Sviatoslav II of Kiev

Sviatoslav II Iaroslavich or Sviatoslav II Yaroslavich (; Russian and Ukrainian: Святослав Ярославич; 1027 – 27 December 1076 in Kiev [Kyiv]) was Grand Prince of Kiev between 1073 and 1076. He was born as a younger son of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His baptismal name was Nicholas.
He ruled the Principality of Vladimir in Volhynia in his father's lifetime (from around 1040 to 1054). Yaroslav the Wise, who divided the Kievan Rus' between his five sons in his testament, willed the Principality of Chernigov to Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav joined his brothers, Iziaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav, in forming a princely "triumvirate" that oversaw the affairs of Kievan Rus' until 1072. The three brothers together fought against their enemies, including the nomadic Oghuz Turks, and their distant relative, Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. The Cumans defeated their united force in the autumn of 1068, but Sviatoslav routed a Cuman band plundering his principality.
The "triumvirate" broke up, when Sviatoslav, supported by his younger brother Vsevolod, dethroned and replaced their older brother Iziaslav in 1073. He commissioned the compilation of at least two miscellanies of theological works. Otherwise, his short reign was uneventful.
Early life.
Sviatoslav was the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his wife, Ingegerd of Sweden. He was born in 1027. The "Lyubetskiy sinodik"a list of the princes of Chernigov which was completed in the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Lyubechwrites that his baptismal name was Nicholas.
The "Russian Primary Chronicle" writes that Sviatoslav was staying "at Vladimir" (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukraine) in Volhynia around the time his father fell seriously ill before his death. According to the historian Martin Dimnik, the chronicle's report shows that Yaroslav the Wise had, most probably in about 1040, appointed Sviatoslav to rule this important town of the Kievan Rus'.
On his deathbed, Yaroslav the Wise divided the most important towns of his realm among his five sonsIziaslav, Sviatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, and Vyacheslavwho survived him. To Sviatoslav, he bequeathed Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine). The dying grand prince also ordered that his four younger sons should "heed" their eldest brother, Iziaslav who received Kiev.
Triumvirate.
Yaroslav the Wise died on 20 February 1054. His three elder sonsIziaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslavdecided to jointly govern the Kievan Rus'. Historian Martin Dimnik writes that taking into account Sviatoslav's political and military skills it "is reasonable to assume that he was one of the main motivating forces, if not the actual architect, of many of the policies adopted" by the three brothers. The "triumviri" closely cooperated in the following years. In 1059 they liberated their uncle, Sudislav whom their father had sent to prison around 1035. They made a joint expedition "by horse and ship against the Torks" or Oghuz Turks, according to the "Russian Primary Chronicle", in 1060. On hearing of the arrival of the Rus' forces, the Torks fled from their lands without resistance.
In 1065, Sviatoslav led his troops against his nephew, Rostislav Vladimirovich, who had in the previous year expelled by force Sviatoslav's son, Gleb from Tmutorakan. Upon Sviatoslav's arrival, Rostislav withdrew from this important center of his uncle's domains, but he reoccupied it after Sviatoslav had returned to Chernigov. A distant cousin of the "triumviri", Vseslav Briacheslavich (Prince of Polotsk), attacked Pskov in 1065, according to "The Chronicle of Pskov". Vseslav Briacheslavich could not take this town, but he seized and plundered Novgorodwhich had been ruled by Iziaslav of Kiev's son, Mstislavin the next winter. Izyaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod soon united their forces and set forth against Vseslav, "though it was the dead of winter", according to the "Russian Primary Chronicle". They routed Vseslav's army by the Nemiga River (near Minsk) on 3 March 1066. Vseslav, who fled from the battlefield, agreed to enter into negotiations with the "triumviri", but they treacherously captured him at a meeting at Orsha in early June.
The Cumans, who had emerged as the dominant power of the Pontic steppes in the early 1060s, invaded the southern regions of Kievan Rus' in 1068. The three brothers together marched against the invaders, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River. From the battlefield, Sviatoslav withdrew to Chernigov and regrouped his troops. He returned to defeat the Cumans with a smaller force at the town of Snovsk on 1 November, thus enhancing his prestige among the populace. In the meantime, the townspeople of Kiev had dethroned and expelled Sviatoslav's brother, Iziaslav. Taking advantage of Iziaslav's absence, Sviatopluk sent his own son, Gleb to Novgorod to rule the town.
Iziaslav returned at the head of Polish reinforcements. The townspeople of Kiev sent messages to Sviatoslav and Vsevolod, imploring them to come to their "father's city" and defend it, according to the "Russian Primary Chronicle". Sviatoslav and Vsevolod requested Iziaslav "not to lead the Poles in attack upon Kiev", stating that "if he intended to nurse his wrath and destroy the city, they would be properly concerned for the ancestral capital". Iziaslav partially acquiesced: he did not let his Polish allies enter the town, but his retinue slaughtered or mutilated many of his opponents in Kiev. He also attempted to punish Anthonythe founder of the Monastery of the Caves in Kievwho had supported his enemies, but Sviatoslav gave shelter to the saintly monk in Chernigov.
With Iziaslav's return to Kiev, the "triumvirate" was restored. The three brothers together visited Vyshhorod in order to participate in the translation of the relics of their saintly uncles, Boris and Gleb on 3 May 1072. According to "The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb", Sviatoslav took Saint Gleb's hand and "pressed it to his injury, for he had pain in his neck, and to his eyes, and to his forehead" before placing it back into the coffin. In short Sviatoslav felt a pain at the top of his head and his servant found a fingernail of the saint under his cap. Most historians agree that the three brothers expanded their father's legal code on this occasion, but the exact date is unknown.
Grand Prince of Kiev.
According to the "Russian Primary Chronicle", "the devil stirred up strife" among the three brothers shortly after the canonization of Saints Boris and Gleb. Sviatoslav and Vsevolod united their forces and expelled Iziaslav from Kiev on 22 March 1073. The chronicler put the blame for this action on Sviatoslav, stating that "he was the instigator of his brother's expulsion, for he desired more power". The chronicler also states that Sviatoslav had "misled Vsevolod by asserting that" Iziaslav "was entering into an alliance" with Vseslav Briacheslavich against them. Modern historians disagree about the motives of Sviatoslav's action. Franklin and Shepard write that he was driven by "straightforward greed"; Martin says that Sviatoslav who seems to have suffered from a grave illness wanted to secure his sons' right to Kiev which would have been lost if Sviatoslav "had predeceased Iziaslav without having ruled" the town. In fact, the "Russian Primary Chronicle" states that it was Sviatoslav who "ruled in Kiev after the expulsion" of Iziaslav.
Initially, the head of the Monastery of the Caves, Feodosy criticized Sviatoslav for usurping the throne. However, before his death in May 1074 he was reconciled with the grand prince, who supported the foundation of a stone church dedicated to the Mother of God in Kiev. Sviatoslav also supported the compilation of ecclesiastic works. Two "izborniki" or miscellaniescollections of excerpts from the Bible and from theological workswere completed under his auspices in 1073 and 1076. According to the "Izbornik of 1073", Sviatoslav, who is praised as a "new Ptolemy", had by that time collected a great number of spiritual books.
Sviatoslav's rule was short and uneventful. His dethroned brother first fled to Poland, but Duke Boleslav II, who was Sviatoslav's son-in-law, expelled him from his lands. Next Iziaslav sought the assistance of the German monarch, Henry IV. The latter, in 1075, sent his envoysincluding Sviatoslav's brother-in-law, Burchardto Kiev to collect more information. According to the "Russian Primary Chronicle", "in his pride", Sviatoslav "showed them his riches", displaying them "the innumerable quantity of his gold, silver and silks". In 1076 Sviatoslav sent reinforcements to Poland to help his son-in-law against the Bohemians.
Sviatoslav died on 27 December 1076. The "Russian Primary Chronicle" writes that "the cutting of a sore" caused his death. He was buried in the Holy Savior Cathedral in Chernigov. Within a year, his elder brother Iziaslav was restored and Sviatoslav's sons lost most parts of his domains.
Family.
According to the "Lyubetskiy sinodik", Sviatoslav's wife was Killikiya or Kelikia (Cecilia). On the other hand, German chroniclers write that his wife was Oda of Stade, a sister of Burchard, the Provost of Trier and she gave birth to one son. A portrait depicting Sviatoslav and his family in the "Izbornik of 1073" shows that he had five sons and four of them were adults at the time their portrait was made. Based on these sources, Sviatoslav married twice.
According to Dimnik, Sviatoslav married his first wife, Killikiya between 1043 and 1047. Their first child seems to have been a daughter, Vysheslava. Her eldest brother Gleb became prince of Tmutorakan and later of Novgorod. The second son of Sviatoslav and Killikiya was Oleg, the future prince of Chernigov. Davyd, the future prince of Novgorod and Chernigov was born around 1051. Roman, who became prince of Tmutorakan, was born around 1052.
Sviatoslav married his second wife, Oda of Stade in about 1065, according to Dimnik. Oda, the daughter of Lothair Udo I, Margrave of the Nordmark, was in some way related to Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. She gave birth to Sviatoslav's fifth son, Yaroslav, who later became prince of Murom and Chernigov. After Sviatoslav's death, Oda and her son moved to the Holy Roman Empire.


Jules Croiset

Jules Croiset (born 9 October 1937) is a Dutch actor. He has appeared in more than 40 films and television shows since 1960. He is also known for having staged his own abduction by neo-Nazis in 1987.


