USS Tennessee (BB-43)

USS "Tennessee" (BB-43) was the lead ship of the of dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy in the 1910s. The "Tennessee" class was part of the standard series of twelve battleships built in the 1910s and 1920s, and were developments of the preceding . They were armed with a battery of twelve guns in four three-gun turrets. "Tennessee" served in the Pacific Fleet for duration of her peacetime career. She spent the 1920s and 1930s participating in routine fleet training exercises, including the annual Fleet Problems, and cruises around the Americas and further abroad, such as a goodwill visit to Australia and New Zealand in 1925.
"Tennessee" was moored in Battleship Row when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, which brought the United States into World War II. She was not seriously damaged, and after being repaired she operated off the West Coast of the US in 1942. In 1943, "Tennessee" and many of the older battleships were thoroughly rebuilt to prepare them for operations in the Pacific War and in June–August, she took part in the Aleutian Islands Campaign, providing gunfire support to troops fighting to retake the islands. The Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign followed from November 1943 to February 1944, including the Battles of Tarawa, Kwajalein, and Eniwetok. In March, she raided Kavieng to distract Japanese forces during the landing on Emirau, and from June through September, she fought in the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, bombarding Japanese forces during the Battles of Saipan, Guam, Tinian, and Anguar.
The Philippines campaign followed in September, during which the ship operated as part of the bombardment group at the Battle of Leyte. The Japanese launched a major naval counterattack that resulted in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, a series of four naval engagements. During the Battle of Surigao Strait, "Tennessee" formed part of the US line of battle that defeated a Japanese squadron; this was the last battleship engagement in history. "Tennessee" shelled Japanese forces during the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945 and the Battle of Okinawa from March to June. During the latter action, she was hit by a kamikaze but was not seriously damaged. In the final months of the war, she operated primarily in the East China Sea, and after Japan's surrender in August, she participated in the occupation of Japan before returning to the US late in the year. In the postwar draw down of naval forces, "Tennessee" was placed in the reserve fleet in 1946 and retained, out of service, until 1959, when the Navy decided to discard her. The ship was sold to Bethlehem Steel in July and broken up for scrap.
Design.
The two "Tennessee"-class battleships were authorized on 3 March 1915, and they were in most respects repeats of the earlier s, the primary differences being enlarged bridges, greater elevation for the main battery turrets, and relocation of the secondary battery to the upper deck.
"Tennessee" was long overall and had a beam of and a draft of . She displaced as designed and up to at full combat load. The ship was powered by four-shaft General Electric turbo-electric transmission and eight oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers rated at , generating a top speed of . The ship had a cruising range of at a speed of . Her crew numbered 57 officers and 1,026 enlisted men. As built, she was fitted with two lattice masts with spotting tops for the main gun battery.
The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve /50 caliber guns in four, three-gun turrets on the centerline, placed in two superfiring pairs forward and aft of the superstructure. Unlike earlier American battleships with triple turrets, these mounts allowed each barrel to elevate independently. Since "Tennessee" had been completed after the Battle of Jutland, which demonstrated the value of very long-range fire, her main battery turrets were modified while still under construction to allow elevation to 30 degrees. The secondary battery consisted of fourteen /51 caliber guns mounted in individual casemates clustered in the superstructure amidships. Initially, the ship was to have been fitted with twenty-two of the guns, but experiences in the North Sea during World War I demonstrated that the additional guns, which would have been placed in the hull, would have been unusable in anything but calm seas. As a result, the casemates were plated over to prevent flooding. The secondary battery was augmented with four /50 caliber guns. In addition to her gun armament, "Tennessee" was also fitted with two torpedo tubes, mounted submerged in the hull, one on each broadside.
"Tennessee"s main armored belt was thick, while the main armored deck was up to thick. The main battery gun turrets had thick faces on barbettes. Her conning tower had thick sides.
Service history.
Construction – 1941.
The keel for "Tennessee" was laid down on 14 May 1917 at the New York Naval Shipyard; her completed hull was launched on 30 April 1919. Fitting-out work then commenced, and on 3 June 1920, the completed ship was commissioned into the fleet. Captain Richard H. Leigh served as the ship's first commanding officer. "Tennessee" then began sea trials in Long Island Sound, which lasted from 15 to 23 October. On 30 October, while moored in New York, one of her electric generators exploded and destroyed the turbine, wounding two men. Repair work was completed and problems with her propulsion system that were identified during trials were corrected, and on 26 February 1921, "Tennessee" got underway for further trials off Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. She then steamed north, headed for Hampton Roads, Virginia, arriving on 19 March. She proceeded to Dahlgren, Virginia for shooting training to calibrate her guns. Maintenance in Boston followed, and two of her 5-inch guns were removed. before the ship moved to Rockland, Maine for full-power trials. With her working up now complete, she stopped in New York before steaming south, transiting the Panama Canal, and joining the Battleship Force, Pacific Fleet, in San Pedro, California on 17 June.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the ships of the Pacific Fleet (re-designated as the Battle Fleet in 1922 and again as the Battle Force in 1931) conducted a routine of training exercises, the annual Fleet Problems, and periodic maintenance. The Fleet Problems began in 1923 and typically involved most major units of the US Navy and involved a variety of tactical and strategic war games, and they were conducted in many different locations, including in the Caribbean Sea, the area around the Panama Canal Zone, the Pacific, and the Atlantic. In early 1922, she took part in fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean that saw the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets combine for large-scale training exercises. The maneuvers included elements of the fleets simulating attacks and defenses of the Canal Zone, Puerto Rico, and Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. The Pacific Fleet returned home in April. "Tennessee" placed first in 1922 and 1923 for accurate shooting among units of the Battle Fleet, and she earned the Battle "E" award in 1923 and 1924; during this period, her commander was Captain Luke McNamee.
The Fleet Problems laid the ground work for the US Navy's campaigns during the Pacific War; among the lessons learned by the fleet's officers was the importance of the developing aircraft carrier force, which proved to be more than a simple scouting element. Combined operations also revealed that the slow 21-knot battleships were a significant hindrance to the much faster carriers and led to the development of the fast battleships of the , , and es. The Battle Fleet conducted joint Army-Navy exercises to evaluate the defenses of Pearl Harbor in 1925 as part of Fleet Problem V, which also included maneuvers off the coast of California. Later that year the fleet steamed across the Pacific to visit Australia and New Zealand on a goodwill tour. The fleet returned to San Pedro in September. A three-month visit to Hawaii began in April 1927. In 1928, she had a crane and an aircraft catapult on her fantail to accommodate reconnaissance floatplanes.
Her original 3-inch antiaircraft (AA) battery was replaced by eight /25 caliber guns during 1929–1930. Fleet Problems X and XI were held together in the Caribbean in March and April 1930, and following their conclusion "Tennessee" visited New York for a month before departing for home on 19 May. In June, she embarked on a tour of the Hawaiian islands that lasted for fourteen months, finally returning to California in February 1932. She thereafter conducted routine operations off the west coast for the next year and a half until October 1934, when she crossed back to the Atlantic for further training there. The rest of the 1930s followed the usual routine. In around 1935, the ship received eight .50-cal. M2 Browning machine-guns. In 1940, two 3-inch guns were re-installed, one on either side of the forward superstructure.
Fleet Problem XXI, the last iteration of the series, was held in early 1940; afterward, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered that the Battle Force transfer its homeport from San Pedro to Pearl Harbor in response to rising tension with Japan over the latter's waging of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Roosevelt hoped the move would deter further Japanese expansionism. "Tennessee" steamed to the Puget Sound Navy Yard for repairs before moving to Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 12 August. Fleet Problem XXII was scheduled for early 1941, but it was cancelled due to World War II. "Tennessee" spent the rest of 1941 with small-scale training operations in the Pacific; by December, she was at anchor in Pearl Harbor with the rest of the fleet.
World War II.
Pearl Harbor.
"Tennessee" was moored along Battleship Row, to the southeast of Ford Island, on the morning of 7 December when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. The battleship was tied up alongside, was ahead with abreast, and was astern. The first Japanese attack arrived at about 07:55, prompting "Tennessee"s crew to go to general quarters; it took some five minutes for the men to get the ship's anti-aircraft guns into action. The ship received orders to get underway to respond to the attack, but before the crew got steam up in her boilers, she was trapped as the other battleships around her received crippling damage. "West Virginia" was torpedoed and sunk and "Oklahoma" capsized after being torpedoed. Shortly thereafter, dive bombers arrived overhead and fighters strafed the ships' anti-aircraft batteries. "Arizona" exploded after being hit by an armor-piercing bomb that detonated her magazines, spilling burning fuel oil into the water. The explosion also showered burning oil over "Tennessee"s stern, and she was quickly surrounded by fire, which was augmented by oil leaking from "West Virginia".
At 08:20, Japanese bombers hit "Tennessee" twice; both bombs were converted large-caliber naval shells, the same type that had destroyed "Arizona", but neither detonated properly. The first partially penetrated the roof of turret III, failing to explode but sending fragments into the turret that disabled one of the guns. The second bomb hit turret II's center gun barrel and exploded, sending bomb fragments flying; one of these fragments killed the captain of "West Virginia", Mervyn S. Bennion, who had walked out to the open bridge. The blast disabled all three guns of that turret. Neither bomb inflicted serious damage, but the ship's magazines were flooded to avoid the risk of the fires raging aboard and around the vessel from spreading to them and igniting the propellant charges stored there. By 10:30 the crew had suppressed the fires aboard the ship, though oil still burned in the water around the ship for another two days. In an effort to push the burning oil away from the ship, she turned her screws at a speed of . In the course of the battle, "Tennessee"s anti-aircraft gunners were credited with shooting down or assisting in the destruction of five Japanese aircraft.
"Tennessee" remained trapped by the sunken battleships around her until "Maryland" could be pulled free on 9 December; she had been wedged into the dock by "Oklahoma" when she capsized and sank. The quays to which "Tennessee" had been moored had to be demolished to allow her to be towed out, as the sunken "West Virginia" had similarly forced her into them. This work was completed by 16 December, allowing the ship to be pulled slowly out past "West Virginia" and "Oklahoma". She was then taken into the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard for repairs. The fires had warped her hull plates, damaged seams, and loosened rivets, all of which needed to be repaired before she could get underway for permanent repairs. Once the hull was again watertight and her III turret received a patch cover, she got underway for Puget Sound for permanent repairs on 20 December, in company with "Maryland" and , both of which had also received only minimal damage in the attack. The three battleships were escorted by four destroyers.
Repairs, training, and modernization.
