Derek Jackson

Derek Ainslie Jackson, OBE, DFC, AFC, FRS (23 June 1906 – 20 February 1982) was a spectroscopist and also a jockey. Derek Jackson was one of the outstanding atomic physicists of his generation.
Biography.
Son of a wealthy Welshman, Sir Charles Jackson, who was both a leading authority on antique silver and chairman of the "News of the World", Jackson showed early promise in the field of spectroscopy under the guidance of Professor Lindemann, making the first quantitative determination of a nuclear magnetic spin using atomic spectroscopy to measure the hyperfine structure of caesium.
His scientific research at Oxford did not, however, interfere with his other great passion – steeplechase riding – which led him from the foxhunting field to his first ride in the Grand National of 1935. A keen huntsman, he took up the sport again after the war, riding in two more Nationals after the war, the last time when he was 40 years old.
In World War II, Jackson distinguished himself in the RAF, making an important scientific contribution to Britain's air defences and to the bomber offensive. He flew more than a thousand hours as a navigator, many of them in combat in night-fighters, with No. 604 (County of Middlesex) Squadron based at RAF Middle Wallop. He was decorated with the DFC, AFC and OBE.
This war record stands in contrast to his stated desire at the war's inception to keep Britain out of fighting Germany, and his reported desire "that all Jews in England should be killed".
For the rest of his life, Jackson, appointed a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947, lived as a tax exile in Ireland, France and Switzerland. He continued his spectroscopic work in France at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique, and was made a chevalier de la Légion d'honneur.
Jackson had what might be called a colourful personal life. A "rampant bisexual", he was married six times, and also lived for three years with Angela Culme-Seymour, the half-sister of Janetta Wooley, one of his wives. The others included a daughter of Augustus John, Pamela Mitford (one of the Mitford sisters), a princess and several femme fatales including Barbara Skelton (in whose obituary in the Independent is noted her remark that it was "not for love that (she) married Professor Jackson", he being identified as "the millionaire son of the founder of the News of the World").


Hamilton Underground Film Festival

The Hamilton Underground Film Festival was an annual film festival held in Hamilton, New Zealand between 2006 and 2013. Run on the basis of a DIY ethos the festival was open to all and had no admission fee for film entries. Each entrant received a DVD which contains all the entered films. The festival was the longest running festival of its kind in Australasia until recent usurped by the Melbourne underground film festival.
There was a yearly section for experimental fone films, Super 8 mm film and subverts. Since 2009 the festival featured a collaborative digital film section in which participants operate under the same name: Karen Karnak There is also a special remix section where films can be entered under a Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported creative commons license. This will allow other contributors to remix selected works and create collaborative works.
History.
The Hamilton Underground Film Festival was a yearly event showcasing national and international underground film presented in Hamilton, New Zealand. It was founded in 2006 by the Otatoe Collective under the guidance of Emit Snake-Beings. and has since been gathering momentum with over 100 filmmakers featured and linked events in Catalonia, Spain, Kingston upon Hull, and London.
The 2010 featured a talk and presentation by Jed Town from Fetus products. The 2009 event: local films plus a director's talk by David Blyth the New Zealand alternative filmmaker. The 2008 event featured a live internet link to the Priorat region of Catalonia where the simultaneous 4th Hamilton Underground Film Festival was hosted by Oscar Hidalgo. The 2008 screenings included: Director Campbell Cooley and his film The Heist (short film), Expanded Cinema from the Parasitical Fantasy Band - as featured in otherfilm festival Brisbane 2006 and Greg Locke's Internationally acclaimed robot band The Trons.
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Karen Karnak.
The festival have created an open source multiple-use name called Karen Karnak. The name is available for anyone to create work under and there will be a special section in the festival for work by Karen Karnak. The aim of the multiple-use name Karen Karnak is to examine the space with surrounds the filmmaker and to create visual work from the emptiness or more accurately the Shunyata.
Films and filmmakers.
Watching. Martin Rumsby (:59)
San Antoni. Arnolfini ( 5:38)
The Trons Snake-Beings ( 2:40)
Symbol Gerard Gil ( :10)
Cyclic Existence Bonnie Hart ( :23)
Shall I be Mother. Dan Inglis ( 2:26)
Between the Lines. Christian Parahi ( 4:43)
Cholera Clocks. Snake-Beings ( 4:55)
Barbie Buddah Nylstoch ( :41)
Symbol Gerard Gil ( :10)
Blue Tide, Black Water Eve Gorden & Sam Hamilton ( 9:04)
Ensalada de Ruido Yolanda Cañardo Galve ( 1:01)
Bugged Otatoe C ( :10)
Moth Campbell Farquhar ( 4:11)
NZ es el culo Octpob ( :10)
Zaks Cake Octpob ( :48)
Solstici Gerard Gil ( 2:01)
Sintaxis B. Ferrando ( 2:23)
Ehen: el horizonte está nublado Javi Neiro and Océ Anos ( 2:35)
Symbol Gerard Gil ( :10)
Passion. Peter Caldwell ( 4:53)
Suspect device Octpob ( :03)
Ufo Jed Town ( 4:24)
The Heist Campbell Cooley ( 6:21)
Plastic Gods OctoC ( :16)
Pareidolia No Mendacity, Witcyst ( :21)
Grey News, Nylstoch ( :27)
Tinkernicks Mike Crook & Rosie Percival ( 2:51)
Al Final De La Via Gerard Gil ( 6:00)
Monk Carlos Pla ( 4:14)
Poeticas 3 B. Ferrando ( 3:24)
The Remote Viewers 2008 Snakebeings ( 13:39)
Car wash Pippa Russel ( 2:02)
American Sketch Book Martin Rumsby ( 7:55)
Night out with the artists Jenny Spark ( 4:37)
OKOK+circuit47 ( 1:50)
Petroquimica ( 1:58)
Sadie Wrestling Bryce Galloway ( 3:29)
Cuts from Rafel Marcos (1:17)
Untitled Otatoe ( 0:11)
Self Portrait as a Painter RG Shaw (3:11)
Pig in a Can CJ Finlayson ( 4:23)
Cube Hamilton street theatre collective ( 2:04)
Best of both worlds Thom Burton ( 2:34)
400 Mr Slepica ( 1:00)
Tria Prima Arnolfini ( 2:04)
Think Agent Bulldog ( 4:19)
Dios los Crean ( :03)
Abject leader Nylstoch ( :45)
Youyou RG Shaw_Mr_Slepica ( 6:04)
La Resposta de les Meves Sabates Yolanda Cañardo Galve (:59)
MICHELLE SAVILL – former WINTEC student presents her film ‘Martin and Snakes go to the Zoo’ fresh from the New York International Independent Film Festival. Martin and Snakes are, of course, Martin Webclaw formerly of the band Wendyhouse and intermedia artist Emit Snake-Beings.
JOE CITIZEN's recent computer scratch film with sound by Emit Snake-Being
MARTIN RUMSBY – New Zealand's experimental filmmaker, disappeared into Chicago's African American ghetto in 1995 shortly after co-founding X FILM CHICAGO. Long considered Missing in Action, Rumsby moved to Hamilton a few months ago where he has completed six films this year. Rumsby's short film LIVE challenges the authority of media representations and includes references to the war in Iraq. This will be the first public screening of a Martin Rumsby film in New Zealand since 1984. Rumsby also recently completed a film on the demise of the OVERLANDER passenger train service between Auckland and Wellington.
EMIT SNAKE-BEINGS – Founder of the Hamilton Underground Film Festival, composer, musician and electrical shrine maker, travelled in Europe for 12 years shooting films in Spain, Mexico, Fiji and Japan. Resident in Hamilton since 2000. Emit Snake-Beings will present his recently made stop frame puppet animation ‘Death of an Orchestra’
PIPSIX – Shows her 4 minute long film ‘Rabbit and Possum’ in which two common pests go fishing and drink beer together.
American filmmaker PHIL SECRIST's film MOMENTO MORI (2006) is a dark, surrealistic journey into death and time in which a man relives his life; certain doors open and close, leading him to his ultimate destination. Filmed in Hamilton.
The crazy vision of Auckland-based musician and filmmaker THOM BURTON, of the band Yokel Ono, in a random collection of shorts, including GREEN EYED MONSTERS and LE PESTSE, which mix suburban fantasy and nightmare.
ROSIE PERCIVAL's film Fellow is a 2 minute long experimental film using Adobe After Effects and featuring identical twins having a short conversation.
STEFAN NEVILLE / SUGAR JON / PUMICE – Ex Hamiltonian, now international noise music innovator – Stefan, a musical associate of Chris Knox and currently touring the US, and Sugar Jon chop wood in Dunedin to the raw sounds of Pumice-raft. (4 minutes.)
WITCYST – Internationally known noise magician from Whangarei has released over 700 tapes and 400 CDs – now working in visuals as well.
OCTPOB FILMS – miscellaneous New Zealand short films.
OKOK SOCIETY – A selection of scenes by mysterious film and sound Kaosmagician Mark Reeve sent directly to us from his base in Wales.
STEVE RIFE – USA Pyrotechnics expert and filmmaker from St. Paul, Minnesota
PATRICK MAUN - USA
OTATO COLLECTIVO – INTERNATIONAL/LOCAL collaborations and network group
See also.
Interview with Jed Town


4082 Swann

4082 Swann, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter.
The asteroid was discovered on 27 September 1984, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at Palomar Observatory in California, United States, and later named for American geologist Gordon Swann.
Orbit and classification.
"Swann" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,349 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as at the Finnish Turku Observatory in 1947, "Swann"s observation arc was extended by 37 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.
Physical characteristics.
The C-type asteroid is classified as a Ch-subtype in the SMASS taxonomy.
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, "Swann" measures 9.5 and 11.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.029 and 0.101, respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link", however, assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a much smaller diameter of 5.85 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 13.46.
Rotation period.
In July 2006, a rotational lightcurve of "Swann" was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at the Ondřejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. It gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of 0.67 magnitude (). A second lightcurve obtained by Jean-Gabriel Bosch in September 2006, gave a period of hours and an amplitude of 0.35 magnitude ().
Naming.
This minor planet was named after American geologist Gordon A. Swann (born 1931). He served as the principal investigator of the "Apollo Lunar Geologic Experiment" conducted at the lunar landing sites of Apollo 14 and Apollo 15. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 12 December 1989 ().


