North West Enquirer

The North West Enquirer was a short-lived weekly regional tabloid newspaper covering the North West region of England. Its circulation area encompassed the counties and areas of Cumbria, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Cheshire, as well as parts of Stoke-on-Trent and North Wales. Its first edition was published on 27 April 2006 and it ran for twenty-one issues, the final edition being published on 14 September.
The "Enquirer" was an attempt to create a newspaper which had more of a focus on quality writing and analysis than the main local dailies such as the "Manchester Evening News" but with a more regional outlook than the national press could offer. The paper was aimed at the "AB" demographic group, high earners with large amounts of disposable income. While many local newspapers satisfied themselves with more populist human-interest stories, the "Enquirer" contained a large amount of arts and political coverage, with weekly columns exploring the culture of the region from names including Flic Everett and Anthony H Wilson. News coverage was of an investigative, in-depth style.
However, the paper quickly got into difficulties, falling short of a sales target of 15,000 in its first four months and laying off several journalists in August . The company attempted to re-finance, but a change in the conditions of a £200,000 funding package led to the "Enquirer" being placed into administration on 20 September, one day before it was due to publish its twenty-second issue . Twenty-six redundancies were made, with the company unable to pay staff for the month of September, leaving many financially unsettled. The following day, this message was placed on the "North West Enquirer"s web site by former editor Robert Waterhouse :
As of May 2007, the "Enquirer"s web site had been replaced with an ISP holding page explaining that the site was inactive.


Hydrostone

Hydrostone is a neighbourhood in the North End of the Halifax Peninsula in the Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. It consists of ten short parallel streets and is bordered by Duffus Street to the north, Young Street to the south, Isleville Street to the west and Novalea Drive to the east.
The neighbourhood was designed by architect Thomas Adams to provide housing for working-class families displaced by the Halifax Explosion in 1917. Architectural design was by George Ross of the Montreal architectural firm of Ross and Macdonald. The neighbourhood draws its name from the special cinderblocks from which the houses were constructed. Most of the dwellings are row-houses in groups of four and six, except for the large, two-storey single-family houses at the eastern end of each street. Some have been converted to sets of flats.
All of the streets in the Hydrostone are boulevards except Stanley Place. These boulevards have treed, grassy strips which serve as communal outdoor space for the neighbourhood. This is consistent with the Garden city movement by which Adams was influenced. All streets are also served by back lanes, a feature characteristic of Western Canadian cities, but not usually found in Eastern Canadian communities.
It is designated a National Historic Site of Canada.
Construction.
Following the Halifax Explosion, many of the wood-frame buildings collapsed on their coal stoves and furnaces and caught on fire, which was a concern when reconstruction was being planned. To minimize the danger of fire, Adams and Ross proposed the use of non-combustible hydrostone for the reconstruction of this area.
Hydrostone was a concrete block that was finished with crushed rock (granite, in this case) to approximate the appearance of cut-stone construction. The concrete blocks and their faces were amalgamated through a hydraulic pressing process, patented by a Chicago firm. Manufacture of the blocks was done in a plant located in Eastern Passage and the finished stones were hauled across Halifax Harbour by barge.
Transporting the stones to the construction site was problematic, due to the steep rise from the harbour. To solve this problem and make the area more easily accessible, two diagonal streets were included in the Richmond district reconstruction plans: Devonshire Street / Avenue and Dartmouth Avenue.
The Hydrostone today.
Today, the Hydrostone has become a gentrified area, sought after by young professionals and small families for its ample green space and proximity to shops and transit. Recently, this newer generation has been buying and renovating the area's homes, pushing up property values and displacing longtime residents.
In 2011, the Canadian Institute of Planners named the Hydrostone the Second Greatest Neighbourhood in its inaugural Great Places in Canada contest.


Gwladys Sutherst Townshend

Gwladys Ethel Gwendolen Eugénie Sutherst (1884 – 1959), after 1905 Gwladys, Marchioness Townshend, was a British writer. In addition to writing novels, poems, and plays, she was probably "the first peeress to write for the cinema." She also served a term as Mayor of King's Lynn. The details of her marriage and finances were often aired in the courtroom and in newspapers.
Early life.
Gwladys Sutherst was the daughter of Thomas Sutherst, a barrister.
Career.
Gwladys Sutherst Townshend was credited as the scenarist on eight silent films, all of them now lost, made by the Clarendon studio, all of them made in 1913, 1914, or 1915, all starring Dorothy Bellew and directed by Wilfred Noy. Titles included "The Convent Gate", "The House of Mystery", and "A Strong Man's Love". She claimed to be "the first peeress to write for the cinema."
Her play "Sir John and the Compriere" was produced in 1914, in London. She co-edited a fiction collection, "True Ghost Stories" (1936). Her autobiography, "It Was, and It Wasn't", was published in 1937. Other books by Townshend included a book of poems, "In the King's Garden" (1906), and a novel, "The Widening Circle" (1920).
In 1928 she was elected to a term as Mayor of King's Lynn, though she opposed the idea of women as lawmakers. "As Mayor I give two banquets a year, a reception to the townspeople, open bazars, lay cornerstones, and represent the town at all affairs," she explained to an American reporter. In that role, she travelled to the United States in 1929, to help the city of Lynn, Massachusetts, celebrate its tercentenary.
Personal life.
Gwladys Sutherst married twice. In 1905 she married John Townshend, 6th Marquess Townshend; their financial arrangements became the subject of scandal and lawsuits, when it was revealed that her father did not make an expected settlement on the couple. There were also concerns that her husband's mental status was unsound, and accusations that Gwladys was keeping him hidden even from his mother. The Townshends had two children, George and Elizabeth; given earlier scandals, the paternity of the Townshend children was also a matter of press speculation. Gwladys was widowed when John died in 1921. She remarried, to Bernard le Strange. She died in 1959, aged 75 years, in London.
The current Marquess Townshend, Charles Townshend, is her grandson. Music producer and sound engineer Cenzo Townshend is her great-grandson.


Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin

The Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin 1896 (German "Große Berliner Gewerbeausstellung 1896") was a large exposition that has also been dubbed "the impeded world fair" (in German "Die verhinderte Weltausstellung").
Under the official name of a Berlin Industrial Exposition (German "Berliner Gewerbeausstellung") - borrowing the name from earlier exhibitions - the "Universal Exposition of Berlin" took place between May 1 and October 15, 1896 in the Treptow borough of Berlin.
The exposition featured one of the largest and longest Great refractors up-to that time, and it was preserved after the exposition and survived to the 21st century.
Precursors.
The first Berlin Industrial Exposition was initiated by the Prussian Minister Christian Peter Wilhelm Beuth. The trade fair took place from September 1 to October 15, 1822, as an exhibition of regional trades in the House of Industries in the Kloßterstraße. There were 182 exhibition companies showing 998 different products to 9514 visitors. The second trade fair took place in 1827 at the same place.
In 1844 the General German Industrial Exhibition (in German "Allgemeine Deutsche Gewerbe-Ausstellung") took place in the old arsenal house, the Zeughaus of Berlin. Among 3040 exhibition companies there were 685 Berlin companies showing a large variety of German industrial goods - the exhibition saw 260,000 visitors.
Berlin Industrial Exposition 1879.
In 1879 a large exhibition was set in an exhibition park created near the Lehrte Station. The exhibition was not only a show of technological advancements but it was also created as an amusement park.
One of the main attractions of the event was the first electric locomotive from Siemens & Halske. Originally built for use in a coal mine, it pulled three small cars fitted with wooden benches, each car being capable of carrying six passengers for a ride along a 300-meter circular track. Electrical power was supplied to a third rail from a nearby generating station. During the four months of the exhibition, it carried 90,000 passengers. The original locomotive is now displayed at the Deutsches Museum in Munich and a replica is shown at the German Museum of Technology (Berlin).
Background.
After the successful world fairs in London and Paris the Berlin press argued at large for a world fair to be held in Berlin as well. Especially the "Verein Berliner Kaufleute und Industrieller" (Association of Merchants and Industrialists) was on the forefront - the association had been founded for the industrial exposition of 1879. Its chairman Max Ludwig Goldberger took it as a personal aim of life to make a world fair happen in Berlin. Goldberger had lived in the USA for a time and he had written a book called "Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten" (literally "country of boundless possibilities", the German wording for the catch phrase of "the land of opportunity"). He knew quite well of the international benefits for the industry deriving from a world fair. With the Eiffel Tower showing the industrial strength on the world fair in Paris of 1889 the national press was nearly frantic about a German world fair to show off to the "Erbfeind" (hereditary enemy).
Despite eager proposition around, the national chamber of commerce as well as the council of ministers rejected the idea multiple times due to the financial situation of the Reich. Even though the emperor Wilhelm II was well known for some grandstanding in his time, he was very opposed to the idea of a world fair. On July 20, 1892, he wrote to his chancellor Leo von Caprivi:
On every occasion thereon that the topic was brought up he came to be used to say "Ausstellung isnich" ("Exposition is nada"), taking up a wording from the Berlin dialect.
In a kind of defiance action the "Association of Berlin Merchants and Industrialists" (VBKI) took over the tasks and they founded an interest group to prepare the exhibition. Due to the political conflict the exposition could not be called world fair however - instead they related the project to the earlier industrial expositions in Berlin and the project was run under the name of "Industrial Exposition of Berlin 1896". The year 1896 was chosen as it was the 25th anniversary of Berlin as the capital of the Reich so that it could find support by authorities. Although the name could well be taken for a regional fair it was supposed from the start to create a fair that should eclipse all other world fairs before - so it was nothing but an intentional fraudulent labeling.
The exhibition.
The construction work started in 1894 with the intention to create a show room for the German industry - Germany was at the height of technological advancements and Berlin was at the center of science, industry and services. When the area was completed it occupied over 900,000 square meters - larger than any other fair in the world before. The "New Lake" ("Neuer See") in the middle was created as an artificial water basin occupying 10,000 square meters (it was roughly situated where the central area of the Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park) is now). It required its own electrical tramway route to get around on the large fair ground. The 3,780 exhibition companies had areas in 23 different topic groups. The largest building with 13 groups was the "Haupt-Industrie-Gebäude" (Main Industry Building) at one end of the New Lake while others were run in pavilions along the lake sides. The electrification of the area required a dedicated power plant on the fair ground - the electric illumination of the complete area was a sensation of its own at the time.
The exhibition was marketed worldwide - although it was rainy on 120 of the 168 exhibition days there were seven million visitors coming to the fair ground.
Notable attractions.
The exhibition was not a simple trade fair but it was more cast as a piece of art. It was not only about showing industrial advancements but at the same time it show the world to visitors of Berlin.
The German food industry not only showed its products, but they were also sold in the many restaurants. Beer gardens as well as high class gastronomy were present all around. In the lake haven one could use Venetian gondolas to other side of the lake. A circus showed animals from the tropics and a large panorama showed north pole impressions. One could use a balloon to look at the place from above that had also a large water slide, the American Theatre and long series of other funfair rides.
The German Colonial Exhibition (Deutsche Kolonial-Ausstellung) showed recreations of villages from East Africa, Togo, Cameroons and New Guinea complete with more than 100 natives that were brought to Berlin for the real authentic impression. In the "Kairo" section the small bazaar streets of the Cairo Old Town were recreated complete with an Arabic Café and a mosque. A pyramid was erected along with a small Egyptian peasant village. A lift ran alongside the pyramid to the top to be used as a high viewpoint.
The Old Berlin Exhibition showed a Berlin impression as it had existed in the Middle Ages, complete with a market, a town hall and a theater.
Otto Lilienthal was showing his steam engines - he was not allowed to demonstrate his airplanes but he gave a lecture on practical flight experiments on June 16.
The large telescope was a major success despite only being completed in September. Due to the large interest it was later moved to its own building, today the Archenhold Observatory today. All the other buildings had to be torn down as the fair allowance included a requirement that the installations were only to be temporary.
The Great Telescope.
The Great telescope of the exhibition was noted as the most popular exhibit of the expo. A the time the biggest telescope in Germany was an 18 inch aperture refractor, while the exhibit telescope had a 27 inch lens. The tube is about 68 feet long (21 meters), the focal length of the lens.
The lens was made by Schott and also Steinhell attended the lens grinding.
Fair sections.
There were 23 industry groups