Johannes Kuenen

Johannes Petrus Kuenen (Leiden, 11 October 1866 – Leiden, 25 September 1922) was a Dutch physicist.
Biography.
Kuenen was the son of the professor of theology Abraham Kuenen and his wife Wiepkje Muurling. His son Philip Henry Kuenen was professor of geology. From 1884 to 1889 he studied at the University of Leiden, where he graduated in 1892. He became a professor in physics in 1895 at University College, Dundee in Dundee, Scotland, where he worked until 1907. For most of this period the College was part of the University of St Andrews. While at Dundee he performed early experiments with x-rays with the physiologist Edward Waymouth Reid. In 1907 he was appointed professor of physics at Leiden University. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes and Kuenen led the Kamerlingh Onnes physics Laboratory.
On the basis of his scientific work he was elected in 1911 as a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and became a member of the Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen in 1915.
Retrograde condensation.
He discovered retrograde condensation and published his findings in 1892 in the Ph.D. thesis with the title "Metingen betreffende het oppervlak van Van der Waals voor mengsels van koolzuur en chloormethyl". (Measurements on the Van der Waals surface for mixtures of carbonic acid and methyl chloride).


Will van Kralingen

Will van Kralingen (1 October 1951 in Nijmegen – 9 November 2012 in Amsterdam) was a Dutch actress whose starring credits included "Havinck" in 1987 and "" in 1998. Kralingen also appeared in Dutch television series, including "De Zomer van '45", "Het jaar van de Opvolging", and "Het Wassende Water". Her most recent television roles were "Hartslag" and "Flikken Maastricht".
Will van Kralingen received two "Golden Calf" awards for her roles in "Havinck" and "Storm in mijn Hoofd". She later won a Theo d'Or for best dramatic actress in 2007.
She then dubbed Moses's foster mother, Tuya, in the Dutch version of the 1998 animated feature, The Prince of Egypt.
Her last film was "De Goede Dood", filmed in 2011 and released in February 2012.
Will van Kralingen died from cancer at Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital in Amsterdam on November 9, 2012, at the age of 61. She was survived by her husband, theater producer, Pim Wallis de Vries, and two sons from her previous marriage to actor Eric Schneider.


Pieter Donker

Pieter Donker (1635 in Gouda – 1668 in Gouda), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Biography.
According to Houbraken he travelled to Antwerp, Frankfurt, and Rome with his cousin Jan Donker. He travelled to Frankfurt, where he witnessed the coronation of Leopold, and accompanied Charles III de Créquy to Rome.
According to the RKD he was a pupil of Jacob Jordaens in 1656–58 in Antwerp. In 1658, at the time of the coronation of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor he was a portraitist in Frankfurt. His sketches of works by the Italian masters, were later used by Jan de Bisschop.
In 1664 he travelled from Rome to Naples with Willem Schellinks, Alexander Le Petit, Frederick Kerseboom and G.Sabé. In 1666 he was back in Gouda, where he later died. His cousin Jan painted the regents of the Gouda corrections facility.


Siege of Zadar (998)

The Siege of Zadar in 998 was part of the third Croatian–Bulgarian war and one of the last military conflicts between Croatian forces of King Svetoslav Suronja (r. 997–1000), supported by Venice and the Byzantine Empire, and the army of Emperor Samuil (r. 997–1014), who launched a large-scale Bulgarian military campaign against the Kingdom of Croatia.
Samuil's army besieged the fortified city of Zadar in order to aid the king's rebel brothers Krešimir and Gojslav, who asked Samuil to come and help them to remove Svetoslav Suronja from the Croatian throne. The siege was unsuccessful and Samuil's forces withdrew in the direction of the Croatian hinterland and Bosnia, finally tracing their way back home.
Background.
In the last three decades of the 10th century, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by Stjepan Držislav, an ally of the Byzantine Empire, which in turn recognized him as the King of Croatia and Dalmatia. After his death in 997, his son and successor Svetoslav Suronja continued the pro-Byzantine policy of his father, but his younger brothers Krešimir and Gojslav started to organize a rebellion against him, since he rejected to share power over the Kingdom. The brothers asked Samuil, the new ruler of the Bulgarian Empire, also called the Western Bulgarian–Macedonian Empire, for help, knowing that he was at war with the Byzantine Empire.
The Byzantines had conquered the north-eastern regions of the Bulgarian Empire in 971, including the capital Preslav, and in the beginning of his rule Samuil controlled only the western half of the country centred in the important province of Kutmichevitsa (approximately present-day Republic of Macedonia and southern Albania). At first he controlled only the Slavic Macedonians' lands at the southwestern part of the former large Bulgarian Empire, but later conquered a lot of Balkans.
By 997, however, he had liberated north-eastern Bulgaria and pushed the Empire's borders south to include Thessaly. At the height of his power, Samuil accepted the proposal of Croatian rebel princes. He attacked Croatia in 998, starting the Third Croatian–Bulgarian war. In his military campaign, he took almost all of the Dalmatian coast of Croatia up to the Zadar area, including cities like Trogir and Split. King Svetoslav Suronja was forced to withdraw westwards, in the direction of Zadar.
Siege.
Having taken the most of Dalmatia, Tsar Samuil turned his army further to the west and besieged the city of Zadar. It is not known whether King Svetoslav Suronja resided in the city during the siege and led the defence forces himself, but the large and thick stone city walls, as well as its defenders, resisted the attack and the siege failed. Having had no success, Samuil's army withdrew from the siege and then marched towards the Croatian hinterlands, including the territory which is now part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Later the Bulgarian army returned home using the Bosnian route. Thus the third and last of three Croatian-Bulgarian wars came to its end.
Aftermath.
The Croatian territory conquered by Samuil's forces during the campaign was taken over by Krešimir and Gojslav, who finally won the Croatian civil war and came to power in the Kingdom in 1000. Svetoslav Suronja, the Byzantine and Venetian ally, was forced into exile. When the Byzantines eventually conquered the Bulgarian Empire in 1018 after 50 years of bitter warfare, Krešimir and Gojslav became Byzantine vassals.


Wessel van Diepen

Wessel Dietrich van Diepen (born November 12, 1966 in Delft, South Holland) is a Dutch radio host, music producer, voice actor and former TV presenter. Under the pseudonym DJ Delmundo, he is part of Danski & Delmundo, the producer duo behind internationally famous acts like the Vengaboys and Alice Deejay. With a total of 10 UK top 10 hits including 2 UK number one hits, two Billboard Dance number one hits, a gold album in the USA and multi-platinum selling singles worldwide, he is one of the most successful dance-pop music producers in Dutch history. Van Diepen is the station-voice for Radio 538 and FOX Television NL and does movie trailer voiceover work. In spring 2019 Dutch online newspaper Nu.nl declared Vengaboys as the most successful Dutch pop group in history
Career.
At age 15, van Diepen started a pirate radio station called "Radio Stad Delft". The station was taken down by the police numerous times. When he was 17 years old, during a holiday in Wichita, Kansas, United States, he met a DJ at KKRD who gave van Diepen the opportunity to fill in for him.
In 1986, van Diepen was noticed by 3FM DJ Rob Stenders in The Netherlands and became a DJ at the VARA, which also broadcasts via National radio 3FM.
As a fresh voice in Dutch radio, van Diepen was recruited by popular broadcasting organization Veronica for radio and TV programs. This included the Europe-wide broadcast pop music TV show Countdown, broadcast on Sky Channel and Super Channe, which brought him to international fame.
In the 1990s, television moguls Erik de Zwart and Lex Harding left Veronica and started Radio 538 and Van Diepen was asked to join them. From his daily drive-time show he went on to create the radio show "Van Diepen's Dance Department" where DJs such as Tiësto and Oakenfold would spin their vinyl live in the studio. When Dutch music video channel TMF (The Music Factory) was launched in 1995, Van Diepen took up a VJ role in a show called "Wessels Woelige Wereld" (translated: "Wessels Wild World"), which he hosted until 1999.
Van Diepen also started a run of dance music productions in the 1990s. Together with Peran van Dijk and later Dennis van Den Driesschen ('Danski'), he produced acts such as L.A. Style , known for "James Brown Is Dead" (with Van Diepen doing the trademark megaphone catchphrase). "James Brown Is Dead" was their first song to hit the billboard hot 100. They also found success with Nakatomi, Alice Deejay and Vengaboys. The Vengaboys alone sold over 15 million singles, 4.5 million albums. The group went platinum in 73 countries and performed in more than 130 different countries.
The Vengaboys split in 2000, but Van Diepen co-wrote and produced their comeback release 'Rocket to Uranus' in 2010. In 2013, Protocol recordings released the EDM track WTF!? which was also co-written by van Diepen and produced by Nicky Romero and Peran van Dijk.
Van Diepen resigned as a radio presenter in 2006 to focus more on artist development and music production, but he returned to Radio 538 in 2013 with Global Dance Chart, a weekly beat-mixed chart-show with the 40 biggest dance hits worldwide. The show was officially opened by Martin Garrix smashing a bottle of champagne on Van Diepen's head.


Christine Mohrmann

Christine A. E. M. Mohrmann (Groningen, 1 August 1903 – Nijmegen, 13 July 1988) was a specialist in early Christian Greek and Latin, vulgar and medieval Latin and honorary professor at Amsterdam University and at the Catholic University of Nijmegen (now Radboud University) where most of her teaching and research was conducted. Early researches involved her with amongst other writers Augustine, Cyprian and particularly Tertullian. She wrote mainly in Dutch, English and French and was particularly known in the English-speaking world for her studies on St Patrick's Latin and for establishing the journal "Vigiliae Christianae" (1947).
Sources.
In memoriam Christinae Mohrmann, cuius anima in pace. Drie voordrachten, uitsgespoken tijdens de herdenkingsbijeenkomst te Nijmegen op 31 maart 1989 door L.J.Engels, G.J.Bartelink en A.A.R.Bastiaensen c m., Nijmegen 1989
René Braun, NECROLOGIE, Christine Mohrmann, "Cahiers de civilisation médiévale", 1989, Volume 32,Numéro 126, p. 189


Kolo Volost

Kolo Volost () was a territorial division (a "volost") of the Novgorod Republic.
It was first mentioned in the 13th century. The last documentary mention of the volost was in the 15th century.
Kolo Volost bordered Tre Volost approximately along the line between Kildin Island and Turiy Headland of the Turiy Peninsula. Kolo Volost was situated to the west of that line, while Tre Volost laid to the west of it.


