Photopyroelectric

Photopyroelectric As known that Photopyroelectric can be regarded as –Photo +Pyroelectric，which means any optical systems using a pyroelectric detectoe or imaging system, In addition, pyroelectricity could be depicted as the capability of the components formulating the transient voltage when heated or cooled. Once the temperature on which they depend changes, the position of the atom will change slightly in the crystal structure. This process of change can also be referred to as the polarization of the material. As a result, the voltage across the crystal will be triggered by this change in polarization. To further explain, when the temperature in the engine is kept constant for a period of time, the voltage in the photovoltage will gradually disappear due to the leakage current. In this sense, leakage is mainly caused by several ways, for example, electrons going through the crystal, ions going through the air, or current leaking through a voltmeter connected to the crystal.
Technical Base of Photopyroelectric.
The photopyroelectric refers to the technique of the optimal system which is mainly based on the imaginary system and the pyroelectric detector.
Pyroelectric detector.
In terms of the pyroelectric detector, it can be used as a sensor to support the system. Due to the unipolar axis characteristics of the pyroelectric crystal, it is characterized by asymmetry. Polarization due to changes in temperature, the so-called pyroelectric effect, is currently widely used in sensor technology. Pyroelectric crystals need to be very thin to prepare and are plated in a direction perpendicular to the polar axis. An absorbing layer (blackening layer) is also required on the upper electrode. When this absorbing layer is exposed to infrared radiation, the pyroelectric chip is heated and produces a surface electrode. If the amount of radiation is interrupted, a charge opposite to the direction of polarization is generated. However, this charge is very small, so the charge is converted to a signal voltage by ultra low noise and ultra low leakage field effect transistors (JFET) or operational amplifiers (OpAmp) before neutralized by the internal resistance of the crystal. Pyroelectric detectors have a high signal-to-noise ratio even at 4K Hz. For example, in a Fourier infrared spectrometer, a thermopile can only perform better at a few hertz.
Imaginary system.
In terms of the imaginary system, it is a general term for various types of remote sensor systems that acquire remote sensing images of objects without photography. Scanning is usually used for imaging, tape recording or indirect recording on film. According to the structure of the system, the scanning method and the detector parts are roughly divided into:
1. Optomechanical scanning. Such as multi-spectral scanners. The mirror is used to scan the object surface, and the image data is output after being split, detected and photoelectrically converted.
2. Electronic scanning. For example, a return beam guiding TV camera, is an image-side scanning method. The process is optical imaging on the target surface of the light guide, and the signal is amplified and output after being scanned by the electron beam.
3. Robust self-scanning. For example, the photoelectric scanning sensor of the French SPOT satellite is also an image scanning method. The object is imaged by an objective lens on a detector array consisting of a plurality of charge coupled devices (CCDs) that are photoelectrically converted and output.
4. Antenna scanning. Such as side-view radar, which is an active remote sensing imaging system that is a surface scanning method. It transmits the microwave beam through the antenna and receives an echo reflected by the scene, which is demodulated and output.
The Use of Photopyroelectric.
Photopyroelectric calorimetry of composite materials.
The use of optoelectronics tells us that previous optoelectronic structures were used to check the thermal efficiency of certain materials that were composite and inserted into the detection unit as a liner. This technique depends on the coupled fluid thickness scanning process (TWRC method). Two special composites were chosen for this study: (I) Liquid: Nanofluid based on water and containing gold nanoparticles (ii) More solid type: Urea - Fumaric acid eutectic in a ratio of 1:1. It has been found that the thermal effusivity is independent upon the volume and concentration in the gold particles. Considering the eutectic characterized by urea-fumaric acid, it can be reasonably concluded that the value of the heat permeable compound is quite different from that of the pure raw material. This illustrates the production of compounds.
Self-consistence photopyroelectric calorimetry for liquids
This photopyroelectric also demonstrate that the front photopyroelectric (FPPE)structure is also important. In addition, it clearly explains the Thermal Wave Resonator Cavity (TWRC) method, which is designed to check the thermal mobility and diffusivity of liquids. It has demonstrated that the same type of technology is capable of producing a variety of static and dynamic thermal parameters. In addition, two of these parameters are checked and calculated in a straightforward manner, while the other two are still calculated indirectly. This method shows the principle of sustainability in that it studies certain liquids such as various oils, water, glycerin, ethylene glycol and the like.
Photopyroelectric Effect and Pyroelectric Measurement.
Due to fluid processing, photoelectric effect and thermoelectric measurement and subtraction between the sample and the detector, the optoelectronic technology used in the standard distribution systematically underestimates the thermal diffusivity of the solid sample. In order to solve the negative effects in the process of treating fluids in this study, a completely new method will be proposed. It depends on the application of the transparent thermoelectric sensor as well as the transparent coupling of the fluid, as well as the self-standardization process. In this sense, it is easy to measure examples of accurate opacity and solidity of thermal diffusivity, as well as the light absorption coefficient of translucent solid samples.
Photopyroelectric for the Simultaneous Thermal.
Photoelectron display thermophysical studies for simultaneous thermals are very important and critical in many relevant academic sciences. The heating capacity is closely related to the microstructure of the approved material and is important in monitoring the energy content of the system. Therefore, calorimetry plays an important role in the cataloging of physical systems, especially in the transition phase where energy fluctuations are very important. This paper summarizes the ability of photothermographic technology to study the variation of certain heat and other thermal parameters with temperature and is closely related to the transition. The working principle is applied to the theoretical basis, and the experimental structure and additional benefits of the technology compared with the traditional technology are described in detail. The integration in the calorimetric setting provides the possibility of performing calorimetric studies while also depicting the complementary nature of optical, structural and electrical properties. This paper reviews the high temperature resolution results for several phase transition parameters in different systems under various possible configurations.
Optimized configuration of the pyroelectric sensor in photopyroelectric technique.
Optimized configuration of pyroelectric sensors in optoelectronic technology. It has been shown that in the case of constant laser power, the response of the pyroelectric sensor would not depend on the spatial distribution of the intensity of the laser beam. Therefore, depending on the voltage model, the signal amplitude will be inversely proportional to the effective range of the sensor. In addition, the thermoelectric signal may increase once the effective area decreases and the total area of the sensor remains constant. Based on this, by optimizing the metal electrode structure of the sensor, a method is proposed to improve the PPE signal measured in voltage mode. The experiment shows that this improved method can increase the signal amplitude by 10 times without increasing the electrical noise.
Deficiency in the photopyroelectric.
Types of deficiency
The so-called optical component surface defects mainly refer to surface rickets and surface contaminants. Surface rickets refer to various processing defects such as pitting, scratches, open bubbles, broken edges, and broken spots on the surface of polished optical components. The main reason is processing or subsequent processing. Scratches are the scratches on the surface of an optical component. Due to the length of the scratch, it can be divided into long scratches and short scratches, with a limit of 2 mm. If the scratch length is greater than 2 mm, it is a long scratch, and if it is less than 2 mm, it is a short scratch . For short scratches, the evaluation criterion is to detect their cumulative length. Relatively speaking, scratches are easier to detect than defects such as pitting.
Pitting refers to pits and defects on the surface of an optical component. The surface roughness in the pit is large, the width and depth are approximately the same, and the edges are irregular. Typically, defects with an aspect ratio greater than 4:1 are scratches, while defects less than 4:1 are pitting.
The bubbles are formed by gases that are not removed in time during the manufacture or processing of the optical component. Since the pressure of the gas in each direction is evenly distributed, the shape of the bubble is usually spherical.
Broken edges are a criticism of the edge of optical components. Although it is outside the effective area of the light source, it is also a source of light scattering, which also has an effect on optical performance.
Negative impact caused by the deficiency
Surface rickets, as a microscopic local defect caused by man-made process, have a certain influence on the surface properties of optical components, which may lead to serious consequences such as optical instrument operation errors. In short, the surface defects of optical components can be detrimental to the performance of optical systems, and the root cause is the scattering characteristics of light.
The damage of optical component surface defects to itself and the entire optical system is manifested in the following aspects:
(1) The quality of the beam is degraded. The surface scattering defect of the component produces a scattering effect of light, so that the energy of the beam is greatly consumed after passing through the defect, thereby reducing the quality of the beam.
(2) The thermal effect of defects. Since the area where the surface defects are located absorbs more energy than other areas, the thermal effect phenomenon may cause local particial deformation of the component, damage the film layer, etc., and thus damage the entire optical system.
(3) Damage to other optical components in the system. In a laser system, under the illumination of a high-energy laser beam, the scattered light generated by the surface of the component is absorbed by other optical components in the system, resulting in uneven light received by the component. When the damage threshold of the optical component material is reached. The quality of the transmitted light is affected, and the optical components are damaged, which is more likely to cause serious damage to the optical system.
(4) Rickets can affect the cleanliness of the field of view. When there are too many rickets on the optical components, it will affect the microscopic aesthetics. In addition, the cockroaches will leave tiny dust, microorganisms, polishing powder and other impurities, which will cause the components to be corroded, moldy, and foggy. Will significantly affect the basic performance of the component.


