440 Hz (a ratio of 3:2) constitutes a fifth, and 880 Hz / 440 Hz (2:1) an octave. Such intervals (termed "just") have a stability, or purity to their sound, when played simultaneously (assuming they are played using timbres with harmonic partials). If one of those pitches is adjusted slightly to deviate from the just interval, a trained ear can detect this change by the presence of "beats", which are periodical oscillations in the note's intensity. If, for example, two sound signals with frequencies that vary just by 0.5 Hz are played simultaneously, both signals are out of phase by a very small margin, creating the periodical oscillations in the intensity of the final sound (caused by the superposition of both signals) with a repetition period of 2 seconds (following the equation "Tr=1/Δf", "Tr" being the period of repetition and "Δf" being the difference in frequencies between both signals), because the amplitude of the signals is only in phase, and therefore has a maximum superposition value, once every period of repetition.
Acoustic physics.
When a musical instrument with harmonic overtones is played, the ear hears a composite waveform that includes a fundamental frequency (e.g., 440 Hz) and those overtones (880 Hz, 1320 Hz, 1760 Hz, etc.)—a series of just intervals. The waveform of such a tone (as pictured on an oscilloscope) is characterized by a shape that is complex compared to a simple (sine) waveform, but remains periodic. When two tones depart from exact integer ratios, the shape waveform becomes erratic—a phenomenon that may be described as destabilization. As the composite waveform becomes more erratic, the consonance of the interval also changes.
Temperament in music.
Tempering an interval involves the deliberate use of such minor adjustments (accepting the related destabilization) to enable musical possibilities that are impractical using just intonation. The most widely known example of this is the use of equal temperament to address problems of older temperaments, allowing for consistent tuning of keyboard and fretted instruments and enabling musical composition in, and modulation among, the various keys.
Meantone temperament.
Before Meantone temperament became widely used in the Renaissance, the most commonly used tuning system was Pythagorean tuning. Pythagorean tuning was a system of just intonation that tuned every note in a scale from a progression of pure perfect fifths. This was quite suitable for much of the harmonic practice until then ("See: Quartal harmony"), but in the Renaissance, musicians wished to make much more use of Tertian harmony. The major third of Pythagorean tuning differed from a just major third by an amount known as syntonic comma, which musicians of the time found annoying.
Their solution, laid out by Pietro Aron in the early 16th century, and referred to as meantone temperament (or quarter-comma meantone temperament), was to "temper" the interval of a perfect fifth slightly narrower than in just intonation, and then proceed much like Pythagorean tuning, but using this tempered fifth instead of the just one. With the correct amount of tempering, the syntonic comma is removed from its major thirds, making them just. This compromise, however, leaves all fifths in this tuning system with a slight beating. However, because a sequence of four fifths makes up one third, this beating effect on the fifths is only one quarter as strong as the beating effect on the thirds of Pythagorean tuning, which is why it was considered a very acceptable compromise by Renaissance musicians.
Pythagorean tuning also had a second problem, which meantone temperament does not solve, which is the problem of modulation ("see below"), which is restricted because both have a broken circle of fifths. A series of 12 just fifths as in Pythagorean tuning does not return to the original pitch, but rather differs by a Pythagorean comma, which makes that tonal area of the system more or less unusable. In meantone temperament, this effect is even more pronounced (the fifth over the break in the circle is known as the Wolf interval, as its intense beating was likened to a "howling"). The use of 53 equal temperament provides a solution for the Pythagorean tuning, and 31 equal temperament for the Meantone.
Well temperament and equal temperament.
Just intonation has the problem that it cannot modulate to a different key (a very common means of expression throughout the common practice period of music) without discarding many of the tones used in the previous key, thus for every key to which the musician wishes to modulate, the instrument must provide a few more strings, frets, or holes for him or her to use. When building an instrument, this can be very impractical.
Well temperament is the name given to a variety of different systems of temperament that were employed to solve this problem, in which some keys are more in tune than others, but all can be used. This phenomenon gives rise to infinite shades of key-colors, which are lost in the modern standard version: 12-tone equal temperament (12-TET). Unlike meantone temperament, which alters the fifth to "temper out" the syntonic comma, 12-TET tempers out the Pythagorean comma, thus creating a cycle of fifths that repeats itself exactly after 12 steps. This allowed the intervals of tertian harmony, thirds and fifths, to be fairly close to their just counterparts (the fifths almost imperceptibly beating, the thirds a little milder than the syntonic beating of Pythagorean tuning), while permitting the freedom to modulate to any key and by various means (e.g. "common-tone" and "enharmonic" modulation, "see modulation"). This freedom of modulation also allowed substantial use of more distant harmonic relationships, such as the Neapolitan chord, which became very important to Romantic composers in the 19th century.