Cleveland Stock Exchange

The Cleveland Stock Exchange was a stock exchange in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S..
History.
The Cleveland Stock Exchange was founded in a formal meeting on 1899 and began operations on April 16, 1900. In late October 1949 they voted to dissolve and join the Midwest Stock Exchange.


Leiden Shorts

Leiden Shorts is an annual short film festival held in the city of Leiden, The Netherlands. Leiden Shorts (previously known as Leiden International Short Film Experience) was founded in 2009 as a cineclub and has grown to become one of the Netherlands' largest international short film festivals.
History.
Leiden Shorts started off in 2009 as a spin-off of the University of Leiden Student Cinema Club. Since then, the festival has been grown to a four-day event exploring the borders between different sorts of art and providing a podium to established but especially young talented filmmakers, artists and musicians. Next to the main festival in spring, Leiden Shorts is involved in cultural events throughout the year in collaboration with several organizations in Leiden and surroundings. Examples are Leiden International Film Festival (LIFF), Leiden Observatory, RAP, Vrijplaats Leiden, Cultuurmaand, Nacht van Ondekkingen and Museumnacht Leiden.
Jury.
Since 2012, the festival has three categories of awards – General Award, Student Award and Audience award. Juries for both General and Student Award select one film for the designated awards. The Jury is generally composed of scholars, filmmakers and other film professionals alike. The audience votes during the festival and the results are announced on the last day of the festival.


Minute and second of arc

A minute of arc, arcminute (arcmin), arc minute, or minute arc, denoted by the symbol formula_1, is a unit of angular measurement equal to of one degree. Since one degree is of a turn (or complete rotation), one minute of arc is of a turn. The nautical mile was originally defined as a minute of latitude on a spherical Earth, so the actual Earth circumference is very near 21 600 nautical miles. A minute of arc is of a radian.
A second of arc, arcsecond (arcsec), or arc second, denoted by the symbol formula_2, is of an arcminute, of a degree, of a turn, and (about ) of a radian.
These units originated in Babylonian astronomy as sexagesimal subdivisions of the degree; they are used in fields that involve very small angles, such as astronomy, optometry, ophthalmology, optics, navigation, land surveying, and marksmanship.
To express even smaller angles, standard SI prefixes can be employed; the milliarcsecond (mas) and microarcsecond (μas), for instance, are commonly used in astronomy.
The number of square arcminutes in a complete sphere is formula_3 square arcminutes (the surface area of a unit sphere in square units, divided by the solid angle area subtended by a square arcminute (also in square units), so that the final result is a dimensionless number).
The fact that the terms "minute" and "second" also denote units of time derives from Babylonian astronomy, where the corresponding time-related terms denoted the duration of the Sun's apparent motion of one minute or one second of arc, respectively, through the ecliptic. In present terms, the Babylonian degree of time was four minutes long, so the "minute" of time was four seconds long and the "second" of a second.
Symbols and abbreviations.
The prime symbol (′) (U+2032) designates the arcminute, though a single quote (') (U+0027) is commonly used where only ASCII characters are permitted. One arcminute is thus written as 1′. It is also abbreviated as arcmin or amin or, less commonly, the prime with a circumflex over it (formula_4).
Similarly, double prime (″) (U+2033) designates the arcsecond, though a double quote (") (U+0022) is commonly used where only ASCII characters are permitted. One arcsecond is thus written as 1″. It is also abbreviated as arcsec or asec.
In celestial navigation, seconds of arc are rarely used in calculations, the preference usually being for degrees, minutes and decimals of a minute, for example, written as 42° 25.32′ or 42° 25.322′. This notation has been carried over into marine GPS receivers, which normally display latitude and longitude in the latter format by default.
Common examples.
The full moon's average apparent size is about 31 arcminutes (or 0.52°).
An arcminute is approximately the resolution of the human eye.
An arcsecond is approximately the angle subtended by a U.S. dime coin (18 mm) at a distance of . An arcsecond is also the angle subtended by
A milliarcsecond is about the size of a dime atop the Eiffel Tower, as seen from New York City.
A microarcsecond is about the size of a period at the end of a sentence in the Apollo mission manuals left on the Moon as seen from Earth.
A nanoarcsecond is about the size of a penny on Neptune's moon Triton as observed from Earth.
Also notable examples of size in arcseconds are:
Uses.
Astronomy.
Since antiquity, the arcminute and arcsecond have been used in astronomy: in the ecliptic coordinate system as latitude (β) and longitude (λ); in the horizon system as altitude (Alt) and azimuth (Az); and in the equatorial coordinate system as declination (δ). All are measured in degrees, arcminutes and arcseconds. The principal exception is right ascension (RA) in equatorial coordinates, which is measured in time units of hours, minutes, and seconds.
The arcsecond is also often used to describe small astronomical angles such as the angular diameters of planets (e.g. the angular diameter of Venus which varies between 10″ and 60″), the proper motion of stars, the separation of components of binary star systems, and parallax, the small change of position of a star in the course of a year, or of a solar system body as the Earth rotates. These small angles may also be written in milliarcseconds (mas), or thousandths of an arcsecond. The unit of distance, the parsec, named from the "par"allax of one arc "sec"ond, was developed for such parallax measurements. It is the distance at which the mean radius of the Earth's orbit (more precisely, one astronomical unit) would subtend an angle of one arcsecond.
The ESA astrometric satellite Gaia, launched in 2013, can approximate star positions to 7 microarcseconds (µas).
Apart from the Sun, the star with the largest angular diameter from Earth is R Doradus, a red giant with a diameter of 0.05″. Because of the effects of atmospheric blurring, ground-based telescopes will smear the image of a star to an angular diameter of about 0.5″; in poor conditions this increases to 1.5″ or even more. The dwarf planet Pluto has proven difficult to resolve because its angular diameter is about 0.1″.
Space telescopes are not affected by the Earth's atmosphere but are diffraction limited. For example, the Hubble Space Telescope can reach an angular size of stars down to about 0.1″. Techniques exist for improving seeing on the ground. Adaptive optics, for example, can produce images around 0.05″ on a 10 m class telescope.
Cartography.
Minutes (′) and seconds (″) of arc are also used in cartography and navigation. At sea level one minute of arc along the equator equals exactly one geographical mile along the Earth's equator or approximately . A second of arc, one sixtieth of this amount, is roughly . The exact distance varies along meridian arcs or any other great circle arcs because the figure of the Earth is slightly oblate (bulges a third of a percent at the equator).
Positions are traditionally given using degrees, minutes, and seconds of arcs for latitude, the arc north or south of the equator, and for longitude, the arc east or west of the Prime Meridian. Any position on or above the Earth's reference ellipsoid can be precisely given with this method. However, when it is inconvenient to use base-60 for minutes and seconds, positions are frequently expressed as decimal fractional degrees to an equal amount of precision. Degrees given to three decimal places ( of a degree) have about the precision of degrees-minutes-seconds ( of a degree) and specify locations within about . For navigational purposes positions are given in degrees and decimal minutes, for instance The Needles lighthouse is at 50º 39.734’N 001º 35.500’W.
Property cadastral surveying.
Related to cartography, property boundary surveying using the metes and bounds system relies on fractions of a degree to describe property lines' angles in reference to cardinal directions. A boundary "mete" is described with a beginning reference point, the cardinal direction North or South followed by an angle less than 90 degrees and a second cardinal direction, and a linear distance. The boundary runs the specified linear distance from the beginning point, the direction of the distance being determined by rotating the first cardinal direction the specified angle toward the second cardinal direction. For example, "North 65° 39′ 18″ West 85.69 feet" would describe a line running from the starting point 85.69 feet in a direction 65° 39′ 18″ (or 65.655°) away from north toward the west.
Firearms.
The arcminute is commonly found in the firearms industry and literature, particularly concerning the precision of rifles, though the industry refers to it as minute of angle (MOA). It is especially popular as a unit of measurement with shooters familiar with the imperial measurement system because 1 MOA subtends a circle with a diameter of 1.047 inches (which is often rounded to just 1 inch) at 100 yards ( at or 2.908 cm at 100 m), a traditional distance on American target ranges. The subtension is linear with the distance, for example, at 500 yards, 1 MOA subtends 5.235 inches, and at 1000 yards 1 MOA subtends 10.47 inches.
Since many modern telescopic sights are adjustable in half (), quarter () or eighth () MOA increments, also known as "clicks", zeroing and adjustments are made by counting 2, 4 and 8 clicks per MOA respectively.
For example, if the point of impact is 3 inches high and 1.5 inches left of the point of aim at 100 yards (which for instance could be measured by using a spotting scope with a calibrated reticle), the scope needs to be adjusted 3 MOA down, and 1.5 MOA right. Such adjustments are trivial when the scope's adjustment dials have a MOA scale printed on them, and even figuring the right number of clicks is relatively easy on scopes that "click" in fractions of MOA. This makes zeroing and adjustments much easier:
Another common system of measurement in firearm scopes is the milliradian (mrad). Zeroing an mrad based scope is easy for users familiar with base ten systems. The most common adjustment value in mrad based scopes is  mrad (which approximates MOA).
One thing to be aware of is that some MOA scopes, including some higher-end models, are calibrated such that an adjustment of 1 MOA on the scope knobs corresponds to exactly 1 inch of impact adjustment on a target at 100 yards, rather than the mathematically correct 1.047 inches. This is commonly known as the Shooter's MOA (SMOA) or Inches Per Hundred Yards (IPHY). While the difference between one true MOA and one SMOA is less than half of an inch even at 1000 yards, this error compounds significantly on longer range shots that may require adjustment upwards of 20–30 MOA to compensate for the bullet drop. If a shot requires an adjustment of 20 MOA or more, the difference between true MOA and SMOA will add up to 1 inch or more. In competitive target shooting, this might mean the difference between a hit and a miss.
The physical group size equivalent to "m" minutes of arc can be calculated as follows: group size = tan() × distance. In the example previously given, for 1 minute of arc, and substituting 3,600 inches for 100 yards, 3,600 tan() ≈ 1.047 inches. In metric units 1 MOA at 100 metres ≈ 2.908 centimetres.
Sometimes, a precision-oriented firearm's performance will be measured in MOA. This simply means that under ideal conditions (i.e. no wind, high-grade ammo, clean barrel, and a stable mounting platform such as a vise or a benchrest used to eliminate shooter error), the gun is capable of producing a group of shots whose center points (center-to-center) fit into a circle, the average diameter of circles in several groups can be subtended by that amount of arc. For example, a "1 MOA rifle" should be capable, under ideal conditions, of repeatably shooting 1-inch groups at 100 yards. Most higher-end rifles are warrantied by their manufacturer to shoot under a given MOA threshold (typically 1 MOA or better) with specific ammunition and no error on the shooter's part. For example, Remington's M24 Sniper Weapon System is required to shoot 0.8 MOA or better, or be rejected from sale by quality control.
Rifle manufacturers and gun magazines often refer to this capability as "sub-MOA", meaning a gun consistently shooting groups under 1 MOA. This means that a single group of 3 to 5 shots at 100 yards, or the average of several groups, will measure less than 1 MOA between the two furthest shots in the group, i.e. all shots fall within 1 MOA. If larger samples are taken (i.e., more shots per group) then group size typically increases, however this will ultimately average out. If a rifle was truly a 1 MOA rifle, it would be just as likely that two consecutive shots land exactly on top of each other as that they land 1 MOA apart. For 5-shot groups, based on 95% confidence, a rifle that normally shoots 1 MOA can be expected to shoot groups between 0.58 MOA and 1.47 MOA, although the majority of these groups will be under 1 MOA. What this means in practice is if a rifle that shoots 1-inch groups on average at 100 yards shoots a group measuring 0.7 inches followed by a group that is 1.3 inches, this is not statistically abnormal.
The metric system counterpart of the MOA is the milliradian (mrad or 'mil'), being equal to one 1000th of the target range, laid out on a circle that has the observer as centre and the target range as radius. The number of milliradians on a full such circle therefore always is equal to 2 × × 1000, regardless the target range. Therefore, 1 MOA ≈ 0.2909 mrad. This means that an object which spans 1 mrad on the reticle is at a range that is in metres equal to the object's size in millimetres (e.g. an object of 100 mm subtending 1 mrad is 100 metres away). So there is no conversion factor required, contrary to the MOA system. A reticle with markings (hashes or dots) spaced with a one mrad apart (or a fraction of a mrad) are collectively called a mrad reticle. If the markings are round they are called mil-dots.
In the table below conversions from mrad to metric values are exact (e.g. 0.1 mrad equals exactly 10 mm at 100 metres), while conversions of minutes of arc to both metric and imperial values are approximate.
Human vision.
In humans, 20/20 vision is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern separated by a visual angle of one minute of arc.
A 20/20 letter subtends 5 minutes of arc total.
Materials.
The deviation from parallelism between two surfaces, for instance in optical engineering, is usually measured in arcminutes or arcseconds.
In addition, arcseconds are sometimes used in rocking curve (ω-scan) x ray diffraction measurements of high-quality epitaxial thin films.
Manufacturing.
Some measurement devices make use of arcminutes and arcseconds to measure angles when the object being measured is too small for direct visual inspection. For instance, a toolmaker's optical comparator will often include an option to measure in "minutes and seconds".


