Italian immigration to Mexico

An Italian-Mexican or Italo-Mexican (, ), is a Mexican citizen of Italian descent or origin. The ancestors of most Mexicans of Italian descent arrived in the country during the late 19th century. Their descendants have generally assimilated into mainstream Mexican society.
History.
During the colonial era there was a small number of non-Spanish European entrants, in particular Catholic missionaries. There are records of a few Italian soldiers and mariners in early New Spain. Prominent among the Italians was Juan Pablos (born Giovanni Paoli in Brescia), who founded the first printing shop in the Americas. The most important missionary was Eusebio Kino who led the evangelization of Pimería Alta.
Italo-Mexican identity rests on the common experience of migration from Italy in the late 19th century, a period characterized by a general Italian diaspora to the Americas. About 13,000 Italians emigrated to Mexico during this period, and at least half returned to Italy or went on to the United States. Most Italians who came to Mexico were farmers or farm workers from the northern Italian regions of Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, and Lombardy. Others, who arrived in the early 19th century, were from southern Italy. Many Italian settlers arriving in the late 19th and early 20th centuries received land grants from the Mexican government. When Benito Mussolini came to power, thousands of Italian families left Italy for Mexico.
In the state of Aguascalientes there is a large population of Mexicans of Italian descent, the result of the French incursion and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire. The regions with the greatest populations of Mexican Italians are Mexico City, Monterrey, Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz.
Society.
Although Italo-Mexicans claim an Italian ethnic identity, they generally note that they are Mexican as well. In 1995, there were an estimated 30,000 Mexicans descended from Italian colonists. Population figures are uncertain because, unlike other countries, Mexico's census does not gather information on specific ethnic groups.
Most Italian Mexicans speak Spanish, but in Italian communities Italian and its related languages and dialects (usually mixed with Spanish) are used to communicate among themselves.
Italian community.
Many Italian-Mexicans live in cities founded by their ancestors in the states of Veracruz (Huatusco) and San Luis Potosí. Smaller numbers of Italian-Mexicans live in Guanajuato, Edomex, and the former haciendas (now cities) of Nueva Italia, Michoacán and Lombardia in Michoacán, both founded by Dante Cusi from Gambar in Brescia.
Playa del Carmen, Mahahual and Cancun in the state of Quintana Roo have also received a significant number of immigrants from Italy. Several families of Italian-Mexican descent were granted citizenship in the United States under the Bracero program to address a labor shortage of labor.
Italian companies have invested in Mexico, primarily in the tourism and hospitality industries. These ventures have sometimes resulted in settlements, but residents primarily live in the resort areas of the Riviera Maya, Baja California, Puerto Vallarta and Cancun. Although they generate employment, mainly in restaurants, hotels and entertainment centers, most employees have not become permanent residents of Mexico and live as ex-pats.
Italian dialects.
Most Italian immigration to Mexico occurred in the establishment of colonies. Dialects of Italian and languages of Italy which are still spoken include:


Treaty of La Pointe

The Treaty of La Pointe may refer to either of two treaties made and signed in La Pointe, Wisconsin between the United States and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native American peoples. In addition, the Isle Royale Agreement, an adhesion to the first Treaty of La Pointe, was made at La Pointe.
1842 Treaty of La Pointe.
The first treaty of La Pointe was signed by Robert Stuart for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe Bands of Lake Superior and the Mississippi River on October 4, 1842 and proclaimed on March 23, 1843, encoded into the laws of the United States as . By this treaty, the Ojibwa ceded extensive tracts of land that are now parts of the states of Wisconsin and Michigan, specifically the latter's Upper Peninsula.
The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was signed on August 9, 1842, between Great Britain and the United States, officially ending their boundary dispute on what now is the Arrowhead Region of Minnesota, as well as settling other claims. This news did not reach the United States parties to the La Pointe Treaty negotiation. Consequently, the Grand Portage Band, then considered to be in Canadian British territory, was not invited to join the signing of this treaty. It is now considered to occupy territory in the United States.
In 1844, the United States and Grand Portage Band signed the Isle Royale Agreement as an adhesion to this treaty.
As determined subsequently by the United States Supreme Court, the signatory tribes retain hunting, fishing and gathering rights on their former lands in this region. In addition, the Supreme Court held that the treaty obligated the United States to provide reservations for peoples of the signatory bands. For instance, it acquired land in the 1930s for the Bay Mills Indian Community, whose people had historically long been located on Lake Superior in Michigan.
Signatories.
The Ojibwe treaty signatories were:
Treaty area boundary adjustments.
In Michigan, no boundary adjustments have been made.
In Wisconsin, for regulatory purposes, the southeastern boundaries of the 1842 treaty-area have been adjusted to follow distinct landmarks such as roads and streams. Furthermore, in Wisconsin, with consent of the property-owner and with tribally issued license, all treaty rights of hunting, fishing and gathering may be exercised by the members of the signatory bands.
In Minnesota, no boundary adjustments have been made. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources have been mainly concerned over hunting regulations as related to this treaty. Minnesota does not acknowledge the 1842 land cession area as giving the tribes privilege over Minnesota's own claim over Lake Superior. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources approved an extension of the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe tribal fishing rights for the Grand Portage Band over a portion of the state's Lake Superior claims.
1844 Isle Royale Agreement.
The Isle Royale Agreement is an adhesion to the 1842 Treaty of La Pointe, conducted at La Pointe, Wisconsin Territory on August 20, 1844. Commissioner Robert Stuart again represented the United States. The Grand Portage Band was using the resources on Isle Royale and believed it and they were in British territory. After boundary clarification was settled via the Webster Ashburton Treaty of 1842, the Grand Portage Band signed the Isle Royale Agreement with the United States as a treaty adhesion. The 1842 treaty signatories re-affirmed their treaty.
1854 Treaty of La Pointe.
The second treaty of La Pointe was signed by Henry C. Gilbert and David B. Herriman for the United States and representatives of the Ojibwe of Lake Superior and the Mississippi on September 30, 1854, proclaimed on January 29, 1855, and codified as . The treaty ceded all of the Lake Superior Ojibwe lands to the United States in the Arrowhead Region of Northeastern Minnesota, in exchange for reservations for the Lake Superior Ojibwe in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. The signatory tribes retain hunting, fishing and gathering right within this region. The portions left unceded were given claims to the Mississippi Ojibwe.
The Indian reservations established under this treaty are:
along with general land grants to the Metis.
Mole Lake and St. Croix Bands lost their federal recognition due to not being included in this treaty. Mole Lake Band and St. Croix Band's eastern half in Wisconsin re-gained their federal recognition under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, but the St. Croix Band's western half in Minnesota are not independently recognized and are considered part of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.
Signatories.
The Ojibwe treaty signatories were:


Staley Springs, Idaho

Staley Springs was a former unincorporated community located on the northwest shore of Henrys Lake in Fremont County, Idaho, United States, that is now part of the city of Island Park.
Description.
The community was named after Ed Staley, an early settler in the area. Prior to his purchase of the site, it was known as Sawtell's Fish Farm. The site of the former community in at .
Island Park is part of the Rexburg Micropolitan Statistical Area.


