Indianization of Southeast Asia

Dating back to the first century, Indian culture started making its way into the region of Southeast Asia. The expansion of Indian culture into these areas was given the term "Indianization". The term was coined by French archaeologist, George Coedes in his work "Histoire ancienne des états hindouisés d'Extrême-Orient" (The Indianized States of Southeast Asia). He defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit dialect. A large number of nations came under the influence of the Indosphere becoming a part of Greater India, the cultural expansion caused the Sanskritization of South East Asia, the rise of Indianized kingdoms, spread of Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the Silk road transmission of Buddhism. Indian honorifics were adopted into the Malay, Thai, Filipino and Indonesian languages. The Indian diaspora, both historical (PIO or Person of Indian-Origin) and current (NRI or Non-Resident Indian), play an ongoing key role in the region in terms of geopolitical, strategic, trade, cultural traditions, and economic aspects, with most Southeast Asian countries having sizable Indian communities alongside often much larger ethnic Chinese minorities.
The spread of Indianization.
There are many different theories for how Indianization spread throughout insular and mainland Southeast Asia. These differing theories each argue for a different caste of Indians as being the main propagator of Indian language and culture into Southeast Asia.
Theory of the Vaishya traders.
The first of these theories focuses on the caste of Vaishya traders, and their role for bringing Indian traditions into Southeast Asia through trade. Southeast Asia was rich in resources that were desired in the Indian sub-continent, the most important of which being gold.
During the 4th century c.e. the Indian subcontinent was at a deficiency for gold due to extensive control of overland trade routes by the Roman Empire, and this period is when we see the first evidence of Indian trade in Southeast Asia. Vaishya traders had turned to maritime trade to acquire gold, and they set their sails for Southeast Asia. However, the conclusion that Indianization was just spread through trade is insufficient, as Indianization permeated through all classes of Southeast Asian society, not just the merchant classes
Theory of the Kshatriya warriors.
Another theory states that Indianization spread through the Kshatriya class of warriors. This hypothesis does a good job at explaining state formation in Southeast Asia, as these warriors came with the intention of conquering the local peoples and establishing their own political power in the region. However, this theory has not attracted much interest from historians as there is very little literary evidence to support it.
Theory of the Brahmins.
The most widely accepted theory for the spread of Indianization into Southeast Asia is through the class of Brahmin scholars. These Brahmins used the maritime routes established by the Vaishya traders, and brought with them many of the Hindu religious and philosophical traditions to spread to the elite classes of Southeast Asia. Once these traditions were adopted into the elite classes, it disseminated throughout all the lower classes, thus explaining the Indianization present in all classes of Southeast Asian society. Brahmins had influence beyond just the fields of religion and philosophy however, and soon Southeast Asia had adopted many Indian influenced codes of law and architecture.
A combination of all three theories can explain the Indianization of Southeast Asia, rather than just choosing one. There was an extensive maritime trade network, which allowed for traders to extract gold and spices from Southeast Asia. Once these trade networks had been established, it paved the way for new classes of warriors to exert military prowess over select Southeast Asian areas. Finally, these extensive trade networks also allowed for the influx of Brahmin scholars, who impressed many Southeast Asian elites with their knowledge of law, arts, philosophy. Thus through the Brahmin scholars many of these Indian and Hindu practices were propagated throughout all social classes Southeast Asia.
Literature.
Scripts in Sanskrit discovered during the early centuries of the Common Era are the earliest known forms of writing to have extended all the way to Southeast Asia. Its gradual impact ultimately resulted in its widespread domain as a means of dialect which evident in regions, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand and additionally a few of the larger Indonesian islands. In addition, alphabets from languages spoken in Burmese, Thai, Laos and Cambodia are a variations formed off of Indian ideals that have localized the language.
The utilization of Sanskrit has been prevalent in all aspects of life including legal purposes. Sanskrit terminology and vernacular appears in ancient courts to establish procedures that have been structured by Indian models such as a system composed of a code of laws. The concept of legislation demonstrated through codes of law and organizations particularly the idea of "God King" was embraced by numerous rulers of Southeast Asia. The rulers amid this time, for example, the Lin-I Dynasty of Vietnam once embraced the Sanskrit dialect and devoted sanctuaries to the Indian divinity Shiva. Many rulers following even viewed themselves as “reincarnations or descendants” of the Hindu gods. However once Buddhism began entering the nations, this practiced view was eventually altered.
Religion.
The effects of Hinduism and Buddhism applied a tremendous impact on the many civilizations inhabiting Southeast Asia which significantly provided some structure to the composition of written traditions. An essential factor for the spread and adaptation of these religions originated from trading systems of the third and fourth century. In order to spread the message of these religions Buddhist monks and Hindu priests joined mercantile classes in the quest to share their religious and cultural values and beliefs. Along the Mekong delta, evidence of Indianized religious models can be observed in communities labeled Funan. There can be found the earliest records engraved on a rock in Vocanh. The engravings consist of Buddhist archives and a south Indian scripts written in Sanskrit that have been dated to belong to the early half of the third century. Indian religion was profoundly absorbed by local cultures that formed their own distinctive variations of these structures in order to reflect their own ideals.
The Mandala.
The Mandala is a religious symbol representing the universe and is also involved in the political system of Southeast Asia. The center of the Mandala is considered to contain the power while the power then spreads outwards. This replicates the how the political system within Southeast Asia has a powerful center of administration. The Mandala, just like a political system, changes from empire to empire with its relation to the King and the empire.
Caste System.
According Hindu belief system, the caste system divides all people of the world into a hierarchical groups based on their work (karma) and duty (dharma). There is absolutely no evidence of hierarchy in caste systems among Hindus according to Sacred Books. The land workers were called Shudras. The Business workers called Vaishyas. The Warriors or those who maintained social order were called Kshatriyas. Those who memorized key mathematical formulas, philosophical precepts, and other knowledge systems and retained in memory were called Brahmins. The caste system, defined by a non-authoritative book on Hindu law wrote that the system is a basis of order and regularity of society.
The Brahmins from the Indian culture spread their religion to southeast Asia. By traveling to these countries they were able to inform others on their beliefs and spark the beginning of the Hindu and Buddhist cultures in Southeast Asia. These Brahmins introduced the caste system to all the countries; however, more so in Java, Bali, Madura, and Sumatra. Unlike India the caste system was not as strict. As a result of all these different writings, there are big speculations that the Brahmins has a big role on their religion. There are multiple similarities between the two caste systems such that both state that no one is equal within society and that everyone has their own place. It also promoted the upbringing of highly organized central states. Although they have some similarities, Southeast Asians did not use the Hindu system entirely and adjusted what they did use to their local context. The Brahmins were still able to implement their religion, political ideas, literature, mythology, and art
Historiography of South East Asia.
The history of South East Asia was mostly always written from the perspective of external civilizations that influenced the region. The prevalent interpretation caused mainly because of the ontological differences, fundamentally dichotomous histories of Europe and pre colonial Asia, was apparently that the despotism, obscurantism, servile equality of Asian societies along with innovation becoming prey to tyranny had rendered history cyclical, immobile and non-linear.
The belief in the idea that South East Asia had never engendered its own civilization, and of indigenous incapacity or external benefaction gained additional support, such was the tremendous evidence of Indian architectural and religious influence in South East Asia and we're fundamentally identified as being derivative and thus Indianization was perceived as occurring more so due to the Indian initiatives rather than the indigenous initiatives of South East Asia.
Development of caste system.
Another main concern for indianization was the understanding and development of caste systems. The debate was often whether or not the caste systems were seen as an elite process or just the process of picking up the Indian culture and calling it their own in each region. This had showed that the Southeast Asian countries were civilized and able to flourish their own interests. For example, Cambodia's caste system is based on people in society. However, in India, the caste system was based on which class they belonged to when they were born. Based on the evidence of the caste system in Southeast Asia, shows that they were applying Indian culture to their own, also known/seen as indianization.
Similar to the caste systems, the cultures were a huge part of determining the legitimacy of indianization. Many argue that only writing could really date the culture and prove indianization. The lives of rulers, daily lives of people, rituals of funeral, weddings and specific customs were a few that helped anthropologists date the indianization of countries. The religions found in India and Southeast Asian countries was another piece of evidence that led anthropologists to understand where the cultures and customs were adopted from.
Decline of Indianization.
Rise of Islam.
During the 13th century, Islam began to replace the Hindu religion/culture in much of Southeast Asia. The process of Islam coming to the traditional Hinduism kingdoms began with Muslim Indians merchants spreading their trade all over Southeast Asia. Moreover, as trade became more saturated in the Southeast Asian regions wherein Indianization once persisted, the regions had become more Muslim populated. This so-called Islamization has spread to many of the trading centers across the regions of Southeast Asia, including one of the most dominant centers, Malacca.
Distinction from colonialism.
Amitav Acharya argues that "Indianization is different from traditional colonialism" due to the fact that "it doesn’t involve strangers coming in and taking over an unknown land."
Instead, Indian influence from trade routes and language use slowly permeated through Southeast Asia, making the traditions a part of the region. The interactions between India and Southeast Asia were marked by waves of influence and dominance. At some points the Indian culture solely found its way into the region, and at other points the influence was used to take over. Indianization and its influence was seen in nearly all aspects of Southeast Asian society and history. Before the rise of Indianisation, influence of Indian culture, and the introduction of Islam the history of Southeast Asia and its people was unrecorded. The beginning of Indianization marked the start of cultural organization, rise of monarchical kingdoms in Southeast Asia