While en route to the west coast, "Pennsylvania" left "Tennessee" and "Maryland" to head to Mare Island for repairs, while the other two vessels continued on to Puget Sound. They reached the naval yard of 29 December, where permanent repairs and a modernization began. The portions of "Tennessee"s hull plating and electrical wiring that had been damaged by the fire were replaced, and her aft lattice mast was replaced with a small tower. In place of her .50-caliber machine guns, she received a battery of sixteen guns in quadruple mounts and fourteen Oerlikon autocannon. New Mark 11 versions of her 14-inch guns replaced the old Mark 4 barrels. The work was completed by late February 1942, and "Tennessee" got underway on 25 February with "Maryland" and the battleship . The three battleships steamed to San Francisco, where they joined Task Force 1, commanded by Rear Admiral William S. Pye. The ships then began a series of training maneuvers that lasted for several months to prepare for the coming campaigns in the central Pacific.
In the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Midway on 5 June, Pye took his ships to sea to defend against a possible incursion by the Japanese fleet after its defeat in the battle. By 14 June, the anticipated attack did not materialize, and so Pye turned his task force back to San Francisco. Task Force 1 went to sea again on 1 August for further training, and later that month "Tennessee" escorted the carrier to Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 14 August. "Hornet" was on her way to the Guadalcanal campaign; Admiral Chester Nimitz did not deploy "Tennessee" and the rest of Task Force 1 to the campaign owing to their heavy use of fuel oil; at that time in the war, the fleet had just seven tankers available for operations, not enough to operate both the fast carrier task force and Pye's battleships. Instead, "Tennessee" then steamed back east to Puget Sound for a reconstruction; by this time, her sister had been brought to Puget Sound to be thoroughly rebuilt after the Pearl Harbor raid, and the navy decided that "Tennessee" should be similarly modernized.
The work on "Tennessee" lasted nearly a year, and saw the ship radically altered. New anti-torpedo bulges were installed and her internal compartmentalization was improved to strengthen her resistance to underwater damage. Her superstructure was completely revised, with the old heavily armored conning tower being removed and a smaller tower was erected in its place to reduce interference with the anti-aircraft guns' fields of fire. The new tower had been removed from one of the s that had recently been rebuilt. The foremast was replaced with a tower mast that housed the bridge and the main battery director, and her second funnel was removed, with those boilers being trunked into an enlarged forward funnel. Horizontal protection was considerably strengthened to improve her resistance to air attack; 3 inches of special treatment steel (STS) was added to the deck over the magazines and of STS was added elsewhere.
The ship's weapons suite was also overhauled. She received air-search radar and fire-control radars for her main and secondary batteries, the latter seeing the mixed battery of 51-caliber and 25-caliber 5-inch guns replaced by a uniform battery of sixteen 5-inch/38 caliber guns in eight twin mounts. These were controlled by four Mk 37 directors. The light anti-aircraft battery was again revised, now consisting of ten quadruple Bofors guns and forty-three 20 mm Oerlikons. The changes doubled the ship's crew, to a total of 114 officers and 2,129 enlisted men. With the reconstruction completed, "Tennessee" returned to service on 7 May 1943 with a crew composed primarily of recent enlistees and began trials off Puget Sound. On 22 May, she departed for San Pedro to re-join the fleet.
The Aleutian Islands.
On 31 May, "Tennessee" and the heavy cruiser steamed out of San Pedro, bound for Adak, Alaska, where they arrived on 9 June. On arrival, Rear Admiral Howard Kingman, the commander of Battleship Division Two, came aboard the ship. The ship joined Task Force 16, which had been organized to support the Aleutian Islands Campaign to recapture the islands of Attu and Kiska from the Japanese. By the time "Tennessee" arrived, the task force had already retaken Attu, so "Tennessee" was initially occupied with patrolling for Japanese forces that might launch a counter-attack. American radar operators, including those aboard "Tennessee", who were not familiar with operating the new equipment repeatedly made false reports of enemy contacts in the fog that blanketed the area. The supposed enemy contacts were in fact distant land masses that appeared to be ships that were much closer on the radar sets. These false reports culminated in the Battle of the Pips in late July, though "Tennessee" was not involved in that incident.
On 1 August, "Tennessee" received orders to approach Kiska and join the pre-invasion bombardment. At 13:10, she steamed into range, along with the battleship and three destroyers. "Tennessee" slowed, deployed paravanes from her bow to cut the mooring cables for any naval mines that might be in the area, and launched her Vought OS2U Kingfisher scout planes to spot the fall of her shells. By 16:10, she had closed to a distance of about from the beach and she opened fire with her 5-inch guns. Poor visibility hampered the ability of the Kingfishers to observe the ship's fire, but she nevertheless began firing with her 14-inch guns at 16:24. She fired sixty 14-inch shells at the area of what had been a Japanese submarine base before checking her fire at 16:45, by which time visibility had further diminished. After recovering her Kingfishers, she and the rest of the ships steamed back to Adak.
Two weeks later, "Tennessee" was again sent to shell Kiska early on the morning of 15 August, now to support the landing of ground forces. She opened fire at 05:00, targeting Japanese coastal artillery batteries on Little Kiska Island. She then shifted fire with her main battery to target anti-aircraft batteries on Kiska proper while her 5-inch guns set an artillery observation position on Little Kiska on fire. Following the bombardment, the soldiers were landed, only to discover that the Japanese had already withdrawn from the island in July. "Tennessee" thereafter left the Aleutians and returned to San Francisco on 31 August, where she conducted extensive training exercises. After replenishing her ammunition and stores, she departed for Hawaii for further battle training. From there, she steamed to the New Hebrides, where the invasion fleet was preparing for operations in the Gilbert Islands.
The Gilbert and Marshall Islands.
Battle of Tarawa.
The first target of the Gilbert and Marshall campaign was the island of Betio, the main Japanese position in the Tarawa Atoll. In the ensuing Battle of Tarawa that began on 20 November, "Tennessee" and "Colorado" provided extensive fire support as the marines struggled to fight their way ashore; while the initial preparatory bombardment had destroyed many crew-served weapons, it had not been sufficient to destroy Japanese beach defenses, a critical lesson the battle taught US forces. The two battleships withdrew from the area at nightfall to reduce the risk of a Japanese submarine attack before returning the next morning. The ships provided anti-aircraft support for the invasion fleet and shelled Japanese positions as the marines called in fire support requests. Both vessels withdrew again for the night and returned early on 22 November, by which time the Japanese had been pushed back to a small defensive position on the eastern end of the island. At 09:07, "Tennessee" began a 17-minute bombardment that saw her fire seventy 14-inch shells and 322 rounds from her secondary guns.
Later that day, the destroyers and detected the Japanese submarine and forced her to surface with depth charges. "Tennessee"s 5-inch guns joined those of the destroyers engaging the submarine, scoring several hits before "Frazier" rammed and sank "I-35". Fighting ashore ended the next day, 23 November, but "Tennessee" remained in the area until 3 December to guard against a possible Japanese counter-thrust. That evening, she got underway for Hawaii, where on 15 December she joined "Colorado" and "Maryland" for the voyage to San Francisco. There, she received a coat of dazzle camouflage and began extensive bombardment training on 29 December. On 13 January 1944, she departed for Hawaii as part of Task Unit 53.5.1, arriving off Maui on 21 January. James Forrestal, then the Undersecretary of the Navy, boarded "Tennessee" that day, and on 29 January the fleet got underway for the Marshall Islands.
Battle of Kwajalein.
The next operation, the assault on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshalls, began on 31 January. "Tennessee", "Pennsylvania", and two destroyers formed the bombardment group, with "Tennessee" still serving as Kingman's flagship, and they moved into positions some from the atoll's twin islands of Roi-Namur. "Tennessee" launched her Kingfishers at 06:25 and opened fire at 07:01, targeting pillboxes and other defenses. Her fire was interrupted by a flight of carrier aircraft, which were engaged by Japanese anti-aircraft guns; as soon as the American planes cleared the area, "Tennessee" shelled the guns and suppressed their fire. She kept up her fire until 12:00, at which point she turned away and recovered her floatplanes to refuel them. With that accomplished, she returned to her firing position and shelled Roi and Namur until 17:00, when she withdrew to cover the escort carriers of the invasion fleet for the night.
During the first day's bombardment, marines went ashore onto five smaller islands to secure passage into the lagoon, and minesweepers ensured the entrance was clear for the invasion force. "Tennessee", "Colorado", and the cruisers and steamed into their bombardment positions east of Roi and Namur on 1 February and resumed firing at 07:08 before the marines landed later that morning. Ground forces hit the beaches at around 12:00, and "Tennessee" and the other ships continued firing to support their advance until 12:45. The marines quickly captured Roi, but the Japanese defenders on Namur put up a strong defense before being defeated the next day. "Tennessee" steamed into the lagoon later on 2 February, where Vice Admiral Raymond Spruance and Rear Admiral Richard Conolly came aboard to meet with Forrestal, who later went ashore to inspect the battlefield.
Battle of Eniwetok.
US forces completed the conquest of the Kwajalein Atoll by 7 February, and preparations for the move to Eniwetok Atoll further west began immediately. That day, "Tennessee" steamed to Majuro, which had become the US fleet's primary anchorage and staging area in the Marshalls. There, she replenished fuel and ammunition and then returned to Kwajalein, where the invasion fleet was assembling. On 15 February, "Tennessee", joined by "Colorado" and "Pennsylvania", sortied in company with the invasion transports, screened by the Fast Carrier Task Force. Cruisers and destroyers conducted the initial bombardment on 17 February while minesweepers cleared the channel into the lagoon. At 09:15, "Tennessee" led the troopships into the lagoon and approached the initial invasion target, the island of Engebi. Small elements seized nearby islets that would be used as fire bases for field artillery, and late in the day, "Tennessee" used her secondary battery to support a marine reconnaissance company that set marker buoys to guide the assault craft the next day.
The ship remained in the lagoon overnight and at 07:00, the preliminary bombardment of Engebi began; "Tennessee" opened fire at 7:33 and the first wave of marines landed at 08:44. The island was quickly secured and forces immediately began to prepare to land at the other islands in the lagoon, primarily the main islands of Eniwetok and Parry Island. Troops landed on the former island after a short preparatory bombardment, and "Tennessee" spent much of 18 February anchored some from the island, bombarding Japanese positions as the marines ground their way across Eniwetok. That night, she fired star shells to illuminate the battlefield and prevent Japanese infiltrators from breaking through American lines. With the fight still raging on Eniwetok, "Tennessee" was diverted to support the landing on Parry Island with "Pennsylvania" the next morning.
Anchored just from the beach, "Tennessee" opened up a barrage of fire at 12:04 that continued throughout the day and into the morning of 22 February, interrupted only by the need to cease fire during air attacks to avoid accidentally hitting American aircraft. The bombardment leveled the island, demolishing all of the structures and knocking down all of the trees on Parry Island. The ship was so close to the beach that her 40 mm anti-aircraft guns could be used to attack the Japanese defenses. At 08:52 on 22 February, "Tennessee" checked her fire as the landing craft made their way to the beach. After that interlude, she again provided fire support to the marines as they fought their way through Japanese defenses. The island's garrison quickly fell and the island was pronounced secured that afternoon. As a result of the much heavier bombardments of the Eniwetok campaign, American casualties were significantly lighter than those of Tarawa. The next day, "Tennessee" departed for Majuro, where she joined the battleships , , and "Idaho" and began preparations for the next operation.
Bismarck Archipelago.