Theodore Strong (New Jersey politician)

Theodore Strong (January 15, 1863 – December 24, 1928) was an American lawyer and politician.
Early life.
Strong was born on January 15, 1863 in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He was the third son of Harriet Anna (née Hartwell) Strong (1827–1909) and Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge Strong (1827–1907), presiding justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Middlesex County. Among his older siblings was brothers Edward Woodbridge Strong; Alan Hartwell Strong, who married Susan De Lancey Cullen Van Rensselaer; and Joseph Maltby Strong. Reportedly, his father caught "gold fever" in 1849, and journeyed to California, and is "credited with being among the pioneers who made gold discoveries in Oregon."
His paternal grandfather was the prominent mathematician, Theodore Strong, who was raised by his wealthy uncle Benjamin Ruggles Woodbridge (the namesake of his father). Through his father, he was a direct descendant of Governor Thomas Dudley, and Rev. John Woodbridge, who came to Massachusetts in 1634. Through his mother, he was a descendant of William Hartwell, who came to Plymouth County, Massachusetts in 1636.
Strong received his education at Rutgers College Grammar School and graduated from Rutgers University as a member of the class of 1883.
Career.
After studying law under his father at Woodbridge, Strong & Sons (founded in 1852), he was admitted to the bar in June 1886, and as a counselor in June 1889. When his father became a judge, the firm was dissolved and he formed a new firm with his brother Alan, known as Strong & Strong, and practiced until his death in 1928. In September 1912, after his brother Alan moved to Philadelphia and became General Counsel for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, Theodore became solicitor for the company in New Jersey and "wholly withdrew from politics."
In November 1900, Strong was elected in a Republican wave to the New Jersey State Senate to represent Middlesex County, New Jersey defeating the incumbent Democratic candidate, and former mayor of New Brunswick, James H. Van Cleef, with 9,283 to 7,327. Strong had secured the Republican nomination in October after thirty-seven ballots. He was succeeded in the Senate by fellow Republican William Howard Crosby Jackson. In addition, Strong served two terms as a member of the Republican State Committee, served on the executive committee and "was a member of the coterie of Republican State Leaders once known as 'The Big Four'". In April 1903, he was appointed by Governor Franklin Murphy as a member of the New Jersey State Board of Assessors and later served as its president for several years.
Personal life.
On March 21, 1900, Strong was married to Cornelia Livingston Van Rensselaer (1879–1956). Cornelia, a graduate of the Misses Fenimore Coopers' School in Albany, New York, was the daughter of Visscher Van Rensselaer and Mary Augusta Miller (née Van Rensselaer) and a great-granddaughter of Jeremiah Van Rensselaer a U.S. Representative and the former Lieutenant Governor of New York. Together, Theodore and Cornelia lived at "Stronghold" at 272 Hamilton Street in New Brunswick and were the parents of six sons and two daughters:
Strong died at his home in New Brunswick on December 24, 1928 after several days suffering "from the grip" (today known as influenza). His funeral was held at his home and was conducted by Dr. William Henry Steele Demarest, then president of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary and former president of Rutgers University.


Gansevoort Mansion

Gansevoort Mansion is a historic home located at Gansevoort in Saratoga County, New York. It was built in 1813 and is two-story, five-bay rectangular building with a gable roof and central entrance. It features a front verandah with fluted Doric order columns. It was once used as a Masonic Lodge. It was built by Herman Gansevoort (1779–1862), son of General Peter Gansevoort (1749–1812) and uncle of the American novelist Herman Melville. It is now operated as an inn and cafe.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.


2002 Vancouver municipal election

The Coalition of Progressive Electors (COPE) swept the 2002 Vancouver municipal election, winning 8 of 10 Council seats, 7 of 9 School Board seats and 5 of 7 Park Board seats. The Non-Partisan Association (NPA) was reduced to 2 Council seats, 1 School Board seat and 2 Park Board seats. The Green Party of Vancouver won 1 School Board seat.
In the race for mayor, the COPE's Larry Campbell defeated Jennifer Clarke of the NPA by a margin of 58% to 30%.
Candidates and results.
Mayor.
16 candidates sought election to the position of mayor. Five were affiliated with a political party and 11 were independent. COPE candidate Larry Campbell was elected.
Councillors.
Ten councillors were elected from 46 candidates. Of those, 35 were affiliated with a political party and 11 were independent. Eight COPE councillors and two NPA councillors were elected.
Park Commissioners.
Seven Park Board commissioners were elected from 33 candidates. Of the candidates, 20 were affiliated with a political party and 13 were independent. 5 COPE commissioners and 2 NPA commissioners were elected.
School trustees.
Nine school trustees were elected to the Vancouver Board of Education from 23 candidates. Of the candidates, 18 were affiliated with a political party and five were independent. Five COPE trustees, one NPA trustee, and one Green trustee were elected.


Indian Alley

Indian Alley is the unofficial name given to a stretch of alley in the Skid Row area of downtown Los Angeles, so designated for the significance the area held for indigent American Indians from the 1970s to the 1990s. Since 2011 the alley has become a notable site for Los Angeles street art hosting murals and sculpture that commemorate its historical significance to Skid Row's American Indian community.
History.
Referred to as “one of the most famous public spaces in the country” among Native Americans, the tiny street (officially named Werdin Place) lay adjacent to United American Indian Involvement, Inc. (UAII), an outreach center for American Indians that became an important locus for social, spiritual, political and rehabilitative activities for the community. Established in 1974, UAII provided health and support services to Los Angeles’ Native American population, initially focused primarily on recovery services for those addicted to drugs and alcohol. During this time, Los Angeles was estimated to have the largest Native American population—anywhere from 40,000 to 100,000—of any city in the United States, with over 100 federally recognized tribes represented within LA county. In addition to its offices, the organization’s facility included dormitories that became de facto residences for many displaced Indians. UAII anchored the block at 118 Winston Street, at the alley’s northeast corner with Winston Street, until it moved to its new location at 1125 West 6th Street in the 1990s.
Indian Alley comprises a block of Werdin Place, running south from Winston Street to East 5th Street. It is bounded to the west by Main Street and to the east by Los Angeles Street. The site has appeared as a location in numerous movies and television shows, including "The Sting", "Baretta", "Hill Street Blues", "Police Story", "Quincy ME" and "Starsky & Hutch".
Indian Alley Art Project.
In recent years Indian Alley’s heritage has been resurrected and commemorated through a series of murals and other public art installations in and around Werdin Place and Winston Street. Through the coordination of Stephen Zeigler and 118 Winston, an art gallery and yoga studio occupying the former UAII site, paintings and sculpture by prominent Los Angeles street artists depicting noteworthy Native American leaders and social activists have made Indian Alley a significant site for Los Angeles street art. When Zeigler and his wife moved into the space in 2008, he made a habit of cleaning the space in and around the alley, which was then commonly used for drug dealing and prostitution. Zeigler developed an interest in the history of the site; his research revealed the block’s former significance to Los Angeles' American Indian population as well as its more common name, Indian Alley.
In 2011 Zeigler began recruiting local street artists to install murals in the alley, with the express purpose of highlighting the special heritage of the place. Murals and sculpture selected for their relevance to Indian Alley’s history include portraits of local Native American activist Robert Sundance and eighteenth-century California anticolonialist Toypurina, along with Native American symbols and more abstract pieces and positive social messaging. Contributors to the ongoing art project include Maya/Nahuatl artist Votan and Jemez Pueblo Indian Jaque Fragua, local artists Wild Life, Bandit, Sketchy, Gabette, Free Humanity, Random Act and Teacher, as well as street art notable Shepard Fairey.


Samuel M. Roosevelt

Samuel Montgomery Roosevelt (February 20, 1857 – August 19, 1920) was an American artist and merchant from New York City.
Early life.
Roosevelt was born on February 20, 1857 in New York City. He was the son of prominent businessman Samuel Roosevelt (1813–1878) and Mary Jane (née Horton) Roosevelt (1823–1901). His brother was Nicholas Latrobe Roosevelt, the father of Henry Latrobe Roosevelt, who served as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under their distant cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt.
His paternal grandparents were Nicholas Roosevelt, an inventor involved with the steamboat, and Lydia Sellon (née Latrobe) Roosevelt, daughter of his grandfather's friend and business partner, architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe.
He was educated at St. John's School in Ossining, New York and studied art at the Art Students League of New York and in Paris, and studied painting under Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens.
Career.
A wine merchant by trade, he was also an accomplished portrait artist, he is remembered for his portraits of his distant cousin Theodore Roosevelt, Oliver Belmont, Antonio de La Gandara, Hudson Maxim, Henry Shoemaker, and others. His work was exhibited at the Paris Salon and the National Academy of Design and in Philadelphia and Chicago. He was President of the National Association of Portrait Painters from 1912 until his death. He was also New York City Commissioner of Schools.
Roosevelt was also an active sportsman, skilled at fencing and interested in yachting. He went to Colorado in 1878 on ranching and scouting expeditions with the ninth cavalry against the Ute Indians, and was described as having been a "cowboy" for a period by a cousin upon his death. He entertained frequently and gained notoriety for once serving a whole roasted baby lion to guests. He was a chevalier of the French Legion of Honor.
Personal life.
He married Augusta Eccleston (née Shoemaker) Boylston of Baltimore on May 5, 1885. She was a daughter of Samuel Moor Shoemaker (1821–1884), a vice president and key figure in the Adams Express Company whose great-grandfather Samuel Shoemaker and great-great-grandfather Benjamin Shoemaker were mayors of Philadelphia.
In 1899, he bought a 25-room mansion on Skaneateles Lake in Skaneateles, New York (on land that his grandfather had sold, land that made up part of the town). Theodore Roosevelt visited in 1915, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt twice; Robert F. Kennedy considered buying the house when he was running for the U.S. Senate in 1964.
Roosevelt died at the Knickerbocker Club in New York City on August 19, 1920. After his death, he left practically his entire estate, including Roosevelt Hall in Skaneateles, New York, to his nephew, Henry.