Aeolian dominant scale

The Aeolian dominant scale (also known as the Hindu scale, Olympian Scale, Mixolydian 6 [or 13], Aeolian major, and melodic major) is the fifth mode of the melodic minor scale. It is named such because its sound derives from having a dominant seventh chord on the tonic in the context of what is otherwise the Aeolian mode.
It corresponds to Raga Charukeshi in Indian Classical music.
This scale can also be obtained by raising the third degree of the natural minor scale.
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
 \clef treble \time 7/4 c4 d e f g aes bes c
</score>
The name "melodic major" also refers to the combined scale that proceeds as natural major ascending and as Aeolian dominant descending.
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
 \clef treble \time 7/4 c4 d e f g a b c bes aes g f e d c
</score>
"The Mask of Zorro" song "I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You", was composed in the Aeolian dominant scale mode. It was written by film composer James Horner.
See also.
• Backdoor cadence


Subminor and supermajor

In music, a subminor interval is an interval that is noticeably wider than a diminished interval but noticeably narrower than a minor interval. It is found in between a minor and diminished interval, thus making it below, or subminor to, the minor interval. A supermajor interval is a musical interval that is noticeably wider than a major interval but noticeably narrower than an augmented interval. It is found in between a major and augmented interval, thus making it above, or supermajor to, the major interval. The inversion of a supermajor interval is a subminor interval, and there are four major and four minor intervals, allowing for eight supermajor and subminor intervals, each with variants.
Traditionally, "supermajor and superminor, [are] the names given to certain thirds [9:7 and 17:14] found in the justly intoned scale with a natural or subminor seventh."
Subminor second and supermajor seventh.
Thus, a subminor second is intermediate between a minor second and a diminished second (enharmonic to unison). An example of such an interval is the ratio 26:25, or 67.90 cents (D ). Another example is the ratio 28:27, or 62.96 cents (C ).
A supermajor seventh is an interval intermediate between a major seventh and an augmented seventh. It is the inverse of a subminor second. Examples of such an interval is the ratio 25:13, or 1132.10 cents (B); the ratio 27:14, or 1137.04 cents (B ); and 35:18, or 1151.23 cents (C ).
Subminor third and supermajor sixth.
A subminor third is in between a minor third and a diminished third. An example of such an interval is the ratio 7:6 (E), or 266.87 cents, the septimal minor third, the inverse of the supermajor sixth. Another example is the ratio 13:11, or 289.21 cents (E).
A supermajor sixth is noticeably wider than a major sixth but noticeably narrower than an augmented sixth, and may be a just interval of 12:7 (A). In 24 equal temperament A = B. The septimal major sixth is an interval of 12:7 ratio (A ), or about 933 cents. It is the inversion of the 7:6 subminor third.
Subminor sixth and supermajor third.
A subminor sixth or septimal sixth is noticeably narrower than a minor sixth but noticeably wider than a diminished sixth, enharmonically equivalent to the major fifth. The sub-minor sixth is an interval of a 14:9 ratio (A) or alternately 11:7. (G ) The 21st subharmonic (see subharmonic) is 729.22 cents.
A supermajor third is in between a major third and an augmented third, enharmonically equivalent to the minor fourth. An example of such an interval is the ratio 9:7, or 435.08 cents, the septimal major third (E). Another example is the ratio 50:39, or 430.14 cents (E).
Subminor seventh and supermajor second.
A subminor seventh is an interval between a minor seventh and a diminished seventh. An example of such an interval is the 7:4 ratio, the harmonic seventh (B).
A supermajor second (or supersecond) is intermediate to a major second and an augmented second. An example of such an interval is the ratio 8:7, or 231.17 cents, also known as the septimal whole tone (D ) and the inverse of the subminor seventh. Another example is the ratio 15:13, or 247.74 cents (D).
Use.
Composer Lou Harrison was fascinated with the 7:6 subminor third and 8:7 supermajor second, using them in pieces such as "Concerto for Piano with Javanese Gamelan", "Cinna" for tack-piano, and "Strict Songs" (for voices and orchestra). Together the two produce the 4:3 just perfect fourth.
19 equal temperament has several intervals which are simultaneously subminor, supermajor, augmented, and diminished, due to tempering and enharmonic equivalence (both of which work differently in 19-ET than standard tuning). For example, four steps of 19-ET (an interval of roughly 253 cents) is all of the following: subminor third, supermajor second, augmented second, and diminished third.


Graham Fleming

Graham R. Fleming is a Professor of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley and member of the Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute based at UCB.
Fleming's team is known for developing and using techniques in advanced multidimensional, ultrafast spectroscopy to study complex condensed phase dynamics in systems including natural photosynthetic complexes and nanoscale systems including single-walled carbon nanotubes and organic photovoltaic systems.
These investigations and the findings of Fleming's team have indicated the key role of quantum electronic coherence in disordered biological environments. These findings have pointed towards the importance of examining the role of quantum dynamical processes in biological energy harvesting systems.
Education, career, and service.
Fleming was born 3 December 1949 in Barrow (now Barrow-in-Furness), England and received his B.S. degree with honors in Chemistry from the University of Bristol in 1971. He subsequently received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University College London and the Royal Institution in 1974. Fleming then held postdoctoral researcher appointments at three institutions: California Institute of Technology (1974–1975); University of Melbourne (1975–1976); and the Royal Institution (1976–1979).
In 1979, Fleming began his independent research team with a faculty appointment at the University of Chicago. He was promoted to associate professor at the University of Chicago in 1983 and in 1985 was made a full professor. In 1987, Fleming was named the Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Services Professor a position which he held for ten years. At the University of Chicago, Fleming served for three years as the Chair of the Chemistry Department. During his time at the University of Chicago, he worked with Keith Moffatt to found the University's first new research institute in 50 years, the Institute for Biophysical Dynamics.
Fleming transitioned his research team to the University of California, Berkeley in 1997 where he held joint appointments as Professor in Chemistry and the founding Director of the Physical Biosciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In 2002, Fleming received an appointment as the Melvin Calvin Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at UCB. Fleming was also Founding director of the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3) based at UC Berkeley.
In the areas of service to the University, Fleming also served as the vice-chancellor for research at UCB from April 2009 to 2015.
Harassment Allegations.
Fleming resigned from his position as Vice Chancellor for Research (2015) and was subsequently removed as a Berkeley Global Campus ambassador (2016) following the filing of a harassment complaint against him by a former employee in 2014. The investigation that followed determined Fleming had violated the University of California's sexual harassment policy.
Select publications.
Fleming has an extensive publication record. Listed below are some select publications from his independent research career at UC Berkeley:
These are some select publication's from Fleming's tenure at The University of Chicago:
Finally, these are some additional notable publications from before Fleming began his independent research group:


South Shetland Trough

The South Shetland Trough is an undersea trough located north of the South Shetland Islands. It is the remnant of a subduction zone where the defunct Phoenix Plate, now part of the Antarctic Plate, subducted under the Antarctic Peninsula and the South Shetland Islands.


UMAT


Lists of avant-garde films

This is chronological list of avant-garde and experimental films split by decade. Often there may be considerable overlap particularly between avant-garde/experimental and other genres (including, documentaries, fantasy, and science fiction films); the list should attempt to document films which are more closely related to the avant-garde, even if it bends genres.


Carefree sundial

The Carefree Sundial, in Carefree, Arizona, was designed by architect Joe Wong and solar engineer John I. Yellott (1908-1986), was erected in the Sundial Circle plaza in 1959. The sundial is made from a steel frame and covered in anodized copper. As originally designed the 1200mm wide gnomon acted as a heat collecting plate for a local heating scheme. It measures in diameter. The metal gnomon, the shadow-casting portion of the dial, stands above the plaza and extends . Local apparent time is 27.7 minutes behind the meridian time which here is Mountain Standard Time. The hour markers are adjusted accordingly.
Description.
The Carefree sundial was conceived and constructed by John Yellott of Phoenix, Arizona, the architect was Joe Wong. The dial's gnomon is wide and feet long, rising above Solar Plaza. It is encircled by cacti and stones surrounding a reflecting pool with golden lines and concrete numbers to mark the time. Once it was visible from but a shopping-centre has developed around it, obscuring the view. The hour-lines are offset to account for plaza's longitude, 6° 35' 36" west of the Mountain Standard Time meridian, 105° west. The gnomon served an ancillary purpose- designed to absorb solar energy which was converted into heat by three copper tubes, which pumped the heated water into a local heating system for a neighbouring office block. To facilitate the absorption the top of the gnomon's length is coated with a special paint. A smaller 1/48 scale model is on site along with an equation of time table.
Disputed claims.
Various communities have made "the largest sundial in" claims. In 1913 the sundial in Ingleside Terraces, San Francisco was claimed to be the largest in the world, ignoring the existence of the dials at Jaipur. It had a dial diameter of . There is even a larger one () at Hunters Point in San Francisco. The Carefree claim is disputed by Sun City, Arizona who have repaired their competing dial which is built from a steel I-bar.