List of Indiana state historical markers in Elkhart County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Elkhart County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 14 historical markers located in Elkhart County.


Angella Emurwon

Angella Emurwon is a Ugandan playwright. She won the 2012 International Playwriting Competition first prize in the English as a Second Language category for her play "Sunflowers Behind A Dirty Fence", in the 23rd International Playwriting Competition held by the BBC World Service and the British Council, in partnership with Commonwealth Writers. Her play "The Cow Needs A Wife" came third in the 2010 BBC African Performance Play Writing Competition.


List of Indiana state historical markers in Orange County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Orange County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Orange County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 3 historical markers located in Orange County.


Or Emet

Or Emet is a Humanistic Jewish congregation in Minneapolis – Saint Paul, Minnesota and is a member of the Society for Humanistic Judaism. It is a community of cultural Jews, secular Jews, Jewish humanists, and other humanists, united by a commitment to humanism and by respect and support for Jewish culture, traditions, and Jewish identity, and by those traditional Jewish values most consonant with humanism -- "tikkun olam", social justice. Or Emet embraces a human-centered philosophy that combines rational thinking and scientific inquiry with the celebration of Jewish culture and traditions.
Name.
The name "Or Emet" means "Light of Truth" in Hebrew. It was chosen as the name for the congregation because it reflects the tradition of enlightened inquiry in Jewish thought that dates back to the debates of the ancient Talmudic scholars. It also reflects the flowering since the Enlightenment of secular science and logical reason as new Truth-seeking tools. These took hold in the Jewish community and began to transform it in part into a new culture of secular Jews ("Haskalah", or Jewish Enlightenment), personified by such major thinkers as Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn. Spinoza of course was one of the architects of the modern democratic world. Consistent with this background, Or Emet is a "learning community" committed to study and inquiry as well as an "action community" committed to justice. The former is reflected in its many adult education and speakers' programs in the course of the year, and the latter in the fact that Or Emet's Social Justice Committee is its most active committee.
History.
The congregation was founded in the early 1980s in Minneapolis by Dr. Harold Londer and Dr. Larry Garfin. Dr. Londer, Minneapolis oncologist, had heard a lecture on Humanistic Judaism at the First Unitarian Society in Minneapolis by Humanistic Judaism founder Rabbi Sherwin Wine. Or Emet began when he gathered like-minded friends to meet in various homes.
Leadership.
The home congregation of Rabbi Sherwin Wine, Birmingham Temple in Farmington Hills, Michigan, remains the site of the offices of the Society for Humanistic Judaism. Rabbi of the Society, Miriam Jerris, is based here and serves the two dozen SHJ congregations across North America. The executive director of SHJ is Paul Golin, previously associate executive director of Big Tent Judaism. He is based in New York City. The president of SHJ is currently Mary Raskin of Portland, OR.). Richard Logan, PhD, who served two terms as president of SHJ, and prior to that, served as president of Or Emet for four years, was named the recipient of this years Rabbi Sherwin T. Wine Lifetime Achievement Award.
Or Emet co-founder Dr. Harold Londer was ordained as a "Madrikh", or spiritual leader with virtually the powers of a rabbi, by the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism (IISHJ) in 2007. IISHJ trains humanistic rabbis and officiants as well. (IISHJ is headed by its Dean, Rabbi Adam Chalom.) Dr. Londer conducted life-cycle ceremonies such as baby namings, Bar and Bat Mitzvahs, weddings, and funerals. As of 2018, former Jewish Cultural School head Eva Cohen is enrolled in the rabbinic training program of IISHJ, and has been formally designated as Or Emet's Ritual Leader. As one of IISJH's requirements to obtain the rabbinate, Cohen has earned a graduate degree in Jewish Studies at the University of Minnesota. She also continues as both a Cultural School teacher of the Upper Elementary class and as "B'Mitzvah" educator. The position as head of the Jewish Cultural School has been taken over by Arty Dorman, retired elementary school principal.
Or Emet is managed by an Executive Committee with five members: The President, Vice-President, Treasurer, and two members elected at-large. The ritual leader and school director serve as ex-officio members of the Executive Committee. In addition, Or Emet has a "Leadership Team", made up of the Executive Committee, the heads of all of the major committees, the other area directors (school, newsletter, press releases), and a few at-large members chosen from among senior members. The Leadership Team functions as an Advisory Board to the Executive Committee. It meets a few times a year to allow exchange of information across the various areas of the organization and to set overall goals and policies.
Events.
Or Emet runs two regular events a month that focus on celebrating Jewish culture in its many dimensions, providing meaningful Jewish community, and affirming Jewish identity, with rituals cast in humanistic and cultural terms. A monthly Friday evening humanistic Shabbat service is held at 7:15 PM at the Minneapolis Sabes Jewish Community Center in St. Louis Park, MN, followed by a brief speaker's program or discussion. A Sunday Jewish cultural school for children -- with a parallel speaker's program for parents and adults --is held one Sunday a month at 10 AM at Talmud Torah of St. Paul School <ttsp.org>. Or Emet also holds annual High Holidays services (currently held at the Sabes Jewish Community Center in St. Louis Park, MN), an annual Passover Seder (currently held at the First Unitarian Society in Minneapolis), and an Annual Hanukkah celebration (currently held at the Wellstone Community Center in St. Paul, MN).
Services and membership.
The Jewish Cultural School for children runs one Sunday morning at 10 AM each month at Talmud Torah in Saint Paul, where students learn about Jewish history, traditions, and secular philosophies. The school takes a secular approach and teaches Jewish history and culture chronologically and in age-appropriate ways to "Littles" (Preschool - Kindergarten), "Middles" (grades 1 - 3), "Juniors" (grades 4 - 5), and "B'Mitzvah Preparation (grades 6 - 7). Historically and culturally significant content is introduced at the Littles level via pictures, songs, and stories; it is then reprised at a somewhat more advanced level (with more reading for example) at the Middles level, and then at an even more advanced level with Juniors and later B'Mitzvah Prep who begin to discuss ethics and values involved in stories from history. Teens get involved in practicing the central value of "tikkun olam" and engage in more community-service activities and other projects they choose themselves. In Fall, 2012, basic Beginning Hebrew and Jewish Music were added to the curriculum for the three younger age groups.
In 2018, the organization had a membership of about 60 households (families, couples or individuals). Events such as High Holiday services and the Passover Seder and annual Hanukkah party can attract 100 or more people.
Affiliations.
In addition to the Society for Humanistic Judaism, Or Emet belongs to the Minnesota Council for Non-Profits, is a participating congregation in the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society's (HIAS) Welcoming Community initiative, and has ties to other Jewish, humanist, and non-theist groups.
Websites.
Oremet has a website at www.oremet.org, and can also be found on Facebook and Meetup. Announcements of gatherings can be found on the Calendar tab on the website, and on Meetup.


Abba b. Martha

Abba b. Martha was a Babylonian scholar of the end of the third century and beginning of the fourth. He seems to have been in poor circumstances. Once he incurred a debt to the resh galuta (exilarch), which he could not repay, and only by disguising himself did he at the time escape arrest for it. Later he was apprehended and sorely pressed for payment; but when the exilarch discovered that his debtor was a rabbinical scholar, he released him. His mother, Martha, seems to have been in easy circumstances; for, when Abba was bitten by a rabid dog and, in accordance with contemporary therapeutics, was obliged to drink through a tube of copper, Martha substituted one of gold. Notwithstanding his pecuniary straits, Abba did not take advantage of the Biblical and Talmudic law, according to which the Sabbatical year cancels all debts. He once owed some money to Rabbah, and paid it in the year of release, using the form of a donation.


