Stavanger

Stavanger (, , , ) is a city and municipality in Norway. It is the fourth largest city and third largest metropolitan area in Norway (through conurbation with neighbouring Sandnes) and the administrative centre of Rogaland county. The municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway. Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in Southwest Norway, Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125, the year the Stavanger Cathedral was completed. Stavanger's core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the city's cultural heritage. This has caused the town centre and inner city to retain a small-town character with an unusually high ratio of detached houses, and has contributed significantly to spreading the city's population growth to outlying parts of Greater Stavanger.
The city's rapid population growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norway's booming offshore oil industry. Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region and the city is widely referred to as the Oil Capital of Norway. Norwegian energy company Equinor, the largest company in the Nordic region, is headquartered in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger.
Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, including the NATO Joint Warfare Centre. Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, contribute further to a significant foreign population in the city. Immigrants make up 11.3% of Stavanger's population. Stavanger has since the early 2000s consistently had an unemployment rate significantly lower than the Norwegian and European average. In 2011, the unemployment rate was less than 2%. The city is also among those that frequent various lists of expensive cities in the world, and Stavanger has even been ranked as the world's most expensive city by certain indices.
The climate of the city is very mild by Nordic standards due to a strong maritime influence. As a result, winter usually remains above freezing whereas heat waves are rare and seldom long. Rainfall is common, although less so than in areas further north on the coastline.
Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola, which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, as well as a limited number of intercontinental charter flights. The airport was named most punctual European regional airport in 2010.
Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas (ONS), which is the second largest exhibition and conference for the energy sector. Gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavia's leading food festivals. The city is also known for being one of the nation's premier culinary clusters. Stavanger was awarded the 2008 European Capital of Culture alongside Liverpool.
History.
The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North-Jæren was an economic and military centre as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at the Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300.
Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral ("Stavanger domkirke") around 1100. It was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation.
With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life.
Stavanger was established as a municipality 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1867, a small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953, a final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861).
The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions. For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping, shipbuilding, the fish canning industry and associated subcontractors.
In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea.
After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed.
On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Finnøy and Rennesøy merged with Stavanger to form a new, larger municipality.
City development.
Stavanger is one of Norway's oldest cities. It emerged in the 12th century during a period of population growth and increasing urbanization throughout northern Europe. The archaeological and historical sources about the first city development are sparse. Therefore, there is much we do not know about the first city development. It stands out as an important area from early times, as a desirable foothold for the monarchy and the church, as both needed a strong foothold in the South West coast area. In North Jæren, rich archaeological material suggests that the chiefs held considerable power from the early Iron Age. Stavanger had a natural harbor and was, with Jæren in the south, strategically important to the county of the East as well as to the shipping route along the western coast and the fertile Ryfylke Islands in the north.
The earliest Christian impulses in Norway came to Stavanger region through trade connections with Continental Europe and Great Britain. This flourished during the Viking era. In the mid 10th century, traditional Norse burial customs ceased in the Stavanger area, at the same time as the first Christian priests began their work. Big stone crosses are visible memorials of this early Christian age (including the Tjora and Kvitsøy). On the overland approach to Stavanger, a memorial cross of HERS and lendmann Erling Skjalgsson was erected after his fall in 1028. Erling controlled power over the South West coast, and the location of the cross indicates that he had a special connection to Stavanger. The inscription on the cross shows a priest was responsible for the inscription, and he may have performed an early service at a church on site.
Archaeological investigations in the current downtown and in the crypt of the Cathedral show that the great fire of 1272 probably left large parts of the city and the cathedral in ruins, including the Romanesque chancel of the cathedral. The reconstruction after the fire led to the cathedral's Western Front being replaced with a vestibule, as well as to the construction (or reconstruction) of St. Mary's Church, Bishop's Chapel, the Gothic cathedral and the expansion of the stone cellar at Kongsberg.
Stavanger has a long history of education in Western Europe. It was the monastery here that first saw the need to train new employees through education. The first organized teaching in the city probably took place at a Benedictine monastery in the town, either Olav's Monastery or Monastery of people from the mid-12th century.
One of the most important events in Stavanger's city history was the gift letter that King Magnus Erlingsson gave to Stavanger Bishop Eirik Ivarsson in the second half of 1100. Exactly when the king made this gift letter, and under what circumstances it happened is unknown. It may have been in 1163–1164, in connection with the King Magnus's coronation, but could also have been around 1181–1184, in connection with the support Stavanger Bishop Erik gave King Magnus at the end of the king's fight against the late King Sverre.
It is undoubtedly correct to characterize Stavanger as a church city throughout the Middle Ages, up to the Reformation. The Reformation, however, dealt a hard blow to the Church in specific and Stavanger in general. The cathedral, the bishop and canons of the monastery had been large landowners. Recession of the city began with the loss of people in rural areas, as a result of which the revenues of the cathedral and the bishop fell dramatically due to reduced rental income. In 1537 the bishop's and the monastery's estate and property was confiscated by the king. Kongsberg was plundered by Christoffer Trondsen in 1539, at which time St. Swithun's casket disappeared and Bishop Hoskuld Hoskuldsson may have been executed.
World War II.
In a prelude to the invasion, on 8 April, the German freighter (6780 grt.) anchored by Ulsnes. "Roda" was reportedly loaded with coke, but customs officials and police authorities became suspicious about other cargo when they observed that the ship was not riding deep in the water. The ship was boarded and was ordered to move to Riska. However, "Roda" did not move, and the captain of the , Niels Larsen Bruun, decided on his own initiative to sink the ship. After sending the crew off in lifeboats, "Æger" used 25 shots with Bofors guns to sink "Roda".
Early on the morning of 9 April 1940, explosions and bomb blasts from Sola-edge and news bulletins on radio announced the German attack on Norway. Sola Airport was the Germans' first target on North Jæren. The airport was attacked by six German Messerschmitt Bf 110 fighters around 8 am. The airport had been built in 1937, and in April 1940 fortifications round the airport were not yet complete. Fortifications consisted of a concrete bunker still under construction and several open shooting positions. Armament consisted of three heavy anti-aircraft machine guns, three heavy machine guns configured for ground targets, and some light machine guns at the disposal of the approximately 80 soldiers who defended the airport. The bomber wing was transferred to Sola Airport in 1939, but the planes, a total of six Fokker and three Caproni aircraft, were old and outdated. Shortly after the attack began, however, they took off.
The German air attack increased in intensity. The bombardment lasted for about an hour before ten slow Ju 52 transport aircraft arrived over the airport. They had taken off from the airport at Hamburg a few hours earlier. In a parachute assault, the transport planes first dropped yellow containers containing weapons and equipment, then between ten and twelve paratroopers from each plane. This was only the second ever wartime parachute assault; the first had occurred only three hours earlier, when a bridge south of Denmark was captured in the same way. At the Sola airport, the concrete bunker held out longest, but was eventually put out of action with a hand grenade. While Norwegian soldiers were badly injured in the attempted defence, there were no fatalities; in contrast, the Germans lost several. Lieutenant Thor Tang, who led the Norwegian defense of the airport, capitulated at 10:00, and the Germans immediately began landing troops, fuel and other supplies. In all, 200 to 300 transport aircraft arrived in Sola during invasion day, and by evening several hundred soldiers and large quantities of materiel had been moved from Germany to Sola.
By around 12:30 on 9 April, the first German troops advanced into Stavanger without resistance. The police station, telephone office, telegraph center, post office, port office, customs house and the gas company were the most important places, and now came under control of the Germans. The city was conquered without conflict, but the first sparks of resistance had been ignited, and several men left the city and made their way to the Norwegian troops inside Gjesdal, there to join the armed struggle against the enemy.
The Germans had placed a high priority to have a good railway connection between the air base at Sola – Stavanger district, and the rest of the country. However, it was not until 29 April 1944, that the Southern Railway was completed to Stavanger. In 1940, the Germans had envisioned it to be completed no later than 1 November 1941.
After Hitler's death in 1945, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz took over leadership of the German forces, and on 9 May 1945, gave the head of the German armed forces in Norway, General Franz Böhme, orders that "Reichskommissar" in Norway, Josef Terboven, was deposed and that all his duties were transferred to Böhme. To Böhme, in turn, he gave the task of how the capitulation of Festung Norwegen was to be implemented. There were around 15,000 German soldiers in Rogaland in 1945, and it was there where the commander of 274 Infantry Division, General Weckman, gave the formal German surrender.
Before repatriation, the Germans were required to remain and clean up after five years of occupation. There were 180 German minefields in Rogaland, with a total of 480,000 mines, all of which the German Wehrmacht were required to clear. 62 Germans were killed and 94 were injured during mine clearance in Rogaland. Mines from this period continue to be uncovered.
Oil capital.
In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea.
After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed.
In March 1965 an agreement was signed between Norway and the United Kingdom on the sharing of the continental shelf by the median line principle. That same year a similar agreement was signed between Norway and Denmark. It was designed as a legal regime for oil exploration. The first licensing round on the Norwegian shelf was announced on 13 April 1965, and in August of that same year the government granted 22 licenses for 78 blocks for oil companies or groups of companies. The production license gave oil companies exclusive rights to exploration, drilling and production in a defined geographical area for a given period at an annual fee. Esso was the first oil company to start drilling for oil off the coast of Norway. The semi-submersible drilling vessel Ocean Traveler was towed from New Orleans to Norway, and the vessel began drilling on 19 July 1966, at block 8/3, about southwest of Stavanger.
Coat of arms.
Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), a leading specialist in heraldry, was commissioned to design the official coat of arms of Stavanger, a work that lasted from the end of the 1920s until approved on 11 August 1939. His design is also used as the city's arms, flag, and seal. The coat of arms is based upon a seal which dated 1591. It shows a branch of vine ("Vitis vinifera"). Which leaves and branch type that is depicted on the coat of arms has been hotly debated. The original meaning and representation of the vine remains unknown.
Origin of the name.
The Old Norse form of the name was "Stafangr". The origin of the name has been discussed for decades, and the most used interpretation is that it originally was the name of the inlet now called Vågen, which was the original site of the city, on the east shore of the bay.
The first element of the name is "stafr" meaning 'staff' or 'branch'. This could refer to the form of the inlet, but also to the form of the mountain Valberget ("Staven" meaning 'the staff,' is a common name of high and steep mountains in Norway). The last element is "angr" meaning 'inlet, bay'. Facing the North Sea, Stavanger has always been economically dependent on its access to the sea.
Government.
All municipalities in Norway, including Stavanger, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor.
Municipal council.
The municipal council () of Stavanger is made up of 67 representatives that are elected to four year terms. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows:
Geography.
The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low-Jæren, a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in the south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet, and Mosvatnet) and three fjords (Hafrsfjorden, Byfjorden, and Gandsfjorden); sea and water form the landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife.
The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than above sea level, While 7% of the land is at . Stavanger's highest point is the tall Jåttånuten with the Ullandhaug as the second highest point.
The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from the bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbor into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms.
The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy, Buøy, Engøy, Grasholmen, Hellesøy, Hundvåg, Kalvøy, Lindøy, Sølyst, and Vassøy. It also includes the eastern half of the island of Åmøy.
Parks.
There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland's house at the time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration, a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States, commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America.
Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger, is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall, and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honor of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbor, and forms the entrance from the south towards the Old Town. Canon park forms the border between Stavanger and the exit from the E39. Northward go Løkkeveien against Bjergsted westward go Madlaveien the theater and Bergelandstunnelen, east towards E39. The park is located next to old Stavanger Hospital, which also has a large park area around the main building. Through the park runs Kannik creek, which comes to the surface at the statue of the Little Mermaid and runs into Breiavannet. Kannikkbekken runs mostly underground, in pipes, before it reaches Kannik park.
Outside the city center, the park southerly in relation to the large inland lakes such as Mosvatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet and Water Assen. Mosvatnet is making it the third largest in Stavanger after Hålandsvatnet and Store Stokkavatn. The lake supplied the city's drinking water from 1863 to 1931, and is now by far the most used recreation area in Stavanger. The path around the lake is long, and much used by cyclist and joggers; sampling conducted in 1995 showed that an estimated 560,000 people used the walking trail around Mosvatnet. At the south end is Mosvangen Camping, Stavanger Svømmestadion old man and Vålandskogen, and to the west is Rogaland Kunstmuseum. Stora Stokkavatnet is – the largest in Stavanger. Right at Stora Stokkavatnet is the Litla Stokkavatnet. The hiking trail around the lakes is long. In the lake is a small island, Storeholmen. Store Stokkavatnet supplied Stavanger's drinking water from 1931 to 1959, and was later demoted to the reserve drinking water. In 2009 it was relegated once more, and it is now legal to swim in the water.
Climate.
Stavanger is located on a peninsula on the southwest coast of Norway. The climate is greatly influenced by the Gulf Stream which creates warmer temperatures throughout the year compared to other cities at similar latitudes. According to Köppen climate classification, Stavanger experiences an oceanic climate ("Cfb") with five months with a mean temperature above . The city has also a slight continental climate influence which can create subzero lows during winter. The all-time high at the airport was recorded August 1975, and the all-time low was recorded January 1987. The warmest high recorded in Stavanger is recorded at the weather station Stavanger-Våland (72 m) in July 2018.