Microphone shock mount


Skeletochronology

Skeletochronology is a technique used to determine the individual, chronological ages of vertebrates by counting lines of arrested, annual growth, also known as LAGs, within Skeletal tissues. Within the annual bone growth specimens, there are broad and narrow lines. Broad lines represent the growth period and narrow lines represent a growth pause. These narrow lines are what characterises one growth year, therefore make it suitable to determine the age of the specimen. Not all bones grow at the same rate and the individual growth rate of a bone changes over a lifetime, therefore periodic growth marks can take irregular patterns. This indicates significant chronological events in an individual's life. The use of bone as a biomaterial is useful in investigating structure-property relationships. In addition to current research in skeletochronology, the ability of bone to adapt and change its structure to the external environment provides potential for further research in bone histomorphometry in the future. Amphibians and Reptiles are commonly aged determined, using this method, because they undergo discrete annual activity cycles such as winter dormancy or metamorphosis, however it cannot be used for all species of bony animals. The different environmental and biological factors that influence bone growth and development can become a barrier in determining age as a complete record may be rare.
Method.
The extraction and study of bone tissue varies depending on the taxa involved and the amount of material available. However, skeletochronology best focuses on LAGs that encircle the entire shaft in a ring form and have a regular pattern of deposition. These growths show a repeated pattern, 'described mathematically as a time series'. The tissues are divided using a microtome, stained with haematoxylin to be then viewed under a microscope. The analysis is frequently performed on dry bones with the additional application of alcohol or congelated preservation if needed, as the aim is to enhance the optical contrast which results from different physical properties to light.
It is important to consider potential problems when selecting particular bones to study. If there is a weak optical contrast, it makes counting the arrested growth rings difficult and often inaccurate. There is also a possible presence of additional growth marks that are created to supplement weaker areas of growth. In these circumstances, alternative bones must be considered that may present more accurate data. Another case is the doubling of lines of arrested growth where two closely adjacent twin lines can be seen. However, when the pattern is widespread for several age classes in that species, then the twin LAGs can be counted as a single year growth. The most common issue to arise is the destruction of bone from biological processes, most frequently discovered in mammals and Birds. This causes age to be significantly underestimated. Over the lifespan of an individual, bone is constantly being reconstructed as specialised cells remove and deposit bone leading to a constant renewal of the bone material. The continuous resorption and deposition leaves gaps in the record of growth and missing bone tissue is a case at any stage of a vertebrate's life cycle; 'complete specimens that allow precise identification are extremely rare'.
Therefore, to account for any missing bone tissues in a specimen, retrocalculation of skeletal age is to be completed.
Three approaches can be identified in retro calculating.
1)    Retro calculating of skeletal age which involves identifying major and minor axe of the bone's cross section and circumferences of bones calculated using Ramanujan's formula
formula_1.
2)    Retro calculating through Arithmetic estimate which requires the sampling of several parts of other bone and making an estimate of the number of missing tissues
3)    Retro calculating by superimposition in an Ontogenic series which requires a complete growth record on one individual so that their histological cross sections can be overlaid and reconstructed on another individual.
Cases of discoveries.
Frog Rana pipiens Schreber of Southwestern Quebec; Schroeder and Baskett, 1968.
This was the first use of skeletochronology as a method of age determination in vertebrates as well as an assessment of the validity of the procedure. This study was performed on 42 bullfrogs of known age in Southwestern Quebec . It was believed that the narrow marks of growth was a result of periods of arrested growth during the winter period and the broad, translucent marks represented favourable periods in the environment. Frogs, in the study, that hat no growth marks were shown to belong to the age group that had not Hibernated since undergoing metamorphosis. Frogs that had two growth marks belonged to the age groups which as lived over two winters since their metamorphosis. Upon completing the study, skeletochronology was viewed as a technique of age determination that was accurate and applicable for future studies. It showed that several distinct populations of one species can be studied at the same time. This meant that different generations in populations can be compared as well as different demographic parameters i.e. studying a population in high, dry ground and comparing with a population in low, wet areas. This study also showed that different species in the same area can also be simultaneously studied.
Modern and fossil tortoises of Nebraska and Florida; D.J Ehret, 2007.
This study focused on the age of tortoises between the Eocene–Oligocene boundary event that saw an increase in the modern Gopher tortoise population from the now extinct Stylemys nebrascensis tortoise. Samples of shells and skeletons of Gopherus were collected from Florida and fossil tortoises were collected from the 'turtle-oreodont' fossil zone in Nebraska. This study demonstrated retro calculating through superimposition as similar bones grow at a similar rate, regardless of which side of the body it comes from. The Humerus bone proved to be most reliable in terms of number of LAGs with least amount of reconstruction"." Results showed how and when the modern tortoise appeared in the fossil record, with both species reaching their adult sizes over 40 years. This allowed an understanding in the carrying capacity of the habitat, sexual maturity and individual lifespan. It also confirmed that Gopherus species most adapted to the Badlands habitat due to faster growing individuals and their shorter time to reach sexual maturity.
Mitsjama salamander of Japan; E. Kyoko & M. Masafumi, 2002.
This study was the first estimation of age structure for amphibians using skeletochronologically. E. Kyoko & M. Masafumi's study of Salamanders involved analysing age at first reproduction and growth patterns as local populations were declining. Each individual was marked by toe clippings while their body size was measured, with the study beginning in 1983. Results showed that male salamander growth decreased greatly after reaching sexual maturity while females grew larger as they do not reach sexual maturity as early as the males. They also reported that the post metamorphic survival rate was low, requiring early maturation and participation in breeding in order to increase population size.
Green sea turtles in Hawaii; L.R. Goshe et. al, 2016.
This study of body lengths and growth mark deposition on Green sea turtles used skeletochronology to reduce time and labour that was previously required in mark and recapture studies, allowing for prior growth rates to be back-calculated. As commonly used in reptiles, the humerus held the highest amount of cortical bone and became the focus of the study. The results showed negative growth rates when turtles were facing low food conditions. It also became the first study to confirm the assumption that LAG deposition occurred in Spring for green turtles.
Asiatic wild ass in Asia, C. Nacarine-Meneses et. al, 2016.
This study recorded longevity, growth rate and age at maturity in the evolution of horse based on the evidence provided from the Asiatic wild ass bone specimens. As this species is morphologically and ecologically similar to the extinct stenoid horses, it provided an understanding towards their evolution. In mammals, the hard bone tissue is heavily influenced by external environmental conditions and resource availability which was proved by the different growth rates between wild and captive ass. Results also showed that the species became sexually mature a year before their final growth arrest.
Rana holtzi, endemic frog of Turkey, F.M Guarine & U.C Erismis, 2008.
This study used phalangeal skeletochronology to assess ages of different populations in temperate subtropical and tropical areas. This was useful in understanding the causes of the population variations of the differing regions especially for a highly endangered species, as the procedure was non-lethal unlike most other bone analyses. During the study, there was a high frequency of double LAGs mainly among males due to the severe drought that had occurred in the 2000-2001 summer. This would have affected their feeding opportunities and thus deprived bone growth. The results showed a positive correlation between body size and age, with a greater variation in females, who would live, on average, an additional year than the males.
Native subtropical frog species in South America, A.J.C Brum et. al. 2019.
This study was the first to record growth rings for 11 native subtropical frog species as the environment of this area had a high range of climatic seasonality. This had created a barrier for analysing age through bone growth as several species had irregular growth lines based on environmental variables. However, the study showed that under natural conditions, LAG formation was synchronised with the changing climate, as growth was delayed in the winter as the frogs underwent hibernation. It also proved that skeletochronology was effective for both phalanges and long bones in the South American frog species.
Future progress.
Skeletochronology has potential to expand further to other genus' as it has already provided a basis for future research in the evolution of life histories within their environmental context. Yet Climate change has become a major threat to biodiversity estimating to lose 40% of all species in the next decade. As this technique of age determination is used most popularly in amphibians and reptiles, it faces several barriers with climate change. It is recognised as the biggest threat to amphibian biodiversity. Most amphibians have highly complex lives, requiring different environmental variables as they mature. Knowledge and understanding of the welfare needs and sustainability of amphibians and their unique habitats is limited. Furthermore, there lacks evidence-based practices and guidance when keeping them in captive care. Therefore, further studies must be developed to provide options for conserving such complicated range of species.


Raking

Raking (also called "raking ratio estimation" or "iterative proportional fitting") is the statistical process of adjusting data sample weights of a contingency table to match desired marginal totals.


Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy

Glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) is a spectroscopic method for the quantitative analysis of metals and other non-metallic solids. The idea was published and patented in 1968 by Werner Grimm from Hanau, Germany.
Ordinary Atomic spectroscopy can be used to determine the surface of a material, but not its layered structure. In contrast, GDOES gradually ablates the layers of the sample, revealing the deeper structure.
GDOES spectroscopy can be used for the quantitative and qualitative determination of elements and is therefore a method of analytical chemistry.
Process.
The metallic samples are used as a cathode in a direct current plasma. From the surface, the sample is removed in layers by sputtering with argon ions. The removed atoms pass into the plasma by diffusion. Photons are emitted with excited waves and have characteristic wavelengths which are recorded by means of a downstream spectrometer and subsequently quantified.
When using a high-frequency alternating voltage for plasma generation and the corresponding construction of the glow discharge source, non-metallic samples can also be examined.
Various instruments are used as sensors. Photomultipliers can detect the slightest traces and also high concentrations of the sensor-specific element. By means of charge-coupled device, a complete element spectrum can be measured with the appropriate layer thickness.
Applications.
Glow discharge spectroscopy is an established method for the characterization of steels and varnishes. Recent developments relate to the analysis of porous electrodes from lithium-ion batteries.