Last Chance, Idaho

Last Chance was a former unincorporated community along Henrys Fork in Fremont County, Idaho, United States, that is now part of the city of Island Park. The site originally was promoted as the "last chance" resort for the next , hence the name. The site of the former community in at .
Transportation.
A U.S. Highway passes through the community, as did a former U.S. Highway:


Philip Van Cortlandt

Philip Van Cortlandt (September 1, 1749 – November 5, 1831) was an American surveyor, landowner, and politician from Westchester County, New York. Van Cortlandt was the son of Pierre Van Cortlandt and brother of Pierre Van Cortlandt, Jr. He was a Continental Army officer during the American Revolution, and later served several terms in the United States House of Representatives.
Early life.
Philip Van Cortlandt was born in New York City in the Province of New York on September 1, 1749, in the Van Cortlandt ancestral home located on Stone Street, near the Battery. He died unmarried, on November 5, 1831, at Van Cortlandt Manor, and was a member of one of New York's most prominent families. He was the eldest son of Pierre Van Cortlandt and Joanna Livingston, daughter of Gilbert Livingston, a son of Robert Livingston. His great-grandfather was Stephanus Van Cortlandt, the first native-born Mayor of New York City, and his family were the patroons of Van Cortlandt Manor.
Philip Van Cortlandt attended Coldenham Academy. In addition to exercising manorial rights while assisting in the management of the estate's farming and manufacturing activities, Philip Van Cortlandt was a civil engineer, and was active in New York's pre-Revolutionary War loyalist militia as a major. At the start of the Revolution, he resigned from the militia, and became active in politics as a founding member of the New York Provincial Congress in 1775.
American Revolution.
During the Revolutionary War, Van Cortlandt commanded 4th Battalion of the New York Continental Infantry, served on George Washington's staff, and commanded the Continental Army's 2nd New York Regiment. He fought at the Battle of Saratoga, was with the Army at Valley Forge, and took part in the Sullivan Expedition.
In his memoir, Van Cortlandt recalled his activities during the 1777 Saratoga campaign. In the course of attempting to capture a British gunboat on the Hudson River on the night of the September 17, he and his men stumbled upon an advance guard of Burgoyne's British forces at a place he designated as "Blind Mores". Upon realizing that a main enemy encampment was nearby, Van Cortlandt dispatched messengers to Continental Army commanders in the area, including Benedict Arnold and Enoch Poor, and Daniel Morgan, informing them that "the Enemy was advancing so that they (the Continental Army) might make arrangements Immediately to check their (Burgoyne's troops) advance."
Van Cortlandt's regiment occupied a position on the left flank, and played a significant role in the fighting on September 19 and in the subsequent on October 7, which led to Burgoyne's surrender on October 17.
After Burgoyne's surrender, Van Cortlandt moved his regiment moved to Kingston, which Sir Henry Clinton had burned before his hasty retreat to New York; Van Cortlandt subsequently joined Washington at White Marsh, and then went into winter quarters at Valley Forge.
Van Cortlandt subsequently commanded the post at Radnor Friends Meetinghouse; his regiment pursued the British during their retreat from Philadelphia, and took part in the June 1778 Battle of Monmouth. He rejoined the regiment in Poughkeepsie, and resumed the command during the winter of 1778 in the cantonments at New Windsor.
Sullivan Expedition.
In the summer of 1779, Van Cortlandt's regiment took part in the Sullivan Expedition. Sullivan's adversary was the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant, who combined his forces with those of Loyalist John Butler to attack the frontier settlements of New York and Pennsylvania. Van Cortlandt came to respect Brant's abilities, and hung his portrait at Van Cortlandt Manor after the war.
The immediate task confronting Van Cortlandt was to clear a road from Easton through the Wyoming Territory, a distance of some sixty-five miles. He completed his portion of the road in thirty days. The difficulty of this project was recognized by Sullivan when he thanked Van Cortlandt and Colonel Oliver Spencer of the Fifth New Jersey Regiment for their "unparalleled exertions in clearing and repairing the road to Wyoming."
In 1779 and 1780, Van Cortlandt was a member of the Court Martial that charged Benedict Arnold with improper conduct while in command of Philadelphia. This was the third time that Van Cortlandt became directly embroiled with Benedict Arnold. This time, the Pennsylvania Provincial Council had accused Arnold of committing eight violations while supervising the city. A Congressional committee determined that some of the charges should be dismissed, others could only be tried in a civil court, and the remainder were subject to review by a court martial. According to Van Cortlandt's memoir, a minority sought to have Arnold cashiered out of the army; instead, he was merely reprimanded by George Washington. It is now known that Arnold was guilty of some of the charges relating to war profiteering, but that a poor case was made against him by the Pennsylvania authorities.
Van Cortlandt's correspondence regarding Arnold includes these two passages:
I remained time sufficient to discover the Vile conduct of Arnold in procuring a Vast Quantity of goods from the Merchants of Montrial which he intended and which I believe was appropriated to his benefit and also for improper conduct before the Court he would have been arrested himself, but escaped by procuring an order from Genl. Gates to send me the morning after the Court has adjourned, to Schenesborough (Whitehall) by which means the Court was dissolved, Hazen released from arrest, & Arnold escaped Sensure which he ought to have had.
Genl Arnold being under arrest for improper conduct in Philadelphia while he commanded there I was one of the court martial. M. G. Howe President and there were also on that court four officers who had been at Ticonderoga when Colo. Hazen was called on for trial as before related and we were for Cashiering Arnold but were overruled and he was sentenced to be reprimanded by the Commander-in-Chief. If all the court had known Arnold's former Conduct as well as myself how he and his Brigade Major had Robbed Merchants in Montreal he would have been Dismissed from serving any longer in our Army for he would have been cashiered if so he would never have had the Command at West Point and Major Andrew might have lived until this day."
In the fall of 1780, Van Cortlandt's regiment served as the Army's rear guard as it marched to Yorktown. There he commanded the New York Brigade in the trenches until Cornwallis surrendered. He then took charge of the British prisoners on their march to Fredericksburg, and finally went into Winter quarters at Pompton, New Jersey.
Van Cortlandt was commended for gallantry at Yorktown, and mustered out of the service at the end of the war with the rank of Brigadier General.
Later career.
Van Cortlandt served in local office, including town supervisor of Cortlandt, member of the town school board, and town road commissioner.
In 1788, Van Cortlandt was a member of the state convention which ratified the United States Constitution, and worked for its approval. He served in the New York State Assembly from 1788 to 1790, representing Westchester County, and the New York State Senate from 1791 to 1793, representing the Southern District, which consisted of Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk and Westchester counties.
In January 1793, Van Cortlandt was elected to the United States House of Representatives as a Democratic-Republican, and he served eight terms, 1793 to 1809.
Van Cortlandt's wartime portrait, copied from a miniature painted about the close of the Revolution, reveals his likeness to Lafayette. Van Cortlandt accompanied Lafayette on Lafayette's 1824 Tour of the United States. His resemblance to Lafayette was used to advantage at least once. At a large reception Lafayette, wearied with handshaking, suddenly disappeared and left Van Cortlandt as a substitute. The guests, unaware of the change, departed satisfied that they had shaken hands with Lafayette.
Society of the Cincinnati.
In 1783 Van Cortlandt was one of 35 officers who created the Society of the Cincinnati. He was an organizer of the New York Society of the Cincinnati, served on the committee creating its bylaws, and served as Treasurer from 1783 to 1788.
Van Cortlandt was one of the Masters of Ceremony for the presentation of the gold eagle insignia and diploma to new members at the New York Society's first meeting, held July 4, 1786 at the City Tavern Club, formerly the home of Van Cortlandt's brother in law Stephen Delancey.
Death and burial.
He died at Van Cortlandt Manor in Croton-on-Hudson on November 5, 1831 and was buried in Hillside Cemetery, Cortlandt Manor, New York.
Van Cortlandt never married, and had no children; his sister Catharine Van Wyck resided with him after the death of her husband.