National Standard Examination in Junior Science

The National Standard Examination in Junior Science or NSEJS is an examination in
Science for secondary school students, usually conducted in the end of November. Organized by the Indian Association of Physics Teacher in association with Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (HBCSE), NSEJS is considered toughest Science exam on higher secondary level globally. The NSEJS is carried out every year since 1987 in English, Hindi & a few other Indian languages. More than 80,000 students from over 1,500 centres take part in these olympiads.
Eligibility.
Only Indian citizens born on or before December 31, 2007 and are students studying in Class X or lower as of November 30, 2017, can apply and appear for NSEJS 2017 − 2018. The student has to himself re-assure his eligibility. At any stage if the student is found to be not eligible for the exam, he/she may be disqualified from the program.
Only Indian citizens born on or before December 31, 2007 and are students studying in Class X or lower as of November 20, 2018, can apply and appear for NSEJS 2017 − 2018. The student has to himself re-assure his eligibility. At any stage if the student is found to be not eligible for the exam, he/she may be disqualified from the program.
Importance.
The top 300 students or so, with statewise quota, from this examination are selected to sit for the Indian National Junior Science Olympiad. The examination, with both a theory and an objective paper is held in the last week of January. The top 35 or so students are then called for an Orientation cum Selection Camp (OCSC), and the top 6 among all students are selected for the International Junior Science Olympiad.
Format.
Before 2014-15, The NSEJS comprised both multiple choice questions and subjective questions. Due to the large volume of participating students, all questions were not checked for all candidates; subjective questions were checked for only those candidates scoring above a certain minimum in the multiple choice questions. Multiple choice questions carried about 60% of the total weightage and were the crucial determinant for selection to the next stage.
The present format (from 2014-15 onwards) is composed entirely of 80 multiple-choice questions.
Fee.
The fee for the NSEJS is Rs. 180 ($15 for overseas candidates). Application for this examination is typically handled through the school/college to which the student is affiliated.
Qualifying for the Second Stage.
The basic objective of conducting this test is not focusing on merit but to involve as many students from the country to participate in the exam and try to show and expose their talent. Hence the selection to the stage examinations i.e. International Junior Science Olympiad Examinations (IJSO) is based on the following scheme.
Cutoff.
To be eligible to get to the next level, i.e. the second stage, it is necessary that a student scores at-least a Minimum Admissible Score (MAS) which is 50% of the maximum score. In the year 2019 the MAS was 99 and MI was 159
Proportional Representation Clause.
The maximum number of students that can get to Stage II (InJSO) in each subject is around 300. These any students are not selected only on the merit basis but also on proportionate basis. This proportion is decided on the base of the number of candidates who appeared for NSEJS in the previous year from that center in each State or Union Territory (UT). In case there is a tie at the last position, then all the students competing for the last position will be eligible to move to stage II. However it’s necessary that the selected students fulfill the eligibility clause laid out above. The total number to be selected from centers in each State for each subject will be displayed on the IAPT and HBCSE website.
Minimum Representation Clause.
Notwithstanding the proportional representation clause the number of students selected for IJSO from each State and UT must be at least one, provided that the eligibility clause is satisfied.
Merit Clause.
As stated above, approximately 300 students are to be selected for second stage. If this does not happen according to MAS, then after selection as per merit, the shortfall from 300 students will be selected based purely on merit without further consideration to proportional representation and minimum representation clauses. In the event of a tie at the last position in the list all students with the same marks at this position will qualify to appear for the Stage II examination.


Boris Beizer

Boris Beizer (1934-2018) was an American software engineer and author. He received his B.S. degree in physics from the City College of New York in 1956, an MS in Electrical Engineering (1963) and a PhD in computer science from the University of Pennsylvania in 1966. He wrote many books and articles on topics such as system architecture and software testing. His books "Software Testing Techniques" and "Software System Testing and Quality Assurance" are frequently consulted references on the subject. He directed testing for the FAA's Weather Message Switching Center and several other large communications systems. He was a speaker at many testing conferences and was also known for his seminars on testing. He consulted on software testing and quality assurance with many organizations throughout the world.
Personal life.
Boris Beizer was born in Brussels, Belgium. He emigrated to the United States in May, 1941.
List of Publications (partial).
Novels under pseudonym Ethan I. Shedley


7959 Alysecherri

7959 Alysecherri, provisional designation , is a bright, stony Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 August 1994, by American astronomer Carl Hergenrother at Steward Observatory's Catalina Station on Mt Bigelow near Tucson, Arizona. The asteroid was named for the discoverer's wife, Alyse Cherri.
Orbit and classification.
The E-type asteroid is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8–2.1 AU once every 2 years and 9 months (989 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1951, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 43 years prior to its discovery.
Physical characteristics.
A rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made by American astronomer Brian Warner at the U.S. Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, in July 2013. It gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.13 in magnitude (). The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo of 0.30 and calculates a diameter of 3.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.5.
Naming.
This minor planet is named after the maiden name of the discovering astronomer's wife, Alyse Cherri Smith. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 November 2008 ().