204 Kallisto

Kallisto (minor planet designation: 204 Kallisto) is a fairly typical, although sizeable Main belt asteroid. It is classified as an S-type asteroid. Like other asteroids of its type, it is light in colour. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 8 October 1879, in Pola, and was named after the same nymph Callisto in Greek mythology as Jupiter's moon Callisto.
Photometric measurements during 2009 produced a lightcurve that indicated a sidereal rotation period of with a variation amplitude of magnitudes. This result conflicted with previous determinations of the period, so the latter were ruled out.


Funnel (concurrent computing)

In Computer science, a funnel is a synchronization primitive used in kernel development to protect system resources. First used on Digital UNIX as a way to "funnel" device driver execution onto a single processor, funnels are now used in the Mac OS X kernel to serialize access to the BSD portion of XNU.
A funnel is a mutual exclusion (mutex) mechanism that prevents more than one thread from accessing certain kernel resources at the same time. Each thread acquires a funnel when it enters a synchronized portion of the kernel, and releases it when it leaves. If a thread blocks (sleeps) while holding a funnel, the kernel forces the thread to automatically drop the funnel, thereby allowing other threads to enter the synchronized portion of the kernel.
Because a funnel is automatically dropped when a thread blocks, care must be taken to ensure that synchronized resources are acquired again after any blocking operation. Specifically, acquiring a funnel can be a blocking operation, so if multiple funnels are needed, they must be acquired at once. This limits the utility of funnels because it increases the granularity of locking when multiple funnels need to be held at once.
In Mac OS X.
There is only one funnel in OS X 10.4 and higher. Prior to version 10.4, there are two funnels: one protects network resources, and the other protects other BSD kernel resources. A thread was only allowed to hold one funnel at a time, and holding both would cause a kernel panic. As a result of these limitations and the lack of granularity, funnels are being phased out of Mac OS X. For example, the networking funnel has been replaced by finer-grained locking mechanisms.
Notes.
For notes referring to sources, see bibliography below.


Mansus

A mansus, sometimes anglicised as manse, was a unit of land assessment in medieval France, roughly equivalent of the hide. In the 9th century AD, it began to be used by Charlemagne to determine how many warriors would be provided: one for every three (later four) "mansi", with smaller landholders collectively forming groups of three (later four). The "mansus" was also used to determine the amount of equipment expected.


Psi3 Piscium

Psi3 Piscium, which is Latinized from ψ3 Piscium, is a solitary, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It is faintly visible to the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.562. Based upon an annual parallax shift of as seen from Earth, it is located about 435 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.33 due to interstellar dust. The star is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −7 km/s.
This F-type giant is a candidate horizontal branch star with a stellar classification of F9 IIIa. It is an X-ray source with a luminosity of in the 0.3−10 keV band. The projected rotational velocity is and it has an effective temperature of 6,273. It has 2.8 times the mass of the Sun and 10.3 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 95.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,554 K.