"Tennessee" and the three "New Mexico"-class battleships departed on 15 March as part of a task group that included two escort carriers and fifteen destroyers. The group's target was the Japanese base at Kavieng in northern New Ireland, part of the Bismarck Archipelago. The attack was part of the final phase of Operation Cartwheel, the plan to isolate and neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul; while "Tennessee"s unit raided Kavieng as a diversion, a marine force would land on Emirau. An airfield would then be built to complete the encirclement of Rabaul.
The ships arrived off Kavieng on the morning of 20 March. Poor visibility from rain squalls and low clouds masked their approach, and at 07:00 "Tennessee" launched her Kingfishers. A little over two hours later, "Tennessee" and the other ships had closed to about and at 09:05, they opened fire while steaming at a speed of . The ships fired slowly to avoid wasting ammunition, since spotting shots was difficult owing to the weather. A coastal artillery battery took "Tennessee" under fire once she had closed to about ; her secondary guns replied with rapid fire as the Japanese gunners worked to find the range. Shells splashed close to her starboard side and she was straddled several times, forcing her to increase speed to and turning away to open the range, though she was not hit. She briefly ceased firing before re-engaging the artillery battery for ten minutes, after which no further fire was received.
"Tennessee" and the other battleships and destroyers cruised off Kavieng for another three hours, bombarding Japanese installations and coastal batteries, but the visibility continued to hamper the gunners. At 12:35 the American guns fell silent and the ships withdrew. By that time, the marines had landed on Emirau, which had not been defended by Japanese forces. "Tennessee" was detached from the fleet to return to Pearl Harbor by way of Purvis Bay and Efate, arriving there on 16 April for periodic maintenance in anticipation of the next major offensive in the Pacific.
The Mariana and Palau Islands.
Saipan.
The Pacific Fleet began its next major offensive, code-named Operation Forager, the invasion of the Mariana Islands. The fleet was divided into two groups, Task Force 52, which was to attack Saipan and Tinian, and Task Force 53, which would be directed against Guam. "Tennessee" joined the bombardment group for the former, Task Group 52.17, under the command of Rear Admiral Jesse Oldendorf, which also included "California", "Maryland", and "Colorado". Task Force 52 assembled at Hawaii in mid-May and conducted landing exercises off Maui and Kahoolawe and then steamed to the Marshalls. On 10 June, Task Force 52 sortied to begin the operation, arriving off Saipan three days later. At 04:00 on 14 June, "Tennessee" and the rest of TG 52.17 began the approach to their bombardment positions off the island; the first ships opened fire at 05:39 and "Tennessee" joined them nine minutes later. She targeted beach defenses that were engaging minesweepers clearing lanes for the landing craft on the south-western end of the island. Later in the morning, "Tennessee" attempted to suppress Japanese artillery batteries on Tinian that engaged the bombardment group and had scored hits on "California" and the destroyer . She then shifted her attention back to the landing zone, finally ceasing fire at 13:31 and withdrawing from the area. She spent the night to the west of the island.
In the early hours of 15 June, the invasion fleet moved into position and at 04:30, TG 52.17 began the pre-landing bombardment. "Tennessee" held her fire until 05:40, when she unleashed a barrage of shells from her primary, secondary, and 40 mm batteries at a range of . All shooting ceased at 06:30 to allow the carrier aircraft to make their attacks for the next thirty minutes. TG 52.17 resumed firing at 07:00 and continued until 08:12, when the amtracs and Higgins boats began to make their way to shore. As the marines fought their way ashore, "Tennessee" remained off the southern end of the landing zone, applying enfilading fire to support their advance. A battery of Japanese field guns hidden in a cave on Tinian opened fire on "Tennessee" and scored three hits, one of which disabled one of her secondary turrets; the other two did minimal damage and started a small fire. Eight men were killed and another twenty-five were wounded. The ship remained on station supporting the marines on Saipan but that afternoon, withdrew to make temporary repairs and protect the troop transports from the expected Japanese counterattack. She engaged a group of four dive-bombers that attacked the fleet that evening but scored no hits on them.
"Tennessee" returned to the invasion beach the next morning to resume providing fire support, which she continued into 17 June, helping to clear the way for American advances and to break up Japanese counter-assaults. By this time, Spruance had been informed that the Japanese carrier fleet was approaching, so the fleet reoriented itself to face the threat; "Tennessee" and the other old battleships moved to protect the invasion fleet transports. The Japanese were defeated by Spruance's carrier force in the ensuing Battle of the Philippine Sea, in which "Tennessee" did not participate. She refueled east of Saipan on 20 June before returning to the island the next day to resume bombardment duties. "Tennessee" left the Marianas on 22 June and sailed to Eniwetok, where she met the repair ship for permanent repairs to the damage sustained off Saipan.
Guam and Tinian.
The ship remained in Eniwetok until 16 July, when she got underway in company with "California", now assigned to TG 53.5, the bombardment group for the invasion of Guam. The ships arrived off Guam three days later and on the morning of 20 July, they joined the bombardment of the island that had begun twelve days before. The ships of TG 53.5 pounded Japanese positions around the island throughout the day. The next morning, they continued the shelling as ground forces stormed the beaches. "Tennessee" withdrew later in the day and steamed to Saipan on 22 July to replenish her ammunition. Tinian was the next island to be attacked, and "Tennessee" arrived off that island early the next morning as part of a diversionary bombardment meant to deceive the Japanese defenders as to where the landing would take place. She shelled the southwest coast throughout the morning and afternoon before withdrawing for the night.
"Tennessee" returned to Tinian on 24 July, this time cruising off the island's northwest coast in company with "California", "Louisville", and several destroyers. The bombardment group unleashed a flurry of shells from a range of around from 05:32 to 07:47, at which point the marines made their assault on the beach. The ships remained on station through 26 July, providing support to the marines as they battled the Japanese defenders. During the bombardment, "Tennessee" and "California" flattened Tinian Town with a barrage of 480 rounds from their main batteries and 800 shells from their 5 in guns. "Tennessee" rotated out to Saipan on 27 July to replenish fuel and ammunition before returning the next day. She once again left for more ammunition at Saipan on 29 July and resumed bombardment duties on the 30th. That morning, one of her Kingfishers accidentally collided with a Marine OY-1 spotting plane, causing both aircraft to crash and killing both aircrews. Fighting ashore continued until the morning of 31 July, and at 08:30, "Tennessee" ceased firing. After a stop at Saipan, she steamed to Guam, where the battle still raged, to provide fire support until 8 August.
Anguar.
The ship then got underway with "California" and "Louisville", headed for Eniwetok and then to Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides, arriving there on 24 August. From there, she moved to Tulagi, where she took part in amphibious assault training. The next major operation would be the reconquest of the Philippines, but to secure the southern flank and capture the Kossol Roads for use as a staging area, the high command decided that the islands of Peleliu and Anguar should be invaded next. "Tennessee" was assigned to the force tasked with landing at the latter island.
Early on 12 September, the ships of the bombardment group—"Tennessee", "Pennsylvania", four cruisers, and five destroyers—began the preparatory bombardment of Anguar. She first opened fire with her main and secondary guns at 06:32 at a range of , but as Japanese defenses were destroyed through the morning, she closed to within , at which point her 40 mm battery opened fire. The ship was ordered to destroy a large stone lighthouse to prevent the Japanese from using it as an observation post, but after hitting it three times, it remained standing, and so she shifted fire to other targets. Combined with repeated airstrikes from the carriers, the ships hammered Japanese positions around the island for five days. Minesweepers cleared channels to the landing beach on the western coast of the island.
During the bombardment on 15 September, "Tennessee" was detached to nearby Peleliu to contribute her fire to the landing there. The next day, she returned to Anguar and resumed the bombardment there. Intent on demolishing the lighthouse, "Tennessee" steamed into position, but while she was training her guns on the target, the light cruiser fired a barrage of shells that destroyed the lighthouse. On 17 September, the Army's 81st Infantry Division stormed the beaches, and "Tennessee" remained offshore to provide fire support for the following two days. The American infantry encountered little serious resistance, and the Japanese garrison had been destroyed by 20 September, allowing "Tennessee" to steam to Kossol Roads, where she replenished fuel and ammunition. On 28 September, she departed for Manus in the Admiralty Islands to begin preparations for the Philippines operations. There, Rear Admiral Theodore E. Chandler replaced Kingman as the commander of Battleship Division Two.
Operations in the Philippines.
Leyte.
"Tennessee" began the voyage to the Philippines on 12 October as part of 7th Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Thomas Kinkaid. The fleet carried two Army corps that were to land on the eastern coast of Leyte. "Tennessee", "California", and "Pennsylvania" were assigned to support the corps that was to land at Dulag; they formed part of the bombardment group that was still under Oldendorf's command. Minesweeping operations to clear paths into Leyte Gulf began on 17 October, and early the next morning Oldendorf sent his force into the gulf shortly after 06:00. They steamed at slow speed, since the minesweepers had not yet completed their task. The ships reached their bombardment positions in the early hours of 19 October, and at 06:45, "Tennessee" and the other vessels began the bombardment, which lasted throughout the day and prompted little Japanese response, apart from a single bomber that failed to hit any of the ships. At nightfall, the ships withdrew and took up their night stations outside the gulf.
Back in the gulf the next morning, "Tennessee" resumed firing at 06:00, initially targeting the beaches where the landing craft were to go ashore later that morning. Three and a half hours later, the Higgins boats began their run to the beach, and once they began disembarking troops at 10:00, "Tennessee" and the other fire support vessels shifted fire further inland to disrupt Japanese counterattacks and prepare the way for the ground troops to advance. The landing triggered the Japanese high command to initiate Operation "Shō-Gō" 1, a complicated counter-thrust that involved four separate fleets converging on the Allied invasion fleet to destroy it. While the Japanese forces made their way to the Philippines, "Tennessee" continued to operate off the beachhead; Japanese resistance ashore did not necessitate heavy fire support, but increased air attacks kept "Tennessee" occupied with providing anti-aircraft defense to the fleet. On the night of 21 October, the transport accidentally rammed "Tennessee" while the latter vessel lay inside a smoke screen. "Tennessee" was not damaged and there were no injuries. Operations continued uneventfully for the next several days, though on 24 October, the ship's commander received word that the Japanese fleet was expected to attack that night.
Battle of Surigao Strait.
On 24 October, reports of Japanese naval forces approaching the area led Oldendorf's ships to prepare for action at the exit of the Surigao Strait. Oldendorf had at his disposal six battleships, eight cruisers, and twenty-eight destroyers. Vice Admiral Shōji Nishimura's Southern Force steamed through the Surigao Strait to attack the invasion fleet in Leyte Gulf; his force comprised Battleship Division 2—the battleships and , the heavy cruiser , and four destroyers—and Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima's Second Striking Force—the heavy cruisers and , the light cruiser , and four more destroyers. As Nishimura's flotilla passed through the strait on the night of 24 October, they came under attack from American PT boats, followed by destroyers, initiating the Battle of Surigao Strait, the last battleship engagement in history. One of these US destroyers torpedoed "Fusō" and disabled her, though Nishimura continued on toward his objective.
Observers aboard "Tennessee" spotted the flashes in the distance as the light American craft attacked Nishimura's force, and at 03:02, her search radar picked up the enemy ships at a range of . Oldendorf gave the order to open fire at 03:51, and "West Virginia" opened fire first a minute later, followed by "Tennessee" and "California", concentrating their fire on "Yamashiro"; the other American battleships had trouble locating a target with their radars and held their fire. "Tennessee" fired six-gun salvos in an attempt to conserve her limited stock of armor-piercing shells. "Yamashiro" and "Mogami" were quickly hit several times by fire from the American battleships and cruisers, suffering severe damage. At about 04:00, "Mogami" and then "Yamashiro" turned to retreat, both burning; the destroyer fled with them, though she had not suffered any serious damage.
After the initial phase of the battle, the American battle line turned about, but "California" misinterpreted the vague order to "turn one five" (meaning to turn 150 degrees—"California"s captain read it as an instruction to turn 15 degrees) and turned incorrectly, passing across "Tennessee"s bow. By now realizing his mistake, Burnett ordered "California" to turn hard to starboard while "Tennessee" hauled out of line. The two ships narrowly avoided each other but in the confusion, "California" masked "Tennessee" and blocked her from firing for several minutes. At 04:08, "Tennessee" fired one last salvo at the fleeing Japanese ships. By this time, several torpedoes launched by the Japanese vessels approached the American line, but none of them struck the battleships. In the course of twelve minutes of shooting, "Tennessee" had fired 69 armor-piercing shells.
In the meantime, the main Japanese fleet, the Central Force under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita, had passed through the San Bernardino Strait under cover of darkness and arrived early on 25 October. The Japanese battleships and cruisers attacked Taffy 3, a force of escort carriers and destroyers guarding the invasion fleet in the Battle off Samar, prompting its commander, Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague to make urgent calls for help. Oldendorf immediately turned his ships northward to join the battle, and while en route the ships came under Japanese air attack. By the time the bombardment group arrived on the scene, Kurita had disengaged, having been convinced by Taffy 3's heavy resistance that he was instead facing the far more powerful Fast Carrier Task Force. After the battle, Oldendorf was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and made the commander of Battleship Squadron One, with "Tennessee" still as his flagship.
"Tennessee" saw little activity over the next several days, apart from helping to fend off air strikes by Japanese land-based aircraft. The ship received orders on 29 October to leave the Philippines for a thorough overhaul at the Puget Sound Navy Yard. She departed that day with "West Virginia", "Maryland", and four cruisers, bound for Puget Sound by way of Pearl Harbor. While in Hawaii, Nimitz visited the ship and congratulated the crew on their hard work in the preceding campaigns. She arrived there on 26 November and entered the dry-dock. In addition to periodic maintenance, she received updated fire control radars, including new versions of the Mark 8 radar for her main battery and Mark 12 and Mark 22 systems for her secondary battery. A new SP radar, capable of determining the height of aircraft, was installed to enhance her anti-aircraft capabilities, and her dazzle camouflage was painted over with a dark gray coat that was intended to make her less obvious to the kamikaze pilots who had started to appear over the Philippines. The work was completed by early 1945, and on 2 February, she got underway to rejoin the fleet.
Iwo Jima.
En route to join the invasion fleet for the invasion of Iwo Jima in the Bonin Islands, "Tennessee" stopped in Pearl Harbor and Saipan before joining the bombardment force, now under the command of Rear Admiral William Blandy. The ships reached Iwo Jima early on 16 February and dispersed around the island to their designated firing locations. Poor visibility from rain squalls hampered efforts to direct their fire, which began at 07:07 and continued intermittently through the day, as Blandy had ordered his ships to shoot only when their spotter aircraft could observe impacts to avoid wasting ammunition. "Tennessee" was tasked with shelling the southeastern corner of the island as well as Mount Suribachi, where the Japanese had installed a battery of four large-caliber guns that "Tennessee" was to neutralize. The weather had improved on 17 February, permitting the ships to more effectively target the Japanese defenses; "Tennessee", "Idaho", and the battleship opened fire at a range of before closing to , pouring crushing fire on various targets around the island for about two hours before breaking off at 10:25. Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) were sent in to clear beach obstacles and reconnoiter the landing zones, which the Japanese interpreted as the main landing. Dozens of artillery pieces came out of their protective caves and bunkers to engage the UDTs, forcing them to withdraw while the bombardment group resumed firing on the unmasked guns. "Tennessee" took on wounded men from three of the UDT gunboats to treat them in her sick bay.
"Tennessee" kept up the bombardment through 18 February; over the two days of shelling, she destroyed numerous pillboxes and an ammunition dump and set several fires around the island. The next morning, the troop transports arrived off the island and began preparations to send marines ashore. "Tennessee" and the rest of the bombardment group, reinforced by the fast battleships and and three cruisers, opened up with slow and deliberate fire on the landing beaches. The shooting was interrupted by a carrier strike, after which the ships took up a heavier pace of fire. Just as the marines were about to hit the beach at 09:00, the ships' main batteries ceased firing and their secondaries employed a rolling barrage to clear a path for the marines. As they probed the Japanese defenses and encountered strongpoints, the marines called on "Tennessee" and other ships to knock them out by way of shore fire control parties that were tied to individual ships.
"Tennessee" operated off the island for the next two weeks, providing fire as requested from the marines ashore and launching star shells at night to help repel Japanese counterattacks. She was frequently called on to suppress the hidden Japanese guns as they attempted to attack the various support ships around the invasion beach. The ships of the bombardment group experimented with using telescopic sights to aim guns individually, which proved to be particularly effective in destroying point targets such as the Japanese artillery. On 7 March, "Tennessee" withdrew from the area, having fired some 1,370 shells from her main battery, 6,380 secondary rounds, and 11,481 shells from her 40 mm guns. Fighting raged on Iwo Jima until 26 March, but the fleet needed to begin preparations for the next assault against the island of Okinawa, so "Tennessee" sailed to the major staging area at Ulithi to replenish ammunition and other supplies. There, she joined the invasion fleet for that operation, consisting of 600 American and British ships.
Okinawa.
On arriving in Ulithi, Rear Admiral Morton Deyo, the new commander of the bombardment groupwhich was now designated as Task Force 54 (TF 54)came aboard "Tennessee" on 15 March. TF 54 got underway on 21 March and steamed to the Ryuku Islands. The Kerama Islands were their first target; the small group of islands was seized to provide an advanced staging area for the main assault on Okinawa. The bombardment group, which by now included "Colorado", "Maryland", "West Virginia", "New Mexico", "Idaho", "Nevada", and the older battleships , , and , along with ten cruisers and thirty-two destroyers and destroyer escorts, arrived off the islands five days later. The battleships opened fire at long range, since the minesweepers had not yet cleared the area of mines. The next day, a group of kamikazes struck the fleet, damaging several ships, a harbinger of the steady waves of such attacks over the course of the Okinawa campaign. One plane crashed near "Tennessee" but did no damage.
After the routine pre-invasion bombardment, the main landing on Okinawa took place on 1 April. Unlike previous assaults, the marines faced no opposition early in the operation; Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima had withdrawn the bulk of his 100,000-strong army to the southern two thirds of the island, where hilly terrain favored the defense. And rather than engage in artillery duels with the battleships, his artillery batteries held their fire until the marines had come further inland. His intention was to delay the invasion as long as possible, thereby keeping the invasion fleet pinned in place as long as possible for the kamikazes that had been massed in the Home Islands for this purpose. On 12 April, the Japanese launched a major strike on the fleet. "Tennessee" came under attack by five aircraft diving from high altitude; all were shot down before they could hit the ship, but they diverted attention skyward, which allowed an Aichi D3A "Val" dive-bomber to approach at lower altitude, heading straight for "Tennessee"s bridge. The ship's light anti-aircraft battery opened up on the D3A and damaged it, but not enough to prevent it from crashing into her signal bridge at about 14:50. The impact destroyed a 40 mm mount, fire directors for the 20 mm guns, and hurled burning avgas over the area. The plane carried a bomb that penetrated the deck and exploded. The kamikaze killed 22 and wounded another 107 according to the "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships", or killed 25 and wounded 104, according to William Cracknell.
Later that night, "Tennessee" and "Idaho" came under submarine attack, but they narrowly evaded the torpedoes in the darkness. The evacuation transport took off "Tennessee"s wounded, and the dead were buried at sea the next day. After completing emergency repairs, the ship returned to the firing line on 14 April, remaining there for the next two weeks. Deyo transferred to one of the cruisers on 1 May, allowing "Tennessee" to detach for repairs at Ulithi, which were carried out by the repair ship . Damaged plating in the superstructure was cut away and replaced and new anti-aircraft guns were installed in place of those that had been destroyed in the attack. Back underway again on 3 June, she returned to Okinawa, arriving six days later. By this time, the campaign was in its final stage; the kamikaze force had been expended and the marines and soldiers had begun the final push to conquer the southern part of the island where the last organized resistance held out. "Tennessee" added her firepower to the effort over the next several days, bombarding Japanese positions until 21 June when the island was declared secure.
Oldendorf, by now promoted to vice admiral, was placed in command of all naval forces in the area, and he made "Tennessee" his flagship. On 23 June, she embarked on a series of patrols in the East China Sea, searching for Japanese shipping in the area. From 26 to 28 July, she took part in a raid into the Yangtze estuary off Shanghai, China, while escort carriers launched strikes against Japanese positions in occupied China. Oldendorf's ships, including "Tennessee", launched a raid on Wake Island before returning to the East China Sea, where the ships remained until the war ended in August. By this time, the fleet had begun preparations for the planned invasion of Japan.
With the war over, "Tennessee" was tasked with covering the landing of occupation troops at Wakayama, Japan, arriving there on 23 September. She then steamed to Yokosuka, where her crew inspected one of the Japanese fleet's main naval bases. On 16 October, she departed for Singapore, where Oldendorf transferred to the cruiser ; from there, "Tennessee" crossed the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and steamed up the Atlantic to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, which she reached on 7 December. This route had been dictated by her 1943 rebuild, as the large anti-torpedo blisters had increased her beam too greatly to allow her to pass through the Panama Canal. In the course of the war, "Tennessee" had fired a total of 9,347 shells from her main battery, 46,341 shells from her 5-inch guns and more than 100,000 rounds from her antiaircraft battery.
Postwar fate.
On 8 December, "Tennessee" was assigned to the Philadelphia Group of the Sixteenth Fleet, an inactive formation. Immediately after the war, the Navy began a major reduction in force to adjust back to a peacetime footing. "Tennessee" was by then nearing thirty years in age, but the Navy decided that she was still useful and so she was assigned to the reserve fleet in 1946. Accordingly, the ship needed to be preserved to remain in good condition while in reserve, and the large number of vessels that needed such work slowed the process, so "Tennessee" was not ready to be formally decommissioned until 14 February 1947. She remained laid up in reserve for twelve years, by which time the Navy decided that she no longer held value as a warship, and so on 1 March 1959, she was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register. She was sold for scrap to Bethlehem Steel on 10 July, was towed to Baltimore, Maryland on 26 July, and was thereafter broken up. Her bell is preserved and on display at the Museum of Scott County.


Umm al-Banin

Fāṭimah bint Ḥuzam al-Kulābīyah (, died 683/684 or 69 A.H. 688/689), better known as ʾUmm al-Banīn (, meaning "Mother of the Sons"), was a wife of Ali ibn Abi Talib. She was from the tribe of Banu Kilab Kalbasi, Khasaes al-Abbasiah, (1387 S.H.), P. 63 a branch of Qais Ailan tribes.
Umm al-Banin married Ali ibn Abi Talib after the death of his first wife Fatimah, daughter of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Umm al-Banin and Ali had four sons, of whom the eldest was Abbas ibn Ali, the commander of Husain ibn Ali's forces at the Battle of Karbala. Sayyida Ruqayya bint Ali was her daughter. Shimr ibn Dhi 'l-Jawshan, who later killed Husayn ibn Ali at the battle, had offered Abbas Ibn Ali and his brothers immunity before the battle commenced, however, Abbas Ibn Ali and his brothers rejected it. All of Umm al-Banin's sons were killed later in the battle at Karbala.
It is believed that Umm al-Banin died in 69 A.H. (688/689) or 13 Jumada al-Thani 64 A.H. (6 February 684). She was buried in "Jannatul Baqi", a cemetery in Medina.
Sons.
Umm ul-Banin had four sons, who are as follows:


Alice Kahokuoluna

Alice Lillian Rosehill Kahokuoluna (February 20, 1888 – March 14, 1957) was a Congregational minister of Native Hawaiian ancestry. In her time and place, she was the first woman ordained by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, and the only woman Christian minister in the Territory of Hawaii. Her pastorate was primarily on the Islands of Maui and Molokai, where she helped restore the Siloama Church. Her childhood and young adult church life had been at Kawaiahaʻo Church in Honolulu, and the board of directors of that church later offered her the position of Kahu (pastor).
Background.
She was born in Honolulu, the Kingdom of Hawaii, to Native Hawaiian mother Kuhilani Awai Kanaina (1861–1930), and Swedish sea captain father Andrew A. Rosehill (1851–1913) . Her siblings were sisters Minnie, Inez, Emma, and brothers Edward, Joseph, Francis and William. A stepbrother Frederick was from her mother's first marriage. Educated at Kaahumanu Elementary and Kawaiahao Seminary for Girls, she was employed as a book binder at the Advertiser Publishing Company in Honolulu when she met Maui sheriff Peter Noa Kahokuoluna. They were married in 1912 in the home of Kahu (pastor) Henry Hodges Parker of Kawaiahaʻo Church.
Call to the ministry.
The Kahokuolunas were devout Christians, who kept their ties to Kawaiahaʻo Church in Honolulu. Encouraged by the church kahu Akaiko Akana, Alice attended Auburn Theological Seminary and Andover Newton Theological School. She was called in 1923 to shepherd Wananalua Congregational Church in Hana, Maui. Advocating the church as a positive factor in the community, Kahokuoluna encouraged congregational involvement in local sports activities, scouting, music and other social outlets. Although she was a licensed minister, she had never been ordained. At the request of the congregants, the Hawaiian Evangelical Association officially ordained her into the ministry in 1925, the first woman the organization had ever admitted into the clergy. She became pastor of Wainee Church that same year. Her husband Peter died in 1926 after a lengthy illness. When Akana died in 1933, the board of trustees of Kawaiahaʻo Church offered the position to Alice, noting that she was the only ordained woman Christian minister in Hawaii, but she did not accept the position. On December 1, 1933, Kawaiahao held a year-end "Praise Service", with Alice delivering a Hawaiian language sermon.
The Siloama Church body of Christians had been formed at Kalawao, Molokai in 1866, by exiled people afflicted with leprosy. The Hawaiian Board of Missions erected the actual building in 1871. Over the years, the building fell into disrepair, and Congregationalists erected Kanaana Hou, the Church of New Canaan, at a different Molokai location in 1915. In 1938, Alice accepted a call to be pastor of the Siloama-Kanaana Hou churches, and spearheaded a drive to raise funds and restore the old Siloama Church. While searching through the abandoned ruins, Alice and Floyd McHenry, a naturalist affiliated with the Bishop Museum, discovered a vault beneath its foundation. Therein, they found its original 1866 record book. That discovery inspired Hawaiian historian Ethel Moseley Damon to write a book on history of the church. Japan's 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor, and the United States entry into World War II, caused a shortage of needed building supplies for the restoration effort. However, the efforts continued, and the restored Siloama was re-dedicated in 1948. Thereafter the congregants of Kanaana Hou Church worshiped at Siloama one Sunday each month.
Final years.
Her efforts at Molokai drew support from other churches and individuals in Hawaii. The choir she had organized participated in a congregational convention in 1951.
She never remarried or had any children of her own. For all her years of being in service to leprosy patients, she never contracted the disease herself. But by the end of her life, she was known as "Mother Alice" on Molokai for her selfless caring of others. No one who needed her was turned away, no matter the hour of the day or night. She was said to be "a Hawaiian of quiet distinction, a vigorous, understanding woman of conviction and courage, but with a saving smile in her eyes ... " Upon her 1957 death of cancer, a bronze plaque was created by Kanaana Hou Church to commemorate her life's service.


Quigley Down Under

Quigley Down Under is a 1990 Australian-American Western film directed by Simon Wincer and starring Tom Selleck, Alan Rickman, and Laura San Giacomo.
Plot.
Matthew Quigley is an American cowboy with a specially modified rifle with which he can shoot accurately at extraordinary distances. Seeing a newspaper advertisement that asks for a man with his special talent, he answers using just four words: "M. Quigley 900 yards", written on a copy of the advertisement that is punctured by six closely spaced bullet holes.
When he arrives in Australia, then part of the British Empire, he gets into a fight with employees of the man who hired him as they try to force "Crazy Cora" onto their wagon. After he identifies himself, he is taken to the station of Elliot Marston, who informs Quigley his sharpshooting skills will be used to eradicate the increasingly elusive Aboriginals. Quigley turns down the offer and throws Marston out of his own house. When the aborigine manservant knocks Quigley over the head, Marston's men beat him and Cora unconscious and dump them in the Outback with no water and little chance of survival. However, they are rescued by Aboriginals.
Cora now reveals that she comes from Texas. When her home was attacked by Comanches, she hid in the root cellar and accidentally suffocated her child while trying to prevent him from crying. Her husband had then put her alone on a ship to Australia. Now Cora consistently calls Quigley by her husband’s name (Roy), much to his annoyance.
When Marston's men attack the Aboriginals who helped them, Quigley kills three. Escaping on a single horse, they encounter more of the men driving Aboriginals over a cliff. Quigley drives them off with his deadly shooting and Cora rescues an orphaned baby she finds among the dead Aboriginals. Leaving Cora and the infant in the desert with food and water, Quigley rides alone to a nearby town. There he obtains new ammunition from a local German gunsmith, who hates Marston for his murdering ways. Quigley learns as well that he has become a legendary hero among the Aboriginals.
Marston's men are also in town and recognize Quigley's horse. When they attack, cornering him in a burning building, he escapes through a skylight and kills all but one of them. The injured survivor is sent back to say Quigley will be following. But first Quigley returns to Cora and the baby, which she has just saved from an attack by dingoes. She had tried to stop that child from crying too, but finally let him make as much noise as he liked as she killed the animals using a revolver that Quigley had left for her. Back in town, Cora gives the baby to Aboriginals living there after Quigley tells her that she (Cora) has a right to happiness.
Next morning, Quigley rides away to confront Marston at his station. At first he shoots the defenders from his location in the hills, but is eventually shot in the leg and captured by Marston's last two men. Marston, who has noticed that Quigley only ever carries a rifle, decides to give him a lesson in the "quick-draw" style of gunfighting. However, Marston and his men are beaten to the draw by Quigley; as Marston lies dying, Quigley refers to an earlier conversation, telling him, "I said I never had much use for one [a revolver]; never said I didn't know how to use it."
Marston's servant comes out of the house and gives Quigley his rifle back, then walks away from the ranch, stripping off his western-style clothing as he goes. An army troop now arrives to arrest Quigley, until they notice the surrounding hills are lined with Aboriginals and decide to withdraw. Later Quigley and Cora book a passage back to America in the name of Cora’s husband, since Quigley is still wanted. On the wharf, she reminds him that he once told her that she had to say two words before he could make love to her. Smiling broadly, she calls him "Matthew Quigley" and the two embrace for the first time.
Production.
Development.
John Hill first began writing "Quigley Down Under" in 1974. He was inspired by a "Los Angeles Times" article about the genocide of the aborigines in 19th-century Australia. Although Westerns were in decline in the 1970s, Hill said that the script "opened a lot of doors for me," and led to other assignments.
The script was first optioned in 1979 by producer Mort Engelberg for Steve McQueen, with whom he teamed on "The Hunter"; however McQueen died of cancer shortly after completing "The Hunter". The script was bought by CBS Theatrical Films where it was attached to director Rick Rosenthal. It then went to Warner Bros with Tom Selleck to star and Lewis Gilbert to direct around 1987. Warner Bros had the script for three years but then dropped their option. The script then became the subject of bidding between Pathe Entertainment, Disney and Warner Bros. It sold to Pathé for $250,000 which Hill said "is pretty good, when you consider that for 15 years I'd been making money optioning and rewriting that screenplay."
Pathé's then head of production, Alan Ladd Jr, agreed to commit a $20 million budget. Selleck agreed to star and the director was an Australian, Simon Wincer.
Wincer felt a good story had been ruined by numerous rewrites from people who knew little about Australian history, so he brought on Ian Jones as writer. They went back to the original draft, re-set it from the 1880s to the 1860s and made it more historically accurate.
Shooting.
The firearm used by Quigley (Selleck) is a custom 13.5 pound (6 kg), single-shot, 1874 Sharps Rifle, with a 34-inch (860 mm) barrel. The rifle used for filming was a replica manufactured for the film by the Shiloh Rifle Manufacturing Company of Big Timber, Montana. In 2002 Selleck donated the rifle, along with six other firearms from his other films, to the National Rifle Association, as part of the NRA's exhibit "Real Guns of Reel Heroes" at the National Firearms Museum in Fairfax, Virginia.
The film was filmed entirely in Australia. Scenes were filmed in and around Warrnambool and Apollo Bay, Victoria.
Although several scenes of the story depict violence and cruelty toward and involving animals, a film spokesperson explained that no animal was harmed, and special effects were used. For example, Quigley and Cora are reduced to consuming "grub worms" (actually blobs of dough) for survival. A pack of dingoes attacks Cora, and she finally saves herself by shooting the animals. Those animals were specially trained, and were actually "playing" for that scene, which was later enhanced by visual and sound effects. Several scenes involve falling horses; they were performed by specially-trained animals and were not hurt. When a horse falls off a cliff, the "horse" was a mechanical creation. The film's producer stated that a veterinarian was on the set whenever animals were being used in filming.
Reception.
Critical responses were mixed, with "Quigley" having a 59% rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 17 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars, arguing that it was a flawed but respectable neo-western, and particularly praising San Giacomo's performance: "[T]his may be the movie that proves her staying power. [...] She has an authority, a depth of presence, that is attractive, and her voice is deep and musical."
The film, however, was not a financial success in theaters, roughly recouping its budget.
The film, and more specifically the protagonist's skill with his rifle, has led snipers to refer to the act of killing two targets with a single bullet as "a Quigley".


Siege of Nicaea

The siege of Nicaea took place from May 14 to June 19, 1097, during the First Crusade. The city belonged to the Seljuk Turks and opted to surrender to the Byzantines in fear of the crusaders breaking into the city. The siege was followed by the Battle of Dorylaeum, and the siege of Antioch, all of which are in modern Turkey.
Background.
Nicaea, located on the eastern shore of Lake Askania, had been captured from the Byzantine Empire by the Seljuk Turks in 1081, and formed the capital of the Sultanate of Rum. In 1096, the People's Crusade, the first stage of the First Crusade, had plundered the land surrounding the city, before being destroyed by the Turks. As a result, Sultan Kilij Arslan I initially felt that the second wave of crusaders were not a threat. He left his family and his treasury behind in Nicaea and went east to fight the Danishmends for control of the Melitene.
Crusader siege.
The crusaders began to leave Constantinople at the end of April 1097. Godfrey of Bouillon was the first to arrive at Nicaea, with Bohemond of Taranto, Bohemond's nephew Tancred, Raymond IV of Toulouse, and Robert II of Flanders following him, along with Peter the Hermit and some of the survivors of the People's Crusade, and a small Byzantine force under Manuel Boutoumites. They arrived on May 6, severely short on food, but Bohemond arranged for food to be brought by land and by sea. They put the city to siege beginning on May 14, assigning their forces to different sections of the walls, which was well-defended with 200 towers. Bohemond camped on the north side of the city, Godfrey on the south, and Raymond and Adhemar of Le Puy on the eastern gate.
Defeat of Kilij Arslan.
On May 16, the Turkish defenders sallied out to attack the crusaders, but the Turks were defeated in a skirmish with the loss of 200 men. The Turks sent messages to Kilij Arslan begging him to return, and when he realized the strength of the crusaders he quickly turned back. An advance party was defeated by troops under Raymond and Robert of Flanders on May 20, and on May 21 the crusader army defeated Kilij in a pitched battle which lasted long into the night. Losses were heavy on both sides, but in the end the Sultan retreated despite the pleas of the Nicaean Turks. The rest of the crusaders arrived throughout the rest of May, with Robert Curthose (accompanied by Ralph de Guader) and Stephen of Blois arriving at the beginning of June. Meanwhile, Raymond and Adhemar built a large siege engine, which was rolled up to the Gonatas Tower in order to engage the defenders on the walls while miners mined the tower from below. The tower was damaged but no further progress was made.
Byzantine arrival.
Byzantine emperor Alexios I chose not to accompany the crusaders, but marched out behind them and made his camp at nearby Pelecanum. From there, he sent boats, rolled over the land, to help the crusaders blockade Lake Ascanius, which had up to this point been used by the Turks to supply Nicaea with food. The boats arrived on June 17, under the command of Manuel Boutoumites. The general Tatikios was also sent, with 2,000 foot soldiers. Alexios had instructed Boutoumites to secretly negotiate the surrender of the city without the crusaders' knowledge. Tatikios was instructed to join with the crusaders and make a direct assault on the walls, while Boutoumites would pretend to do the same to make it look as if the Byzantines had captured the city in battle. This was done, and on June 19 the Turks surrendered to Boutoumites.
When the crusaders discovered what Alexios had done, they were quite angry, as they had hoped to plunder the city for money and supplies. Boutoumites, however, was named "dux" of Nicaea and forbade the crusaders from entering in groups larger than 10 men at a time. Boutoumites also expelled the Turkish generals, whom he considered just as untrustworthy. Kilij Arslan's family went to Constantinople and were eventually released without ransom. Alexios gave the crusaders money, horses, and other gifts, but the crusaders were not pleased with this, believing they could have had even more if they had captured Nicaea themselves. Boutoumites would not permit them to leave until they had all sworn an oath of vassalage to Alexios, if they had not yet done so in Constantinople. As he had in Constantinople, Tancred at first refused, but he eventually gave in.
Aftermath.
The crusaders left Nicaea on June 26, in two contingents: Bohemond, Tancred, Robert of Flanders, and Tatikios in the vanguard, and Godfrey, Baldwin of Boulogne, Stephen, and Hugh of Vermandois in the rear. Tatikios was instructed to ensure the return of captured cities to the empire. Their spirits were high, and Stephen wrote to his wife Adela that they expected to be in Jerusalem in five weeks. On July 1, they defeated Kilij at the Battle of Dorylaeum, and by October they reached Antioch; they would not reach Jerusalem until two years after leaving Nicaea.


Al-Aziz Muhammad

Al-Aziz Muhammad ibn Ghazi ( – 26 November 1236) was the Ayyubid Emir of Aleppo and the son of az-Zahir Ghazi and grandson of Saladin. His mother was Dayfa Khatun, the daughter of Saladin's brother al-Adil.
Al-Aziz was aged just three when his father az-Zahir Ghazi died in 1216 at the age of forty-five. He immediately inherited his father's position as ruler of Aleppo. A regency council was formed, which appointed Shihab ad-Din Toghrul as his "atabeg" or guardian. Toghril was a "mamluk" of az-Zahir Ghazi and the effective ruler of Aleppo for the next fifteen years.
Reign.
Al-Aziz did not take actual control of power until the age of seventeen, at which point he retained Toghril as his treasurer. In general, he avoided becoming drawn into the complex disputes between different members of the Ayyubid dynasty, and concentrated instead on strengthening the defenses and infrastructure of Aleppo. Among the construction works begun by az-Zahir Ghazi and completed by al-Aziz Muhammad were the re-fortification of the citadel, and, within it, the building of the palace, the mosque, the arsenal and the water cisterns. Al-Aziz is known to have married Fatima Khatun, daughter of al-Kamil, who apparently shared his passion for building and commissioned the construction of two madrasas in Aleppo.
In 1232, shortly after al-Aziz attained his majority, Sultan al-Kamil of Egypt gathered a major force bringing together armies from across the Ayyubid confederation to attack Diyar Bakr. Aleppo was the only emirate which stood aloof and contributed no troops. However, in 1234, Al Aziz did furnish units which he contributed to another army led by al-Kamil which went out to invade Anatolia, probably heading for Malatya. Al-Aziz did not himself take part in the campaign, which in any case was driven back by the Seljuq forces of Sultan Ala ad-Din Kayqubad.
Death.
Al-Aziz died on 26 November 1236 at the age of just twenty-three. His eldest son, an-Nasir Yusuf, was only seven years old, so al-Aziz's mother Dayfa Khatun assumed the regency. Al-Aziz's daughter, Ghaziya Khatun, married the Seljuq Sultan of Rum, Kaykhusraw II.


Abd al-Rahman IV

Abd ar-Rahman IV Mortada () was the Caliph of Córdoba in the Umayyad dynasty in Al-Andalus, succeeding Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, in 1018. That same year, he was murdered at Cadiz while fleeing from a battle in which he had been deserted by the very supporters which had brought him into power. His brief reign was similar to that of Abd ar-Rahman V Mostadir.


Gething Caulton

Sydney Gething Caulton (1895 – 23 August 1976) was a British bishop who spent much of his career in New Zealand and the South Pacific.
A graduate of St Chad's College, Durham University, where he gained his M.A., Caulton was made a deacon in Liverpool in 1922 and ordained priest there the next year, and remained there until 1930 when he became a missionary in the Diocese of Melanesia.
He arrived in New Zealand in 1937, with his wife and son, to become Vicar of Whakatane, and then Vicar of St Peter's, Onehunga. He was inducted Vicar of St Mary's, and installed ("ex officio") as Dean of Auckland in February 1946. On 2 February 1948, he was consecrated a bishop by Cecil Cherrington, Bishop of Waikato, at St Mary's, and based himself in the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu). On completion of his time as Bishop of Melanesia (March 1954) he became Vicar of Northcote, then St George, Epsom, New Zealand (and Assistant Bishop of Auckland, 1955–1964) before his return to England as Assistant Bishop of Southwark (1964–68); in 1969 he lived in Auckland again.


Zayn al-Din Taybadi

Mowlana Zayn al-Dīn Abūbakr Tāybādi (in Persian: "مولانا زین الدین ابوبکر تایبادی") (died 1389) was an Iranian mystic and Sufi. His tombstone was built on an order by Ghiyath al-Din Pir Ahmad Khvafi who was at the time Shahrukh Mirza's vizier.


Battle of Ertsukhi

The Battle of Ertsukhi was fought, in the 12th century, between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Great Seljuq Empire in southeastern part of Georgia, near Ertsukhi.
History.
The Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti had been a tributary to the Great Seljuq Empire since the 1080s. However, in the 1104, the energetic Georgian king David IV ( 1089-1125) was able to exploit internal unrest in the Seljuq state and successfully campaigned against Seljuk vassal state Kakheti-Hereti, finally turning it into one of his Saeristavo. The king of Kakheti-Hereti, Agsartan II, was captured by the Georgian nobles Baramisdze and Arshiani and was imprisoned in Kutaisi.
The Seljuk Sultan Barkiyaruq (1092-1105) sent a large army to Georgia to retake Kakheti and Hereti. the battle was fought in southeastern part of the Kingdom, near the Ertsukhi. King David of Georgia personally took part in the battle, where the Seljuks were decisively defeated.
Folklore.
According to a legendary tradition described in The Georgian Chronicles, when David removed his armor after the battle, piled up blood splashed down from behind his armor plate. This led the by-standers to believe that their king was wounded, when in fact the blood belonged to the enemies that the king had slain in battle.


Abu Dhabi Golf Championship

The Abu Dhabi HSBC Championship is a European Tour golf tournament held at Abu Dhabi Golf Club in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. When founded in 2006, it was one of three European Tour events to be staged in the Arabian Peninsula, but is currently one of six.
The prize fund for each of the first five editions was US$2 million, and grew to reach US$3 million in 2018. In 2019 it was elevated to be one of eight tournaments which are part of the Rolex Series, which identifies it as one of the European Tour's premier events. As a Rolex series event, the prize fund currently stands at US$7 million.
With the support of sponsor HSBC and the local organiser, Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority, it has historically had one of the strongest fields on the European Tour due to "promotional" money paid to top golfers.


Colony of South Australia


Zeda Tmogvi

Zeda Tmogvi () is a medieval Christian church in south Georgia, in the historical province of Javakheti (now part of Aspindza Municipality). The extant building is a three-nave basilica, built in the reign of Bagrat IV of Georgia (1027–1072) on the place of an earlier church. Its façades contain several contemporaneous Georgian inscriptions, which make mention of historical persons of that time. The church is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.
Location.
Zeda Tmogvi, that is, "upper Tmogvi", is located on a high mountain plateau between the Tmogvi fortress and Vardzia cave complex, some 3 km north of the latter. The Zeda Tmogvi church stands in the middle of a settlement, which was left to ruin and decay after the deportation of local Muslim villagers by the Soviet Union in 1944. The locale has not been archaeologically studied. Occasional finds include fragments of the Bronze Age black-polished pottery and obsidian flakes. There are also a series of underground stone chambers nearby. The toponym Zeda Tmogvi itself is first mentioned in an Ottoman fiscal document dated to 1595 and an 18th-century Georgian chronicle relating the 1576 events in Samtskhe.
Layout.
Zeda Tmogvi was constructed in the latter quarter of the 11th century, but seems to have been remodeled since then. It is a three-nave basilica built of neatly hewn grey basalt blocks and roofed with stone slabs. The central nave is taller and larger than the side naves, from which it is separated, on either side, by a tripartite arcade supported on a pair of columns. The north wall incorporates an older structure—the south wall of a small 8th–9th-century hall church with an entrance doorway. The south façade has a portal, set within a rectangular frame and adorned with decorative stonework and inscriptions. Two arcuated niches are recessed and three windows with ornamented frames are cut into the east façade.
The church contains at least nine inscriptions, executed in the medieval Georgian "asomtavruli" script. One of these, placed at the south portal, exalts King Bagrat and his mother, Mariam. Two other inscriptions commemorate Parsman, "eristavt-eristavi", a prominent nobleman in Bagrat's reign, and George "the Abkhaz", probably Bagrat's son George II.


Abemama

Abemama (Apamama) is an atoll, one of the Gilberts group in Kiribati, and is located southeast of Tarawa and just north of the Equator. Abemama has an area of and a population of 3,299 . The islets surround a deep lagoon. The eastern part of the atoll of Abemama is linked together by causeways making automobile traffic possible between the different islets. The outlying islands of Abatiku and Biike are situated on the southwestern side of the atoll.
The village of Kariatebike serves as the government center for the atoll which includes an administration building, the police station and a hospital.
Abemama was formerly known as Roger Simpson Island, Dundas Island, Hopper Island, or Simpson Island.
Geography.
Abemama has a land area of with a width varying from to . The island has 3 main islets; the largest and main islet has 11 villages and is home to most of the population. Abatiku, an islet located at the north-western reef, and Biike just south of it, have much smaller populations.
The island is blessed with a massive lagoon area and an abundance of lagoon fish, shellfish, and worms. There are also some seaweed farms.
Causeways were constructed to link all villages on the main islet making transportation easy. The island resembles an incomplete “G” letter, with two reef passages; one is located in between Abatiku and Tabiang village at the north-western end. The other is between Biike and Kenna, the latter being the southernmost end of the main islet. The island is surrounded with an exposed reef at the windward side and submerged reef at the leeward side where Biike and Abatiku are situated. Most of the important food crops in Kiribati such as coconut, giant taro, pandanus and breadfruit grow well in Abemama.
History.
Happened on by Captain Charles Bishop in 1799, he referred to Abemama on the map he created as Roger Simpson Island, after one of his friends.
The island was surveyed in 1841 by the US Exploring Expedition.
In the mid to late 19th Century, Abemama was ruled by a single paramount chief. This contrasts with the Northern Gilbert Islands where groups of families or "kainga" would have their own separate leaders, and the Southern Gilberts (from Nonouti southwards) where the old men or "unimwane" collectively would meet in the maneaba to govern. Some European sources describe the chiefly family of Abemama as "the Gilbert Islands ruling family" but local sources recognise that the "unimwane" wield much of the power even on Abemama, and governing the whole of the Gilbert Islands as a single unit is a logistical challenge even in modern times.
Nonetheless the chiefly family of Abemama has a long history of providing overall leadership, and during the time of Tem Binoka ruled over Kuria and Aranuka also. The chiefly family of Abemama remains highly regarded and respected to this day.
Abemama is known as the island where the declaration of a British Protectorate was first proclaimed by Captain Davis of on 27 May 1892.
Abemama Post Office opened around 1910.
Robert Louis Stevenson, Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne spent 2 months on Abemama in 1889. Near Tabontebike is the tomb of tyrant-chief Tem Binoka, who was immortalized by Stevenson in his account of the 1889 voyage of the "Equator" published as "In the South Seas" Robert Louis Stevenson, Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne returned to Abemama in July 1890 during their cruise on the trading steamer the "Janet Nicoll".
World War II.
Japan occupied the Gilberts on 9 December 1941.
On 21 November 1943, the American submarine landed a company of 78 U.S. Marine Corps Amphibious Reconnaissance Scouts with Australian Army Lt George Hand formerly of the Ocean Island Defence Force acting as an interpreter to seize the island. They defeated the Japanese garrison with fire support from "Nautilus". On the morning of 25 November, a native reported to the Marines that the remaining Japanese committed suicide.
Visiting Abemama.
Abemama is an island of beautiful beaches with a crystal clear blue lagoon. In Abemama, you still can find physical evidence of American and Japanese WWII relics, cultural shrines and sites/monuments relating to their traditional spirits and famous King Binoka. Abemama is close enough to the capital of South Tarawa for a weekend getaway, and is often visited by cruising yachts due to its very sheltered lagoon. The lagoon is abundant in bonefish, a popular species with sport anglers.
Abemama Atoll Airport is located on the north end of Abemama near the village of Tabiang. It has regular connections with the international airport in Tarawa twice weekly, on Wednesday and Sunday.
There are three guest houses on Abemama; the Island Council guest house, Chevalier College guest house, and one private lodge.
Education.
The island has the following Christian senior high schools:
King George V School, a secondary school for boys which opened in Bairiki in 1922, moved to Abemama, and then to Bikenibeu in 1953.