John III, Lord of Renesse

Jan van Renesse (1249 – 16 August 1304) was a member of the Zeeland nobility. Together with Wolfert van Borselen he co-led a party favoring Flanders and against Holland, with considerable influence in Zeeland. With the support of Edward I of England, Jan van Renesse governed Zeeland on behalf of John I, Count of Holland (the infant son of Floris V, Count of Holland), but van Borselen took up arms against him, and he was expelled after the failure of Edward I's invasion of Flanders. John was a descendant of Henry, Count of Looz.
He fought on the Flemish side at the Battle of the Golden Spurs (1302), and supported the Flemish action against Holland and Zeeland, and managed to get as far as Utrecht, but had to flee the area after the defeat of the Flemings at Zierikzee. He drowned while crossing the River Lek.


Korolev and Gagarin Monument

Korolev and Gagarin Monument (Russian: Памятник Королёву и Гагарину) is a bronze sculpture of Yuri Gagarin and Sergei Korolev by the sculptor O. Komov. It was installed in Taganrog on Chekhov Street in front of the building "A" of the Engineering and Technology Academy of the Southern Federal University.
Sculpture.
The monument is modeled after a historic 1961 photograph, but the monument subtly deviates from the original image. In the photo, Korolev and Gagarin are smiling, looking at each other, and are engaged in a lively conversation. On the monument their faces are somber; they look away from each other and are apparently engrossed in daydreaming about space exploration. Korolev no longer speaks to Gagarin; he speaks to posterity.
Gagarin is mythologized. In real life he was shorter than Korolev, as the first cosmonauts had to be small to fit into a tiny spacecraft. On the monument, Gagarin’s height rivals Korolev’s, adding gravitas and significance to his figure. On the plinth of the sculpture at the back left corner there is an inscription "O. Komov, 75."
History.
The honourable citizen of Taganrog E.V. Zaytsev, the former employee of TRTI also party and the statesman became the main initiator of emergence of this sculpture in Taganrog. Being the first deputy minister of culture of the RSFSR, and then the USSR, E.V. Zaitsev contributed to the transfer of the monument to Taganrog in 1978.
The sculpture "Gagarin - Korolev" (before the author’s name), created in 1975, was demonstrated at the exhibition in Moscow. After the closing of the exhibition, the Soviet Cultural Foundation presented this sculpture to the Taganrog Museam of Art, where it was in a collection of park sculpture exhibits.
The Formation of the park sculpture museum was delayed for an indefinite period of time. TRTI and high school No.3 known for the museum of cosmonauts fought for an installation place of a monument. But for some reason in 1979 it was decided to install a monument at the intersection of Petrovskaya street and Ukrainskiy Lane. The sculpture was installed directly on the lawn, without a pedestal. Since then, the quarter of this alley with the boulevard in conversation began to be called the square of the Cosmonauts.
In 2002, when the radio university celebrated its 50th anniversary, the monument was moved to today's place, to the building "A" of TRTI, and in the old place is located now the Central Children's Playground.


Anthony Keith-Falconer, 5th Earl of Kintore

Anthony Adrian Keith-Falconer, 5th Earl of Kintore, 5th Lord Keith of Inverurie and Keith Hall ( – 30 August 1804), who was known as the 7th Lord Falconer of Halkerton, between 1776 and 1778, was a Dutch-Scottish aristocrat.
Early life.
He was born in Groningen, the Netherlands around 1742 and grew up in a house on Oosterstraat in Groningen. He was the eldest surviving son of William Falconer, 6th Lord Falconer of Halkerton, a colonel in the Dutch Army, and Rembertina Maria Idiking (the daughter of Burgomaster Idiking of Groningen). His paternal grandparents were David Falconer, 4th Lord Falconer of Halkerton and the former Lady Catherine Margaret Keith (the daughter of William Keith, 2nd Earl of Kintore).
Career.
Upon the death of his father on 12 December 1776, he succeeded as 7th Lord Falconer of Halkerton. In 1761, on the death of William Keith, 4th Earl of Kintore, the earldom should have passed under the terms of the 1694 regrant to Lord Kintore's cousin George Keith, 10th and last Earl Marischal, as heir male of George Keith, 8th Earl Marischal (the elder brother of John Keith, 1st Earl of Kintore); however, he had been attainted for his part in the 1715 rising and so the earldom of Kintore remained suspended until the death of the 10th Earl Marischal on 28 May 1778, when it was inherited by Anthony, the heir general of the 4th Earl of Kintore, who changed his surname to Keith-Falconer and became the 5th Earl of Kintore. He inherited the estate of Kintore, Hallforest Castle which had been given to the family by King Robert the Bruce, and Keith Hall.
From 1794 to 1804, he served as Lord Lieutenant of Kincardineshire, the British monarch's personal representative in the lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. After his death, he was succeeded by John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott.
Personal life.
Around 1766, he was married to Christina Elizabeth Sighterman (d. 1809), a daughter of Jan Albert Sighterman of Groningen, the Intendant General of the Dutch Settlements in the East Indies and Director and Fiscal of Bengal in 1734. Together, they were the parents of one son and seven daughters, none of whom married:
Lord Kintore died on 30 August 1804. His widow died nearly five years later on 26 March 1809.


J. P. B. de Josselin de Jong

Jan Petrus Benjamin de Josselin de Jong (13 March 1886 – 15 November 1964) was a founding father of modern Dutch anthropology and of structural anthropology at Leiden University.
Biography.
In his early career, he was a museum curator. His area of specialty was American and Indonesian ethnography. He held two anthropology chairs at Leiden University, the first a chair in general ethnology (1922–1935); the second a chair in general ethnology and Indonesian ethnography (1935–1956). His nephew, Patrick Edward de Josselin de Jong succeeded him on the second chair in 1957.
In 1921, he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1928, he held an important lecture on "The Natchez Social System' in New York City and in Leiden, his students founded the Ethnological Debating Society W.D.O.
In 1952, he gave a commentary on Claude Lévi-Strauss's theory of kinship and highlighted the significance of double descent or bilinealism in explaining some of the features of affinal arrangements which Dutch ethnologists had previously researched in Indonesian related subjects.
Jan Petrus Benjamin de Josselin de Jong, after an industrious career as Professor of Cultural Anthropology in the Leiden University, retired in 1956. He died in 1964.
Career.
Jan Petrus Benjamin de Josselin de Jong was Professor of Cultural Anthropology at the Leiden University. His work at the university covered the second phase of the study in the Leiden University from 1920 onwards; the first phase involved P.J. Veth, G.A. Wilken, J.J.M. de Groot, and A.W. Nieuwenhuis. While the first phase was influenced by cultural geography and social evolutionism, the second phase was influenced by the work of Émile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss, as well as of Franz Boas and R.H. Lowie.
The Leiden tradition was set by J. P. B. in his second inaugural lecture (1935) with the concept of Ethnological Field of Study; its focus being the structural core of Indonesian societies. According to him, four elements constitute this structural core: circulating connubium, double unilineality, dual symbolic classification, and resilience from foreign cultural influences.
A new chair in general ethnology was established in J. P. B.'s name in the university in 1922 and a newly set up doctorate was awarded to his friend and former colleague W.H. Rassers, with whom he co-operated as Curator in the 1920s at the National Museum of Ethnology.
In 1929, he had proposed establishment of two chairs in the University, one regional and one general chair in view of his experience on the subject of general ethnology in Indonesia which was partially implemented.
In 1949, he started a seminar on the subject of "the structural analysis systems of kinship and marriage", under urging by his nephew Patrick who found the book "Les structures élémentaires de la parenté" by Claude Lévi-Strauss (1949). This influence was strongly reflected in a booklet he published titled "Lévi-Strauss' Theory on Kinship and Marriage", which was both an appreciation and a critique of Lévi-Strauss' approach to the subject. Lévi-Strauss thanked J.P.B for his "thorough and honest review."
During his long career span, he supervised 21 doctoral theses. One of these was the doctoral thesis of his nephew, Patrick Edward de Josselin de Jong, on the subject of "Minangkabau and Negi Sembilan: Socio-Political Structure in Indonesia" which was defended by the author on December 19, 1951. Another was the thesis of Jan Pouwer, "Some aspects of Mimika Culture, Netherlands South-West New Guinea" (1955, in Dutch), based on fieldwork in Southwest Papua, which led to a career as professor at the universities of Amsterdam, Wellington, and Nijmegen.
J. P. B. retired in March 1956 at the age of 70 and on this occasion his brother's son, Patrick de Josselin de Jong, published an article on "De visie der participanten op hun cultuur (1956)" in his uncle's "Festschrift" (English translation titled The Participants View on their Culture was also published later in 1967). Following this, P.E. de Josselin de Jong was appointed as professor to succeed his uncle.
In 1965, four "In memoriams" were published, including one by P.E. de Josselin de Jong, highlighting J. P. B.'s contributions to linguistics.