Two Minutes to Go

Two Minutes to Go is a 1921 American silent sport comedy-drama film directed by Charles Ray and written by Richard Andres. The film stars Charles Ray, Mary Anderson, Lionel Belmore, Lincoln Stedman, Truman Van Dyke, and Gus Leonard. The film was released by Associated First National on October 17, 1921.
Preservation.
"Two Minutes to Go" is now considered lost.


Love Insurance

Love Insurance is a lost 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Donald Crisp, produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is based on the novel of the same name by Earl Derr Biggers, "Love Insurance".
"Love Insurance" was later remade in 1924 as "The Reckless Age" and in sound era in 1940 as "One Night in the Tropics".
Plot.
As described in a film magazine, Lord Allan Harrowby (Elliott), upon arriving in America to wed an heiress, goes to the New York office of Lloyd's of London and insures against the lady changing her mind. Dick Minot (Washburn), assistant manager of the office, is assigned to the task of preventing that occurrence. He meets Cynthia Meyrick (Wilson), the lady in question, but not knowing her identity falls in love with her. However, business is his first thought and when she decides that she does not love her fiancé and is about to break her engagement, he does all in his power to bring about the wedding. This involves defeating a stranger who claims to be the real Lord Harrowby, outwitting a customs official who seeks to arrest the nobleman for smuggling in a diamond necklace, the routing of a clever criminal who tries to steal the necklace, and effecting the dismissal of a young woman who threatens a suit for breach of promise. After all this is effected and the wedding about to proceed, Cynthia again changes her mind, but this time it is because of an act by Harrowby. By the terms of the policy, this releases the company, so Dick presents his own case to Cynthia, which she accepts and they elope.


After Porn Ends

After Porn Ends is a 2012 American documentary film about the pornography industry. It features interviews with Asia Carrera, Nina Hartley, Mary Carey, Randy West, Richard Pacheco, John Leslie, Amber Lynn, Seka (actress), Raylene, Bill Margold, Shelley Lubben, and Tiffany Million.
Background.
Documentary filmmaker Bryce Wagoner, a graduate of East Carolina University, interviewed several former porn stars about their lives after leaving the industry. Wagoner got the inspiration for the documentary from a part-time job during his film education: During a voice-over and motion capture break for the video game, "WWE SmackDown! vs. Raw", a group watched porn movies and one of them asked what the actors did with their lives after their time in the scene. In a separate blog post, he explained that the scene was about sexual acts with vegetables.
The questions in the fast-paced interview scenes revolve around four core questions: How do you find your way into this film business? Why do you stop and possibly start again? How can a secure existence or family be built and thus private life and career be separated? How do porn actors differ from other employees? Asia Carrera, among others, reports that Mensa International would link to all member websites, but in her case made an exception, since it is a pornographic website.
Reception.
The film received mostly negative reviews.
Sequel.
The first sequel, "After Porn Ends 2", was released in March 2017. The industry actors involved included Janine Lindemulder, Lisa Ann, Chasey Lain, Tabitha Stevens and Herschel Savage.
The second sequel, "After Porn Ends 3", was released on 30 October 2018 and it continues to explore whether a career as an adult performer is inherently damaging to the balance of a performer's life once a performer retires from the porn industry. It features: Christy Canyon, Tera Patrick, et al.


Elizabeth Pickett Chevalier

Elizabeth Pickett Chevalier, known earlier in her career as Elizabeth Pickett, was an American author best known for her 1942 novel, the bestseller "Drivin' Woman", which was promoted as a novel in the vein of "Gone with the Wind". In her earlier career, she was also a silent short-film director and a screenwriter who wrote scenarios and titles for Fox Film Corporation.
Early life and education.
Chevalier was born in Chicago in 1896, and was a granddaughter of Confederate States Army General George Pickett. Pickett took over her family's tobacco farm in Lexington, Kentucky before graduating from Wellesley Women's College in 1918. At the end of the first World War, she went to work in Washington D.C. with the American Red Cross as a historian and publicist until eventually making propaganda shorts for the non-profit organization.
Pickett also managed to contribute about 1,100 pages to the 1923 "History of the American Red Cross". In her early work, she made a one-reel picture called "In Florence Nightingale's Footsteps" to try and persuade women to become war nurses. It was this event that swayed Pickett to pursue more work in film, so she began working for the Fox Film Corporation shortly afterwards.
Film career.
In her earlier career, Elizabeth Pickett was a silent short-film director and a screenwriter who wrote scenarios and titles for Fox Film Corporation. In 1923 she produced the very first "short series" films for Fox Film Corporation. Pickett helped to write and direct nearly forty "short series" films for Fox until eventually becoming the West Coast supervisor. Over the course of her career she edited and titled more than fifty Fox varieties. Pickett wrote several original stories such as "Navajo" and "Wolf Fangs" and adapted and titled works including "Wings of the Storm", and "The Monkey Talks". Other contributions she made in the film industry include titling and editing "Kentucky Pride", "Exploring the Amazon", "Whispering Sage", "The Shamrock Handicap", and "Marriage License".
Pickett recalled that many aspects of her work as a novelist were influenced by her early work in film. In 1929 Paramount gave Pickett the opportunity to write the screenplay for her very first feature film, "Redskin". "Redskin" was a fiction, high-quality technicolor film directed by Victor Schertzinger and produced and distributed by Paramount Famous Lasky. It was shot in authentic Pueblo and Navajo locations in both Western New Mexico and Arizona. The feature essentially represented the peak of Pickett's career in film even though it was criticized for all its habitual stereotyping of Native Americans. Before beginning to write the screenplay for "Redskin" Pickett spent months with Native Americans gathering information about their characteristics and behavior in order to gain better insight on their culture for the movie. Pickett said that her overall goal in the industry was to not only write and direct her own pictures but also to make an analogy between cinematography and film. "Redskin" was the first film that provided Pickett with the opportunity to achieve her goals and successfully write a feature film. She was described as having some of the highest ambitions to direct/write in film according to the Moving Picture World. With these goals in mind, many of Picket's films combined elements of both documentary and narrative fiction. Much of her work involved shooting Western American landscapes such as in "Cliff-Dwellers of America" (1925) and "King of the Turf" (1923). It was the short, "King of the Turf" that later inspired John Ford with his feature "Kentucky Pride" (1925), which Pickett also edited and titled.
Novel.
Pickett's novel "Drivin' Woman" (1942) was a bestseller that she dedicated to her husband Stuart Chevalier, a descendant of the family of J. E. B. Stuart. The story's setting is the South after the American Civil War and appeared to be modeled after "Gone with the Wind". The plot focuses on the life of a girl who inherits a southern tobacco plantation.
The movie rights to "Drivin' Woman" were sold to MGM for $60,000 before she finished writing it – probably in part due to the success of the film adaptation of "Gone with the Wind"; however, it was never made into a film.
Later life.
According to her UPI obituary, she served on the Board of Governors of the American Red Cross in 1952, and President-elect John F. Kennedy considered her for the post of United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1960 or 1961.
Her husband, attorney Stuart Chevalier, died in 1956. She died on January 3, 1984, at the age of 87, and was buried in Altadena, California.
Quotes.
""In this business of ours the writer will have to be the director as well, in order to survive"." – Pickett
"“I have written with the camera on some thirty or forty Varieties and I can see that the whole trend of production today, both from the standpoint of real economy and artistry, is with the person who writes with the camera”." – Pickett


