Apostolic Prefecture of Zambesia

The Zambesi Mission was a Catholic prefecture division in Rhodesia.
Location.
The prefecture comprised all Rhodesia south of the Zambesi River, that part of Bechuanaland which is north of the Tropic of Capricorn and east of the 22nd degree of longitude, that part of Rhodesia north of the Zambesi, south of the Congo Free State, and west of the 30th degree longitude. Originally it also included a part of North-eastern Rhodesia, which was split off into the Vicariate Apostolic of Nyassa.
Rhodesia was administered by the British South Africa Company from 1890 onwards.
Establishment.
The Zambesi mission was founded in 1877, and entrusted to the English Province of the Society of Jesus; its limits were defined by Propaganda in 1879. In 1879 the first party of missionaries under Father Henry Depelchin, the first superior, started from Grahamstown, Cape Colony by oxen drawn wagon to Bulawayo. The thousand mile journey took five or six months.
The first years were difficult. Due to the lack of efficient transport, prices were very high which meant that many lives were lost from fever and privations. The Matabele were at the time hostile to Christianity, with their king, Lobengula, playing a crucial part in opposing the mission.
There were unsuccessful expeditions from the base in Bulawayo, one led by Father Depelchin to the north beyond the Zambesi and one led by Father Augustus Law went 300 miles east to the Portuguese border.
Under the British South Africa Company.
In 1893 Lobengula was overthrown when Bulawayo and Matabeleland were seized by the British South Africa Company. A number of other Catholic missionaries entered the new territory with the Sisters of St. Dominic starting public hospitals, and later opening schools for the children of the settlers.
The progress of the mission was slow, with the adult population still attached to animism and polygamy. The missions concentrated on providing education although this was hampered by a number of physical difficulties, although the introduction of railways meant that more mission stations could be established.
As well as the Jesuits and the Sisters of St. Dominic the other Catholic missionaries included the Missionaries of Mariannhill, the Sisters of Notre Dame and the Sisters of the Precious Blood


Derek Jones (mayor)

John Derek Jones (1927 – 9 March 2013) was an English Congregationalist missionary and politician in Botswana. A member of the Gaborone City Council, he served as the first Mayor of Gaborone from 1966 to 1968.
Biography.
John was born in England in 1927. He earned a master's degree at the University of Oxford, and then received his Diploma in Theology from Oxford's Mansfield College. He served in Egypt in the Royal Air Force for two years. After being ordained, he moved to the Bechuanaland Protectorate (now Botswana) in 1954 as a missionary of the London Missionary Society. He later served as the Secretary of the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa.
When Gaborone was built as the independent Botswana's new capital in the 1960s, it needed a government. Vice-President Quett Masire urged him to run for city council as a Botswana Democratic Party candidate, but Jones did not believe that would be appropriate for a clergyman. Instead, he agreed to run as an independent and was elected unopposed in the South Ring constituency. Soon after, he was chosen as the city's first mayor in 1966. In 1968, he remained on the city council but stepped down as mayor, and was succeeded by Grace Dambe. He served his full term on the city council, but chose not to run for reelection in 1969. Soon after, he was awarded an OBE.
From 1972 to 1993, he managed the Botswana Book Centre. Later, he returned to England, where he died on 9 March 2013, aged 86.


Tonye Princewill

Prince Tonye Princewill (Tonye Princewill) (born 4 January 1969) is a Nigerian investor, politician, film producer and philanthropist who was the 2015 Labour Party and 2007 Action Congress nominee for Governor of Rivers State. He is currently a member of the All Progressives Congress (APC) and the son of King T.J.T. Princewill of the Kalabari Kingdom of Rivers State, Nigeria.
Early life and Education.
Prince Tonye Princewill was born in the UK to the family of the present King (Prof) T.J.T. Princewill, the Amanyanabo of Kalabari Kingdom of the Amachree Dynasty of Rivers State. His father was a Professor of Medical Microbiology before he became a monarch. His mother, Ibiere Princewill, an entrepreneur and notably successful in Distribution and Farming, passed away in 2000.
Tonye Princewill started his early education in the United Kingdom, before returning with his parents to Nigeria, where he enrolled at Hillcrest High School in Jos from 1976–1980. He then attended Federal Government College (Port Harcourt) where he obtained his West African Senior Certificate/ General Certificate of Education O'Level in 1985. In 1990 he attained a BEng in Petroleum engineering at the University of Port Harcourt and later returned to the UK to successfully complete a master's degree in Mineral Resources Engineering at the Imperial College London in 1994.
Professional career.
Princewill's professional career spans over 10 years, where he worked as a Petroleum Engineer in multi-national companies such as Shell and Saipem, later at Sun Microsystems as a Technical Project Manager; Sony, London Stock Exchange and Panasonic as a Technical Consultant and finally Citibank in the Global Asset Management Division on their Technology Desk.
Oil and Gas.
Tonye Princewill's interest in the oil and gas industry saw him working at the prestigious Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) as a Reservoir and Well-site Petroleum Engineer. He also worked briefly with the UK's Oil and Gas Regulatory Agency, the Department of Trade and Industry. He has since then established his own private company called Riverdrill Group of Companies (Nigeria) where he currently serves as the Chairman.
Investments.
Princewill is an avid investor in the Oil and Gas industry, ICT, Environmental Waste Management, Aviation Services, Property Development and Film production.
Entertainment.
Tonye Princewill is a film producer. He produced the film, Kajola, a film that explored the implications of the continuous neglect of the masses, the widening gap between the rich and poor and the ensuing catastrophic outcomes stemming from such neglect. Tonye Princewill also produced the film, Nnenda, which was geared towards creating awareness for the less-privileged in society. He produced other films such as Valour, a movie that deals with the Niger Delta and Boko Haram issues
He is one of the executive producers of the highly acclaimed movie '76 (film).
'76 (Film).
In 2016, Princewill’s production company: Princewill Trust produced the groundbreaking blockbuster, ’76, a post-civil war drama handsomely shot on Super 16mm film.  The film received international recognition for the unique portrayal of the 1976 coup in Nigeria which aimed at preserving a remarkable part of Nigeria's history for the incoming generation. The Hollywood Reporter called it "a cut above most Nollywood movies".
The film is set six years after the civil war when a young officer from the Middle Belt develops a romantic relationship and later marries a young student from the South-Eastern region. However, their relationship is strained by constant military postings. The soldier is ultimately accused of being involved in the 1976 unsuccessful military coup and assassination of General Murtala Mohammed. This captivating story is told from two points of view: the young wife and her soldier husband.
76 was shot in Ibadan, Oyo State and had its world premiere at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival with a later screening at the London Film Festival, amongst several other festivals around the world
Politics.
Princewill's political career started when he was nominated as the gubernatorial candidate of the Action Congress for the governorship of Rivers State in 2007. He was supported by the then former Vice-President of Nigeria and the AC Presidential candidate in 2007 elections, Atiku Abubakar and former Governor of Lagos and National Leader of ACN, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu. Tonye Princewill's campaign attracted significant grassroots support. He lost the election under contested circumstances to the People's Democratic Party's (PDP) candidate, Celestine Omehia.
Tonye Princewill launched a legal challenge against the newly elected governor shortly after the election results were released. He offered evidence to prove to the electoral tribunal that the election was rigged. In a newspaper interview, he alleged that Celestine Omehia offered him a Naira 1.5 billion (approximately USD 10 million) bribe to withdraw the case before the tribunal, which he rejected.
Following a Supreme Court decision to replace Celestine Omehia with another People's Democratic Party candidate Rotimi Amaechi, he withdrew his case at the tribunal following a local party decision of the Action Congress in Rivers State, a move which drew criticism from some quarters.
Tonye Princewill said in a report that "we took the decision at the time that the enemy of your enemy is your friend," indicating his opponents were Celestine Omehia and his 'godfather', Dr. Peter Odili, the former governor of Rivers State, when Rotimi Amaechi was installed by the court. He claimed that the decision to withdraw the case was made even easier because the same people who offered to give him 1.5 billion to withdraw his case, came back to offer him 1.5 billion and evidence of how they rigged the election against him to keep his case in court. This was hoping he would remove Amaechi.
Tonye Princewill later led members of the opposition parties in Rivers State under the banner of the Forum of Organized Opposition Political Parties to form a unity government with Amaechi's administration.
Tonye Princewill's support of the Amaechi's government received mixed reviews. Some viewed it with scepticism, while others saw it as necessary for the development and stability of Rivers State. His announcement in 2010 that he was returning to the People's Democratic Party was controversial and weakened opposition in the state. But he insisted that threats being issued by national officers in AC to hand the structure of the party to his opponents if he didn’t bring money from Amaechi were no longer tenable. He joined PDP, but took a back seat.
As if to prove his point, the party he left, played into the hands of his opponents, performed woefully against the PDP in the next election.
In 2013, he joined the management committee of People's Democratic Movement (PDM), the founding movement behind the People's Democratic Party. Princewill has since removed his support of the PDP but PDM remains a movement. He currently serves as its Director of Organisation.
At the beginning of 2014, after several months of speculation on his political future, Tonye Princewill indicated his interest to succeed Rotimi Amaechi, the current governor of Rivers State.
Then in April 2014, he announced the formation of an Exploratory Committee to explore the viability of his candidacy of running for governor of Rivers State. Tonye Princewill was a governorship aspirant candidate for the People's Democratic Party, but in November 2014 announced that he had been disqualified on the instruction of Nyesom Wike, former minister of State for Education and fellow Governorship aspirant on the grounds of "not being a PDP member".
Left with no choice, Princewill parted ways with PDP and in January 2015, he was chosen as the governorship candidate of the Labour Party in Rivers State, on a single-issue manifesto; job-creation. Again, he lost that election in what was described as the most violent election ever as PDP and APC exchanged gunfire. The Labour Party remained neutral and it wasn’t until 2017 Princewill opted to join forces with APC to challenge the PDP government. He opted however not to contest, but to work for the success of the party.
Princewill, now an avid APC member and frontline chieftain, was appointed the Director of Strategic Communication for APC’s Tonye Cole during his 2018 Gubernatorial campaign in Rivers state. Unfortunately, the APC was expelled from contesting in the 2019 elections as the courts, allegedly working with the PDP, conspired to disqualify the APC from contesting the election, thereby facilitating an unchallenged path to re-election for the PDP. The scandal of the series of judgements that led to this outcome, is now a subject of local, national and international scrutiny.
Public affairs and Engagement.
Tonye Princewill writes about confronting corruption, infrastructure development, behaviour change, security, health, academic advancement and ethnic harmony in his weekly column in the Vanguard newspaper
As a leading advocate of youth empowerment in Nigeria, he has expressed concern about the use of youth in Nigeria, particularly during elections, for violence and thuggery.
Following the heavy floods that ravaged parts of Nigeria in 2012, he organised relief activities for Niger Delta communities through the Princewill Trust. He has launched several initiatives to support Nigerian youth, rural women, orphans and widows. In June 2012, Tonye Princewill sponsored Nigerian youth delegations on tours to Dubai and Ghana to learn about entrepreneurship, governance, leadership and self-development.
In January 2013, in celebration of his 44th birthday, Tonye Princewill released a documentary titled "Man. Mentor. Maverick" in which he speaks about his vision of equal opportunities for all.
Tonye Princewill is an advocate for open government and effective public service delivery using modern technology. This earned him the nickname, the "Digital Politician."
Princewill sponsored several baseline studies in 2013, covering the state of education, environment, and health in Rivers State. In education, research showed that a large number of Model Secondary and Primary Schools were not finished and had been abandoned.
The management of oil spillages in Rivers State, a catalyst for youth restiveness, was seen as ineffective across local governments in the State. Survey respondents reported that funds which ought to have gone into cleaning and sanitisation of their communities were diverted by local officials. These findings also support press reports about corruption in government allocations to oil-producing areas.
In the area of health, there is widespread disenchantment about the lack of improvement within the sector. Weak health service delivery in Rivers State is forcing many patients to seek medical attention at unregulated traditional medicine shops. Challenges associated to HIV/AIDS, the lack of qualified health professionals, and unfinished health projects, are serious concerns among respondents. These findings substantiate reports in the press that raise questions about the efficacy of funds injected into the sector by the Rivers State administration.
Princewill is still active on the political scene and continues to advocate for a reform in governance.  During a 2019 interview to celebrate his 50th birthday, he is stated, "My political career is intact. Good people are becoming more and more critical to move Nigeria forward. When Nigerians realise we cannot continue like this, they will look for people like us or younger versions to exhibit excellence and toughness combined. I do not have to be the one running for office, but either way I will be involved."
Princewill also continues to invest in his business interests, youth empowerment in Nigeria and is currently working on another upcoming Blockbuster centered around Boko Haram, with a release date TBD.
Personal life.
Tonye Princewill is married to Rosemary, and has a daughter (Azariah) and twin boys (Teetee and Teepee).