History House of Greater Seattle

Founded in 1998, the History House of Greater Seattle is a historical museum dedicated to the history and heritage of Seattle and its neighborhoods.
History House of Greater Seattle is a 501 (c) 3 non-profit organization. It is supported by foundations, grants from the City of Seattle and King County, and tax-deductible donations from the public.
The History House is a member of the Association of King County Historical Organizations (AKCHO).
History House moved to a new location in 2017 at 3400 Stone Way N. in the Fremont neighborhood.
History.
The museum opened in September 1998 and was founded by Suzie Burke, "The Land Baroness of Fremont,"
with the purpose to celebrate Seattle's neighborhoods. The stories and photographs of her mother, Florence Burke, were the centerpiece of the museum when it first opened.
Mission.
The mission of the History House is "to seek out and empower individuals and groups to display the history, heritage and art of Greater Seattle's diverse neighborhoods."
The museum offers each unique Seattle neighborhood an opportunity to showcase its evolution from small towns into distinct community cultures, and how the neighborhoods contributed to the development of Seattle.
Exhibits.
The History House gives "every neighborhood a place to tell their story." The museum spotlights one to two geographical regions of the city each year. Residents of those neighborhoods are encouraged to tell "YOUR story YOUR way" as a contribution to the exhibit.
Unlike traditional exhibits put together by curators, the History House lets residents define their neighborhood's history and evolution.
History House representatives are available to help guide community members through the process of telling that story. The museum also provides a participant's packet that includes ideas, information and possible resources to be used when creating their display.
May 2009 Exhibits
Exhibits include pictorial histories of the Fremont, Wallingford, Georgetown, Madison Park, Queen Anne and Ballard neighborhoods.
The museum is also featuring the histories of the Woodland Park Zoo, the Great Northern Railway, and the B. F. Day Elementary School.
A special exhibit, created in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, presents a step-by-step pictorial history of the construction of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks in Ballard.
Past exhibits
"34 Unique Museums of King County" (2007): an exhibit designed to introduce visitors to 34 unique King County museums.
"Late for the Interurban" (2008): The History House organized a celebration of local legend J.P. Patches with the unveiling of a new statue honoring J.P and his girlfriend Gertrude in Seattle's Fremont neighborhood. The bronze statue is called "Late for the Interurban" by sculptor Kevin Pettelle and features J.P. Patches (Chris Wedes) and Gertrude (Bob Newman). The statue is located in Solstice Plaza (N 34th Street just east of the Fremont Bridge).
"Strength and Stamina: Women of the Seattle Fire Department" (2009): "The story of the courage, hard work, and perseverance it took for women to enter the all-male world of firefighting in Seattle." There is a companion online exhibit on the Seattle Municipal Archives website.
Other Community Projects.
Seattle High School Senior Project
All Washington state high school students are required complete a senior project as a requirement for graduation. The project generally involves creating and completing some sort of project, usually related to the community.
In 2001, the History House created a pilot program that involves researching, verifying and creating a display that reflects an aspect of the history of a Seattle neighborhood.
Students have completed projects that have shed light on the Native American experience, covered the settlement of neighborhoods by pioneers, economic and social development of neighborhoods and specific neighborhood contributions to the larger Seattle community.
Some projects have been put on permanent display in banks, fire houses, libraries and high schools.
Organizational structure.
The Board of Directors currently has 23 members and is headed by museum founder Suzie Burke. Board members are closely involved in the day-to-day operations of the museum. Members share responsibilities such as coordinating student field trips to the museum, concerts and other museum activities and events.
Resources & Events.
Neighborhood Community Focus - featuring ideas, information and tools for community history research
Reference Library on Seattle history
History House Magazine
Exhibit Gallery with a wall mural depicting 100 years of Seattle history
Photographic Displays
Video Displays - offering a historical look at the city and featuring clips from local TV pioneers, such as clown J.P. Patches.
Gift Shop - featuring historical books and tapes of Seattle's neighborhoods as well as artwork and handicrafts of community artisans
Sculpture Garden - includes an original 6 foot x 12 foot chunk of The Berlin Wall, a fire engine that was destined for Georgia in the former satellite state of the Soviet Union, "Willy," a 15-foot model orca whale and "The Safe," discovered beneath Fremont's Dubliner Tavern.
Community Meeting Space - Meetings are regularly held at the museum by the Fremont Neighborhood Council and the Fremont Chamber of Commerce.
Summer Concert Series every Sunday at 2 pm, June - July, free to the public. Performances range from "original to traditional folk to new age to maritime chanteys to logging to Celtic and Irish to international to blues to ragtime to jug to bluegrass to just plain zany."
Family Day


White massacre

The White massacre was an engagement between American settlers and a band of Utes and Jicarilla Apaches that occurred in northeastern New Mexico on October 28, 1849. It became notable for the Indians' kidnapping of Mrs. Ann White, who was subsequently killed during an Army rescue attempt a few weeks later.
Prelude.
In October, 1849, James White, a merchant who plied his trade between Independence, Missouri, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, was traveling west with a wagon train led by a well-known wagon master, François Xavier Aubry. After the wagon train passed what was considered the dangerous part of the trip, it encamped. White, "a veteran of the trail", along with his wife Ann and baby daughter and "negro servant", plus a German named Lawberger and several others, then decided to separate from the train and advance to Santa Fe alone. After a few days of traveling by themselves, they paused at a well-known landmark called the Point of Rocks, between Rock Creek and the Whetstone Branch. Neither of the two locations can be located on a modern New Mexico map, but the Whetstone can be found on an 1876 map of New Mexico.
Massacre.
On October 27, the group was approached by a band of Jicarillas and Utes, who according to the natives' later account, asked for presents. They were driven away from the camp, but returned again to ask, and their request received the same response. The third time they returned, they attacked the settlers. All except Ann White, her child, and her servant were killed. Some of the attackers left with their prisoners, while the others hid around what was left of the wagons. Shortly after a group of Mexicans came upon the scene. As they began to pick through what was left of the wagon train, the Apaches and Utes attacked them, killing or driving them away, but leaving a wounded Mexican boy. He was eventually discovered by a group of Americans, who first raised the alarm about the massacre. Soldiers arrived at the site and buried the dead, who had, in an unusual turn, not been scalped. When Aubry heard of the murders, he offered a $1,000 reward for the return of Mrs. White.
Aftermath.
Word eventually reached the United States Army garrison near Taos. From there, Captain William Grier and the 1st Cavalry were dispatched to try to rescue Mrs. White and to "chastise" the natives. They were accompanied by two experienced guides, Antoine Leroux and Robert Fisher. Along the way, they stopped at Reyado where Kit Carson joined them, eventually leading them to the spot where the attack had occurred. From there, the party pursued the natives "for ten or twelve days, the most difficult trail I ever followed."
Finally, the trackers came upon the unsuspecting natives on the banks of the Canadian River near Tucumcari Butte. Catching them unaware, Carson, who was in the lead, moved towards the camp, motioning the others to follow. In his autobiography, Carson describes what followed: "I was in advance, starting for their camp, calling for the men to follow. The [commanding] officer called a halt, none of them would follow me. I was informed that Leroux, the principle guide, told the officer in command, to halt, that the Indians wanted to have a parley. The Jicarillas started packing their goods for flight and a shot was fired that struck Captain Grier, causing no serious injury. (Due to the fact that Grier had a pair of heavy gauntlets tucked in his jacket) The captain ordered a charge, but the delay allowed all but one of the Indians to escape. In about 200 yards, pursuing the Indians, the body of Mrs. White was found, perfectly warm, had not been killed more than five minutes - shot through the heart by an arrow... I am certain that if the Indians had been charged immediately on our arrival she would have been saved."
Ann White's daughter and servant were never found. In February 1850, the superintendent of Indian affairs in New Mexico, James S. Calhoun, sent Auguste LaCome, a noted scout, trader, and mountaineer, and Encarnacion Garcia, also a trader, to inquire into their location and whether they could be ransomed. LaCome met with Utes affiliated with the Jicarilla Apache and confirmed that the child had been killed shortly after the attack on the camp and her body thrown in a river. The servant was killed a short time later, being unable to keep up with the band.