Newa music

Newa music, also spelled Newar music, is traditional music developed in Nepal by the Newars. The music has its roots in classic Hindu and Buddhist music. It evolved with incorporation of folk music of the Kathmandu valley and its peripheries. Musical instruments mainly consist of percussion and wind instruments.
Traditional music.
Traditional music refers to the music from the 16th century during the rule of King Mahendra Malla to the first decade of the 20th century. Traditional songs consist of hymns that describe various deities, songs about love and marriage, ballads, rice transplantation and historical songs in the form of narratives. The traditional musicians worship the Newar god of music and dance Nasah Dyah.
Traditional Newar music has been arranged into a particular schedule. One of the dominant forms of traditional Newar music is Dapha music. Dapha music is classical Newar music that probably originated during late Lichhavi period and flourished in the Malla period. Basically, the songs of Dapha music are devotional songs based on classical ragas. Dapha music is played by bands known as Dapha Khalah that may be associated with traditional groups called Guthi. According to the ragas, certain songs are played at certain seasons or times of the day. The songs generally narrate or depict the mood of a particular season. Besides the seasonal and scheduled ragas, various ragas are played during specific events, such as Deepak raga (played when a monarch passes away).
Seasons, their festivals and music accompanying them are as follows
The schedule of different ragas played by Dapa on different times of day are as follows-
Modern music.
Apart from traditional music, there also exists popular music. One of them being Rajamati. Maestro Seturam Shrestha recorded the song first on a gramophone disc in Kolkata in 1908. At the end of 2005, The Lakhey (First Newa Metal Band)(Navras Shrestha) Recorded their First Newari Metal Dhampa tacha.
In contemporary culture, there are numerous pop musicians, lyricists and singers, namely Prem Dhoj Pradhan, Madan Krishna Shrestha, and Durga Lal Shrestha.
History.
According to mythology, Manjushree taught music to his disciples Shantikaracharya and Gunakaracharya. Shantikaracharya taught it to Vandhudatta Vajracharya and Shree Gunadattacharya, who wrote down the teachings to form the basis of classical music of Newars. Also, according to traditional stories, the instrument Paschima was handed down by Lord Krishna and Dhime invented by Lord Mahadeva.
These stories infer that Newa music is primarily derived from the classic Hindu and Buddhist music. Music accompanied most of the traditional epics and plays written in Sanskrit and Nepal Bhasa. This music is based on raga and taal system. The earliest discovered treatise on Newa music is a manuscript called Sangit Chandra Grantha. It was written by King Jagatjyoti Malla of Bhaktapur and his minister Vanshamani Ojha. The manuscript primarily deals with dance, drama and stage play. The text was written in Sanskrit with translations and explanation in Nepal Bhasa. This was followed by another manuscript called Gayanlochan, written by King Jitamitra Malla. Various manuscripts on musical instruments have been found as well. The most famous ones of these are Taal anukaranam, Mridanga Anukaranam, Panchataal baaja.
Instruments.
The instruments can be categorized as:


Reay

Reay () is a village which has grown around Sandside Bay on the north coast of the Highland council area of Scotland. It is within the historic Parish of Reay and the historic county of Caithness.
The village is on the A836 road some west of the town of Thurso and west of Dounreay.
Along with Thurso the village grew dramatically in the mid-20th century with the development of the experimental nuclear power facility at Dounreay, where technologies such as fast breeder reactors were developed.
The last force-fire in Reay occurred about 1830.
Toponymy.
The origin of the name is uncertain, but possibilities include the Gaelic "Reidh" (a flat place) or "Ratha" (a fort or enclosure). Possibilities from Norse include "Ra" (a boundary marker) or "Vra" (a nook or corner). Another possibility is the word "Ra", a now obsolete word for the yardarm of a boat. A prehistoric mound at the west end of the beach is called "Cnocstanger", which means "pole hill".
History.
The area around the village has been occupied for millennia. Within the modern village are the remains of a stone circle, several Viking houses and burials, the site of a Bronze Age settlement and a mound which contains the layered remains of several Simple Atlantic Roundhouses. The church in Reay, which is still in use, was built in 1739 to a highly unusual T-plan, and is now a category A listed building. The village contains the remains of a far earlier church, dating from the 16th century but on an ancient dedication to St Colman, along with its small, walled graveyard. The existent remains of this old church include a 9th-century cross slab. Although there are none actually within the village, the Parish of Reay contains the remains of several brochs. In 1437, the MacKays defeated the men of Caithness at Sandside Bay in the battle known as the Sandside Chase, turning there on the pursuers that had chased them away from an attempted raid.
The parish of Reay was originally partly in the county of Caithness and partly in the county of Sutherland. However, in 1891 the parish boundaries changed so that the portion of the parish of Reay that was in Sutherland was disjoined and became part of the parish of Farr in Sutherland.
Sandside House on the edge of the village is a mansion house with extensive grounds dating from 1751. It was previously owned by Thomas Pilkington, who founded Reay Village Golf Club.
Geography.
The parish includes the hamlets of Fresgoe, Islaud and Shebster, which are close to the boundary between Caithness and the neighbouring county of Sutherland. The parish had a parish council from 1894 to 1930, and has two neighbouring parishes in Caithess: the Parish of Thurso to the east and the Parish of Halkirk to the south. Dounreay is within the parish.
Sandside Bay is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is recognised by surfers as being home to a powerful high quality left-hand reef break. This, however, is extremely fickle, and requires very particular wind, swell, and tide conditions to come into shape. The break is also notorious for being very rocky, shallow, and dangerous, such is the irregular form of the reef upon which the wave breaks.
One of the main environmental issues caused by the Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment are radioactive nuclear fuel particles that have been released from the site into the sea, and are now on the seabed near the plant and in Sandside Bay. Some of these are being washed ashore, including a small number on the privately owned Sandside Bay beach which is open to the public and is part of the Sandside Estate. The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs committed to clean up and open oversight of the work on 25 October 2006. The Dounreay Particles Advisory Group recommended that the particle monitoring frequency of the beach should be increased to fortnightly. . The 13th Laird of Sandside the Duke of Portland took the Government to Court to assert his ownership down to the low watermark of the estate granted by a barony of 1628 and won. The 19th Laird of Sandside since 1991, Geoffrey Minter, following the radioactive contamination beginning in 1997, took the Government owned UKAEA to court in 2003 and won, beyond appeal, a judicial review in Scotland's highest court proving radioactive damage to the estate's land and the UKAEA to be in breach of its statutory duty under the Nuclear Installations Act. UKAEA's contractors now regularly monitor the beach due to a permanent agreement with the landowner. The 20th Laird of Sandside is now Mr Charles Sutherland, being Laird since 2015.
Local government.
The village is within the Thurso and Northwest Caithness ward of the Highland Council. The ward elects four councillors by the single transferable vote system of election, which produces a form of proportional representation. It is one of seven wards within the council's Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross corporate management area and one of 22 wards within the council area.


