Local regression

Local regression or local polynomial regression, also known as moving regression, is a generalization of moving average and polynomial regression.
Its most common methods, initially developed for scatterplot smoothing, are LOESS (locally estimated scatterplot smoothing) and LOWESS (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing), both pronounced . They are two strongly related non-parametric regression methods that combine multiple regression models in a "k"-nearest-neighbor-based meta-model.
Outside econometrics, LOESS is known and commonly referred to as Savitzky–Golay filter (proposed 15 years before LOESS).
LOESS and LOWESS thus build on "classical" methods, such as linear and nonlinear least squares regression. They address situations in which the classical procedures do not perform well or cannot be effectively applied without undue labor. LOESS combines much of the simplicity of linear least squares regression with the flexibility of nonlinear regression. It does this by fitting simple models to localized subsets of the data to build up a function that describes the deterministic part of the variation in the data, point by point. In fact, one of the chief attractions of this method is that the data analyst is not required to specify a global function of any form to fit a model to the data, only to fit segments of the data.
The trade-off for these features is increased computation. Because it is so computationally intensive, LOESS would have been practically impossible to use in the era when least squares regression was being developed. Most other modern methods for process modeling are similar to LOESS in this respect. These methods have been consciously designed to use our current computational ability to the fullest possible advantage to achieve goals not easily achieved by traditional approaches.
A smooth curve through a set of data points obtained with this statistical technique is called a loess curve, particularly when each smoothed value is given by a weighted quadratic least squares regression over the span of values of the "y"-axis scattergram criterion variable. When each smoothed value is given by a weighted linear least squares regression over the span, this is known as a lowess curve; however, some authorities treat lowess and loess as synonyms.
Model definition.
In 1964, Savitsky and Golay proposed a method equivalent to LOESS, which is commonly referred to as Savitzky–Golay filter.
William S. Cleveland rediscovered the method in 1979 and gave it a distinct name. The method was further developed by Cleveland and Susan J. Devlin (1988). LOWESS is also known as locally weighted polynomial regression.
At each point in the range of the data set a low-degree polynomial is fitted to a subset of the data, with explanatory variable values near the point whose response is being estimated. The polynomial is fitted using weighted least squares, giving more weight to points near the point whose response is being estimated and less weight to points further away. The value of the regression function for the point is then obtained by evaluating the local polynomial using the explanatory variable values for that data point. The LOESS fit is complete after regression function values have been computed for each of the formula_1 data points. Many of the details of this method, such as the degree of the polynomial model and the weights, are flexible. The range of choices for each part of the method and typical defaults are briefly discussed next.
Localized subsets of data.
The subsets of data used for each weighted least squares fit in LOESS are determined by a nearest neighbors algorithm. A user-specified input to the procedure called the "bandwidth" or "smoothing parameter" determines how much of the data is used to fit each local polynomial. The smoothing parameter, formula_2, is the fraction of the total number "n" of data points that are used in each local fit. The subset of data used in each weighted least squares fit thus comprises the formula_3 points (rounded to the next largest integer) whose explanatory variables' values are closest to the point at which the response is being estimated.
Since a polynomial of degree "k" requires at least "k" + 1 points for a fit, the smoothing parameter formula_2 must be between formula_5 and 1, with formula_6 denoting the degree of the local polynomial.
formula_2 is called the smoothing parameter because it controls the flexibility of the LOESS regression function. Large values of formula_2 produce the smoothest functions that wiggle the least in response to fluctuations in the data. The smaller formula_2 is, the closer the regression function will conform to the data. Using too small a value of the smoothing parameter is not desirable, however, since the regression function will eventually start to capture the random error in the data.
Degree of local polynomials.
The local polynomials fit to each subset of the data are almost always of first or second degree; that is, either locally linear (in the straight line sense) or locally quadratic. Using a zero degree polynomial turns LOESS into a weighted moving average. Higher-degree polynomials would work in theory, but yield models that are not really in the spirit of LOESS. LOESS is based on the ideas that any function can be well approximated in a small neighborhood by a low-order polynomial and that simple models can be fit to data easily. High-degree polynomials would tend to overfit the data in each subset and are numerically unstable, making accurate computations difficult.
Weight function.
As mentioned above, the weight function gives the most weight to the data points nearest the point of estimation and the least weight to the data points that are furthest away. The use of the weights is based on the idea that points near each other in the explanatory variable space are more likely to be related to each other in a simple way than points that are further apart. Following this logic, points that are likely to follow the local model best influence the local model parameter estimates the most. Points that are less likely to actually conform to the local model have less influence on the local model parameter estimates.
The traditional weight function used for LOESS is the tri-cube weight function,
where "d" is the distance of a given data point from the point on the curve being fitted, scaled to lie in the range from 0 to 1.
However, any other weight function that satisfies the properties listed in Cleveland (1979) could also be used. The weight for a specific point in any localized subset of data is obtained by evaluating the weight function at the distance between that point and the point of estimation, after scaling the distance so that the maximum absolute distance over all of the points in the subset of data is exactly one.
Consider the following generalisation of the linear regression model with a metric formula_11 on the target space formula_12 that depends on two parameters, formula_13. Assume that the linear hypothesis is based on formula_1 input parameters and that, as customary in these cases, we embed the input space formula_15 into formula_16 as formula_17, and consider the following "loss function"
Here, formula_19 is an formula_20 real matrix of coefficients, formula_21 and the subscript "i" enumerates input and output vectors from a training set. Since formula_22 is a metric, it is a symmetric, positive-definite matrix and, as such, there is another symmetric matrix formula_23 such that formula_24. The above loss function can be rearranged into a trace by observing that formula_25. By arranging the vectors formula_26 and formula_27 into the columns of a formula_28 matrix formula_29 and an formula_30 matrix formula_31 respectively, the above loss function can then be written as
where formula_33 is the square diagonal formula_34 matrix whose entries are the formula_35s. Differentiating with respect to formula_19 and setting the result equal to 0 one finds the extremal matrix equation
Assuming further that the square matrix formula_38 is non-singular, the loss function formula_39 attains its minimum at
A typical choice for formula_11 is the Gaussian weight
Advantages.
As discussed above, the biggest advantage LOESS has over many other methods is the process of fitting a model to the sample data does not begin with the specification of a function. Instead the analyst only has to provide a smoothing parameter value and the degree of the local polynomial. In addition, LOESS is very flexible, making it ideal for modeling complex processes for which no theoretical models exist. These two advantages, combined with the simplicity of the method, make LOESS one of the most attractive of the modern regression methods for applications that fit the general framework of least squares regression but which have a complex deterministic structure.
Although it is less obvious than for some of the other methods related to linear least squares regression, LOESS also accrues most of the benefits typically shared by those procedures. The most important of those is the theory for computing uncertainties for prediction and calibration. Many other tests and procedures used for validation of least squares models can also be extended to LOESS models .
Disadvantages.
LOESS makes less efficient use of data than other least squares methods. It requires fairly large, densely sampled data sets in order to produce good models. This is because LOESS relies on the local data structure when performing the local fitting. Thus, LOESS provides less complex data analysis in exchange for greater experimental costs.
Another disadvantage of LOESS is the fact that it does not produce a regression function that is easily represented by a mathematical formula. This can make it difficult to transfer the results of an analysis to other people. In order to transfer the regression function to another person, they would need the data set and software for LOESS calculations. In nonlinear regression, on the other hand, it is only necessary to write down a functional form in order to provide estimates of the unknown parameters and the estimated uncertainty. Depending on the application, this could be either a major or a minor drawback to using LOESS. In particular, the simple form of LOESS can not be used for mechanistic modelling where fitted parameters specify particular physical properties of a system.
Finally, as discussed above, LOESS is a computationally intensive method (with the exception of evenly spaced data, where the regression can then be phrased as a non-causal finite impulse response filter). LOESS is also prone to the effects of outliers in the data set, like other least squares methods. There is an iterative, robust version of LOESS [Cleveland (1979)] that can be used to reduce LOESS' sensitivity to outliers, but too many extreme outliers can still overcome even the robust method.


Micromanipulator

A micromanipulator is a device which is used to physically interact with a sample under a microscope, where a level of precision of movement is necessary that cannot be achieved by the unaided human hand. It may typically consist of an input joystick, a mechanism for reducing the range of movement and an output section with the means of holding a microtool to hold, inject, cut or otherwise manipulate the object as required. The mechanism for reducing the movement usually requires the movement to be free of backlash. This is achieved by the use of kinematic constraints to allow each part of the mechanism to move only in one or more chosen degrees of freedom, which achieves a high precision and repeatability of movement, usually at the expense of some absolute accuracy.
Movement.
Movement reduction can be performed by mechanical levers, hydraulically using pistons of different diameters connected by tubing containing non-compressible fluid, electronically using stepper motors or linear actuators, or combinations of techniques in one instrument. Mechanisms with different ranges of movement or variable reduction ratio may be incorporated in one instrument to allow coarse and fine positioning.
Depending on the application, users may require different scales of movement resolution, movement speed, range and accuracy. These are the critical variables integrated into manipulator design by manufacturers, which are typically presented to suit particular applications.
Microscope integration.
Micromanipulators are usually used in conjunction with microscopes. Depending on the application, one or more micromanipulators may be fitted to a microscope stage or rigidly mounted to a bench next to a microscope. A typical application of micromanipulation is human intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Here, a spermatozoon measuring some 3 to 5 micrometres across is injected into an oocyte of approximately 100 micrometres in diameter, under the direct manual control of an embryologist. A disposable glass micropipette is fitted to a toolholder mounted on the output of the manipulator. The toolholder can be adjusted for different sized tools as well as the angle at which the tool is held.
Microelectronics.
Micromanipulators are also used in applications such as microelectronics to position test probes onto small to medium scale integrated circuits and hybrid devices, and patch clamp experiments in biological research.