Sarah (given name)

Sarah is a feminine given name found in many different areas of the world. It is a consistently popular given name across Europe and North America, and the Middle East—being commonly used as a female first name by Jews and Christians alike, and remaining popular also among non-religious members of cultures influenced by these religions.
In Arabic, Sarah means "joy" or "delight". In Hebrew, it means "woman of high rank", often simply translated as "princess". In Modern Hebrew, "sarah" (שרה) is the female form of the word "minister". Frequently, the name refers to Sarah, the wife of Abraham in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Old Testament, and the Islamic Quran.
In the United States, Sarah has been counted among the top 150 given names since 1880, when name popularity statistics were first recorded in the United States. Sarah ranked among the top 10 names from 1978 to 2002, reaching a plateau of popularity from the early 1980s to 1988. Every year since and including 1989 it has fallen in popularity, but it remained the 30th most popular name for newborn girls in 2010. Its most common variant spelling, Sara, was number 121.
The name has been similarly popular in Ireland and the United Kingdom. In England, it gained popularity after the Protestant Reformation. In 2014, Sarah ranked as the tenth most popular female baby name in Ireland.
In Nazi Germany, female Jews who did not have "typically Jewish" given names were forced to add "Sara" as of January 1939, whereas males were forced to add "Israel".


Collins (surname)

The surname Collins has a variety of likely origins in Britain and Ireland:
Alternative spellings or related surnames include Collin, Colling, Coling, Collings, Colings, Collis, Coliss, Collen, and Collens.
A great number of Welsh origin surnames share a similar etymology to English ones – Where in English names the forename of the patriarch is suffixed with 'SON' (as in Peterson, Richardson, Johnson) in Welsh names the 'SON' is simply the letter "S" (Phillips, Davies, Davis, Williams) and Collins may have been one of the surnames to have originated in this way.
The Domesday Book (compiled in 1086) was the first to document names in England and Wales and at this time only the upper classes were literate. During the time between this and the first census of 1801 names continually changed due to the illiterate nature of the British population. Indeed, the need to be able to complete such documents may be a key factor in the change to fixed spellings.
The earliest documented evidence of the name in England dates back as far as the twelfth and thirteenth centuries where several instances have been recorded. One Colinus de Andresia appears in the pipe rolls of Berkshire in 1191, while a Colinus is mentioned in Hartopp's "Register of the Freeman of Leicester" recorded in 1196. The name Colinc is also mentioned several times in the Domesday Book. The personal name Colin from which the surname derives has an even older history; Ceawlin, the king of the West Saxons, Caelin, a brother of St Chad, and the early Welsh saint, Kollen, all have names related to Colin. In Ireland, Collins is a genuinely indigenous Irish name; in fact, it is one of the most numerous surnames, ranked number 30.


Ellis Ashton

Ellis Ashton (born 1 December 1919 - 31 October 1985), MBE, was an English comedian and theatre historian.
Biography.
Ellis Ashton was born on 1 December 1919 in Liverpool, northwest England. His parents were Joseph and Beatrice Ashton. He was educated at Holy Trinity of Liverpool and at the Army Formation College. Ashton married Margaret Mitchell. He died in London on 31 October 1985, aged 65. (Obituary in The Times, 8 November 1985).
Affiliations.
Ellis Ashton served as the Chairman of the British Music Hall Society. Ashton was a founding member of the Theatres Trust and the British Theatre Institute. He served as a president of the National Association of Theatrical Television and Kine Employees. Ashton was the Governor of Ruskin College and Vice President of the Ruskin Fellowship. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, the Linnean Society of London, the Zoological Society of London, and the Royal Geographical Society.


Lisy Fischer

Elisabeth (Lisy) Fischer (born 22 August 1900 in Zurich – died 6 June 1999 in Newcastle upon Tyne) was a Swiss pianist from a talented Jewish family. Born to parents Arthur Fischer (from Deutsch Eylau, Prussia - now Iława, Poland) and Bertha Hochstetter (from Liedolsheim, Germany), she was a child prodigy giving piano recitals from 11 years of age first in Geneva and afterwards in Paris under the tutelage of Lucien Grou de Flagny and later Charles Barbier.
Early life and career.
Later as a teenager she played both as a soloist as well as with other musicians, giving concerts in Germany, where she studied from 15 years of age, and in Switzerland. She studied at the Stern Conservatory of Music in Berlin under Professor Martin Krause, Rudolf Maria Breithaupt and Professor Wilhelm Klatte where she was awarded the Professor Gustav Hollaender Medal in 1920, a few years after her fellow student, Claudio Arrau.
An extract of the citation signed by the Director Professor Alexander von Fielitz and her teachers reads "Her predetermination, the clarity and purity of her comprehension, the simplicity and natural manner of her performance, give her rendition a rare objectivity, calmness and technical competence. Her sincerity and purpose combined with a rare clarity and technical precision, as well as a fine musical dexterity, a loving and subtle extraction of every small detail give this new and unusual recital technique a compelling charm. These abilities further enhance the continued development of Miss Fischer’s compulsive, energetic and well disciplined character and clever mind on its way to a great artistic talent”.
On 14 March 1919 the Director of the Stern Conservatory, Professor Alexander von Fielitz, wrote a letter 'to whom it may concern' seeking sponsorship for her as a talented pianist. He says in this letter that because of the war, her family are unable to assist her financially and she is having to teach in order to fund her living which is hindering her development.
Her teacher, Rudolf Breithaupt, had a special affinity towards her and wrote a personal note to her over his photograph on May 12, 1919 "The unconscious produces the greatest and most profound effects. To my student, Lisy Fischer, who is very conscious of what she is doing."
Concerts and critics.
An example of Lisy Fischer's published reviews:
Between 1920 and 1922 Lisy Fischer gave concerts in Baden, Berlin, Braunschweig, Cologne, Görlitz, Guben, Hannover, Leipzig, Magdeburg, and Stettin (now Szczecin in Poland).
Family.
Lisy Fischer’s development as an artist was adversely affected by World War I. Her parents were supportive but of modest means, her father being a sales agent.
Lisy married Ernest Simson of Düsseldorf and they married in Charlottenburg, Berlin in 1923. The couple had a daughter, Gabrielle, born in 1924 in Amsterdam.
Lisy continued giving concerts, mostly in Switzerland, and was often heard on Swiss Radio and even featured on the front cover of “Radio Journal” the official publication for Radio-Genève published in Zurich March 19, 1927 - Issue No 12.
Lisy was one of four members of her mother's Hochstetter family to lead distinguished careers in the fields of music and literature.
Her second cousin (also a Hochstetter descendant) was Kurt Weill (born 2 Mar 1900 in Dessau and died 3 April 1950 in Haverstraw, New York), the famous music composer of "The Threepenny Opera" and "Mack the Knife" who married Lotte Lenya (born 18 October 1898 in Vienna and died 27 November 1981 in Haverstraw, New York), the famous Austrian singer.
Professor Gustav Hochstetter (born 12 May 1873 in Mannheim and died in 1942 in Theresienstadt concentration camp), Professor of Literature at the University of Brussels, writer and poet and friend of Wilhelm Busch was her first cousin once removed along with his older brother Caesar Hochstetter (born 12 January 1863 in Ladenburg, a suburb of Mannheim - his date and place of death are unknown but this was probably during The Holocaust), a music composer and arranger who collaborated with Max Reger and who dedicated Aquarellen Op. 25 to him.
After the death of her husband Ernest in 1988, she lived in England with her daughter, Gabrielle, until her death. She is buried in the Jewish section of Preston Cemetery, North Shields.


Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House

The Order of Merit of the Portuguese Royal House ( or "Ordem do Mérito da Causa Monárquica") is a dynastic order of knighthood for extraordinary services rendered to the Portuguese Royal House and for outstanding Merit in the Monarchist Cause.
The Order also conferred the Medal of dedication to the Monarchist Cause, Youth Medal of dedication to the Monarchist Cause and Youth Medal of Fidelity, though these are now suppressed through a reform carried out by the Grand-Master.
The Royal Patron is the Head of the Portuguese Royal House. The Chancellor of the Order is Dr. José António da Cunha Coutinho, Baron of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira.
History.
The Order was founded by decree of 12 April 1993 by His Royal Highness, the Duke of Bragança, Dom Duarte Pio. as a way to reward extraordinary services rendered to the Portuguese Monarchical Cause and for exceptional merit in the Monarchical Cause between 1973 and 1993.
The Order confers the following traditional ranks of Knighthood of the Knights and Dames of the Portuguese Royal House of Braganza namely:


Ben-Zeev

Ben-Zeev () may refer to:


Hit Him Again

Hit Him Again is a 1918 American short comedy film featuring Harold Lloyd. This is now considered to be a lost film.


Barbary Sheep (film)

Barbary Sheep is a 1917 American silent drama film produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed through Artcraft Pictures, an affiliate of Paramount Pictures. The film was directed by Maurice Tourneur and stars Elsie Ferguson in her motion picture debut. This picture is said to have George M. Cohan in his film debut as well. It is an adaptation of the 1907 novel "Barbary Sheep" by British writer Robert Hichens. It was thought to be a lost film until an 8-minute clip was found in the Gosfilmfond archive.
Plot.
As described in a film magazine, following the close of the London social season, Katharine (Ferguson) suggests to her husband that they take a trip to Africa, and when Sir Claude (Hare) learns that there is excellent hunting, the pair book passage. Out in the desert Katharine meets Benchaalal (de Cordoba), who is proud of his conquests of the feminine tourists. In the moonlight of the beautiful desert Benchaalal declares his love for Katharine. Sir Claude, through accident, learns of Benchaalal and returns home unexpectedly from a hunting expedition. Not finding Katharine in the apartment, he becomes suspicious and going out on the mountain sees Benchaalal and Katharine in the desert below. Benchaalal endeavors to take Katharine into his arms, but Katharine frees herself from the undesired embrace. Sir Charles is about to fire upon Benchaalal when the man is killed by a crazed merchant. Reconciliation and a happy reunion take place between Sir Claude and Katharine.
Reception.
Like many American films of the time, "Barbary Sheep" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors ordered cut from Reel 3 the scene of a vision of the woman's murder, from Reel 5 intertitles such as "The Arab is faithless - and to satisfy his lust," and from Reel 6 the intertitle "The son of the desert, fired by his passion, scornful of a husband who has kept no watch over his own" and the vision of the woman's murder.