34th Parliament of British Columbia

The 34th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1987 to 1991. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in October 1986. The Social Credit Party led by Bill Vander Zalm formed the government. Vander Zalm resigned in 1991 after he was found to have put himself into a conflict of interest; Rita Johnston then became Premier. The New Democratic Party (NDP) led by Bob Skelly formed the official opposition.
John Douglas Reynolds served as speaker for the assembly until 1989. Stephen Rogers succeeded Reynolds as speaker.
Members of the 34th General Assembly.
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1986:
Notes:
By-elections.
By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons:
Notes:


Thomas, Washington

Thomas was a former community, north of Auburn in the Green River Valley of King County in the U.S. state of Washington. The also defunct community of Christopher stood between Thomas and Auburn. It was left bank of the river. At one time, it had a post office and a school.
The community was named after John M. Thomas, a local resident.


Redemption Rock

Redemption Rock is a colonial-era historic site in Princeton, Massachusetts. In 1676, during King Philip's War, the release of Mary Rowlandson (the wife of a Puritan minister) from her Native American captors was negotiated atop a granite ledge. The parcel upon which the rock stands was acquired by the land conservation non-profit organization The Trustees of Reservations in 1953, and is open to the public.
Rowlandson would later write about her experience in "A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson", considered a seminal work in the American literary genre of captivity narratives.
Redemption Rock is located off Massachusetts Route 140, near Wachusett Mountain.
Inscriptions and markers.
The inscription on Redemption Rock reads: "Upon this rock May 2, 1676 was made the agreement for the ransom of Mrs Mary Rowlandson of Lancaster between the Indians and John Hoar of Concord. King Philip was with the Indians but refused his consent."
The official state marker at the site, placed in 1930, reads: "Upon the rock fifty feet West of this spot Mary Rowlandson wife of the first minister of Lancaster was redeemed from captivity under King Philip. The narrative of her experience is one of the classics of colonial literature."


Martial law in Copperfield, Oregon


Charles W. van Rensselaer

Charles Watkins Van Rensselaer (January 29, 1823 – September 12, 1857) was the first officer and paymaster serving on board the U.S. mail ship "SS Central America" (later also known as the "Ship of Gold"), when it was lost during a hurricane in September 1857.
Early life.
Charles Watkins Van Rensselaer was born on January 29, 1823. He was the son of the late Judge John Sanders Van Rensselaer (1792–1868) and Ann Dunkin (1795–1845). He was the grandson of the late Killian K. Van Rensselaer (1763–1845), lawyer and Federalist politician who served in the United States Congress as a Representative from the state of New York. His siblings were: Dunkin Henry Van Rensselaer (1817–1819), Maunsell Van Rensselaer (1819–1900), Margaretta Sanders Van Rensselaer (1821–1879), Ann Elizabeth Van Rensselaer (b. 1825), Lydia Beekman Van Rensselaer (b. 1827), Harriet Letitia Van Rensselaer (b. 1830), Samuel Watkins Van Rensselaer (1832–1839), Catherine Sanders Van Rensselaer (b. 1834), and Louisa Van Rensselaer (1838–1862).
As a youth, Charles attended The Albany Academy.
Career.
Van Rensselaer served for a short time as a lieutenant in the United States Revenue Service until a reduction of officers was implemented. Before the SS "George Law" was renamed, the position of first officer was filled by Van Rensselaer.
Maunsell van Rensselaer, Charles' brother, had an opportunity to be a passenger during this period. He described his brother as the person who fulfilled his duties handily. On the occasion when the captain, William Lewis Herndon fell ill, a voyage from Aspinwall to New York was left entirely in the hands of Van Rensselaer. Reportedly, he handled the vessel so well that the passengers were completely unaware of the captain's condition. During the subsequent voyages, the captain was confident that his ship was in capable hands while he visited with the passengers. According to Maunsell, the captain once encouraged Charles, who was his close friend, to take his ship and explore any place that he wished.
Loss of the "Central America".
Before construction of the Transcontinental railroad and the Panama Canal, one of the few options for the efficient transportation of goods from the west to the east coasts of the United States involved the use of two sea routes: the Pacific route (usually shipping out of San Francisco) and the Atlantic route (usually shipping out of New York). Both of these routes used to terminate in Panama, where ground transportation across the narrow Isthmus of Panama made commerce between the two routes simple and efficient.
Formerly named the "SS George Law" and was operated by the U.S. Mail Steamship Company, the sidewheel steamer "SS Central America", was the "multiple use" sea vessel used for passengers and government contracted cargo. On 3 September 1857, the "SS Central America" left Colón, Panama, for a port of call at Havana, Cuba. The ship was heavily loaded with about 10 tons of gold (in various forms ranging from coins, bars, and nuggets, to bags of dust). After leaving Havana, on the final leg of its voyage to New York, the ship encountered an estimated category 2 hurricane on September 9, approximately 160 miles off the coast of Charleston, South Carolina. High winds destroyed the sails and the steamer began taking on water. Over the next three days, the "SS Central America" sustained increasing damage as all efforts to bail-out water was futile due to failed pumps and the rough weather. The majority of the survivors, including all the women and children, were rescued from lifeboats and taken to shore by two passing vessels. An estimated 425 of the 578 passengers and crew perished.
Survivor accounts credit Captain Herndon and his first officer (van Rensselaer) for their heroic efforts as they helped the women and children into the few available lifeboats.
One survivor of the disaster was Second Officer Frazer who told that Herndon and Van Rensselaer did all that could be done. Knowing the ship would soon sink, they made their way to their staterooms, dressed in their uniforms and made their way back to their post on the paddle box as the ship sank. Frazer attempted to rescue Van Rensselaer but he refused to leave the Captain in peril. A contemporary article in "The New York Times" listed 124 known survivors. It reported many statements praising the two officers.
This ship has since been referred to as the "'Ship of Gold'", especially after a modern-day search resulted in its discovery in 1987.


Maude E. Ten Eyck

Maude E. Ten Eyck (August 21, 1902 – March 7, 1977) was an American politician from New York.
Life.
She was born Maude Edwards on August 21, 1902, in Brookline, Massachusetts. She married Lansing V. Ten Eyck (1898–1977), and their son was Lansing Ten Eyck Jr.
She became active in politics as a Republican, was President of the Young Women's Republican Club of New York City, was appointed as clerk to several State Senate committees, and was an alternate delegate to the 1940 Republican National Convention and a delegate to the 1944 Republican National Convention.
She was a member of the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 1st D.) from 1947 to 1954, sitting in the 166th, 167th, 168th and 169th New York State Legislatures. In November 1954, she ran for re-election, but was defeated.
She was a Deputy Journal Clerk of the State Assembly from 1955 to 1964.
Later she removed to Waterford, New York.
She died on March 7, 1977, in Cohoes Memorial Hospital in Cohoes, New York.
Speaker of the New York State Assembly Truman G. Younglove (1815–1882) was her great-grandfather.


Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company

Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company was a lumber products company with large sawmills and significant land holdings in Minnesota, Florida, British Columbia, and Central Oregon. The company was formed in 1901 with its headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Beginning in 1915, its main lumber production facility was in Bend, Oregon. For many years, its Bend sawmill was one of the largest lumber producers in the world. In 1969, the company created Brooks Resources to broaden its business base beyond timber production. Brooks-Scanlon's Bend sawmill was closed in 1994. Today, Brooks Resources is the only vestige of the company that is still in business.
Founding.
The Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company was formed in 1901 with its headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The founding partners were Michael J. Scanlon, Anson S. Brooks, Dwight F. Brooks, Lester R. Brooks, and Henry E. Gibson. The firm was originally capitalized with $500,000. The partners later increased their capital investment to $1,750,000.
Brooks-Scanlon’s first lumber production facility was located near Cloquet, Minnesota. A month after the company was formed, construction of a large sawmill at Cloquet began. The Cloquet mill opened late in 1901, ready for winter production. The mill processed approximately per day.
The company quickly expanded its acquisition of standing timber to feed its mill operation. By 1903, the Cloquet sawmill was cutting of lumber per year. At the same time, the company was expanding its railroad logging operations.
Eventually, local timber resources became scarce and the company began looking for new timber resources outside Minnesota. The Brooks-Scanlon sawmill in Cloquet closed in 1909, after cutting of timber. That completely exhausted the supply of standing timber in the area around the mill. The company announced that the mill would be disassembled and shipped west.
British Columbia and Florida.
By 1906, adequate standing timber was hard to find in Minnesota, so Brooks-Scanlon began buying timber land in Florida, initially near Orlando. The company announced it planned to build a new sawmill in Florida, but did not give a target date for opening the mill. Two years later, the company began buying timber land in British Columbia as well.
In 1909, the company announced it would build several sawmills along the Fraser River in British Columbia. The company eventually selected a site near New Westminster, British Columbia, for its main milling operation.
Over the next decade, the company continued to buy Florida timber land. Eventually, the company acquired of virgin forest land in Florida. By 1920, the company was the largest landowner in the state.
In 1917, Brooks-Scanlon bought a sawmill in Eastport, near Jacksonville, Florida, to begin producing lumber for the New England construction market. The company produced lumber at the Eastport sawmill for over a decade. However, the Eastport mill was closed in 1929 when the company’s milling operations were moved to Foley. The company built a large new sawmill in Foley along with an adjacent company town.
By 1930, the Foley sawmill was the largest lumber production facility in Florida. The company’s Florida operation continued to grow throughout the early 1930s. In 1948, the company announced it would close its lumber production mill in Foley due to a lack of sufficient heavy timber to keep the mill running efficiently.
In 1951, Brooks-Scanlon sold of previously harvested Florida forest land to Buckeye Cellulose Corporation, a subsidiary of Procter & Gamble. A month later, Foley Lumber Industries bought Brooks-Scanlon's Foley plant and some additional timber land with the intention of working with Buckeye Cellulose to build a pulp mill to utilize the second-growth timber available on the land previously owned by Brooks-Scanlon.
Oregon operations.
In 1911, Brooks-Scanlon began looking at timber resources in central Oregon. In 1915, the company purchased large tracts of timber land in central Oregon, near Bend. The following year, Brooks-Scanlon opened a sawmill on the east bank of the Deschutes River on the outskirts of Bend. Directly across the river from the Brooks-Scanlon mill was the Shevlin-Hixon sawmill, a major competitor that opened a month before the Brooks-Scanlon mill began operating. When it began sawmill operations, Brooks-Scanlon owned of timber land south and east of Bend, while Shevlin-Hixon owned including parcels along on both sides of the Deschutes River. Within a year of opening, the Brooks-Scanlon and Shevlin-Hixon sawmills were the two largest producers of pine lumber in the world.
In 1922, Brooks-Scanlon built a second lumber production facility upstream from the company's original sawmill. The new sawmill complex was known as "Mill B". The new production complex was much larger that the original "Mill A" facility. When the new sawmill was fully operational, Brooks-Scanlon was cutting lumber around the clock with more than 2,000 workers on the company's payroll.
By 1930, the Brooks-Scanlon sawmill was running three shifts a day, which kept the sawmill operating around the clock. At their peak, the Brooks-Scanlon and Shevlin-Hixon sawmills were producing over of lumber per year. Over the next several decades, Brooks-Scanlon bought large tracts of central Oregon timber land from Shevlin-Hixon and other forest land owners.
In the late 1930s and 1940s, Brooks-Scanlon began buying standing timber from the United States Forest Service to supplement the harvest taken from the company’s timber land. The company also significantly expanded its railroad logging north and west of Bend. Previously, its railroad logging operations were used primarily for harvesting timber lands south of Bend.
In 1950, Brooks-Scanlon bought the neighboring Shevlin-Hixon sawmill. The acquisition included the Shevlin-Hixon sawmill and adjacent property, all of its railroad and logging equipment, and large tracts of central Oregon timber lands along with the associated water rights. The Shevlin-Hixon sawmill was closed at the end of 1950. In the 1950s, Brooks-Scanlon kept its Bend sawmill producing lumber with timber purchased from the United States Forest Service in auctions administered by the Deschutes National Forest.
In 1969, Brooks-Scanlon created a subsidiary corporation called Brooks Resources. The new company was created to develop Brooks-Scanlon property for uses other than timber production. In 1979, Brooks Resources was officially separated from the Brooks-Scanlon company. Two years later, Brooks-Scanlon was purchased by Diamond International corporation. In the late 1980s, the company was sold to the newly formed Crown Pacific Partners. The former Brooks-Scanlon sawmill continued producing lumber until 1994, when the Bend mill was finally closed due to diminished timber supply in the area.
Legacy.
Today, the Brooks-Scanlon sawmill site has been redeveloped into the Old Mill District, a commercial and retail area on the banks of the Deschutes River in Bend. Brooks-Scanlon's "Mill A" building is now an office complex. The "Mill A" powerhouse and burner foundations are now a public patio, filled with flowers in the summer. In addition, the "Mill B" powerhouse is the home of an outdoor sports retail business.
Brooks-Scanlon began working with the Bend community on park and recreation programs in the 1920s when the company donated to the City of Bend to establish Shevlin Park. Today, Shevlin Park is still an important part of Bend’s park network.
The Bend Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by the Brooks-Scanlon Lumber Company in 1947 to help injured loggers and sawmill workers. Today, Brooks-Scanlon's offshoot, Brooks Resources, remains a major contributor to the Foundation which currently supports a wide range of community institutions and philanthropic programs throughout central Oregon. The Foundation funds scholarships, public artwork, and a wide variety of other community programs and environmental projects.


Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien

The fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien was negotiated between the United States and the Sac and Fox, the Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Wahpeton and Sisiton Sioux, Omaha, Ioway, Otoe and Missouria tribes. The treaty was signed on July 15, 1830, with William Clark and Willoughby Morgan representing the United States. Through additional negotiations conducted in St. Louis on October 13, 1830, Yankton Sioux and Santee Sioux agreed to abide by the 1830 Treaty of Prairie du Chien. The US government announced the treaty and its numerous adherents on February 24, 1831.
In this treaty, the tribes agreed to land cession of three large tracts of land: two strips of land 20 miles wide each on either side of the boundary established by the first (1825) Treaty of Prairie du Chien (roughly from La Crosse, Wisconsin to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin), extending from the Mississippi River to the Des Moines River in what today is southeastern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa; and a large triangular tract of land in southeastern Nebraska and northwestern Missouri, western Iowa and southern Minnesota, from Kansas City, Missouri due north to the Des Moines River, to the area about Spirit Lake, Iowa to Worthington, Minnesota, down Rock River, down the Missouri River and back to Kansas City. Additional tribes later ceded the large triangular tract as the Platte Purchase in 1836.
The treaty also established the Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation, which provided land in southeastern Nebraska to the mixed-race descendants of European/American fur trappers and their Native American women companions from several involved tribes. Without this provision, the mixed-race descendants were often kept from being allocated land on newly established reservations, and were caught between cultures.