Drop D tuning

Drop D tuning is an alternative form of guitar tuning in which the lowest (sixth) string is tuned down from the usual E of standard tuning by one whole step to D. So where standard tuning is EADGBe, drop D is DADGBe. Drop D tuning, as well as other lowered altered tunings, are often used with the electric guitar in heavy metal music. It is also used in blues, country, folk (often with acoustic guitar), and classical guitar.
Uses.
In drop D, the three open bass strings form a D5 power chord. Other fifth chords are made when barred with the index finger of the fretting hand shifted up the fretboard. Drop D tuning is frequently used in heavy metal and its various subgenres, as guitarists in these styles often need fast transitions between power chords. Drop D is also used in metal because it adds two lower semitones to the bass range of the rhythm guitar, which adds two more low-range power chords (Eb and D) and enables a "heavier", deeper sound. The tuning has also been used in many other styles of music, including blues, country, folk, and classical. Due to its similarity to standard tuning, drop D is recognised as a useful introduction to alternative tunings, leading logically to an exploration of DADGAD, open D, D tuning (in which all strings are tuned 1 full note lower DGCFAD), drop D (in which only the 6th string is tuned 3 frets lower DADGBe) and drop D drop G (in which both the 5th and 6th strings are dropped a tone DGDGBe) tunings.
The tuning allows for chords with a root or bass note of D to be played with a D an octave lower than with standard tuning. It also allows the playing of open D chords that include the fifth and sixth strings, letting the full sonority of the guitar be heard. This can be especially useful for songs in the keys of D major or minor and is particularly effective on acoustic guitar. Drop D also allows fingerpickers to play chord shapes higher up the neck while maintaining an alternating bass. The bottom three strings, if left open, will vibrate sympathetically and, using chord shapes limited to the top three strings, a drone effect can easily be achieved.
The trade-off is the loss of the open bass E note in chords or fingerings, which the player can adjust to include fretting the sixth string at the second fret (now E).
In rock and metal.
Although the drop D tuning was introduced and developed by blues and classical guitarists, it is well known from its usage in contemporary heavy metal and hard rock bands. Early hard rock songs tuned in drop D include The Beatles' "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" and Led Zeppelin's "Moby Dick", both first released in 1969. Tuning the lowest string one tone down, from E to D allowed these musicians to acquire a heavier and darker sound than in standard tuning. Without needing to tune all strings (Standard D tuning), they could tune just one, in order to lower the key. Drop D is also a convenient tuning, because it expands the scale of an instrument by two semitones: D and D.
In the mid 1980s, three alternative rock bands, King's X, Soundgarden and Melvins, influenced by Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath, made extensive use of drop D tuning. While playing power chords (a chord that includes the prime, fifth and octave) in standard tuning requires a player to use two or three fingers, drop D tuning needs just one, similar in technique to playing barre chords. It allowed them to use different methods of articulating power chords (legato for example) and more importantly, it allowed guitarists to change chords faster. This new technique of playing power chords introduced by these early grunge bands was a great influence on many artists, such as Rage Against the Machine and Tool. The same drop D tuning then became common practice among alternative metal acts such as the band Helmet, who used the tuning a great deal throughout their career and would later influence many alternative metal and nu metal bands.
Nu metal bands including Deftones and Slipknot went one step further and decided to tune "drop" tuning even lower. By lowering the 6th string one whole step in E tuning to D, they created a heavier and grittier sound. Even lower tunings such as Drop D, Drop C, Drop B, Drop B, and Drop A were also utilized. These tunings are very popular among Alternative metal, metalcore and deathcore acts like Trivium, Emmure, Breaking Benjamin, August Burns Red, and Suicide Silence, where fast chord changes are an essential part of the sound. Progressive metal acts such as Pain of Salvation, Opeth, Fates Warning and Dream Theater use these tunings in some of their E-tuned songs.
Chords in drop D tuning.
Chords in drop D tuning are formed as they are in standard tuning, with the exception of the sixth string, which is either omitted or fretted one whole step higher:
Note that these chords are not the power chords commonly played in drop D tuning. Power chords generally mute the higher notes rather than the lower notes.
For purposes of making the table easier to read, spaces are provided between each number when the fret number becomes a double digit. Additionally, the highest note in any 5th chord is an octave from the root note so it is not necessary to play it to achieve a 5th chord.
Relation to other tunings.
Drop D tuning is the most basic type of "drop 1" tuning, where the 6th string is tuned down a whole step (a tone). A large number of other "drop 1" tunings can be obtained simply by tuning a guitar to drop D tuning and then tuning all strings down some fixed amount. Examples are Drop D, Drop C, Drop B, Drop B, and Drop A tunings. All of these use the same fingerings as for drop D tuning.