Mantal

A mantal is an obsolete unit once used in Finland and Sweden to measure the size and productivity of a piece of land. In the 1900s, the mantal lost its relevance because crown land taxes ceased to exist and the government started drawing revenue from income taxes.[citation needed] Today, mantal values are only used in connection with some rural obligations and rights, while the size of farms in Finland is reported in hectares.
A mantal measures both physical area and monetary worth as it takes into account the productivity of the land. It is a cameral measurement instrument used to gauge the wealth of a farm to determine its apportionment. According to Sjöström, in essence the mantal values for farms in a village show their share of the village's lands.
A landed estate's share of the joint properties of a village (such as bodies of water, undeveloped common land, and some specific things) is defined by its mantal value. The mantal value was also used as a basis for taxation. A farm had to pay a fixed annual land tax and several other taxes (i.e. auxiliary taxes and tithes).
Background.
In late medieval and early modern government, a "mantal" referred to a warrior who served a group of farmers. The term evolved to represent a group of farms that supported a mounted warrior, his horse and military equipment. According to Sjöström, the government in those days viewed the country and its revenues as a means of providing armed troops, rather than in terms of a population to be fed. Kiesi states that a mantal was a unit which described how many men were in a household. For example, if a family cultivating a farm had two adult brothers, then the farm was valued at 2 mantals.
Another explanation of the mantal is that of one man cultivating a plot to feed his nuclear family, but some argue against that idea, citing examples of bunches of farms of about 0.05 mantals which each fed one household (one nuclear family and perhaps a few more persons). Against this it is argued that the one warrior model was more meaningful from the perspective of the governments of those ages.
According to Kiesi, a farm of one mantal was considered large. Hectarages of estates of one mantal were around 500-1000 hectares. In some regions of Finland this was considered a manor, not merely one farm. Kiesi further states that hectarages of farms were totally dependent on what kind of land the farm owned. A one mantal farm in northern Finland was larger than one in more fertile southern Finland.
Mantal values were assigned to real estate in Finland and Sweden in the early 1500s. In the late 1600s, the unit's value was drastically adjusted throughout Finland, resulting in the so-called new mantals based on production valuation, and since that time its value has been fixed in Sweden and Finland. Of course, when a farm was divided, its mantal value was also divided, so the sum of the mantal values of the new farms was equal to the mantal value of the original farm. In the 1600s, most farms already had mantal values which were less than one. Divisions in the 1800s and 1900s led to even smaller values.
Since about 1720, Finnish land records of independent farms have generally contained the following information: jurisdictional district, parish, village, number in the village, number of households, old mantal value and new mantal value, along with the nature of the land and how the farm's taxes were used.
In the 1900s, mantal values were no longer relevant as crown land taxes ceased to exist and the government started drawing revenue from income taxes. Today, mantal values are only used in connection with some rural obligations and rights, while the size of farms in Finland is reported in hectares. In Finland, as of 1997, land surveying operations no longer calculate mantal values for new divisions of estates.


659 Nestor

659 Nestor is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 23 March 1908, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after King Nestor from Greek mythology. The carbonaceous Jovian asteroid belongs to the 20 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 15.98 hours.
Orbit and classification.
"Nestor" is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's Lagrangian point, 60° ahead its orbit in a 1:1 resonance "(see Trojans in astronomy)". It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6–5.8 AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,294 days; semi-major axis of 5.17 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, the body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in March 1908.
Naming.
This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Nestor, the king of Pylos. He was an Argonaut and counselor to the Greeks at Troy. Nestor fought against the centaurs and participated in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. The asteroid was named by the German Astronomische Gesellschaft during a meeting at Breslau in 1910.
Physical characteristics.
In the Barucci classification, "Nestor" is classified as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid (C0), while in the Tholen taxonomy, its spectral type is ambiguous, closest to an X-type and somewhat similar to that of a C-type (XC). In the "Lightcurve Data Base" it is assumed to be a primitive P-type. Its V–I color index of 0.79 is unusually low for most Jovian asteroids (typically above 0.9).
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Nestor" measures between 107.06 and 112.32 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.040. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" an albedo of and a diameter of kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.99.
On 30 June 2006, a dimensional estimate was also obtained from an occultation event by David Gault, when the asteroid eclipsed the star "TYC 6854-00630" (as designated in the Tycho Catalogue) for a duration of 9.52 seconds. Based on this time period, a cross section with the minor and major occultation axes at kilometers was inferred. The quality rating is 1 ("no fit").
Rotation period.
In January 1988, a first rotational lightcurve of "Nestor" was obtained from photometric observations by MIT-astronomer Richard P. Binzel showing a rotation period of hours ().
In August 1995, Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola observed the asteroid with the Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory, Chile, and derived a period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude ().
In January and February 2014, two lightcurves in the R-band were obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory, California. Lightcurve analysis gave two concurring periods of and hours with an amplitude of 0.24 and 0.22, respectively ().


Tony Heinz

Tony F. Heinz (born 30 April 1956 in Palo Alto) is an American physicist.
Heinz studied at Stanford University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1978. He received his doctorate in 1982 at the University of California, Berkeley, in physics. From 1983 to 1995 he was at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center of IBM. He was a professor at Columbia University and is now a professor at Stanford University. He served as President of The Optical Society in 2021. Heinz is one of the most cited scientists. Since 2019, the media group Clarivate counts him among the favorites for a Nobel Prize (Clarivate Citation Laureates).
His research focuses on ultrafast laser spectroscopy (femtosecond pulses) and thus investigates dynamics at surfaces. His group investigates electronic and optical properties of a few atoms of thin two-dimensional systems (such as graphene or ultrathin crystals of transition-metal di-chalcogen compounds).


Moody Coup

Moody Coup is the second studio album of Co La, the project of Baltimore electronic music producer Matt Papich. The album follows a more indefinable music style yet cleaner sound than Co La's previous record "Daydream Repeater" (2011). Using both synthesizers and samples, the album involves song recordings and foley of everyday life being "enhanced and embellished to a point of transcendence," its official press release summarized. It was released on May 7, 2013 by the imprint Software and garnered generally positive reviews from critics upon its release.
Production and composition.
"Moody Coup" strongly differs from Co La's previous album "Daydream Repeater" (2011) for its indefinable music style and "cleaner, "more defined" and "restrained" sound, as journalist Heather Phares described it. "Bearded" magazine's Ben Woord categorized the album as "seductively uneasy listening: genuinely odd but strangely accessible sampladelia." He reasoned that the "lurching rhythms and jarring juxtapositions have the potential to be unsettling as hell," but "he somehow makes it glossily textured and rather likeable." "Moody Coup"'s arrangement is spacious, featuring pianos, rave music synthesizers, and samples in its sound palette. It features elements of dub, drum and bass, and jazz, with sounds deriving from reggae, barbershop, ambient, and techno.
Software's press release summarizes that on the album, "cryptic sources are enhanced and embellished to a point of transcendence." The source material varies heavily. The LP's most prominent samples are recordings of unnoticeable everyday sounds, such as dripping, sipping, birdsong, breathing, and scissor cutting, which led to "Tiny Mix Tapes" critic Sean Delanty to describe it as "an album that celebrates the unnoticed joys of human life itself." In terms of song samples, Moody Coup utilizes music from Neil Sedaka's "Next Door to an Angel" ("Deaf Christian") to Psychic TV's "Suspicious ("Suspicious") to "Sukiyaki" by Kyu Sakamoto ("Sukiyaki To Die For"). "Sukiyaki To Die For" only uses the melody of Sakamoto's song. As Papich explained, "It deviates to the point that the familiar bit feels elusive, and becomes something like a scent. It's processed like perfume."
Release and promotion.
Two singles were released from "Moody Coup": "Melters Delight" on February 21, 2013, and "Deaf Christian" on April 2, 2013. "Deaf Christian"'s official video, directed by visual artist Strasser, was released on April 5, and depicts Papich crushing fruit in rhythm to the song. The video for "Make It Slay" premiered via "Interview" magazine on May 31, 2013. Also directed by Strasser, the video "is an alchemical blend of visuals featuring transmutable liquids, natural imagery, and a metaphysically improbable wineglass," the magazine's Nathan Reese summarized. On October 9, 2015, Software issued a bundle consisting of "Moody Coup" and another Co La album named "No No" (2015).
Critical reception.
Sean Delanty of "Tiny Mix Tapes" highlighted that "Moody Coup"'s "disembodiment" of everyday foley gave the album "a remarkable sense of conceptual coherence and stylistic consistency." He also wrote that "there are moments on the album that transcend any sort of detached conceptualization and instead achieve an immediately satisfying viscerality," which resulted in an "intoxicating, otherworldly aesthetic." Phares opined in an AllMusic review, ""Moody Coup" might not be as transporting or concerned with sensual pleasures as "Daydream Repeater" was, but these ambitious, wide-ranging tracks are just as successful in their own right." "Pitchfork" called the LP better than most sound art music for "how naturally it comes together," also noting that the album had audio editing superior to "Daydream Repeater"'s "lackadaisical" loop-based techniques: "His samples are better hidden and the tracks, while plenty rhythmic, are no longer quite so stubborn."
Track listing.
Derived from the liner notes of "Moody Coup".
Personnel.
Derived from the liner notes and press release of "Moody Coup".


332 Siri

Siri (minor planet designation: 332 Siri) is a main belt asteroid in orbit around the Sun. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf on 19 March 1892 in Heidelberg. The origin of this asteroid's name is unclear. On October 5, 2092, 332 Siri will pass from the asteroid 29 Amphitrite with a relative velocity of 2.054 kilometers per second.


Princeton University Laptop Orchestra


600 Musa

Musa (minor planet designation: 600 Musa) is a minor planet orbiting the Sun.