Aleppo Eyalet

Aleppo Eyalet () was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman conquest it was governed from Damascus, but by 1534 Aleppo was made the capital of a new eyalet. Its reported area in the 19th century was . Its capital, Aleppo, was the third largest city of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th century.
History.
Thanks to its strategic geographic location on the trade route between Anatolia and the east, Aleppo rose to high prominence in the Ottoman era, at one point being second only to Constantinople in the empire. By the middle of the 16th century, Aleppo had displaced Damascus as the principal market for goods coming to the Mediterranean region from the east. This is reflected by the fact that the Levant Company of London, a joint-trading company founded in 1581 to monopolize England's trade with the Ottoman Empire, never attempted to settle a factor, or agent, in Damascus, despite having had permission to do so. Aleppo served as the company's headquarters until the late 18th century.
As a result of the economic development, many European states had opened consulates in Aleppo during the 16th and the 17th centuries, such as the consulate of the Republic of Venice in 1548, the consulate of France in 1562, the consulate of England in 1583 and the consulate of the Netherlands in 1613.
However, the prosperity Aleppo experienced in the 16th and 17th century started to fade as silk production in Iran went into decline with the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722. By mid-century, caravans were no longer bringing silk from Iran to Aleppo, and local Syrian production was insufficient for Europe's demand. European merchants left Aleppo and the city went into an economic decline that was not reversed until the mid-19th century when locally produced cotton and tobacco became the principal commodities of interest to the Europeans.
The economy of Aleppo was badly hit by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. This, in addition to political instability that followed the implementation of significant reforms in 1841 by the central government, contributed to Aleppo's decline and the rise of Damascus as a serious economic and political competitor with Aleppo.
Fiscal administration.
Beginning in the 16th century, officials in Aleppo coordinated large municipal surveys that mapped the population and grouped them into administrative divisions for centralized regulation. The modernization of warfare during the second half of the century however encouraged changes in municipal administration, and the centralized system was replaced with a set of decentralized guidelines that allowed urban populations to determine their own policies. This did not change the original levels of taxation or military occupation in the cities.
The surveys were conducted with the help of civilian locals familiar with the administrative quarters. These locals were exempt from extraordinary taxes because of their service in helping put together the survey. Their duties were likely to assist the surveying teams travel and find accommodations throughout the city, however they were also able to contribute their understandings of where pockets of wealth and poverty existed, and report any information they had about local society and administrative practices. As an example, one group included "a preacher, Sufi shaykh, merchant, cavalryman, and officer attached to the provincial council". These gestures demonstrated that the surveyors were interested in a holistic understanding of the city, and assured the local population that they were receiving information from a variety of sources.
A basic unit of the survey was the beyt, which corresponds to the Arabic dar, and is about a single courtyard house. A second unit that was larger was the kaysariyye, or the kaysarhk, a courtyard structure with various chambers that consisted not only of smaller commercial buildings, but also caravansarays in the central market area. These buildings often housed a variety of different city residents, who all paid the owner some form of rent to reside there.
The avarız tax, or extraordinary tax, was collected from the residents of Aleppo from 1640 to 1700. The state required residents to pay the tax to meet unpredictable expenses that often came during times of war until the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Examples of these expenses were the transportation costs of moving goods to military strongholds or fees to enlist specialized corps to assist the army. It was collected from both city residents as well as farmers who lived on the outskirts of municipal boundaries, though it fell largely on the shoulders of city residents. The tax was not designed to replace any tax mechanism that existed beforehand, but rather to supplement the tax structure in its entirety.
The avarız tax was determined and collected using a fiscal unit called avarizhane. An avarizhane indicated the ability of a number of households to pay a specific amount to tax collectors. This differed from the early Ottoman tapu system, in that the avarizhane system determined the ability of multiple households to pay, rather than only a single household. One reason why this system was used instead of the traditional tapu system, was that hanes were no longer owned by individual family units. Instead, a single hane could be occupied by a number of distinct households of varying means. Quarter officials responsible for what would have been considered a single hane, under the new system could re-negotiate taxes based on the general financial stability or redistribute taxes based on a family's financial success.
Tax collection was also determined by the status of the land and the identity of the land owner. If the land owner was a member of the reaya class, he was expected to pay taxes. However, if the owner was a member of the askeri, then he was exempt from doing so. If the land in question was not included in an early administrative survey, which took place in 1616, it was considered haric, or too old to be taxed. If record of it existed before that time, it was considered kadim, universally taxable regardless of the status of the person who owned it. After these steps, land was further categorized into relative affluence on the administrative survey. These policies heavily influenced the way that taxes were disputed in court; parties would not debate the tax status of an individual, but rather the status of the land, and they would not debate over the current owner of the land, but of the owner at the time of the survey. Residents often won arguments over the taxable status of their property by demonstrating a chain of ownership that predated the register, demonstrating that the status of the land was askeri. Another method that residents could obtain tax exemptions through was to petition the central fiscal body for exemption. This would convert land once considered kadim, to become haric upon decree. Government officials recognized the implications of this, and attempted to restrict the number of these available by application.
While the inherent qualities of haric were highly desirable in Aleppo, members of the askeri class did not have exclusive access to them because of their class. They still had to compete with other buyers to obtain them, though they enjoyed rights that members of the reaya did not. An example of one is that members of the askeri were asked before any one of the reaya if they wanted to purchase land that had just entered the market. This system of conferring specific rights to distinct social classes resembled another administrative system, gedik. Professional businesses, largely guilds or trade organizations, conferred rights onto people considered to be a member of that industrial group. These rights were used to preserve economic monopolies for guild members, because members with gidek rights had access to shops and markets that the rest of the population did not have access to.
Administrative divisions.
The Eyalet consisted of five sanjaks between 1690 and 1740 as follows:


Progressive Republican Party (Turkey)

The Progressive Republican Party () was a political party in Turkey between 1924 and 1925. It was established by Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) Pasha, Kâzım Karabekir, Refet (Bele) Pasha, Rauf (Orbay) Bey and Adnan (Adıvar) Bey on 17 November 1924. The party was banned on 5 June 1925 after the Sheikh Said rebellion.
Background.
Nearly one year before Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lausanne in the summer of 1924, the Ottoman sultanate was abolished and the Turkish state was formally declared a republic, marking the end of six centuries of imperial rule. After the peace treaty was signed, Istanbul was relinquished to the ruling Turkish nationalists as the occupying armies withdrew at the close of the Turkish War of Independence. However, the domestic political conflict was not yet resolved and some established members of the Turkish National Movement including Ali Fuat Cebesoy, Kâzım Karabekir, Adnan Adıvar and Rauf Orbay were increasingly anxious that they would be targeted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who had already forbidden the re-establishment of the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and abolished the Caliphate. In November 1924, a few months after the abolition of the Caliphate, members of the former CUP and National Movement joined to form the Progressive Republican Party in opposition to what they considered the authoritarian rule of Mustafa Kemal and the ruling Republican People's Party (CHP).
Party leaders.
The parties leaders consisted of the retired General Kâzım Karabekir who became its president, Adıvar and Orbay as his deputy presidents and several former members of the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP) such as Rüştü Pasha, Bekir Sami Kunduh, and as members of the Central Administrative Committee.
Policies.
On domestic policy, the party supported a liberal democracy, but was blamed by the government for being the vehicle of Islamists in attempting subvert the newly established government. After Mustafa Kemal Pasha blamed Karabekir for the Sheikh Said Rebellion and the assassination attempt made on himself in İzmir, the party was closed on 5 June by the government. As a consequence, Karabekir and many members of the party were court-martialed by the Independence Tribunal and imprisoned, although they were later released. However, he was kept under house arrest along with 82 members of the opposition for two decades. During the presidency of İsmet İnönü, he was rehabilitated and chosen as a member of Parliament and was elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly after the end of World War II.


Saint Anthony of Padua Church (Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo)

The Saint Anthony of Padua Church, also called as Barotac Nuevo Church is located in the municipality of Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, Philippines under the Archdiocese of Jaro. It was declared as a National Historic Landmark in 1998 under the leadership of Monsignor Jesus Enojo assisted by Congressman Narciso Montfort. The present church was completed in 1910 under the guidance of Father Mariano Conjugacion and played a significant role during the Spanish and Japanese occupations.
History.
Barotac Nuevo, which was then called Ginhawa-an, was civilized when the Spanish discovered and occupied it during the late 16th century. The Spanish "conquistadors" built a bamboo and nipa chapel to initiate the evangelization of the locals in 1573. Trade within adjacent neighbors started after these developments and the economy started to flourish. When the soldiers fled from Ginhawa-an, the church was burned by the locals and they also killed the resident friar. This resulted the Spanish government to send an army to pacify them by burning their settlements and killing some of the natives including their leader Sugaob for revenge.
Military reinforcements arrived in 1581 and with them was the parish priest of Dumangas, Father Juan de Peñanosa which aimed to forcefully Christianize the natives, even to the point of murdering the people to participate within the program. A pathway connecting Dumangas and Ginhawa-an, which was built between 1589 and 1595 under Father Bartolome de Castillo was one of the developments of Ginhawa-an that made it a sitio of the recently proclaimed "pueblo" (or town) of Dumangas.
The settlement changed its name to Barotac, during the time when volcanic residues covered almost the entire area and destroyed the agriculture. The name Barotac is from the Spanish word "baro", which means mud, as well as the last syllables of tac and lutac. Nuevo was added to distinguished its name to the other Barotac within the island.
Barotac was officially declared as parish in 1710 under the soon-to-be parish priest, Father Luis Gomez de Padilla.
The 40-year reconstruction was finished in 1750 in the Romanesque style but it was short-lived because of the destruction brought about by the 1758 earthquake. A new church of coral stone and bricks and a convent were immediately constructed following the devastation and were both completed in 1802. In 1907, another fire destroyed the church which was led to believe that it was caused by an arson.
In 1910, a new church under the leadership of Father Mariano Conjugacion was built and it will survive until the present day. During the World War II, Colonel Macario Peralta Jr. ordered that the whole church and convent be burnt in order to render it useless as a Japanese garrison. The fire did destroy the convent only which was then later occupied by the Japanese soldiers to be used as their stronghold for the remainder of the war. This lasted from 1942 to 1944. On June 13, 1944, during the first ever fiesta of the barrio, Juan Maquiling, a spy from the Filipino troops penetrated and annihilated all of the Japanese soldiers inside the church. Eventually the war ended, and the church was re-used not until 1947.
A modern steel bell tower was added in 1966.
Church Post-War Reconstructions and Additions.
The Barotac Nuevo Church, also called St. Anthony of Padua Church was declared a National Historic Landmark through Msgr. Jesus Enojo and Congressman Narciso Montfort. It was through the declaration that the church received funds for a major reconstruction. The plan included the removal of the columns in the main aisle of the church; installation of side posts to reinforce the supports of the main roof trusses; and installation of a new ceiling throughout and granite floor tiles. In 2002, a Church Building Commission under Monsignor Ramon Pet was organized and was tasked to construct a: new altar and a dome, new convent, adoration chapel, new parish hall, quarters for the altar boys, boutique and main parking area, cemetery chapel and memorial park.
The Plaza.
The heritage church is beside a football field that is currently used as playground and practice grounds for children, adults and professionals. The town of Barotac Nuevo officially holds the title, "the Football Capital of the Philippines". It used to be a Spanish plaza which is common in building Spanish church typology.