Angoon, Alaska

Angoon (sometimes formerly spelled Angun, ) is a city on Admiralty Island in Hoonah-Angoon Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 572; by the 2010 census the population had declined to 459. The name in Tlingit, , means roughly "isthmus town."
History.
Admiralty Island has long been the home of the Kootznoowoo Tlingit group, or "Xootsnoowú Ḵwáan" in Tlingit. Kootznoowoo means "fortress of brown bears", literally "xoots-noow-ú" "brown.bear-fortress-possessive". Angoon has a less-rainy climate than most of southeastern Alaska and was valued by the Tlingit for that reason.
During the Russian period in Alaska, from the 18th century to the mid-19th century, maritime fur trading was a major economic activity in the area.
In 1878, after the 1867 Alaska Purchase, the North West Trading Company established a trading post and whaling station on nearby Killisnoo Island and employed Angoon villagers to hunt whales. Whaling, a school, and a Russian Orthodox church attracted many Tlingits to neighboring Killisnoo.
In October 1882 of the village was destroyed in the Angoon Bombardment by US Naval forces under the command Commander Edgar C. Merriman and the "USRC Thomas Corwin" under the command of Michael A. Healy. The Tlingit villagers had taken white hostages and property and demanded two hundred blankets in compensation from the North West Trading Company following the accidental death of a Tlingit shaman who died in a whaling bomb accident while working on the whaler. The hostages were released upon the arrival of the naval expedition to Angoon, however Merriman demanded four hundred blankets in tribute and upon the Tlingit delivery of just eighty one blankets, Merriman's forces destroyed the village.
After a short time, the North West Trading Company switched to herring processing. During this time, many Tlingits moved to Killisnoo for employment at the fish plant. In 1928, Killisnoo was destroyed by fire and many Tlingits returned to Angoon.
In 1973, Angoon won a U.S. $90,000 settlement from the United States government for the 1882 bombardment.
Geography.
Angoon is located on the west side of Admiralty Island at (57.496891, -134.573579). It is the largest permanent settlement on Admiralty Island and is sited on an isthmus at the mouth of Kootznahoo Inlet on the west side of the island. It is southwest of Juneau. The only other community on the island is Cube Cove, to the north.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which are land and , or 37.04%, are water.
Climate.
The climate is either an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), when utilising the -3 °C isotherm or a warm-summer Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb), when utili the 0 °C isotherm. Its climate moderately tempered by a hot current is only slightly more extreme than the north of Scotland.
Demographics.
Angoon first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the native village of "Augoon" with 420 residents, all members of the Tlingit tribe. The area returned as "Hoochinoo" (AKA Kootznahoo) in 1890. Angoon did not appear again on the census until 1920. It has appeared on every successive census to date as of 2010, and incorporated as a city in 1963.
As of the census of 2000, there were 572 people, 184 households, and 138 families residing in the city. The population density was 25.4 people per square mile (9.8/km). There were 221 housing units at an average density of 9.8 per square mile (3.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 81.99% Native American, 11.36% White, 5.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, 0.52% Black or African American, 0.17% Asian, 1.40% from other races, and 4.55% from two or more races.
Of the 184 households, 42.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 17.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.64.
In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 34.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,861, and the median income for a family was $31,429. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $30,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,357. About 27.0% of families and 27.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.1% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over.
Government.
Angoon is a second-class city, and uses a Mayor-Council form of government. Joshua Bowen Sr. is the Mayor.
Economy.
Fishing and fish processing are the mainstays of the economy at Angoon now.
Angoon is looking into non-diesel electric power generation to reduce local electric bills.
Angoon was listed by "Sunset "magazine as one of the "Top 100 Best Honeymoon Spots" in July 2009.
Education.
Chatham School District operates two schools:


Gouverneur Kemble

Gouverneur Kemble (January 25, 1786 – September 18, 1875) was a two-term United States Congressman, diplomat and industrialist. He helped found the West Point Foundry, a major producer of artillery during the American Civil War.
Early life and education.
Kemble was born in 1786 to a prominent family in New York City, the eldest son of prosperous attorney and merchant Peter Kemble of New Jersey. Ships of the firm Gouverneur & Kemble conducted trade in the West Indies, Europe and China. Kemble was educated in New York and graduated from Columbia College in 1803, then entered the mercantile business. He was friends with Washington Irving and other members of city society, who enjoyed socializing at Cockloft Hall (an old family mansion on the Passaic River which Kemble inherited and was sometimes known as "Salmagundi" or the "Bachelor's Elysium"). He was a founding member of the "Lads of Kilkenny". His sister, Gertrude, married James Kirke Paulding in November, 1818. Through his grandmother Gertrude Bayard, Kemble descended both from the Schuyler family and the Van Cortlandt family.
Diplomat.
Kemble was sent to the Mediterranean as a naval agent during the Second Barbary War with Tripoli. As a young man with political connections, in 1816 he was appointed United States Consul at Cádiz in Spain, where his attention was attracted to the Spanish government's state-of-the-art process of casting cannon.
Manufacturer.
Returning home, Kemble saw an opportunity to introduce the process in the United States. Along with other partners including his brother William and a consortium of investors including General Joseph Gardner Swift of the U.S. Army, around 1817 he founded the West Point Foundry Association to produce artillery pieces for the United States Government. The need of such an establishment was demonstrated by the War of 1812. The foundry was built across the Hudson River from West Point in the village of Cold Spring, New York, and soon began to make cast iron steam engines for locomotives, gears, water pipes, and other iron products, as well as artillery. Despite the lack of local artisans and craftsmen skilled in ironworking, Kemble and his partners succeeded, especially after they hired William Young, a native of Belfast, Ireland. Robert P. Parrott became superintendent in 1836 and the Foundry weathered the Panic of 1837. Kemble continued to be president of the association until the expiration of the charter. He became known as the "Patriarch of Cold Spring" for his charitable activities in the village.
In 1823, Gouverneur Kemble leased land in Orange County, New York, for the mineral rights to mine iron ore. Four years later, the Kembles acquired most of the nearby Greenwood Iron Foundry and related industries. In 1839, the brothers sold the foundry to Parrott. A year later, his sister Mary married Parrott.
Political career.
Kemble was an active member of the Democratic Party. He was elected to the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses representing Westchester and Putnam counties, serving two terms during the presidency of Martin Van Buren. In 1840, he declined a nomination for a third term. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1840 and 1860. He was elected as a delegate to the 1846 convention for the revising New York's state constitution.
In his later years, he was an active supporter of the Hudson River Railroad and the Panama Railway, and was a lifelong art collector and patron. David Hunter Strother, who gained fame for illustrated articles in Harper's Monthly, and Kemble helped found the "Century Club" for artists in New York City. In 1854 Kemble was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician.
Kemble was one of the last survivors of the Tontine Association.
Death and legacy.
Gouverneur Kemble died in Cold Spring on September 16, 1875, at the age of 89 and was buried in Cold Spring Cemetery.
An 1853 oil portrait of Gouverneur Kemble by Asher Brown Durand is in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.
Famed Civil War general Gouverneur Kemble Warren, born in Cold Spring in 1830, was named for Kemble, a close friend of his father, Sylvanus Warren.


Helene Whitney

Helene Whitney (born Kenyon Fortescue, July 4, 1914 – March 28, 1990) was an American actress who appeared in films in the late 1930s and 1940s. She was known as Helene Reynolds after her marriage.
Biography.
Whitney was born Kenyon Fortescue in 1914, but was known as Helene. Through her mother, Grace Fortescue (1883–1979), she was a grandniece (and cousin twice removed) of Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone.
Through her father Granville Roland Fortescue (1875–1952), she was a first cousin once removed of US President Theodore Roosevelt.
She grew up in Washington D.C. where she attended the National Cathedral School for Girls. She married Julian Louis Reynolds, son of Richard S. Reynolds, Sr. and heir to the Reynolds aluminum and tobacco fortunes, on July 15, 1936, in Washington, becoming Helene Fortescue Reynolds. After three years of marriage, they divorced in May 1939.
She became an actress, using the stage names of Joyce Gardner, Helene Whitney and Helene Reynolds, appeared in films in the late 1930s and 1940s and later in stage productions. After her acting career ended, she became a Manhattan art gallery proprietor and artist in the 1960s. She died of pneumonia at the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Atlantis, Florida aged 75 on March 28, 1990.
Filmography.
As Helene Whitney/Helen Whitney
As Helene Reynolds
Television.
As Helene Reynolds


La Granadera

La Granadera was the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Central America. The composer of the music is unknown ; the words were written by .


Timeline of Guadalajara

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Guadalajara, Mexico.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the Spanish Wikipedia."


Flowery Mound

Flowery Mound is an archaeological site in Tensas Parish, Louisiana with components from the Late Coles Creek and Plaquemine-Mississippian culture which dates from approximately 950–1541.
Description.
The site is located on Andrews Bayou. The mound itself is a very well preserved platform mound measuring in height and by at its base and a summit measuring square. Core samples taken during investigations at the site have revealed the mound was built in a single stage and because the fill types can still be differentiated it suggests the mound is relatively young. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal found in a midden under the mound reveals that the site was occupied from 996–1162 during the Coles Creek period. The mound was built over the midden between 1200–1541 during the Plaquemine/Mississippian period. This was further confirmed by stylistic analysis of pottery found at the site.