Times per second


Consistent estimator

In statistics, a consistent estimator or asymptotically consistent estimator is an estimator—a rule for computing estimates of a parameter "θ"0—having the property that as the number of data points used increases indefinitely, the resulting sequence of estimates converges in probability to "θ"0. This means that the distributions of the estimates become more and more concentrated near the true value of the parameter being estimated, so that the probability of the estimator being arbitrarily close to "θ"0 converges to one.
In practice one constructs an estimator as a function of an available sample of size "n", and then imagines being able to keep collecting data and expanding the sample "ad infinitum". In this way one would obtain a sequence of estimates indexed by "n", and consistency is a property of what occurs as the sample size “grows to infinity”. If the sequence of estimates can be mathematically shown to converge in probability to the true value "θ"0, it is called a consistent estimator; otherwise the estimator is said to be inconsistent.
Consistency as defined here is sometimes referred to as "weak consistency". When we replace convergence in probability with almost sure convergence, then the estimator is said to be "strongly consistent". Consistency is related to bias; see bias versus consistency.
Definition.
Formally speaking, an estimator "Tn" of parameter "θ" is said to be consistent, if it converges in probability to the true value of the parameter:
i.e. if, for all "ε" > 0
A more rigorous definition takes into account the fact that "θ" is actually unknown, and thus the convergence in probability must take place for every possible value of this parameter. Suppose } is a family of distributions (the parametric model), and } is an infinite sample from the distribution "pθ". Let { "Tn"("Xθ") } be a sequence of estimators for some parameter "g"("θ"). Usually "Tn" will be based on the first "n" observations of a sample. Then this sequence {"Tn"} is said to be (weakly) consistent if
This definition uses "g"("θ") instead of simply "θ", because often one is interested in estimating a certain function or a sub-vector of the underlying parameter. In the next example we estimate the location parameter of the model, but not the scale:
Examples.
Sample mean of a normal random variable.
Suppose one has a sequence of observations {"X"1, "X"2, ...} from a normal "N"("μ", "σ"2) distribution. To estimate "μ" based on the first "n" observations, one can use the sample mean: "Tn" = ("X"1 + ... + "Xn")/"n". This defines a sequence of estimators, indexed by the sample size "n".
From the properties of the normal distribution, we know the sampling distribution of this statistic: "T""n" is itself normally distributed, with mean "μ" and variance "σ"2/"n". Equivalently, formula_4 has a standard normal distribution:
as "n" tends to infinity, for any fixed . Therefore, the sequence "Tn" of sample means is consistent for the population mean "μ" (recalling that formula_6 is the cumulative distribution of the normal distribution).
Establishing consistency.
The notion of asymptotic consistency is very close, almost synonymous to the notion of convergence in probability. As such, any theorem, lemma, or property which establishes convergence in probability may be used to prove the consistency. Many such tools exist:
the most common choice for function "h" being either the absolute value (in which case it is known as Markov inequality), or the quadratic function (respectively Chebyshev's inequality).
Bias versus consistency.
Unbiased but not consistent.
An estimator can be unbiased but not consistent. For example, for an iid sample {"x"..., "x"} one can use "T"("X") = "x" as the estimator of the mean E["x"]. Note that here the sampling distribution of "T" is the same as the underlying distribution (for any "n," as it ignores all points but the last), so E["T"("X")] = E["x"] and it is unbiased, but it does not converge to any value.
However, if a sequence of estimators is unbiased "and" converges to a value, then it is consistent, as it must converge to the correct value.
Biased but consistent.
Alternatively, an estimator can be biased but consistent. For example, if the mean is estimated by formula_11 it is biased, but as formula_12, it approaches the correct value, and so it is consistent.
Important examples include the sample variance and sample standard deviation. Without Bessel's correction (that is, when using the sample size formula_13 instead of the degrees of freedom formula_14), these are both negatively biased but consistent estimators. With the correction, the corrected sample variance is unbiased, while the corrected sample standard deviation is still biased, but less so, and both are still consistent: the correction factor converges to 1 as sample size grows.
Here is another example. Let formula_15 be a sequence of estimators for formula_16.
We can see that formula_18, formula_19, and the bias does not converge to zero.


Diesis

In classical music from Western culture, a diesis ( ; "difference"; Greek: δίεσις "leak" or "escape") is either an accidental (see sharp), or a very small musical interval, usually defined as the difference between an octave (in the ratio 2:1) and three justly tuned major thirds (tuned in the ratio 5:4), equal to 128:125 or about 41.06 cents. In 12-tone equal temperament (on a piano for example) three major thirds in a row equal an octave, but three justly-tuned major thirds fall quite a bit narrow of an octave, and the diesis describes the amount by which they are short.
For instance, an octave (2:1) spans from C to C', and three justly tuned major thirds (5:4) span from C to B (namely, from C, to E, to G, to B). The difference between C-C' (2:1) and C-B (125:64) is the diesis (128:125). Notice that this coincides with the interval between B and C', also called a diminished second.
The diesis is a comma. The above-mentioned 128:125 comma is also known as the lesser diesis, as opposed to a wider comma (648:625) known as greater diesis. As shown in the picture, in the quarter-comma meantone tuning system (a tuning system in which, by definition, major thirds are justly tuned), the diminished second coincides with the diesis.
Alternative definitions.
In any tuning system, the deviation of an octave from three major thirds, however large that is, is typically referred to as a diminished second. The diminished second is an interval between pairs of enharmonically equivalent notes; for instance the interval between E and F. As mentioned above, the term "diesis" most commonly refers to the diminished second in quarter-comma meantone temperament. Less frequently and less strictly, the same term is also used to refer to a diminished second of any size. In third-comma meantone, the diminished second is typically denoted as a greater diesis (see below).
In quarter-comma meantone, since major thirds are justly tuned, the width of the diminished second coincides with the above-mentioned value of 128:125. Notice that 128:125 is larger than a unison (1:1). This means that, for instance, C' is sharper than B. In other tuning systems, the diminished second has different widths, and may be smaller than a unison (e.g. C' may be flatter than B):
In eleventh-comma meantone, the diminished second is within 1/716 (0.0014) of a cent above unison, so it closely resembles the 1:1 unison ratio of twelve-tone equal temperament.
The word "diesis" has also been used to describe a large number of intervals, of varying sizes, but typically around 50 cents. Philolaus used it to describe the interval now usually called a "limma", that of a justly tuned perfect fourth (4:3) minus two whole tones (9:8), equal to 256:243 or about 90.22 cents. Rameau, in his "Treatise on Harmony" (1722), names 125:148 (, "recte" 125:128) as a "minor diesis" and 243:250 as a "major diesis", explaining that the latter may be derived through multiplication of the former by the ratio 15552:15625. Other theorists have used it for various other intervals.
Greater and lesser diesis.
Some acoustics texts use the term greater diesis for the difference between an octave and four justly tuned minor thirds (tuned in the ratio 6:5), which is equal to three syntonic commas minus a schisma, equal to 648:625 or about 62.57 cents (almost one 63.16-cent division in 19 equal temperament). Being larger, this diesis was termed "greater" while the 128:125 diesis (41.06 cents) was termed "lesser".
The small diesis is 3125:3072 or approximately 29.61 cents.
Septimal and undecimal diesis.
The septimal diesis (or slendro diesis) is an interval with the ratio of 49:48 , which is the difference between the septimal whole tone and the septimal minor third. It is about 35.70 cents wide.
The undecimal diesis is equal to 45:44 or about 38.91 cents, closely approximated by 31 equal temperament's 38.71 cent interval.


3885 Bogorodskij


3546 Atanasoff


Diaschisma

The diaschisma (or diacisma) is a small musical interval defined as the difference between three octaves and four perfect fifths plus two major thirds (in just intonation). It can be represented by the ratio 2048:2025 and is about 19.5 cents. The use of the name diaschisma for this interval is due to Helmholtz; earlier Rameau had called that interval a "diminished comma" or comma minor.
A diaschisma is the difference between a schisma and a syntonic comma, as well as the difference between the greater chromatic semitone (135:128 = 92.18 cents) and the just minor second (16:15 = 111.73 cents). Medieval theorists Boethius and Tinctoris described the diaschisma as one-half of the Pythagorean minor second, or 256/243, which would make the other half either 25/24 (70.67 cents) or about 45 cents. The diaschisma may be approximated by 89/88, 19.56 cents.
Tempering out the diaschisma, in the modern meaning of the term, leads to a diaschismic temperament. The diaschisma is tempered out in the usual system of 12 equal temperament; in fact, 12 equal temperament can be characterized as the 5-limit temperament that tempers out both the syntonic comma of 81/80 and the diaschisma. However, it is possible to improve the tuning a good deal over that of 12-et and still temper out the diaschisma; the equal temperaments with 22, 34 and 46 notes all temper it out.


Infrared spectroscopy correlation table

An infrared spectroscopy correlation table (or table of infrared absorption frequencies) is a list of absorption peaks and frequencies, typically reported in wavenumber, for common types of molecular bonds and functional groups. In physical and analytical chemistry, infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is a technique used to identify chemical compounds based on the way infrared radiation is absorbed by the compound.
The absorptions in this range do not apply only to bonds in organic molecules. IR spectroscopy is useful when it comes to analysis of inorganic compounds (such as metal complexes or fluoromanganates) as well.
Group frequencies.
Tables of vibrational transitions of stable and transient molecules are also available.