Cape Pine Light

Cape Pine Light was built on Cape Pine, Newfoundland by the British architect and engineer Alexander Gordon in 1851.
Characteristics.
This lighthouse is a prefabricated, cylindrical cast iron tower, painted white with red horizontal bands. The last complete painting was undertaken in 2007.
The light characteristic is a white flash every 5 seconds, additionally a fog horn may be sounded every 60 seconds. The Canadian Coast Guard maintains the site, employing a keeper.
The lighthouse was designated a National Historic Site in 1974. The keeper originally lived in the lighthouse but found it difficult to heat, and so separate housing was built in 1851. The keeper's house was razed in the 1950s and replaced by modern housing.
The lighthouse is located about 25 km (15 mi) southwest of Trepassey, and can be accessed by an 8 km (5 mi) gravel road. It is positioned at the edge of a 315-foot black slate cliff.
Motivation for building.
In the decades before 1850, the Admiralty in the UK had become increasingly concerned about loss of shipping and loss of life near Cape Pine, which is located at the southern tip of Avalon Peninsula, at the eastern point of St. Mary's Bay. Fishermen as well as ships bound for Europe had to cope with dense fog and strong currents. At the end of the War of 1812, the British troop ship HMS Harpooner was on its way to England and ran aground in a dense fog near Cape Pine, with over 350 fatalities. More ships bound for Europe were lost in that area during the 1820s and 1830s.
In the 1840s, the House of Assembly in Newfoundland repeatedly requested assistance from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom to build a lighthouse at Cape Pine, and in 1847 the assistance was granted. This was the first prefabricated cast iron lighthouse in Newfoundland, with many more to follow later in the nineteenth century, and in the twentieth century the preferred construction material switched to reinforced concrete.


List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Union County

This is a list of the Pennsylvania state historical markers in Union County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Union County, Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC). The locations of the historical markers, as well as the latitude and longitude coordinates as provided by the PHMC's database, are included below when available. There are 22 historical markers located in Union County.


Songpa Sandae Noli

Songpa Sandae Noli is a type of "sandae noli", Korean traditional mask play which has been handed down in the neighborhoods of Songpa-dong and Garak-dong in modern-day Seoul, South Korea. "Sandae Noli" is a mask dance that developed in Seoul and the mid of metropolitan region.
History.
"Songpa Sandae Noli" began with a cheerful parade called "georigut" (거리굿) or "gilnori" (길놀이) as circling around the Songpa Market and nearby town in order to attract people to their performance. The two terms literally mean "street shamanistic ritual" and "street performanace" respectively. When parading, they wore masks and costumes, and played a type of marching music, "gilgunak" (길군악). With a decorative small flag used by farmers or "yeonggi" (영기, 令旗) at the head, the performers followed the musicians in procession. After the parade, they used an amulet to ward off misfortune and to wish everyone in the market to have good health and fortune.
Preparation.
The performers hold a "seomakgosa" (서막고사), a kind of "jesa", sacrificial rite before the "sandaenoli" begins. Masks used for the coming performance are placed on a table setting for the "jesa" along with several varieties of food, and performers pour alcoholic beverages into a bowl and bow toward the table. This rite is to honor the dead and wish them to rest in peace, as well as to expect to have a good performance.
Story.
It consists of 12 acts called "gwajang" (과장, 科場) or "madang" (마당) in Korean. "Songpa sandaenoli" candidly depicts conflicts between classes and human nature.
Cultural significance.
"Songpa Sandae Noli" was designated as the 49th item on the list of Important Intangible Cultural Properties of Korea by the South Korean Cultural Heritage Administration in 1973.
External links.
[[Category:Korean dance]]
[[Category:Important Intangible Cultural Properties of South Korea]]


List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Yukon

This is a list of National Historic Sites () in the territory of Yukon. There are 12 National Historic Sites designated in Yukon, five of which are in the national park system, administered by Parks Canada (identified below by the beaver icon ).
Several National Historic Events also occurred in Yukon, and are identified at places associated with them, using the same style of federal plaque which marks National Historic Sites. National Historic Persons are commemorated in the same way. The markers do not indicate which designation—a Site, Event, or Person—a subject has been given.
This list uses names designated by the national "Historic Sites and Monuments Board", which may differ from other names for these sites.


Museum of Industry, Warsaw

Muzeum Przemysłu w Warszawie was a museum in Warsaw, Poland. It was established in 1982 and closed in 2008.


White Shoulders

White Shoulders is a lost 1931 American pre-Code comedy-drama film directed by Melville W. Brown and starring Mary Astor and Jack Holt, with major supporting roles by Ricardo Cortez and Sidney Toler. The film was produced and distributed by RKO Pictures. The screenplay by Jane Murfin and J. Walter Ruben was adapted from Rex Beach's short story, "The Recoil".
The film touched on the topics of gold-digging, adultery, bigamy, gigolos, and theft. The rights to the story were optioned in late 1930, and the film went into production in March 1931. After approximately four weeks of filming, the film was screened in May.
A remake of the 1924 silent film entitled "The Recoil", RKO released the film on June 6, 1931, and it did not perform well at the box office, making it yet another film by RKO to suffer a similar fate. Critically, it was a mixed batch of opinions, ranging from poor to very good. Most reviewers enjoyed at least some of the acting, but virtually all thought the plot was either too convoluted or simply implausible, although some at least gave it credit for its originality.
Plot.
Norma Selbee is a chorus girl trying to make it in New York City. Her fortunes are not going well, and she is flat broke and on the verge of starvation when she meets Gordon Kent. Kent has spent the last several years in the back woods, utilizing his mining engineering acumen to accumulate a large fortune of approximately $20 million. He has come to the big city looking for a good time, hopefully among the "white shoulders" of the fair damsels of the Big Apple. Upon meeting Norma, he falls head over heels for her and proposes on their first evening together. Norma is reluctant to agree, for she is not a gold-digger, and she is not in love with Kent. But she has no prospects, and she feels that she may come to love him in time, so she agrees, and the two are immediately married.
In a whirlwind of activity, Kent books them on a ship to Europe for their honeymoon which is leaving shortly. On the trans-Atlantic crossing, and upon their arrival on the continent, Kent showers Norma with gifts and fine living. Somehow, she still finds a way to feel unwanted by him. While she wishes that he would spend more time with her, rather than money on her, he also has a business he still has to run. When they travel to Paris, they run into an old acquaintance of Norma's, Lawrence Marchmont, who instantly understands a meal ticket when he sees one. As Kent is distracted by his business dealings, he begins to woo the lonely Norma. She at first resists his advances, but eventually succumbs to Marchmont's attentions, and the two run off together.
Devastated, Kent hires investigators to look into the background of the pair. It is discovered that Marchmont's real name is Tommy Pierce, a two-bit con artist who is wanted by the police in several countries. Kent also finds out that Norma's first husband, who Kent knew about, never legally divorced Norma, so technically she is a bigamist. Deciding to teach the pair a lesson, he pairs the private investigators to follow them and ensure that they cannot part from one another. It soon becomes apparent to Norma that the only thing that Marchmont/Pierce was interested in was her jewels, and she has to resume her chorus girl activities in order to support Marchmont/Pierce's drinking habit. However, when either of the two attempts to leave, they are returned to each other, under threat of turning them over to the police for arrest. There are only two problems with this plan: Kent is love Norma; and Norma has fallen in love with Kent.
Marchmont/Pierce thinks he has figured a way out of the unpleasant situation when Norma's first husband, Jim Selbee, turns up. The two plan a blackmail scheme to be hatched on Kent, only to have it foiled by Norma. With that plan spoiled, the two con-men turn to plan "B", deciding to abscond with Norma's jewels. The night of the robbery, as they are breaking into the safe, the pair argue, resulting in Marchmont/Pierce shooting Selbee, and killing him. Marchmont/Pierce is arrested for the murder, and with Selbee out of the way, Norma is free to return to Kent. She is reticent, due to her guilt over her relationship with Marchmont, but Kent convinces her to return, and the pair is reunited.
Cast.
Notes.
This would be the transition role for Mary Astor, who up until this time had only been cast in "featured" roles, which technically her role in this film was as well. Starting with her next picture, "Nancy's Private Affair", she would be moved up to starring status. Lita Chevret had a minor role in the film.
Production.
Rex Beach wrote a short story, "The Recoil", which appeared in the November 1922 issue of "Cosmopolitan". It was optioned by Goldwyn Pictures, which produced a silent film of the same name in 1924. RKO acquired the rights for the story, along with two other Beach stories, "The Slander Girl" and "Young Donovan's Kid", and in October 1930 it was added to their production schedule. At the same time Melville Brown was picked to direct by producer William LeBaron, and Evelyn Brent was announced as the lead. By February 1931, Brent had been replaced by Mary Astor in the cast, and joined by Jack Holt and Ricardo Cortez. In mid-February Kitty Kelly was added to the performers, with Sidney Toler joining the cast less than a week later.
By the beginning of March, Brown had finalized the main members of his cast. He asked fellow director and screenwriter Howard Estabrook to take the script and clean and tighten it, although he was given no screen credit for his efforts. By the middle of the month, Brown had the cast in rehearsals, and began filming by March 22. After filming had commenced, Brown added the final two cast members, Nicholas Soussanin and Robert Keith. The new technology of the "Dunning Process" (to adapt the film into foreign languages) was used in filming, but there is no record of the film ever being produced in a foreign language. Principal photography on the film was completed by the middle of April, and the film was being screened by industry professionals by the end of the month. The film began receiving reviews on May 17, 1931, which has led some modern sources to incorrectly date this as the film's release date. The film premiered in New York City at the Mayfair Theater on June 6, 1931.
Reception.
The film did not perform well at the box office, and was not one of the few films released by RKO that year which posted a profit. Mordaunt Hall, critic for "The New York Times" was less than impressed by the film, calling it "unbelievable", and stating that both the script and the acting were "crude". He did, however, give credit to the performance of Sidney Toler, as the one bright spot for the film. "Modern Screen" only rated the film "fair", making the comment that the actors tried their best with the material given them, but they could only do so much with the improbable plot. "Motion Picture Daily" also referenced the improbable plot, while giving credit to the attempts by the acting crew to overcome the material. They went on to call Brown's direction, "ineffectual". "Screenland" called it a "weak melodrama", and gave credit to the cast for attempting to overcome the implausible script.
The film did receive several positive reviews. "The Film Daily" called the film a "... good number for sophisticated audiences ...", giving good marks to the direction and photography, but criticizing the script for creating "artificial" situations. Other publications which had some positive comments about the film included: the "Boston Globe", which applauded the acting; the "Boston Traveler", which said the plot was novel; the "Portland Evening News" which thought the film was "Interesting and original"; and the "Detroit Daily Mirror" which said, "Vivid drama ... good audience stuff". The "Motion Picture Herald" enjoyed the film, calling it "... better than average screen entertainment," and "... adult and thought-provoking drama." They singled out the acting abilities of Astor, Cortez and Kelly, particularly Astor, of whom they said, "It should do much in establishing the talents of the charming Mary Astor as a stellar personality." They were less kind to Holt's performance, and felt that overall the film did not go far enough in exploring the fall from grace of Astor and Cortez characters when they are forced to live together. While not a stellar review, "Silver Screen" magazine said "White Shoulders" was a "good" film, complimenting the novel plot twists, and the performances of Astor, Holt and Cortez.