2606 Odessa

2606 Odessa, provisional designation , is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 1 April 1976, by Soviet–Russian astronomer Nikolai Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula. The presumably metallic X- or M-type asteroid has an elongated shape and a rotation period of 8.24 hours. It was named for the Ukrainian city of Odessa.
Orbit and classification.
"Odessa" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.5 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,674 days; semi-major axis of 2.76 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in July 1954, near 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnij.
Physical characteristics.
In the SMASS classification, "Odessa" is a Xk-subtype that transitions between the X- and K-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as an X-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, while it as an M-type asteroid according to the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).
Rotation period and poles.
In 2008, two rotational lightcurves of "Odessa" were obtained from photometric observations at the Hunters Hill and Oakley Southern Sky observatories in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.2426 and 8.244 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.80 and 0.72 magnitude, respectively, indicative for a non-spherical shape ().
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve gave a concurring sidereal period of 8.2444 hours using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers (such as above), as well as sparse-in-time photometry from the NOFS, the Catalina Sky Survey, and the La Palma surveys . The study also determined two spin axes of (25.0°, −81.0°) and (283.0°, −88.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).
Diameter and albedo.
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, "Odessa" measures 15.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.175, while the "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a carbonaceous standard albedo of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 25.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after the Ukrainian black Sea port city of Odessa. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 December 1982 ().


838 Seraphina

838 Seraphina ("prov. designation": "or" ) is a dark and large background asteroid, approximately in diameter, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory on 24 September 1916. The primitive P-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.7 hours and is rather spherical in shape. Any reference to the origin of the asteroid's name is .
Orbit and classification.
"Seraphina" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,802 days; semi-major axis of 2.9 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg Observatory on 24 September 1916.
Naming.
Any reference of this minor planet name to a person or occurrence is unknown.
Unknown meaning.
Among the many thousands of named minor planets, "Seraphina" is , for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers in between and and were discovered from 1876 up to the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.
Physical characteristics.
In the Tholen classification, "Seraphina" is a very dark, primitive P-type asteroid, that falls into the wider group of the carbonaceous C-Complex. In both the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), it is an X-type asteroid. P-type asteroids are common in the outer asteroid belt and among the Jupiter trojans.
Rotation period.
In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of "Seraphina" was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Raymond Poncy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a low brightness variation of magnitude, indicative of a rather spherical shape (). Other observations include a period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude by Richard Binzel from June 1984 (), and a period of hours with an amplitude of magnitude by the Spanish group of asteroid observers, OBAS, in November 2015 ().
In 2018, Czech astronomers Josef Ďurech and Josef Hanuš published a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the "Gaia" spacecraft's second data release. It showed a sidereal period of hours (), and gave two spin axes at (18.0°, 4.0°) and (192.0°, 32.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, "Seraphina" measures (), () and () kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (), () and (), respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0427 and a diameter of 59.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.16. Alternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (), () and () with corresponding albedos of (), () and ().
Two asteroid occultations of "Seraphina" gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of () and () for their respective observation on 5 February 2007 and on 20 July 2014. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star. However, these two observations have received a poor quality rating.


Square (unit)

The square is an Imperial unit of area that is used in the construction industry in the United States and Canada, and was historically used in Australia. One square is equal to 100 square feet. Examples where the unit is used are roofing shingles, metal roofing, vinyl siding, and fibercement siding products. Some home builders use squares as a unit in floor plans to customers.
When used in reference to material that is applied in an overlapped fashion, such as roof shingles or siding, a square refers to the amount of material needed to cover 100 square feet when installed according to a certain lap pattern. For example, for a shingle product designed to be installed so that each course has 5" of exposure, a square would actually consist of more than 100 square feet of shingles in order to allow for overlapping of courses to yield the proper exposed surface.
Buildings in Australia no longer use the square as a unit of measure, and has been replaced by square metres. The measurement was often used by estate agents to make the building sound larger as the measure includes the areas outside under the eaves, and so cannot be directly compared to the internal floor area. Residential buildings in the state of Victoria, Australia are sometimes still advertised in squares.
Conversions.
1 square equals


2930 Euripides


764 Gedania

764 Gedania ("prov. designation:" "or" ) is a large background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 26 September 1913, by German astronomer Franz Kaiser at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 24.98 hours. It was named after the Polish city of Gdańsk where the discoverer was an assistant at the observatory during the 1920s.
Orbit and classification.
"Gedania" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,092 days; semi-major axis of 3.2 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1902, almost 11 years prior to its official discovery observation by Franz Kaiser.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after the Latin name of the city of Gdańsk, Poland (formerly Free City of Danzig) where the discoverer, Franz Kaiser (1891–1962), was an assistant at the observatory during the early 1920s. The official naming citation was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 (). Asteroid 1419 Danzig was also named by its German name for the city of Gdańsk.
Physical characteristics.
In the Tholen classification, "Gedania" is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has also been classified as an hydrated Ch-type and as a Caa type in the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomic variant of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2).
Rotation period.
In February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of "Gedania" was obtained from photometric observations by collaborating astronomers Roberto Crippa, Federico Manzini , René Roy, Donn Starkey, Raoul Behrend and Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of hours with a brightness variation of magnitude (). Observations by Aznar, Brinsfield and Pál, gave an alternative period determination of , and hours, respectively ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Japanese Akari satellite, "Gedania" measures , and kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of , and , respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" derives an albedo of 0.0754 and a diameter of 58.18 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.6. An alternative mean-diameter measurement published by the WISE team gave () with corresponding albedo of (). On 5 February 2006, an asteroid occultation of "Gedania" gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (), with a poor quality rating of 1. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star.


Mildred Barnard

Mildred Macfarlan Barnard (also known as Mildred Macfarlan Prentice, 5 August 1908 – 9 March 2000) was an Australian biometrician, mathematician and statistician.
Early life and education.
Barnard was born in Melbourne on 5 August 1908. Her mother, Jessie Margaret Barnard, helped found the Federal Territory War Food Fund. Her father, Robert James Allman Barnard, became a foundation professor of mathematics at the Royal Military College, Duntroon near Canberra, where the family moved in 1911. They returned to Melbourne in the 1920s, when Barnard's father took a position as senior lecturer at the University of Melbourne.
Barnard entered the University of Melbourne in 1927. She won a Dixson Scholarship in 1930, the same year that she completed a B.A. with honours in mathematics. She added a B.S. in physics in 1931 and an M.S. in 1932. Her master's thesis concerned the continuum mechanics of a cracked thin plate, and was supervised by John Henry Michell.
In search of a subject that would bring her into more contact with other people, and discouraged by the job prospects for mathematicians and physicists in Australia, Barnard shifted her interests to biometrics. She began her doctoral studies in statistics with Ronald Fisher in the Galton Laboratory at University College London in 1934. She published three papers in this period, on craniometry, factorial experiments, and environmental statistics, and completed her Ph.D. in 1936.
Career and later life.
After completing her education, Barnard returned to Australia and became an assistant biometrician in the Division of Forest Products of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, beginning in 1936. Although centred at Melbourne, her position also involved spending time in Canberra and Sydney. While at CSIR she worked with Betty Allan. Topics that Barnard researched were the 'holding power of coach screws and the serviceability of railway sleepers and telegraph poles'. In the normal course of events, she would have lost the position when she married in 1939, but the outbreak of World War II, and the need for wood in airplanes, caused greater demands on her office, so her resignation was delayed until the birth of her first child in 1941.
While raising a family, she lectured part-time at the University of Melbourne until she and her family moved to Brisbane, where her husband found a position as professor of electrical engineering at the University of Queensland. She continued her part-time lecturing there and, in 1970, she was appointed as lecturer in mathematical statistics at the University of Queensland.
In 1972 she became the first Chairwoman (1972) of the Brisbane Branch of the International Biometric Society, Australasian Region.
She died in Brisbane on 9 March 2000.
Book.
Barnard's book "Elementary Statistics for Use in Timber Research" (with Neil Ditchburn, CSIRO, 1956) was published after being printed twice for CSIRO use.


EExam

An eExam (e-exam) is a timed, supervised, summative assessment conducted using each candidate's own computer running a standardised operating system.Such examinations have advantages over paper-based exams, and can include new multi-media, simulation and software test items which give higher validity in respect of professional work practice.
Electronic exams offer benefits such as ease of marking, reduced need to read illegible handwriting, saving of time and raw materials and reduced logistical overheads.
Challenges.
Many innovations face reactionary challenges in the social, political and technical spheres. Objections focus on the unreliability of computer equipment or the potential for cheating. Some 'hacks' against eExams use cooling of the computer RAM to 0 degrees Celsius, when the contents can be preserved for about 45 seconds. This is irrelevant if the exam question paper is published after the assessment and open source software is used (since the material is put in the public domain anyway). These criticisms have been answered by a risk tree comparison with paper-based examinations, finding the typing and handwriting in examinations are similarly secure.
The challenges of e-exams are: usability issues during the exam, increased stress level due to unfamiliarity with e-exam systems and inadequate functionality.