2402 Satpaev


Mirau interferometer

A Mirau interferometer works on the same basic principle as a Michelson interferometer. The difference between the two is in the physical location of the reference arm. The reference arm of a Mirau interferometer is located within a microscope objective assembly.
It is named after André Henri Mirau, who filed a patent on the concept in 1949.
A schematic of a Mirau interferometer is shown on the right. At the beam splitter the source light is split into a reference path (reflected) and a sampling path (transmitted onto the sample). On the comparison face there is a mirrored circle in the middle. The two paths recombine to form an interference image. By changing the z position of the sample, interference images are acquired at a sequence of path (phase) differences: 0, λ/4, λ/2, and 3λ/4. These interference maps are functions of background intensity, fringe modulation, and phase. Three such images provide enough information to solve for the topographic image of a sample.
This orientation is often used in optical profilometers due to the increase in stability between the sample and reference path lengths.
Immersion Mirau Interferometer.
An immersion Mirau interferometer is a modification of a Mirau interferometer, in which the light path is immersed in a liquid medium. One application of an immersion Mirau interferometer is to image cells with medium. Since the index of refraction of the medium is substantially different from that of the neighboring air, each millimeter of medium would introduce a path length difference from the reference wave, and ideal interference conditions are lost. Filling the microscope optics with medium restores the ideal interference conditions.
Simultaneous Immersion Mirau Interferometer.
In immersion Mirau interferometry, the interference patterns needed to reproduce the image are acquired at different times and vibrations, if they exist, prevent maintaining the desirable phase shifts between consecutive frames. Thus immersion Mirau interferometry is very sensitive to vibrations. One solution is to acquire all interference images at the same time. This is known as a simultaneous immersion Mirau interferometer.


Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside

Cyanidin-3,5-"O"-diglucoside, also known as cyanin, is an anthocyanin. It is the 3,5-"O"-diglucoside of cyanidin.
Natural occurrences.
Cyanin can be found in species of the genus "Rhaponticum" (Asteraceae).
In food.
Cyanin can be found in red wine as well as pomegranate juice according to a study done by Graça Miguel, Susana Dandlen, Dulce Antunes, Alcinda Neves, and Denise Martins in the winter of 2004. Pomegranate juice extracted through centrifugal seed separation has higher amounts of cyanidin-3,5-"O"-diglucoside than juice extracted by squeezing fruit halves with an electric lemon squeezer.


Proximity sensor

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.
A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target.
Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object.
Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.
Use with smartphones and tablet computers.
Proximity sensors are commonly used on mobile devices. When the target is within nominal range, the device lock screen user interface will appear, thus emerging from what is known as sleep mode. Once the device has awoken from sleep mode, if the proximity sensor's target is still for an extended period of time, the sensor will then ignore it, and the device will eventually revert into sleep mode. For example, during a telephone call, proximity sensors play a role in detecting (and skipping) accidental touchscreen taps when mobiles are held to the ear.
Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations. An array of proximity sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for hand gesture detection.


Western Vinyl

Western Vinyl is an independent record label founded in 1998 and based in Austin, Texas. The imprint was formed by Brian Sampson and Ryan Murphy originally to release their lo-fi indie rock projects as Win Foster and Havergal.


Caroline Herzenberg

Caroline Stuart Littlejohn Herzenberg (born March 25, 1932) is an American physicist.
Biography.
Caroline Herzenberg was born Caroline Stuart Littlejohn to Caroline Dorothea Schulze and Charles Frederick Littlejohn on March 25, 1932 in East Orange, New Jersey. In the aftermath of the Great Depression, her parents decided to move to Oklahoma City Oklahoma to join his sister, Hilda Littlejohn Will and her family. Herzenberg grew up and attended public school in Oklahoma City. In 1961 she married Leonardo Herzenberg and is the mother of two grown children, Karen Ann Herzenberg and Catherine Stuart Herzenberg Larson. She lives in Hyde Park, Chicago.
After winning the Westinghouse Science Talent Search in high school, Herzenberg attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She was one of very few women students at M.I.T. at that time. She was awarded a bachelor's degree by M.I.T. in 1953.
For graduate study she went on to the University of Chicago. She took a class with Enrico Fermi and subsequently conducted some calculations for him. She went on to receive her master's degree from the University of Chicago in 1955. For doctoral work she turned to Samuel K. Allison, who became her thesis advisor. Her thesis research, in experimental physics, was in low energy nuclear physics, and was conducted on the 3 Mev Van de Graaff accelerator in the Research Institutes. She was awarded a PhD in 1958 by the University of Chicago.
Herzenberg continued at the University of Chicago for another year as a postdoctoral fellow and a research associate at the Enrico Fermi Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago. She then went on to become a research associate in the Physics Division of Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. In 1961 Herzenberg became an assistant professor of physics at Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, where she worked for 5 years as Director of the High Voltage Laboratory and the Van de Graaff accelerator, and directed experimental nuclear physics and Mössbauer research programs, supervising MS and PhD theses and undergraduate and graduate physics instruction.
After being denied tenure at Illinois Institute of Technology, she worked at IIT Research Institute from 1967 to 1971 as a research physicist and then as a senior physicist. At IIT Research Institute, she conducted her work as a principal investigator in the NASA Apollo returned lunar sample analysis program, and continued applications of Mössbauer spectrometry. Subsequently she held a position as a visiting associate professor of physics at the University of Illinois at the Medical Center from 1971 to 1974. She was responsible for organization, instruction, and planning for the College of Pharmacy, and she supervised graduate laboratory instruction in radioisotope utilization and applications for the University of Illinois at the Medical Center. From 1975 to 1976 she spent an academic year in California at California State University, Fresno, where she was a lecturer in physics, and was involved in general physics curriculum organization and instruction and presented lectures on electromagnetic theory.
Herzenberg returned to Argonne National Laboratory in 1977, and worked there until her retirement in 2001. At Argonne during this period of time, she was engaged primarily in applied work. This involved applications of physics in engineering and in specific areas such as radiation safety. In particular, her work included engineering research relative to fossil energy utilization, as well as radioactive waste disposal, technology for arms control verification, and radiological emergency preparedness and also chemical warfare agent emergency preparedness.
Initially, in 1977, Herzenberg joined a project for developing instrumentation for process control for a new generation of coal conversion and combustion plants. Development proceeded on non-invasive techniques for measuring the composition and flow rate of coal slurries and pulverized coal in pneumatic transport in pipes. For the analysis of the composition of coal, she worked on the application of neutron-induced gamma spectrometry; while measurement of slurry flow was based on using short lived radioactivity induced in the slurry. She later worked in technology assessment and evaluation of programs in areas that included fossil energy utilization, arms control verification, and radioactive waste disposal. She also worked in emergency preparedness and response for technological hazards, mainly in radiological emergency preparedness for nuclear power plants and emergency preparedness for chemical demilitarization.
Herzenberg was the first scientist to be inducted into the Chicago Women's Hall of Fame. She was awarded an honorary Sc.D. degree by the State University of New York, Plattsburgh in 1991. As a result of her work, Herzenberg was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, and the Association for Women in Science, and served as the president of the Association for Women in Science from 1988 to 1990.
Research in the History of Science.
Herzenberg has contributed to our knowledge of the history of women in science. She published a number of articles and chapters in books on this topic. In 1986 she authored a book titled "Women Scientists from Antiquity to the Present" and later in 1999 with Ruth Howes coauthored another book titled "". As a result of her work Herzenberg was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Physical Society, and served as president of the Association for Women in Science from 1988 to 1990.
Research in Physics and Related Fields.
Following Caroline Herzenberg's doctoral research in experimental low energy nuclear physics with Samuel K. Allison as thesis advisor, her research continued at the University of Chicago during her year of postdoctoral work when she measured the products of nuclear reactions between lithium isotopes and those of beryllium and boron; research which laid foundations for future heavy ion investigation. Subsequently her work focused on Mössbauer spectroscopy; she was engaged in pioneering research on the Mössbauer effect and was part of the team which succeeded in verifying the Mössbauer effect. She later established Mössbauer-effect research facilities at Illinois Institute of Technology and at IIT Research Institute. Turning her focus to geological applications of the effect, Herzenberg concluded that it would be possible to analyze rocks and minerals retrieved from the Moon using Mössbauer spectrometry; and she was awarded a grant from NASA to carry out Mössbauer spectrometry during the Apollo program. She served as a principal investigator in the NASA Apollo Returned Lunar Sample Analysis Program, and analyzed some of the first returned lunar samples as well as material from subsequent sample returns.
Herzenberg has authored or coauthored hundreds of scientific and technical papers, and has written a number of chapters in books dealing with scientific and technical topics.
Further Activities.
Caroline Herzenberg has had a longstanding interest in certain societal issues, largely centering on peace and justice and human rights issues, but also including related concerns.
Already when she was an undergraduate at M.I.T., she participated in student group support of M.I.T. mathematics professor Dirk Jan Struik when he had drawn the unwelcome attention of Senator Joseph McCarthy after the advent of McCarthyism.
Throughout much of her adult life, she has worked very extensively and successfully on women's issues, especially issues relating to women in science, notably with the Association for Women in Science.
In conjunction with concerns about ethical issues, she developed some recognized guidelines on ethical issues in physics.
A foray into politics, seeking a position as an alderman in Freeport, Illinois, was unsuccessful, but the experience guided her efforts in related activities.
While in Freeport, she developed and presented a television series on science, "Camera on Science".
National attention was directed at her when in 1986 she conducted independent research and published a short paper showing that Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) weapons under development for use in defense would also be able to be used offensively.
Following her retirement, Herzenberg has been active as a citizen in a variety of ways, including engaging in demonstrations and vigils in support of peace and justice and human rights and related endeavors. She has participated with the American Friends Service Committee, the 8th Day Center for Justice, Jewish Voice for Peace and a number of other groups. She occasionally writes popular material, including correspondence to newspapers.
In her leisure time, Herzenberg enjoys bird watching, usually in nearby Jackson Park (Chicago).