Rupert Ellis-Brown

Rupert Ellis-Brown (26 October 1880 – 28 June 1969) was a sailor from South Africa, who represented his country at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Meulan, France. He served as mayor of Durban during the 1940s.


Alan Rogers (bishop)

Alan Francis Bright Rogers (1907–2003) was an Anglican Bishop who held three different posts in an ecclesiastical career spanning over half a century.
Educated at Westminster City School, trained for the priesthood at King's College London and ordained in 1932, he began his career with a curacy at "St Stephen's, Shepherds Bush". From 1934 he served the Anglican Church in Mauritius, firstly as a missionary priest then as Archdeacon of Mauritius. Returning to England he became Vicar of Twickenham followed by a spell as Rural Dean of Hampstead before appointment to the episcopate as Bishop of Mauritius in 1959. Translated to become Bishop of Fulham (a suffragan bishop of the Diocese of London with delegated responsibility from the Bishop of London for northern and central Europe) in 1966, his final appointment was a sideways move to become Bishop of Edmonton (another suffragan bishop of that Diocese, but actually ministering there) four years later. That See was erected on 29 May 1970 in order to supervise a new district of the diocese created by the experimental area scheme that year.
In retirement he continued to serve the church as an honorary assistant bishop (in the Diocese of Peterborough and then the Kensington area of the London diocese) for a further quarter of a century.
References.


Mbukushu

Mbukushu is a traditional Kavango kingdom in what is today Namibia. Its people speak the Mbukushu language.


Amodu Tijani Oluwa

Chief Amodu Tijani Oluwa, also known as simply Amodu Tijani, was a Nigerian traditional chief. Coming to prominence in the high colonial period, he was a notable nationalist. He held the title of the Oluwa of Lagos.
Life.
A member of Lagos' "Idejo" hereditary nobility, Chief Oluwa was a direct descendant of Olofin Ogunfunmire. His family had dominion over a patchwork of villages and towns in the Apapa area of Lagos.
He held strong nationalist views, arguing that the British colonial government did not have the right to deprive his overlord Eshugbayi Eleko, the Oba of Lagos, of his ancestral powers. To this end, he served as a co-founder of the National Congress of British West Africa.
In 1920, the chief, Prince Adeniji Adele and Herbert Macaulay journeyed to London to appear before the Privy Council. They were there to argue in defense of the Oba's right of ownership to land forcefully appropriated by the British Government. In "Amodu Tijani v Secretary, Southern Nigeria", the Council ultimately ruled in their favour. This case proved to be a landmark in Nigerian history as it recognised the chiefs as absolute owners of the land.
Songs and poems were later composed in Chief Oluwa's honour as a result of his success. His case was later referenced in land tenure cases as far afield as India and New Zealand.
Transcript of the judgement.
What follows is a link to a summary transcript of the final judgement in the case of "Amodu Tijani vs. The Secretary of the Southern Provinces (1921)":


Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura

Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura was Mwami (King) of the Kingdom of Rwanda between 1609 and 1642.


Crack in the World

Crack in the World is a 1965 American science-fiction doomsday disaster movie filmed in Spain. It is about scientists who launch a nuclear missile into the Earth's crust, to release the geothermal energy of the magma below; but accidentally unleash a cataclysmic destruction that threatens to sever the earth in two. It was released by Paramount Pictures on February 24, 1965.
Plot.
An international consortium of scientists, operating as Project Inner Space in Tanganyika, Africa, is trying to tap into the Earth's geothermal energy by drilling a very deep hole down to the Earth's core. The scientists are foiled by an extremely dense layer of material. To penetrate the barrier and reach the magma below, they intend to detonate an atomic device at the bottom of the hole.
The leader of the project, Dr. Stephen Sorenson (Dana Andrews), who is secretly dying of cancer, believes that the atomic device will burn its way through the barrier, but the project's chief geologist, Dr. Ted Rampion (Kieron Moore), is convinced that the lower layers of the crust have been weakened by decades of underground nuclear tests, and that the detonation could produce a massive crack that would threaten the very existence of Earth.
The atomic device is used and Rampion's fears prove justified, as the crust of the Earth develops an enormous crack that progresses rapidly along a fault line, causing earthquakes and tidal waves along its path. Rampion warns a committee of world leaders that the crack is capable of extending beyond the fault, and that should it encircle the Earth, causing the land masses to split, the oceans would be sucked in, generating steam at high enough of a pressure to rip the Earth apart.
Sorenson meanwhile discovers that there was a huge reservoir of hydrogen underground, which turned the small conventional atomic explosion into a huge thermonuclear one that was millions of times more powerful. Another atomic device, lowered into the magma chamber of an island volcano in the path of the crack, is used in the hope of stopping the crack, but it only reverses the crack's direction. Eventually the crack approaches its starting point at the test site, and a huge chunk of the planet outlined by the crack is expected to be thrown out into space. Sorenson remains at the underground control center to record the event, despite pleas by his wife Maggie to evacuate with the rest of the project staff. She and Rampion barely escape the test site in time to observe the fiery birth of a second moon. Its release stops the crack, and the Earth survives.
Production.
Shooting took place in and around Madrid, which was chosen for its lower production costs. Production lasted about seven weeks. The film's technical adviser was producer Glasser's neighbor, a geologist.
Reception.
"Variety" wrote that it was more believable than the usual science fiction premise and praised its special effects. Howard Thompson of "The New York Times" called it "the best science-fiction thriller this year". "Time Out London" called it "awesomely credible" and described the ending's imagery as disturbing.


Abyotawit Seded

Abyotawit Seded (, 'Revolutionary Flame', 'Seded' for short) was a communist organization in Ethiopia, formed in 1976 by a group of officers of the Derg military junta who had attended political trainings in the Soviet Union from 1975 and onwards.
Seded was set up in August 1976 by Mengistu Haile Mariam and 15 other Derg members. Mengistu was the titular chairman of Seded. The key organizer of the group was, however, Legasse Asfew (a former sergeant). The political programme of the group was elaborated at the time of its founding. Through the launching of Seded, Mengistu hoped to be able to challenge the influence of the All-Ethiopian Socialist Movement (Meison) in the urban dwellers' associations ("kebeles").
Seded was a clandestine group, known by the name of its publication. The existence of Seded was never publicly acknowledged.
Regarding the national question Seded recognized the right to national self-determination in principle, but saw practical constraints for its implementation.
The Derg was suspicious of Meison influence in different sectors (such as education), and Seded sought to displace Meison as the chief political adviser to Derg. Seded would function as the key instrument of the Derg to gain control over the Provisional Office for Mass Organizational Affairs (POMOA). However, the admission of Seded into POMOA caused dissent in the coalition. Meison and Ichat saw the entry of Seded as a threat to their own control over the structure. Malerid and Waz League, on the other hand, supported the entry of Seded as a counterweight to Meison and Ichat. Seded obtained 4 of the 15 seats in the POMOA Central Committee.
By 1977 thousands of Ethiopian military personnel had passed through training courses in the Soviet Union, East Germany, Bulgaria, Cuba Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The graduates of these courses formed the bulks of the followers of Seded. But Seded also won support amongst high-level civil servants, who either felt threatened by the influence of Meison, supported the intervention of the army into politics or had links to Derg officials.
On February 26, 1977 Seded, Meison and three other organizations (Ichat, Malerid and Waz League) founded the Union of Ethiopian Marxist-Leninist Organizations. These were the same organizations that were members of POMOA.
After the split between Meison and the Derg in August 1977 a series of Meison leaders were assassinated. Seded members were suspected of being behind these killings. Seded cadres were placed in the leadership of institutions such as the Yekatit '66 Political School, which had been under the control of Meison. But whereas the top leaders of Meison were killed, many second-rank cadres of Meison joined Seded and obtained prominent government positions.
After the elimination of Meison and Ichat, Seded was the largest political organization in the pro-Derg coalition. A Seded cadre, Lt. Desta Tadesse, was named as the general secretary of POMOA.
In the second half of 1978 suspicions were raised that the Waz League had infiltrated Seded and come to occupy leading posts in Seded, leading to a break with the Waz League as well. It was, however, unlikely that the Waz League would have been able to penetrate the inner circle of military leaders of Seded. In 1979, Seded was legally disbanded.


