Norie Neumark

Norie Neumark (New York City) is a sound and media artist who lives and works in Melbourne, Australia. She is part of the art group Out-of-Sync, an art collaboration with Maria Miranda.
Work.
Neumark is Emeritus Professor, La Trobe University, Melbourne and Honorary Professorial Fellow, Victorian College of the Arts, University of Melbourne. She is founding editor of Unlikely Journal for Creative Arts.
She is the founding Director of the Centre for Creative Arts, La Trobe University.
Previously Neumark was Professor of Media Art at University of Technology, Sydney, where she was founding Director of the Centre for Media Arts Innovation (CMAI) at UTS.
Publications.
Books
Voicetracks: Attuning to Voice in Media and the Arts, MIT Press, 2017
Neumark is co-editor of two significant books on voice and media art history:
Voice: Vocal Aesthetics in Digital Arts and Media, Norie Neumark, Ross Gibson and Theo van Leeuwen (eds) 2010 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
At a Distance: Precursors to Internet Art and Activism, Annemarie Chandler and Norie Neumark (eds) 2005 Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
In the 1990s Neumark made a series of radiophonic essays for the Listening Room, the premier audio arts program of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Several were also broadcast on New American Radio.
In 2003 she initiated and collaborated on the radio/internet drama "Checklist for an Armed Robber". This was an ABC/UTS project.
From the early 1990s Neumark initiated several significant projects in new media art, understanding immediately the enormous potential for sound in the new medias. Initially she made CDROM art, making one of the first Australian art CDROMs, the multi-award-winning "Shock in the Ear", with an innovative use of sound. It was one of the first CDROMs to be funded by the Australian Film Commission (1997). "Shock in the Ear" was included in the international CDROM exhibition Contact Zones: the art of CDROM, curated by Timothy Murray. (1999)
Awards for Shock in the Ear.
"Shock in the Ear" was also a new media installation shown at Artspace, Sydney (1997) and Artemesia Gallery, Chicago (1997).
Other collaborative new media installations.
Dead Centre: the body with organs at The Performance Space, Sydney (July 1999) and in the ABC’s online zine Headspace "in the making".
"Volcano" a new media installation, Artspace, Sydney 2001 and invited to
The Virtual Mine Gegenort, 2001, Germany.
In 2004 Neumark, in collaboration with Maria Miranda, made "Searching for rue Simon-Crubellier", ostensibly a search through the streets and bureaucracies of Paris for the fictive street written about by Georges Perec in his celebrated novel "Life a User’s Manual". This project began a new series of mobile works, with "searching" acting as the frame and motif for performative encounters with strangers. Other mobile works include: "Talking About the Weather", 2006 and "In Search of the Inland Sea" (2008) and "Down the Drain" (2011).
In 2007 Neumark co-curated the exhibition Weather Trouble
In 2010 she co-curated Memory Flows at the Armory, Sydney.
Neumark is the recipient of numerous artist grants and residencies, including the prestigious MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire and the Cité internationale des arts in Paris.


HTTP persistent connection

HTTP persistent connection, also called HTTP keep-alive, or HTTP connection reuse, is the idea of using a single TCP connection to send and receive multiple HTTP requests/responses, as opposed to opening a new connection for every single request/response pair. The newer HTTP/2 protocol uses the same idea and takes it further to allow multiple concurrent requests/responses to be multiplexed over a single connection.
Operation.
HTTP 1.0.
Under HTTP 1.0, connections are not considered persistent unless a keep-alive header is included, although there is no official specification for how keepalive operates. It was, in essence, added to an existing protocol. If the client supports keep-alive, it adds an additional header to the request:
Then, when the server receives this request and generates a response, it also adds a header to the response:
Following this, the connection is not dropped, but is instead kept open. When the client sends another request, it uses the same connection. This will continue until either the client or the server decides that the conversation is over, and one of them drops the connection.
HTTP 1.1.
In HTTP 1.1, all connections are considered persistent unless declared otherwise. The HTTP persistent connections do not use separate keepalive messages, they just allow multiple requests to use a single connection. However, the default connection timeout of Apache httpd 1.3 and 2.0 is as little as 15 seconds and just 5 seconds for Apache httpd 2.2 and above. The advantage of a short timeout is the ability to deliver multiple components of a web page quickly while not consuming resources to run multiple server processes or threads for too long.
Keepalive with chunked transfer encoding.
Keepalive makes it difficult for the client to determine where one response ends and the next response begins, particularly during pipelined HTTP operation. This is a serious problem when codice_1 cannot be used due to streaming. To solve this problem, HTTP 1.1 introduced a chunked transfer coding that defines a codice_2 bit. The codice_2 bit is set at the end of each response so that the client knows where the next response begins.
Advantages.
According to RFC 7230, section 6.4, "a client ought to limit the number of simultaneous open connections that it maintains to a given server". The previous version of the HTTP/1.1 specification stated specific maximum values but in the words of RFC 7230 "this was found to be impractical for many applications... instead... be conservative when opening multiple connections". These guidelines are intended to improve HTTP response times and avoid congestion. If HTTP pipelining is correctly implemented, there is no performance benefit to be gained from additional connections, while additional connections may cause issues with congestion.
Disadvantages.
If the client does not close the connection when all of the data it needs has been received, the resources needed to keep the connection open on the server will be unavailable for other clients. How much this affects the server's availability and how long the resources are unavailable depend on the server's architecture and configuration.
Also a race condition can occur where the client sends a request to the server at the same time that the server closes the TCP connection. A server should send a 408 Request Timeout status code to the client immediately before closing the connection. When a client receives the 408 status code, after having sent the request, it may open a new connection to the server and re-send the request. Not all clients will re-send the request, and many that do will only do so if the request has an idempotent HTTP method.
Use in web browsers.
All modern web browsers including Google Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer (since 4.01), Opera (since 4.0) and Safari use persistent connections.
By default, Internet Explorer versions 6 and 7 use two persistent connections while version 8 uses six. Persistent connections time out after 60 seconds of inactivity which is changeable via the Windows Registry.
In Firefox, the number of simultaneous connections can be customized (per-server, per-proxy, total). Persistent connections time out after 115 seconds (1.92 minutes) of inactivity which is changeable via the configuration.


5840 Raybrown


Afghan units of measurement

A variety of units of measurement have been used in Afghanistan to measure length, mass and capacity. Those units were similar to Iranian, Arabian and Indian units. In 1924, Afghanistan adopted the metric system.
Pre-metric Units.
Units similar to those used in Persia, Arabia and India, were used in Afghanistan before 1926. One notable unit used to measure length was the goes, which was equal t 1.16 m (45.67 in).
Narcotics Units.
Narcotics units used in Afghanistan include:
1 Ser = 7 kg (Ser-i-Kabuli) or 14 kg (Ser-i-Mazar - in Mazare Sharif)
1 Kharwar = 80 Ser - 560 kg
1 Khaltar = approximately 7 kg
1 Maan = 4.5 kg (usually for narcotics weight (cannabis, opium and heroin)
1 mon (used in Quetta) = 50 kg
1 Puri = equivalent to just under 1 kg
1 Tulee = typically user's amount of opium, which is a hearty amount of opium to be smoked in a day (This is roughly one AK-47(7.62 × 39 mm) bullet or 10 g. Some Tulee may be up to 30 g.)
1 ha = 5 jerib; 1 jerib = 2000 m2 (land measurement)
1 Biswa = jerib = 100 m2.


644 Cosima

644 Cosima is a minor planet orbiting the Sun.


Inverse second

The inverse second, reciprocal second, or per second (s−1) is a unit of frequency, defined as the multiplicative inverse of the second (a unit of time). It is dimensionally equivalent to:


RareNoiseRecords

RareNoiseRecords is an independent record label based in London, co-founded by Italian entrepreneur Giacomo Bruzzo and Italian musician and producer Eraldo Bernocchi in 2008. The label's mission is to detect and amplify contemporary trends in progressive music, by highlighting their relation to the history of the art-form, while choosing not to be bound by pre-conceptions of genre. It seeks to become a guiding light for all those enamored by exciting, adventurous and progressive sounds. In 2020, Bruzzo described his preferences in music for the label: "I like music that gives me a sense of vertigo, like I'm half a second away from the cliff's edge".
The label released its first albums in 2009. Musicians who have worked frequently with RareNoise include Eraldo Bernocchi, Lorenzo Feliciati, Lorenzo Esposito Fornasari, Colin Edwin, Cuong Vu, Jamie Saft, Bill Laswell, Joe Morris, Balázs Pándi, Roy Powell, and Pat Mastelotto. RareNoise offers a subscription service, allowing customers to pay for one year's releases in advance.


3762 Amaravella


Intelligent selection testing

The Intelligent Selection testing model is a means of testing job or other candidates on a subset of a high-volume repository of information and attaining a high level of accuracy of assessment of the candidate.
Whereas action selection in Artificial Intelligence attempts to determine a next action based on a predefined and fixed set of possible reactions to a current action, the Intelligent Selection testing model is more similar to a learning agent in that it selects a next question in the same academic category of questions based on the correctness of answers given in a previous question of the same category. However, Intelligent Selection takes advantage of the pattern and trends collected from previous questions answered in order to determine the next selection of question provided to the exam-taker.
This approach uses sampling of data for testing purposes when it is important to gauge an exam taker's understanding of all of the subject matter material but, practically speaking, when there is only enough time to test them on a sample of the subject matter population.
A practical example of this is technical testing of a Java developer. Java software development can be defined into more than 11 categories of technical expertise and more than 40 subcategories within these Java software categories. To technically test a Java developer in this broad a topic is not practical. Intelligent selection in the case of the eScreeningz test narrows the focus of the test for Java developers while retaining the depth of Java technical testing.
The Intelligent Selection testing model would test the exam-taker with one question in a particular category. Based on how well the exam-taker scores in that question, the next question selected in that same category of assessment would be easier, harder or at the same level of difficulty based on how the exam-taker performed. In this manner, the Intelligent Selection testing model is able to assess the candidate with few questions in each category of topic against a mathematically wider range of data due to an "intelligent selection" of following questions and their difficulty range.
Multiple industry examples exist that use the Intelligent Selection testing model, including The GRE General Test and the Graduate Management Admission Test.


Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

Laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a form of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy that uses a laser as the light source. Photoemission spectroscopy is a powerful and sensitive experimental technique to study surface physics. It is based on the photoelectric effect originally observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and later explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 that when a material is shone by light, the electrons can absorb photons and escape from the material with the kinetic energy: formula_1, where formula_2 is the incident photon energy, formula_3 the work function of the material. Since the kinetic energy of ejected electrons are highly associated with the internal electronic structure, by analyzing the photoelectron spectroscopy one can realize the fundamental physical and chemical properties of the material, such as the type and arrangement of local bonding, electronic structure and chemical composition.
In addition, because electrons with different momentum will escape from the sample in different directions, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is widely used to provide the dispersive energy-momentum spectrum. The photoemission experiment is conducted using synchrotron radiation light source with typical photon energy of 20 – 100 eV. Synchrotron light is ideal for investigating two-dimensional surface systems and offers unparalleled flexibility to continuously vary the incident photon energy. However, due to the high costs to construct and maintain this accelerator, high competition for beam time, as well as the universal minimum electron mean free path in the material around the operating photon energy (20–100 eV) which leads to the fundamental hindrance to the three-dimensional bulk materials sensitivity, an alternative photon source for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is desirable.
If femtosecond lasers are used, the method can easily be extended to access excited electronic states and electron dynamics by introducing a pump-probe scheme, see also two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy.
Laser-based ARPES.
Background.
Table-top laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy had been developed by some research groups. Daniel Dessau of University of Colorado, Boulder, made the first demonstration and applied this technique to explore superconducting system. The achievement not only greatly reduces the costs and size of facility, but also, most importantly, provides the unprecedented higher bulk sensitivity due to the low photon energy, typically 6 eV, and consequently the longer photoelectron mean free path (2–7 nm) in the sample. This advantage is extremely beneficial and powerful for the study of strongly correlated materials and high-Tc superconductors in which the physics of photoelectrons from the topmost layers might be different from the bulk.
In addition to about one-order-of-magnitude improvement in the bulk sensitivity, the advance in the momentum resolution is also very significant: the photoelectrons will be more broadly dispersed in emission angle when the energy of incident photon decreases. In other words, for a given angular resolution of the electron spectrometer, the lower photon energy leads to higher momentum resolution. The typical momentum resolution of a 6 eV laser-based ARPES is approximately 8 times better than that of a 50 eV synchrotron radiation ARPES. Besides, the better momentum resolution due to low photon energy also results in less k-space accessible to ARPES which is helpful to the more precise spectrum analysis. For instance, in the 50 eV synchrotron ARPES, electrons from the first 4 Brillouin zones will be excited and scattered to contribute to the background of photoelectron analysis. However, the small momentum of 6 eV ARPES will only access some part of the first Brillouin zone and therefore only those electrons from small region of k-space can be ejected and detected as the background. The reduced inelastic scattering background is desirable while doing the measurement of weak physical quantities, in particular the high-Tc superconductors.
Experimental realization.
The first 6 eV laser-based ARPES system used a Kerr mode-locked Ti: sapphire oscillator is used and pumped with another frequency doubled Nd:Vanadate laser of 5 W and then generates 70 fs and 6 nJ pulses which are tunable around 840 nm (1.5 eV) with the 1 MHz repetition rate. Two stages of non-linear second harmonic generation of light are carried out through type Ι phase matching in β-barium borate and then the quadruple light with 210 nm (~ 6 eV) is generated and finally focused and directed into the ultra-high vacuum chamber as the low-energy photon source to investigate the electronic structure of the sample.
In the first demonstration, Dessau’s group showed that the typical forth harmonic spectrum fits very well with the Gaussian profile with a full width at half maximum of 4.7 meV as well as presents a 200 μW power. The performance of high flux (~ 1014- 1015 photons/s) and narrow bandwidth makes the laser-based ARPES overwhelm the synchrotron radiation ARPES even though the best undulator beamlines are used. Another noticeable point is that one can make the quadruple light pass through either 1/4 wave plate or 1/2 wave plate which produces the circular polarization or any linear polarization light in the ARPES. Because the polarization of light can influence the signal to background ratio, the ability to control the polarization of light is a very significant improvement and advantage over the synchrotron ARPES. With the aforementioned favorable features, including lower costs for operating and maintenance, better energy and momentum resolution, and higher flux and ease of polarization control of photon source, the laser-based ARPES undoubtedly is an ideal candidate to be employed to conduct more sophisticated experiments in condensed matter physics.
Applications.
High-Tc superconductor.
One way to show the powerful ability of laser-based ARPES is to study high Tc superconductors. The following figure references refer to this publication. Fig. 1 shows the experimental dispersion relation, binding energy vs. momentum, of the superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d along the nodal direction of the Brillouin zone. Fig. 1 (b) and Fig. 1 (c) are taken by the synchrotron light source of 28 eV and 52 eV, respectively, with the best undulator beamlines. The significantly sharper spectral peaks, the evidence of quasiparticles in the cuprate superconductor, by the powerful laser-based ARPES are shown in Fig. 1 (a). This is the first comparison of dispersive energy-momentum relation at low photon energy from table-top laser with higher energy from synchrotron ARPES. The much clearer dispersion in (a) indicates the improved energy-momentum resolution as well as many important physical features, such as overall band dispersion, Fermi surface, superconducting gaps, and a kink by electron-boson coupling, are successfully reproduced. It is foreseeable that in the near future the laser-based ARPES will be widely used to help condensed matter physicists get more detailed information about the nature of superconductivity in the exotic materials as well as other novel properties that cannot be observed by the state-of-the-art conventional experimental techniques.
Time-resolved electron dynamics.
Femtosecond laser-based ARPES can be extended to give spectroscopic access to excited states in time-resolved photoemission and two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy. By pumping an electron to a higher level excited state with the first photon, the subsequent evolution and interactions of electronic states as a function of time can be studied by the second probing photon. The traditional pump-probe experiments usually measure the changes of some optical constants, which might be too complex to obtain the relevant physics. Since the ARPES can provide a lot of detailed information about the electronic structures and interactions, the pump-probe laser-based ARPES may study more complicated electronic systems with sub-picosecond resolution.
Summary and perspective.
Even though the angle-resolved synchrotron radiation source is widely used to investigate the surface dispersive energy-momentum spectrum, the laser-based ARPES can even provide more detailed and bulk-sensitive electronic structures with much better energy and momentum resolution, which are critically necessary for studying the strongly correlated electronic system, high-Tc superconductor, and phase transition in exotic quantum system. In addition, the lower costs for operating and higher photon flux make laser-based ARPES easier to be handled and more versatile and powerful among other modern experimental techniques for surface science.


FAA Practical Test

A practical test, more commonly known as a checkride, is the Federal Aviation Administration examination which one must undergo in the United States to receive an aircraft pilot's certification, or a rating for additional flight privileges. The name refers to the portion of the examination in which the candidate being examined flies in an aircraft with the Designated Pilot Examiner or other authorized examiner to demonstrate competency in the skills that are required for the certification. Although "checkride" is the most commonly used term, it is considered informal and is technically known as a Practical Test by the FAA and in all its literature, and the specific objectives which the candidate must meet are called the Airman Certification Standards, or ACS. Other positions that often include checkrides include air traffic controllers and flight dispatchers.
In addition to successfully completing a checkride, one must also complete an oral examination (which happens before, and often, to some extent, during the checkride), and meet certain basic aeronautical experience requirements (such as number of hours flown) as well as pass a separate multiple-choice computer-administered test that is quite consistently called the "written test."
During a checkride, an examiner takes on a role more like that of a passenger rather than an instructor. It is the examiner's job to observe that the candidate demonstrates good decision-making skills, rather than teach or to act as a crewmember, although an examiner is likely to offer advice during the ride if inclined. The examiner usually does not touch any of the aircraft controls unless necessary to maintain the safety of the flight, in which case the candidate usually fails the examination instantly, except for the part when the examiner acts as a safety pilot during operations with a view limiting device.
While the Airman Certification Standards outline very specific tolerances that a prospect must adhere to, the examiner has a certain amount of subjective control over whether the student passes or fails.
When a candidate fails a checkride, the examiner has the discretion to end the checkride immediately or to allow the student to complete the remaining objectives of the checkride to and defer the failed task to a retake. The checkride may not continue without the consent of the applicant. During the retake, the examiner is required to test only the previously-failed or uncompleted items but may retest any items previously passed or to fail the candidate again based on them.
If the checkride has to be stopped due to any reason besides student pilot failure, such as weather setting in, the examiner will issue a letter of discontinuance, which will state the maneuvers that have been completed so that the retake checkride can be limited to the maneuvers that have not yet been completed.