Pandalam dynasty

Pandalam dynasty (Malayalam:പന്തളം രാജവംശം) a royal dynasty emerged from a branch of Pandya kingdom.
which existed in Kerala during the Kollam era. They came to Kerala fearing the assault of a ruler. In Kerala they were given land and status by Kaipuzha Thampan (Kunjunni Varma Thampan of Nilambur Kovilakam a landlord who lived in Amanthur Palace at Kaipuzha from Kottayam Kerala. TodaPandiyam / PaPandalam is part of Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.
Early history.
The Pandya Kingdom of Tamilakam was once attacked by Malik Kafur, the commander-in-chief of Alauddin Khalji of Khalji dynasty. Upon the failure of Pandiya rajas, two branches of this dynasty fled towards west (Kerala) to secure themselves from the attacks. One branch proceeded via the Western Ghats mountainous regions and settled in Poonjar in Kottayam and established the Poonjar kingdom. The other branch ("Chembazhannur") wandered through several places ghatsand facing much difficulty finally settled in Pandalam. The fleeing Chembazhannur branch at first settled in Valliyur (near Tirunelveli) and enjoyed a privileged position in the society. Later due to the threats of invasion, the royal family shifted to Tenkasi. Thirumalai Savuri Nayunu Ayyalugaru Naidu, a famed ruler of Madurai wished to see his daughter's marriage with a prince of Chembazhannur family. But upon the rejection of marriage proposal, Nayak became an enemy of Pandiyas. He made huge damages in Tenkasi with his strong "Maravappada" (army). Knowing that they couldn't continue a peaceful life in Tenkasi, the family moved to a place named "Elathoor maniyam" and procured the mountainous regions near Puliyankudi. But Nayak continued to torture the royal family which forced them to proceed towards west (Kerala) via places such as Achankovil, Aryankavu, Kulathupuzha and settled in Konni by c. 79 ME, which was according to the Copper deed issued by the Venad raja. The family constructed a shrine for lord Shiva in Konni (Muringamangalam Sreemahadevar Temple) for their daily worships. This temple is one of the most noted contributions of Chembazhanuur family in Kerala. A number of Mutts, Manas and Koyikkalls were also constructed by the family. The local people fed up with the activities of thieves accepted the family as the ruling class which was named as "Chembazhanji kovilakom". Attacks on Travancore by Cholas forced the family to flee Konni and then to settle down in Pandalam which became their permanent capital. A full-fledged kingdom was established by around  ME (1194 CE) by obtaining the land from Kunjunni Varma Thampan (Kaipuzha Thampan) of Amanthur Kovilakam at Kaipuzha and the local ruler and landlord of the region. The Venad ruler also played a great role in the establishment of this kingdom. People enjoyed a peaceful atmosphere and ideal life under the Pandalam rulers. As of the Travancore state manual, Pandalam kingdom kept friendly relations with the rajas of Travancore. Relation between Kaipuzha Thampan and Maharaja of Travancore was extremely cordial.Pandhalam Raja establishd a good relation with Maharaj of Travancore through Kunjunni Varma Thampan who was the close friend, advisory of Maharaja of Travancore.
The territories of Pandalam kingdom extended to an area of which covered the parts of Konni, Achankovil, Tenkasi and the forest regions of Sabarimala, the abode of Ayyayppa. During 345 ME, Aadhichavarman a Venad ruler had given a sizable portion of land to this kingdom. Marthanda Varma, the famed Venad ruler and establisher of Travancore kingdom (925 ME) was named for his annexation policies. But on his conquests in Central Travancore, Pandalam was left independent and wasn't annexed to his domain. This was primarily due to cordial relations that Travancore had with Pandalam and of the assistance by the royal family in the Kayamkulam conquest of Varma. Pandalam was forced to give a big amount of Rs.2,20,001 to Travancore government towards the cost of wars after Tippus conquest in Malabar coast during 965 ME. The amount was paid in various installments. During 969 ME, the income from Sabarimala temple was used to pay as installments by a ruler of Pandalam. By 995 ME, the raja of Travancore made an agreement with the Pandalam king assuring that they would support every member of the royal family if they were allowed to collect revenue from Pandalam. Upon the acceptance of this offer, the kingdom of Pandalam was merged with Travancore and a monthly pension was issued for each royal family member. The administrative rights of temples including Sabarimala within the premises of kingdom was transferred to the Travancore government and later to Travancore devaswom board. Before the formation of Pathanamthitta district, Pandalam was a part of the Mavelikkara taluk of Alappuzha district.
Legend about the relationship with Ayyappa.
It is believed that the royal family of Pandalam belonged to the "Bhargava gotra" while other royal families in Kerala were included in the "Viswamitra gotra". The kingdom is famed for its kinship with Ayyappa, the son of Harihara (the fusion of Shiva and Vishnu). Raja Rajasekhara, a king of this dynasty during his hunting expedition heard the crying of a baby near the banks of Pamba. The raja found a glorious looking infant wearing a bead in his neck and surrounded by a halo. The childless raja was doubted whether to take the child with him. But Sage Agastya arrived there and cleared his doubts by telling him that the child is a boon from the Gods and advised him to accept him. He was named "Manikanta" ("Mani" means bead and "Kanta" being the neck). He was given proper education in gurukulam Later Rani gave birth to a son but raja considered Manikanta as his elder son and decided to crown him as "Yuvaraja" of Pandalam.
Manikanta was not willing to take up the throne as he was destined to crush evil. A greedy minister in the court misled the rani of the palace and partake in his scheme against Manikanta. Following the words of the minister, the rani pretended to be affected by a severe stomachache. The bribed royal physician prescribed the milk of Tiger as the only cure for this ache. The king was quite sure that none of the royal servants could complete the mission of obtaining milk from a tiger, but Manikanta agreed to go deep into the forests to fetch it. In the forests, Manikanta would come to fight and vanquish the demoness Mahishi. On the very next day, he arrived at the palace riding a tiger followed by a group of cubs. Realizing that Manikanta was not an ordinary being, the members of the palace began praising him by calling him "Ayyane" and "Appane", from which the name "Ayyappa" originated. As his mission of slaying the demoness Mahishi was fulfilled, Manikanta determined that he should leave the palace, not before instructing the raja to construct a shrine at Sabarimala where he would be presiding to bless thousands of devotees. He blessed everyone who assembled there once this was done and vanished forever.
The above verses show the relationship of Lord Ayyappa with the Pandiya kingdom. He is often depicted as the "Thilak" (a mark on the forehead) of the Pandiya vamsa and the beloved deity of Kerala nadu.
The Palace complex.
Pandalam palace
() is a royal palace of Pandalam located on the banks of Achankovil river was the residence of royal family members. The architectural mixtures of both Pandyas and Keralites can be witnessed in any corner of the palace. Mud, bamboo, stone and wood are the mostly used construction components in the old structures. It was in this palace that lord Ayyappa spent his childhood. In course of time, Many parts of the palace was took away by minor conflagrations and floods. But quite a few structures like Valiyakoikkal temple, Kaipuzha temple and Thevarappura remains still which depicts the ancient history and archaeological importance.
Valiyakoikkal temple.
The temple situated on the banks of Achankovil river was the family temple of Pandalam kingdom, built in the traditional architectural styles of Kerala. It was built by Rajasekhara raja after returning from Sabarimala for daily worships of Ayyappa. The shrine is placed within the palace premises. A "Salagramam" (sacred stone) is installed here instead of an idol. The holy Thiruvabharanam procession to Sabarimala begins from this temple every year on 28th of "dhanu" before the Makaravilakku festival hosted in the month of "Makaram".
Kaipuzha temple.
There are mainly two shrine in this complex, one for Shiva under the palace administration other for Krishna managed by Travancore devaswom board. The "Navagraha" (nine holy planets) sculptures are portrayed in the shrine of Krishna. Once the idol of "Narasimha Murthy" was installed in the temple which was very powerful. But due to the unfortunate incidents in the palace, the idol was replaced by the "Santhana gopalam" pratishta as per the instructions of astrologers and priests.
Thevarappuras (prayer rooms).
The prayer rooms or "Thevarappuras" of both Vadakkekottaram and Nalukettu palaces structured elegantly in wood are still in unblemished condition which keeps the idols of 28 gods and goddess for worshipping. The Pandiyan relation of Pandalam kingdom can easily be noticed from the presence of Minakshi amman idol.
Srampical palace.
The palace is placed in the north of Valiyakoikkal temple. The "Thiruvabharanam" (sacred ornaments) of lord Ayyappa are kept here. Pilgrims have the opportunity to worship the ornaments and to view the holy palanquin at times of Mandala - Makaravilakku period. These ornaments are taken out on the morning of 28th Dhanu then moved to the temple and later to Sabarimala temple in a holy procession.
Puthenkoikkal.
This building is situated near a pond. The pond was once meant for bathing purposes of ladies in the palace. The raja on his way to Sabarimala with the sacred ornaments used to halt at this palace to receive the Vibhuti and blessings of "Valiya thamburatti" (senior most female member).
Customs and beliefs in the palace.
The palace itself keeps a number of varied customs and beliefs as sacred. The royal family had the privileges to perform various ritual practices at Valiyakoikkal and Sabarimala temples. Devotees often visits the raja to obtain the blessings in the form of "Vibhuti" (sacred ash).
Notable personalities.
The royal family of Pandalam has renowned artists, scholars and men of letters.
"Pandalam Kerala Varma".
Pandalam Kerala Varma is a writer. He wrote many narrative poems, translations, children's poetry and two mahakavyas. He served as the chief editor of "Kavana Kaumudi", the first Malayalam periodical.
"V.S Valiathan".
V.S. Valiathan ("Vattaparambil Sankaran Valiathan") was born in the royal family of Pandalam as the son of Revathinal Ravi Varam Raja and Thottathil madhavi Amma. He is one of the noted artists from Kerala who followed the styles of Raja Ravi Varma.