MV Armorique (2008)

The MV "Armorique" is a passenger and freight ferry built for Brittany Ferries by Aker Finnyards now STX Europe in Finland at a cost of £81 million (€110 million). The vessel was delivered to Brittany Ferries on 26 January 2009, it was originally planned for her to be delivered in September 2008. Armorique is named after a national park of outstanding beauty in western Brittany. Armorique was also the name of a previous Brittany Ferries vessel purchased for service between Portsmouth and St Malo in 1975 and sold in 1993.
The vessel was designed and built specifically for the Plymouth-Roscoff route, as a replacement for the MV Pont L'Abbe
Her maiden voyage was due to be on 10 February 2009 at 15.00hrs, sailing from Roscoff to Plymouth. However, due to severe weather conditions, this crossing was cancelled, and she sailed to Plymouth without passengers. The overnight crossing from Plymouth on 10 February went ahead, making this her maiden voyage.
Armorique sails under the French flag and is registered in Morlaix.
Routes.
Other routes served.
The Armorique is the only ship to have visited all the ports operated by Brittany Ferries.
Design.
Armorique is identical to the "Cotentin" from keel to deck five. The first deck of passenger space is on deck six rather than deck 7 as on the "Cotentin".
Initial artist impressions from Aker Yards showed a vessel that shared a number of similarities to the "Cotentin". However, Brittany Ferries released an altered artist's impression of the "Armorique" in December. Revisions include a design change to the funnel and upper cabin deck along with alterations to the proposed livery.
Pictures released by Brittany Ferries show the ship will have double deck vehicle access at the bow and stern to decks 3 and 5 though while on her usual route loading of deck 5 will be via an internal ramp due to lack of double deck facilities at Plymouth or Roscoff. The stern door will be narrower than the one fitted to the "Cotentin".


Jan Nieuwenhuyzen

Jan Nieuwenhuijzen (1 September 1724 in Haarlem – 24 February 1806 in Monnickendam) was a Dutch Mennonite teacher and minister.
He was first trained to be a book seller and in 1743 he entered the guild in Haarlem. He married the poet Gezina Wijnalda, a niece of Age Wijnalda in 1751. He then sold his printing offices in 1758 after training at the Mennonite seminary in Amsterdam to become a minister. He served in Middelharnis 1758-1763, Aardenburg 1763-1771, and Monnikendam 1771-1806. In 1784, along with his son Martinus who became a doctor in Edam, he founded the society "Genoodschap van Konsten en Wetenschappen, onder de zinspreuk: Tot Nut van 't Algemeen", most often called Maatschappij tot Nut van't Algemeen, or simply Het Nut.


Luuk van Middelaar

Luuk Johannes van Middelaar (born 9 May 1973 in Eindhoven) is a Dutch historian and political philosopher. From December 2009 to 2014 he was a member of the "cabinet" of Herman Van Rompuy, the first full-time President of the European Council. Van Middelaar is best known for his book "The Passage to Europe" (originally published in 2009 and widely translated).
Van Middelaar studied history and philosophy at the University of Groningen and the Centre Raymond Aron of the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociale in Paris. In 1999 his master's thesis ("doctoraalscriptie" in Dutch) was published as "Politicide" and awarded the Prix de Paris. He became for a time an adviser and speechwriter to Frits Bolkestein (2002-2004) and Jozias van Aartsen (2004-2006). In 2009 he received his PhD from the University of Amsterdam with a "cum laude" distinction. In 2012 he was awarded the European Book Prize and the for "The Passage to Europe" and Socrates Prize in 2010 for the best philosophy book written in Dutch.
Since early 2015 he has a weekly political column in "NRC Handelsblad", taking up again a position he held from 2008 to 2009. In 2015 he was appointed Professor of the Foundations and Practice of the European Union and Its Institutions at Leiden University in the Netherlands. He also holds a chair in European Values at the French-speaking Université catholique de Louvain in Belgium. Since 2018 he has been a member of the Dutch Advisory Council on International Affairs.
Bibliography.
Selected articles.
Van Middelaar writes for various European journals and newspapers including "Le Débat", "Le Monde".


Valkhof Museum

The Valkhof Museum () is an archaeology and art museum in Nijmegen, Netherlands.
The museum has existed since 1999, created as a merger between the G. M. Kam museum of archaeology and the museum of classical and modern art. The museum's collection includes a large and important collection of local Roman archaeological finds and art (mostly modern).
The museum stands on the edge of the , site of a Roman army camp and a citadel built by Charlemagne. The museum's building was designed by Dutch architect Ben van Berkel and was opened on 14 September 1999 by Queen Beatrix.
In November 2008, the official name of the museum was changed to Valkhof-Kam. This reflected an agreement reached with the heirs of G. M. Kam.


St Agnes Convent, Arnhem

St Agnes Convent was a religious house of the Sisters of the Common Life in the city of Arnhem, in the Duchy of Guelders (now in the Netherlands), in the 15th and 16th centuries.
At some point in the 15th century the community adopted the Third Rule of St Francis, later shifting to the Rule of St Augustine. It was a large community, and a major centre for the production of mystical literature. Reinalda van Eymeren, who has been suggested as the author of the influential spiritual text "Die Evangelische Peerle" (The Pearl of the Gospel), was a member of the community.
In 1581, during the Dutch Revolt, the city forbade new entrants to the convent. The last four sisters to survive dissolved the community in 1634.
The buildings passed to St Catherine's Hospital in 1636. In 1751 the former convent chapel became the Walloon church in Arnhem. This was damaged during the Second World War and restored in 1950-1952; it is now protected heritage as Rijksmonument 8310.


Gerdina Hendrika Kurtz

Gerdina Hendrika Kurtz (1899–1989) was a Dutch historian, writer and archivist. She published under the name, G.H. Kurtz.
Early years.
Gerda Kurtz was born in Amsterdam, and moved to Haarlem with her family at age seven. She studied at a girls' school there, but her mother died when she was only 13 and she became focussed on schoolwork. She graduated from the Gymnasium and proceeded to the University of Utrecht to study History. During the course of her study she often returned to Haarlem to substitute-teach History and Geography at the Gymnasium. She enjoyed teaching, but was impatient with many of her students. She herself was a gifted student and graduated cum laude in History in 1929 (she was the 5th woman to graduate cum laude from a university in the Netherlands). She started working as a volunteer for the archives of Utrecht and passed her certification exam in 1930 as an official archivist. She continued her volunteer work and taught on the side, until she found an assistant's position with the Gelderse Vallei. Meanwhile, she kept looking for a position as archivist.
Appointment as Haarlem Archivist.
Kurtz graduated at the top of her class, but found difficulty in finding a suitable job. In 1913 a Dutch law enforcing the firing of women after marriage was reversed, but in 1924 a Royal decision was taken to fire all female federal government workers under the age of 45 who got married. In 1933, when Kurtz was looking for a job, this decision was extended to local government employees. Archivists either worked for local or federal government agencies, so her prospects were rather grim. The reasons for these political decisions were:
This second point made the political agenda only after more women began to work in government positions. Prior to that this point was never discussed in the legislature concerning young female farm workers or young female production workers. In any case, these laws discouraged the appointments of women in any jobs, since the expectation was that they would get married sooner or later.
When the city archivist of Haarlem died, the city council first attempted to dissolve the position completely by merging it with the city library. Protests from various groups led them to reconsider and so it came to pass that Kurtz was one of 9 candidates for the position. As a female she was low on the priority list, but she knew several influential people in Haarlem and she was the only one with the proper qualifications. After writing a letter to the city treasurer assuring him that she needed to be paid no more than 2500 guilders per year, she was hired. She held the position from 1938 until 1967.
The Mistress.
Six months after her appointment the archives moved to their present location in the old church St. Janskerk on the Jansstraat in Haarlem. The move itself was an opportunity to reorganize and reorder the archives and Kurtz developed her own catalog system for this. Kurtz became known as the "Juffrouw", or "mistress". She never married, but helped hundreds of visitors to the city archives with their research projects. During World War II she wrote a book about the history of the Haarlem archives, in which the devastating effects of the siege of Haarlem and the French occupation on the archives themselves became all too clear for her. This work probably influenced her to take many pictures of Haarlem during the German occupation, many of which have been used in scientific publications to document various aspects of the war. Not only did she take many pictures, she also hid the archives of the various Jewish organizations of Haarlem in the crypt of the Sint Janskerk, protecting them through the war years. It has been said of the North Holland archives that this was the only government institution in Haarlem without a notice stating "Jews not allowed".
Publications.
From the moment she was appointed, she became a member of the Haarlem Historical Society and proceeded to write various publications. In her first four years she wrote ten books.
Here are just some of her more popular books:
Later years.
Kurtz published her last book at age 80 and died at the age of 90 in Haarlem of a long sickness. She is buried at Westerveld graveyard.