Escape from Noise

Escape from Noise is the fourth studio album by Negativland. It marked the band's first release on an established independent record label, SST Records. On the album, they continued to develop their experimental style, as well as incorporating elements of pop music with shorter tracks and more conventional melodies. "Christianity Is Stupid", a track featuring samples from the propaganda movie "If Footmen Tire You, What Will Horses Do?," proved to be an enduring signature song: the band and the release gained widespread attention a year later due to a SST press release falsely implying that murderer David Brom had listened to the song before killing his family members.
Release.
The original album came with a yellow bumper sticker with black letters reading "Car Bomb", and a booklet outlining the history of the band, along with photos of band members and reviews of previous releases. In the booklet, Crosley Bendix (Don Joyce) describes how Negativland's studio/apartment and recording equipment were destroyed in a two-alarm fire discovered by Negativland member Mark Hosler at 11:50 pm late on "Friday the 13th of February, 1987".
The fire started in Smart Laundry, a dry cleaning business located at street level below Negativland's apartment, 10028 San Pablo Avenue in El Cerrito, California. When he saw flames leaping up past their kitchen window, Hosler yelled to his friend Tera Freedman in the next room to call 9-1-1 to notify the fire department. Hosler and Freedman collected the finished master tapes and artwork for "Escape from Noise" and quickly left the building, just as fire crews arrived. Cleaning solvents in the laundry accelerated the fire and caused extensive damage to the building before fire crews gained control. Afterward, the band grimly assessed the total destruction of the recording equipment and the materials from previous releases. Together, they traveled to Los Angeles to meet with SST executives and "reaffirm their album commitment".
In 1999, Seeland Records reissued the album in a new "un-remixed" edition, adding no bonus tracks and blowing up the photo on the LP to fill the entire CD front cover and the original LP cover's words from Bendix were moved into the booklet. A sticker was placed on the album, saying:
An old album from Negativland: Digitally exacto-remastered 33 rpm compact disc re-issue of Negativland's classic 1987 LP with no added bonus tracks of any kind!
Don't let the new cover design fool you – your audiophile friends might think that such classics as "Car Bomb" and "Christianity Is Stupid" sound crisper and cleaner on this newly un-remixed edition, but they're dead wrong! And even though there are no longer eleven time zones in the Soviet Union (and no Soviet Union, either) this re-release sounds "exactly" the same as the original. The only thing different is the sticker you are reading right now.
The original LP is still in print on SST Records, even though the band re-released the record in 1999 on Seeland.
In 1988, the group released a mock press release to suggest that the song "Christianity Is Stupid" was connected to murders by David Brom, and that the group was forced to cancel a planned tour in support of "Escape from Noise". However, there were no connections with the murders, and the tour was cancelled only due to shortage of funds and free time. Their next album, Helter Stupid, made use of the event by sampling news reports of the controversy surrounding Negativland.


Thanatopsis (film)

Thanatopsis is an experimental short film by Ed Emshwiller, produced in 1962.
Description.
"Thanatopsis" features images of a motionless man (Mac Emshwiller) and an indistinct dancing woman (Becky Arnold). The film's soundtrack includes a heartbeat and a hacksaw. The title is from the Greek "thanatos" ("death") and "-opsis" ("sight"), the word often translated to mean "meditation on death". "Thanatopsis" is one of several Emshwiller films to feature dance passages, with others including "Lifelines", "Dance Chromatic," "Fusion," "Totem," "Chrysalis", and "Film With Three Dancers."
Reception.
Peter Lev described "Thanatopsis" as the most fascinating and technically accomplished of Emshwiller's early dance films, and a "disturbing contemplation on death." Jenelle Porter thought the film "visually unadorned yet supercharged by vibrating visual effects and [its] soundtrack."


Chi (angle)


Feet per minute


Basic access authentication

In the context of an HTTP transaction, basic access authentication is a method for an HTTP user agent (e.g. a web browser) to provide a user name and password when making a request. In basic HTTP authentication, a request contains a header field in the form of codice_1, where credentials is the Base64 encoding of ID and password joined by a single colon codice_2.
It is specified in from 2015, which obsoletes from 1999.
Features.
HTTP Basic authentication (BA) implementation is the simplest technique for enforcing access controls to web resources because it does not require cookies, session identifiers, or login pages; rather, HTTP Basic authentication uses standard fields in the HTTP header.
Security.
The BA mechanism does not provide confidentiality protection for the transmitted credentials. They are merely encoded with Base64 in transit and not encrypted or hashed in any way. Therefore, basic authentication is typically used in conjunction with HTTPS to provide confidentiality.
Because the BA field has to be sent in the header of each HTTP request, the web browser needs to cache credentials for a reasonable period of time to avoid constantly prompting the user for their username and password. Caching policy differs between browsers.
HTTP does not provide a method for a web server to instruct the client to "log out" the user. However, there are a number of methods to clear cached credentials in certain web browsers. One of them is redirecting the user to a URL on the same domain, using credentials that are intentionally incorrect. However, this behavior is inconsistent between various browsers and browser versions. Microsoft Internet Explorer offers a dedicated JavaScript method to clear cached credentials:
<script>document.execCommand('ClearAuthenticationCache');</script>
In modern browsers, cached credentials for basic authentication are typically cleared when clearing browsing history. Most browsers allow users to specifically clear only credentials, though the option may be hard to find, and typically clears credentials for all visited sites.
Protocol.
Server side.
When the server wants the user agent to authenticate itself towards the server, the server must respond appropriately to unauthenticated requests.
To unauthenticated requests, the server should return a response which contains a "HTTP 401 Unauthorized" status line and a "WWW-Authenticate" header field.
The "WWW-Authenticate" header field for basic authentication is constructed as following:
codice_3
The server may choose to include the "charset" parameter from :
codice_4
This parameter indicates that the server expects the client to use UTF-8 for encoding username and password (see below).
Client side.
When the user agent wants to send authentication credentials to the server, it may use the "Authorization" header field.
The "Authorization" header field is constructed as follows:
For example, if the browser uses codice_5 as the username and codice_6 as the password, then the field's value is the Base64 encoding of codice_7, or codice_8. Then the codice_9 header field will appear as:
codice_10


805 Hormuthia

805 Hormuthia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. This asteroid follows an elliptical orbit through the main asteroid belt that reaches perihelion just outside the Kirkwood gap at 2.5 AU. Its estimated diameter is 73 km, and it is one of the 500 largest asteroids. 805 Hormuthia was discovered by Max Wolf in 1915, at the University of Heidelberg. The planet is named after Hormuth Kopff, the wife of astronomer August Kopff.


Project Mooncircle

Project Mooncircle is an Independent record label based in Berlin, Germany. Focusing on organic and electronic music.
History.
Project Mooncircle was founded in 2002 by Gordon Gieseking, as an offshoot of experimental electronic Miami label "Beta Bodega". In 2004 Gieseking formed a partnership with the vinyl and clothing mail-order company Hip Hop Vinyl, and when Beta Bodega ceased operations in 2005, Project Mooncircle became HHV.DE’s official imprint.
Respectively in 2009 and 2010, Project Mooncircle took up two sub-labels, dub techno imprint "Project Squared" and blog/label "Finest Ego", and in 2014 it was featured in the XLR8R readers poll on the best independent record labels, behind Ninja Tune and Warp Records.


Gujarat Common Entrance Test

Gujarat Common Entrance Test (GCET) is an annual common entrance exam for MBA and MCA studies in Gujarat, India, since 2002. Every year it is conducted between March to August. Gujarat Technological University was inaugurated in October 2007. Then, it started conducting GCET.
MBA programmes.
Admission and exam pattern.
There two types of admissions seats covered under GCET:
The written test comprises sections on quantitative ability, reasoning, data interpretation, reading comprehension, verbal ability, and general knowledge. Examinees can take the test in English or Gujarati.
Institutes covered.
Few prominent institutes are:
GCET 2009.
5,429 MBA admissions were given. Out of it, 3,298 admissions were from Open/General category; while 1,463 from SEBC category. 7% seats are reserved for Scheduled Caste, 15% for Scheduled Tribes and 27% seats are for Socially & Educationally Backward Classes (including widows and orphans).


Col legno

In music for bowed string instruments, col legno, or more precisely col legno battuto (, ), is an instruction to strike the string with the stick of the bow, rather than by drawing the hair of the bow across the strings.
History.
The earliest known use of "col legno" in Western music is to be found in a piece entitled "Harke, harke," from the "First Part of Ayres" (1605) by Tobias Hume, where he instructs the gambist to "drum this with the backe of your bow".
Sound.
The percussive sound of "col legno battuto" has a clear pitch element determined by the distance of the bow from the bridge at the point of contact. As a group of players will never strike the string in exactly the same place, the sound of a section of violins playing "col legno battuto" is dramatically different from the sound of a single violin doing so.
The wood of the bow can also be drawn across the string — a technique called "col legno tratto" ("with the wood drawn"). This is much less common, and the plain marking "col legno" is invariably interpreted to mean "battuto" rather than "tratto". The sound produced by "col legno tratto" is very quiet, with an overlay of white noise, but the pitch of the stopped note can be clearly heard. If the sound is too quiet, the bow can be slightly rolled so that a few bow hairs touch the string as well, leading to a slightly less "airy" sound.
Equipment.
Some string players object to "col legno" playing as it can damage the bow; many players have a cheaper bow which they use for "col legno" passages, or for pieces which require extended passages of "col legno". Some players tap the strings with pencils instead of bows, producing a further percussive, lighter sound.
Examples.
Some notable examples are:


2957 Tatsuo


Foot per second squared

The foot per second squared (plural "feet per second squared") is a unit of acceleration. It expresses change in velocity expressed in units of feet per second (ft/s) divided by time in seconds (s) (or the distance in feet (ft) traveled or displaced, divided by the time in seconds (s) squared). The corresponding unit in the International System of Units (SI) is the metre per second squared.
Abbreviations include ft/s2, ft/sec2, ft/s/s, ft/sec/sec, and ft s−2.