Korean Street, Hong Kong

Korean Street (), also known as Little Korea (), is a Koreatown in Hong Kong located primarily on Kimberley Street in Tsim Sha Tsui. A compact community of Koreans have lived in this area since the 1960s, and there is a concentration of Korean shops opened by Koreans, such as Korean restaurants and grocery stores. There are at least sixteen Korean food shops in Kimberly Street.
However, 90% of Korean Street customers are local Hong Kong people, the growing popularity of Korean culture in Hong Kong being driven by the 2005 Korean drama "Dae Jang Geum", and more recently by 2014 drama "My Love from the Star". The popularity of "My Love from the Star" has led to rents in the area to rise by over 40%. From Kimberley Street proper, "Korean Street" has expanded into the neighbouring Kimberley Road and Austin Road.
Location.
Starting from Kimberley Street which locates between Granville Road and Jimerberley Road and extending to the nearby streets which are Kimberley Road and Austin Road. The main entrance is the opposite of the back of The ONE shopping mall. "It is sandwiched between Granville Road and Kimberly Road."
History.
Before Kimberley Street became renowned for the Korean shops and restaurants, most of the street-level shops were hardware stores. There were already Korean shops, but most of them were upstairs shops.
Since the 1960s, trading activities between Hong Kong and Korea thrived and some Korean started immigrating into Hong Kong. With a view to facilitating the Korean immigrants to buy the Korean supplies and providing public areas for them to reunion, some of the Korean immigrants opened some Korean grocery stores, cafés and restaurants. They located their shops in Kimberley Street since most of the Korean immigrants live in Tsim Shan Tsui and the transportation is convenient and comprehensive which allows easy access for the visitors.
The major visitors of Kimberley Street in the 1990s were the Korean immigrants. 80% of the customers was Korean. Yet, the target customers of the Korean shops have been altered from Korean immigrants into Hongkongers since the Korean television drama---Dae Jang Geum was broadcast in 2005. Thus more Korean shops were set up on Kimberley Street.
From 2011 onwards, the K-pop culture reached social media, e.g. YouTube and K-pop videos were viewed nearly 2.3 billion times worldwide. This boosted the popularity of Kimberley Street. Today, Kimberley Street is more prominent than before and becomes one of the tourist spots in Hong Kong. The scope of Korean Street expands to the nearby Kimberley Road and Austin Road due to the skyrocketing popularity of Korean culture.
Features.
Korean grocery stores.
Korean grocery stores is sometimes known as the Korean supermarket and they are very popular for Korean household products. The operation time of the shops is around 10 a.m. to around 9 p.m. The several shops found in Tsim Sha Tsui offer fresh produce, seasonings, drinks, soju, beer, frozen foods, pre-made side-dishes, dumplings, snacks, candies, ice cream, and even household products.
Korean snack stores.
These Korean stores, which sell traditional Korean snacks, such as kimbap, kimchi, traditional sauces in Tsim Sha Tsui, are mainly manage by Korean. The operation method is like a takeaway snack bar.
Korean restaurants.
Although the Korean Street is short in Tsim Sha Tsui, it has opened at least 20 Korean restaurants. Those restaurants provide traditional Korean barbecue, hot pot, Korean snacks, Korean fusion dishes, For example, kimchi hot pot, kimbap, stuffed pig intestines, green bean cake, kimchi ramen.
Public transport.
From the Tsim Sha Tsui MTR station, take Exit B1 and walk up Nathan Road to The ONE. From there, walk down Granville Road, and turn up Carnarvon Road just in back of The ONE. You will find the entrance to Kimberley Street on the right.


Asrafia Jame Mosque

Asrafia Jame Masjid (, ), previously known as the Mosque of Ahladi Bibi, is a mosque located in the urban neighbourhood of Amlapara, in the city of Narayanganj, Bangladesh. It was built during the British Raj colonial period, dating back to the 1890s.
History.
The Asrafia Jame Masjid is one of the oldest mosques in the Narayanganj District. On 20 April 1898, a Bengali Muslim zamindar by the name of Rahim Bakhsh Haji (1857-1935) and his wife talukdar Ahladi Bibi officially purchased Zamindari Portion from Harendra Kumar Roy Chowdhury, the Zamindar of Baliati. Later, Haji and his wife decided to donate a portion of land in Amlapara to serve as a charitable endowment and a place of worship. The mosque was named after the wife as "Ahladi Bibir Masjid". Over time, the name changed to Asrafia Jame Masjid. The mosque has been found recorded in the British map (C S Parcha).
After renovations in 2002, the mosque lost much of its past heritage, architectural style and decorative style. At present, there is nothing remaining from the original mosque except the dome, mihrab and minaret.
Architectural elements and style.
Although the mosque was constructed in the colonial period, the structure followed the style of Mughal architecture. It was built as an extremely tall single-storied mosque with great emphasis on the vertical qualities. There are small four domes in the four sides of the roof. A mihrab is located in the western wall, stood from the base of the ground floor to one-third of the height of the first floor. It contains the Shahada written in Arabic calligraphy with glass and stone-flowing Mughal styles. The mihrab's design is made of pieces of glass and stones of five colours; blue, green, yellow (light matte), brown and white. The architecture of the mosque is defined by a combination of embellishments and proportional adjustment among elements such as arches, domes, mihrab etc.


Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah

Sulṭāna Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah (died 23 January 1678) was the fifteenth ruler of Aceh in northern Sumatra, ruling from 1675 to 1678. She was the second of four queens regnant (sultanahs) to rule in succession.
Origins.
The previous ruler, Sulṭāna Taj ul-Alam died in October 1675 without children or (known) close relatives. Once again a woman was placed on the throne, namely Sri Para Puteri who took the name Sulṭāna Nurul Alam Naqiatuddin Syah. Contemporary sources give no hint about her relationship with the old sultan's family. According to a manuscript preserved at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, she was the daughter of Malik Mahmud Qithul Kahar Syah, son of Sulayman, son of Abdul Jalil, son of Sultan Alauddin al-Kahar. This would need further verification. It has been argued that the success of the mild reign of Taj ul-Alam encouraged the enthronement of yet another woman. The progress of the age of Iskandar Muda had been achieved at a high cost, being arbitrary and highly coercive. The peaceful rule of the sultanas meant a dismantling of despotism in favour of an institutionalisation of law to protect subjects and foreigners.
Reign.
The chronicles attribute the division of Aceh in three "sagis" (regions) to this queen. The "sagis" were known as the XXII Mukims, XXVI Mukims, and XXV Mukims after the number of districts ("mukim") in each. Most probably the three "sagis" existed prior to that date. The information might rather be understood as a confirmation of the rights of the "uleëbalangs" (chiefs) vis-à-vis the court: every royal succession would henceforth have to be approved by the three "sagis". Of other events during Nurul Alam's reign, we only know that the Baiturrahman Grand Mosque and the sultan's palace in Kutaraja were destroyed by a violent conflagration, along with royal heirlooms and treasures.
According to some chronicles (which are not confirmed by contemporary sources) Nurul Alam was the mother of a daughter called Puteri Raja Setia, who succeeded her as queen under the name Sultan Inayat Zakiatuddin Syah. In that case she might have been the spouse of a certain Sultan Muhammad Syah who is mentioned as father of Sultan Inayat in the authoritative chronicle "Bustanus Salatin".


XIV Corps (Ottoman Empire)

The XIV Corps of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: "14 ncü Kolordu" "or" "On Dördüncü Kolordu") was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.
Formation.
Order of battle, 1911.
With further reorganizations of the Ottoman Army, to include the creation of corps level headquarters, by 1911 the XIV Corps was headquartered in Sana'a. The Corps before the First Balkan War in 1911 was structured as such:
World War I.
Order of battle, December 1916.
In December 1916, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of battle, August 1917, January 1918, June 1918, September 1918.
In August 1917, January 1918, June 1918, September 1918, the corps was structured as follows:
After Mudros.
Order of battle, November 1918.
In November 1918, the corps was structured as follows:
Order of battle, January 1919.
In January 1919, the corps was structured as follows:


Zarkasih

Zarkasih (born c. 1962) was the leader of Jemaah Islamiah (JI), a South East Asian militant group, from 2004 until July 2007 when he was captured. Zarkasih goes by a single name and other aliases including Nuaim, Mbah, Abu Irsyad. As of December 2007, Zarkasih is facing anti-terrorism charges.
Zarkasih is believed to have joined the mujahideen in Afghanistan in the fight against the Soviets. He received military training in Pakistan and has links with al-Qaeda. He became the leader of JI in 2004.
Zarkasih was captured in July 2007 in Yogyakarta by Indonesian police, a few hours after the arrest of JI military commander Abu Dujana.
As of December 2007, Zarkasih and Abu Dujana are facing anti-terrorism charges including conspiracy to commit terrorist attacks, harboring fugitives and possession of illegal weapons and ammunition. They are also accused of shipping weapons and explosives to Sulawesi island to be used for anti-Christian attacks. If convicted, both men could face the death penalty.


Sri Lankan monarchs

Throughout its history, Sri Lanka, as it is known today, has been ruled by various monarchial lines, at some times with different lines ruling different parts of the modern state.
The Sinhalese Monarchy was established in 543 BC with Prince Vijaya founding the Kingdom of Tambapanni and ended with Sri Vickrama Rajasinghe of Kandy in 1815 with the signing of the Kandyan Convention. This a list of all those who have reigned, in each of the successive Sinhala Kingdoms. The list of Sinhalese monarchs was recorded in the chronicles of the island such as the Deepavamsa, Mahavamsa, Chulavamsa and the Rajaveliya. This line of rulership contained both native Sinhalese and foreign rulers who ruled chronologically and in succession under the Sinhalese Monarchy.
In 1215, the invasion of Kalinga Magha led to the establishment of a line of monarchs of the Jaffna kingdom, who ruled a portion of Sri Lanka until the Portuguese conquest of Jaffna Kingdom under Cankili II 1619.
In 1796 the British first entered the island and gained control of the coastal areas from the Dutch. After the Kandyan Wars and the signing of the Kandyan Convention in 1815 the island recognized the King of England as the King of Kandy, hence the British Monarch. This ended 2357 years of Sri Lankan monarchy. The Monarchs of Ceylon lasted from 1815 to 1972.