Reuben Abati

Reuben Abati (born November 7, 1965) is a Nigerian Journalist, Politician, Television Anchor and Newspaper Columnist. He was the PDP's Deputy Governorship candidate in Ogun State for the 2019 Guber election. Abati was Special Adviser on Media and Publicity to President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria between Year 2011 and 2015 . He was previously a newspaper columnist and the chairman of the editorial board of the Nigerian newspaper "The Guardian" from 2001 to 2011. He was a graduate of Theater Arts from the University of Calabar. Equally importantly, Reuben Abati is a Senior Research Associate with the Olusegun Obasanjo Centre for Cultural Studies and National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN).
Education.
Abati graduated from the University of Calabar, Nigeria in 1985. He later studied at the University of Ibadan as a University Scholar.
He holds a PhD in Theatre Arts, specializing in Dramatic Literature, Theory and Criticism from the University of Ibadan (1990), a bachelor's degree in Law from Lagos State University, Lagos (1999), a professional training certificate in journalism from the College of Journalism, University of Maryland, College Park, United States (1996–97) and a Certificate in Management and Leadership from the Said Business School, University of Oxford (2015).
Career.
While serving as Chairman, Editorial Board and Editorial Page Editor of The Guardian Newspapers, for more than ten years, and later as Special Adviser, Media and Publicity and Official Spokesperson in the Nigerian Presidency (2011-2015), he was responsible for a whole range of tasks including articulation and execution of policy, determination of editorial direction, crisis management, media management, communications and team management.
Between 2000 and 2011, Reuben Abati was a member and co-presenter of the television discussion programme, Patito's Gang, founded by Professor Pat Utomi. Between 2003 and 2007, he served as a member of the Governing Council of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State and was a member of the Board of the Lagos State Security Trust Fund (2007-2011).
He is well-regarded as one of Nigeria's leading public affairs commentators and as a media professional who has a unique multi-disciplinary background in drama, management, journalism and law garnered over the past thirty-two(32) years.
Reuben Abati has been writing for the Nigerian press since 1985, serving as Contributing Editor, Editor, and Columnist to many publications, covering both the mainstream media and the softer genre of romance and lifestyle magazines. He is very well known for his book reviews, essays and commentaries on national, regional and international affairs. His writings have also appeared in both local and international periodicals and academic journals.
Before working in government, Reuben Abati was, Chairman of the Editorial Board at The Guardian Newspapers 2000-2011, a privately owned, independent Nigerian newspaper. He also served at The Guardian as Editorial Page Editor, and as a columnist, running two columns per week. Abati is a recipient of many prizes for journalistic excellence. These include the Hadj Alade Odunewu/Diamond Award for Media Excellence Prize for Informed Commentary (which he has won four times), the Cecil King Memorial Prize for Print Journalist of the Year (1998), the Fletcher Challenge Commonwealth Prize for Opinion Writing (2000), the Freedom Peace Prize for Journalism (2010) and The Red Media Africa Living Legends Industry Award (2015)
Early career life.
Abati originally started his career as a university teacher, teaching courses in Dramaturgy, Theory and Criticism, Special Author Studies, and the Sociology of Literature at the Olabisi Onabajo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, South West Nigeria, before embarking on other fields of interest. He is a member of the Nigerian Institute of Management, the Nigeria Union of Journalists, and the Nigerian Guild of Editors. He is also a Hubert H. Humphrey Fellow, a Fellow of the 21st Century Trust, a Fellow of The Nigeria Leadership Initiative and a member of the Aspen Global Leadership Network. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Letters.
Working with the Presidency.
In 2011, he was appointed Special Adviser, Media and Publicity and as Official Spokesperson to President Goodluck Jonathan of Nigeria. In this capacity, he was responsible for managing the President's media office, media relations and leading the Presidency's public communications team.
After his stint in government, Reuben Abati returned to journalism, writing his regular two columns in The Guardian newspaper (Friday and Sunday). He subsequently moved to ThisDay newspaper where he now writes a Tuesday column titled
TuesdayWithReubenAbati. He also runs a website: reubenabati.com.ng, and
posts regularly on instagram and twitter as @abati1990. He is actively engaged as a consultant on media and public policy issues.


Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia

The Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) was a Somali political party. A successor to the Islamic Courts Union, it was launched in September 2007.
History of the ARS.
Members of the Islamic Courts Union and Somali opposition leaders united to form a political party. Roughly 400 delegates, including former Islamic Courts Union, ICU Executive chairman Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former TFG Speaker of Parliament Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, and the former TFG Deputy Prime Minister Hussein Mohamed Farrah, approved a constitution and committee. A 191-member Central Committee was chaired by Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden. Hassan Dahir Aweys explicitly stated he did not hold any formal position in the Alliance. Reporters at the Somali Congress for Liberation and Reconstitution in Asmara, the capital of Eritrea said the alliance would be unlikely to be Islamist-led as the opposition would be hoping to draw on the broad political support and fundraising opportunities of the Somali diaspora.
The Djibouti Agreement.
The Djibouti Agreement was a peace agreement signed by the ARS and the Transitional Federal Government in 2008.


Fred Morgan (sport shooter)

Fred Hilton Morgan (30 June 1893 – 29 July 1980) was a South African sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.
In 1920 he won the silver medal with the South African team in the team 600 metre military rifle, prone competition.
He also participated in the following events:


Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko

Ikenwoli Godfrey Emiko (19 March 1955 - 21 December 2020) was a Nigerian traditional ruler.
Biography.
Born to Olu Erejuwa II (1951–1986) and wife Olori Eyinagboluwade, Emiko was the 20th Olu of Warri. He succeeded his brother Olu Atuwatse II, who died in March 2015. He was crowned Ogiame Ikenwoli on 12 December 2015 at Ode-Itsekiri, the ancestral home of the Itsekiri people, in a ceremony which was witnessed by many dignitaries in Nigeria, such as the Secretary to the Federal Government David Babachir Lawal, the Delta State Governor Senator Ifeanyi Okowa, Emmanuel Uduaghan (former Governor Delta State), and Bola Ahmed Tinubu the national leader of the All Progressive Congress (APC). He was the Olu of Warri and was married to Olori Mary Emiko. They had three children.


Viye

Viye (also known as Bié or Bihe) was one of the traditional independent Ovimbundu kingdoms in Angola.


List of museums in Tanzania

This is a list of museums in Tanzania.


Eureka City

Eureka City is a ghost town in South Africa. It was established in 1885, when gold was discovered on the Sheba Reef. It is located 7 km from Barberton, Mpumalanga. Its ruins are now located in the northern section of Mountainlands Nature Reserve. A permit from the authorities is now required to enter the ghost town.
History.
In 1887 it had a population of around 700 people. In 1886, the town had three shops, three hotels, a bakery, chemist, racecourse, music hall and bars to cater for the diggers in the area. All that remains now are the ruins of the old Victoria Hotel and the neighbouring Sheba school. The town fell under the Lydenburg District of the South African Republic (ZAR).


Ratelgat

The farm Ratelgat which was previously known as Luiperdskop, is located on the West Coast of South Africa. The farm has a very strong connection to the Griqua people as it is the site where Griqua prophet Andrew Abraham Stockenstrom le Fleur I (Die Kneg) is buried.
There is an annual pilgrimage to Ratelgat undertaken by Griqua people in May, ending with the celebration of Ratelgat Day.
Ratelgat Day.
Ratelgat Day is organised every year by the Griqua National Council (GNC) to give thanks for the long life of the late Paramount Chief AAS le Fleur II and to remember the sacrifices he made for his people. For the Griqua it is also a day to give thanks for God’s promises to bless the Griqua and to pray for the fulfillment of the prophesies of AAS le Fleur I (Die Kneg).
Provincial Heritage Site.
The site has been declared a provincial heritage site by Heritage Western Cape on the 12 of May 2012. The site was given special recognition by HWC because of the inspiring role that Die Kneg had played to bring the Griqua community together. the declaration of this site is part of Heritage Western Cape’s drive to highlight important heritage sites that are significant to the Griqua and Khoesan inhabitants of the Western Cape. Ratelgat became the first heritage site in the Western Cape to display the new badge of Heritage Western Cape. The new badge replaces those of the old National Monuments Council which appears on provincial heritage sites and national monuments around the province.
The provincial heritage site was declared in terms of Section 27 of the National Heritage Resources Act. This gives the site Grade II status and provides the site with protection under South African heritage law.