Ninth

In music, a ninth is a compound interval consisting of an octave plus a second.
Like the second, the interval of a ninth is classified as a dissonance in common practice tonality. Since a ninth is an octave larger than a second, its sonority level is considered less dense.
Major ninth.
A major ninth is a compound musical interval spanning 14 semitones, or an octave plus 2 semitones. If transposed into a single octave, it becomes a major second or minor seventh. The major ninth is somewhat dissonant in sound.
Transposition.
Some common transposing instruments sound a major ninth lower than written.
These include the tenor saxophone, the bass clarinet, the baritone/euphonium when written in treble clef, and the trombone when written in treble clef (British brass band music).
When baritone/euphonium or trombone parts are written in bass clef or tenor clef they sound as written.
Minor ninth.
A minor ninth (m9 or -9) is a compound musical interval spanning 13 semitones, or 1 semitone above an octave (thus it is enharmonically equivalent to an augmented octave). If transposed into a single octave, it becomes a minor second or major seventh. The minor ninth is rather dissonant in sound, and in European classical music, often appears as a suspension. Béla Bartók wrote a study in minor 9ths for piano. The fourth movement (an intermezzo) of Robert Schumann's "Faschingsschwank aus Wien", is a constructed to feature prominent notes of the melody a minor ninth above the accompaniment: Alexander Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 9, 'Black Mass' is based around the interval of a minor ninth, creating an uncomfortable and harsh sound. Several of Igor Stravinsky's works open with a striking gesture that includes the interval of a minor 9th, either as a chord: "Les Noces" (1923) and "Threni" (1958); or as an upward melodic leap: "Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra" (1929), "Symphony in Three Movements" (1946), and "Movements for Piano and Orchestra" (1960).
Augmented ninth.
An augmented ninth is a compound musical interval spanning 15 semitones, or 3 semitones above an octave. Enharmonically equivalent to a compound minor third, if transposed into a single octave, it becomes a minor third or major sixth.
See: Dominant seventh sharp ninth chord.
Ninth chords.
Three types of ninth chords may be distinguished: dominant (9), major (M9), and minor (m9). They may easily be remembered as the chord quality of the seventh does not change with the addition of the second scale degree, which is a major second in both major and minor, thus:
 0 4 7 t + 2 = dominant seventh + ninth = dominant ninth chord
 0 4 7 e + 2 = major seventh + ninth = major ninth chord
 0 3 7 t + 2 = minor seventh + ninth = minor ninth chord
The dominant ninth (V9) is a dominant seventh plus a major or minor ninth.


Isomorphic keyboard

An isomorphic keyboard is a musical input device consisting of a two-dimensional grid of note-controlling elements (such as buttons or keys) on which any given sequence and/or combination of musical intervals has the "same shape" on the keyboard wherever it occurs – within a key, across keys, across octaves, and across tunings.
Examples.
Helmholtz's 1863 book "On the Sensations of Tone" gave several possible layouts. Practical isomorphic keyboards were developed by Bosanquet (1875), Janko (1882), Wicki (1896), Fokker (1951), Erv Wilson (1975–present), (2001)https://patents.google.com/patent/US6501011B2/en and Antonio Fernández (2009). Accordions have been built since the 19th century using various isomorphic keyboards, typically with dimensions of semitones and tones. The keyboards of Bosanquet and Erv Wilson are also known as generalized keyboards. The keyboard of Antonio Fernández is also known as Transclado. The Ragzpole is a recently developed cylindrical MIDI controller having dimensions in fifths and major thirds.
Invariance.
Isomorphic keyboards can expose, through their geometry, two invariant properties of music theory:
Theory.
All isomorphic keyboards derive their invariance from their relationship to rank-2 regular temperaments of just intonation. A is generated by two basis vectors. A keyboard lattice generated by two given musical intervals, which are mapped to those basis vectors, is isomorphic with any rank-2 temperament that is also generated by those same two intervals. For example, an isomorphic keyboard generated by the octave and tempered perfect fifth will be isomorphic with both the syntonic and schismatic temperaments, which are both generated by those same two intervals.
Benefits.
Two primary benefits are claimed by the inventors and enthusiasts of isomorphic keyboards:
A third potential benefit of isomorphic keyboards, dynamic tonality, has recently been demonstrated, but its utility is not proven. Using a continuous controller, a performer can vary the tuning of all notes in real time, while retaining invariant fingering on an isomorphic keyboard. Dynamic tonality has the potential to enable new real-time tonal effects such as polyphonic tuning bends, new chord progressions, and temperament modulations, but the musical utility of these new effects has not been demonstrated. One such keyboard that can do this is the Lumatone Isomorphic Keyboard.
Comparisons.
The Dodeka keyboard has its keys arranged along a single direction, while most other isomorphic keyboards have their keys arranged in two dimensions. On the Harmonic and Gerhard keyboards, the two smallest intervals between a key and its six adjacent keys are a minor third (3 semitones) and a major third (4 semitones). On the Wiki-Heyden and Array Mbira, the smallest intervals are a major second (2 semitones) and perfect fourth (5 semitones). On the Park keyboard, the smallest intervals are a major second (2 semitones) and a minor third (3 semitones). On the Jankó keyboard, the smallest intervals are an augmented unison (1 semitone) and a major second (2 semitones).
Isomorphic keyboards can be compared and contrasted using metrics such as the thickness of an octave's "swathe" of buttons on the keyboard and the number of "repetitions" of a given note on the keyboard. Different isomorphic keyboards are suited for different uses; for example, the Fokker keyboard is well-suited to tunings of the syntonic temperament in which the tempered perfect fifth stays in a narrow range around 700 cents, whereas the Wicki keyboard is useful over both this and a much broader range of tunings.


Open D tuning

Open D tuning is an open tuning for the acoustic or electric guitar. The open string notes in this tuning are (from lowest to highest): D A D F A D. It uses the three notes that form the triad of a D major chord: D, the root note; A, the perfect fifth; and F, the major third.
To tune a guitar from standard tuning to open D tuning, lower the 1st (high-E) string down a full step to D, 2nd (B) string down a full step to A, 3rd (G) string down a half step to F, and 6th (low-E) string down a full step to D.
In this tuning, when the guitar is strummed without fretting any of the strings, a D major chord is sounded. This means that any major chord can be easily created using one finger, fretting all the strings at once (also known as barring); for example, fretting all the strings at the second fret will produce an E major, at the third fret an F major, and so on up the neck.
Open D tuning is very popular with slide guitar (or 'bottleneck') players, as it allows them to play complete chords using the slide. This tuning is also used in regular (non-slide) guitar playing. The full and vibrant sound it produces - particularly on an acoustic guitar - also makes it ideal for fingerstyle playing.
Many new chord shapes and sounds are available with open D tuning. It can offer a strong compositional element that produces tonal qualities markedly different from standard tuning. The full range of major and minor chords, with all their extensions, are available to the player. Many well-known guitarists have used this tuning at some point in their career. Neil Young, Richie Havens, Joni Mitchell, Bruce Cockburn, Barry Gibb, Jim O'Rourke and Jason Swain have all released recordings featuring this tuning. Elmore James used this tuning heavily. Stone Gossard from Pearl Jam uses this tuning when playing the rhythm guitar on "Even Flow" and "Oceans", from their "Ten" album. Broadbay use this tuning in all their songs. Mumford & Sons also use this tuning on their tracks "The Cave", "Awake My Soul" and "Roll Away Your Stone" from their album "Sigh No More". Needtobreathe used it on some of their songs, most notably "Something Beautiful" from The Outsiders. Laura Marling uses the tuning on the title track of her 2010 album, "I Speak Because I Can". Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine uses this tuning and its variations on many songs. Also, Alessio Frusta uses this tuning on the track "Freedom Island" from his 2015 album "Pen Siero". Additionally, Switchfoot uses this tuning on the track "Daisy" from its 2005 album Nothing Is Sound, albeit lowered a half step (giving an open D tuning with the same intervalic relationships as open D). Mitski uses this tuning for almost all the songs, while guitarists performing with her live often use standard tuning.
Variations.
D-A-D-F-A-C, Open Dmaj7 tuning.
This variant is achieved lowering the high D string a half step to C when tuned to open D. C is the major seventh of the D major scale, hence the name. It also can be used for both fingerstyle and slide guitar work.
D-A-D-F-A-D, Open Dm tuning.
This variant uses an F natural, the minor third.
This tuning has been used by Niko Wenner of Oxbow on the songs "Angel," "Cat and Mouse"; by Ian Thornley of Big Wreck on "Ladylike" and "Overemphasizing" and by Owen Campbell on "Sunshine Road".
DADFAD tuning is ideal for guitarists who are accompanying instruments that are tuned to minor scales, such as the Native American flute.
D-A-D-F-A-E, Open Dmadd9 tuning.
This tuning was used by the progressive metal band Opeth on their album Ghost Reveries.
D-A-D-A-D-D, Open D5 tuning.
This variant is used most notably by Mark Tremonti of Alter Bridge and Creed. Eight of the songs in which it is used are "Are You Ready?", "Faceless Man", "My Sacrifice", "Weathered", "Open Your Eyes", "Ghost of Days Gone By" (half-step down), "Life Must Go On", and “Fortress” (half-step down). It is also used on "Rain", "Brains", and "New Way Out", all tuned down 1 and a half steps (BFBFBB). Mark has mentioned in his instructional DVD that this tuning is one of his favorites because of its simplicity. It is also used by the Goo Goo Dolls in their song "Black Balloon", which was tuned down a half step on the album but played live in Open D5. "Without You", "Emotion Sickness" and "Paint Pastel Princess" by Australian band Silverchair also uses the Open D5 tuning, but down half a step. Fair to Midland use this tuning tuned down 1 full step (CGCGCC) and 1 1/2 steps (BFBFBB).
D-A-D-D-A-D.
A variation on the above Open D5 tuning, is occasionally used by folk guitarists, such as Stephen Stills on the song "4+20". It has the advantage of a ringing pair of identical Ds on the third and fourth strings, which can be used to carry a melody line above a bed of D5 created by the other strings.
D-A-D-A-A-D.
This tuning has been used by:
D-D-D-A-D-F.
Nicknamed the "Wind of Change," this tuning was used by Peter Frampton on his song of the same name. Frampton discovered this tuning while browsing guitars at the home of George Harrison, who had a large collection of guitars in various tunings. When speaking of the tuning in an interview, Frampton said, "The low E and A strings drop down to D, the fourth string remains unchanged, the third string goes up to A, the second string up to D, and the first string up to F , so there's a D triad on top and three Ds on the bottom. It's a very strange tuning, but oh my God, it sounds huge."