Renaud of Roucy

Renaud or Ragenold, Count of Roucy (c. 920 – 10 May 967) was a Viking who swore allegiance to the Frankish Kings, and became the military chief of Reims after the restoration of the Archbishop Artald of Reims, upon taking the area back from Hugh of Vermandois.
He built a fort at Roucy between the late 940s and early 950s and supported young King Lothair of France in the expedition at Aquitaine and the of Poitiers, during the dynastic struggles of the Kingdom of West Francia. Renaud was made the Count of Roucy around or before 955 by King Lothair.
He married Alberade of Lorraine, daughter of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine around 945 and had four children:
Renaud could have had a brother named Dodo according to Flodoard. Their parents are not known or recorded.
Renaud died on 10 May 967 and was buried at the Abbey of Saint-Remi.


Get Off My Foot

Get Off My Foot is a 1935 British comedy film, directed by William Beaudine and starring Max Miller and Chili Bouchier. It is classed as a lost film.
The film was a quota quickie production based on a play "Money by Wire" by Edward A. Paulton.
Plot.
A Smithfield Market porter believes he was responsible for his friend's death. He flees to the country and obtains the position of butler with a wealthy family, and falls in love with one of the maids, played by Bouchier.


Betty in Search of a Thrill

Betty in Search of a Thrill is a lost 1915 American silent adventure film that was directed by Phillips Smalley and Lois Weber and written by Elsie Janis. The film stars Elsie Janis, Owen Moore, Juanita Hansen, Herbert Standing, Vera Lewis, and Harry Ham. The film was released on May 17, 1915, by Paramount Pictures.


Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont

The Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont was a baronial order of chivalry established around 1440 in the Free County of Burgundy. From the 15th through the late 18th centuries it enjoyed the protection of the Dukes of Burgundy and later the French kings. It was abolished in the wake of the French Revolution and became extinct after the death of the last knight in 1869.
The order has been revived at least twice in the 20th and 21st centuries. A confraternity under the name now exists with members in France, Germany, Japan and other countries.
Origin (1440).
The noble Brotherhood of Saint George was created around 1300 by the rulers of the Free County of Burgundy in order to assemble Burgundian nobles of chivalric lineage. Its insignia was a medal of St. George on horseback slaying a dragon. This order was destroyed by wars and lapsed by the end of the 14th century.
The order was restored as a baronial confraternity around 1390 or 1440 by Philibert de Mollans, squire to the Duke of Burgundy. According to tradition, he had made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and brought back a relic of Saint George. The statutes of the order are known: members were required to prove 16 quarters of nobility and 10 degrees of nobility in the male line, birth in Franche-Comté, and Catholic religion. They had to be 16 years of age and donate 300 livres. A governor general was elected for life by the knights. Other officers included a chancellor, a treasurer and two secretaries. Assemblies were held every year on 22 April, the eve of Saint George.
Unlike military orders and royal orders such as the Order of Saint Michael, which were directly attached to a monarch, the Noble Order of Saint George of Rougemont was a rare example of a voluntary confraternity of gentlemen in a province of the Ancien Régime.
Equestrian order (1485).
Philip the Good allowed the order to wear the medal of St. George from a red ribbon identical to that of the Order of the Golden Fleece. In 1485, at the request of Philip the Good, the order was made into an equestrian order, approved by Pope Innocent VIII.
In 1648, the confraternity moved to the free imperial city of Besançon and took a political position in opposition to the Parlement in Dôle, then the capital of Burgundy.
In 1661, the confraternity decided to meet at the convent of the Grands Carmes (Besançon) founded by a fellow member, Jean de Vienne. After the French conquest in 1668 and the annexation of the Franché-Comte to France, with the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678, Louis XIV decided to tolerate the confraternity, despite their resistance to the French invaders. The king authorized the knights to wear their medal of St. George suspended this time from a blue moiré ribbon, identical to that of the Order of the Holy Spirit; this was in order to obtain the support of the local nobility, who provided him with officers for his army.
Louis XV and Louis XVI continued this policy and presented the confraternity with their own portraits with the legend "Given by the King to the Knights of Saint-George". The portraits decorated the great hall of the convent of the Grands Carmes, together with the portrait of the Prince of Condé, protector of the order, until the hall was destroyed during the French Revolution.
The coat of arms were registered in 1696 and in 1768 new statutes were written.
From the French Revolution to abolition (1824).
Most of the members were killed during the revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. There were only 25 members left in 1814.
In 1816, at the end of the war, the survivors gathered under the leadership of a colonel of the dragoons, Charles-Emmanuel, marquis of Saint-Mauris (1735–1839), baron de Chatenois et de la Villeneuve, comte de Saulx et Genevrey, then Maréchal of the camps and armies of the king and inspector general of the national guard.
The 1768 statutes were revised and new knights were made for a total of 78 in 1817, the year of the last dubbing ceremony.
But the order was abolished in 1824 by a decree from the king that forbade the wearing of insignia other than those of royal orders. The last knight was the marquis Jouffroy d'Alban who died in 1869, at which time the order became extinct.
Revivals.
The order was revived in the 1920s, when it was headed by several individuals with reputedly false claims to titles of nobility. Among its members were said to be a number of French, Italian, and American generals and admirals, as well as German and Italian archdukes, the presidents of several South American countries, and a justice of the New York Supreme Court. Nothing further is known of this revival after 1936, when one of its members was fined for wearing false orders and impersonating a general. Nevertheless, the order was included in a list of false orders by the Holy See in 1953.
More recently the order has been revived again as an international confraternity with a website that lists delegations in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, China and other countries.


The Heart of Youth

The Heart of Youth is a lost 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Robert G. Vignola and written by Beulah Marie Dix. The film stars Lila Lee, Tom Forman, Buster Irving, Charles Ogle, Fanny Midgley, Guy Oliver, and Lydia Knott. The film was released on August 24, 1919, by Paramount Pictures.
Plot.
As described in a film magazine, Calvin Prendergast (Oliver) and Os Whipple (Ogle), small town neighbors, quarrel over a strip of land on which there is a spring to which both claim ownership. Josephine Darchat (Lee), granddaughter of Calvin, and Russ Prendergast, son of Os, are much attracted to each other although the old men object. Calvin and Os leave town to seek legal advice regarding the spring. During their absence the youngster's romance progresses, rousing the jealousy of a young woman guest of the Prendergasts. She causes a misunderstanding between Jo and Russ by changing a love note of Russ' until it is almost an insult. Calvin and Os arrive back in town, and each man's anger is aroused by reports of activities of the other's family. Calvin decides to take the spring by force and summons a gang of rowdies to his aid. Os likewise calls out a gang. During the skirmish that takes place, one of the Prendergast children fall into the creek. Jo rescues him, and Russ assists Jo from drowning. The discord between the families is smoothed out.


Redes (film)