Ans Westra

Anna Jacoba Westra (born 28 April 1936), generally known as Ans Westra, is a self-taught New Zealand photographer, with an interest in Māori. Her prominence as an artist and author was most amplified by her 1964 piece "Washday at the Pa".
Early life.
She was born Anna Jacoba Westra in 1936 in Leiden, Netherlands, the only child of Pieter Hein Westra and Hendrika Christina van Doorn.
In 1953, Westra moved to Rotterdam and studied at the Industrieschool voor Meisjes, graduating in 1957 with a Diploma in Arts and Craft teaching, specialising in artistic needlework. The same year, she left the Netherlands for New Zealand, and she became a naturalised New Zealand citizen in 1963.
Career.
Initial interest in photography.
Westra was exposed to photography as a teenager by her stepfather. A visit in 1956 to the international exhibition "The Family of Man" in Amsterdam, together with a book by Joan van der Keukens, "Wij Zijn 17 (We Are Seventeen)", inspired Ans' first photographic documentation, which featured her fellow students.
Her obsession with capturing the world through a camera was instilled after encountering the famous Family of Man exhibition in Amsterdam. This utopian, quasi-anthropological exhibition, curated by MoMA’s Edward Steichen, toured the world from 1955 to 1963, and was a major influence on Westra’s work, as was precocious teenager Joan van der Keuken’s 1955 photobook Wij Zijn 17 (We Are 17), which depicts the lives of post-war Dutch youth.
In 1957, Westra travelled to New Zealand to visit her father who had earlier immigrated. She stayed in Auckland and worked for eight months at Crown Lynn Potteries.
Professional photography.
In 1958 she moved to Wellington, where she joined the Wellington Camera Club and worked in various local photographic studios. In 1960, Westra received international recognition winning a prize from the UK Photography magazine for her work entitled "Assignment No. 2". That same year Westra had her first photograph published in New Zealand on the cover of "Te Ao Hou / The New World", a magazine published by the Department of Maori Affairs. In 1962 she began working as a full-time, freelance documentary photographer. Much of her early work was for the School Publications Branch of the Department of Education and "Te Ao Hou".
In 1964 her school bulletin "Washday at the Pa" was published, and distributed to primary school classrooms throughout New Zealand. Soon after its release the journal was withdrawn by order of the Minister of Education at the request of the Maori Women’s Welfare League. Later in 1964 "Washday at the Pa" was privately republished by the Caxton Press.
Westra received a Certificate of Excellence from the New York World’s Fair photographic exhibition in 1964–1965. Westra had a relationship with writer Barry Crump for three months and their son Erik John Westra was born on 7 May 1965. Later that year Ans Westra returned to the Netherlands to live until 1969.
In 1967 "Maori" was published with photography by Westra and text by James Ritchie.
Westra's daughter, Lisa Christina van Hulst was born on 1 July 1973; her second son, Adrian Jacob van Hulst was born three years later on 4 December 1976.
In 1982 an archive of Westra's negatives was established at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington.
Westra was the Pacific regional winner of the Commonwealth Photography Award in 1986, travelling to the Philippines to photograph and then onwards to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and America.
In the late 1980s and 1990s, Westra undertook several artist-in-residences including at the Dowse Art Museum, Lower Hutt (1988–89), the Tylee Cottage Residency, Wanganui (1993) and in 1996, she was awarded the inaugural Southland Art Foundation Artist in Residence award by Southland Art Foundation, Southern Institute of Technology, Southland Museum and Art Gallery and Creative New Zealand. In 1998 she was artist-in-residence at the Otago School of Fine Arts, Otago Polytechnic.
Westra was the subject of the 2006 documentary "Ans Westra: Private Journeys/Public Thoughts" by Luit Bieringa.
Westra's 2009 book and exhibition, "The Crescent Moon: The Asian Face of Islam in New Zealand" features her own photographs, with text by New Zealand writer Adrienne Jansen. The book's interviews and photographs of 37 individuals give insights into the lives of Asian Muslims in New Zealand.
"Washday at the Pa" was reissued in 2011 by Suite Publishing to include other photos of the same family taken in 1998.
In May 2013, Suite Publishing released Westra's publication: "Our Future: Ngā Tau ki Muri", which includes 137 often damning photographs of the New Zealand landscape, with text contributions from Hone Tuwhare, Russel Norman, Brian Turner, David Eggleton and David Lange.
Between February 2013 and April 2014, Westra undertook her "Full Circle Tour" to revisit centres where she had been particularly active during her career. She visited Ruatoria, Ruatoki, Rotorua, the Whanganui River, Kaitaia, Invercargill and Stewart Island.
In 2014, the digitization of Westra's archive of negatives held at the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, came into effect through her representative, Suite Tirohanga.
Westra's print "Untitled, from Washday at the Pa, 1963", set a new auction record price at NZ$10,575 at Webb's in Auckland, New Zealand, on 11 June 2015.
Westra Museum.
On 20 April 2016 a museum was established, dedicated to Westra's work. Located above {Suite} at 243 Cuba St, Wellington, New Zealand, the space is 'centrum' for Westra and over 55 years of images. Visitors may browse through articles about the artist dating back to 1960 and view over 200 books featuring her images. Exhibitions change regularly, as do displays of the artist's ephemera.
Honours and awards.
In the 1998 Queen's Birthday Honours, Westra was appointed a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to photography, and in 2007 she became an Arts Foundation of New Zealand Icon artist.
In 2015, Westra received an honorary doctorate from Massey University in recognition of her long-standing contribution to New Zealand’s visual culture.


Third Bastion of the Trinity Fortress Monument

Monument "The Third Bastion of the Trinity Fortress"(Russian: Памятник «Третий бастион Троицкой крепости») is a monument that was installed in 2015 in Str. Petrovskaya, 15 in Taganrog, Rostov Region, Russia to commemorate the location of the city's historical Trinity Fortress.
Description.
The monument was unveiled on May 15, 2015. It consists of a cannon placed near a fragment of the fortress wall and is installed on the location where the third bastion of the Trinity Fortress once actually stood. The direction of the gun was chosen not by accident but according to the monument designer's intention to represent the protection of the seaport from enemies that could attack from the steppes. The fragment of wall was located on the basis of cartographic data showing where the "wall of the battlefield" was originally located and was constructed from material obtained during a reconstruction of the historic part of the city.
The idea of creating and financing the monument to the Third Bastion of the Trinity Fortress was due to the members of the Taganrog Historical Fund. The founder of the Taganrog Historical Foundation noted that in the future it would be possible to install another 13 such monuments to help define the borders of the Trinity Fortress.
Taganrog businessmen helped during the creation of the monument, not only financially; some provided the necessary materials for the manufacture of the monument and others produced some of its constituent parts.


Ilse and Femke van Velzen

Ilse and Femke van Velzen (born in 1980) are Dutch documentary filmmakers. They direct and produce documentaries independently.
Biography.
Identical twins Ilse and Femke van Velzen were born on 11 October 1980 in Delft. Both chose to study Cultural and Social Development, one in Utrecht, the other in Amsterdam. Rather than produce separate thesis, during their final year of University they created a joint-venture. Opting for the medium of film they made the documentary "Bush Kids" in South Africa. Since 2004, with "Return to Angola", they specialised in making documentaries in the developing world.
In 2007 "Fighting the Silence" premiered during IDFA, which is part of a trilogy. The film collects stories of different women who suffered sexual abuse during the war in Congo. Only two years later they made the documentary "Weapon of War: confessions of rape by rebels and military" (2009), a 60-minute film about sexual violence as a weapon of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo. "Justice For Sale" (2011), is Ilse and Femke's latest film. The 83 minutes documentary follows Claudine, a young and courageous human rights lawyer, in her struggle against injustice and widespread impunity in Congo. The sisters are currently working on a new documentary set in South Sudan: "A Haunting History".
Since 2010 the two filmmakers set up the Mobile Cinema Foundation with the aim of bringing back their films in the form of outreach campaigns in the countries where they were shot. For the educational projects tailor-made films are developed and screened in travelling mobile cinema. After each screening, debates and discussions are guided by moderators to inform people about sexual violence and the juridical system in the Democratic Republic of Congo.


Heleen Peerenboom

Anna Hélène Wilhelmina "Heleen" Peerenboom (born 4 February 1980) is a Dutch female former water polo player. She was a member of the Netherlands women's national water polo team.
She competed with the team at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
She was also part of the national team at the 2001 Women's European Water Polo Championship and 2003 World Aquatics Championships.


Prince of Novgorod

The Prince of Novgorod (, "knyaz novgorodskii") was the chief executive of Republic of Novgorod. The office was originally an appointed one until the late eleventh or early twelfth century, then became something of an elective one until the fourteenth century, after which the Prince of Vladimir (who was almost always the Prince of Moscow) was almost invariably the Prince of Novgorod as well.
The office began sometime in the ninth century when, according to tradition, the Viking (Varangian) chieftain Rurik and his brothers were invited to rule over the Eastern Slavs, but real reliable information on the office dates only to the late tenth century when Vladimir the Great was prince of Novgorod. The office or title technically continued up until the abdication of Nicholas II in 1917 – among one of his titles (although his list of titles was rarely given in complete form) was Prince of Novgorod the Great.
After the chief Rurikid prince moved to Kiev in the late ninth century, he usually sent either his son or a posadnik (mayor), to rule on his behalf. Thus Sviatoslav I sent his son Vladimir the Great to rule in Novgorod, and after Vladimir became Grand Prince of Kiev, he sent his son, Yaroslav the Wise to reign in Novgorod.
Republican period.
From the early twelfth century to 1478, the prince's power in the Republic of Novgorod was more nominal. Imperial and Soviet-era scholars often argued that the office was ineffectual after 1136, when Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich was dismissed by the Novgorodians, and that Novgorod could invite and dismiss its princes at will. In this way, the prince of Novgorod was no longer "ruler" of Novgorod but became an elective or appointed executive official of the city-state.
That being said, the traditional view of the prince being invited in or dismissed at will is an oversimplification of a long and complex history of the office. In fact, from the late tenth century to the fall of Novgorod in 1478, the princes of Novgorod were dismissed and invited only about half the time, and the vast majority of these cases occurred between 1095 and 1293, and not consistently so during that period. That is, the office was elective for perhaps two centuries and even then it was not always elective. Even during this period, the nadir of princely power in the city, more powerful princes could assert their power independently over the city, as did Mstislav the Bold in the early 13th century, Alexander Nevsky in the 1240s and 50s, his brother Iaroslav in the 1260s and 70s, and others.
According to a remark in the chronicles, Novgorod had the right, after 1196, to pick their prince of their own free will, but again, the evidence indicates that even after that, princes were chosen and dismissed only about half the time, and Novgorod often chose the most powerful prince in Rus' as their prince. That usually meant that the prince in Kiev, Vladimir or Moscow (who retained the title Grand Prince of Vladimir from about the 1320s onward, although there were several interruptions), either took the title himself or appointed his son or other relative to be prince of Novgorod. At times other princes, from Tver, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and elsewhere, also vied for the Novgorodian throne. Thus Novgorod did not really choose its prince, but considering the political climate, they often very prudently went with the most senior or most powerful prince in the land if he did not impose himself (or his candidate) upon them.
What was different about Novgorod, then, was not so much that Novgorod could freely choose its princes - it really couldn't. Rather, what was unique was that no princely dynasty managed to establish itself within the city and take permanent control over the city. Rather, while other Rus' cities had established dynasties, the more powerful princes vied for control of Novgorod the Great, a most-desirable city to control given the vast wealth (from trade in furs) that flowed into the city in the medieval period.
In the absence of firmer princely control the local elites, the boyars, took control of the city and the offices of posadnik and tysyatsky became elective. The veche (public assembly) played a not insignificant role in public life, although the precise makeup of the veche and its powers is uncertain and still contested among historians. The posadnik, tysiatsky, and even the local bishop or archbishop (after 1165) were elected at the veche, and it is said the veche invited and dismissed the prince as well.