OpenNTPD

OpenNTPD (also known as OpenBSD NTP Daemon) is a Unix daemon implementing the Network Time Protocol to synchronize the local clock of a computer system with remote NTP servers. It is also able to act as an NTP server to NTP-compatible clients.
OpenBSD NTP Daemon is primarily developed by Henning Brauer as part of the OpenBSD project. Its design goals include being secure (non-exploitable), easy to configure, and accurate enough for most purposes. Its portable version, like that of OpenSSH, is developed as a child project which adds the portability code to the OpenBSD version and releases it separately. The portable version is developed by Brent Cook. . The project developers receive some funding from the OpenBSD Foundation.
History.
The development of OpenNTPD was motivated by a combination of issues with current NTP daemons: difficult configuration, complicated and difficult to audit code, and unsuitable licensing. OpenNTPD was designed to solve these problems and make time synchronization accessible to a wider userbase. After a period of development, OpenNTPD first appeared in OpenBSD 3.6. Its first release was announced on 2 November 2004.
Goals.
OpenNTPD is an attempt by the OpenBSD team to produce an NTP daemon implementation that is secure, simple to audit, trivial to set up and administer, reasonably accurate, and light on system resources. As such, the design goals for OpenNTPD are: security, ease of use, and performance. Security in OpenNTPD is achieved by robust validity check in the network input path, use of bounded buffer operations via strlcpy, and privilege separation to mitigate the effects of possible security bugs exploiting the daemon through privilege escalation. In order to simplify the use of NTP, OpenNTPD implements a smaller set of functionalities than those available in other NTP daemons, such as that provided by the Network Time Protocol Project. The objective is to provide enough features to satisfy typical usage at the risk of unsuitability for esoteric or niche requirements. OpenNTPD is configured through the configuration file, "ntpd.conf". A minimal number of options are offered: IP address or hostname on which OpenNTPD should listen, a timedelta sensor device to be used, and the set of servers from which the time will be synchronized. The accuracy of OpenNTPD is best-effort; the daemon attempts to be as accurate as possible but no specific accuracy is guaranteed.
Example.
OpenNTPD gradually adjusts the system clock, as seen here in the output of OpenNTPD running on a Linux system:
Criticism.
OpenNTPD has been criticized as being less accurate than the NTP daemon produced by the NTP Project (ntp.org). Internally, OpenNTPD does not maintain millisecond accuracy and can vary 50-200ms from "real" time because it omits a variety of algorithms that increase accuracy in favour of code simplicity. The OpenNTPD project acknowledged the criticism, but stated that the lack of microsecond precision was a design tradeoff that benefited simplicity and security. The OpenNTPD design goals state the project's intent is to "[r]each a reasonable accuracy" without sacrificing "secure design for getting that last nanosecond or obscure edge case."
In September 2004, shortly after the release of OpenNTPD 3.6, ntp.org contributor Brad Knowles published an article entitled "OpenNTPd Considered Harmful" criticizing various aspects of OpenNTPD's implementation of the NTP protocol, as well as the split development model that the project employs, which is also used in the development of OpenSSH and OpenBGPD. In December 2004, Darren Tucker, the principal developer on the portable branch of OpenNTPD, wrote a detailed response to Knowles, acknowledging some issues as valid, rejecting several others as unwarranted, and considering yet others as misleading. Among the more serious issues raised by Knowles was that OpenNTPD servers claimed to be stratum 1 servers. The issue had however already been fixed by the time of Tucker's response. In March 2005, Knowles acknowledged Tucker's response, and stated that he was "going to do everything [he could] to work with [Tucker] to get any remaining issues resolved". Additionally, the OpenBSD networking FAQ was expanded with a response to Knowles' initial criticism.
Leap Seconds.
OpenNTPD (and the OpenBSD kernel) ignore leap seconds. Care should be taken when using OpenNTPD as a higher-stratum source for other ntpd servers, or with high-resolution time requirements that reference Coordinated Universal Time. Leap seconds are used in Coordinated Universal Time, but not International Atomic Time or Global Positioning System time signals.
The United States Naval Observatory and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures recommends that systems not implementing leap seconds be referenced to International Atomic Time, or directly to GPS time signals.