Nnama

Nnama is the name of an Igbo Royal family from Nibo, Awka South LGA, in Anambra State, Nigeria.
Other variations include Nnama-Orjiakor. They are part of the Umu-eleh/ Umu ele clan (umunna) in Umuenechi, Umuanum, Nibo. This clan is part of the greater Umu-Nzekwe clan.
Colonial administration.
Nnama Orjiakor (Ojiako) was the ruler of Nibo for many years before being appointed a Warrant Chief and Paramount Ruler in 1896 by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom during the colonial administration of Nigeria by Lord Lugard.
Amongst notable Royal personalities also honored by Queen Victoria were Onyeama of EKE, Obi of Onitsha, Idigo of Aguleri, Eze of Ukpo, Agwuna of Enugu Ukwu, Onwurah of Awka, Kodilinye of Obosi, Nwodo of Ukehe and Ojiako Ezenne of Adazi-Nnukwu.
Nnama was appointed the Chief Judge of the Customary Court of Appeal for Awka province in 1896 and served in that jurisdiction till his death in 1945. He was also elevated as a Judge in the Provincial Customary Court of Appeal for the Old Onitsha Province in 1898. The colonial province of Onitsha covered the geographical area known today as Anambra and Enugu States of Nigeria.
Royal families.
The British did not impose new Igbo royal families but recognized the ancient royal families who signed the "Instrument of Surrender" as the Royal Niger Company and the Queen's Battalions conquered towns and villages in Eastern and Southern Nigeria.
Prior to the British conquest of Nibo, Nnama was the Deputy Chief Judge of the legendary "Omenuko" Court headed by Okoli Ijeoma (Ijoma/Ijomah) of Ndikelionwu (Ndike), a warlord ruling over all the towns in what is now known as Anambra State from 1856 until the British conquest of the heartland in 1896. Nnama sealed a lifelong blood treaty with this warlord in 1876 through the marriage of his sister to Okoli's 2nd son, Crown Prince Nwene Ijeoma (Ijoma/Ijomah).
Surrender to the British.
Nibo was the first town to capitulate to the British Army. Nnama sent an emissary to Okoli briefing him of the mighty military strength and arsenal of the British Battalion and informing him that the Nibo War council had decided not to wage a futile war but to surrender. Okoli sent a "flag-staff" message to Nnama and, after wishing him farewell, vowed that he would never be ruled by any other king: white, red or black. He kept preparing for war. After the "bloody massacre" of Agulu town warriors, Okoli continued to fight the British until his army was badly broken. He dressed up in his royal robe, sat on his royal throne and put himself down after drinking from the royal cup. When the British army arrived at Ndike, Okoli was gone at his word.
The British came to Nibo in 1896, officially conquered Nibo in 1904, and brought Christianity to Nibo in 1908. In 1904, Ezi Nkwo, in Umuanum Nibo, Nnama signed the official peace treaty.
Northcote Thomas, The British Colonial Anthropologist and the Re-Entanglements Project.
Photographs of Nnama, his kinsmen and Nibo from 1911 have surfaced. The photographs were taken by the British colonial anthropologist Northcote Thomas during the second tour of his anthropological survey of Igbo-speaking peoples of Southern Nigeria (1910–11). The remarkable archives of these anthropological surveys are the subject of a three-year project that Prof Paul Basu of SOAS, University of London, is running – see [Re:Entanglements]. The negatives of the photographs are held by the Royal Anthropological Institute and prints are indeed in the collections of the University of Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
The Nnama family today.
THe Nnama family today make up a large clan scattered around the USA, all over Europe, and Africa, including Nigeria. The ancestral home remains at Eze Nnama-Orjiakor Court in Umuenechi, Umuanum Nibo, Awka South LGA, Nigeria. They are all very highly accomplished in many different fields. The Late Prof Samuel Nnama became the Traditional Prime Minister of Nibo from Dec 2014 until his death in Feb 2016. He authored a book centered around his childhood experiences growing up in Nibo.


Ssemagulu Royal Museum

Ssemagulu Royal Museum is a privately owned Ugandan museum located in the Kampala suburb of Mutundwe, Lubaga Division.
History and etymology.
Ssemagulu Royal Museum was founded in 2014 by John Ssempebwa who is a former chief executive officer of the Uganda Tourism Board.
According to Buganda folklore, "Ssemagulu" was the former name used for the throne occupied by kings of Buganda and was a symbol of authority. It is from this that the museum derives its name
Collection.
The museum has a varied collection of artefacts, Sculptures and Murals that depict the folklore and heritage of Buganda Kingdom. In addition, the history of pre and post independence is documented still through sculpture and more artefacts. The museum also collects, restores and curates items that may be considered part of Uganda's history for example the car that belonged to Benedicto Kiwanuka, the first post-independence Prime Minister of Uganda as well as that which belonged to Sir Andrew Cohen, Governor of the Uganda Protectorate from 1952 to 1957.
Being a place that is frequented by students for educational purposes, the museum intends to use film in its collection as part of its instructional tools for visitors in the future.


Duke Town

Duke Town, originally known as Atakpa is an Efik city-state that flourished in the 19th century in what is now southern Nigeria. The City State extended from now Calabar to Bakassi in the east and Oron to the west. Although it is now absorbed into Nigeria, traditional rulers of the state are still recognized. The state occupied what is now the modern city of Calabar.
Origins and society.
The Efik speak a language in the Obolo subgroup of the Niger–Congo language group.
They had become a power on the coast of the Bight of Biafra by the early 18th century, by which time the Duke and Eyamba families were their leaders.
They were settled in large, fortified villages along the waterways, in a loose federation with no paramount ruler, living by fishing and farming. The largest settlements were Ikot Itunko, Obutong and Iboku Atapka. In the 19th century, the British renamed these as Creek Town, Old Town and Duke Town.
Religion.
The traditional Efik religion considers that Abasi created the universe. One tradition says that Abasi's wife Atai persuaded him to let two of their children, a daughter and son, settle on the earth. They were not allowed to breed, but disobeyed this injunction and became the ancestors of the Efik people. Another version says that Abasi created two people, and did not allow them to breed. When they disobeyed this order, in punishment Abasi let loose death on the earth.
The religion places importance on paying tribute to the village ancestors, particularly those who achieved high rank, since they can affect the fortunes of the living for good or bad. The earth deity Ala is appeased through the Ogbom ceremony, which makes children plentiful and increases the harvest.
Some Efik belong to the Ekpe secret society. They made detailed wood carvings, masks, and accouterments that are considered complex works of art. Efik sacred ceremonies include drumming and music as important elements.
Slave trade.
The coast in this region was named "Calabar" by the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cao.
His reason for choosing this name is unknown, since it was not used by the Efik people.
The city of Akwa Akpa was founded by Efik families who had left Creek Town, further up the Calabar river, settling on the east bank in a position where they were able to dominate the slave trade with European vessels that anchored in the river. They soon became the most powerful people in the region. Dukes Town is believed to have been founded in about 1650 by historians Ekei Essien Oku and Efiong U. Aye.
Akwa Akpa, also known as Duke Town to the British, became a center of the slave trade, where slaves were exchanged for European goods.
The main ethnic group taken out of Calabar as slaves were the Igbo, although they were not the most populous ethnicity in the area.
Most slave ships that transported slaves from Calabar were English; around 85% of these ships being from Bristol and Liverpool merchants.
Conditions were brutal.
In 1767, six British slaving vessels were lying in the Calabar river at a time when the people of Duke Town and Old Town were feuding. By prearrangement with the leaders of Duke Town, the leaders of Old Town were invited on board for a conference to settle the dispute, with guarantees of their safety. They were seized, with some kept as slaves and a few handed over to Duke Town, where they were executed.
Later history.
The slave trade was banned by a British decree of 1808, and slavery was banned in all British territories in 1833. Traders from other nations, such as Spain, continued to buy slaves at Calabar until 1842. In that year, King Eyamba V of Duke Town and King Eyo of Creek Town signed a treaty agreeing to stop trading slaves. With the suppression of the slave trade, palm oil and palm kernels became the main exports.
In 1846 a Christian mission was established by the United Presbyterian Church between Duke Town and Henshaw town, with the support of King Eyo. The mission was headed by Rev. Hope Masterton Waddell with support from Hugh Goldie, who wrote an account of Calabar in his 1890 book "Calabar and its Mission". That year the chiefs requested British protection for Calabar, but the reply from Lord Palmerston, received in 1848, was that it was not necessary or advisable to grant the request. The British said they would treat the people of Calabar favorably if they would give up their practice of human sacrifice. At the time, it was common for wives and slaves of an important man to be sacrificed upon his death.
On the death of King Eyamba in 1847, it was proposed that King Eyo become sole ruler, which the British favored. However, the Duke Town leaders did not agree, and selected Archibong Duke as the new king. In 1850, both kings agreed to suppress human sacrifice.
British influence continued to grow, as did acceptance of Christianity. The chiefs of Akwa Akpa placed themselves under British protection in 1884. King Archibong III of Calabar Kingdom was crowned in 1878 with a regalia sent directly by Queen Victoria of United Kingdom.
From 1884 until 1906 Old Calabar was the headquarters of the Niger Coast Protectorate, after which Lagos became the main center. Now called Calabar, the city remained an important port shipping ivory, timber, beeswax, and palm produce until 1916, when the railway terminus was opened at Port Harcourt, 145 km to the west.
Independent rulers.
Rulers of the city state, and successors in the traditional state, were:
Later Obongs.
In 1903 the British made an agreement with the Efik Kings that they would no longer use title of King (Edidem), but instead as titular rulers would have the title Obong of Calabar.
Efik rulers.
In December 1970 it was agreed that a single ruler should represent the Efik people, rather than two (one for Creek Town and one for Duke Town), with the ruler alternated between the two communities.