New World Records

New World Records is a record label that was established in 1975 through a Rockefeller Foundation grant to celebrate America's bicentennial (1976) by producing a 100-LP anthology, with American music from many genres.
In addition to this project, after 1978 New World produced new jazz by Roy Eldridge, Ricky Ford, Earl Hines, Steve Kuhn, Jay McShann, Jimmy Rushing, Buddy Tate, and Cecil Taylor.
New World has released over 400 albums by a variety of artists with diverse musical backgrounds, including jazz, classical music, experimental, popular song, and traditional music. Notable releases in the label's catalogue include the Grammy Award-winning releases of Samuel Barber's opera "Antony and Cleopatra" in 1984; Leonard Bernstein's operetta "Candide" in 1986; and Ned Rorem's "String Symphony/Sunday Morning/Eagles" in 1989.
New World's CRI and CRL catalog was transferred to the digital domain by George Blood Audio and Video of Philadelphia from 2006 to 2010.


Emeka Ogboh

Emeka Ogboh (born 1977) is a Nigerian sound and installation artist best known for his soundscapes of life in Lagos. Trained as an artist, he began working with sounds that characterize cities following an Egyptian multimedia art program. He presents unmodified field recordings from Lagos city lifefor instance, its danfo share taxi systemin gallery installations with headphones and speakers. His non-audio work uses iconography from Lagos city life. He participated in the DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program and 2015 Venice Biennale, and received the 2016 Bremen Böttcherstraße Art Award. His work has exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum, American National Museum of African Art, Menil Collection, Casino Luxembourg, and Kiasma. Critics noted his soundscapes' chaos and complexity, and his focus on recontextualizing rather than transforming the city's sounds.
Early life.
Ogboh was born in Enugu, Nigeria, on May 14, 1977. He studied graphic design at University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and graduated in 2001. He lives in Lagos, Nigeria, and Berlin.
Work.
Ogboh is a sound and video artist. He became interested in sound art during a media class at the 2008 Fayoum Winter Academy with Austrian multimedia artist Harald Scherz. Following this experience, Ogboh paid attention to the interaction of sounds in Lagos as compositions rather than individual voices. Ogboh compared the soundscapes to orchestra symphonies, with layered voices rather than strictly chaotic noise. He also appreciated the soundscape's ability to "transport the listener" and found the sound medium most engaging.
Ogboh's sound works have explored the audible expressions that characterize cities, particularly in Lagos, where he lives, works, and was affected by the city's fast pace and unpredictability. He has said that the city's intense, natural soundscapes are jarring for all visitors. "OkayAfrica" wrote that his work was "rich with sociopolitical commentary". In this way, the power blackout during the Nigerian 2014 FIFA World Cup game was not an angry crowd but a "honest commentary on the government's provision of resources". Ogboh has taken these Lagos recordings to museums around the world since 2008.
He originally recorded Lagos for his use in-studio, but when presented with the idea of sharing the sound for artistic installation, he began to edit the clips for their best representation of Lagos and considered the best method of public dissemination. Home from his Egyptian art program, Ogboh was inspired to create the Lagos Soundscapes project when the artist was able to identify the sounds of his city during a phone call with a friend. As he transitioned to the field, he turned to online help in discussion forums and email. In his installations, Ogboh prefers audio that requires minimal studio manipulation, and does not significantly alter the sounds. Some audio effects come from the recording environment, both surfaces that echo and distort sound, and the effect of traveling with a recorder. His first sound installation was in the Fayoum academy's bathroom, followed by his first Lagos Soundscapes installation at the Lagos African Artists' Foundation in 2009. Ogboh remembered reception mostly around his work's novelty.
The works are typically installed in listening booths with headphones, though they were also installed in the public streets of Cologne and Helsinki as a commentary on globalization. His "Lagos by Bus" is a recording of Lagos passengers traveling the danfo share taxis and molue minibuses characteristic of the city to work. A vendor offers a prayer before selling medication to riders, as a sociopolitical protest song by Fela Kuti plays on the radio. The 40-minute installation was exhibited at Cologne's Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum in 2010, and the booth was painted yellow with black stripes and stickers to imitate the hallmarks of the danfo. An outdoor installation at the Cologne Public Library piped the streets of Lagos to those of Cologne. A similar installation took place at Helsinki's Kiasma contemporary art museum.
Ogboh hosted an online stream of his Lagos Soundscapes in collaboration with the Goethe Institut Lagos for the July 2013 World Listening Day. In a Houston installation at the Menil Collection, Ogboh installed a danfo bus, which he uses as a "spontaneous 'agora that carries a culture as Lagos's "most iconic symbol". He also created videosFractal Scapesas abstracted time-based' paintings" of the city, and began collaborations with musicians who referred to Ogboh's Lagos recordings.
In 2014, his "The Ambivalence of 1960" was featured in an exhibition at the Casino Luxembourg. The piece is a six-minute collage of speeches from Nigeria's 1960 independence festivities, including those of President Nnamdi Azikiwe, Prime Minister Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, and English Princess Alexandra of Kent. Their aspirations for a human rights, freedom, religious tolerance, and economic development, compared with the present day, show Nigeria's political failures over the previous half-century. Ogboh visited New York City in September 2014 with his danfo share taxi, a symbol of public transport in Lagos, for a one-day installation ("Lagos State of Mind II" at The Africa Center in Harlem. The installation included photos of the taxi with historic landmarks and African-American neighborhoods in New York City, juxtaposed against sounds situated in and out of the taxi. One of Ogboh's earlier works, "Verbal Maps of Ojuelegba", features a Lagos danfo driver reciting the Ojuelegba route. The artist noted how hawking has been banned on Lagos's new roads and that the danfo share taxi will eventually disappear, along with their contribution to the city's soundscapes. This historical element was not an initial consideration in the project, though the artist planned for his future work to narrate the transformation of the city.
Ogboh participated in the title exhibit of the 2015 Venice Biennale, "All the World's Futures", with "The Song of the Germans (Deutschlandlied)", a piece in which African refugees sang the German national anthem in their first languages. He had participated in the 2014 DAAD Artists-in-Berlin Program and exhibited in the city. Ogboh won the 2016 Bremen Böttcherstraße Art Award for his installation at the Kunsthalle Bremen. The piece, "The Continental Entrée", refers to the advertisements of street food vendors and the European Union as a destination for African migrants with a neon sign that reads, "FOOD IS R€ADY". Later that year, Ogboh exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum's "Disguise: Masks and Global African Art" and the United States National Museum of African Art. At the former, he showed a 2015 sound installation, "Egwutronica", of remixed Igbo music, and at the latter, his 28-minute soundscape of the Balogun Market (titled "Market Symphony") was the museum's first sound art piece. Its audio played through speakers embedded in painted enamel trays, the same used to display goods at the market. In late 2016, his work was installed in the African Union's Julius Nyerere Peace and Security Building in Addis Ababa.
Ogboh's work "The Way Earthly Things Are Going" was installed at Tate Modern in 2017. Shortly afterwards, he was shortlisted for the 2018 Hugo Boss Prize.
In August 2019, a site-specific installation entitled Ámà: The Gathering Place debuted at the Cleveland Museum of Art. The installation, which features a soundscape and a large textile-covered sculpted tree, is meant to evoke daily life in an Igbo village. In September, 2020, when most art spaces in Berlin were closed due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Ogboh was invited to participate in an exhibition project called Studio Berlin, located at the famed nightclub Berghain in Berlin.
Ogboh is currently represented by Galerie Imane Farès, after a long stint as a "willingly unrepresented artist".
Reception.
Art historian and curator Ugochukwu-Smooth Nzewi described Ogboh's work as capturing "the maddening hyper-visuality of Lagos". Ogboh was among Nzewi's most anticipated artists at the 2014 contemporary African art festival . In 2013, Ogboh reported reception of his Lagos Soundscapes as mixed: annoying some and intriguing others. Quiet European cities have considered the work "noisy and obtrusive", in one case destroying a speaker and calling the police on the installation. The artist appreciated the installation's effect on Nigerians abroad, and how being in earshot of the soundscape confused them in their foreign environment. Art historian Carol Magee noted how even in the business of the Lagos Soundscapes, she felt a stillness in which her attention was focused and the patterns unchanging despite the cacophony of the scene. Malawian visual artist Massa Lemu described Ogboh's work as embodying Afropolitanism, in which African cities were representative of a busy, globalized world and its multiple cultures centralized in one place. Lemu thought of Ogboh's soundscapes as "auditory landscapes" that recreate a sense of the Lagos environment. He additionally compared Ogboh's practice with that of sound artists James Webb (South Africa) and Magdi Mostafa (Egypt), though these two tend to manipulate their recordings where Ogboh instead recontextualizes the original. For this reason, Lemu considered Ogboh's work to be closer in lineage to John Cage's recontextualized found sounds than the practice of El Anatsui or Romuald Hazoume recycling found objects as commentary on economic conditions.


Deadweight tester

A dead weight tester apparatus uses known traceable weights to apply pressure to a fluid for checking the accuracy of readings from a pressure gauge. A dead weight tester (DWT) is a calibration standard method that uses a piston cylinder on which a load is placed to make an equilibrium with an applied pressure underneath the piston. Deadweight testers are so called primary standards which means that the pressure measured by a deadweight tester is defined through other quantities: length, mass and time.
Typically deadweight testers are used in calibration laboratories to calibrate pressure transfer standards like electronic pressure measuring devices.
Formula.
The formula on which the design of a DWT is based basically is expressed as follows :
where :
To be able to do accurate measurements, this formula has to be refined.
Piston cylinder design.
In general there are three different kind of DWT's divided by the medium which is measured and the lubricant which is used for its measuring element :
All three systems have their own specific operational demands. Some points of attention :
Gas-gas.
Make sure that the PCU is clean. This is a very important issue as the PCU's operation is sensitive to contamination. Also when connecting a DUT, make sure that the DUT does not introduce contamination in the measuring system.
Gas-oil.
Lubricant of the PCU 'leaks' in the gas-circuit of the DWT. For this reason there is a small reservoir incorporated in the system. Before commencing a calibration it is a good practice to purge this reservoir. If the reservoir is full, oil will be introduced in critical tubing and will cause an uncontrollable oil-head.
Oil-oil.
When connecting an oil filled DUT on an oil DWT make sure that the DUT oil will not contaminate the DWT oil. If in doubt. Incorporate a small volume between DUT and DWT and manipulate pressure in such a matter that the oil flow is directed to the DUT.
For high accuracy measurement, friction can be lowered by rotation of the piston.