2467 Kollontai


Beauty No. 2

Beauty No. 2 is a 1965 American avant-garde film by directed by Andy Warhol and starring Edie Sedgwick and Gino Piserchio. Chuck Wein also has a role in the film but never appears onscreen. Wein wrote the scenario and is also credited as assistant director.
Synopsis.
The movie has a fixed point of view showing a bed with two characters on it, Sedgwick and Piserchio. The film's writer, Chuck Wein is heard speaking but is just out of view. Sedgwick is wearing a lace bra and panties, and Piserchio, wearing only jockey shorts, engage in flirting and light kissing. Wein asks Sedgwick questions seemingly designed to harass and annoy her. Piserchio is more or less a bystander not interacting with Wein.
The dialogue was ad-libbed and no conclusions are reached in the film. The only conceivable climax is when Sedgwick finally becomes so mad at Wein's taunts, she throws a glass ashtray at Wein, breaking it.
Reception.
"Beauty No. 2" was filmed in June 1965 and premiered at the Cinematheque at the Astor Place Playhouse in New York City on July 17, 1965. Critical reviews were generally positive with some critics compared Edie Sedgwick's screen presence to Marilyn Monroe.


L.A.Y.L.A.H. Antirecords

L.A.Y.L.A.H. Antirecords is a defunct Belgian record label, started by Marc Monin, notable for releasing early work from several renowned industrial/experimental artists such as Coil, Nurse With Wound, Current 93 and Laibach.
L.A.Y.L.A.H. operated as a sub-label of Les Disques du Crépuscule for manufacturing and distribution, but A&R was independent of Crépuscule.


Guilt Trip (song)