Tobias

Tobias is the transliteration of the Greek (") which is a translation of the Hebrew biblical name "Toviyah" (Hebrew: טוֹבִיה), meaning "God is good"". It is a popular male given name for both Christians and Jews in English-speaking countries, German-speaking countries, the Low Countries, and Scandinavian countries. In English-speaking countries, it is often shortened to Toby. In German, this name appears as Tobias or Tobi; in French (where it is mostly found among Protestants) as Tobie; and in Swedish as Tobias or Tobbe. Tobias has also been a surname.
Biblical.
Several people are called Tobias or similar names in the Bible era:


List of Indiana state historical markers in Whitley County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Whitley County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Whitley County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 4 historical markers located in Whitley County.


Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church

The Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church is the second-oldest building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, after St. Paul's Church. It was built for the Foreign Protestants, and is the oldest site in Canada associated with Lutheranism. It is a National Historic Site of Canada.
History.
The history of the church is associated with a community of "Foreign Protestants" (mostly German Palatines) who settled in the northern suburbs of Halifax between 1750 and 1752. The land the church sits on could have been set aside for their religious use as early as 1750, but construction of the church only took place several years later. This group of immigrants arrived in a Halifax which was beset by repeated epidemics, such as during a period from September 1749 to April 1750. In the latter part of 1750, 795 "Foreign Protestants" landed in Halifax, raising its overall population to 3,200 by September. On September 2, a ship named the "Ann" arrived, carrying a number of ill and dying passengers. The health of the overall community began to deteriorate following the arrival of the "Ann", marked by an abrupt increase in the number of burials. By October, Governor Edward Cornwallis had instituted quarantine measures to isolate the sick from the healthy. The epidemic eventually slowed and serious infectious disease would not arrive in the colony again until 1752. Paul B. Williams, who participated in the excavation and examination of remains later found at the church site, hypothesized in a 2003 article that the disease the migrants brought with them may have been typhus.
Coinciding with this epidemic, an estimated thirty individuals were buried in a mass grave on the grounds upon which the church would be built only a few years later. The dead were buried without grave goods or other personal effects. There is also little evidence that they were buried while clothed, though their clothing may have decayed; rope samples indicated that at least one individual may have been buried in sacking or a grave shroud. The trench containing the mass grave had been capped with large stones, which may have been to prevent its disturbance by animals. The grave was bounded by the later foundations of the church, perhaps indicating that the church had been purposefully erected above it.
Osteo-archaeological investigations conducted in the 1990s found that the individuals buried in the grave were of mixed sex and age, but a majority were adults. None of the bones showed signs of trauma or long-term health problems, likely indicating a cause of death which was fast-acting and only affected the soft tissue. The grave site was initially assumed to be exclusively that of Europeans, but it was later found that the skull of one individual was of a man in his twenties who may have been indigenous. While this was not conclusively determined, skull morphology indicated "characteristics more commonly associated with someone of aboriginal North American rather than of central-European or African origin," and distinctive wear patterns on the individual's teeth were similar to those of people eating a hunter-gatherer diet consisting of foods such as dried meats and seeds. This man's identity is unknown, but it has been speculated that he may have been a Mohawk. The parish of St. Paul's recorded the burial of a "Protestant Indian" named John Tray in 1750. There was also evidence of people with possible African ancestry in the mass grave, though this has also not been proven conclusively.
Not long after this, in 1756, the church was constructed. It was consecrated in 1760. The steeple, which was not an original part of the building, was added in 1760. Established by Otto William Schwartz, it is the oldest known surviving church in Canada associated with the German-Canadian community. It was an official chapel of St. Paul's Church. The church was used regularly until 1800, after which the expanding congregation migrated to the larger and newer St. George's "Round" Church a block to the south, and the church largely fell into disuse. The churchyard was used for burials until the mid-19th century, when this ceased due to public health concerns and the pressures of urbanization. In December 1896, repairs were made to the foundation, leading to the discovery of bones beneath the church by workmen. The bones were subsequently reburied in a separate pit, which was also uncovered during the later investigations.
A fire at St. George's Church in 1994 resulted in the Dutch Church being used regularly once again, leading to increased scrutiny of its structural condition. Concerns were raised about problems with its foundation, and a restoration project began. The project caught the attention of the government of Nova Scotia, and in 1996 an archaeological investigation was conducted which confirmed the 1896 discovery. A second, more full excavation occurred in 1998 following the laying of a new concrete foundation for the church. Following the completion of the archaeological work and analysis of the bones, the individuals were reburied in a new common grave in a multi-faith ceremony involving the Parish of St. George, descendants of the original German settlers, members of the German Canadian Association of Nova Scotia, and Mi'kmaq spiritual leaders.
In 1997, the Little Dutch Church was proclaimed a National Historic Site of Canada. Williams remarks that "[i]n the past, much of the attention of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada has been placed on the military and Anglo-French colonial narratives of Canadian nation building," and that the site helps to affirm a German heritage in Canada and provide a symbol of German-Canadian identity. However, he also raised concerns about the process as one which did not pay heed to archaeological and forensic discoveries on the site, and did not also include First Nations and Afro-Nova Scotian perspectives.
Notable interments.
Robert Fitzgerald Uniacke is buried in the cemetery and Major Leonard Lockman is buried beneath the Church where his monument remains.


Chadian Arabic

Chadian Arabic (also known as Shuwa/Shua/Suwa Arabic; , Baggara Arabic, and, most recently, Western Sudanic Arabic) is one of the regional colloquial varieties of Arabic and is the first language of some 1.6 million people, both town dwellers and nomadic cattle herders. Although Chad borders 2 Arab countries in the north and eastern parts of the country, the majority of its speakers live in southern Chad. Its range is an east-to-west oval in the Sahel, about long (12 to 20 degrees east longitude) by north-to-south (between 10 and 14 degrees north latitude). Nearly all of this territory is within Chad or Sudan. It is also spoken elsewhere in the vicinity of Lake Chad in the countries of Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger. Finally, it is spoken in slivers of the Central African Republic and South Sudan. In addition, this language serves as a lingua franca in much of the region. In most of its range, it is one of several local languages and often not among the major ones.
Name and origin.
This language does not have a native name shared by all its speakers, beyond "Arabic". It arose as the native language of nomadic cattle herders ("baggāra", Standard Arabic "baqqāra" , means 'cattlemen', from "baqar"). Since the publication of a grammar of a Nigerian dialect in 1920, this language has become widely cited academically as "Shuwa Arabic"; however, the term "Shuwa" was in use only among "non-Arab people" in Borno State. Around 2000, the term "Western Sudanic Arabic" was proposed by a specialist in the language, Jonathan Owens. The geographical sense of "Sudanic" invoked by Owens is not the modern country of Sudan, but the Sahel in general, a region dubbed "bilad al-sudan", 'the land of the blacks', by Arabs as far back as the medieval era. In the era of British colonialism in Africa, colonial administrators too used "the Sudan" to mean the entire Sahel.
How this Arabic language arose is unknown. In 1994, Braukämper proposed that it arose in Chad starting in 1635 by the fusion of a population of Arabic speakers with a population of Fulani nomads. (The Fulani are a people, or group of peoples, who originate at or near the Atlantic coast but have expanded into most of the Sahel over centuries.)
During the colonial era, a form of pidgin Arabic known as Turku was used as a lingua franca. There are still Arabic pidgins in Chad today, but since they have not been described, it is not known if they descend from Turku.
Distribution.
The majority of speakers live in southern Chad between 10 and 14 degrees north latitude. In Chad, it is the local language of the national capital, N'Djamena, and its range encompasses such other major cities as Abéché, Am Timan, and Mao. It is the native language of 12% of Chadians. Chadian Arabic's associated lingua franca is widely spoken in Chad, so that Chadian Arabic and its lingua franca combined are spoken by somewhere between 40% and 60% of the Chadian population.
In Sudan, it is spoken in the southwest, in southern Kurdufan and southern Darfur, but excluding the cities of al-Ubayyid and al-Fashir. Its range in other African countries includes a sliver of the Central African Republic, the northern half of its Vakaga Prefecture, which is adjacent to Chad and Sudan; a sliver of South Sudan at its border with Sudan; and the environs of Lake Chad spanning three other countries, namely part of Nigeria's (Borno State), Cameroon's Far North Region, and in the Diffa Department of Niger's Diffa Region. The number of speakers in Niger is estimated to be 150,000 people.
In Nigeria, it spoken by 10% of the population of Maiduguri, the capital of Borno, and by at least 100,000 villagers elsewhere in Borno.
Early 20th century scholarship.
In 1913, a French colonial administrator in Chad, Henri Carbou, wrote a grammar of the local dialect of the Ouaddaï highlands, a region of eastern Chad on the border with Sudan. In 1920, a British colonial administrator in Nigeria, Gordon James Lethem, wrote a grammar of the Borno dialect, in which he noted that the same language was spoken in Kanem (in western Chad) and Ouaddaï (in eastern Chad).
Grammar.
It is characterized by the loss of the pharyngeals and , the interdental fricatives , and , and diphthongs. But it also has , and as extra phonemic emphatics. Some examples of minimal pairs for such emphatics are "he galloped", "he got angry"; "he tore", "he dragged"; "uncle", "mother". In addition, Nigerian Arabic has the feature of inserting an after gutturals (ʔ,h,x,q). Another notable feature is the change of Standard Arabic Form V from "tafaʕʕal(a)" to "alfaʕʕal"; for example, the word "taʔallam(a)" becomes "alʔallam".
The first person singular of verbs is different from its formation in other Arabic dialects in that it does not have a final "t". Thus, the first person singular of the verb "katab" is "katáb", with stress on the second syllable of the word, whereas the third-person singular is "kátab", with stress on the first syllable.
The following is a sample vocabulary:
The two meanings of "īd" stem from formerly different words: *"ʔīd" "hand" < Classical "yad" vs. *"ʕīd" "festival" < Classical "ʕīd".
In Classical Arabic, chicken (singular) is "dajaja", and collectively "dajaj".


Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre

 Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre (Royal MTC) is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre. Next to the Stratford and Shaw Festivals, MTC has a higher annual attendance than any other theatre in the country. It was founded in 1958 by John Hirsch and Tom Hendry as an amalgamation of the Winnipeg Little Theatre and Theatre 77. In 2010, the theatre received a royal designation from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, and officially became the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre
It has a seating capacity of 785 and opened on October 31, 1970.
History.
When the Winnipeg Little Theatre and Theatre 77 merged to become the Manitoba Theatre Centre in 1958, it became the first of a network of "regional theatres" across North America. Artistic Director John Hirsch and General Manager Tom Hendry focused on classics, Broadway hits, and new Canadian work. A second stage for experimental work was established in 1960, and an annual provincial tour began in 1961.
Since its founding, MTC has produced more than 600 plays with hundreds of actors, including Len Cariou, Graham Greene, Martha Henry, Judd Hirsch, Tom Hulce, William Hurt, Tom Jackson, Robert Lepage, Seana McKenna, Eric Peterson, Gordon Pinsent, Keanu Reeves, Fiona Reid, R.H. Thomson, Kathleen Turner and Al Waxman.
Today, the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre operates two theatre venues in Winnipeg, Manitoba- The John Hirsch Mainstage and the Tom Hendry Warehouse. Each season, MTC produces six Mainstage productions, four Warehouse Productions, an annual 12-day Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival, the Master Playwright Festival and a regional tour. MTC also provides student-only matinees with the Theatre for Young Audiences program, and scholarships and apprentice opportunities for post-secondary theatre students. The Jean Murray - Moray Sinclair Theatre Scholarship is funded purely from donations received during a run of a particular show each season. The Naomi Levin Theatre Scholarship was established in memory of Naomi Levin, a theatre technician associated with the MTC for a number of years.
The theatres were renamed after the company's founders in 2008. In 2009, the Government of Canada designated the Mainstage theatre a National Historic Site. On October 26, 2010, Manitoba Theatre Centre received a Royal designation, becoming Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre.
Architecture.
The Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre was designed in the Brutalist style by Winnipeg's Number Ten Architectural Group with input from artistic director Eddie Gilbert. With its exposed concrete sculptural form, an informal interior theatre space and a foyer originally conceived to balance large gatherings and smaller intimate groups in the same space, the Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre is one of Canada's most important small-scale Brutalist designs.


The Laugh on Dad

The Laugh On Dad is a 1918 comedy Australian silent film. It is considered a lost film.
Plot.
John Forrest, aka Dad, is an ostrich farmer. His daughter Jean wants to marry Ralph Bond but Dad is opposed, so he devises a scene where a farmhand will dress as Jean and pretend to marry Ralph. Jean outwits him and the marriage goes ahead.
Production.
The film was the first production of the Austral Photoplay Company, run by film importer and entrepreneur A.C. Tinsdale. Finance was raised by means of public subscription, offering two shilling shares to the public; buying one hundred shares got you free motion picture tuition and a part in the film. Most of the cast paid to appear in the movie.
The movie was shot at a real life ostrich farm in South Head.
Release.
The film had trouble securing bookings but the same method of raising finance was used to find production of a sequel, "Dad Becomes a Grandad" (1918).
Tinsdale was later sued by an investor for not paying out his obligations under the film and settled out of court.


Vincent Sellaer

Vincent Sellaer (1490–1564), was a Flemish Renaissance painter known for his mythological and religious subjects. His works stand out through their monumentality of form and their mixing of Italian and northern styles.
Life.
Very few biographical details of this artist are known with any level of certainty. Nothing much is known about the artist other than that he flourished in Mechelen around 1538.
While there is still no consensus among scholars, a majority believe that Vincent Sellaer should be identified with the artist to whom the early 17th century biographer Karel van Mander referred as "Vincent Geldersman". Van Mander described Sellaer as a good painter of allegories, such as Leda with two eggs, Susanna and the elders, and Cleopatra with the asp. Van Mander mentioned him in his "Life of Frans Minnebroer" as one of the notable painters of Mechelen. While many known versions of a "Leda and the Swan" have been attributed to Sellaer, none has survived that depicts a Leda with eggs.
Some art historians such as G.J. Hoogewerff have speculated that Sellaer worked for some time in Brescia and may have visited other Italian cultural centres. This Italian stay would be situated in the years 1521 to 1524.
Scholars believe that Sellaer was the foremost painter in Mechelen, and his patrons were likely members of the court and the city’s Great Council.
Work.
To date only a single signed and dated painting by Vincent Sellaer is known. It is the work entitled "Christ blessing the Children" now in the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Based on the characteristics of this panel a whole series of works has now been attributed to Sellaer. Many of these works depict half-length central figures, with a mythological or Christian-inspired theme.
Based on his presumed Italian residence, roughly two large spheres of influence are distinguished. First, the influence of the leonardesque-Lombardian school and in particular that of da Vinci and Brescia masters such as Moretto da Brescia and Girolamo Romani. Secondly, a Florentine-Roman influence, particularly by Andrea del Sarto and the school of Raphael. Especially the later works, including the numerous versions of the "Holy Family" attributed to Sellaer, combine both influences. A third influence is that of the Venetian school as shown in the use of a typical Venetian colour scheme peculiar to Titian, Romani and Veronese. Sellaer's numerous depictions of putti call to mind the work of Moretto da Brescia. Typically Italian style characteristics such as sfumato and clair-obscur are used in Sellaer's work.
The monumentality of form of Sellaer's paintings was almost unseen in the Low Countries at the time. His works usually include a half-length central figure facing forward while subsidiary figures at the back help clarify the story.
A theme to which Sellaer returned regularly was that of the "Madonna and Child with Saints", also referred to as the "Holy Kinship". An example is (At Sotheby's on 28 January 2010 in New York, lot 253). As in many compositions of Sellaer, children play an important role in this painting by animating it with their movement and round smiling faces. The motif of a child climbing onto the back of the central female figure was one of Sellaer’s favoured devices in these compositions. This is also reflected in another favourite theme of Sellaer, the depiction of the virtue of Charity, which in the sixteenth century was typically represented by a woman surrounded by infants.


The Bank Clerk

The Bank Clerk is a 1919 American short comedy film directed by and starring Fatty Arbuckle. The film is considered to be lost.


Neufang Kulturfabrik

Neufang Kulturfabrik was a live music venue in Saarbrücken, Germany. Originally opened as a brewery in 1815, it is now a disco club. Some of the artists that performed at the venue include Dio, Dream Theater, The Kinks and Eloy.


Mercurius Civicus

Mercurius Civicus: Londons Intelligencer, or, Truth impartially related from thence to the whole Kingdome to prevent mis-information (Latin: "The City Mercury") was an English Civil War weekly newspaper, appearing on Thursdays from 4 May 1643 to 10 December 1646 published by John Wright and Thomas Bates. It supported the Roundhead (Parliamentary) cause.
Published in London, each number of the "Mercurius Civicus" consisted of one quarto sheet folded to make up four leaves, and was priced at one penny. Beginning with the third issue, the front page was usually illustrated with one or two woodcuts, usually of some political or military leader’s portrait (although the same cut was often used for different persons), making it the first illustrated journal. It is regarded as the "first big city newspaper"
History.
Parliament passed an ordinance on 14 June 1643 requiring that all news pamphlets be entered into the Stationers Registry, after which "Mercurius Civicus" suspended publication for a month after the sixth issue appeared on 16 June. It resumed publication a month later on 13 July. Toward the end of that year Wright transferred his interest to his son, John Wright, Jr., after which the imprint appeared as "Thomas Bates and J.W.J." until a few months before publication ceased, when only Bates's name is found.
The author of "Mercurius Civicus" was identified only by his initials, R. C., but Joseph George Muddiman identified the editor as Richard Collings, which was confirmed by Joseph Frank by the use of rhymed headlines on the title-page and of a hand to indicate important items. Collings also authored "The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer: sent abroad to prevent mis-information", which appeared on Tuesdays from January 1643 to October 1649, and "The Weekly Intelligencer of the Commonwealth", which ran from 23 July 1650 to 25 September 1655 and from May to December 1659.
With the cessation of the Civil War and the partial demobilisation of the Parliamentary Army, many of the newspapers that had sprung up ceased publication. The content of "Mercurius Civicus" suffered, and it was reduced to reusing the same copy as "The Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer" in late 1646. In the 5 November issue, an editorial appeared intimating that the author had been threatened if he continued to publish, and the paper ceased publication a month later.
Modern transcription and homage.
In 2013 a British historical publisher transcribed and re-published all issues of "Mercurius Civicus" from 1643. In 2015 The Lady's Realm resurrected the name Mercurius Civicus as its special supplement on the news of the net.