Millennium Biltmore Hotel

The Millennium Biltmore Hotel, originally the Los Angeles Biltmore of the Bowman-Biltmore Hotels group, is a luxury hotel located opposite Pershing Square in Downtown Los Angeles, California. Upon its grand opening in 1923, the Los Angeles Biltmore was the largest hotel west of Chicago in the United States. In 1969 the Biltmore Hotel was designated a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument by the City of Los Angeles. In 1951, the Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel Company sold to Corrigan Properties for more than $12 million. Regal Hotels purchased the Biltmore in 1996, and then sold it in 1999 to Millennium & Copthorne Hotels. As of 2009, the Los Angeles Biltmore is operated as part of the Millennium & Copthorne Hotels chain as the Millennium Biltmore Hotel. The hotel has of meeting and banquet space. From its original 1500 guestrooms it now has 683, due to room reorganization.
Architecture.
The architectural firm Schultze & Weaver designed the Biltmore's exterior in a synthesis of the Spanish-Italian Renaissance Revival, Mediterranean Revival, and Beaux Arts styles, meant as an homage to the Castilian heritage of Los Angeles. The "Biltmore Angel" is heavily incorporated into the design—as a symbol of the city as well as the Biltmore itself. With a thick steel and concrete frame, the structure takes up half a city block and rises over 11 stories.
The interiors of the Biltmore Hotel are decorated with: frescos and murals; carved marble fountains and columns; massive wood-beamed ceilings; travertine and oak paneled walls; lead crystal chandeliers; cast bronze stairwells and doorways; fine artisan marquetry and mill work; and heavily embroidered imported tapestries and draperies. Most notable are the frescoed mural ceilings in the main Galleria and the Crystal Ballroom, which were hand painted in 1922 by Italian artist John B. Smeraldi, known for his work in the Vatican and the White House. Smeraldi and his team famously painted the ballroom's colorful, seamless fresco over a period of seven months, decorating it with figures of Greek and Roman gods, angels, cupids and other mythological creatures. It was meticulously restored in the 1980s by Smeraldi's apprentice, Anthony Heinsbergen. The imported Austrian crystal chandeliers that adorn it are in diameter.
The Rendezvous Court, once the hotel's lobby but now used primarily for afternoon tea, is decorated with a Moorish Revival styled plaster ceiling painted with 24 Carat Gold accents, two original imported Italian chandeliers from 1923, and a grand Spanish Baroque Revival bronze doorway, whose astrological clock still keeps time today. Two figures appear on the stairwell front—on the left is the Roman goddess of agriculture Ceres, while on the right is the Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa. The current lobby at the hotel's Grand Avenue entrance still has its original travertine walls and oak paneling as well as the large artificial skylighted ceiling, reflected in the custom carpet below.
Each ballroom on the Galleria level is themed either after the room's original function or the hotel's overall California-heritage premise. The Emerald Room was once the hotel's main guest dining room; its decor features images of hunt and harvest, with hand-painted animals and fish on the cast-plaster ceiling beams. The Tiffany Room was formerly an open corridor used as a drop-off point for Crystal Ballroom functions. Now enclosed, the elegant space centers around exploration, with relief sculptures and panels depicting Queen Isabella I of Castile, and Christopher Columbus and other Spanish New World explorers. The split-level Gold Room, once a dining room for elite guests, features Prohibition-era hidden liquor compartments and panels along the ceiling for press photographers to take pictures of the event below. It is decorated with a gold cast-plaster ceiling, hand-oiled wood paneling, and nine mirrored windows along three sides.
The South Galleria is painted with floral friezes inspired by the decor of ancient Roman Pompeii, and features a vaulted ceiling, marble balustrades and heavy Roman piers. Gold-painted wrought iron gates open to a staircase leading down to the Biltmore Bowl.
Also of interest is the hotel's health club and indoor pool, which was modeled after the decks of 1920s luxury ocean liners. Solid brass trim on windows, doors and railings, teakwood deck chairs and hand-laid Italian mosaic tile on the walls and in the pool are original.
Restaurants.
Since 2015, four restaurants and bars serve the hotel, including Smeraldi's Restaurant (American continental cuisine), newly relaunched Bugis Street Brasserie, the Rendezvous Court, and the Gallery Bar.
Events.
The Los Angeles Biltmore is known for being an early home to the Academy Awards ceremony—the Oscars. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences was founded at a luncheon banquet in the Crystal Ballroom in May 1927, when guests such as Louis B. Mayer met to discuss plans for the new organization and presenting achievement awards to colleagues in their industry. Legend has it that MGM art director Cedric Gibbons, who was in attendance, immediately grabbed a linen Biltmore napkin and sketched the design for the Oscar statue on it. Eight Oscar ceremonies were held in the Biltmore Bowl during the Academy's early years of 1931, 1935–39, and 1941–42. In 1977, Bob Hope hosted the Academy's 50th Anniversary banquet in the same room.
The "Biltmore Theater" was situated at the corner of 5th and Grand, now the Biltmore Court & Tower location. Will Rogers emceed the opening of the theater in 1924, which then hosted plays starring Helen Hayes, Katharine Hepburn, Alfred Lunt, Lynn Fontanne, Bela Lugosi and Mae West until it closed in 1967. It also occasionally booked high-profile films such as the 1925 silent epic "" which ran for 14 weeks in 1926 and silent Academy Award winner "Wings", which stayed over 20 weeks in 1928.
In 1929, Germany's Graf Zeppelin airship soared over the hotel on its round-the-world voyage, sponsored by newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst. Crew and passengers were fed by Biltmore culinary staff, who also replenished their on-board supplies.
During World War II, the Biltmore served as a military rest and recreation facility, with the entire second floor equipped with cots for military personnel on leave.
On March 7, 1952, the well-known yogi and author Paramahansa Yogananda, collapsed and died of a heart attack after finishing a speech in honor of the Indian ambassador Binay Ranjan Sen. This site within the hotel is now revered by many as the place of the yogi's "mahasamadhi", or conscious leave of the body.
The 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles chose John F. Kennedy as the party's presidential nominee. He set up his campaign headquarters in the Music Room (now the Lobby), with running mate Lyndon B. Johnson across the hall in the Emerald Room. Their press conferences in the Crystal Ballroom were heavily photographed and documented.
The Beatles paid a visit to the Presidential Suite in August 1964 during their first U.S. tour. Due to the overwhelming number of fans crowding the sidewalks in front of the hotel, the "Fab Four" were forced to access their room by landing atop the hotel in a helicopter.
The Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel served the International Olympic Committee as their headquarters during the 1984 Summer Olympics. In 1988, the Duke & Duchess of York were hosted by Armand Hammer at a Biltmore gala. Recently the Biltmore has hosted the semi-finals for "American Idol", the yearly awards for the Cinemal Audio Society, visiting teams for the World Baseball Classic, and multiple Grammy Awards after-parties.
Films and TV shows.
Movies.
10 Things I Hate About You "(1999)", Alien Nation "(1988), "Bachelor Party" (1984), "Beverly Hills Cop", "Blow", "Blue Streak", "Bugsy", "Chinatown" (1974), "Daredevil", "Dave", "The Fabulous Baker Boys", "The Game" (1997), "" |"Ghostbusters" (1984), "Heartbreakers" (2001), "In the Line of Fire", "Independence Day" (1996), "The Italian Job" (2003), "National Treasure", "The Nutty Professor" (1996), "Ocean's 11", "Pretty in Pink", "Prom Night" (2008), "Something New", "Spider-Man" (2002), "Splash", "A Star Is Born" (1937), "True Lies", "Wedding Crashers", "The Wedding Ringer".
The hotel's exterior can also be seen in "Cruel Intentions", "Fight Club" and "Heat".
Television.
"24", "Ally McBeal", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "Black Monday", "Bosch", "Charlie's Angels", "Columbo", "", "Drop Dead Diva", "Entourage", "ER", "Glee", "The Good Place", "Heroes", "House", "Leverage", "Mad Men", "Mob City", "Nip/Tuck", "NYPD Blue", "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills", "Scandal", "That '70s Show", "War and Remembrance", "The West Wing".
The hotel was featured in "Visiting... with Huell Howser" Episode 625.
The hotel also has been featured in a commercial for Stanton Optical, a company based in Palm Springs, Florida.
Music videos.
Steve Perry, "Oh Sherrie" (1984); Janet Jackson, "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)" (2001); Britney Spears, "Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) (2002); Simple Plan, "Shut Up!" (2005); The Wallflowers (2005); Daniel Powter (2005); Lostprophets (2009); Anjulie, "Rain" (2009); Daughtry (2009); Tank (2010); Alexander Kogan (2011); Chris Price, "Homesick" (2012); Ed Sheeran, "Thinking Out Loud" (2014); John Legend (featuring Chance the Rapper), "Penthouse Floor" (2016); Taylor Swift, "Delicate" (2018); Jennifer Lopez, "El Anillo" (2018); Meek Mill & Drake, "Going Bad" (2019).