2004 Palopo cafe bombing

The 2004 Palopo cafe bombing was a terrorist attack that occurred on January 10, 2004 in Palopo, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Occurring at 10:30 p.m. local time (UTC+8), an improvised explosive device beneath table number 11 in the Sampoddo Indah karaoke cafe. The blast killed four people and injured three others. Four men, including Jasmin bin Kasau, were arrested for the bombings. Bin Kasau was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment but later escaped.
The attack.
Witnesses reported that two men spent two weekends scouting the Sampoddo Indah Cafe located from downtown Palopo on the road to Makassar, staying for a short period of time then leaving. On January 10, 2004, they returned and sat at table No. 11, located near the entrance, and ordered drinks, which they left unfinished. A device, thought to have been remotely detonated, exploded at 10:30 p.m. local time (UTC+8), from underneath that table.
The blast killed four people were killed and injured three others. Three of the deceased, later identified as Abdul Rahman, Ambo, and Sumarni, 39, were residents of Palopo, while another, Suratman, was from another city. The explosion was heard up to away. Most of the cafe's clients escaped through the back door prior to the arrival of the police.
Investigation.
Two men were identified by the police after questioning 17 witnesses on the next day, with preliminary sketches. Eighteen days later, police arrested four suspects and charged them with the bombing. Another 10 suspects were sought, and police expressed that the suspects had participated in a Laskar Jihad-run training camp in Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, together.
On February 1, Jasmin bin Kasau was arrested in Noling village, Luwu regency. He later confessed to the bombing, calling it "part of a jihad against vice in nightclubs and bars." Several pieces of evidence were seized from bin Kasau, including an FN MAG gun, some ammonium nitrate and several pipes. Bin Kasau, along with three accomplices, was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment. However, bin Kasau later escaped from Gunungsari Penitentiary, Makassar, in 2007.


Bois Locker Room

Bois Locker Room was an Instagram scandal, allegedly involving a chat room of teenage boys from Delhi. It was started on May 3, 2020, when a member leaked chats from the group, including obscene images of around 15 girls. The controversy flared after several social media users led by Instagram user Niska Nagpal posted screenshots of the leaked chats and morphed photos of young girls on Instagram and Twitter. On Sunday, May 6, 2020 the hashtag #boyslockerroom was retweeted over 30,000 times. The Delhi Commission for Women chief Swati Maliwal and the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights took notice of the issue and issued various notices to Instagram as well as Delhi Police for further information on the scandal.
Rape "Culture" in Schools.
Members of the group, said to be students of the 11th and 12th grades in some of Delhi's top schools, posted photos of teenage girls without their consent, along with offensive comments. A number of conversations purportedly showed members talking about sexually assaulting their classmates. This sparked debates and controversy about the existence of rape-culture and the normalization of rape, misogyny and objectification in schools. According to social media accounts that posted the screenshots, members of "Bois Locker Room" threatened to leak nude photographs of the women who reported them. After the revelation of the incident, many social media users as well as leading media outlets started to report that the "Bois Locker Room" Instagram chat group, which had been exposed, had a member named Siddharth who had started a conversation about the gang rape of a minor girl and that Siddharth was actually a girl disguised as a male. However it was later revealed by the police that Siddharth was connected to a different chat group on Snapchat and had nothing to do with the one on Instagram. Police also revealed that they had identified all 27 members and admins of the Instagram chat group as male.
On May 4, 2020, another group was created by the name of ‘Bois Locker Room 2.0’; however it was shortly deleted. Nagpal had earlier also leaked chats from another Instagram group called ‘Jai ka shirt skrt gang’, whose members were found to have talked about ‘raping girls’.
Manav Singh's Suicide.
Manav Singh was a 17-year-old boy from Gurugram. He was studying in the 12th grade when he was accused of sexual assault by a girl (minor) on social media. This accusation surfaced as #BoisLockerRoom began trending all over Twitter and Instagram.
According to the police, on May 4, 2020, Manav jumped off the balcony of his flat located on the 11th floor of Carlton estate residential complex. Manav allegedly committed suicide after his friends began harassing him on social media platforms for being named in the girl's “MeToo” Instagram post. The girl alleged that she was molested by the teenager in the basement of her apartment complex two years ago. She wrote that she had revealed it now because she was tired after having kept it a secret for the last two years. The police initiated an investigation under Section 174 to enquire and report on the suicide as per the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC).
It was later discovered that the accuser had deleted her messages. The allegations were never substantiated as the victim never came forward. Manav Singh's parents moved an application before Gurugram police seeking thorough investigation of the matter and
filed a complaint against the accuser. On June 7, 2020, Manav's father filed an application under section 156(3) in the Gurgaon District and Sessions Court for monitoring the investigation. MM Gurgaon Court issued a notice to the police for filing a Status Report. The police filed his status report and, on July 15, 2020, issued a notice to Instagram and Snapchat for production of documents. MM Gurgaon Court ordered that a status report be filed regarding the case every 15 days until the filing of a final report.
Reaction to Manav's death.
Manav Singh's death elicited mixed reactions.
Rishi Singh, Manav Singh's brother, took to Instagram to claim that his brother was innocent. While defending his brother Manav, Rishi narrated the circumstances that compelled his brother to take such "drastic" steps. He urged that his brother should not be held guilty of a crime he did not commit. He also mentioned that the accusations made were of a different incident which was not related to the conversations in the 'Bois Locker Room' group chat.
This incident was followed by opinions from several sources on how character assassinations on social media were not justified when a mob acts as judge, jury and executioner.
Others argued by posting stories on Instagram that the accuser should not be blamed for Manav Singh's death. Reacting to this, Manav's brother, Rishi Singh wrote, "She didn’t repent for a second what she wrote which not only led to a young kids demise but also shattered his family’s life".
Investigation by Delhi Police.
Despite the ongoing lock down in place for COVID-19, the investigation was reportedly expedited with help from Swati Maliwal. As of May 6, 2020, one student responsible for starting Bois Locker Room was arrested and 15 other students from prominent Delhi schools were questioned. The police also identified 27, mostly underage, members of the group.
On May 10, 2020, at 7:38 PM, Saurabh Trivedi, a journalist from The Hindu broke the news on Twitter in a series of tweets where he wrote that a minor girl used a fake identity of another "Sidharth" (a minor boy) and suggested a plan to sexually assault herself in the group chat. Saurabh Trivedi wrote, "The purpose of her sending such chat messages using a fake, fictional identity was to check the reaction of the receiver boy and the strength of his character.". He also wrote that, "Police said no action will be taken against the girl as she is juvenile and it is a childish act".
The Snapchat conversation was initially believed to be a conversation among boys who were a part of the Bois Locker Room group. After investigation, none of the 27 boys identified were found to be part of any conversation on Snapchat.
As of May 11, 2020, the police had arrested the group administrator of the #BoisLockerRoom from Noida and apprehended a juvenile who was in the group and they had confiscated the mobile phones of all the suspects. Of the 27 boys, 24 had been examined, two were out of reach and the details of one more are awaited.


Talasa of Poso

Ngkai Talasa or Talasa Tua (born - died ), was the eighth King who ruled Poso in 1919 until 1948. He was known for his openness to immigrants who want to stay in Poso, as long as they respect each other and respect local wisdom in Poso.
Talasa is a good friend of the Dutch missionary, and Nicolaus Adriani, who at that time was spreading Christianity in Poso. They considered him as the greatest king in the history of Poso.


Wat Chan Royal Project

History.
At first the Royal Project Foundation was researched and developed the type of each plant to find out the species that suitable for compensate Opium and for satisfy demand of the market. The important thing that they need to do is to propagate any species to enough for agriculturist. From the experiment at the beginning founded that, there are many fruits that grow very well in the area of the north of Thailand. In 1979 the foundation of Royal project was selected the area of department of Agriculture at Pangda village, Samoeng, Chiangmai to be the experiment area for cereal and winter plant. However when the demand of the plants was increased, this station can’t produce enough plant for farmer so the foundation was decided to move to the new place that have the area around 25 rai and close to Plagung water reservoir. In 1985 the foundation was increased the area next to the primary area around 65 rai and was operated underneath of Pangda Royal Project station (Royal Project Foundation, 2555).
Location.
The PangDa Royal Project station located at Pangda village 192, m.10, south Samoeng, Samoeng district, Chiangmai, Thailand (blonggang, 2014).
Topography.
Majority of the area of the station is the steep area located in valley that surrounded with plentifully forest, the main water resource is the Plagung water reservoir that has 720m above sea levels (Royal Project Foundation, 2555).
Climate.
Due to the station was located in the valley and has 720m above sea levels, therefore the average temperature is around 23.0 degree Celsius. The highest temperature is 35.00 degree Celsius and the lowest is 9.5 degree Celsius. The rainfall is around 1,863.20 mm
Operation.
There are nine type of vegetable that was supported by the Foundation
such as two color corn, bitter melon, eggplant, garlic chives, yellow sweet pepper, turkey berry (Royal Project Foundation, 2555).
For the fruit this station was researched about avocado, grape, Cape Gooseberry, Passion fruit, strawberry, and fig (Royal Project Foundation, 2555)
Transportation
there are two ways to go to Pangda Royal Project
1. Use Chiangmai – Fang pass Maerim district and turn left to Maesa water fall to Maerim and go straight away for 38 kilometers to Pangda station (Royal Project Foundation, 2555).
2. Use Hangdong - Samoeng road around 36 kilometers (Royal Project Foundation, 2555)
Bibliography.
blonggang. (2014, march 16). Retrieved from https://www.bloggang.com/viewdiary.php?id=lindleyi&group=49
Royal Project Foundation. (2555). Retrieved from royalprojectthailand: http://royalprojectthailand.com/pangdah


Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion

The Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios Mansion is situated near the Archbishopric, in the neighbourhood of Saint Antonios in Nicosia, Cyprus, where the wealthy notables of the Greek community traditionally used to live.
Overview.
The mansion is the most important example of urban architecture of the last century of Ottoman rule that survives in old Nicosia. It opened on 3 May 1960 with the aid of public subscription, three years after a foundation was established to protect the property from developers who wanted to demolish the block.
History of the house.
The owner of the mansion, Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios, was a dragoman, the official interpreter for the Divan (Council) of the Sultan for thirty years from 1779. This title, which was one of the most prestigious titles given to the local Christians by the Ottoman authorities, gave the opportunity to Kornesios to accumulate huge wealth and power. His power brought jealousy to his enemies, who cunningly managed to have him beheaded on 31 March 1809 in Constantinople (modern day Istanbul).
The house was built in 1793 with local bloc-cut sandstone and is a two-storey building. The monogram of the owner and the date of its erection can be seen on a marble tablet inside the entrance. The architectural plan of the building in the form of a Greek "Π" surrounds a central garden with a fountain and a private bathhouse (Hammam) which has three rooms. On the ground floor the servants’ quarters and the kitchen were situated. Roofed wooden stairs with a stone base lead to the entrance hall on the first floor from the courtyard. The official reception room and the living areas communicated with this reception hall. The official reception room (the onda), at the end of the east wing, differs from the other rooms with its exceptional carved wooden, gilded and painted decoration, which liken it to other official reception rooms in many mansions of the Ottoman Empire.
Today.
Today the mansion, which was awarded the Europa Nostra prize for its exemplary renovation work, functions as the Ethnological Museum, Lefkosia (The House of Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios). The address is: 20 Patriarchou Grigoriou St, Nicosia. The entrance fees is €2.50.