Gadot (surname)

Gadot () is a Hebrew surname meaning riverbanks. Notable people with the name include:


History of Skat

The history of the game of Skat or Scat began in the early 19th century in Thuringia. The game spread rapidly within German-speaking Europe and is now one of the most popular card games in Germany as well as being considered Germany's national card game.
History.
Beginnings.
The early history of the game of Skat has not been fully researched. Many anecdotes about its origins cannot be proven and should be considered as legends.
What is certain is that the game was developed between 1810 and 1817 in the Thuringian town of Altenburg from older card games.
It was based on "Dreiwendsch", which is a variant of the Wendish Schafkopf. The concept of bidding was adopted from L'Hombre and its simplified version, German Solo; the idea of setting aside two cards (the "skat") was taken from Tarock. Doppelkopf, however, is not one of Skat's precursors but, like it, is a further development of Schafkopf.
The first Skat players and "inventors" of the game were Altenburg dignitaries, grammar school teacher ("Gymnasialprofessor"), Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hempel (1773-1849), medical health officer ("Medizinalrat"), Dr. Hans Carl Leopold Schuderoff, court advocate and notary, Friedrich Ferdinand Hempel (1778-1836), Councillor Carl Christian Adam Neefe (1774-1821) and Chancellor Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz (1778–1831). Another participant in the rounds was the well-known publisher, Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. The game was first known as Ore Mountain Schafkopf ("Erzgebirgischer Schafkopf").
Von der Gabelentz's scores in these games have survived and can be seen in the Thuringian State Archive in Altenburg. In a notebook he listed his gaming losses and winnings in detail from 1798 to 1829, so that, even today, his gaming results are clear. On 4 September 1813 the term "Scat" appeared for the first time in this account. A further verifiable written record of the new game can be found in an article about Osterland games in edition no. 30 of the weekly "Osterländische Blätter" published in Altenburg on 25 July 1818 under the heading "Das Skadspiel".
In the years that followed the game spread more and more, especially among the students of Thuringian and Saxon universities and was soon popular in large parts of German-speaking Europe.
Although Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hempel published the first rule book for Skat, "Das Scatspiel: Nebst zwei Liedern", in 1848, shortly before his death, more and more variations and regional peculiarities of the game developed.
Because of the poor economic conditions and lack of political freedom in many German states, Germany was a classic emigration region in the 19th century and many emigrants took the game with them to their new homeland.
First Skat congresses and foundation of German Skat Association.
The first 70 years were a success story. The game spread and won more and more supporters from all social classes, but suffered from a confusion of special regional rules. There was a danger that Skat would disintegrate into many new games.
In the 1870s important new movements began, which led to the rules being unified and later simplified. The founding of the Empire accelerated this process in many ways. During the boom of the Gründerzeit period, the game was able to spread throughout Germany unhindered by the old borders, but this also encouraged uncontrolled growth. In the rapidly expanding towns and the huge factories many people from different parts of the German Empire met and came into social contact.
In addition, supra-regional player associations could be formed in the new unitary state, which ultimately led to the foundation of the German Skat Association.
In 1884, Freiherr von Hirschfeld published an "Illustriertes Scatbuch" ("Illustrated Scat Book"). One year later followed the set of rules, "Illustriertes Lehrbuch des Scatspiels" ("Illustrated Textbook of the Scat Game") by county court councillor, Karl Buhle. In 1886, on the occasion of an industrial fair in Altenburg, a big Skat tournament was held. The event led to the first Skat Congress. About a thousand participants decided the General German Rules of Skat ("Allgemeine Deutsche Skatordnung"), which was based on the aforementioned book by Buhle. At this time there were two fundamentally different playing methods. One variant was called "Altenburg Suit Bidding ("Altenburger Farbenreizen") and the other "Leipzig Point Bidding ("Leipziger Zahlenreizen"). The participants of the first Skat Congress could not agree a compromise between the two varieties, which is why no association was founded. The second Skat Congress also failed due to this issue.
On 12 March 1899, in Halle (Saale) at the Third Skat Congress, the German Skat Association was founded. Those present could still not agree on a final set of rules. Although suit bidding was declared an official form of the game, point bidding was still allowed. The Congress chose Altenburg as the headquarters of the new association.
A year earlier a comparable association had been founded in the United States: the "North American Skat League". Skat had been played in the USA since at least 1876.
Up to the outbreak of the First World War, seven further Skat congresses followed, at which further rules, such as Null contracts, were defined. However, two points of contention could not be resolved: the method of bidding remained an acute issue which even a prize awarded in 1907 could not change. The second problem was that there was no agreement on a uniform Skat pack.
Introduction of modern standard Skat.
During the First World War, point bidding spread among the German soldiers. More and more variants developed. In the trenches men of different regional and social backgrounds met one another. If they wanted to play together, they had to find compromises between their domestic rules, which again led to new variations. In view of the situation that one would perhaps no longer be able to experience the settlement of the next round, the game increasingly took on the features of a game of chance with ever higher stakes.
Conservative skat players, who clung to the suit bidding, pejoratively referred to the point bidding game of the simple soldiers as "Trench Skat".
Nevertheless, the codification of the basic rules for point bidding is thanks to a declared follower of the classic Altenburg suit bidding system. In 1924, the author of numerous Skat books and bookkeeper of the German Skat Association, Artur Schubert, published fixed rules for "Gucki-Skat" based on point bidding. In 1922, Schubert still rejected point bidding because the distribution of cards and the position of Jacks or Unters can already be guessed while bidding. He described the rules of the unpopular game variant in order to prevent further diversification.
In 1927 and 1928, after a break of 18 years, two Skat congresses were held in Altenburg. Apart from the details, the rule changes decided upon are the basis of today's game.
At the 11th Skat Congress, point bidding was agreed as the official and only playing method, settling a 40-year-old dispute. Another important decision was the establishment of a committee for disputes, from which the German Skat Court emerged. At the 12th Skat Congress the following year, the "New German Skat Rules" were passed. After the 12th Skat Congress, the basic rules of the game were only changed in detailed questions such as certain base values and scoring.
Recent history.
At the following two congresses, the values of the Null and normal Grand contracts, which are still valid today, were determined. It was also decided that Hand games would not be penalised twice and that the basic value of the Grand Ouvert would be 36. Another innovation was the regulation introduced in 1936 at the suggestion of Otto Seeger that every game won would be rewarded with a bonus of 50 points.
At the first Skat Congress after the Second World War, Altenburg-based President, Erich Fuchs, was confirmed in office. When he left East Germany in 1953, Bielefeld became the central seat of the German Skat Association. The following congresses brought further rule refinements like e.g. the expanded Seeger and Fabian scoring system.
Since there was also a desire in East Germany for a central authority to settle disputes, the "Skataktiv" was formed in Altenburg in 1963 to replace the Skat Court. The Altenburgers then adopted the western rule changes, so that despite the division of Germany there was a common rule basis in East and West.
In the early 1970s, the International Skat Players Association (ISPA) was founded, which interpreted some rules differently than the German Skat Association. The two competing associations could not reach a consensus. The conflict escalated when the German Skat Association banned its members from double membership in both associations in 1978. Since then, ISPA has mainly been responsible for the organisation of the annually alternating World and European Skat Championships, but its subdivision ISPA Germany and the DSkV organise their own German individual and team championships and leagues.
In 1980 the company Novag Industries launched Skat Champion, the world's first electronic Skat computer, on the German market. The device was strictly programmed according to the rules of the German Skat Association. However, Skat computers were not able to assert themselves permanently.
After German reunification in 1990, the East German clubs joined the German Skat Association again. The Skat Association tried to resolve the old dispute over playing cards with a compromise using a new French pack with German suits.
The conflict between the German Skat Association and ISPA was also resolved amicably in 1998. Both players' associations adopted the "International Skat Regulations". Hand games have been penalised twice since then and the basic value of the Grand Ouvert has been set at 24. In addition, the players' associations formed the International Skat Court jointly in 2001, whose seat is in Altenburg.
In 2005, the office of the German Skat Association in Bielefeld was closed and moved to its historical headquarters in Altenburg in accordance with the resolutions of the 28th Skat Congress.
Overview of Skat congresses.
Between 1886 and 2006 there were 29 Skat Congresses. The German Skat Association was founded at the third Skat Congress. Important congresses are marked in bold:
Basic development of Skat rules.
Early development.
In the first game variants, the dealer always received the two surplus cards and became a soloist. The trumps comprised the Unters (Jacks) and the trump suit as in the modern Suit contract. However, the declarer was not free to choose trumps. The trump suit, as in Wendish Schafkopf and most contracts of modern Doppelkopf, was permanently Bells (Diamonds). The soloist's only privilege was that he could discard two less useful cards. Otherwise, the dealer was forced to play and had no influence on the type of game. Under these rules, the soloist had to play even if he did not have a single trump or Ace in his hand. Of course, most solo games were lost.
In the next stage of development, the pack was cut and the bottom card determined the trump suit. So the dealer/soloist had at least one trump. To determine the trump suit, the lowest card had to be revealed, so that the other players knew at least one card held by the soloist.
Since this solution was not satisfactory either, and idea by Carl Christian Adam Neefe was adopted whereby an auction was held to determine the soloist and trump suit. By bidding, however, further types of contract other than the basic suit contracts became possible.
Early forms of Null and Grand were already being played in the 1840s. The Null was, from the outset, a plain-trick game and basically resembled its modern successor. The predecessor of Grand was called Ace Game ("As-Spiel"); it was the counterpart to Null and also had no trumps.
Suit bidding.
The main difference between Altenburg suit bidding ("Altenburger Farbenreizen") and the point bidding system used today was that the suit bidding offered only the basic values of the games. Except in special cases, a player could not be overbid by an unfavourable Unter/Jack in the Skat, since the position of the Unters was not taken into account when bidding. "Matadors" ("Spitzen") were not taken into account until after the game.
In addition, the game types differed from today's:
Point bidding.
Little is known about the early history and origins of point bidding. The first Skat Congress failed in its attempt to found an all-German Skat Association because its participants could not agree on a compromise between suit bidding and point bidding. This suggests that point bidding was already widespread in 1886. In the Skat Rules of the first Skat Congress under §26 point bidding is covered in two sentences:
""By agreement or local use it may also be agreed that bidding from the Solo onwards (i.e. in the case of hand games) may be based, not the ranking of the contracts, but the number of points to be calculated each time for the individual contract (bidding based on Werth). Here, the regulations in §23, paragraphs 3 to 5 are to be applied analogously."'.[sic]
This rule explains today's suit values (9, 10, 11 and 12), because these were the basic values of Suit Solo games.
The next step was to extend point bidding to the other contracts. This meant "inter alia" that the "Tourné" contract no longer made any sense, because its game value was not predictable.
Skat honoured in philately.
In 1967, East Germany issued a special series of postage stamps on the theme of German Playing Cards with pictures of the Jack/Unter of the German and Altenburg pattern pack. In 1986, the Deutsche Bundespost issued a special stamp on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the first German Skat Congress. On 5 September 2013, Deutsche Post issued a special 90-cent stamp under the motto of "200 Jahre Skat" ("200 years of Skat"). The design was by graphical artist, Christoph Niemann from Berlin.


Arion (Matho)

Arion is an opera by the French composer Jean-Baptiste Matho, first performed at the Académie Royale de Musique (the Paris Opera) on 10 April 1714. It takes the form of a "tragédie en musique" in a prologue and five acts. The libretto, by Louis Fuzelier, is based on the Greek myth of the poet Arion.