Mulling (spectroscopy)

Mulling is the process of grounding up a sample into fine powder through mortar and pestle that is dispersed in a paraffin for IR spectroscopy.
Sample Preparation.
Using a nonporous ceramic mortar and pestle, a small quantity of the solid sample is ground up until the sample is exceedingly fine and has a glassy appearance. A drop of the mulling agent is added to the ground solid in the mortar. The mixture is further ground up until a uniform paste with the consistency of toothpaste is acquired. The resulting paste is transferred to a salt plate (NaCl) with a small flat spatula. The disks are gently pressed together, leaving the sample ready for analysis.
Mulling Agents.
There are a variety of mineral oils used as mulling agents, their differences being the absorption bands in the IR spectra. The most common mineral oil is Nujol , which is essentially a liquid paraffin based solution and when used for mulling, strong carbon to hydrogen bond absorptions are exhibited in the infrared spectrum. The carbon to hydrogen bond absorptions that may be present in the sample itself are masked by those from the Nujol mulling agent. Fluorolube is also commonly used, and is essentially a fluorocarbon based solution and exhibits strong carbon to fluorine bond absorptions from 1300cm^-1 onwards to 400cm^-1 in the Mid IR spectrum. The useful range for observation of a sample in a Mid IR spectrum when using Fluorolube as the mulling agent is 4000 cm^-1 to 1300cm^-1.
Therefore, if possible it is preferable to run a sample as both a Nujol mull and a Fluorolube mull. This allows for all of the spectral features of the sample to be seen in an infrared spectrum, because the regions masked by each specific mulling agent are unaffected in the other spectrum.


Steelyard balance

A steelyard balance, steelyard, or stilyard is a straight-beam balance with arms of unequal length. It incorporates a counterweight which slides along the longer arm to counterbalance the load and indicate its weight. A steelyard is also known as a Roman steelyard or Roman balance.
Structure.
The steelyard comprises a balance beam which is suspended from a Lever/pivot or fulcrum which is very close to one end of the beam. The two parts of the beam which flank the pivot are the arms. The arm from which the object to be weighed (the load) is hung is short and is located close to the pivot point. The other arm is longer, is graduated and incorporates a counterweight which can be moved along the arm until the two arms are balanced about the pivot, at which time the weight of the load is indicated by the position of the counterweight.
Mechanism.
The steelyard exemplifies the law of the lever, wherein, when balanced, the weight of the object being weighed, multiplied by the length of the short balance arm to which it is attached, is equal to the weight of the counterweight multiplied by the distance of the counterweight from the pivot.
History.
According to Thomas G. Chondros of Patras University, a simple steelyard balance with a lever mechanism first appeared in the ancient Near East over 5,000 years ago. According to Mark Sky of Harvard University, the steelyard was in use among Greek craftsmen of the 5th and 4th centuries BC, even before Archimedes demonstrated the law of the lever theoretically. The Latin name "statera" comes from the Ancient Greek "στατήρ" ("statḗr"). Roman and Chinese steelyards were independently invented around 200 BC. Steelyards dating from AD 100 to 400 have been unearthed in Great Britain. Steelyards and their components have also been excavated from shipwrecks of the Byzantine period in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, such as the 7th-century wreck at Yassi Ada, Turkey, and the mid-first millennium shipwreck at Black Assarca Island, Eritrea. The "Oxford English Dictionary" suggests that the name "steelyard" is derived from" steel" combined with "yard", influenced by a "misunderstood" allusion to the Steelyard, the main trading base of the Hanseatic League in London in the 14th century.
Large steelyard balances (known as cart balances), both public and private, were a common feature in agricultural areas in England from the eighteenth century forward. An example of a public cart steelyard remains at Soham, Cambridgeshire and another is to be seen at Woodbridge, Suffolk.
Function.
Steelyards of different sizes have been used to weigh loads ranging from ounces to tons. A small steelyard could be a foot or less in length and thus conveniently used as a portable device that merchants and traders could use to weigh small ounce-sized items of merchandise. In other cases a steelyard could be several feet long and used to weigh sacks of flour and other commodities. Even larger steelyards were three stories tall and used to weigh fully laden horse-drawn carts.
Scandinavia's steelyard.
A Scandinavian steelyard is a variant which consists of a bar with a fixed weight attached to one end, a movable pivot point and an attachment point for the object to be weighed at the other end. Once the object to be weighed is attached to its end of the bar, the pivot point, which is frequently a loop at the end of a cord or chain, is moved until the bar is balanced. The bar can be calibrated so that the object's weight can be read off directly from the position of the pivot. This type is known in Sweden, Denmark and Norway.