Redes is a Mexican film, released in 1936, about the fishing community of Alvarado on the Gulf Coast of Mexico, near the city of Veracruz. The film's title comes from the Spanish word "redes" ("nets") in reference to fishing nets. The English-language edition's title is "The Wave" (apparently referring to imagery at the end of the film). "Redes" was made with a mainly non-professional cast and has been seen as anticipating Italian neorealism. It concerns the struggle of poor fishermen to overcome exploitation.
The making of the film.
Paul Strand began work on the project, which was originally conceived as a documentary, in 1933. He had come to Mexico at the invitation of the Mexican composer Carlos Chávez, who had a government job promoting the arts under the socialist education minister Narciso Bassols. The film developed into a work of fiction with a scenario by Strand and Agustín Chávez, nephew of the composer.
Towards the end of 1933, Henwar Rodakiewicz, a friend of Strand's from the Camera Club of New York, arrived to assist in the production. Rodakiewicz determined that the scenario was ragged and incoherent. Before returning to the US for a few months, he wrote a shooting script for the film and made arrangements for his friend, Fred Zinnemann, to travel to Alvarado to take on the role of director. Zinnemann did not speak Spanish, while his co-director Emilio Gómez Muriel worked directly with the actors. The crew included still photographer Ned Scott. Filming was done on location in Alvarado, and the sound was added later.
Strand had left-wing views and was influenced by Eisenstein (whose "Battleship Potemkin" includes imagery of waves). Zinnemann cited Robert Flaherty as an influence.
The production was affected by political developments in 1934. Bassols resigned as minister of education in May and Carlos Chávez was replaced. Work on "Redes" continued under Chávez' successor, Antonio Castro Leal. However, Strand was warned that funding could not be guaranteed beyond the end of the year, when a new president was due to take office. He left Mexico early in 1935 with the film still unreleased.
Film music.
The Mexican composer Silvestre Revueltas, who had not previously written film music, was commissioned to provide the score in 1934. Revueltas was a protégé of Carlos Chávez, who had appointed him as assistant conductor of the Symphony Orchestra of Mexico: however, the two men fell out around the time of the commission (possibly because Chávez had expected to write the music). Revueltas visited Alvarado during the shooting, and composed quickly.
The score is considered a classic of film music. As the music rarely overlaps with dialogue, it has been possible to show the film with live orchestral accompaniment. "Redes" is one of the few pieces of Mexican film music to have entered the concert repertory. Revueltas made an orchestral suite from the "Redes" score, which he premiered in 1936. However, in concert performance the music is usually heard in an arrangement by Erich Kleiber, made in the 1940s after the composer's death. Kleiber's version is in two parts and lasts about 16 minutes.
The release of the film.
Despite the problems making the film, it appears to have been more or less finished in 1935. More editing was done before its release in Mexico in 1936. The film was released in France and the US in 1937. It was restored in 2009 by the World Cinema Foundation.
Critical reception.
The "New York Times"' film reviewer was dismissive of the quality of the narrative, but acknowledged the merits of the photography and music. "The New York Times" also published an article by Aaron Copland praising Revueltas' music. Copland said that for the Mexican Government to choose Revueltas to supply the music for "The Wave" is very much like the U.S.S.R. asking Shostakovich to supply sound for its best pictures.


Edward Kynaston (actor)

Edward Kynaston (c. 1640 – January 1706) was an English actor, one of the last Restoration "boy players", young male actors who played women's roles.
Career.
Kynaston was good looking and made a convincing woman: Samuel Pepys called him "the loveliest lady that ever I saw in my life" after seeing him in a production of John Fletcher's "The Loyal Subject" at the Cockpit-in-Court, "only her voice [is] not very good". He also played the title role in Ben Jonson's "Epicoene". Pepys had dinner with Kynaston after this production on 18 August 1660.
Simultaneously, Kynaston played male roles as well. He filled the role of Otto in "Rollo Duke of Normandy" on 6 December 1660, having played the female role of Arthiope in the same play in previous weeks. On 7 January 1661, Kynaston played three roles in a performance of Jonson's "Epicoene", one female and two male.
Part of Kynaston's appeal may have been his ambiguous sexuality. The actor Colley Cibber recalled: "the Ladies of Quality prided themselves in taking him with them in their Coaches to Hyde-Park in his Theatrical Habit, after the Play."
Cibber also reported that a performance of a tragedy attended by Charles II was once delayed because, as someone explained, Kynaston, who was playing the Queen, "was not shav'd".
In the 1660s women were permitted to appear on stage and male actors playing female roles in serious drama was strongly discouraged. Kynaston's last female role was as Evadne in Beaumont and Fletcher's "The Maid's Tragedy" with Thomas Killigrew's King's Company in 1661.
Described by Samuel Pepys as "the prettiest woman in the whole house" and "the handsomest man", the rumour of the time had him playing female roles off stage as well. When already in his thirties, lampoons circulated that made him out to be the lover of George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham.
Kynaston went on to make a successful career in male roles and was noted for his portrayal of Shakespeare's "Henry IV". He retired in 1699.
Fictional portrayals.
Kynaston is played by Billy Crudup in the 2004 film "Stage Beauty" directed by Sir Richard Eyre. He is represented as a foppish bisexual, who slowly reveals more complexity in his personality and sexuality. The film is an adaptation of the play "Compleat Female Stage Beauty" by Jeffrey Hatcher. In 2012, the Houston Grand Opera announced a new opera by Carlisle Floyd, with the actor as protagonist, premiered in March 2016. He also appeared as a character in "Nell Gwynn", played by Greg Haiste in the premiere production in 2015.


Yuquot

Yuquot , also known as Friendly Cove, is a small settlement of around six people - The Williams family of the Mowachaht band, plus two full-time lighthouse keepers, located on Nootka Island in Nootka Sound, just west of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. It was the summer home of Chief Maquinna and the Mowachaht/Muchalaht (Nuu-chah-nulth) people for generations, housing approximately 1,500 people in 20 traditional wooden longhouses. The name means "Wind comes from all directions" in Nuu-chah-nulth.
The community is located within the Strathcona Regional District but like all Indian Reserve communities is not governed by nor represented in the regional district. The Mowchaht/Muchalaht First Nations are rather part of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council, which unites the governments of the indigenous communities of the Island's West Coast.
The Canadian government declared Friendly Cove a National Historic Site in 1923, with recognition of the significance of the Spanish colonial settlement that was once there and First Nations history following in 1997.
History.
The meaning of the name Yuquot is “where the winds blow from many directions”. It has been dubbed "the birthplace of British Columbia".
Early exploration and settlement.
Yuquot had been occupied for over 4,300 years by First Nations peoples of the Nootka Sound region. In the late 18th century, Nootka Sound became an important site of early contact between First Nations of the Pacific Northwest and European explorers, and developed into a centre of maritime fur trade.
In 1774, Spanish explorer Juan José Pérez Hernández became the first European to spot Yuquot. The region was formally claimed as part of the Spanish Empire in a subsequent voyage by Spanish-Basque explorer Bruno de Heceta in 1775.
In 1778, the British Captain James Cook arrived at the bay, on his expedition in search of the North-West Passage. This marked the first recorded landing by Europeans, and a period of sustained contact between the Mowachaht people and these foreigners ensued for a while.
On 5 May 1789, Spanish navigator and explorer Esteban José Martínez established the settlement of Santa Cruz de Nuca. It was the first European colony in what is now British Columbia, the only Spanish settlement in what is now Canada, and the northernmost verified Spanish settlement in the Americas. The colony was protected by the canon of Fort San Miguel and was maintained until the resolution of the Nootka Crisis in 1795.
Nootka Crisis.
Yuquot was the scene of the Nootka Crisis, which nearly led to war between Spain and Britain. Negotiations in Europe calmed the situation and led to the first Nootka Convention. Each nation sent a commissioner to Nootka Sound in order to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention and related diplomatic issues. Arriving in 1792, George Vancouver was commissioner for Britain and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra for Spain. Quadra also served as the commandant of the Spanish settlement at Yuquot, hosting Vancouver and his crew. Quadra and Vancouver had to engage in diplomatic negotiations due to the Nootka Convention's vagueness and lack of detail over how it was to be implemented. In addition both commissioners had been given incomplete, differing, and confused instructions by their governments. They negotiated for months but in the end failed to reach an agreement. The matter was sent back to the British and Spanish governments.
The primary problem was a differing interpretation of the Nootka Convention. Vancouver's position, as instructed, was that the entire Spanish settlement was to be turned over to him. Quadra's position was that there was nothing left to turn over in accord with the Nootka Convention, but he made various offers, such as turning over a small cove in Nootka Sound, where John Meares had built the "North West America" in 1788, or turning over the entire settlement in exchange if Britain agreed to set the boundary between Spanish and British territory at the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Chief Maquinna played a role in the negotiations, identifying the cove where Meares had built his vessel, swearing that no land had ever been sold to the British and that the Spanish were the rightful occupants at Yuquot—and that only on the condition that the site be restored to his people as soon as possible. Unable to reach an agreement, Vancouver and Quadra left in late 1792 and the settlement at Yuquot remained under Spanish control until 1795, when the terms of the third Nootka Convention, calling for the "mutual abandonment" of Nootka, were carried out, after which the site was reoccupied by the Maquinna and the Mowachaht people.
19th century.
John R. Jewitt, an English blacksmith, was held there for three years 1803-1805 as Maquinna's slave, following the capture of the trading ship "Boston" and the deaths of the captain and all but one other crew members. Jewitt's memoirs form an important record of Yuquot at that period.
20th century.
In 1911, the government of Canada erected the Nootka Lighthouse atop San Rafael Island, a small rocky island that overlooks Yuquot and forms part of its natural harbour. The original lighthouse was later replaced with the current lighthouse in 1958. It serves as a navigational aid to vessels transiting Nootka Sound.
21st century.
Recently, the lighthouse has been home to an inshore rescue boat with a crew of three (two deckhands and a coxswain) and an fast recue craft at their disposal.