Nyanza, Rwanda

Nyanza, also known as Nyabisindu, is a town located in Nyanza District in the Southern Province of Rwanda. Nyanza is the capital of the Southern Province.
History.
Nyanza was the capital of the Kingdom of Rwanda from 1958 to 1962.
In 1994, during the late stages of the Rwandan Civil War, the Rwandan Patriotic Front fought the Rwandan Armed Forces at Nyanza for several days, partially destroying the town. Many Tutsis were killed by the government forces there as part of the Rwandan genocide.
Notable aspects.
Nyanza is historically known for its yogurt and kefir (traditionally called ikivuguto in Ikinyarwanda, Rwanda's language). Ikivuguto, being a fermented beverage, was, and still is, popular for its healthful qualities. The town contains two dairies. Laiterie de Nyabasindu is one of Rwanda's largest milk and yogurt producing companies. Many small restaurants and shops in town sell ikivuguto by the cup or in large plastic containers to take away. Several shops in town sell bottled or packaged individual servings of ikivuguto or yogurt with added sugar or flavor, such as vanilla or strawberry.
It is also home to a large, modern, multi-story building constructed to house the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), which court continues to hear cases relating to the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda. The building does also house the High Court.
Information for tourists.
The town of Nyanza requires a turn off the main road that connects Kigali to Butare. Nyanza is a -hour bus ride from Kigali, a -hour bus ride to Muhanga, a one-hour bus ride to Huye, a 30-minute bus ride to Ruhango and a 16-minute bus ride to Gatagara. The bus station is in the center of Nyanza town, next to the covered outdoor market. The main bus companies serving Nyanza are Volcano and Horizon, which leave every half hour and seat about 28 passengers. There are also smaller vans known as Twegerane buses that fit in as many people as possible and depart when full. Transportation within the town is via the ubiquitous moto (motorcycle) taxis or bicycle taxis, or by foot.
The road that extends from the town center to the old, no longer used, High Court is particularly attractive, being a boulevard lined with often flowering trees and shrubs. A second road from town, (known as "the stony road" because it is made of cobble stones) leads to the Institute of Legal Practice and Development (ILPD). On that road is a restaurant serving Rwandan and Cameroonian food. From ILPD, a paved road continues and then forks at a large park, with one fork leading to the King's Palace and the other to the former art museum.
The palace of the last umwami (traditional king) of Rwanda is located within walking distance of the town center and is the town's main tourist attraction. There, one can see the former king's traditional palace and contrast it to the modern palace built steps away by the Belgian colonizers for the king. A Rwandan woman dressed in an umushanana (Rwanda's silky, flowing traditional dress) guides visitors through the palaces. The unusual Inyambo cattle with their enormous heavy horns and decorations are the highlight of the tour. Visitors may pet a cow and have their photos taken with the cow while a traditional herdsman sings what sounds like a lullaby to the cow. Visitors may also try their hand at grinding sorghum, which was traditionally used to make sorghum beer. The grounds are nicely landscaped. At the entrance where visitors buy tour tickets, there is a small gift shop selling Rwandan crafts, tee shirts, key chains, wooden sculptures, handbags, etc. There is a large covered outdoor restaurant and coffee shop overlooking the gardens behind the restaurant and in front of the modern palace of the king. There is also a restroom near the restaurant and a parking lot large enough to accommodate large buses and many cars.
Another tourist attraction is the Rwesero Art Museum, which is currently in transition to another type of museum and so no longer an art museum, as the art was moved to Kigali. The view from the museum of the surrounding hills is breathtaking. Currently, the former art museum has a children's art room and many photographs of Rwandans and Rwandan life. The large building was built as a residence for the King. However, he never lived in it before he left Rwanda. The former art museum has a large parking lot and a small gift shop selling the usual Rwandan crafts, tee shirts, etc., as well as some toys and stuffed animals.
On the road to the former art museum on the left hand side is the large, multi-storied Nyanza District Office Building, overlooking the large park. The immigration office is located in this building.
Nyanza town has a number of hotels and motels. The two largest are The Heritage Hotel and Dayenu Hotel. They each have upscale restaurants and are located in the center of town. The Dayenu Hotel has an outdoor swimming pool and beautiful grounds, including an outdoor bar. The nearest motel to the bus station is The New Life Motel, which also serves food and has a bar. Also close to the bus station is the Inyambo Motel. On the way into town near the Bank of Kigali is the Free Motel.
Nyanza has two banks: The Bank of Kigali located in a high rise building, on the road into town, and the Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR) located on the road from Nyanza town to King's Palace and across from the Heritage Hotel. Both banks have ATMs. Nyanza has a hospital, a few clinics and several pharmacies. Its outdoor market has a fruit and vegetable section, a large section of beans and a section where vendors sell live chickens and rabbits. There are also sections for hardware, fabric, shoe repair, tailors, second hand clothing, shoes, cell phone and watch repair, kitchenware, bedding, farming implements, flour, sugar and oil. There is also an area where the tailors and seamstresses work at their sewing machines. Vendors also sell backpacks and personal care items. On the streets around the market are several small office supply stores and stores selling food, gifts, cell phones and sundries. On the streets seated under brightly colored umbrellas are the many sellers of cell phone air time (MTN, TIGO or Airtel). There is also an MTN store. There are several shops where men and women can rent wedding clothing, as well as the popular women's umushanana, which is worn for festive occasions. There are several driving schools. There is a Kobil petrol station in the center of town across from the Heritage Hotel, and at least two petrol stations just outside of the town.
Nyanza town has at least two institutions of higher education: the University of Lay Adventists of Kigali (UNILAK), on the road into Nyanza, and the Institute of Legal Practice and Development (ILPD), located on the road to the King's Palace at the intersection of the Avenue des Sports. ILPD hosts a six-month residential post-graduate diploma course, offering practical legal education for law school graduates. It also hosts short (usually one week or less) residential continuing education classes in law or law-related subjects for judges, lawyers, bailiffs and others. Students at ILPD come from many countries, including Rwanda, Uganda, Ghana, The Gambia, Cameroon, South Sudan and Kenya. Across the street from the Institute is a small strip mall with several tiny restaurants (serving food and drink), a driving school and a tiny office supply store.
Nyanza town has a large stadium, located just past ILPD. There, football (soccer) matches are held. ILPD uses the stadium for its graduations. Also, the annual Umuganura (Rwandan public holiday celebrating the harvest and giving thanks. Rwanda claims that it has been celebrated for 1,800 years) festivities take place at the stadium. The celebrations for National Heroes Day on February 1 also take place there. The road and parking lot in front of the stadium are frequently used for driving school practice or for driving examinations. Beyond the stadium is Nyanza's cemetery, where Christians, Muslims and others are buried.
Nyanza has many churches, including Catholic, Seventh Day Adventist, ADEPR (Pentecostal) and others, as well as a number of mosques.
On the last Saturday of every month, the citizens of Nyanza participate in Rwanda's community service work projects called Umuganda, which may be road widening, picking up litter, weeding, terracing or building a house for a needy person. During Umuganda, all shops are closed.


White people in Ivory Coast

White Ivorians are those who were born in or reside in Ivory Coast, who descend from Europeans. There was a small but prominent French community in Ivory Coast until 2002, when a failed coup d'état and civil war led to anti-French riots. Of the 20,000 living in the country at the start of the conflict, by 2004 only 15,000 remained.


History of Namibia

The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.
From 1884, Namibia was a German colony: German South West Africa. After the First World War, the League of Nations Mandated South Africa to administer the territory. Following World War II, the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor, the United Nations, instituted a Trusteeship system to bring all of the former German colonies in Africa under UN control. South Africa objected arguing that a majority of the territory's people were content with South African rule.
Legal argument ensued over the course of the next twenty years until, in October 1966, the UN General Assembly decided to end the mandate, declaring that South Africa had no further right to administer the territory, and that henceforth South West Africa was to come under the direct responsibility of the UN (Resolution 2145 XXI of 27 October 1966).
Pre-colonial history.
As early as 25 000 B.C., the first humans lived in the Huns Mountains in the South of Namibia. The painted stone plates that exist from that time not only prove that these settlements existed, they also belong among the oldest works of art in the world. A fragment of a hominoid jaw, estimated to be thirteen Million years old, was found in the Otavi Mountains. Findings of Stone Age weapons and tools are further proof that a long time ago early humans already hunted the wild animals of the region.
In the Brandberg Mountains, there are numerous rock paintings, most of them originating from around 2000 B.C. There is no reliable indication as to which ethnic groups created them. It is dubitable whether the San (Bushmen), who alongside the Damara are the oldest ethnic group in Namibia, were the creators of these paintings.
The Nama only settled in southern Africa and southern Namibia during the first century B.C. In contrast to the San and Damara, they lived on the livestock they bred themselves.
The north – the Ovambo and Kavango.
The Ovambo, and the smaller and closely related group Kavango, lived in northern Namibia, southern Angola and, in the case of the Kavango, western Zambia. Being settled people they had an economy based on farming, cattle and fishing, but they also produced metal goods. Both groups belonged to the Bantu nation. They rarely ventured south to the central parts of the country, since the conditions there did not suit their farming way of life, but they extensively traded their knives and agricultural implements.
Bantu Migration – the Herero.
During the 17th century the Herero, a pastoral, nomadic people keeping cattle, moved into Namibia. They came from the east African lakes and entered Namibia from the northwest. First they resided in Kaokoland, but in the middle of the 19th century some tribes moved farther south and into Damaraland. A number of tribes remained in Kaokoland: these were the Himba people, who are still there today. During German occupation of South West Africa about one third of the population was wiped out in a genocide that continues to provoke widespread indignation. An apology was sought in more recent times.
The Oorlams.
In the 19th century white farmers, mostly Boers, moved further north, pushing the indigenous Khoisan peoples, who put up a fierce resistance, across the Orange River. Known as Oorlams, these Khoisan adopted Boer customs and spoke a language similar to Afrikaans.
Armed with guns, the Oorlams caused instability as more and more came to settle in Namaqualand and eventually conflict arose between them and the Nama. Under the leadership of Jonker Afrikaner, the Oorlams used their superior weapons to take control of the best grazing land. In the 1830s Jonker Afrikaner concluded an agreement with the Nama chief Oaseb whereby the Oorlams would protect the central grasslands of Namibia from the Herero who were then pushing south. In return Jonker Afrikaner was recognised as overlord, received tribute from the Nama, and settled at what today is Windhoek, on the borders of Herero territory. The Afrikaners soon came in conflict with the Herero who entered Damaraland from the south at about the same time as the Afrikaner started to expand farther north from Namaqualand. Both the Herero and the Afrikaner wanted to use the grasslands of Damaraland for their herds. This resulted in warfare between the Herero and the Oorlams as well as between the two of them and the Damara, who were the original inhabitants of the area. The Damara were displaced by the fighting and many were killed.
With their horses and guns, the Afrikaners proved to be militarily superior and forced the Herero to give them cattle as tribute.
Baster immigration.
The last group of people today considered indigenous that arrived in Namibia were the Basters; descendants of Boer men and African women (mostly Nama). Being Calvinist and Afrikaans-speaking, they considered themselves to be culturally more "white" than "black". As with the Oorlams, they were forced northwards by the expansion of white settlers when, in 1868, a group of about 90 families crossed the Orange River into Namibia.
The Basters settled in central Namibia, where they founded the city Rehoboth. In 1872 they founded the "Free Republic of Rehoboth" and adopted a constitution stating that the nation should be led by a "Kaptein" directly elected by the people, and that there should be a small parliament, or Volkraad, consisting of three directly-elected citizens.
European influence and colonization.
The first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the Portuguese Diogo Cão in 1485, who stopped briefly on the Skeleton Coast, and raised a limestone cross there, on his exploratory mission along the west coast of Africa.
The next European to visit Namibia was also a Portuguese, Bartholomeu Dias, who stopped at what today is Walvis Bay and Lüderitz (which he named Angra Pequena) on his way to round the Cape of Good Hope. The inhospitable Namib Desert constituted a formidable barrier and neither of the Portuguese explorers went far inland.
In 1793 the Dutch authority in the Cape decided to take control of Walvis Bay, since it was the only good deep-water harbour along the Skeleton Coast. When the United Kingdom took control of the Cape Colony in 1805, they also took over Walvis Bay. But colonial settlement in the area was limited, and neither the Dutch nor the British penetrated far into the country.
One of the first European groups to show interest in Namibia were the missionaries. In 1805 the London Missionary Society began working in Namibia, moving north from the Cape Colony. In 1811 they founded the town Bethanie in southern Namibia, where they built a church, which was long considered to be Namibia's oldest building, before the site at ǁKhauxaǃnas which pre-dates European settlement was recognised.
In the 1840s the German Rhenish Mission Society started working in Namibia and co-operating with the London Missionary Society.
It was not until the 19th century, when European powers sought to carve up the African continent between them in the so-called "Scramble for Africa", that Europeans – Germany in the forefront – became interested in Namibia.
The first territorial claim on a part of Namibia came when Britain occupied Walvis Bay, confirming the settlement of 1797, and permitted the Cape Colony to annex it in 1878. The annexation was an attempt to forestall German ambitions in the area, and it also guaranteed control of the good deepwater harbour on the way to the Cape Colony and other British colonies on Africa's east coast.