Neapolitan chord

In music theory, a Neapolitan chord (or simply a "Neapolitan") is a major chord built on the lowered (flatted) second (supertonic) scale degree. In Schenkerian analysis, it is known as a Phrygian II, since in minor scales the chord is built on the notes of the corresponding Phrygian mode.
Although it is sometimes indicated by an "N" rather than a "II", some analysts prefer the latter because it indicates the relation of this chord to the supertonic. The Neapolitan chord does not fall into the categories of mixture or tonicization. Moreover, even Schenkerians like Carl Schachter do not consider this chord as a sign for a shift to the Phrygian mode. Therefore, like the augmented sixth chords it should be assigned to a separate category of chromatic alteration.
The Neapolitan most commonly occurs in first inversion so that it is notated either as II6 or N6 and normally referred to as a "Neapolitan sixth chord". In C major or C minor, for example, a Neapolitan sixth chord in first inversion contains an interval of a minor sixth between F and D.<score %sound="1"% lang="lilypond">
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
 \clef treble
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 \key c \major
 <f aes des>1
</score>
Origin of the name.
Especially in its most common occurrence (as a triad in first inversion), the chord is known as the "Neapolitan sixth":
Harmonic function.
In tonal harmony, the function of the Neapolitan chord is to prepare the dominant, substituting for the IV or ii (particularly ii6) chord. For example, it often precedes an authentic cadence, where it functions as a subdominant (IV). In such circumstances, the Neapolitan sixth is a chromatic alteration of the subdominant, and it has an immediately recognizable and poignant sound.<score %vorbis="1"%%T257066% lang="lilypond">
 \new PianoStaff «
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 \new Voice \relative c" {
 \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4
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 aes2 g g1
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 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemUp \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4
 f2 d e1
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 f,2 g c,1 \bar "||"
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</score>For example, in C major, the IV (subdominant) triad in root position contains the notes F, A, and C. By lowering the A by a semitone to A and raising the C to D, the Neapolitan sixth chord F–A–D is formed.<score lang="lilypond">
\override Score.TimeSignature
 \relative c' {
 \time 4/4 \key c \major
 <f a c>1 <f aes des> \bar "||"
</score>In C minor, the resemblance between the subdominant (F–A–C) and the Neapolitan (F–A–D) is even stronger since only one note differs by a half-step. (The Neapolitan is also only a half-step away from the diminished supertonic triad in minor in first inversion, F–A–D, and thus lies chromatically between the two primary subdominant function chords.)<score lang="lilypond">
\override Score.TimeSignature
 \relative c' {
 \time 4/4 \key c \minor
 <f aes c>1 <f aes des> \bar "||"
</score>The Neapolitan sixth chord is particularly common in minor keys. As a simple alteration of the subdominant triad (iv) of the minor mode, it provides contrast as a major chord compared to the minor subdominant or the diminished supertonic triad.
Further harmonic contexts.
A common use of the Neapolitan chord is in tonicizations and modulations to different keys. It is the most common means of modulating down a semitone, which is usually done by using the I chord in a major key as a Neapolitan chord (or a flatted major supertonic chord in the new key, a semitone below the original).
Occasionally, a minor seventh or augmented sixth is added to the Neapolitan chord, which turns it into a potential secondary dominant that can allow tonicization or modulation to the V/IV key area relative to the primary tonic. Whether the added note were notated as a minor seventh or augmented sixth largely depends on how the chord resolves. For example, in C major or C minor, the Neapolitan chord with an augmented sixth (B added to D major chord) very likely resolves in C major or minor, or possibly into some other closely related key such as F minor.
However, if the extra note is considered an added seventh (C), this is the best notation if the music is to lead into G major or minor. If the composer chose to lead into F major or minor, very likely the Neapolitan chord would be notated enharmonically based on C (for example: C–E–G–B), although composers vary in their practice on such enharmonic niceties.
Another such use of the Neapolitan is along with the German augmented sixth chord, which can serve as a pivot chord to tonicize the Neapolitan as a tonic (). In C major/minor, the German augmented sixth chord is an enharmonic A7 chord, which could lead as a secondary dominant to D, the Neapolitan key area. As the dominant to II, the A7 chord can then be respelled as a German augmented sixth, resolving back to the home key of C major/minor.
Minor Neapolitan chord.
Sometimes one encounters a minor triad on the Neapolitan second degree rather than the major: for example, a D minor chord in the key of C major or C minor. Sometimes this is enharmonically respelled as occurring on the sharpened tonic, i.e. a C minor chord in C major or C minor. This has the same function as the major Neapolitan but is more expressive.
Voice leading.
Because of its close relationship to the subdominant, the Neapolitan sixth resolves to the dominant using similar voice-leading. In the present example of a C major/minor tonic, the D generally moves down by two steps to the leading tone B (creating the expressive melodic interval of a diminished third, one of the few places this interval is accepted in traditional voice-leading), while the F in the bass moves up by step to the dominant root G. The fifth of the chord (A) usually resolves down a semitone to G as well. In four-part harmony, the bass note F is generally doubled, and this doubled F either resolves down to D or remains as the seventh F of the G-major dominant seventh chord. In summary, the conventional resolution is for all upper voices to move down against a rising bass.
Care must be taken to avoid consecutive fifths when moving from the Neapolitan to the cadential. The simplest solution is to avoid placing the fifth of the chord in the soprano voice. If the root or (doubled) third is in the soprano voice, all upper parts simply resolve down by step while the bass rises. According to some theorists, however, such an unusual consecutive fifth (with both parts descending a semitone) is allowable in chromatic harmony, so long as it does not involve the bass voice. (The same allowance is often made more explicitly for the German augmented sixth, except in that case it may involve the bass – or "must", if the chord is in its usual root position.)<score %vorbis="1"%%T257066% lang="lilypond">
 \new PianoStaff «
 \new Staff «
 \new Voice \relative c" {
 \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4
 des1 c2 b c1
 \new Voice \relative c" {
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 aes1 g g
 »
 \new Staff «
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemUp \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4
 f1 e2 d e1
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemDown
 f,1 g c, \bar "||"
 »
</score>
Inversions.
The II chord is sometimes used in root position (in which case there may be even more concessions regarding consecutive fifths, similar to those just discussed). The use of a root position Neapolitan chord may be appealing to composers who wish for the chord to resolve outwards to the dominant in first inversion; the flatted supertonic moves to the leading tone (in C major, D to B) and the flatted submediant may move down to the dominant or up to the leading tone (A to either G or B).<score %vorbis="1"%%T257066% lang="lilypond">
 \new PianoStaff «
 \new Staff «
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemUp \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4
 f2 g g1
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemDown
 des2 d e1
 »
 \new Staff «
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemUp \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4
 aes2 g g1
 \new Voice \relative c' {
 \stemDown
 des,2 b c1 \bar "||"
 »
</score>An example of a flatted major supertonic chord occurs in the second to last bar of Chopin's Prelude in C minor, Op. 28, No. 20. In very rare cases, the chord occurs in second inversion; for example, in Handel's "Messiah", in the aria "Rejoice greatly".
In classical music.
From the early 17th century onwards, composers became aware of the expressive power of the Neapolitan chord, especially to convey moments of intense feeling.
Baroque period.
In his oratorio "Jephte", Giacomo Carissimi portrays the grief-stricken tears ("lachrimate") of Jephtha’s daughter and her companions at the prospect of her brutal fate. According to Richard Taruskin, "The daughter’s lament… makes especially affective use of the ‘Phrygian’ lowered second degree at cadences, producing what would later be called the Neapolitan (or ‘Neapolitan sixth) harmony." (B in the key of A minor).
In his opera "King Arthur", Henry Purcell features the chord (D in the key of C minor) among a range of "daring chromatic harmonies" and "strange sliding semitones" to evoke the sensation of intense cold in Act 3 Scene 2, when the spirit of Winter, the awe-inspiring "Cold Genius" is aroused from its slumbers.
In contrast to Purcell, the opening movement of "Summer" from Vivaldi’s "The Four Seasons", "a four-note descent transformed by Neapolitan-sixth harmony" enhances the sensation of weariness and languor under the hot sun (A in the key of G minor). As the sonnet accompanying the music puts it:
Paul Everett describes the above passage as "a set of disarmingly 'slow' gestures, metrically dislocated, that must represent the lethargy of the anxious man as much as the oppressive heat of an airless day."
In J.S. Bach’s "St Matthew Passion", No. 19, the episode conveying Christ’s agony in the garden of Gethsemane, the Neapolitan chord (G in the key of F minor) is used on the word "Plagen" (torments) in the chorale harmonization sung by the chorus:
According to John Eliot Gardiner, "The answering soft-voiced chorus… imbues [the music] with a mysterious quality, almost as though a muted drama is taking place at a distance from the main action – Christ’s ‘Agony in the Garden’ and his acceptance of his role as Saviour."
Classical period.
The Neapolitan chord was a favourite idiom among composers in the Classical period. In his Sonata in C minor, "a masterpiece of tragic power," Haydn uses the chord (D in the key of C minor) as he brings the opening statement of his first subject to a close:
Ludwig van Beethoven used the Neapolitan chord frequently in some of his best-known works, including the opening of his "Moonlight Sonata", Op. 27 No. 2:
Wilfrid Mellers sees the apparent tranquillity of these bars as "deceptive, since in bar 3 the bass’s F sharp is harmonized not as a subdominant but, with the quaver triplet’s D flattened as a first inversion of the Neapolitan chord of D major. The implied progression from D natural to the cadential B sharp delivers a small stab to the nervous system."
Beethoven’s "Appassionata" Sonata, Op. 57 uses the Neapolitan chord on a broader harmonic canvas. Both the first and last movements of the sonata open with a phrase repeated a semitone higher (G in the key of F minor).
Other examples of Beethoven’s use of the chord occur in the opening bars of String Quartet op. 59 No.2, String Quartet op. 95, and the third movement of the "Hammerklavier" Sonata.
A powerful example from Schubert comes in his single movement Quartett-Satz (1820). The opening "has a dramatic intensity… which is all the more powerful because it begins quietly." The passage culminates in a Neapolitan chord (D in the key of C minor): According to Roger Scruton, "It is as though a spirit had arisen out of the turbulent clouds and suddenly burst forth into the light – the clouds formed from the key of C minor, the spirit itself, released at last, being in the negation of C minor, namely D flat major." Scruton sees the "semitone conflict" that recurs in different keys as the movement progresses as a unifying feature that has "penetrated the whole structure of the piece."
Romantic period.
In the fourth scene of Richard Wagner’s opera "Das Rheingold", the earth Goddess Erda prophesies the impending doom of the Gods. Wagner’s orchestration here juxtaposes two significant dramatic leitmotifs, the one ascending to represent Erda and the other, "a descending variant of Erda's motive played over a chord of the Neapolitan sixth" with the intention of conveying their ultimate downfall to ominous and chilling effect. (D in the key of C minor):
In popular music.
In rock and pop music, examples of its use include:


5333 Kanaya

5333 Kanaya, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter.
The asteroid was discovered on 18 October 1990, by Japanese astronomers Makio Akiyama and Toshimasa Furuta at Mishima Observatory () in Susono, Japan, and named for the Japanese city of Kanaya.
Orbit and classification.
"Kanaya" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,312 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic.
A first precovery was taken at the Goethe Link Observatory in 1954. It observation arc begins at the Chilean Cerro El Roble Station in 1974, when it was identified as , 16 years prior to its official discovery observation at Susono.
Physical characteristics.
In the SMASS classification, "Kanaya" is a Ch-type asteroid, a hydrated sub-type of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Kanaya" measures 14.2 and 13.6 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.029 and 0.051, respectively.
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 13.4 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.1.
Lightcurves.
Several rotational lightcurves of "Kanaya" have been obtained from photometric observations. In December 2005, a first lightcurve by astronomer David Higgins at Hunters Hill Observatory (), Australia, gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude ().
In October 2010, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec obtained another well-defined period of hours with an amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (). Other observations rendered similar periods ().
Naming.
This minor planet was named for the Japanese town of Kanaya (金谷町 Kanaya-chō) in Haibara District of the Shizuoka Prefecture. It is the native town of the first discoverer, Makio Akiyama, and also a station on the ancient "Tokai-do" road. The Malinohara plateau south of Kanaya is well known for its production of green tea. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 February 1993 ().


USNS Sands (T-AGOR-6)

USNS "Sands" (T-AGOR-6) was a operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) for the Naval Oceanographic Office from 1965 to 1973. During that period she provided ocean-bottom information and underwater test data to the U.S. Navy and other U.S. agencies. The ship was the second naval vessel to be named for Rear Admiral Benjamin F. Sands and his son Rear Admiral James H. Sands, the first being the destroyer . The ship operated in the Atlantic on oceanographic and geophysical assignments for the Oceanographic Office and other agencies.
In 1974 the ship was leased to Brazil, renamed Almirante Camara and in 1990 Brazil purchased the ship under the Security Assistance Program. "Almirante Camara" was engaged in oceanographic work for Brazil in the South Atlantic until retirement in 2003.
Construction.
"Sands" was laid down on 23 August 1962 by the Marietta Manufacturing Co. of Point Pleasant, West Virginia as hull number 911, the first of three such vessels built for the United States Navy by the builder. The ship was launched on 14 September 1963; sponsored by Miss Priscilla G. Sands; and accepted by the Navy and placed in service with the then Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS) on 2 February 1965, Capt. George W. Fladerer, Master.
Naval Oceanographic Office service.
Manned by a Civil Service crew, the United States Naval Ship "Sands" was operated in the Atlantic Ocean by the Military Sealift Command (formerly MSTS) for the Naval Oceanographic Office. The ship was operated by that office as one of the "Navy Pool" vessels for which the office coordinated use by Navy laboratories, universities and research organizations with Navy contracts for varied projects.
Until being placed out of service, in reserve, in April 1973, "Sands" performed oceanographic and marine geophysical research and conducted experiments in underwater sound propagation. For example, in the early 1970s "Sands" planted large vertical subsurface acoustic arrays in the tropical Atlantic. These arrays were unique for having long term recording capabilities enabling months' long acoustic data to be collected; and for the first use of the then new material Kevlar as the strength member of the arrays. Kevlar, created by DuPont for use as cords in vehicular tires, was found to have stretch characteristics that matched those of the conductive copper wires embedded in an array. (Whereas a material like dacron can stretch upwards 50% before breaking, kevlar limits stretch to 2% before failure. This greatly reduced longitudinal stresses on the copper wires and permitted precise vertical positioning of hydrophones in the vertical string.) "Sands", during this period, also conducted acoustic data collection voyages in the area around Malta and the lower Adriatic Sea.
"Sands" was placed out of service in 1973.
Transfer to Brazil.
On 1 July 1974 the ship was leased by Brazil, renamed "Almirante Camara", after a major supporter of Brazilian hydrography, Admiral Antônio Alves Câmara Junior, and placed in service under the command of Captain-de-frigate Fernando Carlos Catta Preta Baumeir. In 1990 an agreement was signed for purchase of the ship by Brazil at the end of the lease. The purchase was effective under the Security Assistance Program 5 December 1990. "Almirante Camara" engaged in survey work in the South Atlantic for Brazil, including international operations with U.S. Naval research and hydrographic vessels such as and and in support of the Brazilian Antarctic Program.
"Almirante Camara" decommissioned 7 August 2003 at a ceremony at the Naval Base, Rio de Janeiro and sold at auction in 2004.


TeessideLive

TeessideLive is a regional news website serving the Teesside area of England. The website feeds "The Gazette" daily newspaper and the "Sunday Sun", England’s best-selling regional Sunday newspaper. Formerly known as "Teesside Gazette", the website, mobile app and social media accounts changed to "TeessideLive" on 5 June 2018.
"The Gazette" is the most popular daily newspaper in Teesside, and has been an integral part of life in the area since 1869, when it was founded as the "North-Eastern Daily Gazette" by the Scot, and eventual Liberal Member of Parliament for Aston Manor, Hugh Gilzean Reid. It was also at this time, that a first premises were established on Zetland Road, Middlesbrough. Historical copies of the "Daily Gazette", dating back to 1870, are available to search and view in digitised form at The British Newspaper Archive. Later The Gazette Media Company Ltd who also publish the free "Herald & Post" newspaper.
The "Teesside Gazette" occupied the Gazette building on Borough Road in the centre of Middlesbrough for almost 80 years; and in April 2018, it moved to a new premises on Hudson Quays, Middlehaven. This houses the editorial staff as well as various operational departments such as advertising and newspaper sales. There is a further Gazette Media Company site on the Riverside Industrial Estate which houses a printing press.
"Teesside Gazette" changed the title of its cover page from "Evening Gazette" to "The Gazette" in 2014 after the company began releasing the newspaper to newsagents on mornings instead of evenings as it had done previously. It mainly provides local news, but also covers national, international and sports news as well as having various supplements relating to lifestyle, business, and events.
"The Pink".
Many local newspapers in the mid-20th century produced a special sports edition on Saturday evening. Before football results were widely available on television and radio such editions were the source of results for players of the football pools. Serious players needed the results as soon as possible since, on afternoons where there were relatively few matches ending in a draw, the payouts from the pools would be large and claims would have to be made quickly, typically by telegram. While the regular evening edition typically "went to bed" in mid-afternoon, if not earlier, the sports edition had to be on news stands as soon as possible after the conclusion of football games across the country. Most games started at 3 p.m. and concluded around 4:45 p.m. The sports edition was usually available by 6 p.m. It was popular with newsagents who capitalized on the rush of customers its appearance generated to sell cigarettes and other "impulse buys". The edition was small compared to the regular edition, often as few as three broadsheets, making twelve pages when folded. Plenty of space was devoted to advertising, as well as lists of results and short descriptions of games.
In the 1960s "The Gazette" began printing the sports edition on pink newsprint. Soon the edition began to be known as "the Pink". To encourage people to buy the sports edition at a time when television was affecting its sales, competitions were run "In the Pink" with cash prizes.
In a similar vein, a sports newspaper published in Sheffield is known as the "Green 'Un" for the green newsprint used.


National Exam (Indonesia)

National Exam (Indonesian: "Ujian Nasional", commonly abbreviated as UN or UNAS) was a standard evaluation system of primary and secondary education in Indonesia and the determining factor of quality of education levels among the areas that are conducted by the Center for Educational Assessment of the Ministry of Education and Culture.
The Act Number 20 of 2003 states that, in order to control the quality of education nationwide it is to be evaluated as a form of accountability of education providers to the parties concerned. Further stated that the evaluations conducted by independent agencies on a regular basis, comprehensively, transparently, and systematically to assess the achievement of national education standards and the monitoring process evaluation should be done continuously. Evaluation of the monitoring process is carried out continuously and continuous in the end will be able to fix the quality of education. Improving the quality of education begins with the determination of the standard.
Determination standards continue to rise is expected to encourage increased quality of education, which is the determination of educational standards is the determination of the limit value (cut-off score). One is said to have passed the exam when it has passed the limit value of the boundary between learners who have mastered certain competencies with learners who have not mastered certain competencies. When that happens on the national exam or school then the boundary value function to separate the students who graduated and did not pass is called the limit of graduation, graduation delimitation activities called standard setting.
Benefits of standard setting final exam:
It has been proposed to do a computerized version of National Exam, with trials starting in 2015.
In the same year, National Exam is no longer a standard of education completion as it is stated on Government Regulation No. 13 of 2015. The government policy states that education completion will depend on completing all school learning programs, obtaining at least good on attitude aspect score, and passing the school exam.
There is no cut-off score because the newest exam policy is aimed to map Indonesian students’ competency in every single region in Indonesia. The data are going to be analyzed and will be used to make education improvement strategies in Indonesia.
Originally, the 2020 National Exam was scheduled to be the last, as it will replaced by a new format the following year. However, due to the coronavirus pandemic, President Joko Widodo announced the cancellation of the 2020 national examination for all education levels, except Vocational High School ("Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan", SMK) that has already been conducted in 47% of the schools in the country. As a result, the National Exam in Indonesia removed a year earlier.
Subjects.
High school "(Sekolah Menengah Atas/Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan/Madrasah Aliyah (SMA/SMK/MA))".
National Exam for high school and vocational school students has a big change in 2017. In the previous years, students needed to take 6 subjects (3 compulsory subjects and 3 course related subjects) when sitting for national exam. It was changed by the new Minister of Education in the late 2016. Students are given a chance to choose one subject from 3 course related subjects in 2017 National Exam. Total 4 subjects are objected to allow student gain more focus on studying for the exam.
Moreover the chosen subject does not affect the college major option.
National Education Standards.
During this national exam graduation delimitation is determined by agreement between the decision makers only. Limit is determined the same grade for each subject. Whereas the characteristics of subjects and skills students are not the same. It was not a consideration of education decision-makers. Not necessarily in a certain education level, each subject has the same standard as a minimum standard of competency achievement. There are subjects that require a high minimum competency achievement, while other subjects do not specify that high. This situation becomes unfair for students, because the required capacity exceeds the maximum capability.
Standard strategy.
Preparation of standard setting begins with the determination of the approach used in setting standards. There are three kinds of approaches that can be used as a reference, namely:
At the end of each learning activity is concluded and accounting standard setting based on three approaches to determining the limits of graduation.
Controversy.
Criticism.
The National Exam has been the subject of controversy since it was first established. It became notorious for answer key leakage, cheating, fraud, and corruption. Some argue that the exam is too demanding for students. Schools were forced to allocate more time for preparing the students, putting a significant workload on both teachers and students.
The National Exam failure rate is usually very low. Critics argue that it does not give an accurate portrayal of the Indonesian students' real competency because of problems with cheating and other issues.
The 2010 National Exam fail rate for middle and high school was unusually high. A possible explanation for this sudden increase in failure rate is due to the fact that the test was to be issued in March, giving schools less time for prepare. Additionally, there was an increase question difficulty and the cutoff score was raised. There were National Exam retests held in 2009 and 2010, but any further retests were discontinued the following year.
Some Indonesians call for the abolishment of the National Exam. However, the Education and Culture Ministry have so far defended the National Exam.
There is a site dedicated for groups that advocate the abolishment of the National Exam. It can be found here.
Exam fraud and cheating issues.
Cheating is very rampant, because of the huge pressure to passing the exam. Schools and teachers are either ignoring it, encouraging it, or even do it. Examples include using mobile phones to send answers to other students, giving the answer key, either openly or discreetly, and changing the answer on the answer sheet. School principals and teachers has been arrested on that case.
To deter cheating, National Exam question variation had increased for middle and high school, from one to five in 2011, and from five to 20 in 2013. Other measures are inclusion of barcode in 2013 partly to determine question variation codes and to tackle cheating. Even then, cheating still occurs.
Exam material shortage and quality.
In 2013, National Exam for high school are delayed in 11 provinces because of printing and packing confusion and errors. It was attributed to increase of question variation. Schools are forced to self-copy the question papers. Some demanded the then-Education and Culture Minister, Mohammad Nuh, to resign.


Sensor fish

A sensor fish is a small, plastic tubular device containing sensors. It is designed to record information such as the physical stresses that a fish experiences while navigating currents from dam turbines.
Description.
Created by the US Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the tubular device is 9 cm (3.5 inches) long, 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter, and weighs 42 grams (1.5 ounces). It is roughly the same size as a juvenile salmon. The sensor fish has neutral buoyancy allowing it to remain underwater. Inside are sensors and a lithium-ion battery. Taking 2,048 measurements each second, it is able to record five minutes of turbulence, pressure, and acceleration, saving the data to a flash memory. It records a maximum of 1.2 MPa (174 pounds per square inch) of external pressure, up to 200 gs of acceleration, temperatures ranging from -40 to 127° C (-40 and +260 degrees F), and rotational velocity of up to 2,000 degrees per second.
Construction.
The sensor fish is built manually at the Bio-Acoustics & Flow Laboratory within the PNNL. It receives funding from the Electric Power Research Institute and the US Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Specifications.
The following are the specifications as stated by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory:
Purpose.
Data collected from the sensor fish is used to help create new designs for dam turbines. Aging dams require retrofits and upgrades, and considerations about the impact on fish can be taken into account.
The sensor fish was initially designed to examine the effects of the most common kind of turbine in the Columbia River Basin, the Kaplan turbine. Most of the tests were carried out at the Ice Harbor Dam, a 100-foot-high structure. Inside the turbine of that dam, the pressure changes experienced are the same as moving from sea level to the peak of Mount Everest in an instant.
In 2015, the sensor fish will evaluate a dam in Southeast Asia's Mekong River, irrigation structures in Australia, a conventional dam as well as three small hydro installations within the United States.
Data acquisition process.
The fish sensor is deposited into the fish release tank at the top of the dam. There, it begins recording data as it travels down through the hub release pipe. It then enters and passes through the turbine. From there, it is flushed into the tailrace and is retrieved by boat.
The device is then placed into a docking station where it begins to recharge its battery and awaits transfer of the data it has gathered. The docking station employs a transistor-transistor-logic to Universal Serial Bus (TTL-to-USB) converter module. This is used to send the data to a laptop computer using software developed by PNNL. Once the serial port has been set to 921.6 kbps, 8 data bits, 1 start bit, 1 stop bit, and no parity, transfer can take place. The software can also convert the raw, binary data file into CSV spreadsheet data (comma separated). This enables scientists to plot the data.
Earlier version.
The first version was developed in the late 1990s and was called the "Flubber Fish". It was created to increase the survival rate of salmon during their journey through the Columbia River Basin's dams. It was clear, rubber-coated, and looked like a fish.
Future design.
The second generation model will be able to accommodate other hydraulic structures and turbines. It has improved sensors for detecting pressure, better accelerometers, and better gyroscopes which detect rotational velocity. Within the device is a radio transmitter. Also, there is a device that releases two weights after a specific period of time. This allows the sensor fish to come to the surface for retrieval.


Elena Erosheva

Elena Aleksandrovna Erosheva is a Russian statistician and social scientist whose research applies Bayesian hierarchical modeling and latent variable models to problems in the social, behavioral, and health sciences. She is a professor at the University of Washington, appointed jointly in the Department of Statistics and the School of Social Work, and the associate director of the university's Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences.
Education and career.
Erosheva graduated from Novosibirsk State University in 1995, with an honors diploma in mathematics and applied mathematics. After earning a master's degree in statistics at Utah State University in 1998, she completed her Ph.D. in statistics at Carnegie Mellon University in 2002. Her dissertation, "Grade of Membership and Latent Structure Models with Application to Disability Survey Data", was supervised by Stephen Fienberg.
She became a research assistant professor at the University of Washington in 2002, where she has been full professor since 2017. For 2018–2019 she held the International Chair in Data Science at Côte d'Azur University in France.
She is a moderator for the statistics section of the arXiv preprint repository, a member of the National Academies Committee on Diversity and Inclusion in the Leadership of Competed Space Missions, and 2021 program chair for the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association.
Contributions.
Erosheva and her coauthors won the 2013 Mitchell Prize of the Section on Bayesian Statistical Science of the American Statistical Association and the International Society for Bayesian Analysis for their work on correlations between age and criminal behavior. Other topics in her research have included racial bias in peer review of National Institutes of Health grants, and negative correlations between teen pregnancy, delinquency, and drug use.
She is an editor of the "Handbook of Mixed Membership Models and Their Applications" (Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2015).


Hypoionian mode

The Hypoionian mode, literally meaning "below Ionian", is the name assigned by Henricus Glareanus in his "Dodecachordon" (1547) to the plagal mode on C, which uses the diatonic octave species from G to the G an octave higher, divided at its final, C. This is roughly the same as playing all the white notes of a piano from G to G: G A B C | (C) D E F G .
Glarean regarded compositions with F as the final and a one-flat signature as transpositions of the Ionian or Hypoionian mode (depending on the ambitus). Most of his contemporaries, however, appear to have continued considering such compositions as being in the fifth and sixth modes (Lydian and Hypolydian), which had been regarded since the beginnings of medieval modal theory as preferring B over B for the fourth degree above the final, F .


Reflectometric interference spectroscopy

Reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) is a physical method based on the interference of white light at thin films, which is used to investigate molecular interaction.
Principle.
The underlying measuring principle corresponds to that of the Michelson interferometer.
Realization.
White light is directed vertically onto a multiple-layer system of a SiO2, a high-refractive Ta2O5 and an additional SiO2 layer (this additional layer can be chemically modified). The partial beams of the white light are reflected at each phase boundary and then refracted (transmitted). These reflected partial beams superimpose which results in an interference spectrum that is detected using a diode array spectrometer.

Through chemical modification the upper SiO2 layer is changed in a way to allow interaction with target molecules. This interaction causes a change in the thickness of the physical layer d and the refractive index n within this layer. The product of both defines the optical thickness of the layer: n • d.

A change in the optical thickness results in a modulation of the interference spectrum. Monitoring this change over time allows to observe the binding behaviour of the target molecules.
Application.
RIfS is used especially as a detection method in chemo- and biosensors.
Chemosensors are particularly suitable for measurements under difficult conditions and in the gaseous phase. As sensitive layers, mostly non-selective measuring polymers are used which sort the analytes according to size (the so-called molecular sieve effect when using microporous polymers) or according to polarity (e.g. functionalized polydimethylsiloxanes). When performing non-selective measurements, a sum signal from several analytes is measured which means that multivariate data analyses such as neural networks have to be used for quantification. However, it is also possible to use selectively measuring polymers, so-called molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) which provide artificial recognition elements.
When using biosensors, polymers such as polyethylene glycols or dextrans are applied onto the layer system, and on these recognition elements for biomolecules are immobilized. Basically, any molecule can be used as recognition element (proteins such as antibodies, DNA/RNA such as aptamers, small organic molecules such as estrone, but also lipids such as phospholipid membranes).
RIfS, like SPR is a label-free technique, which allows the time-resolved observation of interaction among the binding partners without the use of fluorescence or radioactive labels.


Crystal microphone


978 Aidamina

978 Aidamina, provisional designation "", is a dark background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered by astronomer Sergey Belyavsky in 1922, and later named after Aida Minaevna, a friend of the discoverer's family.
Discovery.
"Aidamina" was discovered on 18 May 1922, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, Twelve nights later, the body was independently discovered by Max Wolf at Heidelberg in Germany.
In 1906, it was first observed as "" at Heidelberg. "Aidamina"s observation arc begins at Vienna, one month after its official discovery. The Minor Planet Center's observational records do not include the body's discovery observation at Simeiz from May 1922.
Orbit and classification.
"Aidamina" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.9 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,089 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 22° with respect to the ecliptic.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after a friend of the discoverer's family, Aida Minaevna. The author of the "Dictionary of Minor Planet Names", Lutz Schmadel, compiled this citation asking several Russian astronomers including Nikolai Chernykh for further information.
Physical characteristics.
In the Tholen taxonomy, "Aidamina" is the only asteroid classified as asteroid, a transitional class between the carbonaceous F-type and dark P-type asteroids, of which only a few dozens bodies are currently known.
Rotation period.
In 2003, three mostly fragmentary lightcurves of "Aidamina" were obtained by astronomers Maurice Clark at Montgomery College (9.5 hours; Δ0.1 mag; ), French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Jean-Gabriel Bosch (10.100 hours; Δ0.1 mag; ), and a group of astronomers including Elaine Kirkpatrick at Rose-Hulman Observatory in Indiana, United States (10.099 hours; Δ0.13 mag; ).
In July 2014, a rather asymmetric bimodal lightcurve, obtained by a collaboration between American astronomers Frederick Pilcher and Andrea Ferrero, gave a more refine rotation period of 10.098 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude.().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Aidamina" measures between 78.73 and 82.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.035 and 0.04 (without preliminary results).
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" adopts the results obtained from 17 observations made by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0365 and a diameter of 78.73 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.73.


Separation test

A separation test is a statistical procedure for early-phase research, to decide whether to pursue further research. It is designed to avoid the prevalent situation in early-phase research, when a statistically underpowered test gives a negative result.


2427 Kobzar


HD 8535

HD 8535 is a star located 181 light years away from the Sun in the southern constellation of Phoenix. It has a yellow hue and can be viewed using binoculars or a small telescope, having a low apparent visual magnitude of 7.70. The star is drifting further away from the Sun with a radial velocity of +2.4 km/s.
This is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of G0V. The luminosity class of 'V' indicates the star is generating energy through core hydrogen fusion. It is about two billion years old and is spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 3 km/s. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium in the star – what astronomers term metallicity – is about the same as in the Sun. It has 17% more mass than the Sun and an 18% greater radius. The star is radiating 1.85 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,200 K.
The survey in 2015 have ruled out the existence of any stellar companions at projected distances above 23 astronomical units.
Planetary system.
In 2009, a gas giant was found in orbit around the star using the radial velocity method. It has an orbital period of and has at least 68% of the mass of Jupiter.


Unit of length

A unit of length refers to any arbitrarily chosen and accepted reference standard for measurement of length. The most common units in modern use are the metric units, used in every country globally. In the United States the U.S. customary units are also in use. British Imperial units are still used for some purposes in the United Kingdom and some other countries. The metric system is sub-divided into SI and non-SI units.
Metric system.
SI.
The base unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the metre, defined as "the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of seconds." It is approximately equal to . Other units are derived from the metre by adding prefixes from the table below:
For example, a kilometre is . A slang term for the kilometre in the US and UK militaries is "klick".
Non-SI.
In the Centimetre–gram–second system of units, the basic unit of length is the centimetre, or of a metre.
Other non-SI units are derived from decimal multiples of the metre.
Imperial/US.
The basic unit of length in the imperial and U.S. customary systems is the yard, defined as exactly by international treaty in 1959.
Common imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:
Marine.
In addition, the following are used by sailors:
Aviation.
Aviators use feet for altitude worldwide (except in Russia and China) and nautical miles for distance.
Surveying.
Surveyors in the United States continue to use:
Science.
Astronomy.
Astronomical measure uses:
Physics.
In atomic physics, sub-atomic physics, and cosmology, the preferred unit of length is often related to a chosen fundamental physical constant, or combination thereof. This is often a characteristic radius or wavelength of a particle. Some common natural units of length are included in this table:
Archaic.
Archaic units of distance include:
Informal.
In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are:
Other.
Horse racing and other equestrian activities keep alive:


86 Semele

Semele (minor planet designation: 86 Semele) is a large and very dark main-belt asteroid with an orbital period of 5.5 years. It is rotating with a period of 16.6 hours, and varies in magnitude by 0.13 during each cycle. This object is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonates.
Semele was discovered by German astronomer Friedrich Tietjen on January 4, 1866. It was his first and only asteroid discovery. It is named after Semele, the mother of Dionysus in Greek mythology.
The orbit of 86 Semele places it in a 13:6 mean motion resonance with the planet Jupiter. The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is only 6,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations of the planets. This Lyapunov time is the second lowest among the first 100 named minor planets.


Nexsound

Nexsound is a Ukraine based independent record label founded by Andrey Kiritchenko in 2000 and was also co-operated by Dmytro Fedorenko (Kotra) from 2003 till July 2007.
Founded in 2000, Nexsound has been dedicated to the unusual and experimental music, both acoustic and electronic, released on CDs, cassettes and digital releases. During 8 years of its activity Nexsound released 60 albums from more than 30 artists, such as Muslimgauze, Kim Cascone, Perlonex with Charlemagne Palestine and Keith Rowe, Anla Courtis, Tom Carter, Zavoloka, Kotra, the Moglass, Andrey Kiritchenko and many more.
From 2005 to 2007 Nexsound hosts international festival for electronic music and visual arts - "Detali Zvuku".
In 2007 Nexsound opened up a new series of CDs – "Nexsound PQP" (pickup) which is dedicated to music that lies on the edges of pop and experimental music.


3858 Dorchester


Bike Boy

Bike Boy is a 1967 American avant garde film directed by Andy Warhol, and was shown, for initial viewings, at the New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre, at 152 Bleecker Street, Manhattan, New York City. The film has a bit part by Valerie Solanas.


3375 Amy


Twaddell scale

The Twaddell scale is a hydrometer scale for reporting the measured specific gravity of a liquid relative to water. On this scale, a specific gravity of 1.000 is reported as 0, and 2.000 reports as 200. Concentrated sulfuric acid with a specific gravity of 1.8 has a Twaddell scale measurement of 160 (as per the linear relationship between readings and sp. gravity). The Twaddell scale is only used for liquids with specific gravity greater than water. The scale was used in the British dye and bleach manufacturing industries. While the Baumé scale was adopted throughout England, the Twaddell scale was used in England and Scotland.
The scale is named after the scientific instrument manufacturer W. Twaddell of Glasgow, who first developed hydrometers on this scale at the start of the 19th century.
Converting between Twaddell scale and specific gravity.
let a = any degree of Twaddell's Hydrometer, x = specific gravity in relation to water taken at 1.000


22 nm process

The 22 nm node is the process step following 32 nm in CMOS MOSFET semiconductor device fabrication. The typical half-pitch (i.e., half the distance between identical features in an array) for a memory cell using the process is around 22 nm. It was first demonstrated by semiconductor companies for use in RAM memory in 2008. In 2010, Toshiba began shipping 24 nm flash memory chips, and Samsung Electronics began mass-producing 20 nm flash memory chips. The first consumer-level CPU deliveries using a 22 nm process started in April 2012 with the Intel Ivy Bridge processors.
The ITRS 2006 Front End Process Update indicates that equivalent physical oxide thickness will not scale below 0.5 nm (about twice the diameter of a silicon atom), which is the expected value at the 22 nm node. This is an indication that CMOS scaling in this area has reached a wall at this point, possibly disturbing Moore's law.
The 20-nanometre node is an intermediate half-node die shrink based on the 22-nanometre process.
TSMC began mass production of 20nm nodes in 2014. The 22 nm process was superseded by commercial 14 nm FinFET technology in 2014.
Technology demos.
In 1998, FinFET devices down to 17nm were demonstrated by an international team of researchers working at UC Berkeley, led by Digh Hisamoto from Japan's Hitachi Central Research Laboratory and Chenming Hu from the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), along with Wen-Chin Lee, Jakub Kedzierski, Erik Anderson, Hideki Takeuchi, Kazuya Asano, Tsu-Jae King Liu and Jeffrey Bokor. In December 2000, a 20nm FinFET process was demonstrated by the same research team.
On August 18, 2008, AMD, Freescale, IBM, STMicroelectronics, Toshiba, and the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) announced that they jointly developed and manufactured a 22 nm SRAM cell, built on a traditional six-transistor design on a 300 mm wafer, which had a memory cell size of just 0.1 μm2. The cell was printed using immersion lithography.
The 22 nm node may be the first time where the gate length is not necessarily smaller than the technology node designation. For example, a 25 nm gate length would be typical for the 22 nm node.
On September 22, 2009, during the Intel Developer Forum Fall 2009, Intel showed a 22 nm wafer and announced that chips with 22 nm technology would be available in the second half of 2011. SRAM cell size is said to be 0.092 μm2, smallest reported to date.
On January 3, 2010, Intel and Micron Technology announced the first in a family of 25 nm NAND devices.
On May 2, 2011, Intel announced its first 22 nm microprocessor, codenamed Ivy Bridge, using a FinFET technology called "3-D tri-gate".
IBM's POWER8 processors are produced in a 22 nm SOI process.


826 Henrika

826 Henrika ("prov. designation": "or" ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 28 April 1916. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.98 hours and measures approximately in diameter. Any reference to the origin of the asteroid's name is .
Orbit and classification.
"Henrika" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,631 days; semi-major axis of 2.71 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory on 2 July 1921, more than five years after its official discovery observation.
Naming.
Any reference of this minor planet name to a person or occurrence is unknown.
Unknown meaning.
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, "Henrika" is , for which has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers, the first one being . The last asteroid with a name of unknown meaning is . They were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.
Physical characteristics.
In the Bus–Binzel SMASS classification, "Henrika" is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, with an untypically high albedo "(see below)" for such spectral class. In a taxonomic classification based on MOVIS near-infrared colors, "Henrika" could not be assigned a final class and was labelled as undefined (U).
Rotation period.
In April 210, a rotational lightcurve of "Henrika" was obtained from six nights of photometric observations by Frederick Pilcher at the Organ Mesa Observatory in New Mexico. Analysis of the classically shaped bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude (). During the same apparition, a virtually identical period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude () was determined by Kenda Albers and colleges of the Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, and the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), "Henrika" measures (), () and () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (), () and (), respectively.
Alternative mean-diameters published by the WISE team include (), () and () with corresponding albedos of (), () and (). The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.1103 and a diameter of 19.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6. An asteroid occultations of "Henrika" from 19 January 2010, gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (). These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.


API Sanity Checker

API Sanity Checker is an automatic unit test generator for C/C++ shared libraries.
The main feature of this tool is the ability to completely automatically generate reasonable (in most, but unfortunately not all, cases) input arguments for every API function straight from the library header files. The tool can be used as a smoke test or fuzzer for a library API to catch serious problems like crashes or program hanging.


Penning gauge


Carl Kress

Carl Kress (October 20, 1907 – June 10, 1965) was an American jazz guitarist.
Music career.
Kress started on piano before picking up the banjo. Beginning in 1926, he played guitar during his brief time as a member of Paul Whiteman's orchestra. For most of his career, he was a studio musician and sideman buried in large orchestras, and his name was little known. His work in the 1920s and 1930s included sessions with The Boswell Sisters, The Dorsey Brothers, Bix Beiderbecke, Hoagy Carmichael, Miff Mole, Red Nichols, Adrian Rollini, and Frankie Trumbauer.
Outside of orchestras, Kress played in several guitar duets with Eddie Lang (1932), Dick McDonough (1934, 1937), Tony Mottola (1941), and George Barnes (1961–1965). In 1938 and 1939 he made some solo recordings, the songs "Peg Leg Shuffle", "Helena", "Love Song", "Sutton Mutton", and "Afterthoughts". During the 1940s, he played Dixieland jazz with Bobby Hackett, Pee Wee Russell, and Muggsy Spanier.
Kress was married to Helen Carroll, a native of Bloomington, Indiana, who moved to New York City to become a singer. She was a member of the Satisifiers and sang with Perry Como, Frank Sinatra, and Jo Stafford. Carl and Helen Kress lived in Manhasset, New York. Carl Kress died of a heart attack in 1965 while he was on tour with his partner George Barnes (musician) in Reno, Nevada.
Technique.
Like many early jazz guitarists, Kress played banjo before switching to guitar. The tenor banjo tunes its consecutive strings in intervals of fifths,
and Kress adapted this all-fifths tuning for his guitar
although he down-tuned the A-string an octave.
Before switching to fifths tuning, Kress used other tunings on the banjo and tenor guitar. His fifths-tuning gave Kress's playing "fuller chords and basslines", according to . When Kress's duets with Dick McDonough were published, they were transposed from his fifths tuning to standard tuning.
All-fifths tuning is used by other instruments besides tenor banjos. For example, it is used by mandolins, violins, mandolas, violas, mandocellos, and cellos.


797 Montana

797 Montana, provisional designation "", is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1914, by Danish astronomer Holger Thiele at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany. It was later named for the discovering observatory.
Classification and orbit.
"Montana" is a stony asteroid that orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.4–2.7 AU once every 4.04 years (1,474 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. The first identification at Heidelberg dates back to 1898 (), while the asteroid's observation arc begins two months after its discovery with the first used observation made at Bergedorf in 1915.
Physical characteristics.
In both the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, "Montana" is a common stony S-type asteroid.
Rotation period.
Between 2003 and 2007, three rotational lightcurves of "Montana" were obtained from photometric observations made by amateur astronomers René Roy, Horacio Correia, Laurent Bernasconi, and Richard Ditteon. All three lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.55 hours with a brightness variation between 0.32 and 0.41 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Montana"s surface has an albedo of 0.28–0.35 and its diameter measures between 19.2 and 21.9 kilometers, while the "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a somewhat larger diameter of 25.4 kilometers, as the lower the albedo, the larger the body's diameter at a constant absolute magnitude.
Naming.
This minor planet was named in honor of the Bergedorf Observatory. It was the observatory's first ever made discovery. "Montana" means "mountain village" in Latin and literally translates to "Bergedorf" in German ().