3767 DiMaggio


Joyful Noise Recordings

Joyful Noise Recordings is an independent record label from Indianapolis, Indiana. The label was founded in 2003 in Bloomington, Indiana by Karl Hofstetter, who also played drums on many of the label's first releases. Joyful Noise currently has a roster of 20+ bands of various musical styles, though according to the label, each artist "in one way or another bridges this gap between pop and noise."
History.
In 2010 Joyful Noise began focusing largely on limited edition specialty releases which are generally released on analog formats packaged with music downloads. In addition to releases on vinyl records, the label has gained notoriety for being at the forefront of the resurgence of cassette tapes and flexi-discs, as reported by The Washington Post, Pitchfork Media, Under The Radar, and others.
Joyful Noise has released single-album cassettes from Akron/Family, Dinosaur Jr., Deerhoof, of Montreal, Here We Go Magic, and others, and has released multi-album Cassette Box Sets from Dinosaur Jr., of Montreal, and Joan Of Arc.
In 2012 Joyful Noise released their first album to chart on Billboard: Kishi Bashi "151a" (debuting at #6 on the "Heatseekers" chart). Since that time, new music on Joyful Noise from artists such as Sebadoh, Dumb Numbers, David Yow, Son Lux, Swamp Dogg, Tropical Fuck Storm, Deerhoof, Why? and others have all charted.
From 2012 to 2016, in the spirit of continuing to explore musical community-building through the release of cult artists in obsolete audio-reproduction formats, Joyful Noise offered its monthly Flexi-Disc singles series. Each disc in the series is of peculiar and notable value as a rarity but some particularly memorable entries include Son Lux's cover of Jean Ritchie's "Black Waters", several Melvins & Joan of Arc-related tracks, a duet by Sufjan Stevens & Stranger Cat, Tortoise, Don Caballero and Daniel Johnston.
The Flexi-Disc's brief renaissance was the second wave of obsolete-format-driven record sales originally conceived of and innovated by Joyful Noise (after cassette-tapes), later to be duplicated by other labels in the independent music world. JNR is also known for producing lathe-cut records, twelve-sided records, records-that-are-also-musical-instruments and a number of other more bizarre and bespoke musical artifacts.
In 2013, JNR released the first 7" in their Cause & Effect series—an ongoing project pairing JNR artists (appearing on the A-Side) with artists who have influenced them (appearing on the b-side).
In 2014, Joyful Noise started their annual Artist-In-Residence program: working with seasoned cult artists to release the "pure-gold material they've got in the cans that's never found a venue for release" and to continue to support their ongoing work. JNR Artists-In-Residence have included: Tim Kinsella (Joan of Arc, Cap'n Jazz et al.), Rob Crow (Pinback, Goblin Cock, Optiganally Yours, et al.), Jad Fair (Half-Japanese), Thor Harris (Swans), and Kramer (Shimmy-Disc).
In 2017, Joyful Noise began releasing their White Label series: undiscovered records selected by renowned musicians either represented or friendly with the label. Yoni Wolf of Why? selected "Creature Native" by The Ophelias as the first-entry in the White Label Series and the band was ultimately drafted to become part of the label's roster. Other curators of the White Label series include Devendra Barnhart, Janet Weiss (Sleater Kinney), Kelley Deal (The Breeders), Mirah, Aesop Rock, Alex Somers, Blanck Mass, Kid Millions, Meredith Graves, Make Watt, Serengeti, tUNE-yARDs, Astronautilus, Cate Le Bon, Circuit des Yeux, Julianna Barwick, Sondre Lerche, St. Vincent, Thurston Moore and others.
The label is known for candid identification with and support of radical and revolutionary politics. They released collaborations between Bernie Sanders & Thurston Moore, done fundraising to oppose the Trump regime through the release of Anal Trump records and stood in solidarity with Black Lives Matter during the George Floyd protests.
In 2020, JNR founded the Church of Noise to build and perpetuate musically empowered community during the coronavirus pandemic and through the longtail of its fallout.
Subscriptions and series.
Artist in Residence.
Starting in 2014, Joyful Noise began hosting artists for year-long residencies in which they release new music exclusively on the label.
Flexi Disc Series.
In late 2011 Joyful Noise announced their 2012 Flexi Disc Series, which featured singles from Deerhoof, Jad Fair, Lou Barlow, of Montreal, and others. Each artist contributed a single song which is not available anywhere else. Each Flexi Disc was limited to 500 copies, and were sold as a monthly subscription. Now in its fourth year, the Flexi Disc series has upped their distribution to 1000 copies of each single and grown to include acts such as Cloud Nothings, Sonny & the Sunsets, Lee Ranaldo, Thurston Moore and Sufjan Stevens.


Negaduck


Private Music

Private Music was an American independent record label founded in 1984 by musician Peter Baumann as a "home for instrumental music". Baumann signed Ravi Shankar, Yanni, Suzanne Ciani, Andy Summers, Patrick O'Hearn, Leo Kottke, and his former bandmates, Tangerine Dream. The label specialized in New age music but made a sharp turn to the mainstream by signing Taj Mahal, Ringo Starr, Etta James, and A. J. Croce. Its albums were distributed by BMG (the label's earliest recordings having been distributed by RCA), which bought Private Music in 1996.
History.
In 1989, Baumann hired veteran music executive Ron Goldstein of Warner Bros. Records as Private Music's president and CEO. Goldstein moved the offices from New York City to Los Angeles, hiring Karen Johnson to expand the label's image. Baumann recruited the well-respected, mainstream A&R executive Jamie Cohen. Visual image was important to Goldstein, who handpicked art director Melanie Penny, previously of Virgin Records and Warner Bros., as VP, Creative Services, through the life of Private Music.
Private Music emphasized its "artist re-development" efforts, supporting such eclectic veteran artists as Taj Mahal, Ringo Starr, Etta James, Jennifer Warnes, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Toots Thielemans, Jimmy Witherspoon, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Eliza Gilkyson, Joy Askew, The Pahinui Brothers, and Kenny Rankin, while expanding the catalogs of Yanni, Leo Kottke, Andy Summers, and Ravi Shankar, with strong "debut support" for A. J. Croce and Susan Werner. An international marketing department was added, led by longtime Sony Music executive J.P. Bommel.
Private Music's recordings earned multiple Grammy Awards and nominations, including Etta James's first career win, in 1994, for best jazz vocal performance on "Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday", her debut of three albums on the label. Private's roster achieved high recognition on national television. Numerous artist appearances included interviews and performances on late-night talk shows and morning shows, MTV, and VH1.
Private's Grammy winner Taj Mahal spawned the Grammy-winning Phantom Blues Band. With its increasing influence in blues and roots music, and at the peak of its performance in record sales, Private Music entered into a joint venture with House of Blues' record label, featuring such artists as Cissy Houston and John Mooney.
In 2001, Private Music became part of the short-lived Arista Associated Labels, which also included Windham Hill Records. By 2004, after Sony and BMG merged, the label's releases switched to RCA. Like Warner Bros. Records, Private Music's business model leaves an example for indie artists who exemplify (Goldstein's A&R criteria of) "quality and excellence". Following his Private Music tenure, Goldstein served as president and CEO of the Verve Music Group label at Universal Music Group, in New York City.
Discography.
Source:


Vernier thruster

A vernier thruster is a rocket engine used on a spacecraft for fine adjustments to the attitude or velocity of a spacecraft. Depending on the design of a craft's maneuvering and stability systems, it may simply be a smaller thruster complementing the main propulsion system, or it may complement larger attitude control thrusters, or may be a part of the reaction control system.
The name is derived from vernier calipers (named after Pierre Vernier) which have a primary scale for gross measurements, and a secondary scale for fine measurements.
Vernier thrusters are used when a heavy spacecraft requires a wide range of different thrust levels for attitude or velocity control, as for maneuvering during docking with other spacecraft.
On space vehicles with two sizes of attitude control thrusters, the main ACS (Attitude Control System) thrusters are used for larger movements, while the verniers are reserved for smaller adjustments.
Due to their weight and the extra plumbing required for their operation, vernier rockets are seldom used in new designs.
Instead, as modern rocket engines gained better control, larger thrusters could also be fired for very short pulses, resulting in the same change of momentum as a longer thrust from a smaller thruster.
Vernier thrusters are used in rockets such as the R-7 for vehicle maneuvering because the main engine is fixed in place. For earlier versions of the Atlas rocket family (prior to the Atlas III), in addition to maneuvering, the verniers were used for roll control, although the booster engines could also perform this function. After sustainer engine cutoff, the verniers would execute solo mode and fire for several seconds to make fine adjustments to the vehicle attitude. The Thor/Delta family also used verniers for roll control, but were mounted on the base of the thrust section flanking the main engine.