Weekes, Montserrat

Weekes is a small, abandoned village in a valley between Garibaldi Hill and Richmond Hill, in the St Anthony Region of Montserrat. As the crow flies, it is from Plymouth - the ruined capital of Montserrat. It is abandoned because it lies in the 'uninhabitable zone' surrounding the Soufrière Hills volcano after the 1997 eruption of Chances Peak.


Timeline of pre-statehood Montana history

This is a Timeline of pre-statehood Montana history comprising substantial events in the history of the area that would become the State of Montana prior to November 8, 1889. This area existed as Montana Territory from May 28, 1864, until November 8, 1889, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Montana.


Dent Site

Dent Site is a Clovis culture (about 11,000 years before present) site located in Weld County, Colorado, near Milliken, Colorado. It provided evidence that man and mammoth co-existed in the Americas.
The site is located on an alluvial fan alongside the South Platte River.
Discovery.
Following a period of heavy rainfall and flooding in 1932, Frank Garner, Union Pacific Railroad employee, discovered large animal bones that were exposed near the Dent railroad station. The Dent Site, in Weld County, Colorado, was a fossil mammoth excavation for most of 1932. The first Dent Clovis point was found November 5, 1932 and the in situ point was found July 7, 1933.
Findings.
Clovis culture.
The Clovis culture (about 13,300 - 12,900 calendar years before present) used projectile points in hunting. Previous to the use of projectile points, indigenous people used a tool-kit like that used in Asia, which included large axe cutting tools, scrapers, blades and flake tools. The Clovis point was the first use of large, symmetrical and fluted projectile points.
Mammoth bones.
Mammoth bones and what were later called Clovis points were found at the Dent Site in 1932. The site was notable for both the presence of the projectile points larger than the known Folsom points and one of the first direct pieces of evidence that man and mammoth co-existed in the Americas. The mammoth killed were not part of a family group, as originally hypothesized, and were not related to other mammoth killed at Clovis sites, such as Blackwater, New Mexico and Miami, Texas.


Vincent Burke

Vincent Patrick Burke (August 3, 1878 – December 19, 1953) was a Newfoundland educator and administrator and a member of the Senate of Canada.
He was born in St. Jacques, Newfoundland, to a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent. He was educated at St. Bonaventure's College in St. John's. He worked as a teacher and, at 19, he was appointed principal of the high school in Torbay. He was appointed Superintendent of Roman Catholic Schools in 1899.
He pursued his studies at Columbia University and earned a doctorate.
While studying in the US, he became the first Newfoundlander to become a licensed school superintendent in New York.
Burke was a member of the Dominion of Newfoundland's Council of Higher Education which was established in 1893 by members of the various religious denominations that operated schools in the province (there was no public school system) to facilitate the pursuit of post-secondary education by Newfoundlanders. As there was no university in Newfoundland, the CHE negotiated agreements with universities in Canada the United Kingdom and the United States to enable them to admit students from Newfoundland and created and oversaw a Common Entrance Examination by which high school graduates could establish their credentials for university admission. As Newfoundland's educational system ended at Grade 11, students wishing to pursue post-secondary education had to make up the equivalent of an extra year of education in their preparations for the exam. The CHE also oversaw the selection of Newfoundland's Rhodes Scholars. However, as the island had no university, students selected as scholars lacked the two years of university that other Rhodes Scholars had, prompting complaints from the Rhodes Scholarship Committee. As a result, the CHE decided to establish a two-year college in St. John's.
Burke was instrumental in the establishment of Memorial University College. In 1919, Burke, as superintendent of Catholic education on the island and his Methodist counterpart on the CHE, Levi Curtis, co-sponsored a resolution of the Patriotic Association urging the Newfoundland government to build a training school as a memorial to those who died during World War I. As part of the CHE's effort to create the university, Burke arranged a grant of $300,000 from the Carnegie Corporation. He was convenor of Memorial's first Board of Governors in 1925 when the college was established and was chairman of the board from 1936 to 1951.
In 1920, the government of Sir Richard Squires created Newfoundland's Department of Education and Burke was appointed Newfoundland's Deputy Minister of Education and worked to improve teacher training. He continued in the post of Deputy Minister until 1927 when he was named Secretary of Education Burke was also chairman of the Newfoundland School Curriculum Commission from 1933 to 1934. He left the position of Secretary of Education in 1935 when he was appointed director of adult education in Newfoundland, a position he held until 1946.
Burke was named to the Order of the British Empire in 1917 for his work during World War I. He became an officer in the Order in 1931 and Commander in 1946. His work was also recognized by the Vatican when he was knighted by the Pope in 1940.
He was appointed to the Senate by Louis St. Laurent on January 25, 1950, and served as a Liberal senator until his death in late 1953 after having been ill for two years.


Canadian federal election results in the Fraser Valley

This is page shows results of Canadian federal elections in the Fraser Valley region of British Columbia. As defined for this article, the Fraser Valley includes the southern suburbs of Vancouver (the usual definition of "Fraser Valley communities", however, includes Coquitlam and Port Coquitlam, and sometimes New Westminster). Areas outside the Fraser Valley, namely the Fraser Canyon and regions to its west, are also included within one of the ridings.
Regional profile.
The Fraser Valley is traditionally one of the most socially conservative areas in British Columbia, although it is slowly becoming more liberal as urban sprawl extends eastward. This region has been dominated by the Conservatives and the former Reform and Canadian Alliance parties for most of the time from 1993 to 2011.
The northern parts of Surrey historically leaned toward the NDP until the 1990s. In 2011, the Liberals lost their remaining seat in the region, while the NDP picked up two seats in Surrey. The NDP won Surrey North in 2006 which was the first time the NDP won a seat in the region since 1988. They lost the riding to the Conservatives in 2008 before winning it back in 2011, only to lose it to the Liberals in 2015.
The base of Liberal support in the region has traditionally been in Richmond. They held the seat of Richmond from 1993 to 2000 and from 2004 to 2008. Since then, the Conservatives have made inroads with the Chinese community in Richmond, and have held Richmond ever since. By then, the two seats representing Richmond had been captured by the Conservatives. The Liberals picked up a second seat in the region in 2006, Newton—North Delta which they lost to the NDP in 2011. However, in 2015, the Liberals regained the seat's successor, Surrey-Newton. They also managed to regain parts of the city of Richmond, specifically Steveston-Richmond East.
Conservative support has traditionally been the strongest in the Fraser Valley Regional District, Langley and in southern Surrey. Since 2004, the Conservatives' best riding has been Abbotsford. In 2011, they won 65% of the vote there. They also won over 60% of the vote in neighboring Langley. The FVRD is sometimes referred to BC's "bible belt" due to its high population of evangelical Christians, giving it a character similar to ridings in rural portions of the Prairies.