Marusho

 was a company that manufactured motorcycles from 1948 to 1967. The company's Lilac model motorcycle was recognized by the , who included the 1950 Marusho Lilac ML as one of their "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology".
History.
Masashi Itō started Marusho in Hamamatsu, Japan, in 1948 after being apprenticed with Soichiro Honda. The company produced shaft driven models like the Lilac, and showcased its technical prowess to the world in the Mount Asama Volcano Race, competing well against the likes of Honda, Meguro, Yamaha, and Suzuki. Company founder Masashi Itō died in 2005 at the age of 92.


Flag of Omsk Oblast

The flag of Omsk Oblast is the official symbol of Omsk Oblast in Russia.
Description.
The flag of Omsk Oblast is a rectangular cloth of three vertical bands of equal size: the right and left red and white medium. In the centre of the white band, there is a blue vertical wavy azure pole which is 1/3 of its width.
The ratio of the flag's width to its length is 2:3.
The interpretation of symbols.
The main background of the flag of Omsk Oblast is red. It symbolizes bravery, courage, fearlessness. It is the colour of life, charity, and love.
The white symbolizes nobility, purity, justice, generosity, and indicates the climatic features of Siberia.
The wavy azure (blue) post symbolizes the Irtysh River, the main waterway of the oblast. Allegorically, the blue reflects beauty, majesty, and gentleness.


Princess Hayu

Princess Hayu (Javanese: ꦲꦪꦸ) is fourth child and daughter of Sultan Hamengkubuwono X of Yogyakarta and his consort, Ratu Hemas. She is married to Prince Notonegoro, an executive in United Nations Development Programme Indonesia and a professional in the United Nations, New York, United States.
Early life.
Princess Hayu was born in Yogyakarta on 24 December 1983. She is the fourth daughter of five siblings: 1. Princess Mangkubumi, 2. Princess Condrokirono, 3. Princess Maduretno, 4. Princess Hayu and 5. Princess Bendara. She spend her early childhood mostly in Yogyakarta. One of her particular interest when she was a child was games, mostly puzzles and Lego. In her adolescent days, she also enjoyed sports especially roller-skating. She competed on a national championship to represent her province in 1992 and won a gold medal.
Princess Hayu, attended junior high school in Australia for a year before returning to Indonesia. She then continued her studies at SMAN 3 Padmanaba Highschool Yogyakarta, a high school that was also attended by her future husband Prince Notonegoro. After spending a year in Padmanaba Highschool, she moved to Singapore and went to the International School of Singapore.
Following her graduation from high school, Hayu decided to study Information Technology. She took a Computer Science Major at Stevens Institute of Technology, in the US, before moving to Bournemouth University in England to study Design and IT Project Management.
Marriage.
Hayu's marriage to Prince Notonegoro received heavy public attention since the engagement was announced on 20 June 2013 The couple had been dating for 10 years and knew each other from young age as their mothers are friends. Hayu's mother Ratu Hemas requested Noto to help her daughter when she started attending college in the US. Notonegoro who was pursuing a graduate study in the US at that time, met the princess in New York and the romance began there.
Since Hayu was the last one to get married, the wedding was arranged as a cultural event for the people in Yogyakarta. While the previous royal weddings only involved a parade of five royal horse carriages, Hayu's wedding had twelve horse carriages to transport all the member of the Royal Family of Yogyakarta. The wedding also manage to boost tourism in Yogyakarta which is a touristic destination in the first place.
On 22 October 2013, Princess Hayu was officially married to Prince Notonegoro. The royal wedding of Yogyakarta Palace was conducted in three consecutive days. Thousands of guests attended the royal wedding including the President of the Republic of Indonesia Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Consistent with the Muslim tradition, the wedding solemnisation ritual "Ijab qabul" was conducted by the Sultan himself without the presence of the bride. The wedding vow was conducted in archaic Javanese language which translates as:
""I, Prince Notonegoro, today carry out Your Majesty's command to marry your daughter Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hayu with the Holy Quran and a set of prayer outfits as a dowry." "
At the culmination of the wedding Princess Hayu and Prince Notonegoro were paraded in the city. Thousands of people turned out to witness this parade.
On August 18, 2019 Princess Hayu gave birth to their first child, a baby boy named Raden Mas Manteyyo Kuncoro Suryonegoro.
Professional experience.
Following her graduation from college, Princess Hayu then worked at a software house in Jakarta as a project manager for internet banking. After three years in this business, she moved to her hometown Yogyakarta and became a game producer for Gameloft, a global game company. She is now also serving as the chief of Tepas Tandha Yekti, a new department in the Palace which manages IT and documentation affairs.
Hayu's figure as a professional worker has changed people's perceptions about the role and status of women in the Javanese royal court. Princess Hayu is seen as a modern independent woman which negates the image of woman being subservient in Javanese culture especially among royals.
Hayu's professional career


Dhinei of the Maldives

Al-Sultan Dhinei Kalaminjaa Siri Fennaadheettha Mahaa Radun (Dhivehi: އައްސުލްޠާން ދިނެއި ކަލަމިންޖާ ސިރީ ފެންނާދީއްތަ މަހާރަދުން) was the Sultan of Maldives from 1193 to 1199. He was the son of "Fathahiriya Maavaa Kilege" (Dhivehi: ފަތަހިރިޔާ މާވާކިލެގެ). He ruled the country for 7 years until his death in 1199. He was succeeded by his younger brother, Dhihei of Maldives.


Sindhuli District

Sindhuli District (), a part of Bagmati Province, is one of the seventy-Seven districts of Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district, with Sindhulimadhi Kamalamai as its district headquarters and covers an area of . In 2001, it had a population of 279,821, in 2011 the population was 296,192.
Etymology.
i) Before being annexed as an integral part of Nepal, it was under the governance of Makwani king. During 1530 Raghab Narendra Sen was the King of Makwanpur and was renowned as the Sindhuli. He had outseted the settlement over this region. Since then it got the name Sindhuli.
ii) At ancient time the great saint used to dwell in the hill (1077 m above sea level) of nowadays Sindhuli madi. He was popular as Siddha Baba (one who got enlightened) among residents of Sindhuli district. This place got its naming under his name and began to be called as Siddhasthali सिद्धस्थाली (place where enlighten lives). With time it got deviated and began to be pronounced as Sindhuli.
iii) An indigenous group (Tamangs) were predominant in this region. These indigenous people call Singthuwa (सिङ्थुवा) for cutting down tree and Sinthuji (सिङ्थुजी) for collecting timber. Due to the presence of intense forest within this region, the herding of goats was popular and way of living was dependent on agriculture and forest resources. Over time due to gradual deviation in the naming this region got its name as Sindhuli.
History.
This place has a huge historic significance. The Sindhuli Gadhi in Sindhuli is the place where British soldiers were defeated for the first time in Asia in 1767 A.D. The British under the leadership of Captain Kinloch came to help the then ruler of Kathmandu, Jai Prakash Malla against the attack of Prithvi Naraya Shah. The Gurkha soldiers were familiar with the terrain and they utilized it to the fullest. They British Army had advanced weaponry such as guns and cannons whereas the Gurkha were with bows and arrows, spears, etc. But then Gurkhas fought bravely and eventually defeated the British. The British ran for their lives and retreated leaving behind the weapons they brought together with them. Some of these weapons were there to the end of 2005 but now we barely find anything. Though its historically significant place and is gifted with heart touching beauty. Due to the lack of concern its no more than a place caring remains of past and is living with little remnant. Sindhuli Gadhi is the pride of Nepalese.
Demographics.
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Sindhuli District had a population of 296,192. Of these, 48.2% spoke Nepali, 26.0% Tamang, 10.8% Magar, 5.7% Danuwar, 2.4% Newari, 1.6% Maithili, 1.6% Majhi, 1.6% Sunuwar and 0.4% Rai as their first language.
40.6% of the population in the district spoke Nepali, 0.9% Tamang, 0.8% Magar, 0.6% Bantawa and 0.5% Danuwar as their second language.
Administration.
The district consists of 9 Municipalities, out of which two are urban municipalities and seven are rural municipaliies. These are as follows:
Former Village Development Committees.
Prior to the restructuring of the district, Sindhuli District consisted of the following municipalities and Village development committees:
Education.
Sindhuli district especially Kamalamai Municipality has a good facility of education up to SEE levels. The quality of +2 levels too is fine here. Many private colleges run +2 commerce affiliated to NEB. However, the number of +2 science colleges are very few. Science college like Kamala Higher Secondary School is providing good practical based education to students of Sindhuli. This college has been serving as the central of excellence for all science students throughout Sindhuli valley. There are also colleges to teach technical educations. The technical subjects affiliated with CTEVT; mainly Civil Overseer i.e. Sub Engineer, too are taught here. Like everywhere, the educational facilitates are seen to be centralized in the headquarters.
Higher Education.
There are many colleges which facilitate higher education. There are a large number of colleges running courses with affiliation to universities of Nepal. Colleges like Sindhuli Multiple Campus fall under this category. Kamala Science Campus enables students to acquire Bachelor of Science courses (BSc.).


United Nations Security Council Resolution 299

United Nations Security Council Resolution 299, adopted unanimously on September 30, 1971, after examining the application of Oman for membership in the United Nations, the Council recommended to the General Assembly that Oman be admitted.


Jagat Prakasha Malla

Jagat Prakasha Malla () or Jagat Prakash Mallaw was a Malla Dynasty King of Bhaktapur, Nepal from 1644 to 1673. He succeeded his father Naresha Malla (Narendra) and became known as a great builder.


List of castles in Cyprus

This is a list of castles in Cyprus.


List of earthquakes in Yunnan

This is a list of earthquakes that have occurred in or have affected Yunnan Province in China.


Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus

Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus (, about 75 – about 150) was a Cilician Prince and second-born son to King Gaius Julius Alexander and Queen Julia Iotapa of Cetis. His eldest brother was Gaius Julius Agrippa and his younger sister was Julia Iotapa.
Surviving inscriptions about Berenicianus reveal that his family were related to important members of Asian, non-Jewish, and Jewish aristocracy. Berenicianus was of Jewish, Nabataean, Edomite, Greek, Armenian, Median and Persian origins. His paternal grandparents were King Tigranes VI of Armenia and his wife Opgalli. Through Tigranes, he was a descendant of King Archelaus of Cappadocia, as well as the King of Judea, Herod the Great, and his wife Mariamne. Agrippa along with his family and paternal relatives were among the last known descendants of the Herodian Dynasty. He was an apostate to Judaism. It is unlikely that Berenicianus attempted to exert influence on Judean politics. His name indicates that the family connections from the Herodian Dynasty were not wholly broken. His maternal grandparents were King Antiochus IV of Commagene and Queen Julia Iotapa.
The Kingdom of Cetis was a small client state in the Roman Empire, in Cilicia, that was previously ruled by his Cappadocian royal ancestors and Antiochus IV. The city of Elaiussa Sebaste was a part of the Kingdom. When his parents married in Rome in 58 AD, the Emperor Nero crowned his parents as monarchs and gave them that region to rule. He was born, raised, and educated in Cetis.
In 94, Berenicianus, along with Agrippa entered the Roman Senate. Surviving inscriptions also reveal the career of Berenicianus. He served as a suffect consul in 116. Between 132 and 133, he was Proconsul of the Roman Province of Asia, during which he appeared to have been a patron of the arts. (BCH 1, 1877, 291, no. 80)
He married Cassia Lepida (born c. 80), daughter of Cassius Lepidus (son of Cassius Longinus and Junia Lepida). Through her father and paternal grandmother, Cassia was a direct descendant of the Emperor Augustus. Berenicianus and Cassia had a daughter named Julia Cassia Alexandra (born c. AD 105), who married Gaius Avidius Heliodorus (born c. AD 100). Heliodorus was "ab epistulis" under the emperor Hadrian and "praefectus Aegypti" between AD 138 and 140. Heliodorus and Alexandra had children, including the usurper Avidius Cassius. A possible descendant of Berenicianus was the 3rd-century usurper Jotapianus.


Suratissa of Anuradhapura

Suratissa was an early monarch of Sri Lanka of the Kingdom of Anuradhapura, based at the ancient capital of Anuradhapura from 247 BC to 237 BC. He was the younger son of Pandukabhaya and the brother of Mutasiva. Suratissa was defeated and killed in battle by two South Indian Tamil invaders Sena and Guttika and usurped the Sinhalese throne and became joint rules of Anuradhapura, which was the first historically reported account of Tamil rule in Sri Lanka. Sinhala rule was re-established in 215 BC.


Khejarli

Khejarli or Khejadli is a village in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan, India, south-east of the city of Jodhpur. The name of the town is derived from Khejri ("Prosopis cineraria)" trees that were once abundant in the village.
In this village 363 Bishnois sacrificed their lives in 1730 AD while protecting green Khejri that are considered sacred by the community. The incident was a forebear of the 20th-century Chipko Movement.
History.
Thakur Surat Singh, of Kharda thikana, a small estate in Jodhpurpargana. was granted the estate of Khejarli in the same pargana, by Maharaja Abhai Singh of Marwar in 1726 AD, and he became the first 'Thakur of Khejarli'.
Khejarli Massacre.
Khejarli was the site of a forebear of the Chipko movement. In 28 August 1730, a royal party led by "Giridhar Bhandari", a minister of the maharajah of Marwar, arrived at the village with the intention of felling some Khejri trees that were sacred to the villagers. The trees were to be burned to produce lime for the construction of a new palace.
A local woman called Amrita Devi Bishnoi protested against the tree-felling because such acts were prohibited by the Bishnoi's religion. The feudal party said that they would only cease if she paid them a bribe, which she refused to do because she saw that as ignominious and an insult to her faith. She said that she would rather give away her life to save the trees. She and her three daughters (Asu, Ratni and Bhagu) were then killed by the party.
News of the deaths spread and summons to a meeting were sent to 84Bishnoi villages. The meeting determined that one Bishnoi volunteer would sacrifice their life for every tree that was cut down. Older people began hugging the trees that were intended to be cut and many were killed.
These efforts failed to have the desired impact and Bhandari claimed that the Bishnois were sacrificing ageing people whom they no longer saw as useful to society. In response to this, young men, women and children began to follow the example of the old.
The development shocked the tree-felling party. The group left for Jodhpur with their mission unfulfilled and the Maharaja Abhai Singh of Marwar subsequently ordered that no more trees should be felled. 363 Bishnois died in the incident.


Bercha

Bherchha is a village and former Rajput jagir (feudal estate) in Madhya Pradesh.
The village is in Nagda Tehsil Ujjain district.
Berchha is famous for a temple which is called NagMaharaj Mandir. Every month here Panchami celebrated as Festival and Various artist come from And show their talent. Shops are decorated, thousands of people come from nearby villages with great enthusiasm. on the occasion of Nag Panchami Priest predict the events which is to be held in future like (Monsoon Prediction, Crop Prices in Mandi Epidemic) etc. Which is almost happens True. So Peoples of villages and Nearby places Comes and listen very Carefully. So that they can Aware of that events and can take steps for Prevention.
Here Priest called Panda ji, Do Treatment of victims bite by poisonous insects Called Bichhu and Cobra snakes etc. in the whole year.
History.
The jagir was a Rajput thakorate and thikana of the Rajput Dhar State.
The jagirdars were styled Thakur Sahib.


Brhaspatimitra

Brhaspatimitra (), also known as "Bahasatimita" and "Bahasatimitra", was a king of Kosambi in India. He was part of the Mitra dynasty of Kosambi.
Name.
Many of the rulers of Mitra dynasty bear the suffix "-mitra" in their names.
Extent of rule.
Brhaspatimitra has been called "Magadharaja", a king of Magadha, in Kharavela's Hathigumpha inscription (that is related to Hathigumpha inscription). If the Brhaspatimitra mentioned in the inscription is the same king as the Brhaspatimitra of Mitra dynasty, then that would mean that the dynasty held a considerable influence in the region surrounding Kosambi. It is worth to note that there is numismatic evidence to support this theory, as Magadha is not known to not have produced any typical regional coinage unlike the contemporary Kosambi, Mathura or Panchala.
Coins of Brhaspatimitra.
Most rulers of the Mitra dynasty of Kosambi, except Radhamitra, have the symbol known as the tree-in-railing in their coins. Another common symbol is the Ujjain symbol. Bull is a common animal to appear on the coinage of Kosambi of the era.


Gardabhilla

Gardabhilla was a king of Ujjain in the first century CE.
Life.
He is said to have kidnapped the sister of Kalakacharya II (a Jain monk). According to Merutunga's "Vicarasreni", he rose to power in 74 BCE and was defeated by Sakas in 61 BCE.


Soorma (film)

Soorma (; ) is a 2018 Indian biographical sports drama film based on the life of hockey player Sandeep Singh. Directed by Shaad Ali and produced by Sony Pictures Networks India and C.S. Films, the film stars Diljit Dosanjh, Angad Bedi and Taapsee Pannu in lead roles. It was released theatrically on 13 July 2018.
Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics, Soorma emerged as a commercial success grossing worldwide on a budget of .
Plot.
In 1994, at Shahbad Hockey Centre, a young Sandeep Singh and his older brother, Bikram Singh are seen undergoing a punishment by their coach Kartar Singh, who is a strict disciplinarian trainer. As a result of that, Sandeep decides to quit hockey. As a grown young man, he meets Harpreet Kaur, a budding female hockey player who practices the sport at the same centre. They both develop an interest in each other. With intent of catching up with Harpreet, Sandeep joins the Hockey Centre again. He starts to become good at his game. Meanwhile, Sandeep and Harpreet develop a love affair. The coach, who is Harpreet’s uncle, finds out about their relationship and physically assaults Sandeep. Bikram, who had been constantly working for selection to the Indian Hockey Team, fails to make it to India camp. Bikram finds out that his brother is exceptionally good at drag flick and helps him get to the Indian team, where he practices under the coach Harry. He goes on to become the highest scorer at Six Nation Series in Poland in 2006. After his success, the media terms him “Flicker Singh”. He also gets a job offer. However, Harpeet’s uncle still heatedly agrees to accept him as a suitable husband for his niece.
In the same year, while leaving for Hockey World Cup, on a train, he is accidentally shot in his lower back and is paralyzed in the lower half of his body. The news of his never being able to play hockey again starts circulating in the media. Sandeep is now confined to a wheelchair and his family, especially Bikram, takes care of his nursing needs. In 2007, supported by Indian Hockey Federation, Sandeep is moved to the Netherlands, where, due to intensive therapy for a year, he recovers from his injury and starts playing again. He joins the 2008 India Hockey Camp in New Delhi. He is seen at the 2009 Commonwealth Championship in London, where Harpreet comes by to watch the game. Sandeep, who earlier used to get distracted by Harpreet’s presence, manages to score the winning goal, indicating that he is now actually playing for India and not for seeking Harpreet’s love. In the closing scene, archive footage of the actual player is seen where Sandeep Singh gets the 2010 Arjuna Award from the President of India.
Production.
Development.
In November 2014, Chitrangda Singh purchased the rights to make a biopic on the life of former India Hockey captain Sandeep Singh. In July 2017, it was reported that Chitrangda Singh would be collaborating with Sony Pictures Networks to produce the film in which Diljit Dosanjh would be playing the lead role. For the role of Sandeep Singh, the first preference of the producers was Ranveer Singh but the actor refused to do the film on being offered the role in the year 2016 citing lack of dates. Initially, for the role of Harpreet, the makers of the film had finalized Ileana D'Cruz but the actress opted out of the project as the filming dates were clashing with another film of hers that she was doing with Rajkumar Gupta. In September 2017, it was reported that Taapsee Pannu had been signed to play the romantic lead opposite Diljit Dosanjh in the film.
Filming.
The principal photography of the film began in Shahabad in November 2017. The next schedule of the filming process took place in Chandigarh in December 2017. For the final schedule of filming, which involved shooting the hockey matches, the production unit moved to Belgrade in Serbia where shooting continued for 10 days before coming to an end on 24 December 2017. The Hockey sequences in the film were choreographed by Sandeep Singh and his brother Bikramjit Singh.
The official trailer of the film was released on 11 June 2018.
Soundtrack.
The music of the movie is composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy with lyrics by Gulzar. Contestants of the Talent Hunt show "Rising Star", Hemant Brijwasi and Akhtar Brothers were offered a song by Shankar Mahadevan and Diljit Dosanjh for the movie.
Vipin Nair of "The Hindu" gave the soundtrack 3.5/5 calling it a "classy soundtrack".
Reception.
Critical response.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 5.30 out of 10.
"Soorma" received mixed reviews from critics. Subhash K Jha of "Business Standard" says, "After extolling a gangster, Bollywood salutes a true hero" and gave it 4.5 stars out of 5. Ronak Kotecha of "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5/5 stars stating that It is a story told with its heart in the right place, and on that count it scores. Divya Pal of News18 gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that the film is well intentioned but lacks depth. Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that the film lacks the firepower to create a strong impact even though it does have praise worthy performances given by Vijay Raaz, Angad Bedi and Satish Kaushik. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV criticized the film saying that Soorma is "a hockey film sans genuine impetus" and gave it a rating of 2 out of 5. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and praised Diljit Dosanjh for his portrayal of Sandeep Singh but felt that the film falls short of becoming a sports film that would leave a lasting impact. Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film two and a half stars out of five and writes, "Soorma is laced with a promising plot but the weak execution hampers the impact".
Box office.
"Soorma" had opened a weak collection on Box office it collected 3.20 crores (net) on its first day in India, on its second day it jumped over 57.81% and collected over 5.05 crores and its 2 days total collection is now 8.25 crore. After 2nd day on 3rd day it increases and marked up to 5.60 crores. On the 4th day film collected 2 crores and on 5th day 1.94 crores making Soorma total 17.79 crores. On 6th day it collected 1.77 crores. End of the first week of Soorma is up to 21.21 crores and after day 7 on day 8 Soorma collected 1.65 crores and on day 9 it decreases and only collected 85 lakhs but on its 10th day it increases and marked 1.60 crores and on 11th day it collected well on Box office and marked up to 2.10 crores approximately. From day 12th-15th day it collected 2.45 crores.
Sequel.
Chitrangada Singh confirmed that she will produce the sequel to the film. The cast and full crew have not been revealed yet, and the film will soon go to floors.
As its predecessor, the sequel will also be based on a real-life hero.


Stroymontazh

Stroymontazh () was a Russian construction and property development company. Headquartered in Saint Petersburg, it was previously a market leader in residential construction in this region with a population size of more than 5.3 million, and had an international projects portfolio which included a 110,000 m2 development on the outskirts of Paris, France. The company suffered significantly as a result of the economic and financial crisis of 2008-10 and a corporate dispute with one of its creditors, . In 2010, Storymontazh was put into bankruptcy administration, and in July 2015, the company was dissolved.
Owners and Management.
The principal company owner and CEO was Artur Kirilenko.
Company history.
The company was created in 1994 by Artur Kirilenko and Sergei Polonsky.
The 1990s.
Stroymontazh initially specialised in construction and renovation work on already built residential properties. During the period of "non-payments crisis" of 1994-1995 in Russia, experiencing severe a liquidity deficit developers began to use apartments as a form of barter payment to Stroymontazh. Thus the company gained expertise in marketing residential properties and created a strong sales team. In 1996 Stroymontazh took on its first full-cycle project – the construction of an apartment building in Saint Petersburg's suburbs.
In 1995-98 Stroymontazh continued building up its competences as a general contractor on residential construction projects for the leading property developers of St. Petersburg, evolving into a full-fledged development company with its own portfolio of investments by 1998-99.
By 2000 Stroymontazh had become a corporation. Its portfolio included projects for whole new residential areas in St. Petersburg. It had its own architecture firm and business divisions in construction and building materials.
Division of the business with Polonsky.
In 2000 Stroymontazh opened a subsidiary branch in Moscow headed up by Sergei Polonsky while Kirilenko concentrated on business in St. Petersburg. In 2002 Polonsky and Kirilenko divided up the business between them and in 2004 based on the Moscow subsidiary, Polonsky formed the company Mirax Group and subsequently exited Stroymontazh; following the division of the business, Artur Kirilenko became principal owner of Stroymontazh.
Business growth in the 2000s.
In the years following 2000, Stroymontazh saw exponential growth in its business; if in 1999 Stroymontazh completed and commissioned six buildings with a total gross floor area of 55,000 square metres, then in 2002 the corporation built 120,000 square metres in Saint Petersburg, and in 2003 - 320,000 square metres, with 20 building projects running simultaneously.
In 2008 the company sold 286,000 square metres of residential property. The total portfolio totalled 1.5 million square metres. The company's subsidiary Hermitage SAS worked on a project to build 110,000 square metres of residential property in the outskirts of Paris, France.
Dispute with Baltisky Bank.
At the height of the financial and economic crisis in 2008, as the construction sector experienced severe liquidity shortage, "Baltisky Bank", one of Stroymontazh's creditors, raised interest rates on its existing loans several times and then requested immediate repayment before their maturity date. By 2009 the situation turned into a corporate war when Baltisky Bank launched a series of lawsuits against Stroymontazh with a view to seizing the company's assets at a fraction of their market value. At the end of April 2009 Baltisky Bank brought two claims against the main shareholder of Stroymontazh, Artur Kirilenko who was credit guarantor for the company for some of its loans; they were subsequently declined by the court. Criminal charges against Mr Kirilenko, which followed on from the litigation, were also dropped in 2011 as the inquiry found no sign of criminal conduct or wrongdoing in Kirilenko's actions.
In 2009 Stroymontazh filed for bankruptcy, describing it as a “necessary measure”, in order to defend the interests of private equity investors, in particular, the home-owners-to-be (“dolshchiki”) against the hostile actions of Baltisky Bank.
In 2010 the court granted Stroymontazh's application for bankruptcy, the company entered into bankruptcy administration and Kirilenko resigned as company president. By the start of insolvency proceedings, Stroymontazh had completed all its residential construction projects meeting all its obligations to homeowner-to-be investors under shared-equity schemes and restructured its debt to all but one creditor bank: the Bank of St Petersburg, Sberbank, Alfa-Bank, Baltinvestbank, Rosbank, Credit Europa Bank, and others, while only "Baltiisky Bank" rejected the restructuring offer. All transactions involving Stroymontazh's assets undertaken before the company went into administration were subsequently found by the inquiry to be economically justified, “that is, by improving the financial position of the company, they enabled the company to complete the construction of residential properties for private investors and repay the amounts owed to other creditors”. There was no sign of fraudulent activities, such as unfair (voidable) preference, asset hiding or any other criminal conduct associated with bankruptcy found by the inquiry.
Stroymontazh was in bankruptcy administration for 5 years and on 14 July 2015 the company was 'struck off' the Russian Companies Register and is deemed wound up .
Main projects.
From its formation the company built more than 800,000 square metres of residential property and 60,000 square metres of commercial property. In 2008 alone the company delivered 286,000 square metres of residential property. Its most notable development projects in Saint Petersburg include business centre and "Petrovsky Fort", apartment complex "Fifth Element", residential buildings "Monblan", "Academy", "Zvezdny" and many others.
Over 9 months of 2008 its sales revenues totalled 2.1 billion roubles, and profit 6.9 million roubles.


Tsewang Dorji Namjal

Tsewang Dorji Namjal (; Mongolian：; 1732–1750) was the mid-eighteenth century khan or ruler of the Dzungar Khanate, which covered most of present-day Xinjiang and part of eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and southern Siberia.
Background.
Tsewang Dorji Namjal became khan on the death of his father, Galdan Tseren in 1745. The Khanate was in political, military and economic terms an important power in Central Asia. Since 1739 there had been a form of peace with the Chinese Qing dynasty. As a result, trade opportunities between Dzungaria and China expanded significantly and had a positive impact on the economic base of the Khanate. Galdan Tseren had implemented modern irrigation systems in the fertile oases of his empire by bringing in Turkic Taranchi people who possessed the requisite skills for such innovations. He also improved trade and productivity in the local economy.
In the last years of Galdan Tseren era there was talk of increasing tension with Imperial Russia, but bipartisan relations were not beyond repair; an influential faction within the Russian political elite saw the maintenance of an independent khanate in Dzungaria as an important counterbalance to Chinese influence on the southeastern border with Siberia.
In the period after the death of Galdan Tseren an unprecedented internal power-struggle broke out within the Khanate, which resulted in total anarchy and its eventual destruction.
Succession.
Galdan Tseren had three sons and a daughter. At his death, the eldest son Lama Dorji (d. 1752) was 17 years old, the middle son, Tsewang Dorji Namjal, 13 years old and the youngest son, Tsewang Dashi just seven years old.
In his will Galdan Tseren determined that it should be Tsewang Dorji Namjal who succeeded him. In 1746, he was also proclaimed by the nobility of the Dzungars as their new leader.
Little is known about Tsewang Dorji Namjal. However, available sources describe him as someone who was seen in his youth as a perverse, cruel and paranoid man who drank copious amounts of alcohol and was "more interested in killing dogs than attending to affairs of state". According to one source, "The king's favorite ways were to roam around in the villages, drinking "chang", seducing girls and indulging in carnal pleasures".
Decline in power and death.
Several missions to Tibet had depleted Tsewang Dorji Namjal's influence amongst the Dzungarian elite. At the same time, his elder brother Lama Dorji conspired with their sister Ulam Bayar's husband, the Baghatur Sayin Bolek and other "saisans" or high officials (), to kill Tsewang Dorji Namjal while he was on a hunting trip. During an abortive attack on the plotters, Tsewang Dorji Namjal was captured and blinded then sent as a prisoner to Aksu, Xinjiang along with his brother, Tsewang Dashi. He died in 1750.