2973 Paola


OneSync

OneSync is a free and open-source sync tool developed by CodeDroids team. It maximizes lightweight synchronization experience and provides both offline synchronization through thumb drive and online synchronization through Dropbox.


Test of English Proficiency (South Korea)

The Test of English Proficiency developed by Seoul National University or TEPS is an English proficiency test created by Seoul National University's Language Education Institute to evaluate South Korean test takers' English language skills. TEPS has been administered nationwide since January 1999. It consists of 200 questions which are divided into four sections: Listening (60 questions, 55 minutes), Grammar (50 questions, 25 minutes), Vocabulary (50 questions, 15 minutes), and Reading (40 questions, 45 minutes). TEPS scores are divided into the ten ratings ranging from 1 + to 5. It is designed to test applicants' communicative English skills and to minimize test-taker reliance on certain strategies such as rote memorization. A study of the test indicated that it is valid and fair.
TEPS score is valid to be converted into TOEFL score and this conversion is used throughout many universities in the United States.
Test structure.
TEPS consists of four sections: Listening Comprehension, Grammar, Vocabulary, and Reading Comprehension. The test has a total of 135 questions and takes approximately 1 hours and 45 minutes to administer. Scores are assigned on a scale of 0 points to 600 points total and incorporate Item Response Theory, which is also called the IRT.
The new revised version of the test was introduced in May 2018, which includes four section. The listening section divided in to five parts with total 240 points and 40 minutes test time. Vocabulary and grammar section each have 60 points, with 25 minute test time and divided into further 2 and 3 parts respectively. The comprehensive reading section complete in 40 minutes and 240 points with 4 parts. The overall new test have 14 parts, 135 questions, 105 minute test duration and 0 to 600 points.


Solar electric propulsion

Solar electric propulsion (SEP) refers to the combination of solar cells and electric thrusters to propel a spacecraft through outer space. This technology has been exploited in a variety of spacecraft by the European Space Agency (ESA), the JAXA (Japanese Space Agency), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and NASA. SEP has a significantly higher specific impulse than normal chemical rockets, thus requiring less propellant mass to be launched with a spacecraft and it has been evaluated for missions to Mars.
Overview.
Solar electric propulsion combines solar panels on spacecraft and one or more electric thrusters, used in tandem. There are many different types of electric thrusters, including a so-called ion thruster, a term that is often incorrectly used to describe all types of electric thrusters.
It is also possible to generate electricity from the Sun without using photovoltaic panels, such as with solar concentrators and a Stirling engine.
A 50 kilowatt SEP system was studied in the 2010s for a mission to an asteroid. In February 2012, NASA awarded a contract for a Solar Electric Propulsion Flight System.
An example of work on this type of technology is Advanced Electric Propulsion System.
The NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) ion engine has been used with photovoltaic solar panels, which was tested on the Deep Space 1 mission along with Solar Concentrator Arrays (Launched in 1998 as part of the New Millennium Program).
SEP has been studied as a technology for a mission to Mars. In particular the high specific impulse of the ion engines could lower overall mass and avoid having to use nuclear technology for power when coupled with solar panels. A 1998 study for SEP for a human mission suggest that a human-sized spacecraft would need 600 to 800 kilowatts of electrical power coupled with ion engines with a specific impulse of 2000 to 2500 seconds.


Solar neutrino unit

The solar neutrino unit (SNU) is a unit of Solar neutrino flux widely used in neutrino astronomy and radiochemical neutrino experiments. It is equal to the neutrino flux producing 10−36 captures per target atom per second. It is convenient given the very low event rates in radiochemical experiments. Typical rate is expected to be from tens SNU to hundred SNU.
There are two ways of detecting solar neutrinos: radiochemical and real time experiments. The principle of radiochemical experiments is the reaction of the form
formula_1.
The daughter nucleus's decay is used in the detection. Production rate of the daughter nucleus is given by
formula_2,
where
With typical neutrino flux of 1010 cm−2 s−1 and a typical interaction cross section of about 10−45 cm2, about 1030 target atoms are required to produce one event per day. Taking into account that 1 mole is equal to 6.022 atoms, this number corresponds to ktons of the target substances, whereas present neutrino detectors operate at much lower quantities of those.


Gon (angle)


G-strain

In EPR spectroscopy, g-strain refers to broadening of g-values owing to small sample inhomogeneity owing to slight variations in the orientation of the paramagnetic centers. The phenomenon is indicated by broadening of the g-values that depends on the frequency of the spectrometer, such as X- or Q-band. If the line width were determined only by hyperfine coupling (which are field-independent), then the line widths would also be field independent, but they often are not. In iron-sulfur proteins, some other metalloproteins, as well as some solids, g-strain can be substantial.


Just minor tone


Wide Range Achievement Test

The Wide Range Achievement Test 4 (WRAT4) is an achievement test which measures an individual's ability to read words, comprehend sentences, spell, and compute solutions to math problems. The test currently is in its fourth revision. A fifth version has been released.
The test was developed in 1941 by psychologists Sidney W. Bijou and Joseph Jastak.
The test is appropriate for individuals ages 5–94 years. The WRAT4 provides two equivalent forms (Blue and Green), which enables retesting within short periods of time without potential practice effects that occur from repeating the same items. The alternate forms also may be administered together in a single examination.
The Wide Range Achievement Test 4 (WRAT4) is the latest offering in a test series first published in 1946. The various editions of the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) have enjoyed widespread use in a variety of settings as a measure of the basic academic skills necessary for effective learning, communication, and thinking: reading and spelling words and performing basic mathematical calculations.
An added feature in the WRAT4 is a Reading Composite Score.
Previous versions of the WRAT4 included WRAT III.
Description.
The Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) is a brief achievement test measuring reading recognition, spelling, and arithmetic computation. There are two levels; level I is normed for children ages 0–5 to 6-11; level II is normed for children aged 12 through their adult age 94.
Scoring.
Norms provided for the 1978 edition include standard scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, percentile scores, and grade levels. The standard scores are scaled based on the norm group; the grade levels are arbitrarily assigned and can be interpreted only as rough references to achievement level. Only standard scores should be used for comparisons among scores.
Reliability.
The manual reports split-half reliabilities of .98 for Reading at both levels, .94 for Arithmetic at both levels, .96 for Spelling I, and .97 for Spelling II. During the norming study, both levels of the WRAT were administered to children ages 9 through 14. Since there is overlap in skills tested between the high end of level I and the low end of level II, this provides another estimate of the reliability of both. On Reading and Spelling, split-half reliabilities ranged from .88 to .94 for different age groups; on Arithmetic they ranged from .79 to .89. These results indicate that overall the reliability of the WRAT is excellent.
Validity.
The test most similar to the WRAT is the Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT), another short, individually administered test which covers comparable material. In general the WRAT correlates very highly with the PIAT. The WRAT correlates moderately with various IQ tests, in the range of .40 to .70 for most groups and most tests.
Norms.
The 1978 WRAT norms are based on 15,200 subjects for seven states. According to the manual, no attempt was made to make the sample representative of national characteristics. The manual states that minorities were represented, but gives no data on their representation. The sample was stratified by age, sex, and approximately by ability.
Suggested uses.
Recommended uses for the test described in the manual include comparing achievement of one person to another, determining learning ability or learning disability, comparing codes with comprehension in order to prescribe remedial programs, and informally assessing error patterns to plan instructional programs.


ASTRO (satellite)

Autonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations (ASTRO), is an American technology demonstration satellite which was operated as part of the Orbital Express program. It was used to demonstrate autonomous servicing and refuelling operations in orbit, performing tests on the NEXTSat satellite which was launched with ASTRO for that purpose. Launched in March 2007, it was operated for four months, and then deactivated in orbit.
ASTRO was launched by United Launch Alliance on an Atlas V 401 rocket; serial number AV-013. The launch occurred at 03:10 UTC on 9 March 2007, from Space Launch Complex 41 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch was contracted by the Space Test Program to launch the STPSat-1 spacecraft, and was named STP-1. It also deployed NEXTSat; as well as FalconSAT-3, CFESat and MidSTAR-1. The launch marked the first time United Launch Alliance had launched an Atlas V, the type having previously been operated by International Launch Services.
ASTRO was a spacecraft, which was built by Boeing. It was operated in low Earth orbit. On 9 March 2007, it had a perigee of , an apogee of , 46.0 degrees of inclination, and an orbital period of 94.49 minutes. After completing operations, the ASTRO and NEXTSat spacecraft were separated, and ASTRO performed a separation burn. On 21 July 2007, ASTRO was deactivated. It re-entered on October 25, 2013 (UTC).