Jeroen van der Boom

Jeroen van der Boom (born 22 June 1972 in Nijmegen, Netherlands) is a Dutch singer who rose to fame in 2007 with his No. 1 hit single "Jij bent zo".
Biography.
During his time as a student, Jeroen van der Boom was already an artist. He played in a relatively unknown band called "The Travellers". After he graduated, he started working in the entertainment scene.
Television.
In 1996, he was employed by SBS 6 as the presenter of the TV programme Real TV, which was later renamed to "Explosief". After that, he also worked for the music show "15 Miljoen Mensen", "Barney's Dart Show" (with Raymond van Barneveld), and Domino Day. In 2002, he founded his own production company: "Rebel-TV & Events".
He played in several theatre shows, including "Barcelona" and "Novomundo".
As of 2007, Van der Boom is a voice actor for "Café de Wereld", and an entertainer in "Koppensnellers".
In 2010, he acted as one of the four judges, for the first season of the TV show "The Voice Of Holland".
For the 2011–2012 season of the voice of Holland, Van Der Boom will not return as a judge. Instead, on 12 March 2011, he became the host of the game show "Lotto Weekend Miljonairs", the Dutch version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? broadcast on TV.
Music.
Van der Boom regularly gave concerts in the Netherlands, and was eventually given the opportunity to record an album. This album featured cover versions of (amongst others) "Don't Stop Me Now" (by Queen) and "Wonderful Tonight" (by Eric Clapton). In 2007, he recorded a cover of Tom Jones's song "She's a Lady", and was a supporting act during Jones's concert in the Heineken Music Hall on 21 April 2007.
On 18 June 2007, his single "Jij bent zo" (a cover of David Bisbal's "Silencio") was released. It unexpectedly became a huge hit, and rose to the first place on both the Top 40 and the Single Top 100.
On 12 November 2007, a new single was released, Eén wereld. In December, this song went to the number 1 position in the charts, and remained there for two weeks.
Jeroen represented The Netherlands as a part of the male group De Toppers in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009.
In January 2016, Van der Boom was accused of plagiarizing "Não dá" by the Portuguese band D.A.M.A in his song "Overal waar ik ga" released in June 2015.
Awards.
On 12 September 2007 Van der Boom received the "Pluim van de Duim" from Juan da Silva, head of Free Record Shop, for his "positive contribution to the Dutch pop music scene" with "Jij bent zo".


Bernard Wagenaar

Bernard Wagenaar (July 18, 1894 – May 19, 1971) was a Dutch-American composer, conductor and violinist.
Wagenaar was born in Arnhem. He studied at Utrecht University before starting his career as a teacher and conductor in 1914. He moved to the U.S. in 1920, and he became a citizen in 1927. From 1925 to 1968 he taught at the Juilliard School, where Ned Rorem, Jacob Druckman, Bernard Herrmann, Robert Ward, Tutti Camarata, Charles Jones, Alan Shulman, Katharine Mulky Warne, and James Cohn were among his pupils. He was an active member of the League of Composers and similar organizations and was an officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau in the Netherlands. He died in York, Maine.
He wrote four symphonies (1926, 1930, 1936 and 1946) and other orchestral, vocal, and chamber music in a broadly neoclassical style.
His second symphony was one of the few American works Arturo Toscanini performed with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra; the first performances were on November 10, 11, and 13, 1933, in Carnegie Hall.


Philip Hans Franses

Philippus Henricus Benedictus Franciscus "Philip Hans" Franses (born 1963) is a Dutch economist and Professor of Applied Econometrics and Marketing Research at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, and dean of the Erasmus School of Economics, especially known for his 1998 work on "Nonlinear Time Series Models in Empirical Finance."
Biography.
Born in Wageningen, Franses studied econometrics at the University of Groningen, graduated in 1987, and received his PhD in 1991 at Erasmus School of Economics of the Erasmus University Rotterdam with the thesis, entitled "Model selection and seasonality in time series" under supervision of Teun Kloek.
After graduation he started his academic career with a post-doc position as a Research Affiliate of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1996 he became as Associate Professor at the Econometric Institute, and Director of Research at the Rotterdam Institute for Business Economic Studies. In 1998 he was appointed Endowed Professor of Applied Econometrics, and in 1999 he was appointed Professor of Marketing research at the Erasmus School of Economics of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. PhD students have been Albert Veenstra & Dick van Dijk (graduated in 1999); L.J.O. Lint, C.S. Bos & P.C. Verhoef (2001); J.-J.J. Jonker & J.E.M. van Nierop (2002); S.H.K. Wuyts (2003); J. Kippers (2004); S.D. Tsolakis & R.D. van Oest (2005); E.A. de Groot (2006); B.L.K. Vroomen; S. Knapp (2007); M.C. Non (2008); M. van Diepen, R. Segers & A. van Dijk (2009).
Franses is also Adjunct Professor at the University of Western Australia since 2001, at the Chiang Mai University since 2006, and at the Anton de Kom University of Suriname since 2008. From 2004 to 2006 he was Director of the Econometric Institute as successor of Herman K. van Dijk, and was succeeded by Albert Wagelmans. Since 2006 Franses is Dean of the Erasmus School of Economics.
In 2011 Franses is elected member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2012 he received an honorary doctorate from Chiang Mai University in Thailand.
Work.
Franses' research interests are in the field of the "development of new models that enable more accurate forecasts with a specific focus on seasonal time series and marketing metrics. His interests also include economic growth and business cycles as well as the Euro."
"Time series models for business and economic forecasting," 1998.
In the Preface of "Time series models for business and economic forecasting" (1998) Franses started explaining, that "the econometric analysis of economic and business time series is a major field of research and application. The last few decades have witnessed an increasing interest in both theoretical and empirical developments in constructing time series models and in their important application in forecasting."
In this work these developments are being researched. The Cambridge catalogue summarized, that "the early parts of the book focus on the typical features of time series data in business and economics. Part III is concerned with the discussion of some important concepts in time series analysis, the discussion focuses on the techniques which can be readily applied in practice. Parts IV-VIII suggest different modeling methods and model structures. Part IX extends the concepts in chapter three to multivariate time series. Part X examines common aspects across time series."
"Nonlinear Time Series Models in Empirical Finance," 1998.
Franses' most familiar work is "Nonlinear Time Series Models in Empirical Finance," published in 1998, and co-authored by his former PhD student Dick van Dijk. In its introduction, the books aim and content is summarized:
"This book deals with the empirical analysis of financial time series with an explicit focus on, first, describing the data in order to obtain insights into their dynamic patterns and, second, out-of-sample forecasting. We restrict attention to modelling and forecasting the conditional mean and the conditional variance of such series – or, in other words, the return and risk of financial assets. As documented in detail below, financial time series display typical nonlinear characteristics. Important examples of those features are the occasional presence of (sequences of) aberrant observations and the plausible existence of regimes within which returns and volatility display different dynamic behaviour. We therefore choose to consider only nonlinear models in substantial detail, in contrast to Mills (1999), where linear models are also considered. Financial theory does not provide many motivations for nonlinear models, but we believe that the data themselves are quite informative..."
"Econometric methods with applications in business and economics," 2004.
In "Econometric methods with applications in business and economics" (2004) Christiaan Heij et al. stated, that "nowadays applied work in business and economics requires a solid understanding of econometric methods to support decision-making."
This textbook takes a learning by doing approach, and "covers basic econometric methods (statistics, simple and multiple regression, nonlinear regression, maximum likelihood, and generalized method of moments), and addresses the creative process of model building with due attention to diagnostic testing and model improvement. Its last part is devoted to two major application areas: the econometrics of choice data (logit and probit, multinomial and ordered choice, truncated and censored data, and duration data) and the econometrics of time series data (univariate time series, trends, volatility, vector autoregressions, and a brief discussion of SUR models, panel data, and simultaneous equations)."
Publications.
Franses has authored and co-authored over 300 scientific articles and papers, and some books. Books:
Articles, a selection:


Susana (singer)

Sanne Boomhouwer (born April 8, 1984 in Aalsmeer, Netherlands), who performs as Susana, is a Dutch trance music vocalist and radio host.
Early years.
Boomhouwer grew up in the Amsterdam suburb of Aalsmeer and took classical singing lessons in her youth. She attended the De Brug primary school. Boomhouwer was inspired to become a songwriter after hearing Alanis Morissette's "Jagged Little Pill"; other inspirations include Mariah Carey and Tori Amos. As a teenager she sang in the rock band '010?, named after the classroom the band rehearsed in.
Career.
At age 19, a neighbor of Boomhouwer's introduced her to producers Raz Nitzan and Adrian Broekhuyse after seeing her perform live. The meeting led to her singing on "Dark Side of the Moon", a collaboration with Dutch producers Ernesto van der Meij and Edwin Koelewijn (credited as Ernesto vs. Bastian). Under the name "Susana", Boomhouwer provided guest vocals on the song "Shivers" by Armin van Buuren; the album of the same title reached the charts in the Netherlands.
Susana then signed with Armada Music. She released her solo debut, "Closer", on Armada in 2010, followed by "Brave" in 2012. She contributed vocals to "Without You" by Egyptian trance duo Aly & Fila, and performed the song live at the pyramids of Giza in 2015. She has also provided guest vocals for Metropole Orchestra at the Tomorrowland Festival and for Rex Mundi.
Susana hosts two radio shows in which she showcases trance music, V2V and Press Play.
She won the Trance Podium Award for Best Vocalist five years in a row from 2014 to 2018. She has ten songs listed in the top 1000 trance songs of all time, published by A State of Trance in 2021 and provided vocals for the #1 song "Shivers" and the #10 song "RAMelia".