5242 Kenreimonin


302 Clarissa

Clarissa (minor planet designation: 302 Clarissa) is a typical main belt asteroid. The asteroid was discovered by the French astronomer Auguste Charlois on 14 November 1890 in Nice. The origin of the name is unknown. In 1991, 302 Clarissa was being considered as a possible fly-by target for the Cassini spacecraft, but was later removed from consideration.
This body is orbiting the Sun with a period of and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.11. The orbital plane is inclined by 3.4° to the plane of the ecliptic. There are no major planetary resonances near the orbit of 302 Clarissa. It has a retrograde spin with a rotation period of 14.4797 hours. Stellar occultation data provides a size estimate of , while IRAS data gives a diameter of . It is classified as a F-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material.
302 Clarissa provides the eponym for a small collisional asteroid family of mostly C-type asteroids. This group consists of 179 bodies with orbits clustered around 302 Clarissa. The family has a small extend of semimajor axis values, suggesting this is a young group; its estimated age is  Myr. 70–90% of the objects in this family have a retrograde spin, suggesting the parent body may have possessed a similar rotation. This family is one of five that are candidate sources for the near Earth asteroids 101955 Bennu and 162173 Ryugu.
Spacecraft visits.
At present, "Clarissa" has not been visited by any spacecraft. As of 1991, mission planning for the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft included a Flyby (spaceflight) of "Clarissa" while leaving the inner solar system in November 1998, however due to delays, the launch of Cassini-Huygens was moved from November 1995 to October 1997, thus negating the option to pass near "Clarissa". Cassini-Huygens passed by asteroid 2685 Masursky on 23 January 2000 instead.


Cold Spring (label)

Cold Spring is an independent record label based in Northamptonshire, England, specialising in "all forms of extreme media, but particularly: Dark ambient, Neo-classical/Neo-folk, Orchestral, Power Electronics/Noise, Japanese Noise, Minimal, Death Industrial, Dark Soundtracks, Experimental, obscure electronics from Russia, China, Japan, Poland and others."
History.
Beginnings.
The label is owned, and run, by Justin Mitchell who had been working for Thee Temple Ov Psychic Youth", a radical occult group from the 1980s. Mitchell had started out listening to early electronic music around the late 1970s, early 1980s. This included bands like Soft Cell and The Human League. From listening to this genre of music Mitchell progressed into the different fields of electronic and experimental music including artists like Genesis P-Orridge. Mitchell began getting involved in the music industry after be involved in re-issuing some cassette releases from his project Satori. These releases originated from around 1984 and were released by another label.
1990-1999.
Cold Spring began releasing recordings in 1988 by mail order, then in 1997 began selling and distributing releases on the internet.
After releasing a handful of cassette releases by artists such as The Grey Wolves and Genesis P-Orridge. Cold Spring released their first vinyl compilation album "...And the Wolf Shall Lick The Jewels From Your Belly" (CSR 1LP). This was in 1990 and featured artists such as The Grey Wolves, Crash Worship and The Hafler Trio.
The next planned release, (CSR 2LP) would have been a split album between Alan Moore and Psychic TV but was withdrawn due to major label pressure. It wasn’t until 1992 that Cold Spring released their next release "Asesinos" by Crash Worship. This would be the first CD release by the label.
In 1999 Cold Spring released the Genesis P-Orridge / Merzbow project titled "A Perfect Pain". The album was an enormous success for Cold Spring, and one of the label’s most requested titles.
2000 – present.
An untitled collaboration between American artists Boyd Rice and Z'EV produced a two track vinyl release in September 2008. The following year, EV released an album titled "Sum Things". It consisted of archive material reflecting his take on the dark ambient genre of music. The tracks were recorded between December 2005 and March 2006.
2009 also saw Cold Spring re-release Anni Hogans "Kickabye". The original EP was re-packaged including ten extra tracks; "Kickabye" featured artists such as Marc Almond and Nick Cave.
In 2010 former Siouxsie and the Banshees member, Steven Severin released his debut album for Cold Spring titled "Blood of a Poet". The album is a recording of his soundtrack for a 1930 silent movie by Jean Cocteau.


Jean D. Gibbons

Jean Dickinson Gibbons (née Dickinson, born 1938) is an American statistician, an expert in nonparametric statistics and an author of books on statistics. She was the first chair of the Committee on Women in Statistics of the American Statistical Association, and the Jean Dickinson Gibbons Graduate Program in Statistics at Virginia Tech is named for her.
Life.
Despite her parents' expectations that she become a nurse or teacher,
Gibbons graduated magna cum laude in mathematics in 1958 from Duke University, and continued at Duke for a master's degree,
with a master's thesis on "Judgments Concerning Applications of Measures of Central Tendency".
She went on to do graduate study at Columbia University,
but completed her PhD in 1962 from Virginia Tech.
Her dissertation was "The Small-Sample Power of some Nonparametric Tests".
After teaching at Mercer University and the University of Cincinnati, she was hired by the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 1963. She followed her husband to the University of Alabama,
where she remained despite separating from him and remarrying, until her early retirement in 1995 at age 57.
Books.
Gibbons is the author of ten books. They include:
Awards and honors.
Gibbons became a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 1972, becoming "probably the youngest female ever elected as a fellow".
In 2015, the graduate program in statistics at Virginia Tech was named in her honor.


Evening Independent

The Evening Independent was St. Petersburg, Florida's first daily newspaper. The sister evening newspaper of the "St. Petersburg Times", it was launched as a weekly newspaper in March 1906 under the ownership of Willis B. Powell. In November 1907, it became a daily paper as the "St. Petersburg Evening Independent".
The newspaper was known for its "Sunshine Offer", which was first enacted in 1910 by Major Lew Brown as a way to publicize St. Petersburg as "The Sunshine City". The paper offered copies free following days without sunshine in St. Petersburg. From 1910 until the paper folded in 1986, the "Evening Independent" made good on its offer 296 times.
The "Evening Independent" was acquired by the "Times" in 1962, when its previous owner, the Thomson newspaper chain, threatened to close it down. Roy Thomson had originally bought the "Independent" so he would have a place to moor his yacht.
The "Evening Independent" was merged into the "Times" in November 1986, initially as part of the "Times"'s "City Times and Independent" section; the "Independent" name would soon be dropped.
Every issue of the "Evening Independent", along with the "Times", is available for viewing on Google News Archive.


Chromaticism

Chromaticism is a compositional technique interspersing the primary diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the chromatic scale. Chromaticism is in contrast or addition to tonality or diatonicism and modality (the major and minor, or "white key", scales). Chromatic elements are considered, "elaborations of or substitutions for diatonic scale members".
Development of chromaticism.
The following timeline is abbreviated from its presentation by Benward & Saker:
As tonality began to expand during the last half of the nineteenth century, with new combinations of chords, keys and harmonies being tried, the chromatic scale and chromaticism became more widely used, especially in the works of Richard Wagner, such as the opera "Tristan und Isolde". Increased chromaticism is often cited as one of the main causes or signs of the "breakdown" of tonality, in the form of increased importance or use of:
As tonal harmony continued to widen and even break down, the chromatic scale became the basis of modern music written using the twelve-tone technique, a tone row being a specific ordering or series of the chromatic scale, and later serialism. Though these styles/methods continue to (re)incorporate tonality or tonal elements, often the trends that led to these methods were abandoned, such as modulation.
Types of chromaticism.
David Cope describes three forms of chromaticism: modulation, borrowed chords from secondary keys, and chromatic chords such as augmented sixth chords.
The total chromatic is the collection of all twelve equally tempered pitch classes of the chromatic scale.
List of chromatic chords:
Other types of chromaticity:
Chromatic note.
A chromatic note is one which does not belong to the scale of the key prevailing at the time. Similarly, a chromatic chord is one which includes one or more such notes. A chromatic and a diatonic note, or two chromatic notes, create chromatic intervals.
A chromatic scale is one which proceeds entirely by semitones, so dividing the octave into twelve equal steps of one semitone each.
Linear chromaticism, is used in jazz: "All improvised lines ... will include non-harmonic, chromatic notes." Similar to in the bebop scale this may be the result of metric issues, or simply the desire to use a portion of the chromatic scale
Chromatic chord.
A chromatic chord is a musical chord that includes at least one note not belonging in the diatonic scale associated with the prevailing key, the use of such chords is the use of chromatic harmony. In other words, at least one note of the chord is chromatically altered. Any chord that is not chromatic is a "diatonic chord".
For example, in the key of C major, the following chords (all diatonic) are naturally built on each degree of the scale:
However, a number of other chords may also be built on the degrees of the scale, and some of these are chromatic. Examples:
Chromatic line.
In music theory, "passus duriusculus" is a Latin term which refers to chromatic line, often a bassline, whether descending or ascending.
From the late 16th century onward, chromaticism has come to symbolize intense emotional expression in music. Pierre Boulez (1986, p. 254) speaks of a long established "dualism" in Western European harmonic language: "the diatonic on the one hand and the chromatic on the other as in the time of Monteverdi and Gesualdo whose madrigals provide many examples and employ virtually the same symbolism. The chromatic symbolizing darkness doubt and grief and the diatonic light, affirmation and joy—this imagery has hardly changed for three centuries." When an interviewer asked Igor Stravinsky (1959, p. 243) if he really believed in an innate connection between "pathos" and chromaticism, the composer replied "Of course not; the association is entirely due to convention." Nevertheless the convention is a powerful one and the emotional associations evoked by chromaticism have endured and indeed strengthened over the years. To quote Cooke (1959, p. 54) "Ever since about 1850—since doubts have been cast, in intellectual circles, on the possibility, or even the desirability, of basing one's life on the concept of personal happiness—chromaticism has brought more and more painful tensions into our art-music, and finally eroded the major system and with it the whole system of tonality."
Examples of descending chromatic melodic lines that would seem to convey highly charged feeling can be found in:
Connotations.
Chromaticism is often associated with dissonance.
In the 16th century the repeated melodic semitone became associated with weeping, see: passus duriusculus, lament bass, and pianto.
Susan McClary (1991) argues that chromaticism in operatic and sonata form narratives can often be understood as the "Other", racial, sexual, class or otherwise, to diatonicism's "male" self, whether through modulation, as to the secondary key area, or other means. For instance, Catherine Clément calls the chromaticism in Wagner's "Isolde" "feminine stink". However, McClary also points out that the same techniques used in opera to represent madness in women were historically highly prized in avant-garde instrumental music, "In the nineteenth-century symphony, "Salome"'s chromatic daring is what distinguishes truly serious composition of the vanguard from mere cliché-ridden hack work." (p. 101)