Tatsuno Kingo

 was a Japanese architect born in Karatsu, Saga Prefecture, Kyushu. Doctor of Engineering. Conferred Jusanmi (従三位, Junior Third Rank) and Kunsanto (勲三等, Order of Third Class). Former dean of Architecture Department at Tokyo Imperial University.
Tatsuno is most widely known for his work as the designer of the Bank of Japan building (1896) and the Marunouchi building of Tokyo Station (1914).
Education and early career.
Tatsuno studied architecture at the Imperial College of Engineering where he was a student of the influential British architect Josiah Conder, called "father of Japanese modern architecture". After his graduation in 1879, Tatsuno journeyed to London in 1880 attending courses at the University of London. During his stay he worked at the architectural offices of the Gothic Revivalist William Burges. Burges died in 1881 during Tatsuno's stay, but before returning to Japan Tatsuno also took the opportunity to travel extensively in France and Italy.
On his return to Tokyo, Tatsuno taught first at the Imperial College of Engineering before becoming department head at University of Tokyo.
In 1886, he was one of the founders of the forerunner of the , the then called "Building Institute". The organisation was based upon the Royal Institute of British Architects and the group met regularly, sponsored lectures and produced Japan's first architectural journal.
Tatsuno Kingo (金吾) was called Tatsuno Kengo as a nickname for him because Kengo (堅固) means firmness and his designs and layouts were solid.
Later career.
Although his early work was influenced by his travels in Europe with traces of Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren, the Shibusawa Mansion (1888) was influenced by Serlio, Ruskin and Conder's own Venetian styled works. The site, on one of Tokyo's canalways suited itself to a Venetian character.
Bank of Japan.
Tatsuno's connection with Shibusawa Eiichi brought him the commission to design the Bank of Japan in 1890 (completed in 1896). It was first building of its type to be designed by a native Japanese person. Tatsuno immediately set off to Europe for a year to do research for the project, studying amongst other buildings, the Banque Nationale in Brussels by Beyaert and Janssens.
The bank is a three-storey building constructed with reinforced brick faced with stone and has limited use of steel for long spans. Its style displays Neo-Baroque architectural influences. echoing European central bank buildings of the period. The original building was square in plan with the banking hall situated immediately behind the porticoed main front.
Tatsuno not only designed the Tokyo Head Office of the Bank of Japan, but was also responsible for designing the Bank of Japan's branch offices in Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Kanazawa, Hakodate and Hiroshima. Almost two thirds of the 140 buildings that Tatsuno was associated with in his career were to be bank buildings.
Tokyo Station.
Other than the Bank of Japan building, the structure most closely associated with Tatsuno in the later stages of his career is undoubtedly the Marunouchi facing side of Tokyo Station. The broadly Neo-Baroque design completed in 1914 is distinctive for its use of extensive steel framing and red brick with ribbed domes crowning the north and south wings of the structure. Much of the original steel framing was imported from England and the sturdiness of the design enabled the structure to survive both the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 as well as wartime bombing and fires in 1945. A sympathetic 5-year renovation of the 1914 structure was completed in October 2012, restoring the domed roof structures that had been a feature of Tatsuno's original design.
Tatsuno also had a strong influence Japanese colonial architecture - especially in Manchukuo. Connection with construction firms like Okada Engineering, the Association of Japanese Architects (Nihon Kenchiku Gakkai ) or through the new "Journal of Manchurian Architecture" (Manshu kenchiku zasshi 満州建築雑誌),helped insure that a particular architectural style—that popularized by Tatsuno, sometimes called the "Tatsuno style" (辰野式) initially became the standard throughout Japanese Manchuria. This involved a somewhat grand interpretation of the style of historical eclecticism that was popular in contemporary Europe.
In 1903 Tatsuno set up his own architectural office, the first Japanese architect in the country to do so. He died as a result of the 1918 flu pandemic in 1919.


Judah (given name)

Judah or Yehudah is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
Fictional characters:
See also.
[[Category:Jewish masculine given names]]


Griffin House (Ancaster, Ontario)

Griffin House is a house built in 1827 by Englishmen in Ancaster. It was purchased, along with 50 acres of farmland, by Enerals Griffin and his wife Priscilla in 1834. The Griffins were enslaved in their early lives, but self-liberated by escaping to Canada in the early 1800s. The Griffins were some of the first Black Settlers in the area, and the site remains an important part of Black history in Canada.
. It offers Underground Railroad tours and history-related programs.
Griffin House was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 2008. The house is a rare surviving example of a four-room house typical in Upper Canada in the early 19th century. It was owned by Enerals Griffin, an African American slave from Virginia who escaped to Canada in 1834.
For the next 150 years, their descendants lived and farmed here atop a hill in peace. The property was sold to the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority in 1988. The home was restored between 1992 and 1994. Over 3,000 artefacts were discovered during that period. The museum in the home is operated as a joint project between the Hamilton Conservation Authority and Fieldcote Memorial Park and Museum. Public visitation and interpretation is offered. The waterfalls, Heritage Falls or Griffin Falls, behind the museum, is also a tourist attraction operated by the Conservation Authority.


Gainesville station (Texas)

Gainesville is an Amtrak intercity train station in Gainesville, Texas. The station, called the Historic Santa Fe Depot in Gainesville, was originally built as an Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depot in 1902. It housed a Harvey House Restaurant until 1931. The station saw no passenger rail service from December 5, 1979, when the last Amtrak "Lone Star" operated, until June 15, 1999, when the first Amtrak "Heartland Flyer" came through. The Santa Fe Railway deeded the depot to the city on October 19, 1981; however, its restoration was not completed until 2001. A museum is located on the first floor, and upstairs are city offices and a replica of a Harvey House overnight stay quarters.


List of New York State Historic Markers in Oswego County, New York

This is an incomplete list of New York State Historic Markers in Oswego County, New York.


List of Indiana state historical markers in Perry County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Perry County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Perry County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 4 historical markers located in Perry County.


The Brass Bullet

The Brass Bullet is a 1918 American adventure film serial directed by Ben F. Wilson. It is now considered to be a lost film.
Reception.
Like many American films of the time, "The Brass Bullet" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required cuts, in Chapter 1, Reel 1, of a closeup of currency; in Chapter 2, Reel 2, two scenes of chloroforming a young woman and the shooting of a man through window; in Chapter 3, shooting man through window and the slugging of a young man; in Chapter 4, setting fire to cotton in lighthouse and last two scenes of the man sinking in quicksand; in Chapter 5, Reel 2, last scene of the man trying to force the cabin door; in Chapter 6, Reel 1, two scenes of slugging a policeman, Reel 2, all but last scene of the man pounding on the bride's door before she admits him, all scenes of the man forcibly entering the room and struggle scenes with the woman, the man looking through keyhole and breaking down door, and the three intertitles "Open that door. I have a right to come in", "My wife shall obey me", and "Oh, please don't touch me"; in Chapter 7, Reel 1, all scenes of the man struggling with the young woman on bed, all scenes of the man in a woman's stateroom, aviator dropping bomb on the vessel, Reel 2, slugging man with a gun; in Chapter 10, Reel 1, slugging scene and, Reel 2, the intertitle "Send me her dead body and I will give you $5,000"; in Chapter 11, Reel 1, shooting of man through a hole in floor, throwing man into the river, Reel 2, gagging and binding a young woman; in Chapter 12, the stealing of jewelry from a bag and the last three scenes of threatening a young woman with a gun; Chapter 13, Reel 1, the vision of the taxi driver, the young woman at bar with the man, all scenes where "mother" is shown, all scenes of young woman in spangled gown is shown except one where she recognizes Rosalind, Reel 2, all scenes of young woman in spangled gown is shown except one where she is with Rosalind, all scenes with the black maid except where she helps Rosalind with gown, the intertitle "I just took a gold mine to 'mother's'", all scenes in ballroom, and the last part of scene where a knife is descending slowly over a woman on a table; in Chapter 14, Reel 1, two scenes of man struggling with young woman on table, fourteen scenes of "mother" except where she is in the background, three views of groups of people on stairs during the young woman's song, old man making advances on young woman to include kissing her and offering her money, the entire incident of the black maid at the door, and the intertitle "So my unfortunate niece has fallen to this —?"; in Chapter 16, Reel 2, all scenes of the man on a scaffold with a black cap on his head and noose around his neck; in Chapter 17, Reel 1, eleven scenes of man with shroud over head on scaffold, three scenes of throwing hand grenades from airplane, scene with shooting of guard; and, in Chapter 18, Reel 1, change the intertitle "A particular will prevented my marriage" etc. to "A particular will prevented the acknowledgement of our marriage by Mr. Joy until Rosiland was twenty-five years old" etc., shorten the choking scene, and the shooting of King.


Brodzic coat of arms

Brodzic is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Blazon.
The coat of arms is composed of three gold crosses, placed on a gold circle in the crotches. The crest with five ostrich feathers, all on a field of red.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


Leeds Times

The Leeds Times was a weekly newspaper established in 1833, and published at the office in Briggate, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It ceased publication on 30 March 1901, with Robert Nicoll as one of its first editors, and Samuel Smiles as its editor from 1839 to 1848.
History.
The first issue of "Leeds Times" was on Thursday 7 March 1833, the latest issue was 30 March 1901.


Turold of Bayeux

Turold of Bayeux, was one of the Norman knights known from both the Bayeux tapestry and Domesday Book.
Turold was named on the Bayeux tapestry, and depicted as a messenger. He is believed to have been a vassal of Odo of Bayeux, Bishop of Bayeux and is recorded as holding land from Odo in Kent in the Domesday Book in 1087.
He became Constable of Bayeux, but lost power when Bishop Odo was disgraced.


Allen Chapel AME Church (Fort Worth, Texas)

Allen Chapel AME Church is a historic church at the corner of First Street and Elm Street in Fort Worth, Texas.
History.
The Tudor Gothic Revival building was designed by noted African-American architect William Sidney Pittman, son-in-law of Booker T. Washington. When the church was completed in 1914, it sat 1,350 people. It was named after Richard Allen, a former slave and African-American minister who was the first bishop of the African-American Methodist Episcopal Church. Built at a cost of $20,000 it is the oldest and largest African Methodist Episcopal church in Fort Worth. The church established the first private schools for African-Americans. A pipe organ was installed in 1923. In 2011 lightning hit the church's bell tower causing extensive damage. The church was added to the National Register in October 18, 1984.