Emory City

Emory City was a town on the Fraser River just 5 km (3 miles) south of Yale, British Columbia.
By 1858 over 25,000 men had travelled up the Fraser River staking claims and working the sand bars in an attempt to strike it rich and 500 men are recorded to have spent the winter of 1858–1859 camped at Emory's bar in tent and shingle dwellings. Although considerable gold was found at Emory's bar, the mother-lode was never found. Emory again came into prominence in the fall of 1879 when it became the Canadian Pacific Railway's western terminus. Emory City soon consisted of 13 streets, 32 blocks, and 400 lots of goodly dimensions. The Inland Sentinel Newspaper, the first on the mainland, erected a two story building on Front street and the Emory City Sawmill was producing of lumber in a 24-hour shift. Two hotels, nine saloons, a brewery, blacksmiths shop, general store, residences and "less reputable businesses" rounded out Emory City's economy. But by late 1881, it became obvious that the CPR would make Yale, their center for railroad activities and Emory City was abandoned. By the late 1890s people traveling through the area said that not a trace of the city could be found as the forest had reclaimed the site.
Today the original site of Emory City is located within a Provincial Campground named "Emory Creek".
References.
http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/explore/parkpgs/emory_crk/

http://www.britishcolumbia.com/regions/towns/?townID=3380
See also.
List of ghost towns in British Columbia

Fraser Canyon Gold Rush

Canadian Pacific Railway


John Ellis Roosevelt

John Ellis Roosevelt (February 25, 1853 – March 9, 1939) was a lawyer with the Wall Street firm of Roosevelt & Kobbe, the president of the Elkhorn Valley Coal Land Company and secretary of the Broadway Improvement Company. He owned the John Ellis Roosevelt Estate.
Early life.
John Ellis Roosevelt was born on February 25, 1853 in New York City. He was the second child of Robert Barnhill Roosevelt and Elizabeth Ellis. Roosevelt had an older sister, Margaret Barnhill Roosevelt, and a younger brother, Robert Barnhill Roosevelt Jr. They were the first cousins of President Theodore Roosevelt through their shared paternal grandfather, Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt.
He also had three half siblings; Kenyon Fortescue, Granville Roland Fortescue, and Maude Fortescue. They were the children of Robert Barnhill Roosevelt and his second wife, Marion Fortescue, also known as Marion O'Shea Roosevelt.
Career.
Roosevelt was a lawyer and the president of the Elkhorn Valley Coal Land Company and secretary of the Broadway Improvement Company.
He was a partner in the Wall Street law firm of Roosevelt & Kobbe, along with George C. Kobbé, at 44 Wall Street. His half brother, Kenyon Fortescue was also a lawyer at the same firm.
The firm represented John Ellis Roosevelt's father, Robert Barnwell Roosevelt, in a lawsuit entitled "Robert B. Roosevelt v. Elbert A. Brinckerhoff", 143 F. 478 (2nd Cir. 1906), cert. dend. 200 U.S. 622 (1906). Brinckerhoff alleged that Robert Barnwell Roosevelt had committed malpractice by permitting a mortgage on a valuable piece of Manhattan real estate at 33 Nassau Street to be cancelled. Damages were assessed against Robert Barnwell Roosevelt in excess of $100,000. Robert Barnwell Roosevelt died four months after the decision was entered.
Personal life.
On February 19, 1879 he married Nannie Mitchell Vance (1860–1912), the daughter of Samuel B. H. Vance (1814–1890), at the recently built St. Nicholas Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, Fifth Avenue and 48th Street, in New York City in Manhattan. Before her death of typhoid in 1912, they had three daughters:
His wife died on September 26, 1912 of typhoid.
On January 6, 1914, he married Edith (née Hammersley) Biscoe (1884-1943), the former wife of Lt. H. E. Biscoe. Edith's sister, Lillie O. Hammersley was married to John's brother, Robert. In 1915, Roosevelt tried to have the marriage annulled, claiming he was the victim of misrepresentation. The case was heavily reported in the News at the time. Edith won the case in 1916 and Roosevelt was ordered to pay her $400 a month in alimony.
Roosevelt died on March 9, 1939 in Delray Beach, Florida.


KJYY-LD


Lighthouse Pub

The Lighthouse Pub is a Transportation Corridor / Restaurant and Pub at the southern tip of Sechelt Inlet. The building was originally a restaurant from Expo 86 and has since been slowly transformed into an air and sea gateway to Sechelt.
History.
First mention of the proposed pub was made in the "Coast News" newspaper, in the March 24, 1986 edition. However, no mention was made of the name or type of building that would be built, with only the location being indicated as the shores of Porpoise Bay.
The Lighthouse Pub located in Sechelt, BC is one of few remaining restaurant buildings from Expo 86. The building was formerly the China Gate Restaurant during the exposition and was purchased by Sechelt Developer Len Van Egmond during the auction of buildings after the closing of the exposition.
The "Lighthouse" motif that stands on top of the building were actually part of the space-themed McDonald's. Len Van Egmond saw the spaceship and thought that could be made into a lighthouse with some modification.
The complex was incorrectly identified as the Munich Festhaus in the book VANCOUVER'S EXPO 86 by Bill Cotter.
Construction.
The pilings went into the ground in June 1987 and the building was trucked piece by piece on the Langdale Ferry to the Sunshine Coast, and then to Sechelt via Highway 101. The pub is built half on land and half over the water and was re-opened in June 1988. Previously, the pub location was the Tyee float plane base and a very small marina.
At that time the complex included:
Renovations.
A restaurant was built under the lighthouse motif, enclosing a previously open deck, and opened in December 1994. The pub went through major renovations in 2006. The liquor store was moved offsite, the front of the pub was opened up, and the previously small deck was expanded to the entire width of the building. The renovations were completed in 2007.
Current Status.
The establishment has grown into a typical neighbourhood pub with big screen TVs and weekend live entertainment, and serves a variety of pub fare and local seafood options. The Complex is also unique as it serves as a transportation hub via its marina to the Sechelt Inlet and its float plane base with regular scheduled flights to Vancouver, Richmond, Nanaimo.
The complex currently houses:


Brother XII

Edward Arthur Wilson (25 July 1878 - 7 November 1934), better known as Brother XII, was an English mystic who, in the late 1920s, founded a spiritual community located just south of the city of Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, off the west coast of British Columbia, Canada.
Early life.
Wilson was born in Birmingham, England, into a religious family. He later claimed that during his childhood he was visited by angels.
Career.
Wilson travelled the world as a mariner, first visiting Canada in 1905. He studied world religions, preparing himself, by his own account, for a destiny that was revealed to him in a vision in the South of France in the autumn of 1924. He soon attracted a devoted following, including a group of wealthy and socially prominent individuals.
Having taken the name Brother XII, he established the Aquarian Foundation in 1927. The group's beliefs were based largely upon the teachings of the Theosophical Society. He published two booklets, "The Three Truths" and "Foundation Letters and Teachings", which explained his ideas and encouraged readers to donate money to his cause and to build homes in the colony, Cedar-by-the-Sea, which he was setting up near Nanaimo on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. With the goal of creating a self-sufficient community independent of the outside world, the Foundation acquired additional property on nearby Valdes and De Courcy Islands, largely through the donations of a wealthy socialite named Mary Connally from Asheville, North Carolina. Other followers gave donations, large and small, to support Brother XII's work as a spiritual teacher, as well as his political activity in support of a Democratic Senator from Alabama, James Thomas Heflin, who ultimately supported Herbert Hoover but was for a while a third-party candidate in the 1928 presidential election in the United States.
An insurrection developed within the ranks of the colony when Brother XII's critics charged that he had claimed to be the reincarnation of the Egyptian god Osiris, though he replied that he had been speaking figuratively, that Osiris and Isis were male and female principles in Nature. Still, Brother XII's misuse of Foundation funds and his extramarital affair with a woman who he claimed was his soul-mate led to the breakup of the colony. The Aquarian Foundation was legally dissolved in 1929, though he continued his work with the followers who had remained loyal to him during the crisis, as well as a number of new recruits.
As time passed, Brother XII became increasingly dictatorial and paranoid, fortifying his island kingdom and reportedly accumulating a fortune in gold. His mistress, Mabel Skottowe, née Rowbotham (under the name "Madame Z"), worked the members without respite, the tasks given being considered tests of their fitness to advance spiritually. One man who had been imprisoned in a cellar on the northern end of Valdes Island managed to row to Nanaimo to report the circumstances to the British Columbia Provincial Police, who investigated, but took no further action. Eventually, as conditions deteriorated, Brother XII's core group of disciples revolted and filed legal actions against him to recover the money they had contributed to his work. In a violent reaction, he destroyed the colony, smashing its buildings and farm equipment, and scuttling his flagship, the sailboat "Lady Royal".
Wilson and Skottowe then escaped in their private tugboat, the "Kheunaten", rather than appear in court to answer the charges brought by their former disciples. By 1932 they had fled to Europe, and were reported to have taken a large amount of gold with them. Wilson is reported to have died in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, on 7 November 1934, though he may have fabricated his death. He may have subsequently met his lawyer in San Francisco, whose son has provided an eyewitness account of the meeting.