Giant lock

In operating systems, a giant lock, also known as a big-lock or kernel-lock, is a lock that may be used in the kernel to provide concurrency control required by symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems.
A giant lock is a solitary global lock that is held whenever a thread enters kernel space and released when the thread returns to user space; a system call is the archetypal example. In this model, threads in user space can run concurrently on any available processors or processor cores, but no more than one thread can run in kernel space; any other threads that try to enter kernel space are forced to wait. In other words, the giant lock eliminates all concurrency in kernel space.
By isolating the kernel from concurrency, many parts of the kernel no longer need to be modified to support SMP. However, as in giant-lock SMP systems only one processor can run the kernel code at a time, performance for applications spending significant amounts of time in the kernel is not much improved. Accordingly, the giant-lock approach is commonly seen as a preliminary means of bringing SMP support to an operating system, yielding benefits only in user space. Most modern operating systems use a fine-grained locking approach.
Linux.
The Linux kernel had a big kernel lock (BKL) since the introduction of SMP, until Arnd Bergmann removed it in 2011 in kernel version 2.6.39, with the remaining uses of the big lock removed or replaced by finer-grained locking. Linux distributions at or above CentOS 7, Debian 7 (Wheezy) and Ubuntu 11.10 are therefore not using BKL.
BSD.
, OpenBSD and NetBSD are still using the spl (Unix) family of primitives to facilitate synchronisation of critical sections within the kernel, meaning that many system calls may inhibit SMP capabilities of the system, and, according to Matthew Dillon, the SMP capabilities of these two systems cannot be considered modern.
FreeBSD still has support for "the Giant mutex", which provides semantics akin to the old spl interface, but performance-critical core components have long been converted to use finer-grained locking.
It is claimed by Matthew Dillon that out of the open-source software general-purpose operating systems, only Linux, DragonFly BSD and FreeBSD have modern SMP support, with OpenBSD and NetBSD falling behind.
The NetBSD Foundation views modern SMP support as vital to the direction of The NetBSD Project, and has offered grants to developers willing to work on SMP improvements; NPF (firewall) was one of the projects that arose as a result of these financial incentives, but further improvements to the core networking stack may still be necessary.


BEBC


5294 Onnetoh


Graphite furnace atomic absorption

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) (also known as Electrothermal Atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS)) is a type of spectrometry that uses a graphite-coated furnace to vaporize the sample. Briefly, the technique is based on the fact that free atoms will absorb light at frequencies or wavelengths characteristic of the element of interest (hence the name atomic absorption spectrometry). Within certain limits, the amount of light absorbed can be linearly correlated to the concentration of analyte present. Free atoms of most elements can be produced from samples by the application of high temperatures. In GFAAS, samples are deposited in a small graphite or pyrolytic carbon coated graphite tube, which can then be heated to vaporize and atomize the analyte. The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make transitions to higher electronic energy levels. Applying the Beer-Lambert law directly in AA spectroscopy is difficult due to variations in the atomization efficiency from the sample matrix, and nonuniformity of concentration and path length of analyte atoms (in graphite furnace AA). Concentration measurements are usually determined from a working curve after calibrating the instrument with standards of known concentration.
The main advantages of the graphite furnace comparing to aspiration atomic absorption are the following:
System Components.
GFAA spectrometry instruments have the following basic features: 1. a source of light (lamp) that emits resonance line radiation; 2. an atomization chamber (graphite tube) in which the sample is vaporized; 3. a monochromator for selecting only one of the characteristic wavelengths (visible or ultraviolet) of the element of interest; 4. a detector, generally a photomultiplier tube (light detectors that are useful in low-intensity applications), that measures the amount of absorption; 5. a signal processor-computer system (strip chart recorder, digital display, meter, or printer).
Mode of Operation.
Most currently available GFAAs are fully controlled from a personal computer that has Windows-compatible software. The software easily optimizes run parameters, such as ramping cycles or calibration dilutions. Aqueous samples should be acidified (typically with nitric acid, HNO3) to a pH of 2.0 or less. GFAAs are more sensitive than flame atomic absorption spectrometers, and have a smaller dynamic range. This makes it necessary to dilute aqueous samples into the dynamic range of the specific analyte. GFAAS with automatic software can also pre-dilute samples before analysis.
After the instrument has warmed up and been calibrated, a small aliquot (usually less than 100 microliters (µL) and typically 20 µL) is placed, either manually or through an automated sampler, into the opening in the graphite tube. The sample is vaporized in the heated graphite tube; the amount of light energy absorbed in the vapor is proportional to atomic concentrations. Analysis of each sample takes from 1 to 5 minutes, and the results for a sample is the average of triplicate analysis.


Margaret Gurney

Margaret Gurney (October 28, 1908 – March 19, 2002) was an American mathematician, statistician, and computer programmer. Originally trained in the mathematical study of partial differential equations at Swarthmore College, Brown University, and the University of Göttingen, she came to work for the United States Census Bureau. There, she became known for her expertise in sampling, stratified sampling, and survey methodology. At the Census Bureau she also worked as an early programmer of the UNIVAC I computer. Later, she became an international consultant, teaching statistical methods in developing countries. She won the Department of Commerce Silver Medal and was recognized as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
Early life and education.
Gurney's parents, Anna Elizabeth Pickett and Dayton Alvin Gurney, both studied at Michigan State University, then called the State Agricultural College. Her father became a civilian engineer for the military (later the chief engineer of the Ordnance Department), and she and her two siblings were born in Washington, DC. She attended Central High School there, and then went to Swarthmore College with the support of a White scholarship. At Swarthmore, she completed a bachelor's degree in mathematics, physics, and astronomy in 1930, with highest honors.
She began graduate study at Brown University in 1930 and earned a master's degree there in 1931. From 1932 to 1933 she traveled on a fellowship to the University of Göttingen in Germany; she returned to Brown, and completed her Ph.D. there in 1934. Her dissertation, on the mathematical analysis of hyperbolic partial differential equations, was "Some General Existence Theorems for Partial Differential Equations of Hyperbolic Type"; her doctoral advisor was Jacob Tamarkin.
Career.
Gurney began her work with the US Government in 1938, working for the Budget Bureau first as a statistical consultant and then beginning in 1940 as an economist. She moved to the United States Census Bureau in 1944, and retired from the census in 1973.
At the Census Bureau, Gurney helped plan sampling-based surveys, and implemented her statistical methods on the UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer in the United States.
Beginning in 1961, and continuing past her retirement, Gurney also worked as an international statistical consultant, teaching statistical methodology and agricultural statistics in developing parts of the world in association with the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor. She began this work in Puerto Rico and later continued this work in Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
She lived with her sister Ruth Park in Quilcene, Washington after her retirement and died there on March 19, 2002.
Recognition.
Gurney was awarded the Department of Commerce Silver Medal in 1966, "for her continuous contributions to the theory and application of sample survey methods over a long period". In 1968, Gurney was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in honor of her "distinguished contributions to the theory of recurrent sample surveys, to the measurement of nonsampling errors, and to training programs of foreign statisticians in sample surveys of their own countries".