Diet Wiegman

Diet Wiegman (born 24 January 1944 in Schiedam) is a Dutch multidisciplinary visual artist from the Netherlands.
Wiegman's father and grandfather were artists as well. This upbringing lead him to study at the Rotterdam Academy of Art, from 1961 to 1965, and to become a dedicated artist himself.
Wiegman is referred to as an 'art omnivore'. An art movement by the same title was named after him. He has works in a multitude of disciplines.
Career.
Wiegman acquired fame in the late nineteen sixties as a progressive ceramist. He made true-to-form rusted cans and military bags from clay. By doing so he demonstrated a combination between ‘future’ and ‘past’, with the creation of something new that was modeled after something in decay.
Wiegman also placed his works in a barrel, which he left rotating for days on end. The works came out broken up into tiny pieces. In that way he could see how the works would look decades into the future. By doing so, in his own mind, Wiegman stretched his life out over centuries. He experienced the fact that one is simply moving atoms around and that time is measured through transmutation - just as discarded metal objects are melted down to make something new.
Like artists Piero Manzoni, Yayoi Kusama, and later Jean-Michel Basquiat, Wiegman was represented by the renowned Gallery Delta in the Netherlands. As a result, Wiegman's sculptures were displayed internationally at some of the most prominent galleries and art fairs.
Shadow art.
Wiegman's international breakthrough came with his shadow and light sculptures (also known as shadow art) where, by illuminating a pile of waste, a contrasting image would appear on the wall in the form of a highly detailed shadow. He later made sculptures in which he integrated shattered glass and mirror reflections with his shadow-art concept. By creating shadow art for almost five decades, Wiegman is seen as a pioneer in this field and his work has inspired numerous artists throughout the years.
When asked about his work in the 1970s, Wiegman simply said: “I did not invent the phenomenon shadow, I just make holes in the light”.
Wiegman demonstrates his vision of looking at seemingly general objects in a different way. Also, his light sculptures produce more than just a shadow, behind each work lies a concept.
Wiegman's work often plays with clichés, distortion and contradiction. Sometimes it is philosophical. Sometimes it mocks its own seriousness, but it is mostly fresh, with a sense of irony. He has often destroyed his own artworks and later on combined fragments of the destroyed works in new sculptures. These became models for paintings and drawings that were exhibited.
Wiegman is called an ‘omnivore in art’ because every medium shows up in his oeuvre. Sculptures, paintings, drawings, glass and ceramic objects, performance art, art in public space, referring to fashion, architecture and more. In his performances, music and dance were also integrated. More and more he combines his works from various periods and mixes everything together. In his own words: ‘Analogous to life, just as every person reuses his early experiences and memories and combines them with new achievements from the present’.
Documentary.
In 2008 'Anagram' was released, an award-winning documentary by director Mike Redman that highlights Wiegman's work and vision. Since Wiegman rarely speaks about his own art, it is a documentary without words that tells its own expressive story through Wiegman's art. In 2009 and 2010, Wiegman was voted ‘Most brilliant artist of the Netherlands’. His art can be found in the public space and is owned by museums and private collectors around the world.


Archeologisch Museum Haarlem

The Archeologisch Museum Haarlem is a museum in the cellar of the Vleeshal on the Grote Markt in Haarlem, the Netherlands, dedicated to promoting interest and conserving the archeological heritage of Kennemerland.
History.
The museum was opened in 1991 and aims to engender respect for the unlocked underground treasures that can surface in Haarlem's many building projects. The museum is run by the Archeologische Werkgroep Haarlem (AWH) which was formed in 1970, and falls under the amateur archeology society of the Netherlands (AWN). The workgroup is led by the Haarlem city archeologist. Archeological digs within city limits are monitored by the City of Haarlem, while digs outside city limits are monitored by the Province of North Holland. The museum is kept open by a large group of volunteers who gather on Wednesday evenings to discuss, document and clean finds. Discoveries are published in a bi-monthly periodical by the AWN.
The museum is open from Wednesday-Sunday from 13:00 to 17:00. Admission is free. The restrooms and an elevator are shared with the Museum upstairs called Museum De Hallen, Haarlem, so if the stairs are too narrow the other entrance can be used.


Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck

Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck (31 October 1761 – 15 February 1825), Lord of Nyenhuis, Peckedam and Gellicum, was a Dutch jurist, ambassador and politician who served as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic from 1805 to 1806.
Education.
Schimmelpenninck was born into a bastard branch of the noble family Schimmelpenninck van der Oye in Deventer, Overijssel on 31 October 1761. His father, Gerrit Schimmelpenninck, was a wine trader who had no rights in the Dutch Republic because of his commitment to the Mennonite Church. Schimmelpenninck attended , and started studying Roman and Contemporary Law at Leiden University in 1781. He received his doctorate in 1784 with his essay "De imperio populari rite temporato", in which he defended Rousseau's doctrine of popular sovereignty, although in which this is limited to the wealthy bourgeoisie. He also spoke positively of the Constitution of the United States with its dominating president in this thesis. The wealthy bourgeoisie, to which Schimmelpenninck belonged, was devoid of any power, particularly in the east of the Netherlands. This frustrated him and others who enjoyed a good education but weren't assigned influential positions in government because of their background and religion, since these were reserved to scions from the nobility and patricians, and limited to followers of the Reformed Church in the eastern provinces. He was one of the first Patriots as a student in Leiden. As the leader of an "exercitiegenootschap", he suppressed an insurrection of Orangist students in June 1784. In October 1785 he was appointed by a congress of representatives of Holland "exercitiegenootschappen" in a commission, together with Wybo Fijnje and Pieter Vreede, to write the Patriot manifesto, known as the Leiden Draft.
After receiving his doctorate, on 11 December 1784, Schimmelpenninck left for Amsterdam to become a lawyer. In 1788, he married Catharina Nahuys, a scion of a wealthy family who provided him with a lot of money and the necessary connections in the capital. Together with these connections, he established the Patriotic "". The society was short-lived; it was disbanded in 1787 due to Prussian intervention. The Prussians restored the power of the stadtholder, William V, and his Prussian consort Wilhelmina. The Patriots were thwarted since, and a portion fled to France. Schimmelpenninck and his friends decided to established a "scientific" society, the "Kunst- en letterlievend Genootschap Doctrina et Amicitia", which included several other prominent Patriots, including Cornelis Rudolphus Theodorus Krayenhoff, Alexander Gogel, Samuel Iperusz. Wiselius and Nicolaas van Staphorst. In 1789, Schimmelpenninck, together with the Van Staphorst brothers, participated in the Holland Land Company, a company investing in northern New York.
Early career.
After the French invasion in the Batavian Revolution on 19 January 1795, Schimmelpenninck ended up in the temporary city government of Amsterdam. On 1 March 1796, he was elected into the 1st National Assembly for the electoral district Amsterdam-XIV. He seated with the Moderates, who opposed the Federalists and the Unitarians. The Federalists were conservative; they were satisfied with the departure of the stadtholder but opposed further reforms. They were proponents of provincial autonomy. The Unitarians, however, were radical, and wished to replace the provinces with departments and establish a powerful, democratic and centralised government for the Batavian Republic. Schimmelpenninck's Moderates took a central stance. They also wanted a centralised government like the Unitarians, but had no desire for profound broadening of electoral law. Schimmelpenninck presided the National Assembly from 17 May to 30 May 1796, and again from 15 May to 29 May 1797. In 1797, he was re-elected into the 2nd National Assembly, but immediately resigned when rumours spread that the "ultrademocrats" attempted to seize control with the aid of France. After the coup d'état of Herman Willem Daendels on 12 June 1798, Schimmelpenninck returned to the foreground. Although Daendels was an irascible Unitarian, he followed the line of "cautious tempering" and was supported by Schimmelpenninck.
On 14 June 1798, Schimmelpenninck was appointed Batavian ambassador to Paris. After Napoleon's coup d'état on 9 November 1799, Schimmelpenninck became captivated with his personality. In 1801 and 1802 he took part in the negotiations preceding the Treaty of Amiens. He saw himself as an independent negotiator between the French and English plenipotentiaries, Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis respectively. In practice, the Batavian Republic had no independent foreign politics anymore, and had to comply to the wishes of France. On 8 December 1802, Schimmelpenninck was transferred to London, but he returned half a year later, on 14 June 1803, at the request of France. The battle between Great Britain and France and its allies, including the Batavian Republic which had endured another coup d'était in 1801, continued. He returned to his office as ambassador to France on 15 September 1803, where he was noticed by Napoleon.
Grand Pensionary.
In 1804, Schimmelpenninck was asked to write a new constitution for the Batavian Republic by Napoleon. When he finished this constitution a year later, he returned to the Netherlands to assume power from the "Uitvoerend Bewind", being appointed Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic on 29 April 1805. It is not clear whether he felt a much desire to hold this office, but since Napoleon more or less forced him to, he accepted. Although on paper he was the republic's chief executive, in practice he had become a puppet to Napoleon. As Grand Pensionary, he was assisted by a legislative body of nineteen men which would assemble every six months to express its opinion on the policy. A kind of cabinet of secretaries of state was introduced. One of the most important secretaries of state was Alexander Gogel, who managed the department of Finance. In the short period of time in which Schimmelpenninck was Grand Pensionary he, assisted by Gogel, implemented several major reforms. Gogel managed to implement a new tax system. Excise on salt, soap, peat, alcoholic beverages, grain, flour and meat was introduced, as well as land tax, a cadastre, personal tax on clerks, horses, furniture, etc. Schimmelpenninck's secretary of Education, , implemented a new education act introducing subsidised public education. On 4 June 1806, Schimmelpenninck was replaced by Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte, who would be crowned king of the newly formed French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland.
Schimmelpenninck was elevated to the French nobility in 1807. He was further elevated to Count by Napoleon himself on 10 April 1811. After his resignation as Grand Pensionary, he was unemployed for five years, until he became senator in the Imperial Senate of France on 30 December 1811. The Netherlands had since been annexed by France. When Napoleon was defeated and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was established in 1815, Schimmelpenninck took up a seat in the First Chamber of the States General on 21 September 1815. Due to an eye disease, he was forced to give up his seat in 1820, and retreat from the public eye. He died in Amsterdam on 15 February 1825.