The Million Dollar Mystery

The Million Dollar Mystery is a 23-chapter film serial released in 1914, directed by Howell Hansel, and starring Florence La Badie and James Cruze. It is presumed lost.
Plot.
A prologue for "The Million Dollar Mystery" introduced the characters and groups. After the opening title card shows "hundreds of hands" grasping for the money and then a shot of the check for $10,000 the solver of the mystery is shown prior to the beginning of the first reel. Baby Florence is left at a boarding school with a note and half a bracelet instructing that her father will come to take her back upon her eighteenth birthday. Hargreaves, here played by Alfred Norton, is chased by the Black Hundred, but he receives a note and money before attempting to escape by balloon on the top of a building. The balloon is shot down and the first chapter ends.
Cast.
Important figures cast in scenes included William Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester. The Duke of Manchester was cast in a scene aiding Florence in escaping from Countess Olga and her "band of conspirators".
Filming and $10,000 prize.
Filmed in New Rochelle, New York, "The Million Dollar Mystery" was produced by Thanhouser Film Corporation and was that company's biggest success, largely due to the popularity of La Badie, who performed her own stunts. Publicity gimmicks, including a monetary prize to anyone who submitted the best idea for a conclusion to the serial, were used to boost the serial's success. "The Million Dollar Mystery" was the new serial project from the "Chicago Tribune" following the success of "The Adventures of Kathlyn". The serial was released with the gimmick that the last chapter was unwritten. Twenty-two chapters were written based only on the title, while the serial was left purposefully unfinished with no final chapter.
A prize of $10,000 was offered for the best suggestion (advertised as "$10,000 for 100 words"). Thousands of letters were received by Thanhouser in response to this promotion, and Ida Damon, a secretary in St. Louis, Missouri, won the prize. In a further publicity stunt, the character Florence Hargreaves was actually reported missing. Details of the plot were fed to newspapers and the police as if they were real events. Seven days passed before this story was exposed as fiction.
Chapter titles.
SOURCE:
Publicity.
"Motion Picture News" reported that the meeting to finalize the arrangements regarding the serialization of the story in the "Chicago Tribune" would take place on April 10, 1914 between Thanhouser Company president Charles J. Hite, Harold MacGrath the novelist and Joseph Medill Patterson of "Chicago Tribune". More than 200 different papers, including the "Chicago Tribune" would begin serialization of the story on June 28.
The famous detective William J. Burns would also become a part of the fervor surrounding "The Million Dollar Mystery" and published his insights into solving the mystery in "The Movie Pictorial".
Release.
The serial was publicly released through Syndicate Film Corporation, although company executives allowed some film exhibitors (theater owners) and friends to view the first two reels of "The Million Dollar Mystery" in advance. That early viewing, attended by about a 200 viewers, was authorized in part by F. P. Glenn of the Syndicate Film Company.
The serial as a whole is now considered to be a lost.


Monument Lefebvre

Monument–Lefebvre National Historic Site is an imposing rusticated sandstone building in Memramcook, New Brunswick. It was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1994 by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, as a memorial to Father Camille Lefebvre who established Collège Saint-Joseph in 1864. The college and this building came to symbolize a resurgence of Acadian culture that began in the 19th century, one that continues through ongoing programs and displays. This cultural revival is commemorated by the site.
The college, which ceased operation in the 1960s, eventually became part of the Université de Moncton, and the surrounding grounds are now part of a resort and conference center. The site has featured exhibits about Acadian history since 1978. The current exhibit is titled "Reflections of a Journey—the Odyssey of the Acadian People".


Tartans of Scottish Clans

Tartans of Scottish Clans is a 1906 British short silent documentary film, directed by George Albert Smith as a test for his newly patented Kinemacolor system, which features a sequence of appropriately labelled Scottish tartan cloths, with an abundance of reds and greens, the two colours used by the system. The film, which was one of Smith's first Kinemacolor experiments, was according to Michael Brooke of BFI Screenonline, "a very simple idea which nonetheless demanded colour in order to convey the necessary information."


Jordanian Arabic

Jordanian Arabic is a dialect continuum of mutually intelligible varieties of Levantine Arabic spoken by the population of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Together with Palestinian Arabic, it has the ISO 639-3 language code "ajp", known as South Levantine Arabic.
Jordanian Arabic varieties are Semitic. They are spoken by more than 6 million people, and understood throughout the Levant and, to various extents, in other Arabic-speaking regions.
As in all Arab countries, language use in Jordan is characterized by diglossia; Modern Standard Arabic is the official language used in most written documents and the media, while daily conversation is conducted in the local colloquial varieties.
Regional Jordanian Arabic varieties.
Although there is a common Jordanian dialect mutually understood by most Jordanians, the daily language spoken throughout the country varies significantly through regions. These variants impact altogether pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
The Jordanian Arabic comprises five varieties:
Pronunciation.
General remarks.
The following sections focus on modern Jordanian.
There is no standard way to write Jordanian Arabic. The sections below use the alphabet used in standard Arabic dialect studies, and the mapping to IPA is given.
Stress.
One syllable of every Jordanian word has more stress than the other syllables of that word. Some meaning is communicated in Jordanian by the location of the stress of the vowel. This is much truer than in other Western languages in the sense that changing the stress position changes the meaning (e.g. ['katabu] means "they wrote" while [katabu'] means "they wrote it"). This means one has to listen and pronounce the stress carefully.
Consonants.
There are some phonemes of the Jordanian language that are easily pronounced by English speakers; others are completely foreign to English, making these sounds difficult to pronounce.
Vowels.
Contrasting with the rich consonant inventory, Jordanian Arabic has much fewer vowels than English. Yet, as in English, vowel duration is relevant (compare /i/ in "bin" and "bean").
Note : It is tempting to consider /e/ and /i/ as variants of the same phoneme /i/, as well as /o/ and /u/. For the case of e/i, one can oppose 'ente' (you, masculine singular) to 'enti' (you, feminine singular), which makes the difference relevant at least at the end of words.
Grammar.
The grammar in Jordanian is quite the mixture. Much like Hebrew and Arabic, Jordanian is a Semitic language at heart, altered by the many influences that developed over the years.
Article definitions.
"Il-bāb" meaning "the door."
This e is pronounced as in a rounded short backward vowel or as in an "e" followed by the first letter of the word that follows the article. For example: "ed-desk" meaning "the desk", "ej-jakét" meaning "the jacket", "es-seks" meaning "the sex" or "hāda' et-téléfón" meaning "that is the telephone."
'l
Pronouns.
Note: The Modern dialect is understood by almost everyone in the country and the entire region.
Possessiveness.
Similar to ancient and modern semitic languages, Jordanian adds a suffix to a word to indicate possession.
General sentence structure.
In a sentence, the pronouns change into prefixes to adjust to the verb, its time and its actor. In present perfect and participle with a verb that starts with a consonant "Ana" becomes "ba", "Inta" becomes 'Bt', "Inti" becomes "Bıt" and so-on.
For example: The verb "ḥıb" means "to love", Baḥıb means "I love", Btḥıb means "you love", Baḥıbbo means "I love him", Bıtḥıbha means "she loves her", Baḥıbhom means "I love them", Baḥıbhālí means "I love myself".
"Qdar" is the infinitive form of the verb "can". Baqdar means "I can", I can't is "Baqdareş", adding an eş or ış to the end of a verb makes it negative; if the word ends in a vowel then a "ş" should be enough.
An in-depth example of the negation: Baqdarelhomm figuratively means "I can handle them", Baqdarelhommeş means "I cannot handle them", the same statement meaning can be achieved by "Baqdareş l'ıl homm"
Legal status and writing systems.
The Jordanian Levantine is not regarded as the official language even though has diverged significantly from Classic Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), or even the colloquial MSA. A large number of Jordanians, however, will call their language "Arabic" while they will refer to the original Arabic language as Fusħa. This is common in many countries that speak languages or dialects derived from Arabic and can prove to be quite confusing. The writing system varies; whenever a book is published, it is usually published in English, French, or in MSA and not in Levantine. There are many ways of representing Levantine Arabic in writing. The most common is the scholastic Jordanian Latin alphabet (JLA) system which uses many accents to distinguish between the sounds (this system is used within this article). Other Levantine countries, however, use their own alphabets and transliterations, making cross-border communication inconvenient.
External Influences.
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is spoken in formal TV programs, and in Modern Standard Arabic classes, as well as to quote poetry and historical phrases. It is also the language used to write and read in formal situations if English is not being used. However, MSA is not spoken during regular conversations. MSA is taught in most schools and a large number of Jordanian citizens are proficient in reading and writing formal Arabic. However, foreigners residing in Jordan who learn the Levantine language generally find it difficult to comprehend formal MSA, particularly if they did not attend a school that teaches it.
Other influences include English, French, Turkish, and Persian. Many loan words from these languages can be found in the Jordanian dialects, particularly English. However, students also have the option of learning French in schools. Currently, there is a small society of French speakers called Francophone and it is quite notable in the country. The language is also spoken by people who are interested in the cultural and commercial features of France.


His Last Dollar

His Last Dollar is a lost 1914 American comedy silent film directed by Frank Powell and written by David Higgins. The film stars David Higgins, Betty Gray, Hal Clarendon, Edgar L. Davenport, Wellington A. Playter and Jack Pickford. The film was released on October 29, 1914, by Paramount Pictures.