USNS Lynch (T-AGOR-7)

USNS "Lynch" (T-AGOR-7) was a "Robert D. Conrad"-class oceanographic research ship that served the United States Navy from 1965 to 1994. During that period the ship was one of the ships under the technical direction of the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) operating as an Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research (AGOR) program "pool" ship for support of Navy laboratories on each coast as well as NAVOCEANO projects. "Lynch" was assigned to support laboratories on the East Coast.
Construction.
"Lynch", an oceanographic research ship and the second naval vessel with the name, was laid down 7 September 1962 by Marietta Manufacturing Co., Point Pleasant, West Virginia; launched 17 March 1964; sponsored by Mrs. Walter M. Windsor as proxy for Miss Withers Millard, great great granddaughter of Captain William Francis Lynch. The ship was towed to New Orleans on 4 April 1965 for completion and trials. "Lynch was delivered to the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) 23 July 1965 which assigned the designation T-AGOR-7.
Operations.
"Lynch" was added to the Naval Oceanographic Office's Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research (AGOR) program fleet becoming operational 16 November 1965. Ships in the AGOR program were under that office's technical direction but supported work of Navy laboratories as "pool" ships on each coast with "Lynch" joining and in the East Coast pool.
Following MSTS acceptance, "Lynch" underwent shakedown training in the Gulf of Mexico. In November 1965 she proceeded to New London, Connecticut, to commence oceanographic research operations for the Naval Oceanographic Office. The 15 scientists embarked, working with the latest oceanographic equipment, analyzed ocean currents, the effects of salinity and temperature on sonic transmission, and the effects of pressure on various materials. The ship during the first seven and a half months of operation completed nine cruises with 122 days at sea supporting two East Coast Navy laboratories as well as NAVOCEANO missions.
"Lynch" commenced research operations in early 1966 using the SPAR (Seagoing Platform for Acoustic Research), a non powered acoustic research vehicle, in the western Atlantic Ocean. The SPAR is feet long, in diameter and when partially flooded acts as a buoy with submerged. The platform measures acoustic data transmitting it to the research ship by cable. "Lynch" was equipped to tow SPAR to position and monitor conditions in the platform as well as record data by personnel from the Naval Ordnance Laboratory. After test in Chesapeake Bay out of Solomons, Maryland "Lynch" towed SPAR for operational test off Cape Hatteras.
"Lynch" continued research for NAVOCEANO operating in the Atlantic Ocean. In 1984 the ship made Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) measurements in the Fram Strait between Greenland and Spitzbergen. "Lynch" worked in open waters while the Norwegian MV "Polarqueen" and the German research icebreaker "Polarstern" and their helicopters worked in ice.
Inactivation.
"Lynch" entered the Maritime Administration James River Reserve Fleet on 21 October 1991 and withdrawn for scrapping 30 August 2001 with final disposition on 29 November.


GRE Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Test

GRE Subject Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology was a standardized exam provided by ETS (Educational Testing Service) that was discontinued in December 2016. It is a paper-based exam and there are no computer-based versions of it. ETS places this exam three times per year: once in April, once in October and once in November. Some graduate programs in the United States recommend taking this exam, while others require this exam score as a part of the application to their graduate programs. ETS sends a bulletin with a sample practice test to each candidate after registration for the exam. There are 180 questions within the biochemistry subject test.
Scores are scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores have been 760 (corresponding to the 99 percentile) and 320 (1 percentile) respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July, 2009, to July, 2012, was 526 with a standard deviation of 95.
After learning that test content from editions of the GRE® Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology (BCM) Test has been compromised in Israel, ETS made the decision not to administer this test worldwide in 2016–17.
Content specification.
Since many students who apply to graduate programs in biochemistry do so during the first half of their fourth year, the scope of most questions is largely that of the first three years of a standard American undergraduate biochemistry curriculum. A sampling of test item content is given below:
Biochemistry (36%).
A Chemical and Physical Foundations
Thermodynamics and kinetics
Redox states
Water, pH, acid-base reactions and buffers
Solutions and equilibria
Solute-solvent interactions
Chemical interactions and bonding
Chemical reaction mechanisms
B Structural Biology: Structure, Assembly, Organization and Dynamics
Small molecules
Macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and complex lipids)
Supramolecular complexes (e.g., membranes, ribosomes and multienzyme complexes)
C Catalysis and Binding
Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics
Ligand-protein interaction (e.g., hormone receptors, substrates and effectors, transport proteins and antigen-antibody interactions)
D Major Metabolic Pathways
Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation
Anabolism
Catabolism
Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
E Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)
Energy transformations at the substrate level
Electron transport
Proton and chemical gradients
Energy coupling (e.g., phosphorylation and transport)
F Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
Covalent modification of enzymes
Allosteric regulation
Compartmentalization
Hormones
G Methods
Biophysical approaches (e.g., spectroscopy, x-ray, crystallography, mass spectroscopy)
Isotopes
Separation techniques (e.g., centrifugation, chromatography and electrophoresis)
Immunotechniques
Cell biology (28%).
Methods of importance to cellular biology, such as fluorescence probes (e.g., FRAP, FRET and GFP) and imaging, will be covered as appropriate within the context of the content below.
A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organization, Dynamics and Functions
Cellular membrane systems (e.g., structure and transport across membrane)
Nucleus (e.g., envelope and matrix)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts (e.g., biogenesis and evolution)
B. Cell Surface and Communication
Extracellular matrix (including cell walls)
Cell adhesion and junctions
Signal transduction
Receptor function
Excitable membrane systems
C. Cytoskeleton, Motility and Shape
Regulation of assembly and disassembly of filament systems
Motor function, regulation and diversity
D. Protein, Processing, Targeting and Turnover
Translocation across membranes
Posttranslational modification
Intracellular trafficking
Secretion and endocytosis
Protein turnover (e.g., proteosomes, lysosomes, damaged protein response)
E. Cell Division, Differentiation and Development
Cell cycle, mitosis and cytokinesis
Meiosis and gametogenesis
Fertilization and early embryonic development (including positional information, homeotic genes, tissue-specific expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and induction, environment, stem cells and polarity)
Molecular biology (36%).
A. Genetic Foundations
Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance
Transformation, transduction and conjugation
Recombination and complementation
Mutational analysis
Genetic mapping and linkage analysis
B. Chromatin and Chromosomes
Karyotypes
Translocations, inversions, deletions and duplications
Aneuploidy and polyploidy
Structure
Epigenetics
C. Genomics
Genome structure
Physical mapping
Repeated DNA and gene families
Gene identification
Transposable elements
Bioinformatics
Proteomics
Molecular evolution
D. Genome Maintenance
DNA replication
DNA damage and repair
DNA modification
DNA recombination and gene conversion
E. Gene Expression/Recombinant DNA Technology
The genetic code
Transcription/transcriptional profiling
RNA processing
Translation
F. Gene Regulation
Positive and negative control of the operon
Promoter recognition by RNA polymerases
Attenuation and antitermination
Cis-acting regulatory elements
Trans-acting regulatory factors
Gene rearrangements and amplifications
Small non-coding RNA (e.g., siRNA, microRNA)
G. Viruses
Genome replication and regulation
Virus assembly
Virus-host interactions
H. Methods
Restriction maps and PCR
Nucleic acid blotting and hybridization
DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Sequencing and analysis
Protein-nucleic acid interaction
Transgenic organisms
Microarrays


994 Otthild

994 Otthild ("prov. designation:" "or" 1923 NL) is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 1923, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.95 hours and is rather regular in shape. It was named after a common German female name, unrelated to the discoverer's contemporaries, and taken from the almanac "Lahrer Hinkender Bote".
Orbit and classification.
"Otthild" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–2.8 AU once every 4 years (1,469 days; semi-major axis of 2.53 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins on 20 March 1931 at Heidelberg just two days after its official discovery observation.
Naming.
This minor planet was named Otthild, after a female name picked from the "Lahrer Hinkender Bote", published in Lahr, southern Germany. A "Hinkender Bote" (lit. "limping messenger") was a very popular almanac, especially in the alemannic-speaking region from the late 17th throughout the early 20th century. The calendar section contains feast days, the dates of important fairs and astronomical ephemerides. For the second of July, the calendar gives "Otto" and "Otthild" as the German analogue for the catholic and protestant feast-days (Mary's Visitation and Otto).
Reinmuth's "calendar names".
As with 913 Otila, 997 Priska and 1144 Oda, Reinmuth selected names from this calendar due to his many asteroid discoveries that he had trouble thinking of proper names. These names are not related to the discoverer's contemporaries. The author of the "Dictionary of Minor Planet Names" learned about Reinmuth's source of inspiration from private communications with Dutch astronomer Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg.
Physical characteristics.
In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Otthild" is a common, stony S-type asteroid.
Rotation period.
In October 2005, a rotational lightcurve of "Otthild" was obtained from photometric observations by European observers Reiner Stoss, Jaume Nomen, Salvador Sanchez, Raoul Behrend and Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a relatively low brightness amplitude of magnitude (), which is indicative of a regular shape.
Poles.
A modeled lightcurve gave a concurring sidereal period of 5.94819 hours using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers (such as above), as well as sparse-in-time photometry from the NOFS, the Catalina Sky Survey, and the La Palma surveys . The study also determined two spin axes of (183.0°, −50.0°) and (41.0°, −39.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).
Diameter and albedo.
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Otthild" measures () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (). The Japanese Akari satellite and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS determined a somewhat larger diameter of () and () kilometers with an albedo of () and (), respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.2136 and a diameter of 24.36 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.36.