American Council for Cultural Policy

American Council for Cultural Policy (ACCP) was a not-for-profit organization formed in 2002 by a group of politically influential antiquities dealers, collectors and lawyers in the United States, with its headquarters in New York and representatives in Washington D.C.. The goal of the organization was described by Ashton Hawkins as "informing the public on arts issues." The organization is now defunct and its website (culturalpolicycouncil.org) has been removed from the web. Some of its members now actively take part in Cultural Policy Research Institute.
The organization has been famous for its views on heritage issues and advocating the lawful circulation of antiquities in a regulated trade that balances the interests of national heritage, archeological preservation and the international interest in cultural exchange by museum loans and the private market. ACCP's treasurer William Pearlstein has described Middle Eastern cultural heritage laws (especially those of Iraq) as "retentionist" and expressed a desire for the possibility of circulation of licensed exported antiquities.
Some Archaeologists, academics, and cultural heritage lawyers have found these statements worrisome, as the members of ACCP are politically influential figures. Archaeological Institute of America's code of ethics maintain that its members "refuse to participate in the trade in undocumented antiquities and refrain from activities that enhance the commercial value of such objects. Undocumented antiquities are those that are not documented as belonging to a public or private collection before December 30, 1970, when the AIA Council endorsed the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Property, or that have not been excavated and exported from the country of origin in accordance with the laws of that country." (Source: AIA official webpage) It is widely believed by many academics that the trade and collectorship of antiquities fuel the looting and destruction of archaeological sites around the world.
History and the structure of the group.
According to published news reports and its own website, the ACCP was directed by Ashton Hawkins, former executive vice-president and Counsel to the Trustees of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The group had its inaugural meeting with a 45-people Board of Advisers on 9 October 2002. According to an Art Newspaper article (see below), among them were the antiquities collector Shelby White (see Leon Levy), the former Getty curator Arthur Houghton (a vice-president), the former Kimbell Art Museum director Edmund Pillsbury, and the legal scholar Prof John Merryman. Several lawyers from major museums were also there. William Pearlstein was the treasurer of the group and has also represented the National Association of Dealers in Ancient, Oriental and Primitive Art.
Ashton Hawkins, former lawyer of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and current president of ACCP was reported in the Art Newspaper article as stating the following: "We believe that legitimate dispersal of cultural material through the market is one of the best ways to protect it. We're interested in the protection of culture as much as the protection of legitimate collecting.".
The ACCP's board of directors included President Ashton Hawkins, Vice President Arthur Houghton, Treasurer William Pearlstein, Educational coordinator Kate Fitz Gibbon and Secretary Arielle Kozloff.
American invasion of Iraq and activities of ACCP.
The council appeared in the forefront of cultural heritage protection debates during the American 2003 invasion of Iraq. A 2003 article in Science discusses Ashton and Pearlstein's advocacy for "liberalization" in the issuance of foreign-dig permits in Iraq and reconsideration of Iraqi cultural heritage laws to allow “some objects [to be] certified for export." On ACCP's activities concerning Iraqi cultural heritage, Zainab Bahrani's article "Looting and Conquest" takes a critical counter-position. Bahrani wrote that “William Pearlstein, of the American Council for Cultural Policy (ACCP), an organization that met with the White House and the Pentagon right before the [Iraq] war and right after the looting [of the National Museum of Iraq], is appealing for the cultural theft to continue by other means, calling Iraq's antiquities-preservation laws "retentionist," and saying he "hoped that Iraq would grant more excavation permits and consider export permits for redundant objects." She adds that such “opportunism opens the door to more cultural and historical plunder, a base scramble much like the parceling off of sites and antiquities that occurred in the nineteenth century.”
Publications.
ACCP Advisory Board member Kate Fitz Gibbon, who served on the Cultural Property Advisory Committee to the US President from 2000—2003, has recently edited a book entitled "Who owns the past: Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law" (Rutgers University Press 2005), which mostly features contributors affiliated with ACCP (e.g. William Pearlstein, Shelby White, Kate Fitz Gibbon etc.), and intends to propagate the legitimacy of "the ability of museums and private collectors [in the US] to own art from other countries" in the public opinion. Jean M. Borgatti (Clark University) published a favorable account of this book on H-Net reviews. According to Borgatti, the book in the overall sense critiques what they call "retentive cultural nationalisms" of "source-nations" who insist that archaeological artifacts should remain in the country of origin. The authors of the book present themselves as "cultural internationalists" who consider ancient artifacts as works of art that need to be circulated (in the antiquities market, Western museums, among Western collectors) to promote a "cultural understanding".
Cultural property is internationally protected by the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.


Mannie Fresh production discography

The following list is a discography of production by American hip hop record producer and recording artist Mannie Fresh. It includes a list of songs produced, co-produced and remixed by year, album, artist and title.
"Billboard" Singles Produced.
The following are singles produced by Mannie Fresh which appeared on at least one of the "Billboard" charts. They have their peak position in bold:
1987.
DJ Mannie Fresh & MC Gregory D - "Throw Down".
A-Side
B-Side
1999.
T-Mac - "Shinin & Big Tymin'"