"Guilt Trip" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West, from his sixth studio album "Yeezus" (2013). It was produced by West, Mike Dean, S1, Travis Scott and Ackeejuice Rockers. The song's lyrics deal with looking back at a failed relationship, similar to fellow "Yeezus" track "Blood on the Leaves". West provides his vocals through rapping and singing through an Auto-Tune processor, reminiscent of his 2008 album "808s & Heartbreak". The song includes vocals from rapper Kid Cudi, who later expressed negative opinions about his feature due to his vocals being recorded years prior. It contains samples of "Chief Rocka" by Lords of the Underground and "Blocka" by Pusha T featuring Popcaan and Travis Scott.
Since release, "Guilt Trip" has received generally positive reviews from music critics, with multiple commenting on its melodic sound. By debuting at number 2 on the US "Billboard" Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, the song had the lowest debut from the album in the United States out of all of the tracks. West performed the song live on The Yeezus Tour in 2013.
Background and development.
In October 2014, producer S1 revealed that he created the song's beat during sessions for West's collaboration album "Watch the Throne" (2011) with Jay-Z, who revealed that the song was originally intended for that album; a version exists with an unfinished verse by Jay-Z. After being passed on for that album, West revisited the song during the "Yeezus" sessions, reworking it with S1 and Mike Dean, and adding it to the final tracklist for "Yeezus". West and Kid Cudi had collaborated on numerous tracks in the past, including the former's "Welcome to Heartbreak" and the latter's "Erase Me".
West began to use Auto-Tune on a regular basis with the release of his album "808s & Heartbreak" in 2008. It eventually came to define the sound of West's music, with him using his own voice as an "instrument." The song's combining of hip hop with experimental music focuses on lyrics as being of a lesser importance, which West later did again in his 2016 single "Fade".
Composition.
"Guilt Trip" is a hip hop song that includes elements of experimental music in its instrumentation. The song, like other tracks on "Yeezus", sees West looking back at a failed relationship; he delivers his vocals through both rapping and singing through an Auto-Tune processor, similar to his album "808s & Heartbreak". He delivers only one verse using the same rhyme scheme for over half of it, during which he namechecks several cultural references, including Jamaican dancehall musician Shabba Ranks, the song "Chief Rocka" by hip hop trio Lords of the Underground (of which the song also samples), and "Star Wars" character Chewbacca. On top of "Chief Rocka", the song also contains a sample of "Blocka" by rapper Pusha T featuring Popcaan and Travis Scott. The song's outro is sung by Kid Cudi, who asks the question, "If you loved me so much, then why'd you let me go?" West's reference to Chewbacca is one of numerous times the "Star Wars" franchise has been referenced in music.
Release and reception.
"Guilt Trip" was released on June 18, 2013, as the eighth track on West's sixth studio album "Yeezus". The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, with the melodic sound garnering praise. The melody at the end of the song was described by Lou Reed, formerly of the Velvet Underground, as "so beautiful, it makes me so emotional, it brings tears to my eyes." When comparing the track to "Blood on the Leaves", the staff of "Popdust" described it as being "even closer to the 'Say You Will' or 'See You in My Nightmares' feel of [West's] "808s & Heartbreak" LP." The site also praised West's verse and Kid Cudi's cameo, calling it "well-placed," concluding: "'Blood on the Leaves' might have the showier setup, but in the end, "Guilt Trip" is arguably the more moving song." The staff of "Billboard" looked at the track's position on the album as "a brief thumper with Kanye once again looking back at a failed relationship" and claimed for his vocals to be "delivered as a hybrid of raps and singing."
In an interview with "Complex" in February 2014, Kid Cudi revealed he had negative feelings about his feature, due to the vocals being a few years old. He also revealed West never told him he was going to be on the song; he found out via Twitter. He ultimately stated he felt "underused" on "Yeezus" and wished he wasn't on the song, due to him not being present at the recording sessions. Despite Kid Cudi's negative feelings toward his appearance, Charles Holmes of "Complex" placed the song at number two on the magazine's list of the best collaborations between West and Kid Cudi in August 2017, behind the 2010 song "Gorgeous". Holmes felt that the song "perfected" what the duo introduced on West's 2008 album "808s & Heartbreak" – "an entire sub-genre of rap with their melodic and heartfelt lyrics." Holmes ultimately felt Kid Cudi wasn't underused, writing: "If time has taught us anything it is that in Kanye's hand 50 seconds of Cudi hums and melodic ruminations speak more than some artist's entire careers."
Commercial performance.
Though a critical success, "Guilt Trip" didn't perform well commercially, standing as the lowest debut in the United States out of all ten of the album's songs. On the week of July 6, 2013, the song peaked at number 2 on the US "Billboard" Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, remaining on it for a total of two weeks. The same week, it peaked at number 39 on the US "Billboard" On-Demand Songs chart.
Live performances.
The song was performed live by West during the first concert of The Yeezus Tour at Seattle's KeyArena in October 2013. The next month, West performed it at the first concert in New York City on the tour at the Barclays Center. In December 2013, he delivered a live performance of "Guilt Trip" at the New Orleans Arena as part of The Yeezus Tour. During the performance, anonymous female figures wearing robes braided themselves around him. The figures were also involved with West's performance of "I Am a God" during the concert, holding him aloft.
Credits and personnel.
Credits adapted from the "Yeezus" liner notes.


New York Underground Film Festival

The New York Underground Film Festival was an annual event that occurred each March at Anthology Film Archives in New York City from 1994 through 2008 founded by filmmakers Todd Phillips ("Road Trip", "Old School") and Andrew Gurland. After Phillips and Gurland turned the festival over to programmer Ed Halter (now an author and occasional critic for the "Village Voice"), it became noted for documentary and experimental film programming, and occasionally courted controversy, particularly in its early years.
Some of these have included: premiering the North American Man/Boy Love Association (NAMBLA) documentary, "", in 1994; premiering a film in 1995 that accused Quentin Tarantino of plagiarism; being protested by Reverend Fred Phelps in 2002 (apparently for not choosing to show a film about Phelps); and premiering a theatrical version of Brad Neely's Harry Potter parody "Wizard People, Dear Reader", which eventually led to action by Warner Brothers to suppress future theatrical performances of the work.
Nevertheless, though the festival has remained a small affair, and has little value as a market, its programming has attained a certain prestige, especially among younger or more experimental filmmakers. The first year showcased the work of Independent Animator Bill Plympton. The New York Times described the event " as a collection of love and independence".
In February 2008 the festival organizers announced that, instead of passing on the torch to a younger generation - as has been the tradition, the 15th festival would be the last. Instead two of the former organizers intend to create a new festival under the name Migrating Forms (taking the name from a film by James Fotopoulos).