Canada (unit)

The canada () was the unit of liquid volume of the ancient Portuguese measurement system. It was used in Portugal, Brazil and other parts of the Portuguese Empire until the adoption of the metric system. It was equivalent to 4 "quartilhos" (pints). The exact value of the canada varied from region to region, the canada of Lisbon being equivalent to 1.4 litres.
In the Portuguese metric system officially adopted in August 1814, "canada" was the name given to the unit of liquid volume. This metric canada was equivalent to 1 litre.
The canada is still used in some rural areas of Portugal and Brazil to indicate a liquid volume of between 1.5 and 2.0 liters.


Harmonic minor scale


Evening Express (Scotland)

The Evening Express is a daily local newspaper serving the city of Aberdeen, Scotland.
History.
It was first published in November 1879. It was a tabloid during the 1930s to the 1950s until it resumed as a broadsheet in November 1958, six days a week. By September 1989, The Saturday edition returned to a tabloid with the broadsheet formula during the weekdays. It became a tabloid six days a week in February 1995.
There was also a Saturday night paper called the Green Final which ended in June 2002 after many years in which it was printed on green paper instead of the usual white. It showed progress on how Aberdeen FC did in their matches as well as a full check on the day's football results. For many years, the Green Final was a broadsheet until it became a tabloid from 1988 till the end. The name occasionally reappears when the paper features junior football reports.
To celebrate its 40,000th edition, the Evening Express held a competition for one of its readers to win 40,000 one penny pieces – totalling £400.
Publication and circulation.
The paper along with the "Press and Journal" is published by Aberdeen Journals Ltd. It has a circulation of 17,111.
Columnists.
Moreen Simpson, Scott Begbie the entertainments editor, former Grampian TV presenter Frank Gilfeather. In the Weekend section, every Saturday, TV critic Ewan Cameron gives his rundown on the week's programmes.
"Evening Express" Sports Editor Charlie Allan, Former Aberdeen F.C. footballers Stewart McKimmie and Joe Harper have columns in the sport pages. Another former Don Willie Miller has recently joined them. Sports reporter Sean Wallace also has a weekly column.
Coverage of Trump International Golf Links controversy.
The paper was a staunch supporter of the building of a highly controversial golf resort by Donald Trump at the Menie Estate in Balmedie, Aberdeenshire. The development was against the wishes of many local residents, and on an area designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. In 2007, the Evening Express (Scotland) ran pictures of seven councillors who voted against the application under the headline "You Traitors". In 2009, the newspaper announced it would not report anything said by the protest group "Tripping Up Trump", saying it was not "bona fide". In contrast, opponents complained, the DC Thomson papers in Aberdeen, the "Evening Express" and the "Press and Journal" gave a large amount of positive press to Donald Trump and the real estate development. In 2013, "Press and Journal" editor Damian Bates, who was formerly editor at the "Evening Express", married the executive vice president and press spokeswoman for the Trump International project.
Fallout with Aberdeen Football Club players.
As of 29 February 2008 the players of Aberdeen Football Club stated that they would no longer give interviews to the Evening Express. The players cited perceived negative reporting on the part of the paper as their reason for the move. Sports Editor Charlie Allan proposed a meeting with Scott Severin, but this was declined by the captain. Allan instead met with club media officer Dave Macdermid, who gave a short interview to the Evening Express.
Aberdeen FC manager Jimmy Calderwood did not observe the silence of his players, saying that he felt the players had made a mistake in ceasing to communicate with the Evening Express. He did however state, as did Macdermid, that the players had taken particular offence to the paper's speculation that a number of them would be leaving the club in the summer. Calderwood said that the Evening Express had been "naughty" to do so.
In early March [when?] the ban on giving interviews to the Evening Express was lifted, and the players resumed normal communications with the paper.


Electron phenomenological spectroscopy

Electron phenomenological spectroscopy (EPS) is based on the correlations between integral optical characteristics and properties of substance as a single whole quantum continuum: "spectrum-properties" and "color-properties". According to these laws the physicochemical properties of substance solutions in ultraviolet (UV), visible light and near infrared (IR) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum are in proportion to the quantity of radiation absorbed. Such aspects of electron spectroscopy have been shown in the works of Mikhail Yu Dolomatov and has been named "electron phenomenological spectroscopy" because the integral characteristics of the system are studied. Qualitatively, new laws appear on the integral level.
Unlike conventional spectroscopic methods, the EPS studies substances as a comprehensive quantum continuum without separating the spectrum of the substance into characteristic spectral bands on certain frequencies or wavelengths of individual functional groups or components.
New physical phenomena appear in consideration of the integral systems which absorb radiation. For example, EPS is based on the regularities of the correlation of physico-chemical properties and integral spectral characteristics for UV or (and) visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum (so-called law "spectrum-properties"). Color is also an integral characteristic of a visible spectrum. Therefore, the consequence of this is so-called law "color-properties". All this allow the use of EPS methods for studying individual and complex multicomponent substances.
Methods of EPS were developed after 1988 by the group of Mikhail Yu Dolomatov.
The EPS methods belong to number of new effective techniques of monitoring and control and can be used in petroleum and petrochemical industries, environmental monitoring, electronics, biophysics, medicine, criminalistics, space exploration and other fields.


353 Ruperto-Carola

353 Ruperto-Carola ("prov. designation": "or" ) is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory on 16 January 1893. It is named after the Ruprecht Karls University (University of Heidelberg), whose Latin name is Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis.


2056 Nancy

2056 Nancy, provisional designation "", is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1909, by German astronomer Joseph Helffrich at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The S-type asteroid has a tentative rotation period of 15.0 hours. It was named for Nancy Marsden, wife of British astronomer Brian G. Marsden.
Orbit and classification.
"Nancy" is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,206 days; semi-major axis of 2.22 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in October 1909.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after Nancy Lou Zissell Marsden, wife of British astronomer Brian G. Marsden, who established the asteroid's identification, and after whom another minor planet, 1877 Marsden, was previously named. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1978 ().
Physical characteristics.
"Nancy" is a common S-type asteroid in the SMASS classification.
Lightcurves.
As of 2018, only a single fragmentary lightcurve of "Nancy" has been obtained from photometric observation. Analysis of the rotational lightcurve gives a period of 15 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Nancy" measures between 7.783 and 11.19 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.16 and 0.351. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 10.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.3.


Additive model

In statistics, an additive model (AM) is a nonparametric regression method. It was suggested by Jerome H. Friedman and Werner Stuetzle (1981) and is an essential part of the ACE algorithm. The "AM" uses a one-dimensional smoother to build a restricted class of nonparametric regression models. Because of this, it is less affected by the curse of dimensionality than e.g. a "p"-dimensional smoother. Furthermore, the "AM" is more flexible than a standard linear model, while being more interpretable than a general regression surface at the cost of approximation errors. Problems with "AM" include model selection, overfitting, and multicollinearity.
Description.
Given a data set formula_1 of "n" statistical units, where formula_2 represent predictors and formula_3 is the outcome, the "additive model" takes the form
or
Where formula_6, formula_7 and formula_8. The functions formula_9 are unknown smooth functions fit from the data. Fitting the "AM" (i.e. the functions formula_9) can be done using the backfitting algorithm proposed by Andreas Buja, Trevor Hastie and Robert Tibshirani (1989).


Times Square (Neuhaus)

Times Square, often referred to as the hum or the Times Square Hum, is a permanent sound art installation created by Max Neuhaus in Times Square in New York City. Originally installed in 1977, it was removed in 1992 and reinstalled in 2002. It is maintained by the Dia Art Foundation, who consider it one of the eleven locations and sites they manage.
History.
Max Neuhaus was a contemporary music maker and artist credited with being the first person to use sound as their primary medium in contemporary art. "Times Square" was one of a grouping of sound art pieces he created throughout the 1970s in public places in New York City. Other works from the same time period include "Walkthrough", in what is now Jay Street–MetroTech station, and "A New Work (Underground)" in the Museum of Modern Art's garden. The work to create "Times Square" specifically began when Neuhaus entered negotiations with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) and Consolidated Edison (ConEd) in 1973 about installing the piece. These negotiations stretched over four years largely due to the MTA's refusal to collaborate with a private individual. Neuhaus had to form a non-profit, which he named "Hybrid Energies for Acoustic Resources" (HEAR), before the state agency would begin discussions.
Once the negotiations were completed, Neuhaus constructed homemade electronic sound generators to be used specifically for this piece. He opened the street grate on a pedestrian island between Broadway and Seventh Avenue, between 45th and 46th Streets, and climbed down into a steam escape vent shaft that is visible through the grate. Here he installed both the generator and a loudspeaker. From the beginning, powering the work proved troublesome as the voltage internal to the subway system was too high to power the piece, and ConEd refused to join a line to MTA property. To rectify this, Neuhaus hired an independent maintenance company to connect the piece to a nearby street lamp through an improvised connection.
From 1977 through the early 1990s, "Times Square" continued to play, but supplying power was an ongoing problem. Neuhaus began getting more commissions in Europe and moved abroad, so keeping up with the maintenance on the piece became impossible. For this reason, the piece was disconnected in 1992, but Neuhaus's reputation continued to grow. In 2002, Christine Burgin, a New York City gallery owner, conceived of bringing "Times Square" back. By working with Neuhaus, the MTA, the Times Square Business Improvement District, and the Dia Art Foundation, Burgin managed to relaunch the piece. The main difference in the new incarnations of the work is a higher volume to overcome the increase in noise in Times Square. Subsequently Neuhaus donated "Times Square" to the Dia Art Foundation, who currently maintain the piece.
Between the 2002 relaunch and Neuhaus's death in 2009, Neuhaus built additional fail-safe measures into the work so that it would not turn off accidentally. He also watched the area over webcam and worked to discourage street performers as he was worried their sounds would interfere with "Times Square".
For about a year between 2015 and 2016, due to the multi-year pedestrianization of Times Square construction, "Times Square" was inaccessible but, according to the director of communications at the Dia Art Foundation, was never turned off. During this construction granite seating was added next to the grate "Times Square" emanates from. Also in 2016 New York introduced "Designated Activity Zones" throughout Times Square where street musicians and costumed characters are allowed to perform for tips. One of these zones was marked out with teal paint next to the "Times Square" grate as well.
"Times Square" remains the only public installation of a work by Neuhaus in the United States, and is active and can be heard 24 hours a day, seven days a week.
Design.
"Times Square" is located in Times Square, on the north side of what was once a triangular pedestrian island, but is now a pedestrian plaza, created by the intersection of Broadway and Seventh Avenue, between 45th and 46th Streets. There is no signage or marking to denote the piece as a work of art per Neuhaus's request. The sound simply emanates from a grate over a steam vent. Neuhaus stated it is intended for the sound to be "plausible", dismissed as an "unusual machinery sound from below ground" and to be overlooked repeatedly until it is discovered by the viewer in a serendipitous way.
The sound itself is described by Neuhaus as "resembling the after ring of large bells," but has also been described as a "deep and slightly pulsating drone" by Dia, "a rich harmonic sound texture" by the MTA, and "a deeply resonant and mildly undulating drone, its tone suggestive of low-pitched chimes or church bells," by "The New York Times". While it is a singular wavelength, Dia notes that the perceived sound changes in "pitch, timbre, and tone relative to human movement.
The surrounding area has changed drastically since the work was first installed in 1977. Neuhaus described the area in 1977 saying, "The aural and visual environment is rich and complex. It includes large billboards, moving neon signs, office buildings, hotels, theaters, porno centers and electronic game emporiums. Its population is equally diverse, including tourists, theatregoers, commuters, pimps, shoppers, hucksters and office workers." As of 2020 the area is largely a tourist area populated with "desnudas" and costumed characters performing for tips.


Rug plot

A rug plot is a plot of data for a single quantitative variable, displayed as marks along an axis. It is used to visualise the distribution of the data. As such it is analogous to a histogram with zero-width bins, or a one-dimensional scatter plot.
Rug plots are often used in combination with two-dimensional scatter plots by placing a rug plot of the x values of the data along the x-axis, and similarly for the y values. This is the origin of the term "rug plot", as these rug plots with perpendicular markers look like tassels along the edges of the rectangular "rug" of the scatter plot.


2053 Nuki


Sequential estimation

In statistics, sequential estimation refers to estimation methods in sequential analysis where the sample size is not fixed in advance. Instead, data is evaluated as it is collected, and further sampling is stopped in accordance with a pre-defined stopping rule as soon as significant results are observed.
The generic version is called optimal Bayesian Estimator, which is the theoretical underpinning for every sequential estimator (but cannot be instantiated directly). It includes a Markov-Process for the state propagation and measurement process for each state, which yields some typical statistical independence relations. The Markov-Porcess describes the propagagion of a probability distribution over discrete time instances and the measurement is the information one has about each time instant, which is usually less informative than the state. Only the observed sequence will - together with the models - accumulate the information of all measurements and the corresponding markov process to yield better estimates.
From that, the Kalman Filter (and its variants), the particle filter, the histogram filter and others can be derived. It depends on the models, which one to use and requires experience to chose the right one. In most cases, the goal is to estimate the state sequence from the measurements. In other cases, one can use the description to estimate the parameters of a noise process for example. One can also accumulate the unmodeled statistical behavior of the states projected in the measurement space (called innovation sequence, which naturally includes the orthogonality principle in its derivations to yield an independence relation and therefore can be also casted into a Hilbert space representation, which makes things very intuitive for a smaller audience) over time and compare it with a threshold, which then corresponds to the aforementioned stopping criterion. One difficulty is to setup the initial conditions for the probabilistic models, which is in most cases done by experience, data sheets or precise measurements with a different setup.
The statistical behaviour of the heuristic/sampling methods (e.g. particle filter or histogram filter) depends on many parameters and implementation details and should not be used in safety critical applications (since it is very hard to yield theoretical garanties or do proper testing), unless one has a very good reason.
If there is a dependence of each state on an overall entity (e.g. a map or simply an overall state variable), one typically uses SLAM (simultenous localization and mapping) techniques, which includes the sequential estimator as a special case (when the overall state variable has just one state). It will estimate the state sequence and the overall entity.
There are also none-causal variants, that have all measurements at the same time, batches of measurements or revert the state evolution to go backwards again. These are then, however, not real time capable (except one uses a really big buffer, that lowers the throughput dramitcally) anymore and only sufficient for post processing. Other variants do several passes to yield a rough estimate first and then refine it by the following passes, which is inspired by video editing/transcoding. For image processing (where all pixels are available at the same time) these methods become causal again.
Sequential estimation is the core of many well known applications, e.g. the viterbi decoder, convolutional codes, video compression or target tracking. Due to its state space representation, which is in most cases motivated by physical laws of motion, there is a direct link to control applications, which led to the use of the Kalman Filter for space applications for example.


Theta Ceti

Theta Ceti, Latinized from θ Ceti, is a solitary, orange-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Cetus. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.60. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 28.66 mas as seen from Earth, it is located about 114 light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction factor of 0.10 due to interstellar dust.
With an age of about 2.2 billion years, this is an evolved, K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III. It is a red clump star on the horizontal branch, which means it is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has an estimated 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 10 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 53 times the solar luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,660 K.
Name.
In the catalogue of stars in the "Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket", this star was designated Thanih al Naamat (ثاني النعامات - "thānī al-naʽāmāt"), which was translated into Latin as Secunda Struthionum, meaning "the second ostrich". This star, along with η Cet (Deneb Algenubi), τ Cet (Thalath Al Naamat), ζ Cet (Baten Kaitos)and υ Cet, were Al Naʽāmāt (النعامات), the Hen Ostriches.
In Chinese, (), meaning "Square Celestial Granary", refers to an asterism consisting of θ Ceti, ι Ceti, η Ceti, ζ Ceti, τ Ceti and 57 Ceti. Consequently, the Chinese name for θ Ceti itself is (, .)


2560 Siegma


2567 Elba


4804 Pasteur

4804 Pasteur, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 December 1989, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. The asteroid was named after French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur.
Orbit and classification.
"Pasteur" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,612 days; semi-major axis of 2.69 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in March 1956, more than 33 years prior to its official discovery observation.
Physical characteristics.
In the SMASS classification, "Pasteur" is a C-type asteroid. Pan-STARRS photometric survey and SDSS–MFB (Masi–Foglia–Bus) have also characterized the body as a carbonaceous C-type.
Rotation period.
In November 2011, a rotational lightcurve of "Pasteur" was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 13.69 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.28 magnitude ().
Diameter and albedo.
According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, "Pasteur" measures between 15.427 and 21.38 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.1290.
The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 15.98 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.
Naming.
This minor planet was named after French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822–1895), who discovered the principles of vaccination, fermentation and pasteurization. In 1888 the renowned Pasteur Institute was established in Paris. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 21 November 1991 (). The lunar crater "Pasteur", as well as the Martian crater "Pasteur" have also been named after him.


Noise-equivalent temperature

Noise-equivalent temperature (NET) is a measure of the sensitivity of a detector of thermal radiation in the infrared, terahertz or microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is the amount of incident signal temperature that would be needed to match the internal noise of the detector such that the signal-to-noise ratio is equal to one. Often the spectrum of the NET is reported as a temperature "per root bandwidth". A detector that measures power is often interested in the analogous noise-equivalent power (NEP). If a relation between intensity and temperature is well defined over the pass band, as in the case of a blackbody, then the NET simply scales with the NEP.
If a detector is limited by either shot noise or Johnson noise then the NET can be decreased by using an increased integration time. The NET of flicker noise limited detectors can not be reduced by increased integration time.
Typically uncooled bolometric detectors have NET figures of 30-200 mK. Cooled photon detecting infrared detectors using materials such as HgCdTe (LWIR or MWIR) or InSb (MWIR) can approach a NET figure of 10 mK. In the microwave radiation region NET values are typically several hundred millikelvins to several kelvins.
For a particular mean signal temperature there is a fundamental limit to NET given by the natural thermodynamic fluctuations of the photon flux from the source under investigation.