History of the Jews in Slovenia

The history of the Jews in Slovenia and areas connected with it goes back to the times of Ancient Rome. The present-day small Jewish community of Slovenia () is estimated at 400 to 600 members, with the Jewish community of Slovenia suggesting 500 to 1000 members . Around 130 are officially registered, most of whom live in the capital, Ljubljana.
History of the community.
Ancient community.
The Jewish community of Slovenia pre-dates the 6th century Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps, when the Slavic ancestors of present-day Slovenes conquered their current territory. The first Jews arrived in present-day Slovenia in Roman times, with archaeological evidence of Jews found in Maribor, and in the village of Škocjan in Lower Carniola. In Škocjan, an engraved menorah dating from the 5th century AD was found in a graveyard.
In the 12th century, Jews arrived to the Slovene Lands fleeing poverty in Italy and central Europe. Even though they were forced to live in ghettos, many Jews prospered. Relations between Jews and the local Christian population were generally peaceful. In Maribor, Jews were successful bankers, winegrowers and millers. Several "Jewish Courts" ("Judenhof") existed in Styria, settling disputes between Jews and Christians. Israel Isserlein, who authored several essays on medieval Jewish life in Lower Styria, was the most important rabbi at the time, having lived in Maribor. In 1397, Jewish ghettos in Radgona and Ptuj were set ablaze by anonymous anti-Jewish assailants.
The first synagogue in Ljubljana is mentioned in 1213. Issued with a "Privilegium", Jews were able to settle an area of Ljubljana located on the left bank of the Ljubljanica River. The streets "Židovska ulica" (Jewish Street) and "Židovska steza" (Jewish Lane), which now occupy the area, are still reminiscent of that period.
The Expulsion of Jews.
The wealth of the Jews bred resentment among the Inner Austrian nobility and the burghers, with many refusing to repay Jewish money-lenders, while local merchants considered Jews as competitors. The antisemitism of the Catholic Church also played an important role in whipping up animosity against the Jews, In 1494 and 1495 the assemblies of Styria and Carinthia offered Austrian Emperor Maximilian a bounty for the expulsion of Jews from both provinces.
Maximilian granted their request, citing as reasons for the expulsion the Jewish pollution of the Christian sacrament, the ritual killings of Christian children, and the defrauding of debtors. The expulsions started immediately, with the last Jews expelled by 1718. The Jews were expelled from Maribor in 1496. Following separate demands by the citizens of Ljubljana for the expulsion of Jews, Jews were expelled from Ljubljana in 1515. After the expulsion of the Jewish community, the Maribor synagogue was turned into a church.
The modern era.
In 1709, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy, issued a decree allowing Jews to return to Inner Austria. Nevertheless, Jews in that time settled almost exclusively in the commercial city of Trieste and, to a much smaller extent, in the town of Gorizia (now both part of Italy). The decree was overturned in 1817 by Francis I, and Jews were granted full civil and political right only with the Austrian constitution of 1867. Nevertheless, the Slovene Lands remained virtually without a consistent Jewish population, with the exception of Gorizia, Trieste, the region of Prekmurje, and some smaller towns in the western part of the County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Gradisca, Cervignano), which were inhabited mostly by a Friulian-speaking population.
According to the census of 1910, only 146 Jews lived in the territory of present-day Slovenia, excluding the Prekmurje region. Yet despite this, as elsewhere in Austria-Hungary, antisemitism started to intensify also in Slovenia, from the mid-19th century onward. propagated by prominent Slovene Catholic leaders, such as Bishop Anton Mahnič and Janez Evangelist Krek. The former called for a war against Judaism and the latter sought to persuade believers that the Jews were transmitters of the most harmful influences.
In 1918, in the chaotic transition between Austria-Hungary and the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, riots broke out against Jews and Hungarians in many places in Prekmurje. Soldiers returning from the front and locals looted Jewish and Hungarian shops. On November 4, 1918, in Beltinci, locals looted Jewish homes and shops, tortured Jews, and set fire to the synagogue. After the pogrom, the once powerful Beltinci Orthodox Jewish community, numbering 150 in the mid-19th century, disappeared. In 1937 the local authorities demolished the Beltinci synagogue
Rampant anti-Semitism was among the reasons why few Jews decided to settle in the area, and the overall Jewish population remained at a very low level. In the 1920s, after the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), the local Jewish community merged with the Jewish community of Zagreb, Croatia.
According to the 1931 census, there were about 900 Jews in the Drava Banovina, mostly concentrated in Prekmurje, which was part of the Kingdom of Hungary prior to 1919. This was the reason why in the mid-1930s Murska Sobota became the seat of the Jewish Community of Slovenia. During that period, the Jewish population was reinvigorated by many immigrants fleeing from neighbouring Austria and Nazi Germany to a more tolerant Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Nevertheless, in the prewar period the Slovene Roman Catholic Church and its affiliated largest political party, the Slovenian People's Party, engaged in antisemitism, with Catholic papers writing about "Jews" as "a disaster for our countryside", "Jews" as "fraudsters" and "traitors to Christ", while the main Slovene Catholic daily, Slovenec, informed local Jews that their "road out of Yugoslavia ... was open". and that from Slovenia "we export such goods [I.e. Jews] without compensation". While interior minister in the Yugoslav government, the leading Slovene politician and former Catholic priest, Anton Korošec, declared "all Jews, Communists, and Freemasons as traitors, conspirators, and enemies of the State". Then in 1940 Korošec introduced two antisemitic laws in Yugoslavia, to ban Jews from the food industry and restrict the number of Jewish students in high schools and universities Slovene Jews were severely affected, as Sharika Horvat noted in her testimony for the Shoah Foundation, "everything fell apart ... under the Korošec government."
According to official Yugoslav data, the number of self-declared Jews (according to religion, not to ancestry) in Yugoslav Slovenia rose to 1,533 by 1939. In that year, there were 288 declared Jews in Maribor, 273 in Ljubljana, 270 in Murska Sobota, 210 in Lendava and 66 in Celje. The other 400 Jews lived scattered around the country, with a quarter of them living in the Prekmurje region. Prior to World War Two, there were two active synagogues in Slovenia, one in Murska Sobota and one in Lendava. The overall number of Jews prior to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 is estimated to have been around 2,500, including baptised Jews and refugees from Austria and Germany.
The Holocaust.
The Jewish community, very small even before World War II and the Shoah, was further reduced by the Nazis occupation between 1941 and 1945; the Jews in northern and eastern Slovenia (the Slovenian Styria, Upper Carniola, Slovenian Carinthia, and Posavje), which was annexed to the Third Reich, were deported to concentration camps as early as in the late spring of 1941. Very few survived. In Ljubljana and in Lower Carniola, which came under Italian occupation, the Jews were relatively safe until September 1943, when most of the zone was occupied by the Nazi German forces. In late 1943, most of them were deported to concentration camps, although some managed to escape, especially by fleeing to the zones freed by the partisan resistance.
In Ljubljana, 32 Jews were able to hide until September 1944, when they were betrayed and arrested in raids by the collaborationist Slovene Home Guard police and handed over to the Nazis, who then sent them to Auschwitz, where most were exterminated. The Slovene Home Guard greatly intensified the antisemitism already present in prewar Slovene Catholic circles, engaging in vicious antisemitic propaganda. Thus the Slovene Home Guard leader, Leon Rupnik, attacked Jews in virtually all his public speeches, In 1944, the Slovene Home Guard newspaper wrote: "Judaism wants to enslave the whole world. It can enslave it if it also economically destroys all the nations. That is why it drove nations into war to destroy themselves and thereby benefit the Jews. Communism is the most loyal executor of Jewish orders, along with liberal democracy. Both ideas were created by Jews for non-Jewish peoples. The Slovenian nation also wants to bring Judaism to its knees, along with its moral decay and impoverishment." The influential Catholic priest, Lambert Ehrlich, who advocated collaboration with the Italian Fascist authorities, campaigned against "Jewish Satanism," which he maintained was trying to get its hands on other peoples’ national treasures.
The Jews of Prekmurje, where the majority of Slovenian Jewry lived prior to World War Two, suffered the same fate as the Jews of Hungary. Following the German occupation of Hungary, almost the entire Jewish population of the Prekmurje region was deported to Auschwitz. Very few survived. All together it is estimated that of the 1,500 Jews in Slovenia in 1939, only 200 managed to survive, meaning 87% were exterminated by the Nazis, among the highest rates in Europe.
Some Slovene Jews managed to save themselves by joining the partisans. Unlike the Polish resistance, which did not allow Jews in their ranks, the Yugoslav partisans welcomed Jews. 3,254 Jews in former Yugoslavia survived by joining the partisans, more than one-fifth of all survivors. After the war 10 Jewish partisans were named Yugoslav national heroes. For assisting Jews during the Holocaust, 15 Slovenes have been named Righteous Among the Nations, by Yad Vashem.
Post-war community.
Under Communism in Yugoslavia, the Jewish community in Socialist Slovenia numbered fewer than 100 members. The Federation of Jewish Communities was reestablished and upon the establishment of the State of Israel (1948), the Federation sought and received permission from the Yugoslav authorities to organize Jewish emigration to Israel. 8,000 Yugoslav Jews, among them Slovene Jews, who were all allowed to take their property with them, left for Israel. In 1953, the synagogue of Murska Sobota, the only remaining after the Shoah, which the handful of Jewish survivors were unable to maintain and therefore sold in 1949 to the city, was demolished by the local Communist authorities to make way for new apartments. Many Jews were expelled from Yugoslavia as "ethnic Germans", and most of Jewish property was confiscated.
In Ljubljana, Jewish properties were confiscated as "enemy property" by the City Confiscation Committee () and turned over to the communist elite. These properties included the Ebenspanger Mansion (used by Boris Kidrič), the Mergenthaler Mansion (used by the OZNA, or secret police), and the Pollak mansion (used by Edvard Kocbek). In addition, the Moskovič mansion was sold under questionable circumstances and is now used by the Social Democrats, the successor of the Communist Party of Slovenia.
The "Judovska občina v Ljubljani" (Jewish Community of Ljubljana) was officially reformed following World War II. Its first president was Artur Kon, followed by Aleksandar Švarc, and by Roza Fertig-Švarc in 1988.
In 1969, it numbered only 84 members and its membership was declining due to emigration and age.
In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a revival of Jewish themes in Slovenian literature, almost exclusively by women authors. Berta Bojetu was the most renowned Jewish author who wrote in Slovene. Others included Miriam Steiner and Zlata Medic-Vokač.
After 1990.
In the last Yugoslav census in 1991, 199 Slovenes declared themselves of the Jewish religion, and in the 2011 census, this number was 99.The Jewish community today is estimated at 400–600 members, although only 130 are members of the Jewish Community of Slovenia organization. The community consists of people of Ashkenazi and Sephardi descent. In 1999, the first Chief Rabbi for Slovenia was appointed since 1941. Before that, religious services were provided with help from the Jewish community of Zagreb. The present chief rabbi for Slovenia, Ariel Haddad, resides in Trieste and is a member of the Lubavitcher Hassidic school. The current president of the Jewish Community of Slovenia is Andrej Kožar Beck.
Since the year 2000, there has been a noticeable revival of Jewish culture in Slovenia. In 2003, a synagogue was opened in Ljubljana. In 2008, the Association Isserlein was founded to promote the legacy of Jewish culture in Slovenia. It has organized several public events that have received positive responses from the media, such as the public lighting of the hanukiah in Ljubljana in 2009. There has also been a growing public interest in the Jewish historical legacy in Slovenia. In 2008, the complex of the Jewish Cemetery in Rožna Dolina near Nova Gorica was restored due to the efforts of the local Social Democratic Party politicians, pressure from the neighboring Jewish Community of Gorizia, and the American Embassy in Slovenia. In January 2010, the first monument to the victims of the Shoah in Slovenia was unveiled in Murska Sobota.
Occasional antisemitic incidents still occur, such as the defacing of the Maribor synagogue with graffiti saying "Juden Raus" 'Out with the Jews', while others have warned against Holocaust denial and antisemitic pronouncements by Slovene right-wingers.


Richard Sharpe (actor)

Richard Sharpe (c. 1602 [?] – January 1632) was an actor with the King's Men, the leading theatre troupe of its time and the company of William Shakespeare and Richard Burbage. Sharpe began his career as a boy player acting female roles, then switched to male roles in his young adulthood.
"The Duchess of Malfi".
Sharpe's earliest known role was, arguably, both his most significant and his most controversial. The first edition of John Webster's "The Duchess of Malfi", printed in 1623, contains the earliest cast list in English Renaissance drama. The list states that Sharpe originated the title role of the Duchess.
The 1623 cast list actually covers two separate productions, the premiere staging and a later revival.
The cast list holds that Sharpe played the Duchess in both of these productions; he would have been perhaps 12 years old for the first, and about 19 for the second (though the dates of both the productions and of Sharpe's birth are not certain). Some commentators blanche at the idea of a 12-year-old boy playing such a prominent woman's role; and some have assigned the part in the first production to the more experienced Richard Robinson, or to Alexander Cooke, the veteran who is thought by some to have originated many Shakespearean heroines. (Cooke, however, died in February 1614, necessitating an earlier date for the original production.)
The subject of boy players in female roles is controversial and long-disputed. A cautious approach would rely on the testimony of the evidentiary record, which assigns the role of the Duchess of Malfi to Sharpe.
Other roles.
Sharpe originated other female roles in ensuing years. the cast lists added to the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679 credit Sharpe with parts in the King's Men's premiere productions of:
— in the 1616–24 era.
Sharpe "probably became a sharer in the King's Men in 1624" — that is, a partner in the company rather than a mere hired player. Sharpe then switched from important female roles to important male roles — a transition that some boy players (like Robinson or Stephen Hammerton) executed more successfully than others (like John Honyman). Sharpe played Parthenius in the company's production of Philip Massinger's "The Roman Actor" (1626), Ferdinand the general in the same author's "The Picture" (1629), Lysander in Lodowick Carlell's "The Deserving Favourite" (also 1629), Wittworth in John Clavell's "The Soddered Citizen" (1630), and the King of the Lombards in Arthur Wilson's "The Swisser" (1631).
Son.
Parish records testify to the brief existence of Sharpe's illegitimate son Richard; as the record puts it, he was "base born of the body of Margaret Smith singlewoman..." The infant was christened on 6 September 1631, and buried eleven days later, on 17 September; his mother was a servant.
Death.
Sharpe's death followed that of his son by four months; he was buried in the parish of St. Anne Blackfriars on 25 January 1632, aged 30.


David Foster discography

David Foster has been credited with composing, producing, arranging, performing on, or programming numerous singles and albums.
Production credits.
Songs.
Foster has been credited with composing, producing, arranging, performing on, or programming on the following songs and covers:
Albums.
Foster has been credited with producing the following albums:


List of cultural icons of Wales

The List of cultural icons of Wales is a list of links to known cultural icons of Wales.