Ellsworth Bunker

Ellsworth F. Bunker (May 11, 1894 – September 27, 1984) was an American businessman and diplomat (including being the ambassador to Argentina, Italy, India, Nepal and South Vietnam). He is perhaps best known for being a hawk on the war in Vietnam and Southeast Asia during the 1960s and 1970s. , Bunker is one of two people to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom twice.
Early life and education.
Born in Yonkers, New York, he was the eldest of three children of George Raymond Bunker and Jeanie Polhemus ("née" Cobb), whose family descended from prominent early Dutch settlers including the Evertson family and the Schuyler family. His great-grandmother Eliza Brodhead Polhemus "née" Heyer was a niece of Stephen Whitney, reputedly the wealthiest American of his time after John Jacob Astor, while her first cousin Charles Suydam was the brother-in-law of Astor's grandson William Backhouse Astor Jr. and his wife Caroline Schermerhorn Astor. Bunker's father was one of the founders and chairman of the board of National Sugar Refining Company. His younger brother, Arthur Hugh Bunker (July 29, 1895 – May 19, 1964), was also a noted businessman, chairman of the executive committee of the War Production Board (1941–1945) during World War II, and president and then board chairman of American Metal Climax (AMAX). His cousin, Dorothy Penrose Cobb, was married to historian Frederick Lewis Allen.
Ellsworth Bunker studied to be a lawyer, and graduated from Yale University with the class of 1916. During World War II he served as chairman of the War Production Board's cane sugar advisory committee.
Career.
Bunker first worked in his father's company, National Sugar Refining Company, eventually becoming the company's president, succeeding Horace Havemeyer Sr., in 1942. He retired as an active executive in 1951 and purchased a 600-acre dairy farm in Putney, Vermont. He remained a member of the board of National Sugar until 1966.
He then moved to government during the Harry S. Truman administration, when Truman appointed him ambassador to Argentina in April 1951. Next he was ambassador to Italy in February 1952. From November 1953 until November 1956 he was president of the American Red Cross. In November 1956 he was appointed ambassador to India and Nepal by Dwight D. Eisenhower, and sworn in December 1956, where he played a crucial role in the covert alliance between the two powers against China. He was replaced by John Kenneth Galbraith in 1961. During 1962 he acted as U.S. mediator in the New York Agreement over Western New Guinea.
After a period back in Washington, D.C., he was made U.S. ambassador to the Organization of American States, 1964–1966. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam, 1967–1973. Once in Saigon, he strongly supported the war efforts of Presidents Johnson and Richard Nixon, and applauded US incursions into Laos and Cambodia. Following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, Bunker headed the US team involved in the drawing up of the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties.
He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction twice—the first time by John F. Kennedy in 1963 (though the ceremony took place during Lyndon B Johnson's term) and the second time by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1967. He is one of only two persons (the other being Colin Powell) who received the award twice, and the only person to receive it both times with distinction.
Personal life.
Bunker married a neighbor, Harriet Allen Butler, daughter of Ellen Mudge and George Prentiss Butler, in Yonkers, New York on April 24, 1920. Harriet had made friends with Bunkers' sister Katherine when the two girls attended Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. They had three children, John Birkbeck, Samuel Emmet, and Ellen Mudge. She died in 1964.
On January 3, 1967 he married fellow ambassador Caroline Clendening "Carol" Laise in Katmandu, Nepal. She died in 1991. Ambassador Laise was a friend of the first Mrs. Bunker.
Bunker died on his dairy farm in Putney, Vermont. The funeral was attended by his good friend and neighbor former senator George Aiken and former president Richard M. Nixon. Aiken died two months later.
His middle child, John Birkbeck Bunker (March 8, 1926 – May 26, 2005), a first lieutenant in World War II, died of cancer at his home in Wheatland, Wyoming at age 79.


Gerard Bancker

Gerard Bancker (sometimes Latin Gerardus, or colloquial Dutch Gerrit) (14 February 1740 in Albany, New York – January 1799) was an American surveyor and politician.
Life.
Bancker was the son of Gerard Bancker Sr. and Maria de Peyster, who had married in New York City in 1731. He was the grandson of Johannes de Peyster (1666–1719), the 23rd Mayor of New York City between 1698 and 1699, and great-grandson of Johannes de Peyster, Sr., the Huguenot first settler of the De Peyster family in North America.
Bancker was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1772, and in 1774, as city surveyor, he made a map of St. George's Ferry on Nassau Island.
He was Deputy Treasurer from 1776 to 1778, and New York State Treasurer from 1778 to 1798.
He collected a large number of broadsides from the revolutionary era which were sold at auction in 1898 in Philadelphia.


KCIX-TV

KCIX-TV was a television station broadcasting on channel 6 in Nampa, Idaho, United States, from November 9, 1958, to January 4, 1960. It was the second attempt to establish a station on the allocation, after KFXD-TV, which had lasted two months in 1953.
History.
Radio Boise, Inc.—soon changed to the Hagadone Broadcasting Company—received the construction permit to build a new channel 6 TV station from the Federal Communications Commission on March 27, 1958. Hagadone had recently sold KYME radio in Boise and at the time of the grant was owner of a radio station in Soda Springs. The station signed on November 9, 1958, from leased space in the Nampa transmitter building of KFXD (580 AM) and an antenna on one of the station's towers; plans called for the eventual establishment of the station's own studio base in Nampa. While it was promised that the station would use syndicated programming from ABC, and that live network affiliation was being negotiated, none came to pass. At the time, KIDO-TV (channel 7) was the ABC affiliate in the Boise area.
Hagadone got the station on air, but no network programs ever emerged. Seeking additional capital for the company, Hagadone reached a deal in August 1959 to join forces with Pocatello radio station KBLI, which held the construction permit for KTLE, also on channel 6, in that eastern Idaho city; the two stations would share programming. Hagadone would own 20 percent of the combined company, "KTLI, Inc.", with a majority stake percent being owned by Howard Johnson, who also owned KNAK in Salt Lake City. Plans were revealed to move KCIX's transmitter to Deer Point in the Boise National Forest, improving the station's coverage. The station switched to operating on a minimum schedule while it awaited FCC action on the transfer of control. On January 4, 1960, Hagadone then announced the station would go off the air altogether pending approval.
The transaction had fallen apart by mid-1960, when the purchase of KCIX-TV by the Publix Broadcasting Co., incorporated by Samuel Nissley (owner of KLOR-TV in Provo, Utah) and Vern Kloepfer, was announced. Publix promised new call letters, a new studio near Boise, and a new transmitter site on Deer Point, and it claimed to be in negotiations for an ABC affiliation. In December, Hagadone sued KBLI, seeking $9,500 it had placed as a down payment before opting to back out of the sale agreement. That same month, the two other stations in Boise, KBOI-TV and KIDO-TV, filed to block Publix's concurrent attempt to purchase KYME radio, claiming it was selling securities to the Idaho public without registering with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Not long after, KTLE, the Pocatello station with which KCIX-TV was to be associated, signed off the air as a result of NBC moving its affiliation for that market to KIFI-TV in Idaho Falls.
The license remained in force until the FCC dismissed its renewal application on June 18, 1964.


Captives in American Indian Wars

Captives in American Indian Wars could expected to be treated differently depending on the identity of their captors and the conflict they were involved in. During the American Indian Wars, indigenous peoples and European colonists alike frequently became captives of hostile parties. Depending on the specific instances in which they were captured, they could either be held as prisoners of war, abducted as a means of hostage diplomacy, used as countervalue targets, enslaved, or apprehended for purposes of criminal justice.
History.
Cultural background.
Treatment applied to European captives taken in wars or raids in North America varied according to the culture of each tribe. Before European colonization, the indigenous peoples of the Americas had developed customs for dealing with captives. Depending on the region, captives could either be killed, tortured, kept alive and assimilated into the tribe, or enslaved. When indigenous tribes came into contact with European settlers, they applied longstanding customary traditions for dealing with indigenous captives to the white colonists. Conflicts between indigenous tribes and European settlers resulted in captives being taken on both sides; while the westward expansion of the United States and subsequent conflicts with Native Americans also resulted in many white and Indian captives being taken. Captivity narratives were often written by European-Americans and European-Canadians who were ransomed or escaped from captivity.
King Philip's War.
In King Philip's War, a three-year conflict between indigenous peoples of New England and New England colonists, captured Native Americans were frequently sold into slavery in the West Indies by the colonists. Many friendly Native Americans were enslaved and sent to the West Indies as well.
Cultural differences.
In the eastern woodlands cultural area (roughly encompassing the eastern one-half of the United States, and the southern portion of Quebec and Ontario), cultural traditions for dealing with captives predated the arrival of Europeans, and involved either adoption or execution by torture.
Some captives were adopted into their captors' tribe. Adoption frequently involved the captive receiving the name of a deceased member of the captors' tribe, and receiving the deceased's social status (becoming a member of the family of the deceased person). Children and teenage girls seem to have been normally adopted.
Male and female captives as well as teenage boys, would usually face death by ritual torture. The torture had strong sacrificial overtones, usually to the sun. Captives, especially warriors, were expected to show extreme self-control and composure during torture, singing "death songs", bragging of one's courage or deeds in battle, and otherwise showing defiance. The torture was conducted publicly in the captors' village, and the entire population (including children) watched and participated. Common torture techniques included burning the captive, which was done one hot coal at a time, rather than on firewood pyres; beatings with switches or sticks, jabs from sharp sticks as well as genital mutilation and flaying while still alive. Captives' fingernails were ripped out. Their fingers were broken, then twisted and yanked by children. Captives were made to eat pieces of their own flesh, and were scalped and skinned alive. Such was the fate of Jamestown Governor John Ratcliffe. The genitalia of male captives were the focus of considerable attention, culminating with the dissection of the genitals one slice at a time. To make the torture last longer, the Native Americans and the First Nations would revive captives with rest periods during which time they were given food and water. Tortures typically began on the lower limbs, then gradually spread to the arms, then the torso. The Native Americans and the First Nations spoke of "caressing" the captives gently at first, which meant that the initial tortures were designed to cause pain, but only minimal bodily harm. By these means, the execution of a captive, especially an adult male, could take several days and nights.
In contrast to the Eastern Woodlands tribes, peoples of the Northwest Coast (encompassing the coastal regions of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and southeastern Alaska), enslaved war captives. Slaves were traded and were a valuable commodity. More importantly, enslaved captives were given as gifts during a potlatch ceremony to enhance the prestige of the gift giver. Some scholars believe that slaves performed major economic roles in this region and comprised a permanent social class and a significant proportion of the population, though this has proved to be controversial.
Pontiac's War.
Colonel Henry Bouquet set out from Fort Pitt on October 3, 1764, with 1,150 men during the chaos of Pontiac's War. After that, treaties were negotiated at Fort Niagara and Fort Detroit; the Ohio Natives were isolated and, with some exceptions, ready to make peace. In a council which began on 17 October, Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Natives return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Guyasuta and other leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into Native families. Because not all of the captives were present that day, the Natives were compelled to surrender hostages as a guarantee that the other captives would be returned. The Ohio Natives agreed to attend a more formal peace conference with William Johnson, the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, which was finalized in July 1765.


30th Parliament of British Columbia

The 30th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1972 to 1975. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in August 1972. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Dave Barrett formed the government. The Social Credit Party led by W. A. C. Bennett formed the official opposition. Bill Bennett was elected Social Credit party leader in November 1973 after his father resigned his seat in the assembly in June 1973.
Gordon Dowding served as speaker for the assembly.
Members of the 30th General Assembly.
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1972:
Notes:
By-elections.
By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons:
Notes: