Annaka Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Kōzuke Province (modern-day Gunma Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Annaka Castle in what is now the city of Annaka, Gunma.
History.
Ii Naomasa was one of Tokugawa Ieyasu's most trusted Four Generals, and was made "daimyō" of Hikone Domain, with revenues of 180,000 "koku". After his death in 1603, he was succeeded by his son, Ii Naotsugu, who was in poor health. Naotsugu sent his younger brother, Ii Naokatsu to the Siege of Osaka, where he served with great distinction. As a reward, Tokugawa Ieyasu gave Hikone to Naokatsu, and reassigned his elder brother to the much smaller holding (30,000 "koku") of Annaka in 1615. This marked the start of Annaka Domain. After beginning work on Annaka Castle and the surrounding castle town, Naotsugu retired in favor of his son, Ii Naoyoshi, who was transferred to Nishio Domain in Mikawa Province in 1643.
The Ii clan was replaced by Mizuno Mototsugu from Shinjō Domain in Mikawa, and the domain was reduced to 20,000 "koku". He turned the domain over to his son Mizonu Mototomo in 1663; however after Mototomo went insane and attempted to murder his wife in 1667, he was relieved of his post.
The shogunate then assigned Hotta Masatomo to the domain. Masatomo also served as "rōjū" to "Shōgun" Tokugawa Ietsuna from 1679–80. He left Annaka on his appointment to "Tairō" under Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in 1681.
A "hatamoto", Itakura Shigekata, was then raised to the ranks of daimyo, and assigned to Annaka. His son, Itakura Shigeatsu was reassigned to Izumi Domain in Mutsu Province in 1702, exchanging places with Naitō Masamori. The Naitō clan ruled for three generations until their transfer to Komori Domain in Shinano Province in 1749.
The Itakura clan then returned to Annaka in the form of Itakura Katsukiyo, formerly of Sagara Domain in Tōtōmi Province. The Itakura continued to rule Annaka until the end of the Edo period. During their rule, Annaka came to be known as an educational center after the 4th Itakura daimyo, Itakura Katsunao, established a domain academy in 1808. However, the domain had suffered greatly during the Great Tenmei famine of 1782-1788 and its finances were further ruined by the burden of having to repair the Nakasendo and provide an escort for Princess Kazunomiya on her travel to Edo to wed "Shōgun" Tokugawa Iemochi in 1862. During the Bakumatsu period, discontent with the shogunate led to the "Sekihōtai" movement, which started in Annaka. During the Boshin War, the final daimyo, Itakura Katsumasa was assigned by "Shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshinobu to hold the Usui Pass against the armies of the Satchō Alliance, but he quickly capitulated to the imperial forces.
After the end of the conflict, with the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Annaka Domain became "Annaka Prefecture", which later became part of Gunma Prefecture. The Meiji-era educator Joseph Hardy Neesima was the son of a retainer of the Itakura clan of Annaka.
The domain had a population of 896 samurai in 206 households per a census in 1872.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Tatebayashi Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Nanbu Toshinao

 was an early Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 1st "daimyō" of Morioka Domain in northern Japan. He was the 27th hereditary chieftain of the Nanbu clan
Toshinao was the eldest son of Nanbu Nobunao, and was born at the clan’s Tago Castle in Sannohe. In 1590, Nobunao submitted to Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the SIege of Odawara and was confirmed as "daimyō" of his existing holdings in northern Mutsu province (the districts of Nukanobu, Hei, Kazuno, Kuji, Iwate, Shiwa and Tōno). During the same year Maeda Toshiie, one of Hideyoshi’s closest generals, presided over Toshinao's "genpuku" ceremony, and granted him the "kanji" of "Toshi" in his name. In 1594, he married the daughter of Gamō Ujisato.
Hideyoshi also helped suppress the Kunohe Rebellion, which enabled Nobunao and Toshinao to unite the many local factions of the Nanbu clan into a more centralized administration. In 1595, Toshinao was awarded Court rank of Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade and the formal courtesy title of "Shinano-no-kami".
Following the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, he drew close to Tokugawa Ieyasu politically. Upon Nanbu Nobunao’s death in 1599, he became clan chieftain. In the prelude to the Battle of Sekigahara, Ishida Mitsunari ordered Tokugawa Ieyasu north to attack Uesugi Kagekatsu in Aizu. During this campaign, Toshinao led the Nanbu forces at the Siege of Hasedō. However, during the Battle of Sekigahara, Date Masamune and Waga Tadachika organised a large scale revolt in the Nanbu southern territories of Waga and Hienuki, which was only suppressed with difficulty in 1601. In 1614, he participated in the Winter Campaign of Siege of Osaka.
As daimyo, Toshinao developed copper mines in his territories, which helped place the domain on a stable financial footing. In 1615, he completed Morioka Castle and the surrounding castle town, and many inhabitants of Sannohe moved south to settle around the new center of power. He is also credited with inventing the regional speciality, "wanko soba", while stopping at Hanamaki on his way to Edo for "sankin-kōtai". In 1626 he was elevated to Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.
He died at the clan's Sakuradaya residence in Edo in 1632 at the age of 57, and was succeeded by his son, Nanbu Shigenao. His grave was originally at the temple of Shōju-ji in Sannohe, but was later relocated to the Nanbu clan mortuary temple of Tōzen-ji in Morioka.


Oshi Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Musashi Province (modern-day Saitama Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Oshi Castle in what is now part of the city of Gyōda, Saitama.
History.
Oshi Castle was completed by Narita Akiyasu around 1479. The Narita family ruled over the area of Gyōda as retainers to the Odawara Hōjō clan. The castle made use of marshes and swamplands in its surroundings and was considered impregnable. In 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi dispatched his senior retainer Ishida Mitsunari with an army of 23,000 troops to seize the castle. In the Siege of Oshi, the castle’s 619 samurai and 2000 local conscripts held off numerous attacks, and the castle surrendered only after word that their overlords had been defeated at the Siege of Odawara.
Afterwards, the area came under the control of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who assigned his 4th son, Matsudaira Tadayoshi to a 100,000 "koku" domain. However, as Tadayasu was only 11 years old, the domain was managed by Matsudaira Ietada, who repaired the battle-damaged castle and surrounding castle town until 1592. He was replaced by Matsudaira Tadayoshi of the Tōjō-branch of the Matsudaira clan until 1600. However, following the Battle of Sekigahara, Matsudaira Tadayoshi was promoted to Kiyosu Domain (620,000 "koku") and Oshi Domain reverted to "tenryō" status.
The domain was revived in 1633 for the "rōjū" Matsudaira Nobutsuna, infamous for his role in the suppression of the Shimabara Rebellion. He moved on to Kawagoe Domain in 1638 and was replaced for the next nine generations by the Abe clan.
Abe Tadaaki was a close confidant of "shōgun" Tokugawa Iemitsu and served as "wakadoshiyori" and "rōjū". His on Masayoshi served as "Osaka jōdai" and "Kyoto Shoshidai", as did many of the succeeding generations at Oshi Domain. In 1823, Abe Masanori was transferred to Shirakawa Domain, and Oshi was given to Matsudaira Tadataka of the Okudaira branch of the Matsudaira clan, formerly from Kuwana Domain. The Matsudaira continued to rule Oshi until the Meiji Restoration. Despite their "fudai" status, Matsudaira Tadakuni united the domain in favor of the Meiji government after "shōgun" Tokugawa Keiki abandoned his forces (including Tadakuni's son, Masudaira Tadazane)] following the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in the Boshin War. Following the Meiji Restoration, the final "daimyō" of Oshi Domain, Matsudaira Tadanori, married a daughter of Prince Fushimi Kuniie and was ennobled with the title of viscount ("shishaku") in the "kazoku" peerage.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Oshi Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Honda Tadatomo (Izumi Domain)


Abe Masasada


Ashikaga Motouji

 (1340–1367) was a warrior of the Nanboku-chō period. The fourth son of "shōgun" Ashikaga Takauji, he was the first of a dynasty of five "Kantō kubō", Kamakura-based representatives in the vital Kamakura-fu of Kyoto's Ashikaga regime. Meant to stabilize a volatile situation in the Kantō, a region where many warrior clans wanted the return of the shogunate from Kyoto back to Kamakura, the dynasty he started almost immediately developed the ambition to usurp the shogunate, becoming a serious headache for the central government. Motouji was the only "kubō" who always remained loyal to the Kyoto government. During the Kannō disturbance, a historical episode with serious repercussions on his life, he tried to reconcile his father with his uncle Ashikaga Tadayoshi and, after his father's demise, he collaborated with his elder brother, "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshiakira, to stabilize the shogunate. He died still young during an epidemic.
Background.
His childhood name first was Ikuō (光王) later become Kamewakamaru (亀若丸). In the first weeks of 1336, two years after the fall of Kamakura, the first of the Ashikaga "shōguns" Ashikaga Takauji left the city for Kyoto in pursuit of Nitta Yoshisada. He left behind his 4-year-old son Yoshiakira as his representative in the trust of three guardians: Hosokawa Kiyouji, Uesugi Noriaki, and Shiba Ienaga. This action however formally divided the country in two, giving the east and the west two separate administrations with similar authority and powers.
In 1349 Takauji called Yoshiakira to Kyoto to take his brother Tadayoshi's place, replacing him in Kamakura with another of his sons, Motouji, to whom he gave the title of "Kantō kanrei", or "Kantō deputy". Because the "kanrei" was the son of the "shōgun", ruled Kantō and controlled the military forces there, the area was usually called Kamakura Bakufu or Kamakura shogunate, and Motouji shogun or Kamakura/Kantō Gosho, an equivalent title. When later the habit of calling "kubō" the "shōgun" spread from Kyoto to the Kantō, the ruler of Kamakura came to be called "Kamakura kubō". The "kanrei" title was passed on to the Uesugi hereditary "shitsuji". However, the first time the "Kanto Kubō" title appears in writing is in a 1382 entry of the , after Motouji's death.
Career.
In 1349 Takauji sent Motouji to the Kantō to replace Yoshiakira, solidify his power and protect his interests there. Motouji and all the Kantō Kubō that followed him resided in the Ashikaga clan's family mansion in today's Jōmyōji neighborhood in the east of Kamakura. At the location now stands a black memorial stele, whose inscription reads:
After Minamoto no Yoritomo founded his shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshikane made this place his residence. His descendants also resided here for well over 200 years thereafter. After Ashikaga Takauji became "shōgun" and moved to Kyoto, his son and second "shōgun" Yoshiakira decided to also live there. Yoshiakira's younger brother Motouji then became "Kantō kanrei" and commanded his army from here. This became a tradition for all of the Ashikaga that followed. They, after Kyoto's fashion, gave themselves the title "kubō". In 1455 "kubō" Ashikaga Shigeuji, after clashing with Uesugi Noritada, moved to Ibaraki's Shimōsa Province and the residence was demolished.
Erected in March 1918 by the Kamakurachō Seinendan
Location: Jōmyōji 4-2-25, near Nijinohashi Bridge.
Since Motouji was then just a child, real power was in the hands of two "shitsuji" Uesugi Noriaki and Kō no Morofuyu, men Takauji trusted.
However, the following year Uesugi, together with Takauji's brother Ashikaga Tadayoshi, defected and allied himself with Emperor Go-Daigo of the Southern Court, a sworn enemy of the Ashikaga, and left Kamakura for Kōzuke Province. Kō remained faithful to Motouji, but was killed in battle by Uesugi at Kai. Takauji responded running to Kamakura, defeating his brother's forces, and taking him prisoner. Tadayoshi died later, probably of poisoning. In 1352 Nitta Yoshioki and Yoshimune (both sons of Nitta Yoshisada) took Kamakura, and Motouji had to escape. Once again, Takauji had to come to his son's succor to restore order. The situation having stabilized, Takauji returned to Kyoto, leaving Hatakeyama Kunikiyo as the new "shitsuji".
After Takauji's death, Nitta Yoshioki meant to attack Kamakura again, but Motouji had him caught and drowned in a river in 1358. With the Kantō finally peaceful, Motouji sent troops commanded by Hatakeyama Kunikiyo to help his brother Yoshiakira attack Yoshino Province, where Go-Daigo had installed his court, but was betrayed by Kunikiyo, who disobeyed orders and instead went to attack Nitta Yoshinaga. He personally defeated Kunikiyo, then reconciled himself with Uesugi Noriaki in 1364 and reinstated him to his former post. Because Noriaki had sided with Ashikaga Tadayoshi during the Kannō disturbance, this act is believed to have done much to pacify the Kantō.
Motouji died during an epidemic in 1367 at the age of 28 while firmly in power. He is buried at the family temple of Zuisen-ji.


Ii Naoteru


Konoe Motohira

, son of Kanetsune, was a "kugyō" or Japanese court noble of the early Kamakura period. He held a regent position kampaku from 1267 to 1268. and Iemoto were his sons. One of his daughter was a consort of regent Takatsukasa Kanetada.


Wadai Site

 is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Jōmon period settlement, located in what is now part of the city of Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2006.
Overview.
The Wadai ruins date from the middle Jōmon period (4500–4000 years ago), and are located on an elevated plateau with an altitude of 195 meters, in the former town of Iino, Fukushima, sandwiched between the Abukuma River and the Megami River. The site was excavated during construction work on the Fukushima Prefectural Route No. 39 highway, but after the survey was competed, the highway was rerouted to a tunnel in order to protect the ruins.
The site was found to contain the ruins of over 230 pit dwellings and stilt-pillar buildings surrounding circular plaza, making it one of the largest Jōmon settlement sites to have been discovered in Fukushima. Most of the pit dwelling had storage pits, but numerous grave pits were also found. Numerous pottery fragments have been discovered including an earthenware statue of a human body (head, body, limbs) and pottery with textile patterns and containing hunting scenes. Anthropomorphic Jōmon pottery was common in far northern Japan and Hokkaido, but had never been found so far south before this find. Daily utensils made from bone, stone and animal horn have been uncovered, as well as artifacts made from obsidian and oceanic fish bones from the Kantō, Hokuriku and Chūbu regions, indicating long distance trade in the Jōmon period.
The settlement appears to have been inhabited for approximately 200 years, but then was abandoned for unknown reasons. Another mystery about the site is that although pottery shards were very numerous, there was no trace of any clay mining or pottery firing.
The site was backfilled after excavation, and is marked with a stone monument. It is located about 16 minutes by car from Matsukawa Station on the JR East Tōhoku Main Line.


Edwin G. Pulleyblank

Edwin George "Ted" Pulleyblank FRSC (August 7, 1922 – April 13, 2013) was a Canadian sinologist and professor at the University of British Columbia. He was known for his studies of the historical phonology of Chinese.
Life and career.
Edwin G. "Ted" Pulleyblank was born on August 7, 1922, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. His father, William George Edwin Pulleyblank, was a teacher of mathematics who later became a school vice-principal, and his mother, Ruth Pulleyblank, had also been a teacher. Pulleyblank was an avid student with a bright intellect and an excellent memory for details, and taught himself Ancient Greek while in high school. He matriculated at the University of Alberta in 1939 on an Alberta provincial government scholarship, and majored in the Latin and Greek Classics while also tutoring other students in math and physics in his spare time.
Pulleyblank graduated in 1942 at the height of World War II. Noticing his aptitude for both mathematics and foreign languages, one of Pulleyblank's professors offered him a chance to do "secret war work", which he accepted. On February 22, 1943 Pulleyblank joined the Examination Unit in Ottawa. This Unit was the civilian codebreaking unit of the Canadian Government. On May 13, 1943 Pulleyblank was sent to England to train with the Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park. He returned to Canada and on December 12, 1943 joined the Japanese Diplomatic Section of the Examination Unit, and later began studying Chinese at Carleton University.
In 1946, Pulleyblank received a Chinese government scholarship to study Chinese at the School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London, where he stayed for two years. In 1948, the SOAS made Pulleyblank a lecturer in Classical Chinese, even though he would later recall that his command of Japanese was at that time still better than his Chinese. He taught courses while pursuing doctoral studies under the German sinologist Walter Simon, and received a Ph.D. in 1951 with a dissertation entitled "The Background and Early Life of An Lu-shan".
Pulleyblank spent a year doing research at libraries in Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, and also did additional studies in Chinese at Cambridge University, receiving an M.A. in 1953. In 1953, at only 31 years old, Pulleyblank was given the position of Chair of Chinese at Cambridge, which he held for 13 years. Pulleyblank and his wife wanted to return to North America, and so in 1966 he left Cambridge to join the Asian Studies faculty at the University of British Columbia, where he remained until his retirement in 1987.


Tahara Domain

 was a minor "fudai" Japanese domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in southern Mikawa Province (modern-day southeastern Aichi Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Tahara Castle in what is now the city of Tahara.
History.
Most of the Atsumi Peninsula was controlled by the Toda clan during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods. The Toda pledged loyalty to the Imagawa clan, but later came under the rule of the Tokugawa clan. Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi assigned the Kantō region to Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Toda were dispossessed of their holdings, which were given to Hideyoshi's vassal, Ikeda Terumasa. The Toda accompanied Ieyasu to Edo and were reduced in status to "hatamoto" with a minor 5000 "koku" holding in Shimoda in Izu Province.
Following the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Toda Katatsugu was raised in status to 10,000 "koku" "daimyō," and allowed to return to Tahara Castle, which was now the center of the newly created Tahara feudal domain in 1601. In 1664, his son Toda Tadamasa, was transferred to Amakusa Domain in Bungo Province with an increase in revenues to 21,000 "koku" and Tahara Domain was reassigned to the Miyake clan, who remained in residence until the Meiji Restoration.
The domain had a population of 20,343 people in 4314 households per a 1696 census. The domain maintained its primary residence ("kamiyashiki") in Edo at Hanzonmon. At the end of the Edo period, its holdings consisted of 34 villages in Atsumi District, Mikawa Province.
Although only a minor domain in terms of revenue, Tahara Domain had the distinction of being allowed a full castle, unlike most domains of similar size, which were allowed only a "jin'ya", or fortified residence. Tahara Domain was noted for its domain academy and scholarship, and produced noted scholars such as Watanabe Kazan.
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Tahara Domain became “Tahara Prefecture”, which merged with the short lived Nukata Prefecture in November 1871, which later became part of Aichi Prefecture.


House of Kayus

The Kayusid or House of Kayus (also "Kâvos") or Kâvusakân was a semi-independent Iranian kingdom centered in present-day northern Iraq, ruling as Sasanian vassals from 226 to 380.
History.
The House of Kayus was established after an agreement between Iranian principalities and kingdoms and the Sasanian Empire, following a two-year war between the Empire and the local kingdoms. A local Iranian prince, Kayus, was reinstated tributary king to rule in northern Iraq.
Prior to the establishment of the House of Kayus, a number of unified Iranian principalities and kingdoms from Barzan and Hakkari to Mukriyan and Shahrazur ruled under the leadership of the Kingdom of Kerm (serpent) centered at Kermanshah. In AD 224, Ardashir I, founder of the Persian Sassanian Empire, challenged the kingdom of Kermanshah in a two-year war before finally receiving suzerainty from a number of kingdoms across the region. The House of Kayus was established in AD 226 and remained a semi-independent kingdom until AD 380 before Ardashir II removed the dynasty's last ruling member.


Greater Kamrup

Greater Kamrup was the historical extent of the political boundaries and culture of Kamrup beyond the current cultural sphere. This particularly concerns the spread of political boundaries of Kamrup Kingdom, through expansion and conquest, but may also refer to the spread of Kamrupi culture to the east and southwards during the early centuries of the Common Era. To the west, expansion of political boundaries towards North Bengal and expansion towards south east to Bengal and North Odisha. The term is tied to the geographic uncertainties surrounding the "Kamrup" during the first millennium and early second millennium.


Theodorias (province)

Theodorias () was a Byzantine province created in 528 by Emperor Justinian I and named in honour of his wife, the Empress Theodora.
History.
It comprised a small coastal territory taken from the earlier provinces of Syria Prima and Syria Secunda. The new province remained part of the Diocese of the East. Its capital was Laodicea (in Syria; now Latakia), and it also included the cities of Paltus (Arab al-Mulk), Balaneae and Gabala. Ecclesiastically, these cities retained their former allegiances to the metropolitan bishops of Syria Prima and Secunda: Antioch and Apamea in Syria.


List of years in Bangladesh

This is a list of years in Bangladesh. See also the timeline of Bangladeshi history.


Hua (state)

Hua () was a vassal state of the Zhou dynasty in modern Yanshi, Henan Province. It was destroyed by the State of Qin in 627 BC.
The ruins of Hua are located in Huachenghe Village, Yanshi. It is now a Major National Historical and Cultural Site.


Timeline of Nanjing

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the Chinese Wikipedia."


Okada Domain

The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in Bitchū Province.


Nishinumata ruins

The is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a late Kofun period (6th century AD) settlement located in what is now part of the city of Tendō, Yamagata in the Tōhoku region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1987.
Overview.
The site is located on the lower right bank of the Mogami River in the Yamagata Basin, in the Yanome neighborhood of Tendō. It was discovered in 1985 in conjunction with a prefectural farmland improvement project. The site now covers an area of 45,000 square meters and is a rare example of a rural settlement before the formation of Mutsu Province. Excavation surveys confirmed the foundations of 16 pillared buildings, two of which appear to have been granaries, and 14 of which were residences, along with wells, rice paddies and a dam to create a pond. The settlement area was protected by a wooden palisade.
The site was opened to the public in 2008 as the with a number of reconstructed buildings and a museum. It is located a short walk from the Nishinumata Archaeological Park bus stop on the Tendō city bus from Tendō Station on the Yamagata Shinkansen.


Hirado Domain

 was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It is associated with Hizen Province in modern-day Nagasaki Prefecture.
In the han system, Hirado was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. In other words, the domain was defined in terms of "kokudaka", not land area. This was different from the feudalism of the West.
History.
After Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s successful conquest of Kyushu, local warlord Matsura Shigenobu was confirmed in Hirado County, Iki Island and Hario Island to be his domain. During the Japanese invasions of Korea, Hirado was a forward base of operations for Japanese forces. In 1599, Matsura Shigenobu erected a castle called "Hinotake-jō" on the site of the present-day Hirado Castle. However, he burned the castle down himself in 1613, as a gesture of loyalty towards Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu, having served in the losing Toyotomi side during the Battle of Sekigahara. In return, he was allowed to retain his position as "daimyō" of Hirado Domain under the Tokugawa bakufu.
The present Hirado Castle was constructed in 1704 by order of the 5th "daimyō" of Hirado domain, Matsura Takashi with the assistance of the Tokugawa shogunate to be the keystone in seaward defenses of Japan in the East China Sea region, now that the country had implemented a policy of national seclusion against western traders and missionaries. Also during the period of Matsura Takashi, a subsidiary domain (Hirado Shinden Domain) of 10,000 "koku" was created for his younger brother, Matsura Masashi. Matsura Takashi served in a number of important posts in the Tokugawa Shogunate, including that of "Jisha-bugyō," a post traditionally reserved only for "fudai daimyō". However, his expenses in rebuilding Hirado Castle all but bankrupted the domain.
The 9th "daimyō", Matsura Kiyoshi, was a noted essayist and political commentator. The final "daimyō", Matsura Akira, commanded his forces as part of the Satchō Alliance during the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, in support of Emperor Meiji, and fought at the Battle of Toba–Fushimi and against the Tokugawa remnants of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei in northern Japan, at Morioka and Akita. In April 1884, he was made a count in the new "kazoku" peerage system. From 1890, he served in the House of Peers of the Diet of Japan. He was later awarded 2nd Court rank.
Territories of the Hirado Domain at the end of the Edo period.
It also includes the territory of the Hirado Shinden Domain which was incorporated in 1870.
List of "daimyōs".
The hereditary "daimyōs" were head of the clan and head of the domain.


2nd Asian Film Awards

The 2nd Asian Film Awards were given in a ceremony on 17 March 2008 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre as part of the Hong Kong International Film Festival.
The top winner was "Secret Sunshine" from South Korea, which won Best Film, Best Director for Lee Chang-dong and Best Actress for Jeon Do-yeon. "Secret Sunshine" had been nominated for four awards.
The top nominees were "Lust, Caution" by Ang Lee and "The Warlords" by Peter Chan, both with six nominations each. Tony Leung Chiu Wai, star of "Lust, Caution" won Best Actor, while "The Warlords" won the award for best visual effects.
"The Sun Also Rises" by Jiang Wen had five nominations, and it won the prize for Best Supporting Actress, Joan Chen, who was also nominated for best actress for "The Home Song Stories".
Japan's "I Just Didn't Do It" had four nominations.
For this year, the awards categories were expanded from 10 to 12 to include nominations for best supporting actor and best supporting actress.
The awards were sponsored by Mission Hills Golf Club.
Controversy.
A reported Chinese media ban kept "Lust, Caution" lead actress Tang Wei from attending the ceremony.


Corps of Forty

The Corps of Forty (, Urdu: ), also known as Dal Chalisa or Turkan-i-Chahalgani was the council of 40 Turkic and non-Turkic nobles that administered the Delhi Sultanate under the Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. It was initially formed by Qutb al-Din Aibak but later modified by Sultan Iltutmish. It was the first regular ministerial body in the history of Indian Subcontinent.
Although all power was vested in the Sultan, he was the head of state, head of government, military, economy and judicial system. He was also free to appoint or dismiss the members of Chalisa but they played an important role in the administration and expansion of Sultanate. Sometimes these nobles played a crucial role in the choice of the Sultan. In the absence of any law of succession, they sided with the one or the other claimants of the throne.


Tsugaru Tamenobu

 was a Sengoku period Japanese "daimyō", and the first daimyō of Hirosaki Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. He was born as Ōura Tamenobu, and was a hereditary retainer of the Nanbu clan; however, he later rebelled against the Nanbu and established an independent domain, and renamed himself as Tsugaru Tamenobu.
Early life.
Much about the early life of Tamenobu and the ancestry of the Ōura clan is uncertain. Tamenobu was born in 1550, as the adopted son and heir of Ōura Tamenori, a retainer of the Nanbu clan, based at Sannohe Castle. He succeeded his father in 1567 or 1568 as castellan of Ōura Castle, located in what is now part of the city of Hirosaki. According to later Tsugaru clan records, the clan was descended from the noble Fujiwara clan and had an ancient claim to ownership of the Tsugaru region of northern Honshu; however, according to the records of their rivals, the Nanbu clan, Tamenobu was born as either Nanbu Tamenobu or Kuji Tamenobu, from a minor branch house of the Nanbu and was driven from the clan due to discord with his elder brother. In any event, the Ōura were hereditary under the Nanbu clan's local magistrate Ishikawa Takanobu; however, in 1571 Tamenobu attacked and killed Ishikawa and began taking the Nanbu clan's castles in the Tsugaru region one after another. He captured castles at Ishikawa, Daikoji and Aburakawa, and soon gathered support of many former Nanbu retainers in the region.
Independence from the Nanbu.
In 1582, with the death of Nanbu Harumasa, the Nanbu clan collapsed into numerous factions. The 25th hereditary clan chieftain, Nanbu Harutsugu, was a boy of 13, and soon died under uncertain circumstances, and the Kunohe branch of the clan under the warlord Kunohe Masazane began to expand its influence over the Sannohe main branch. Given these circumstances, Tamenobu declared that the western Nanbu territories under his control would be independent for Nanbu rule. Proclaimed a traitor by the Nanbu clan, rivals Nanbu Nobunao and Kunohe Masazane both called for Tamenobu's death. Tamenobu was successful in taking castle after castle in the region due to the divided state of the Nanbu clan, but realising that in the long term he would need to solicit outside help, he approached the Mogami clan for an introduction to the regime of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Tamenobu initially departed by boat from Ajigasawa, but inclement winds blew the boat north as far as Matsumae. He made attempts to reach Hideyoshi overland in 1586, 1587 and 1588, but was blocked each time by hostile forces in the territories to the south of Tsugaru.
Under the Toyotomi.
In 1589, Tamenobu approached Ishida Mitsunari with gifts of horses and falcons for Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and asked for formal recognition as "daimyō" over his existing holdings (i.e. the three Tsugaru districts of Hiraga, Hanawa and Inaka of far northwestern Mutsu Province). The area has had a formally assessed "kokudaka" of 45,000 "koku". Tamenobu, accompanied by 18 of his closest vassals, participated in the Siege of Odawara in 1590, and was received in audience by Hideyoshi. Nanbu Nobunao, supported by Maeda Toshiie declared Tamenobu to be a rebellious vassal who had seized the Tsugaru region illegally, and demanded his punishment. Tamenobu was supported by Ishida Mitsunari, Hashiba Hidetsugu and Oda Nobukatsu and as he had pledged fealty to Hideyoshi earlier than Nanbu Nobunao, his claims to Tsugaru were officially recognised.
Tamenobu also revived his clan's claims to have been descended from the Fujiwara clan and made lavish presents to the "kampaku" Konoe Sakihisa into order to receive former recognition of this claim. he also changed his family name from Ōura to Tsugaru at this time. In 1591, he accompanied Toyotomi forces in the suppression of the Kunohe Rebellion. During Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea, he was stationed at Fushimi Castle near Kyoto, and in 1597 moved his seat from Ōura Castle to Horikoshi Castle.
From the Battle of Sekigahara.
In 1600, Tamenobu received the courtesy title of "Ukyo-no-daifu", and together with his third son, Tsugaru Nobuhira, participated in the Battle of Sekigahara as part of the Eastern Army under Tokugawa Ieyasu. However, at the time, his eldest son Tsugaru Nobutake, was serving Toyotomi Hideyori as a page in Osaka Castle, so the situation of the Tsugaru clan was similar to that of the Sanada clan in that it was divided between the two armies. After the battle, he took in the orphaned children of Ishida Mitsunari and provided them shelter in Tsugaru, and even married Nobuhira to Mitsunari's daughter. As a reward for his efforts at the Battle of Sekigahara, his rewards were remarkable low - only an additional 2000 "koku" in Kozuke Province, which brought his "kokudaka" to "47,000 koku".
Tamenobu also feared a rebellion within his domains during his absence, and had the suspected leader, Morioka Nobumoto, put to death before his departure. The rebellion occurred anyway, and the rebels briefly occupied Horikoshi Castle before receiving word of the defeat of the Western Army, and surrendering without a fight. Afterwards, Tamenobu decided to relocate his seat to a location called Takaoka, sandwiched between the Iwaki River and the Tabuchi River, and began work on a new castle on a massive scale. The new castle was Hirosaki Castle.
In 1607, Tamenobu received word that his eldest son, Nobutatsu, was ill in Kyoto and set out from Hirosaki to visit him. However, Nobutake died in October, before Tamenobu arrived, and Tamenobu himself died in Kyoto that December at the age of 58. His grave is at the Tsugaru clan temple of Kakushū-ji in Hirosaki.
As Tamenobu's second son, Nobukata, had in 1597, the title went to his third son, Nobuhira. This immediately resulted in an "O-Ie Sōdō", as many retainers felt that Nobutake's son was the legitimate heir. However, the Tokugawa shogunate intervened and proclaimed Nobuhira as the next "daimyō".


List of cultural heritage sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Following is the list of monuments and archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total 85 sites in the province were under the protection of the Federal Government. The list includes the only completely inscribed UNESCO World Heritage Site in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the Buddhist Ruins of Takht-i-Bahi and Neighbouring City Remains at Sahr-i-Bahlol as well as sites which are part of the World Heritage Sites at Taxila.
Protected/Unprotected sites.
Until the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, the protected sites were under the Federal Government.


Bus Mordeh phase

The Bus Mordeh phase is an archaeological phase in Khuzistan (Ali Kosh) that is roughly dated somewhere between 8,200 BCE and 7,000 BCE. Hunter gatherers were still active but agricultural settlement had also started with emmer, wheat and two-row hulled barley. These were cultivated crops, but wild barley was found with the domesticated variety. The principal crop was emmer; the clover-type legumes medicago (wild alfafa), astragalus (spiny milk vetch), and trigonella (pea family, related to fenugreek) were common crops, along with Oat grass (Avena), Bermuda grass (Cynodon) and canary grass (Phalaris).
From 7500 BCE - 6750 BCE, farmers in Khuzisran were heavily dependent on these wild legumes and native grasses. Over time, as wheat and barley cultivation expanded, wild grasses (which competed with the cultivated cereals for low salinity alluvial soils) were treated as weeds and removed. However Aegilops (goat-face grass), "lolium" (ryegrass) and other grasses from the mountains were introduced to the steppe (possibly from imperfectly processed grains) and some like ryegrass persist as weeds in this region into the modern day.
Cultivated cereals were harvested with flint sickles. These primitive grains were not free threshing cereals and so would be roasted until the chaff became brittle and ground with flat-topped pieces of rough limestone. The groats produced by this method were eaten as gruel. Herders tended sheep and goats in good grazing lands and thousands of flint blades have been found attesting to the well-established practice of hunting Persian gazelle, boar, wild ox and onager. Deh Luren was rich in water fowl, carp, mussels, terrapin, and catfish.


League for the Establishment of a National Assembly

The , later called the Great Japan Public Association of Volunteers for the Establishment of a National Assembly (大日本国会期成有志公会), was a Japanese political organization that played a central role during the Meiji period in the movement to establish a National Diet; it was also the forerunner of the Liberal Party.
Background.
In 1875 Taisuke Itagaki formed the Aikokusha, in order to expand his Freedom and People's Rights Movement nationwide. However, because Itagaki was reinstated as a sangi in the Meiji government his Aikokusha soon dissolved on its own.
Three years later, in September 1878 the Aikokusha was revived and a conference was held. At its third conference held in November 1879 it was decided to engage in canvassing throughout Japan and collect signatures for a petition to establish a national assembly.
Formation of the League.
The fourth conference of the Aikokusha was held at Osaka's Kitafuku Pavilion on 15 March 1880. 114 people from 24 prefectures participated, including representatives from political associations unaffiliated with the Aikokusha, and about 87,000 signatures were collected together petitioning for the establishment of a national assembly. Kenkichi Kataoka was selected to chair the meeting with Yukizumi Nishiyama as co-chair. On March 17, they moved their meeting hall to Taiyu Temple and continued proceedings until 9 April.
At the conference it was decided to found the League for the Establishment of a National Assembly for enlarging and developing the organization. Thus, the fourth conference of the Aikokusha was rebranded as the first conference of the League for the Establishment of a National Assembly. A 19-point agreement was drawn up according to which the League resolved to set up a standing committee for the purpose of maintaining contact between the political associations of each region, to present their petition to the Emperor, to hold another conference in November of the same year in the event that the Emperor did not accept their petition, and to not disband the League until a national assembly had come into being.
The League chose Kenkichi Kataoka and Hironaka Kono to deliver the Petition Requesting the Establishment of a National Assembly. They proceeded to Tokyo and tried to submit it to both the Dajokan and the Genroin but the government refused to recognize their right to petition and turned it down. What's more, on 5 April the government enacted the Public Assembly Ordinance, a law restricting freedom of association and assembly, as a Dajokan Proclamation, and they clamped down on and repressed the Freedom and People's Rights Movement. However, the forces who had built up the liberal movement resisted the government's actions. The movement experienced as upsurge as citizens individually put forward petitions to the government.
The second conference.
The second conference of the League for the Establishment of a National Assembly was opened on 10 November 1880 in Tokyo at a former branch of the Aikokusha. 64 people participated, representing political associations from 24 prefectures in all parts of the country, and the signatures of about 13,000 people were collected together petitioning for the establishment of a national assembly.
At the conference Hironaka Kono was selected as chair, and then a "Victim Relief Act" was enacted providing for support to individuals and their families who had been subject to oppression due to their involvement in the campaign. Furthermore, a council book was approved resolving to change the League's name to the Great Japan Public Association of Volunteers for the Establishment of a National Assembly, to set up its headquarters in Nishikonya-cho, Tokyo, to have each political association write up and share a proposal for a draft constitution before the next conference, and to not disband the association until a national assembly had come into being. After the conference, a number of influential draft constitutions were prepared throughout the country including the Itsukaichi Kenpo and the Toyo Dai Nihonkoku Kokken An.
Though it wasn't voted on at the conference, a proposal was also put forward by Hironaka Kono, Masahisa Matsuda, and Emori Ueki to form a political party in order to lead the campaign. Following the end of the conference on 15 December 1880, Kono, Matsuda, and Ueki convened a meeting with Morikazu Numa and Tokiyoshi Kusama of the Omeisha and others, and founded the Liberal Party Preparation Committee with Numa as chairman.
The third conference and the formation of the Liberal Party.
The main agenda planned for the Association's third conference in October 1881 was discussion of the draft constitutions drawn up by their members. In addition, during the first two days of October talks were undertaken between the leaders of the Liberal Party Preparation Committee and the Great Japan Public Association of Volunteers for the Establishment of a National Assembly with an eye to bringing together the two organizations and forming a new political party. Kaneaki Hayashi of the Association's standing committee played a leading role in the negotiations.
While this was happening, the Hokkaido Colonization Assets Scandal had come to light and, as a result of having taken the government to task over it, Shigenobu Okuma was ousted from the government in the Political Crisis of 1881. In order to deflect mounting criticism, the government promulgated on 12 October 1881 the Imperial Edict on the Establishment of a National Assembly to take effect in the year 1890. The activists of the Freedom and People's Rights Movement, judging that they had succeeded in their objective, shelved their discussion of the draft constitutions and the majority agreed that they ought to create a political party.
Because differences of opinion would emerge between the group's urban and rural elements, Morikazu Numa seceded from the formation of the new party and would later join Shigenobu Okuma's Rikken Kaishinto.
On 18 October 1881 the conference opened, bringing together 78 representatives from across the country at the restaurant Ibumura-Ro in Tokyo. Shojiro Goto was selected to chair the meeting with Tatsui Baba as co-chair. On 19 October the party pledge and rules were written up and on 29 October the Liberal Party came into being with Taisuke Itagaki being elected as the party's president and Nobuyuki Nakajima as vice-president.


Takaoka Domain

 was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in Shimōsa Province (the northern portion of modern-day Chiba Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Takaoka "jin'ya" in what is now the city of Narita, Chiba and town of Shimofusa, Chiba.
History.
Takaoka Domain was founded for Inoue Masashige, a close retainer of Tokugawa Hidetada and Tokugawa Iemitsu, who rose to prominence after the Osaka Summer Campaign. He subsequently served as a "metsuke," and played an important role in the persecution and eradication of "Kirishitan" religion from Japan. After the suppression of the Shimabara Rebellion, he was raised to the status of a 10,000 "koku" "daimyō" and assigned the newly formed Takaoka Domain.
However, Masashige never actually visited his domains, dividing his time between Edo and Nagasaki on official duties, and his revenues were increased to 13,000 "koku" in 1644. His son, Inoue Masakiyo likewise spent his time in Edo, but giving up 1500 "koku" in revenue to his younger his brothers. Inoue Masaakira was the first "daimyō" of Takaoka to actually live within the domain. He also surrendered 1500 "koku" to his younger brothers, leaving the domain at the 10,000 "koku" level.
During the Boshin War, the domain quickly supported the Satchō Alliance. After the Battle of Ueno, the final "daimyō" of Takaoka, Inoue Masanori, submitted to the Meiji government. He was appointed domain governor under the new administration, until the abolition of the han system in July 1871 and subsequently served in the police forces of the new government and became a viscount under the "kazoku" peerage. The former Takaoka Domain was absorbed into the new Chiba Prefecture.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Takaoka Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Takizawa Stone Age Site

The is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a Jōmon period settlement located in what is now the Akagi neighborhood of the city of Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1927.
Overview.
The Takizawa site is located on a hill extending east to west of the western foot of Mount Akagi. It attracted attention because of the foundations of three pit dwellings found in 1926, along with prehistoric storage pits and other artifacts such as Jōmon pottery, stone tools and ritual objects such as clay figurines. Further archaeological excavations revealed that the settlement covered an area of 470 meters east-to-west by 170 meters north-to-south, centering on the hill, which had an abundant spring as a water source in its northeast corner. At present, the remains of 15 houses from the early to late Jōmon period have been identified, together with embankment remains and dwelling sites from the Heian period indicating centuries of continuous occupation. Also of note was the site of a stone quarry, and also of a large-scale stone circle typically found in sites much further to the north, with a diameter of over 30 meters.
The artifacts excavated are stored and displayed at the Akagi History Museum, about 10 minutes by car from Shikishima Station on the JR East Jōetsu Line. The ruins were backfilled after excavation.


Sagara Domain

 was a Japanese feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period, located in Tōtōmi Province. The domain was centered in what is now the Sagara district of Makinohara city, Shizuoka Prefecture. The site of the Sagara jin'ya is now the Sagara Elementary School.
History.
In 1710, Honda Tadaharu, lord of Ibo Domain in Mikawa Province was transferred by the Tokugawa shogunate to Sagara, on the coast of Tōtōmi Province and his revenues were raised from 10,000 "koku" to 15,000 "koku". The Honda clan ruled Sagara for three generations, until Honda Tadayuki was transferred to Izumi Domain in Mutsu Province in 1746.
The Honda were replaced by Itakura Katsukiyo, who ruled for only three years before being transferred to Annaka Domain in Kōzuke Province. Sagara was then returned to the Honda clan in the form of Honda Tadanaka, formerly of Komoro Domain in Mikawa; however, it was reclassified as only a minor 10,000 "koku" domain at this time.
In 1767, Sagara Domain was awarded to Tanuma Okitsugu, who rose from very humble status as a page to Shōgun Tokugawa Ieshige, to chamberlain, and then grand-chamberlain and "rōjū" under Shōgun Tokugawa Ieharu. He was also elevated to the status of "daimyō" when he was awarded Sagara Domain, and over the years increased its revenues from 10,000 "koku" to 57,000 "koku". Sagara prospered greatly under his economic reforms, and a road was built linking it to the great Tōkaidō highway connecting Edo with Kyoto. However, after Tokugawa Ieharu’s death Tanuma Okitsugu soon fell from favor, and reduced in rank and income. His grandson, Tanuma Okiaki, inherited a domain reduced back to its former 10,000 "koku" status in 1787, and less than a year later, was transferred to Shimomura Domain in Mutsu Province. Sagara Domain became a "tenryō" territory ruled directly by the "Shōgun".
However, in 1823, his son Tanuma Ogimasa was allowed to return to Sagara, where he and his descendants remained until the Meiji Restoration. The domain had a population of 310 samurai at the start of the Meiji period. The domain maintained its primary residence ("kamiyashiki") in Edo at Kanda, until the An'ei (1772–81) period, and at Hanjo at the time of the Meiji restoration.
In February 1869, the final "daimyō" of Sagara Domain, Tanuma Okitaka, was transferred by the new Meiji government to the short-lived Kokubo Domain in Kazusa Province and Sagara Domain was absorbed into the new Shizuoka Domain created for retired ex-Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu.


Wakadoshiyori

The , or "Junior Elders", were high government officials in the Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-1867). The position was established around 1633, but appointments were irregular until 1662. The four to six "wakadoshiyori" were subordinates to the "rōjū" in status, but they ranked above the "jisha-bugyō". The served for a month at a time on a rotating basis and were selected from the ranks of the "fudai daimyō". There were periods when the number of "wakadoshiyori" rose to 6 or 7 at one time.
The "wakadoshiyori" were tasked with supervising the direct vassals of the "shōgun", namely the "hatamoto" and "gokenin" using reports provided by the "metsuke". They also oversaw the activities of artisans and physicians, organised and supervised public works projects and were in change of the "shōgun's" personal guards. In the event of war, the "wakadoshiyori" were theoretically to lead the "hatamoto" in battle.
List of "Wakadoshiyori".
"Wakadoshiyori-kaku".
The "wakadoshiyori-kaku" were bakufu officials ranking as "wakadoshiyori," but not actually appointed as such.
"'List of "wakadoshiyori-kaku"


Mitsui

 is one of the largest keiretsu in Japan and one of the largest corporate groups in the world.
The major companies of the group include Mitsui & Co. (general trading company), Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Sapporo Breweries, Toray Industries, Mitsui Chemicals, Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings, Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Mitsui O.S.K. Lines and Mitsui Fudosan.
History.
Edo period origins.
Founded by Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), who was the fourth son of a shopkeeper in Matsusaka, in what is now today's Mie prefecture. From his shop, called Echigoya (越後屋), Mitsui Takatoshi's father originally sold miso and ran a pawn shop business. Later, the family would open a second shop in Edo (now called Tokyo).
Takatoshi moved to Edo when he was 14 years old, and later his older brother joined him. Sent back to Matsutaka by his brother, Takatoshi waited for 24 years until his older brother died before he could take over the family shop, Echigoya. He opened a new branch in 1673; a large gofukuya (kimono shop) in Nihonbashi, a district in the heart of Edo. This genesis of Mitsui's business history began in the "Enpō" era, which was a "nengō" meaning "Prolonged Wealth".
In time, the gofukuya division separated from Mitsui, and is now called Mitsukoshi. Traditionally, gofukuyas provided products made to order; a visit was made to the customer's house (typically a person of high social class or who was successful in business), an order taken, then fulfilled. The system of accountancy was called "margin transaction". Mitsui changed this by producing products first, then selling them directly at his shop for cash. At the time, this was an unfamiliar mode of operation in Japan. Even as the shop began providing dry goods to the government of the city of Edo, cash sales were not yet a widespread business practice.
At about this time, Edo's government had struck a business deal with Osaka. Osaka would sell crops and other material to pay its land tax. The money was then sent to Edo—but moving money was dangerous in middle feudal Japan. In 1683 the shogunate granted permission for money exchanges ("ryōgaeten") to be established in Edo. The Mitsui "exchange shops" facilitated transfers and mitigated that known risk.
Formation of Mitsui "zaibatsu".
After the Meiji Restoration, Mitsui was among the enterprises that were able to expand to become zaibatsu not simply because they were already big and rich at the start of modern industrial development. Firms like Mitsui and Sumitomo were led by non-family managers such as Minomura Rizaemon, who guided the business by accurately forecasting the coming political and economic situations, by acquaintance with high-ranking government officials or politicians, and bold investment.
Mitsui's main business in the early period was drapery, finance, and trade, the first two being the businesses it inherited from the Tokugawa Era. It entered into mining because it acquired a mine as collateral from the loan it had made, and partly because it could buy a mine cheaply from the government, Mitsui then diversified to become the biggest business in pre-war Japan. The diversification was made mainly into related fields to take advantage of accumulated capabilities; for instance, the trading company entered into chemicals to attain forward integration.
On July 1, 1876, Mitsui Bank, Japan's first private bank, was founded with Takashi Masuda (1848–1938) as its president. Mitsui Bank, which following a merger with Taiyō-Kobe Bank in the mid-1980s became part of Sakura Bank, survives as part of the Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation. During the early 20th century, Mitsui was one of the largest zaibatsu, operating in numerous fields.
Mitsui Bank became the holding company of the Mitsui zaibatsu from 1876. It was joined as an ultimate parent company by Mitsui & Co. and Mitsui Mining in 1900, with various industrial concerns owned by various combinations of these companies and their subsidiaries.
Likewise, Mitsui invested in maritime transportation to support its trading activities as well as invest in passenger transportation, first with the creation in 1878 of Osaka Shosen Kaisha (OSK), which was merged with Mitsui Steamship in 1964, to become Mitsui OSK Lines (MOL), which is today one of the largest ocean shipping groups in the world.
When the United Kingdom withdrew from the gold standard in 1931, during the height of the Great Depression, Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co. were found to have speculated around the transaction. This raised a political furor in Japan and resulted in the assassination of Mitsui executive Takuma Dan.
World War II.
As part of the Japanese plans for the exploitation of China, during the 1930s and '40s, the subsidiary tobacco industry of Mitsui had started production of special "Golden Bat" cigarettes using the then-popular in the Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export. Local Japanese secret service "kempetai" under the controversial Imperial Japanese Army General Kenji Doihara had the control of their distribution in China and Manchuria where the production exported. Within the mouthpiece were small discreet doses of opium or heroin, and consequently millions of unsuspecting consumers became addicted to these narcotics, while huge profits were created for the company. The mastermind of the plan, Doihara, was later prosecuted and convicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, sentenced to death; but no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated in 20 million to 30 million yen per year, while another authority stated that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at US$300 million a year.
During the Second World War, Mitsui employed American prisoners of war as slave laborers, some of whom were maimed by Mitsui employees.
Postwar development as "keiretsu".
In 1947 and 1948, the Supreme Commander Allied Powers pressed the Japanese government to dismantle the ten largest "zaibatsu" conglomerates, including Mitsui. The Mitsui Group, now broken into many separate companies, reorganized itself as a horizontal coalition of independent companies in the 1950s, once the occupation of Japan had ended and some of the smaller companies were allowed to re-coalesce. The central firms in the "keiretsu" became Mitsui Bank and Mitsui & Co..
Mitsui lagged somewhat behind its rivals Mitsubishi and Sumitomo Group in reorganization. Mitsui Bank, which should have been the mainstay and principal capital provider of the group, declined in size due to the collapse of the Imperial Bank after the war, which resulted in reduced cohesion of the conglomerate. Many companies that were once part of the Mitsui Group have become independent or tied to other conglomerates. Specifically, Toshiba, Toyota Motors, and Suntory, once part of the Mitsui Group, became independent, with the Toyota Group becoming a conglomerate in its own right.
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries (IHI Corporation) is now considered to be part of the Mizuho Group, and many companies in the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group are now more closely tied to the Sumitomo Group than the Mitsui Group. Recently there have been signs that Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and the Mitsubishi Group could be taking over other parts of the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group. Mitsukoshi merged into Isetan, a major department store with close ties to the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, to form Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings in April 2008.
Makeup of the Mitsui Group.
Companies currently associated with the Mitsui keiretsu include Mitsui & Co., Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Holdings, Japan Steel Works, Mitsui Chemicals, Mitsui Construction Co., Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding, Mitsui Fudosan, Mitsui-gold, Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., Mitsui Oil Exploration Co. (MOECO), Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Ltd, Mitsui-Soko, Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group, Oji Paper Company, Pacific Coast Recycling, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, Taiheiyo Cement, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Toray Industries, Toshiba Corporation, Tri-net Logistics Management, and Mitsui Commodity Risk Management (MCRM).


Takasu Domain

The was a Japanese domain located in Mino Province (present-day Kaizu, Gifu). For most of its history, it was ruled by the Takasu-Matsudaira, a branch of the Tokugawa clan of Owari Domain.
Matsudaira Katamori, Matsudaira Sadaaki, Tokugawa Yoshikatsu, and Tokugawa Mochinaga, four important figures in Bakumatsu-era Japan, were the sons of Matsudaira Yoshitatsu, one of Takasu's last "daimyō".
History.
In 1600, after the Battle of Sekigahara, Takagi Morikane was dispossessed of Takasu Castle for having sided with the pro-Toyotomi Western Army under Ishida Mitsunari. He was replaced by Tokunaga Nagamasa, one of Tokugawa Ieyasu’s generals and was assigned a fief with a "kokudaka" of 50,673 "koku". The marked the start of Takasu Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate. His son, Tokunaga Masashige, increased the "kokudaka" to 53,000 "koku"; however, he was dispossessed in 1628 over his failure to complete the rebuilding of the walls of Osaka Castle, and the domain was suppressed.
Takasu Domain was revived in 1640 as a 22,000 "koku" holding for a cadet branch of the Ogasawara clan from Sekiyado Domain in Shimōsa. However, the domain suffered greatly from flood damage, and the shogunate transferred the Ogasawara to Katsuyama Domain in Echizen in 1691.
The domain was revived a third time in 1700, this time as a 30,000 "koku" holding for Matsudaira Yoshiyuki, the younger son of Tokugawa Mitsutomo of Owari Domain. Matsudaira Yoshiyuki was already "daimyō" of the 30,000 "koku" Takai Domain in Mino Province since 1681, and traded this territory of Takasu Domain, which then became a subsidiary to Owari Domain. The domain remained in the hands of his descendants until the Meiji restoration.
Although administered as a part of Owari Domain, the position of Takasu Domain was somewhat ambiguous, as it was authorized directly by the shogunate rather than by Owari Domain. On the other hand, its "daimyō" lived permanently in Edo, and administered domain affairs through appointed officials, rather than residing in the domain and was thus not subject to "Sankin-kōtai".
Bakumatsu period holdings.
As with most domains in the han system, Takasu Domain consisted of a discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Baqirha

Baqirha, "Bāķirḥā;" was an ancient settlement in the Dead Cities area in northwest Syria. The ruins of a temple from Roman times and the remains of two churches and some residences from early Byzantine times have been preserved.
Location.
Baqirha lies on a hill called "Burj Baqirha" (Burj: Arabic <bdi>برج</bdi>"Tower") in Idlib Governorate on the northern slope of the Harim Mountains in the central area of the northern Syrian limestone massif. Six kilometers to the northeast lies the ancient settlement of Ba'uda on the same karst and treeless rock hill, from which the Bab al-Hawa border crossing on the main road from Aleppo to Antakya in Turkey can be seen just under two kilometers away. A few hundred meters north below Baqirha, the road leads to the poorly preserved neighboring village of Dar Qitapast. In a southerly direction it is two kilometers to a crossroads in the tiny village of Ras ibn Hosn and another four kilometers to the south to the extensive early Byzantine settlement of Barisha, whose ruined houses are hidden between trees and bushes, unlike the Baqirha, which can be seen from afar. The large settlement of Dehes is just as far southwest of Baqirha.
Above Baqirha only a few small olive trees thrive, otherwise grassland littered with boulders is predominant, which is used as pasture for sheep and horses. The ruins are uninhabited and there are several small villages in the vicinity.
History.
Temple.
The oldest building is a Roman prostylus temple, which stands at the upper, southern end away from the settlement near the street. It may have been built on the site of a much older sanctuary. The temple from the year 161 AD was dedicated to Zeus Bomos (" Zeus, the altar"), a local name for the main Syrian god Baal. Zeus' temples were often built on mountains; another was in close proximity on the summit of Jebel Sheikh Baraqat (south of Refade), and several around the summit of Hermon. It is not known which deity was worshiped in the temple of Babisqa, two kilometers to the east.
Above the base of the temple, which is comparable to the Baal Shamin temple in Palmyra, a rectangular building made of mighty limestone blocks rose, to which an entrance hall with four pillars was presented on the west side. The eastern rear wall up to the gable and part of the north wall were preserved. In front of the temple are the sections of the collapsed columns and Corinthian capitals.
Two houses from the 3rd century are preserved in ruins, the remaining ruins date from the 4th to 7th centuries. The religious dispute in the 4th century seems to have only gradually been decided in Baqirha in favor of Christianity. Soon after the reign of the Roman emperor Julian (360–363), the first Christians are documented in writing. From 384 a deacon named Mikalos owned his own house. At the same time, Zeus was worshiped here and in Dar Qita until the end of the 5th century.
Western church.
The earlier and poorly preserved of the two churches is the West Church, which Butler said was built in 501. When dating, he relies on an inscription that was not on the church building, but above the northern entrance of the enclosure wall of the Temenos. There was probably a previous building which, according to Butler, dates from the 4th century. Strube dates this first building to 416. The date can be read on the dedication above the east of the two doors on the south side, i.e. the entrance for the male parishioners. There three names are mentioned: "Kyriakos Presbyteros", who was also an architect, "Mikalos Diakonos" and a "Krisianos". Above the western door that led to the rear women's area read: “There is one God and his Christ and the Holy Spirit. May he help those who fear him."
Only the foundations of the semicircular apse have been preserved from the older building . During the renovation, the apse on the east wall was converted into a rectangular extension, which corresponded to the local building tradition. This three-aisled building with a straight east wall and closed west wall resembled smaller village churches such as the unadorned monastery church of Sitt er-Rum. Blocks of the masonry are scattered around, the north and west walls are partially preserved, of the south wall only the lower layer has been preserved. The older columns in the nave had Ionic capitals, while the Corinthian and Tuscan capitals were probably from the second construction phase. The nave was supported by four columns per row. In accordance with the urban building tradition, bead-shaped relief bands ran over the arched windows on the outer walls, which rolled into volutes at the ends. For the first time in Christian architecture in Syria - should the construction time be around 500 - the outer walls were structured in the middle and at the corners by pilasters. The formation of the door reveal at the southern main entrance with a heavy bulge profile, braided band and leaf fans is in the tradition of the entrance door of the Basilica of Qalb Loze.
The inscribed date on the profiled portal of the surrounding wall, which is just as richly decorated with leaf motifs, can also be read as 491. The portal does not necessarily have to be built at the same time as the church was rebuilt, so the new church could have been built around 490 or later. Strube takes the date 501 for the renovation, when the entire east side was renewed.
The square baptistery a little away from the south-east corner of the church is much better preserved. It was integrated into a courtyard in front of the south side of the church, which was closed off from the outside by a wall. A pillar-supported colonnade ran inside on two sides of this wall.
Eastern Church.
The Eastern Church can be recognized from afar by its completely preserved west gable, which looks towards the street. It is about 100 meters below the temple. The dating of the last construction phase is discussed as well as the time when the first church was built at this location. An inscription on the lintel of the west portal refers to the year 546 AD, which corresponded to the year 595 of the era of Antioch, the capital of the then administrative district Antiochene. In this church, too, the question of the extent to which components from older churches were reused or whether a stylistic recourse to the construction forms of the famous architect Markianos Kyris (around 400) is difficult.
The east wall of the three-aisled pillar basilica has been preserved up to the cornice on the upper floor. Butler describes that the six columns per central nave wall fell on the floor as they did centuries ago. He visited the ruins briefly in 1900 and 1905, and in April 1909 he made a map of Dar Qita and Baqirha. In the grass-overgrown nave there are only remains of ashlar from the outer walls. The apse in the east was rectangular, and a vestibule with four pillars, closed side walls and a pent roof was attached to the west facade. Like the Sergius Church of Dar Qita, which was built at the same time, the west portal is based on the older style of Master Kyris. Beyer recognizes a reused older lintel to which an additional cornice was added during a renovation. Consequently, the entire church must have been rebuilt. This is also indicated by the small dimensions, which were particularly common in churches in the first half of the 5th century.
The narthex with a pent roof built on the southern long side had four pillars, while the otherwise similar extension of the Sergius Church was supported by four columns. It was definitely added later, perhaps around 600.
Like almost all places in the limestone massif, Baqirha achieved its prosperity mainly through the export of olive oil. The still upright pillar porticoes of some stately residences or trading houses bear witness to the urban character of the place.
Today.
Since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War, the ruins of Baqirha have started to be used by displaced refugees from the conflict. The temples, churches and buildings of Baqirha are used by civilians seeking shelter within Idlib province.


2006 in the Palestinian territories

Meet me in the year 2006 in the Palestinian territories.


Iida Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Shinano Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Iida Castle, located in what is now part of the town of Iida in Nagano Prefecture. It was also known as .
History.
The area around Iida had been ruled during the Sengoku period by Akiyama Nobutomo, a retainer of Takeda Shingen. After the destruction of the Takeda clan, the lands came under the control of Tokugawa Ieyasu and were ruled by Suganuma Sadatoshi, followed by Mori Hideyori, and Kyōgoku Takatomo. Following the Battle of Sekigahara and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Ogasawara Hidemasa was relocated to Iida from Koga Domain in Shimōsa Province and made "daimyō" with Iida Domain, a 50,000 "koku" holding in Shinano Province. After his transfer to Matsumoto Domain in 1613, the territory reverted to "tenryō" status ruled directly by the shogunate until 1617, when it was reassigned to Wakizaka Yasumoto, formerly of Ōzu Domain in Iyo Province. His son, Wakizaka Yasumoto followed, reducing the domain by 2,000 "koku" with a gift to one of his uncles. He was transferred to Tatsuno Domain in Harima Province in 1672, where his descendants resided to the Meiji restoration.
The Wakizawa were replaced by a junior branch of the Hori clan and the holdings of the domain were reduced to 20,000 "koku". The domain's finances were never in good condition, and the situation continued to deteriorate over the years leading to widespread rioting in 1762 and in 1809. The 10th daimyō, Hori Chikashige was a close supporter of Mizuno Tadakuni and held important posts within the Shogunal government, including rōjū. the domain as increased to 27,000 "koku", but was dropped to 17,000 "koku" on the failure of the Tenpō Reforms and subsequent backlash. During the Bakumatsu period, the domain lost another 2,000 "koku" for failing to stop passage of anti-government forces through its territory during the Mito rebellion.
During the Boshin War, the domain supported the imperial side. In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Iida Domain briefly became Iida Prefecture, and was later merged into the newly created Nagano Prefecture. Under the new Meiji government, Hori Chikahiro, the last daimyō of Iida Domain was given the "kazoku" peerage title of "shishaku" (viscount).
Bakumatsu period holdings.
As with most domains in the han system, Iida Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
See also.
List of Han


Maxima Caesariensis

Maxima Caesariensis (Latin for "The Caesarian province of Maximus"), also known as Britannia Maxima, was one of the provinces of the Diocese of "the Britains" created during the Diocletian Reforms at the end of the 3rd century. It was probably created after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in AD 296 and was mentioned in the Verona List of the Roman provinces. Its position and capital remain uncertain, although it was probably adjacent to Flavia Caesariensis. On the basis of its governor's eventual consular rank, it is now usually considered to have consisted of Augusta or Londinium (London) and southeastern England.
History.
Following the Roman conquest of Britain, Britain was administered as a single province from Camulodunum (Colchester) and then Londinium (London) until the Severan Reforms following the revolt of its governor Clodius Albinus. These divided the territory into Upper and Lower Britain ("Britannia Superior" and "Inferior"), whose respective capitals were at Londinium and Eboracum (York). During the first phases of the Diocletian Reforms, Britain was under the control of the Allectus's Britannic Empire as part of the Carausian Revolt. At some point after the territory was retaken by Constantius Chlorus in AD 296, the Diocese of the Britains (with its vicar at Londinium) was formed and made a part of Prefecture of Gaul. The Britains were divided among three, four, or five provinces, which seem to have borne the names Prima, Secunda, Maxima Caesariensis, and (possibly) Flavia Caesariensis and Valentia.
The placement and capitals of these late British provinces are uncertain, although the "Notitia Dignitatum" lists the governor of Maxima (originally an equestrian "praeses") as having been elevated to consular rank. Scholars usually associate this with the administration at Londinium, which was also the capital of the diocesan vicar.
Describing the metropolitan sees of the early British church established by SS Fagan and "Duvian", Gerald of Wales placed "Maximia" in Eboracum (York) and Londinium in Flavia, saying the former was named for the emperor Maximus. William Camden followed him and this placement was generally accepted after the appearance of Charles Bertram's highly-influential 1740s forgery "The Description of Britain", which gave Maxima borders from the Humber and Mersey to Hadrian's Wall; this work was debunked over the course of the mid-19th century.
Modern scholars are uncertain whether the province was named for the western senior emperor Valerius Maximian or the eastern junior emperor Galerius Maximian. Birley has argued that Maxima and Flavia originally consisted of a single province, which received the name "Britannia Caesariensis" as a mark of favour for support against the rebel Allectus in 296. Although Flavia is usually thought to have been formed from the old province of Lower Britain, Birley proposes that Upper Britain was divided in two (between Prima and Caesariensis) and then three (Prima, Maxima, and Flavia). This repeats Camden's earlier theory (relying on Sextus Rufus) that Maxima was formed first and Flavia followed sometime after.


2007 in Brunei

The following lists events that happened during 2002 in Brunei.


Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad

The Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (English: Independent Bangladesh Students Movement Council) was an armed underground student political group secretly organized in 1961 by Serajul Alam Khan, a key founder of Bangladesh, that worked to wage an armed secessionist struggle against Pakistani rule and achieve the independence of East Pakistan as "Bangladesh," then part of Pakistan. This group was formed at a time when Indian diplomat Sashanka Banerjee was posted at East Pakistan's capital city Dhaka, where he claims to have received a letter in December 1962 from Mujibur Rahman addressed to Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru asking for Indian assistance in bringing about East Pakistan's independence from Pakistan.
Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad was secretly organized in Dhaka University's Jahrul Hoque Hall by Mujibur Rahman under command of Sirajul Alam Khan (who was from the same university) along with Abdur Razzak and Kazi Aref Ahmed. Its political arm was the Bangladesh Liberation Force (BLF). From 1962, it planned and organized mass movements through the historic 6-point and 11-point programs. Training of Dhaka University students for the armed revolt against Pakistan started on the University's gymnasium field on 1 March as the University's halls were closed to students since then.
Earlier, Mujibur Rahman had founded another student group in the same university's Fazlul Huq Hall on 4 January 1948 named the East Pakistan Chhatra League, renamed the Bangladesh Chhatra League upon the Bangladesh Liberation War and Bangladesh's subsequent independence. The students of this league were recruited into the Mukti Bahini (Liberation Army), Mujibur Rahman's armed guerrilla force and the military arm of his political party the Bangladesh Awami League trained by India's foreign intelligence organization the Research and Analysis Wing to wage the liberation struggle.
The BLF first made the flag of Bangladesh and hoisted it on 2 March 1971, when the Awami League, led by Mujibur Rahman, made a call for a general strike to agitate for independence. That strike saw violent pogroms against ethnic non-Bengalis resident in East Pakistan. In response to those killings and mass expulsions, the Pakistani military on 25 March launched Operation Searchlight. Mujibur Rahman declared East Pakistan's independence the following day. Subsequently, under Mujibur Rahman's directive, the BLF high command was reconstituted with Serajul Alam Khan, Sheikh Fazlul Huq Moni, Abdur Razzak and Tofail Ahmed. This revamped BLF was renamed "Mujib Bahini" (Mujib's Army) in the war.
The general strike, pogroms and the resulting war followed on the heels of the Agartala Conspiracy, at the time deemed a politically motivated accusation by the Pakistani state against Bengali leaders but confirmed in 2011 to be factually true by the Bangladeshi Parliament's Deputy Speaker and one of the Agartala conspirators Shawkat Ali. By the start of the war, other countries hostile to Pakistan seized upon the opportunity and gave material assistance to this student movement (that had by now morphed into an armed guerrilla revolt) to bring about Pakistan's disintegration, with a potentially friendly nation's independence being a favorable by-product. When the war ended the Indian Army destroyed all files and records of its activities regarding East Pakistan before as well as during the war, though in 2015 the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi would explain India's role in the war in an address at Dhaka University.
The central role of students in the armed secessionist rebellion aided by India was a main reason why the Razakars killed Bengali students and intellectuals on Dhaka University grounds on 25 March at the start of Operation Searchlight and committed another massacre of Bengali intellectuals on 14 December, two days before Pakistan's defeat and surrender and Bangladesh's resulting independence. Both massacres were committed on the grounds that Dhaka University was a hotbed of guerrilla activity and served as an arms dump and a nerve center of military operations run by the university's students and faculty.
After the end of the war, Mukti Bahini perpetrated hooliganism and looting, according to AK Khandokar. The Mukti Bahini also resumed its persecution against ethnic non-Bengalis in the newly independent country.


Date Yoshimura

 was an mid-Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 5th "daimyō" of Sendai Domain in northern Japan, and the 21st hereditary chieftain of the Date clan. The longest-serving of any of the "daimyō" of Sendai Domain, Yoshimura placed the domain back on sound financial footing.
Biography.
Yoshimura was the eldest son of Date Munefusa (the 8th son of Date Tadamune, who had established a cadet branch of the clan. He was born in what is now part of the village of Daitō, Iwate in the northern part of the domain, and his childhood name was Sukesaburo (助三郎). His mother was the daughter of Katakura Kagenaga. He became head of his household on 13 January 1686 on the death of his father, and underwent the "genpuku" ceremony in December 1690, receiving the name of . In 1693, when the clansmen and senior retainers petitioned Date Tsunamura to retire, his name does not appear on the documents.
In March 1695, he was to be adopted as heir by Tamura Tatsuaki of Ichinoseki Domain; however, before official notice could be given to the shogunate, he was adopted by Date Tsunamura as his heir instead. His courtesy title was "Echizen-no-kami", and his Court rank was Senior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. He was received in formal audience by "Shōgun" Tokugawa Tsunayoshi in November 1696 and was given the name of Yoshimura, along with the Court Rank of Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade and honorary title of chamberlain. He became "daimyō" upon Tsunamura’s retirement in 1703, and also inherited the courtesy title of "Sakonoe-gon-shōshō" (General of the Left Guards) and "Mutsu-no-kami".
Yoshimura first entered Aoba Castle on 21 May 1704. At the time, the domain was in a state of bankruptcy, caused by Tsunamura's ambitious public works and temple building projects. Determining that one cause of the debt and inflation was the domain's issuance of paper currency, he stopped issuance and began a process of removing these bills from circulation. In September 1706 he took the unprecedented step of informing the shogunate that Date Domain did not have the necessary funds to make its mandatory "sankin-kōtai" to Edo, and asked for financial assistance. The shogunate agreed to temporarily cut the domain's taxes in half and to accept payment in currency rather than rice. At the time, the domain's debt exceeded 123,000 "ryō" and continued to snowball due to high interest rates. In 1711, when Date Yoshimura ordered to accompany the Shogunal pilgrimage to Nikkō Tōshō-gū, the domain was forced to borrow an additional 73,700 "ryō" from moneylenders in Edo and Kyoto. In 1711, his court rank was increased to Senior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade and his courtesy title to "Sakonoe-gon-chūshō".
In an effort to overcome the fiscal crisis, the domain conducted a re-survey in 1725, followed by extensive land reform to uncover undeclared rice lands and to bring waste lands back under cultivation. However, these efforts were hampered by poor harvests due to inclement weather, and by the opposition of many landholders.
In 1726, the position of "Fushin bugyō" was abolished, and is 1729 the number of "gundai" (district governors) was reduced from eight to four, all in an effort the streamline the domain administration and reduce expenses. On the positive side, the shogunate established a mint for copper coinage in Sendai, using locally mined copper, in 1727. The use of currency for transactions corresponding increased within the domain, and the domain also took steps to buy up all surplus rice from farmers and sell in Edo for a profit. It was claimed that most of the rice on sale in Edo in the early 18th century was from Sendai. In 1732, a very severe famine struck the Kansai region of Japan, but Sendai enjoyed a bumper crop that year and was able to ship a very large quantity of rice to the affected areas, making over 500,000 "ryō" in profits and to wipe out decades of debt at a single stroke.
In 1743, Yoshimura retired in favor of his son, Date Munemura, and moved to his villa in Sodegasaki, where he died in 1752. He was posthumously elevated to Senior Third Rank in 1928.


Armeno-Phrygians

The Armeno-Phrygians are a hypothetical people of West Asia (specifically of Asia Minor and the Armenian Highlands) during the Bronze Age, the Bronze Age collapse, and its aftermath.
They would be the common ancestors of both Phrygians and Proto-Armenians. In turn, Armeno-Phrygians would be the descendants of the Graeco-Phrygians, common ancestors of Greeks, Ancient Macedonians, Phrygians, and also of Armenians.
The term "Armeno-Phrygian" is also used for a hypothetical language branch, which would include the languages spoken by the Phrygians and the Armenians, and would be a branch of the Indo-European language family, or a sub-branch of either the proposed "Graeco-Armeno-Aryan" or "Armeno-Aryan" branches.
There are two conflicting theories regarding the potential origins of the Armeno-Phrygians:
According to some scholars, there is evidence of language borrowings (Armenisms) from the [[Proto-Armenian]] language into [[Hittite language|Hittite ]] and [[Urartian language|Urartian]], what would prove the presence of Proto-Armenians in the Armenian Highlands, in the lands of [[ancient Armenia]], since at least the end of the 2nd millennium BC.
Criticism.
A number of linguists have rejected a close relationship between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features. Phrygian is now classified as a [[centum]] language more closely related to Greek than Armenian, whereas Armenian is mostly [[satem]].
Recent research suggests that there is lack of archaeological and genetic evidence for a group from the Balkans entering eastern [[Asia Minor]] or the [[Armenian Highlands]] during or after the Bronze Age Collapse (as was suggested by Diakonoff).
Some scholars have suggested that the Mushki (whether they were speakers of Armenian or another language) originated in the [[Caucasus region|Caucasus]] region and moved westward.
References.
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Anatolia]]
[[Category:Prehistoric Armenia]]