Superintendent (New Zealand)

Superintendent was the elected head of each Provincial Council in New Zealand from 1853 to 1876.
History.
Provinces existed in New Zealand from 1841 until 1876 as a form of sub-national government. After the initial provinces pre-1853, new provinces were formed by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. This Act established the first six provinces of Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago. Other provinces were established later. Each province elected its own legislature known as a Provincial Council, and elected a Superintendent who was not a member of the council. The elections for council and superintendent were not necessarily held at the same time.
Following abolition, the provinces became known as provincial districts. Their only visible function today is their use to determine, with the exception of the Chatham Islands, Northland, and South Canterbury, the geographical boundaries for anniversary day public holidays.
Role of superintendents.
The provincial councils and the House of Representatives were "locked into a battle of supremacy that would last for 20 years." The 1852 constitution defined thirteen areas where law making was reserved for the House of Representatives: customs, post-office, shipping dues, lighthouses, weights and measures, currency, bankruptcy, judiciary, marriage, Crown lands and native land (i.e. lands held by Māori), criminal law, and inheritance law. For a variety of reasons, the provincial councils were more effective than the national Parliament. Initially, this was partially because Parliament was made up of strong personalities with strong and differing regional interests, who had no prior experience of acting for the greater good of the country as a whole. Consequently, the role of a provincial Superintendent was more highly regarded than those of Members of Parliament.
The constitution had given the Governor substantial powers over the provincial councils, but many anomalies resulted in an increase in the power of the Superintendents. The Governor could dissolve the provincial council at any time, veto its enactments, or remove the Superintendent from office if voted by the majority of provincial councillors or disallow the Superintendent's elections (the latter two both within three month of the Superintendent's election). However, only Superintendents had the power to convene a provincial council, and by simply delaying the first meeting beyond the three months threshold, much of the power of the Governor was negated. So in practice, Superintendents were more powerful than had been anticipated by the constitution.
Another practicality was that Parliament had long breaks between sessions due to the difficulty of travel at the time. In one instance, the Wellington Provincial Council passed an act that empowered itself of raising a £25,000 loan. By the time Parliament next convened and repealed the act, the loan had already gone to the council.
Hence, the role of the Superintendents went much beyond the act of presiding over a provincial council. The post came with a lot of honour and responsibility.
Elections of superintendents.
To be eligible to vote in the provincial (or national) elections, voters had to be male owners of property valued at £50, or leasehold valued at £10. The election for Superintendent, to be held every four years, was a major event in the provinces for weeks and months leading up to it. It was such an exciting event that even the children of that time could remember it later in their adult lives.
It was not uncommon that newspapers would be founded with the purpose of supporting a candidate and attacking the opponent. "The Press", for example, these days the largest newspaper in the South Island, was founded by James FitzGerald (1st Superintendent of Canterbury) to oppose the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel proposal by his opponent William Sefton Moorhouse (2nd Superintendent of Canterbury). Moorhouse had tried to use the "Lyttelton Times" for this purpose, a newspaper that he was the first editor of in 1851 but no longer had control over, but that newspaper backed the Moorhouse tunnel.
The electors' excitement stemmed from the fact that the outcome of an election might significantly impact on their district; where one candidate might have promised a school, roads and bridges, another candidate might not deliver the same for their locality.
Amongst other things, taxation, education, charitable aid and temperance were important issues back then. Initially, an open voting system was used, where those enrolled would tell the electoral officer their choice of candidate, who would note this on the electoral role. All of this was reasonably public, and unofficial tallies of the count would circulate. These tallies may well have been adjusted to suit a particular outcome. For example, where more than two candidates stood for election, a preferred candidate might be shown as so far behind that the remaining voters may be encouraged to vote for another candidate, in order to prevent the unwanted rival from gaining office. These unofficial tallies were still circulated after voting at the ballot box had been introduced.
Drunkenness, fighting and the throwing of flour bags and rotten eggs on election day were common.
List of superintendents.
From 1853 to 1876, New Zealand had 41 superintendents across its ten provinces.
Auckland Province.
The Auckland Province had nine superintendents:
Canterbury Province.
The Canterbury Province had four superintendents:
Hawke's Bay Province.
The Hawke's Bay Province had four superintendents:
Marlborough Province.
The Marlborough Province had five superintendents:
Nelson Province.
The Nelson Province had four superintendents:
Otago Province.
The Otago Province had five superintendents:
Southland Province.
The Southland Province had three superintendents:
Taranaki Province.
The Taranaki Province (initially called the New Plymouth Province) had four superintendents:
Wellington Province.
The Wellington Province had two superintendents:
Westland Province.
The Westland Province had one superintendent:


Expedition of Dahhak al-Kilabi

The Expedition of Dahhak al-Kilabi, against the Banu Kilab tribe, took place in August 630 AD, 9AH, 2nd month, of the Islamic Calendar. When the Muslims arrived, brief fighting took place, and the Banu Kilab fled. Al-Asyad then captured his father, and held him until he could get support from another Muslim, who then killed his father.
Expedition.
Muhammad sent al-Dahak ibn Sufyan to al-Zuji to invite the people of Banu Kilab to call them to embrace Islam. They refused to embrace Islam and fighting took place, they started to fight against the Muslims, but were defeated.
Among the fighters on the Muslim side, was a man named al-Asyad. He met his father named Salamah and called him to embrace Islam. However his father verbally abused Islam. Then al-Asyad hamstrung his fathers horse. When he fell to the ground, he grabbed hold of him, until he could get support from another Muslim, who then killed his father. All the other tribesmen of the Banu Kilab fled the scene after brief fighting.
Islamic primary sources.
The event is also mentioned by the Muslim Scholar Ibn Sa'd in his book "Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir", as follows:


Al-Mutawakkil I

Al-Mutawakkil I () was the seventh Caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1362 and 1383, and then 1389 and 1406.
During his reign Khallas Mansour Mohammed in 764 and the Sultanate's accession to his cousin Ashraf Shaaban bin Hussein bin Nasser bin Qalawun. In 767, the Franks and the King of Cyprus took possession of Alexandria. The Crusades did not end with the expulsion of the Crusaders from Acre in 690 and their completion from all the Levant during the days of Ashraf Salah al-Din Khalil ibn al-Mansur Qalawun. They were expelled from the island of Arwad in 702 days. But the Crusades continued because many of the Crusaders had taken refuge in the island of Cyprus after being expelled from the Levant, and they took this island as a stable, and they raided the lands of the Muslims whenever they found the opportunity for them. The Luzganan family, which ruled the island at that time, Mission, mother has taken over This family and the rule of the island in 760 Peter I, has visited Western Europe, and called on the Pope and the kings of Europe to help him to wage a war against Muslims, got some support and walked with those who came from the Crusaders and occupied Alexandria.
In 778 Al-Ashraf Shaaban was killed and the Sultanate surrendered to his son Al-Mansur Ali. He remained in his command until he died in 783. He was succeeded by his brother Saleh Haji for one year and then took off. The order was taken by Sultan Al-Zaher Barqouq, the first of the Circassian Mamluks. Al-Mutawakil was ordered to go out to the city of Qus by the prince of Asakir Aybak al-Badri, who came to Zakaria ibn al-Khalifa, the believer, and gave him the office without any allegiance or unanimity. The Caliph traveled to Qus and returned to his home. Fifteen days later he returned to the office and removed Zakaria. The office was only fifteen days, on the twentieth of the first spring of 779 AH.
In 785 Sultan Barqouq captured the Al-Mutawakil I and imprisoned him in Qal'at al-Jabal, deposed him from the office, and he pledged allegiance to the Muhammad ibn al-Wathiq. He remained in the office for three years. Al-Mutawakil I did not accept it, but Zakariya asked for a trusted brother who sat on the throne for fifteen days without a sale of the year 779 AH, and he took the office and called the name of the Al-Mu'tasim. He remained in succession until 791 AH and returned to the office, removed Al-Musta'sim. Al-Mutawakil continued the office until 808 AH. In the month of Jumada al-Akhirah of the same year (791) Sultan Barqouq was arrested and imprisoned in Karak. Sultan Al-Salih Haji was returned to the Sultanate. He changed his title from Al-Salih to Al-Mansour, but remained in the Sultanate for eight months. Al-Mansur Haji took off in the month of Safar in 792 AH, and ended the reign of the Calawan family. The rule of the Mamluks passed and the Mamluks of Circassia.