Geno Smith

Eugene Cyril "Geno" Smith III (born October 10, 1990) is an American football quarterback for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at West Virginia, leading the Mountaineers to multiple bowl games, breaking numerous passing records, and garnering multiple awards before getting drafted by the New York Jets in the second round of the 2013 NFL Draft. After two inconsistent seasons as the Jets' starting quarterback, Smith eventually lost his starting position due to injuries in his final two years with the team. He has also spent time as the backup for the New York Giants and Los Angeles Chargers, becoming the first African American quarterback to start for the former.
Early years.
Smith was born to Eugene Smith Jr. and Tracy Seller in Lakemont, Georgia, on October 10, 1990. His great-uncle, Danny Smith was a record breaking All-American hurdler at Florida State, and his cousin Melvin Bratton was a star running back at Miami in the mid-1980s. His nickname, Geno, came from his grandfather, who was nicknamed "Big Geno".
Smith was admitted to Norland Middle School's magnet program, which dedicated two hours per day to arts instruction. He went on to attend Miramar High School where he was coached by former Mountaineer Damon Cogdell. As a junior, he passed for 2,200 yards, 25 touchdowns, and three interceptions, and was named second-team all-state quarterback. He was also named second-team all-Broward County as an athlete for 2007. Following his junior year he was invited to the prestigious Elite 11 quarterback camp in Aliso Viejo, California.
During Smith's senior season, he led his team to the state 6A semi-finals and completed 205 of 338 passes for 3,089 yards and 30 touchdowns while also rushing for over 300 yards. He was a first-team all-state selection in Florida Class 6A and a Parade All-American. He was also the No. 1 rated player in Broward County according to the "Miami Herald" and "South Florida Sun Sentinel", and finished No. 2 in the voting for Mr. Florida. He finished his career as the third-best passer in Broward County history, and was named to the ESPN Top 150 prospects list. He chose to attend West Virginia over offers from Florida State, South Florida, Boston College, and Alabama.
College career.
Smith attended West Virginia University, where he played for the West Virginia Mountaineers football team from 2009 to 2012. He was an English major during his time at West Virginia.
Freshman year.
Smith saw some action his freshman year as the backup behind senior Jarrett Brown. His first snap in a regular season game came against Auburn; he completed 5 of 8 passes for 50 yards and one interception. He would see action again against Syracuse, Marshall, Louisville, and in the Gator Bowl against Florida State. In his freshman year at West Virginia University, Smith completed 32 of 49 passes for 309 yards, throwing one touchdown and one interception, and rushing for 7 yards on 17 attempts as the backup to starting quarterback Brown. He finished his freshman season with an 81.1 quarterback rating.
Sophomore year.
2010 was Smith's first year as the starting quarterback. For the year, he completed 241 of 372 passes for 2,763 yards, throwing 24 touchdowns and 7 interceptions, and rushing for 217 yards on 106 attempts.
He got his first start in the season opener against the Coastal Carolina Chanticleers. He completed 20 of 27 passes for 216 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception in the 31–0 victory.
With the Mountaineers down 21–6 against in-state rival, Marshall, Smith led his team to a 4th quarter comeback victory. Smith led the first drive from the Mountaineers' 4-yard line. With help from senior running back Noel Devine, the Mountaineers cut Marshall's lead to 8 points. After the Mountaineers' defense stopped Marshall, a punt put the Mountaineers near their own end zone again, starting from the 2-yard line. After completing 9 of 13 passes and scrambling for 20 yards, Smith found tight end Will Johnson in the corner of the endzone for a touchdown. With Marshall still leading 21–19, head coach Bill Stewart elected to go for the two-point conversion. Smith completed a pass to wide receiver Jock Sanders in the back of the end zone for a two-point conversion. The Mountaineers went on to win the game in overtime by a score of 24–21. Smith finished the game completing 32 of 45 passes for 316 yards and one touchdown. He rushed for 13 yards on 14 attempts. After two games, Smith lead the Big East in passing yards and passing efficiency.
In a 31–17 victory over Maryland, Smith completed 19 of 29 pass attempts for 268 passing yards and four touchdowns. Two of his touchdowns were to Tavon Austin, and two were to Stedman Bailey. Smith won his first Big East Offensive Player of the Week for this performance.
In West Virginia's first meeting ever with LSU, the Mountaineers lost at Tiger Stadium by a score of 20–14. Smith completed 14 of 29 pass attempts for 119 yards, two touchdowns, and one interception. He rushed for 10 yards on five attempts.
Smith threw for 220 yards and ran for 19 yards in West Virginia's 49–10 win over UNLV. It was the most points WVU had scored since playing Connecticut in 2007.
In a 16–13 overtime loss to Connecticut, Smith was 22 for 34, throwing for 160 yards. He had a season high of 64 rushing yards. This was the first game all season Smith did not throw a touchdown pass. The loss was the first time Connecticut had ever beaten West Virginia.
Smith tied his record for touchdowns in a game in a 37–10 win over Cincinnati, where he was 15 for 25, throwing for 174 yards, four touchdowns, and one interception. The win came after a two-game losing streak. It was the first time the Mountaineers beat Cincinnati since 2007. Smith won his second Big East Offensive Player of the Week for this performance.
On November 26, against Pittsburgh, he finished with 212 passing yards and three touchdowns in the 35–10 victory. In the next game against Rutgers, he had 352 passing yards and a touchdown in the 35–14 victory. He finished the 2010 season with 196 passing yards, one touchdown, and one interception in the 23–7 loss to North Carolina State in the Champs Sports Bowl.
Overall, in his sophomore season, Smith finished with 2,763 passing yards, 24 touchdowns, and seven interceptions.
Junior year.
With the arrival of new West Virginia football head coach Dana Holgorsen and a new passing-based offensive system, Smith saw his passing numbers improve drastically.
In the fourth game of the season against the #2 LSU Tigers, Smith set school records for completions (38), attempts (65), and passing yards (463) in the 47–21 loss on September 24, 2011.
With 372 passing yards against the Cincinnati Bearcats on November 12, Smith tied a Big East record with his seventh 300-yard game of the season. He tied the record that was set in 2007 by Brian Brohm of the Louisville Cardinals.
He set single-season school records for pass completions (291), attempts (448) and yards (3,741) on November 25 in a win against the rival Pittsburgh Panthers. All three records were previously held by Marc Bulger.
In West Virginia's 70–33 rout of the Clemson Tigers in the 2012 Orange Bowl Smith tied three individual bowl records: most touchdown passes (six), most touchdowns overall (seven) and total points (42). Smith's 401 passing yards broke Tom Brady's Orange Bowl record of 396 that he set in the 2000 Orange Bowl. Smith also became the Big East single-season passing leader with 4,379 yards, breaking Brian Brohm's mark that he set in 2007.
Senior year.
As a senior, Smith put together multiple great statistical performances for the Mountaineers. In the season opening victory over Marshall, he finished 32-of-36 for 323 yards and four touchdowns. In the next game, a victory over James Madison, he finished 34-of-39 for 411 yards and five touchdowns. On September 29, against Baylor, he had a career-day going 45-of-51 for 656 yards and eight touchdown passes in the 70–63 victory. In the next game, a victory over Texas, he finished with 268 passing yards and four touchdowns to help lead the Mountaineers to a 5–0 record. After the win over Texas, the season started to falter for the Mountaineers. Despite some solid individual results, Smith and the Mountaineers dropped the next five games. On November 23, Smith had 236 passing yards and two touchdowns in a victory over Iowa State to stop the losing streak. In the regular season finale against Kansas, he finished 23-of-24 for 407 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in the 59–10 victory. In the Pinstripe Bowl against Syracuse, he finished with 201 passing yards and two touchdowns in the 38–14 loss. Overall, in the 2012 season, Smith finished the season with 4,205 passing yards, 42 touchdowns, and 6 interceptions. After the season, Smith officially announced to enter the 2013 NFL Draft.
Professional career.
Smith received an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine where his performance was well received by scouts who highlighted his athleticism and strong arm but noted his ball placement needed improvement. Smith was widely regarded as one of the top prospects alongside EJ Manuel of Florida State. In the days leading up to the draft, several NFL teams expressed interest in Smith including the Kansas City Chiefs (No. 1 selection), the Jacksonville Jaguars (No. 2 selection), the Oakland Raiders (No. 3 selection), the Philadelphia Eagles (No. 4 selection), the Buffalo Bills (No. 8 selection), and the New York Jets (No. 9 and No. 13 selections).
New York Jets.
Draft and signing.
Smith was in attendance for the first round of the draft as many analysts and scouts expected him to be taken that night however he was not selected; EJ Manuel was the lone quarterback taken in the first round. Smith declined to be interviewed by ESPN afterwards and originally planned to return home but later decided to attend the second day of the draft. Several league executives alleged Smith did not handle the draft process in a professional manner which caused him to fall out of the first round while analysts pointed to his late-season decline as a senior at West Virginia, which exposed his flaws, as the primary reason. The following day, the Jets expressed interest in trading up in the second round to select Smith but couldn't consummate a trade. Despite this, Smith remained available and the Jets selected him with the 39th overall pick. General manager John Idzik, following the selection, stated Smith would compete with incumbent Mark Sanchez in training camp to determine the starting quarterback.
Smith fired his agency, Select Sports Group, upon the completion of the draft and sought new representation. He signed with Roc Nation Sports on May 22, 2013 with Kimberley Miale serving as his representative. Smith worked out in his home state of Florida during the offseason, prompting questions as to whether or not he had spurned Sanchez by not attending Sanchez's Jets West summer camp in California. Smith and Sanchez dismissed this notion with Sanchez saying that it was 'no big deal.' Smith signed a four-year, $5 million contract on July 22, 2013 with approximately $690,000 in workout bonuses.
2013 season.
Smith made his professional debut in the preseason on August 9, 2013 against the Detroit Lions. He completed 6-of-7 passes for 47 yards but left the game due to an ankle injury in the second quarter. X-rays showed no structural damage and Smith returned to practice on August 11. Smith started the Jets' third preseason game against the New York Giants completing 16 of 30 passes for 199 yards, a touchdown, and four turnovers. Smith was named the team's starting quarterback on September 4 after Sanchez suffered a shoulder injury against the Giants.
In his first regular season game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Smith completed 24-of-38 passes for 256 yards and a touchdown. With only a few seconds left in the fourth quarter, Smith was hit out of bounds by Lavonte David, which drew a late hit penalty and the Jets went on to score the game-winning field goal. In Week 2 against the New England Patriots, Smith struggled as he completed 15 of his 35 passes for 214 yards, a touchdown and three interceptions, as the Jets lost 10–13. In Week 3 against the Buffalo Bills, Smith completed 16 of his 29 passes for 331 yards, rushing for a touchdown and passing for two touchdowns and two interceptions as the Jets won 27–20. Smith became the first rookie quarterback in franchise history to throw for 300 or more yards in a game.
Smith struggled Week 4 against the Tennessee Titans. He completed 23 of his 34 passes for 289 yards and a touchdown while committing four turnovers—two led to Titans touchdowns as the Jets lost 13–38. The Jets faced the Atlanta Falcons on "Monday Night Football" in Week 5; Smith completed 16 of his 20 passes for 199 yards and three touchdowns. He completed all four of his passes on the Jets' final drive, allowing Nick Folk to kick the game-winning 43-yard field goal. Smith was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week and the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for his performance. In Week 6 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Smith threw for 201 yards and two interceptions as the Jets lost, to the previously winless Steelers, 6–19. In Week 7, the Jets played the New England Patriots; Smith completed 17 of his 33 passes for 233 yards and scored two touchdowns as the Jets won 30–27 in overtime.
Smith struggled in the Jets' Week 8 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals as he completed 20-of-30 passes for 159 yards but threw two interceptions that were returned for touchdowns before being replaced by Matt Simms in the fourth quarter. Smith started the following week against the New Orleans Saints; he completed 8 of his 19 passes for 115 yards and a rushing touchdown in a 26–20 upset of the Saints. The Jets returned from their bye week to lose three straight contests to the Bills, Ravens and Dolphins. Smith struggled during this stretch as he failed to score any points and committed eight turnovers; he was benched in favor of Simms against Buffalo and Miami leading coach Rex Ryan to be noncommittal in starting Smith the rest of the year.
Smith showed gradual improvement as the Jets won three of their final four games. Against the Raiders, Smith completed 16 of his 25 passes for 219 yards and scored twice in the Jets' 37–27 win that kept the team in playoff contention. The following week, the Jets played the Carolina Panthers. Smith performed well until throwing a costly pick six in the fourth quarter. The Jets lost 30–20 and were eliminated from playoff contention. Smith finished the game completing 15 of his 28 passes for 167 yards, a touchdown and interception. The Jets won their next contest against the Browns with Smith completing 20-of-36 passes for 214 yards and three touchdowns. In 20–7 win over the Miami Dolphins in his season finale, Smith completed 17-of-27 passes for 190 yards and a touchdown as the loss eliminated Miami from playoff contention. Smith completed his rookie season with 3,046 yards, 12 touchdowns and 21 interceptions.
2014 season.
Smith was named the starter for the 2014 season on August 22, 2014. Smith opened the season passing for 221 yards and throwing a touchdown and an interception in a 19–14 victory over the Oakland Raiders. During Week 2 against the Green Bay Packers, Smith passed for 176 yards and rushed for a touchdown but had an interception in the 31–24 loss. During "Monday Night Football" against the Chicago Bears in Week 3, Smith's very first play resulted in an interception returned for a touchdown by Ryan Mundy. Smith finished the game with 316 passing yards, a touchdown and 2 interceptions as the Jets lost to the Bears 27–19. During Week 4 against the Detroit Lions, Smith threw for 209 yards with an interception and a lost fumble during the 24–17 loss. On October 3, 2014, Smith was fined $12,000 for yelling profanity at fans while walking to the locker room during halftime in Week 4. Despite this incident, he was allowed to start in Week 5 against the San Diego Chargers, in which he threw for only 27 yards with an interception and was benched for the second half in favor of Michael Vick as the Jets were shut out 31–0. Prior to the Week 5 game, Smith missed a team meeting, eventually admitting that he went to a movie theater in San Diego, unaware that the eastern and pacific time zones had a three-hour difference. Smith started in Week 6 against the Denver Broncos, throwing for 190 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception in a 31–17 loss. During "Thursday Night Football" against the Patriots in Week 7, Smith threw for 226 yards and the Jets combined for 218 rushing yards but an ensuing game-winning drive fell short due to a blocked field goal as the Jets lost 27–25. On October 26, Smith lasted only ten minutes to begin regulation as he went 2-of-8 with three interceptions against the Bills, and was subsequently benched in favor of Michael Vick. His passer rating for that game was 0.04. On the final regular season game at Miami, Smith lead the Jets to a 37–24 victory. Smith passed for a career-high 358 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions, completing 20-of-25 attempts for a perfect passer rating. This was Smith's first perfect game, the sixth in Jets history, and the only one of the 2014 season. For the 2014 season, Smith finished the season with 2,525 passing yards, 13 touchdowns, and 13 interceptions in 14 games (13 starts).
2015 season.
On August 11, 2015, Smith was involved in an altercation with defensive end IK Enemkpali in the locker room. Smith suffered a fractured jaw after Enemkpali punched him in the face. Smith was ruled out for 6–10 weeks, and Enemkpali was released by the Jets shortly thereafter. Two days later, Smith underwent surgery on his fractured jaw. Ryan Fitzpatrick led the team to a 2–0 record while Smith was injured, so new head coach Todd Bowles decided to continue starting Fitzpatrick, even with Smith being healthy.
On November 1, 2015, Smith entered the Jets' game against the Oakland Raiders in relief of Fitzpatrick, who left the game with an injured thumb. Smith threw 42 passing attempts, with 27 completions, two touchdowns, and one interception in the 34–20 loss. This was Smith's only appearance in a game in 2015.
2016 season.
With Ryan Fitzpatrick re-signing with the Jets, Smith continued to remain in the backup role.
During Week 6 against the Arizona Cardinals, Smith came in relief for Fitzpatrick for the first time in the 2016 season due to the Jets being down 28–3 and an unpleasant performance by Fitzpatrick during the first three quarters. Two days later, Smith was named starter for the following game in place of the struggling Fitzpatrick.
Making the start in Week 7 against the Baltimore Ravens, Smith had 95 passing yards until leaving the game with an apparent knee injury. Fitzpatrick would later lead the Jets to a 24–16 victory over the Ravens. The next day, it was revealed that Smith had a torn ACL, effectively ending his 2016 season. He was placed on injured reserve on October 26, 2016.
New York Giants.
On March 28, 2017, Smith signed with the New York Giants. On November 5, 2017, during Week 9 against the Los Angeles Rams, Smith came in the game in relief of Eli Manning late in the fourth quarter. Smith finished with only two incomplete passes, as the Giants lost 51–17.
On November 28, 2017, the Giants named Smith the starter for the upcoming game against the Oakland Raiders, which ended Manning's 210-game starting streak with the Giants. The start made Smith the first black quarterback to start for the Giants and the first quarterback to start for both the Giants and the Jets; it also meant every NFL team had started a black player at quarterback, with the Giants being the last team to do so. Making his first start with the Giants on December 3, 2017 against the Raiders, Smith finished with 212 passing yards and a touchdown but had two first-half fumbles within the Raiders' 30 yard line and the Giants lost, 24–17. On December 5, Manning was renamed the starter.
Los Angeles Chargers.
On April 1, 2018, Smith signed a one-year contract with the Los Angeles Chargers.
During Week 6, Smith made his first appearance with the Chargers, completing one pass for eight yards as the Chargers won 38–14 over the Cleveland Browns. Overall, Smith appeared in five games in the 2018 season in relief roles.
Seattle Seahawks.
Smith signed with the Seattle Seahawks on May 15, 2019. He competed with Paxton Lynch for the backup job behind Russell Wilson. He was released on August 31, 2019, along with Lynch, but was re-signed the next day, earning the backup job.
Smith re-signed with the Seahawks on May 20, 2020. He re-signed with the team again on April 22, 2021.
Personal life.
Smith is a Christian and frequently posts about his faith on his Twitter account.


Galina Khitrova

Galina Khitrova (1959 – June 4, 2016) was a Russian-American physicist and optical scientist known for her research on cavity quantum electrodynamics, excitons, nonlinear optics, quantum dots, and vacuum Rabi oscillations. She was a professor of optical sciences at the University of Arizona.
Education and career.
Khitrova was born in Saint Petersburg, and has degrees in physics from Yerevan State University, Brooklyn College, and New York University, where she completed her Ph.D. She came to the University of Arizona as a researcher in 1986, married Arizona professor Professor Hyatt M. Gibbs in 1986, was given tenure as an associate professor in 1997, and became full professor in 2002.
Recognition.
Khitrova was named a Fellow of The Optical Society in 2007, "for leadership in research in fundamental optical phenomena in semiconductor nanostructures". She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2012, after a nomination by the APS Division of Laser Science, "for fundamental studies of pump probe spectroscopy of atomic vapors and light-matter coupling of cavity fields with quantum wells and dots. In particular, for demonstrating the quantum regime of semiconductor cavity quantum electrodynamics via the vacuum Rabi splitting between a single quantum dot and the field in a photonic crystal nanocavity."


C6 tuning

C6 tuning is one of the most common tunings for steel guitar, both on single and multiple neck instruments. On a twin-neck, the most common set-up is C6 tuning on the near neck and E9 tuning on the far neck.
On a six-string neck, for example, on lap steel guitar, C6 tuning is most usually C-E-G-A-C-E, bass to treble and going away from the player. Some other six-string C6 tunings are:
On an eight-string neck, for example, on a console steel guitar, popular C6 tunings are:
On a ten-string neck, typical of pedal steel guitars, a popular C6 tuning is C-F-A-C-E-G-A-C-E-G, adding two bass strings to the "high" eight-string tuning, or one string on either side of the F-bass "low" tuning. This is sometimes called the "Texas tuning". Another frequent variant is the reentrant C-F-A-C-E-G-A-C-E-D.
Kayton Roberts, a noted steel guitar player, used a modified C6 on his steel guitar's inside neck: A(low)-A-C#-E-G-A-C-E. On the outside neck he had F-C-Eb-G-F-A-C(though sometimes D)-F.


Canna (unit)

Canna (pl. "canne"; proper meaning in Italian: Cane) was an ancient Italian unit of length, which differed from place to place.


Belgian units of measurement

Before it adopted the metric system in 1816, the area that now constitutes Belgium used a number of units of measurement to measure different types of quantities including length, mass, and area. Since 1820, the International Metric System has been compulsory in Belgium. Initially, different names were used for units like metre, litre, kilogram, etc.
Pre-metric Units.
Before 1820, different units were used in the area that now constitutes Belgium. Belgium became an independent country in 1830.
Length.
Different units were used to measure length in Belgium. One perche was equal to . One pied was equal to 1/20 perche.
Mass.
A number of units were used to measure mass in Belgium. One livre was equal to . Some other units are provided below:
1 loth = 1/32 livre
1 once = 1/16 livre
1 marc 1/2 livre
1 stein = 8 livre
1 quintal = 100 livre
1 chariot = 165 livre
1 balle = 200 livre
1 schiffpfund = 300 livre
1 charge = 400 livre.
Area.
Different units were used to measure area in Belgium. One arpent was equal to 400 perche2 (130.6 a)
Units with Metric System.
In the starting era of the metric system in Belgium, other names were used for metric units, including aune for metre, litron for litre, livre for kilogram, once for hectogram, lood for decigram, and wigtje for gram.


Orders of magnitude (area)

This page is a progressive and labelled list of the SI area orders of magnitude, with certain examples appended to some list objects.


Disques Hushush

Disques Hushush Inc. (also known as Disques Hushush or more simply as Hushush) is an independent record label created by Dimitri della Faille (aka recording artist Szkieve) in Montreal (Quebec), Canada in 1998. Hushush mainly releases experimental, improvisation, electroacoustic, dark ambient and electronic music.
Notable artists.
Since 1998, Hushush has released over twenty CD and vinyls from more than thirty artists from Europe, North America, South America and Asia. Notable artists include Mick Harris, Mark Spybey, KK Null, Nihilist Spasm Band, Reynols, Vromb, Lilith (Scott Gibbons), C-drík, Aube, Goem, Kapotte Muziek, Moonsanto, Orphx, Szkieve, Ambre.
Hed Nod.
Hed Nod is a sidelabel from Hushush. The main focus of Hed Nod is to release downtempo hip hop or illbient music, mainly by Mick Harris.


Chilean units of measurement

A number of different units of measurement were used in Chile to measure quantities like length, mass, area, capacity, etc. From 1848, the metric system has been compulsory in Chile.
Pre-metric units.
Spanish customary units were used before 1848.
Length.
To measure length several units were used. Legally, one vara is equal to 0.836 m. Some of the units and their legal values as follows:
Mass.
Several units were used to measure mass. One libra is equal to 0.460093 kg. Some other units are given below:
Capacity.
Mainly two systems, dry and liquid, were used to measure capacity in Chile.
Dry.
One almud was equal to 8.083 l. 12 almud were equal to one fanega.
Liquid.
One cuartillo was equal to 1.111 l. 32 cuartillo were equal to one arroba.


Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test

The Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT; or TPCL) is a compulsory standardized test for secondary school students in Ontario who wish to obtain the Ontario Secondary School Diploma. For students who entered Grade 9 in 1999–2000, successful completion of the test was not a graduation requirement. However, for those students who took the field test of the OSSLT in 2000–2001, failed the test, and chose to retake the OSSLT in October 2001, successful completion of the provincial literacy graduation requirement became a diploma requirement. It is administered by the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO).
The OSSLT is written every year in March or April in order to assess students' reading and writing skills. The test is taken by all of the province's public secularized and separate secondary schools, and private secondary schools in Ontario. The test is either administered in either English or French, dependent on whether or not the student is enrolled in a anglophone, or francophone school system.
Layout.
The OSSLT consists of two booklets that must be completed by students in two and a half hours. The first booklet includes multiple-choice and short answer questions, as well as a question asking the student to compose a newspaper article based on the headline and picture provided. The second booklet also includes multiple-choice and short answer questions, as well as a question asking the student to write an opinion piece on a given topic (series of paragraph). The test is out of 400 marks.
Reading component.
Students are asked to read a variety of selections and answer questions about each of them. The questions asked are designed to measure students understanding of ideas and information that are directly or indirectly stated in the text. Students are also expected to make personal connections related to the reading selections.
The selections used in the OSSLT consist of common reading materials, including information materials (e.g. instructions, newspaper articles), graphic materials (e.g. graphs, diagrams, legends) and literary materials (e.g. stories).
Writing component.
Students have to produce four pieces of writing for the OSSLT. The writing component is designed to measure the student's ability to develop a main idea, provide supporting details, organize and link ideas and information, use a tone for the particular type of writing and use correct spelling and grammar.
Examples of pieces requested in the OSSLT include summaries, opinion pieces, news reports and information paragraphs.
Marks may be deducted due to a lack of detail. However, the inclusion of too much information can also result in penalties.
Preparation.
Preparation for the test ranges from "Literacy Monday" activities in Grade 10 classes every Monday from the start of the school year. Some schools offer part-time after school practice courses to entire semester long courses that occupy a whole "period" each school day (OSSLC), although this is only targeted at struggling students or students who have failed in the past.
Reports have circulated by disgruntled parents that their teen who attends the local secondary school was never informed of the OSSLT's existence and thus was never prepared for the tests. This problem is mostly limited to under performing schools mostly in inner city areas.
Procedure.
Before the OSSLT is written, teachers are expected to assist students in preparation for the test.
Upon completion of the test, booklets are shipped for marking. Those who fail must attempt the test the following year or take the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Course (OLC 4O) in grade 12 to meet the literacy requirement.
Alternatives.
Ontario Secondary School Literacy Course.
The Ontario Secondary School Literacy Course (OSSLC, Course Code: OLC3O/OLC4O) is a Grade 11 or 12 Open course that can be taken by those who had written the OSSLT more than once. It is designed to assist students in acquiring basic literacy skills required for getting an Ontario high school diploma.
In the course, students will have to read a variety of text (e.g. narrative text) and produce different types of writing (e.g. news reports). Accommodations can be made for students with an IEP (Individual Education Plan) so as to strengthen those students' language skills.
The OSSLC can serve as one of at least four first language credits necessary for graduating high school, as well as a replacement for the OSSLT.
Adjudication process.
Adjudication panels may be established at the end of the school year by school boards to provide certain students with an additional opportunity to meet the Ontario literacy requirement. Those who qualify for adjudication include students who were unable to write the OSSLT and/or enroll in or complete the OSSLC due to unforeseen circumstances, as well as students who have an IEP documenting required accommodations but, because of unforeseen circumstances, did not have access to these accommodations when taking the OSSLT.
Criticism.
The failed implementation of an online form of the OSSLT by Kathleen Wynne's Liberal government was criticized by NDP MPP Lisa Gretzky on October 25, 2016.


Ostrich guitar

The ostrich guitar or ostrich tuning is a type of trivial tuning. It assigns one note to all strings, e.g. E-E-e-e-e'-e' or D-D-D-D-d'-d'. The term "ostrich guitar" was coined by the Velvet Underground's Lou Reed after the pre-Velvet Underground song "The Ostrich"
by Lou Reed and the Primitives, on which he first recorded using this tuning, the first known commercial composition to make use of a trivial guitar tuning.
Musical theory.
The trivial tuning is a regular tuning based on the unison musical interval, which has zero semitones. It assigns exactly one pitch class (for example D, A, F or B) to all guitar-strings, tuned to the same note over two or three octaves.<ref name="33 1/3">
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This creates an intense, chorused drone music, and interesting fingering potential. Among alternative tunings for the guitar, the trivial tuning is a regular and repetitive tuning. It is its own left-handed tuning.
Example.
To create a trivial D tuning from a standard guitar tuning:
 1d ----- * downtuned to d (from e to d)
 2d ----- * uptuned to d (from B to d)
 3D ----- * downtuned to D (from G to D)
 4D ----- * left at standard
 5D ----- * uptuned to D (from A to D)
 6D ----- * downtuned to D (from E to D)
Origins.
The term "ostrich guitar" was coined by Lou Reed in 1965 after the song "The Ostrich" by Lou Reed and the Primitives, on which he first used this tuning.
John Cale, a collaborator with avant-garde composer La Monte Young, recognised the similarity between Reed's guitar tuning and Young's work involving drone music when he was hired to play Reed's song "The Ostrich" as part of a fabricated touring group.
Reed and Cale (who would play viola, keyboards and bass) began to collaborate and investigate the connections between ostrich tuning and drone music, as the band introduced new members (such as guitarist Sterling Morrison and percussionist Angus MacLise, another student of La Monte Young) and they became known as the Velvet Underground. Cale had composed and recorded "Loop" in 1964, but which became the first EP released under this band name, composed of drones played on an electric viola, and the combination of both Cale's viola and Reed's guitar tunings would be an early hallmark of their work. Reed used ostrich tunings on the 1967 album "The Velvet Underground & Nico" on the songs "Venus in Furs" (appearing at the end of the song) and "All Tomorrow's Parties", which also included Cale playing drones on viola.
According to an interview with drummer Moe Tucker in "What Goes On?", Reed's ostrich guitar was a guitar that had its frets removed, and was stolen shortly after the album sessions.


Third principal meridian

The third principal meridian begins at the mouth of the Ohio River and extends north to the northern boundary of the state of Illinois, and with the base line in latitude 38° 28′ 20″, governs the surveys in the state east of the third principal meridian, with the exception of those projected from the second principal meridian, and the surveys on the west, to the Illinois River. This meridian is nearly coincident with 89° 10′ 15″ of west longitude from Greenwich.


Myriagram

The myriagram () is a former French and metric unit of mass equal to 10,000 grams ("myriad" being the Greek word for ten thousand). Although never as widely used as the kilogram, the myriagram was employed during the 19th century as a replacement for the earlier American customary system quarter, which was equal to .
In 1975, the United States, having previously authorized use of the myriagram in 1866, declared the term no longer acceptable.


Claudia Czado

Claudia Czado is a mathematical statistician at the Technical University of Munich, known for her research on copulas, vines, and their applications in statistical finance.
Early life and education.
Czado grew up in a family with five children in Borken, Hesse, a small town in central Germany. She earned a diploma in 1984 from the University of Göttingen, specializing in probability and statistics. Inspired by a high school fascination with Native American culture, Czado enrolled in an master's-level exchange program between University of Göttingen and Cornell University. At Cornell, she worked with Murad Taqqu in their department of operations research and industrial engineering. Returning to Göttingen, she completed her master's degree in 1987, with a thesis on the law of the iterated logarithm for self-similar processes.
Czado continued to work with Taqqu, and joined the doctoral program in operations research and industrial engineering at Cornell. However, while she was there, Taqqu moved to Boston University. Frustrated with her progress on the law of the iterated logarithm, Czado took advantage of the opportunity to change topics under another advisor. Instead of moving with Taqqu, she remained at Cornell and began working on binary regression using computer simulations.
She completed her doctorate at Cornell in 1989. Her dissertation, "Link Misspecification and Data Selected Transformations in Binary Regression Models", was supervised by Thomas J. Santner.
Career.
After postdoctoral research at McGill University, Czado became a faculty member in the department of mathematics and statistics at York University, Canada, in 1989. In part, she chose Canada over returning to Germany because the German habilitation system would have required more years of effort before she could obtain a permanent position.
After receiving tenure at York in 1994, she went on sabbatical to Germany and began searching for a faculty position in statistics in Germany.
In 1998 she took her present position at the Technical University of Munich.
Books.
Czado is the author of the textbooks "Mathematische Statistik" (with Thorsten Schmidt, Springer, 2011) and "Analyzing Dependent Data with Vine Copulas: A Practical Guide With R" (Springer, 2019).


3037 Alku

3037 Alku, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 January 1944, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland.
Orbit and classification.
The C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,597 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken before its discovery.
Rotation period.
A rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric measurements taken by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, in January 2005. The lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.95 in magnitude ().
Diameter estimates.
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures between 18.9 and 29.9 kilometers in diameter and it has an albedo in the range of 0.03 to 0.11. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, and derives an albedo of 0.09 with a diameter of 18.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.8.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after the sailing boat "Alku" ("the beginning" in Finnish). Built by his father, the discoverer used to sail it in his childhood, and it became the origin of his enduring passion for sailing. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 June 1991 ().


Unit of volume

A unit of volume is a unit of measurement for measuring volume or capacity, the extent of an object or space in three dimensions. Units of capacity may be used to specify the volume of fluids or bulk goods, for example water, rice, sugar, grain or flour.
Units.
According to the SI system, the base unit for measuring length is the metre and volumes are thus measured in cubic metres, where:
1 m3 = 1 m • 1 m • 1 m.


Conservative two-phase locking

In computer science, conservative two-phase locking (C2PL) is a locking method used in DBMS and relational databases.
Conservative 2PL "prevents" deadlocks.
The difference between 2PL and C2PL is that C2PL's transactions obtain all the locks they need before the transactions begin. This is to ensure that a transaction that already holds some locks will not block waiting for other locks.
In heavy lock contention, C2PL reduces the time locks are held on average, relative to 2PL and Strict 2PL, because transactions that hold locks are never blocked.
In light lock contention, C2PL holds more locks than is necessary, because it is hard to tell what locks will be needed in the future, thus leads to higher overhead.
Also, a transaction will not even obtain any locks if it cannot obtain all the locks it needs in its initial request. Furthermore, each transaction needs to declare its read and write set (data items to be read/written during transaction), which is not always possible. Because of these limitations, C2PL is not used very frequently.


Mario Stoppani

"Sergente" Mario Stoppani (24 May 1895 – 20 September 1959) was a World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories. His valor earned him two Silver awards of the Medal for Military Valor and the Russian Cross of St. George during the World War I.
After the war, after a short spell as an aviation instructor, in 1927 Stoppani began a long career as a test pilot and an extensive career setting aeronautical records. He would continue as a test pilot throughout World War II and beyond. While associated with aeronautical designer Filippo Zappata, Stoppani would make 15 first flights and set 41 aeronautical records, one of which still stands. In the course of these feats, Stoppani earned both a Silver and a Gold Medal for Aeronautical Valor. Post World War II, he worked for Breda and SIAI Marchetti.
Early life.
Mario Stoppani was born in Lovere, Kingdom of Italy on 24 May 1895. He apprenticed as an auto mechanic at age 15, circa 1910. On 6 November 1913, he enlisted in the "Battaglione Aviatori" (Aviators' Battalion). In February 1915, he was selected for pilot's training at Pisa.
World War I.
In June 1915, Stoppani was posted to an operational unit, "3a Squadriglia". Based at Medeuzza, he flew a Macchi Parasol on reconnaissance patrols. He was awarded a Silver Medal for Military Valor for his exploits during August through November 1915.
In January 1916, he was seconded to instructor duty at Malpensa. He stayed there until May, when he was assigned to newly formed "76a Squadriglia", based at La Comina. Flying a Nieuport 11, he scored his first aerial victory on 9 July 1916, sharing it with Luigi Olivari. By 1 December 1916, he had tallied five more, including a shared win with Luigi Olivi. He was recommended for a second Silver Medal for Military Valor in November; that same month he was asked to become a test pilot for Ansaldo.
In January 1917, Stoppani was awarded the Russian Cross of Saint George, Third Class. In March, he moved to Genoa to begin his duties with Ansaldo by testing the Ansaldo A.1 Balilla and SVA. In June 1917, he finally received his second Silver Medal. Stoppani finished out the war as a test pilot. He scored all of his victories flying in the Nieuport 11, becoming one of the most successful pilots in the type.
Post World War I.
Stoppani made a career of aviation. He became an instructor with SAI, first at Foggia, then at Passignano sul Trasimeno in 1925. In 1927, he moved to Trieste and resumed test piloting, for SISA Airline. He then became the chief test pilot for CANT aircraft company until mid-World War II, circa 1943. During his career with CANT, he was closely associated with designer Filippo Zappata; the association led to Stoppani making fifteen first flights and setting 41 flying records. Stoppani was awarded both a Silver and Gold Medal for Aeronautical Valor for his efforts. He still holds the distance record for a seaplane in a closed circuit; in 1937, he covered 3,231 miles without landing, piloting a CRDA CANT Z.506.
After World War II, he worked for Breda and SIAI Marchetti. Mario Stoppani died on 20 September 1959.


2504 Gaviola


Antiopic

Antiopic is an independent record label in Chicago, Illinois. It was started in New York City in 2002 by David Daniell and James Elliott.
Live series.
In 2004, Antiopic initiated a series of releases of live, improvised performances, titled the Live Series. The Live Series releases are packaged as 3" CDs in cardboard sleeves.
Allegorical Power series.
From June through December 2003, Antiopic published a monthly series of MP3 releases online via the Antiopic website titled the Allegorical Power Series. According to the Antiopic website, "this series was meant to address the possibilities and roles of abstract or experimental music as social and political response; it attempted to provide a forum and space for artists to present new work as protest and as an exploration of the meaning and potential of sound art in the context of and as response to global injustice."
Volume II: July 2003.
With an essay by Jena Jolissaint
Volume III: August 2003.
Curated and with an essay by Dion Workman
Volume VII: December 2003.
With an essay by Matthew Hyland.


Aleutian Trench

The Aleutian Trench (or Aleutian Trough) is an oceanic trench along a convergent plate boundary which runs along the southern coastline of Alaska and the Aleutian islands. The trench extends for from a triple junction in the west with the Ulakhan Fault and the northern end of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, to a junction with the northern end of the Queen Charlotte Fault system in the east. It is classified as a "marginal trench" in the east as it runs along the margin of the continent. The subduction along the trench gives rise to the Aleutian Arc, a volcanic island arc, where it runs through the open sea west of the Alaska Peninsula. As a convergent plate boundary, the trench forms part of the boundary between two tectonic plates. Here, the Pacific Plate is being subducted under the North American Plate at a dip angle of nearly 45°. The rate of closure is per year.
Trench morphology.
The north side of the trench slopes 3°–4° and the south side 1°–4°. The deepest part of the Aleutian trench has been measured at at 51.21°N, 174.83°E., located about SSW of Buldir Island.
Center pressure: . Variations in total magnetic intensity (residual) of more than 600 γ (600 nanoteslas) were found in the center of the trench and more than 1100 γ on the southern flank.
Associated seismicity.
The subduction of the Pacific Plate below the North American Plate along the Aleutian Trench is associated with numerous earthquakes. Several of these earthquakes are notable for their size and/or associated tsunamis.


Bipedality (film)

Bipedality is a 2010 Irish Experimental film directed by Rouzbeh Rashidi that tells the visual story of a relationship between a man and a woman which discloses during the course of the film.
Production.
Rouzbeh Rashidi made this film with a low budget and total cast and crew of three people including the actor and actress. There wasn't any script or pre-writing planning for this film and all the shots were taken only one time without any rehearsal but occasionally Rashidi gave his actors notes to read in order to provoke certain feelings and then filmed the scene straight away. Rouzbeh Rashidi shot the three main segments of the film in only three days but the inserts and pillow shots were taken over a full year in various parts of Ireland. The film is heavily saturated with sound and colour, making use of meditative still photography.
Reception.
"Bipedality" premiered in London Underground Film Festival in December 2010.


Weber (unit)

In physics, the weber ( ; symbol: Wb) is the SI derived unit of magnetic flux. A "flux density" of one Wb/m2 (one weber per square metre) is one tesla.
The weber is named after the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804–1891).
Definition.
The weber may be defined in terms of Faraday's law, which relates a changing magnetic flux through a loop to the electric field around the loop. A change in flux of one weber per second will induce an electromotive force of one volt (produce an electric potential difference of one volt across two open-circuited terminals).
Officially:
The weber is commonly expressed in a multitude of other units:
where
Wb = weber,

Ω = ohm,

C = coulomb,

V = volt,

T = tesla,

J = joule,

N = newton

m = metre,

s = second,

A = ampere,

H = henry,

Mx = maxwell.
History.
In 1861, the British Association for the Advancement of Science (known as "The BA") established a committee under William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) to study electrical units. In a February 1902 manuscript, with handwritten notes of Oliver Heaviside, Giovanni Giorgi proposed a set of rational units of electromagnetism including the weber, noting that "the product of the volt into the second has been called the "weber" by the B. A."
The International Electrotechnical Commission began work on terminology in 1909 and established Technical Committee 1 in 1911, its oldest established committee, "to sanction the terms and definitions used in the different electrotechnical fields and to determine the equivalence of the terms used in the different languages."
In 1930, TC1 decided that the magnetic field strength (H) is of a different nature from the magnetic flux density (B), and took up the question of naming the units for these fields and related quantities, among them the integral of magnetic flux density.
In 1935, TC 1 recommended names for several electrical units, including the weber for the practical unit of magnetic flux (and the maxwell for the CGS unit).
Also in 1935, TC1 passed responsibility for "electric and magnetic magnitudes and units" to the new TC24. This "led eventually to the universal adoption of the Giorgi system, which unified electromagnetic units with the MKS dimensional system of units, the whole now known simply as the SI system (Système International d'unités)."
In 1938, TC24 "recommended as a connecting link [from mechanical to electrical units] the permeability of free space with the value of "μ"0 = 4π H/m. This group also recognized that any one of the practical units already in use (ohm, ampere, volt, henry, farad, coulomb, and weber), could equally serve as the fourth fundamental unit. "After consultation, the ampere was adopted as the fourth unit of the Giorgi system in Paris in 1950."