Carolyne Van Vliet

Carolyne Marina Van Vliet, van Vliet, (1929 – 2016) was a Dutch-American physicist notable for the theory of generation-recombination noise and for the theory of quantum transport in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, as well as for her many contributions to the foundations of Linear Response Theory. She was a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
Education.
Van Vliet obtained a BS in physics and mathematics from Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam in 1949. Van Vliet then obtained an MA in physics from the same university in 1953, and a PhD in 1956 for a thesis titled "Current Fluctuations in Semiconductors and Photoconductors," under Gerardus J. Sizoo.
Personal life.
As a teenager, Van Vliet lived in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands for 5 years. The name change from "K M van Vliet" to "C M Van Vliet" occurred in 1982. She moved to Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1956, then to Montreal, Quebec in 1969. Starting in 1995 she lived in Miami, Florida.
Career.
Van Vliet was a Teaching Assistant (1949–1953) at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, and then a NV Philips Research Fellow (1953–1956) at the same university. This was followed by an appointment as a Fulbright Fellow in the Electrical Engineering Department at the University of Minnesota (1956–1957), where she rose to assistant professor. During 1958-1960, Van Vliet was appointed as 'Conservator' in the Department of Physics at the Vrije Universiteit and then was appointed at the University of Minnesota (1957–1970) rising to professor. In that time, she was an Assistant (1957–58) and Associate (1960-65) Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and a Full professor (1965–70) in the Department of Physics. In 1969-1995, Van Vliet was Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques of the Université de Montréal. Then, during 1992-2000, she was a Professor at Florida International University in Miami. Her last position was as adjunct Professor of Physics at the University of Miami. In her career, she actively visited other physics departments over the years which include the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands (1968, 1977) and the University of Florida in Gainesville, FL (1974, 1977, 1978–84).
She was a stellar researcher and teacher who specialized in the areas of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, fluctuations and stochastic processes, quantum transport in condensed matter and electron behavior in nanoscale quantum devices during her career. These topics are relevant today in exploring the development of quantum computing and its applications. She published over 200 scientific publications and several books included a graduate textbook, "Equilibrium and Non-Equilibruim Statistical Mechanics". She also supervised and graduated over 28 PhD students from 1958 to 2000.


Council at Fili

The Council at Fili was a military council, which was convened on 13 September 1812 after the Battle of Borodino during the French invasion of Russia by Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Kutuzov in the village of Fili, west of Moscow. The question was asked whether, after the orderly retreat from the Battle of Borodino that Napoleon had won despite great losses of the Grand Armee, to give another battle near Moscow or to abandon the city without a fight.
On the eve of the council.
On the eve of the council, formations of the Russian Army were located west of Moscow to give battle to Napoleon's troops. The position had been chosen by General Leonty Bennigsen. Barclay de Tolly had inspected the battlefield on horseback and came to the conclusion that the position was fatal to the formations of the Russian army. The same conclusions after him came, having traveled to the location of the Russian troops, to Alexei Ermolov and Karl Tol.
Course of the council in Fili.
The council was attended by generals Mikhail Barclay de Tolly, delayed on the way Leonty Bennigsen, Dmitry Dokhturov, Alexei Ermolov, Peter Konovnitsyn, Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy, Nikolay Raevsky, who was very late, Karl Tol, Fedor Uvarov, and General Paisiy Kaysarov who was on duty that day. There was no protocol. The main sources of information about the council are the memoirs of Raevsky and Ermolov, as well as a letter from Nikolai Longinov to Semyon Vorontsov in London.
Bennigsen, who opened the meeting, formulated a dilemma – to give battle in an unfavorable position or to surrender the ancient capital to the enemy. Kutuzov corrected him that it was not about saving Moscow, but about saving the army, since you can count on victory only if the combat-ready army is preserved. Barclay de Tolly proposed retreating to the Vladimirsky Tract and further to Nizhny Novgorod, so that in the event of Napoleon's turn to Petersburg, he would have time to block his path.
In his speech, Bennigsen announced that the retreat makes senseless bloodshed in the battle of Borodino. The surrender of the sacred to the Russian city will undermine the fighting spirit of the soldiers. Great will be purely material losses from the ruin of noble estates. Despite the onset of darkness, he proposed to regroup and attack the Great Army without delay. Bennigsen's proposal was supported by Yermolov, Konovnitsyn, Uvarov and Dohturov.
The first to speak in the debate was Barclay de Tolly, who criticized the position near Moscow and suggested retreating: "Having saved Moscow, Russia is not saved from a cruel, ruinous war. But if we save the army, the hopes of the Fatherland are not yet destroyed, and the war... can continue with convenience: the prepared troops will have time to join in different places outside Moscow".
Osterman-Tolstoy, Raevsky and Tol spoke for the fact that Russia is not in Moscow. The latter pointed out that the army exhausted by the battle of Borodino was not ready for a new equally large-scale battle, especially since many commanders were disabled by wounds. At the same time, the army's retreat along the streets of Moscow will make a painful impression on the townspeople. To this Kutuzov objected that "the French army will dissolve in Moscow like a sponge in the water", and offered to retreat to the Ryazan road.
Based on the opinion of the minority of those present, Kutuzov decided not to let the battle take place in an unsuccessful position, to leave Moscow (because, in his words, repeating Barclay de Tolly, "with the loss of Moscow, Russia is still not lost") in order to save the army to continue the war, and at the same time get closer to suitable reserves. This decision required a certain courage, since the measure of responsibility for the surrender of the historical capital to the enemy was very large and could result in the resignation of the commander-in-chief. No one could predict how this decision would be taken at court.
After the council in Fili.
At the end of the council, Kutuzov summoned the quartermaster-general Dmitry Lansky and ordered him to ensure the supply of food on the Ryazan road. At night, the adjutant of Kutuzov heard him cry. The army, which was preparing for battle, was ordered to retreat, causing widespread bewilderment and grumbling. Retreat in the city was carried out at night. The decision to retreat was taken aback by the Moscow authorities, headed by Count Fedor Rostopchin.
After two day crossings, the Russian army turned from the Ryazan road to Podolsk onto the old Kaluga road, and from there onto the new Kaluga one. As part of the Cossacks continued to retreat to Ryazan, the French scouts were disoriented, and Napoleon for 9 days had no idea about the whereabouts of the Russian troops.
Memory of the council.
The Council at Fili was described by Leo Tolstoy in the novel War and Peace. Based on the Tolstoy literary basis, the artist Alexei Kivshenko painted two paintings of the same content depicting the main characters on the 70th anniversary of the council, the first in 1880 (stored in the Russian Museum), the second in 1882 (Tretyakov Gallery).
In the tradition of Tolstoy and Kivshenko, the council is depicted in the epic of Sergei Bondarchuk "War and Peace" (1967). For reasons of economy of timing, among all the council members in the film, the word was given only to Kutuzov and Bennigsen (the latter speaks Russian on the movie screen, which he did not actually speak).
The hut of the peasant Mikhail Frolov (often mistakenly called Andrei Sevastyanovich Frolov or, following Leo Tolstoy, Andrei Sevastyanov), in which the council took place, burned down in 1868, but was restored in 1887, since 1962 – a branch of the Borodino Panorama Museum. Reliably the initial appearance of the hut is known thanks to a number of studies carried out in the 1860s by Alexei Savrasov.


Leonard Ornstein

Leonard Salomon Ornstein (November 12, 1880 in Nijmegen, the Netherlands – May 20, 1941 in Utrecht, the Netherlands) was a Dutch physicist.
Biography.
He studied theoretical physics with Hendrik Antoon Lorentz at University of Leiden. He subsequently carried out Ph.D. research under the supervision of Lorentz, concerning an application of the statistical mechanics of Gibbs to molecular problems.
In 1914, he was appointed professor of physics, as successor of Peter Debye, at University of Utrecht. Among his doctoral students was Jan Frederik Schouten. In 1922, he became director of Physical Laboratory ("Fysisch Laboratorium") and extended his research interests to experimental subjects. His precision measurements concerning intensities of spectral lines brought Physical Laboratory in the international limelight.
He is also remembered for the Ornstein-Zernike theory (named after Ornstein and Frederik Zernike) concerning correlation functions,
and the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process (named after Ornstein and George Uhlenbeck), a stochastic process.
Together with Gilles Holst, director of Philips Research Laboratories ("Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium"), he was the driving force behind establishing the Dutch Physical Society ("Nederlands Natuurkundig Vereniging", NNV) in 1921. From 1939 until November 1940 he was Chairman of this Society. From 1918 until 1922 Ornstein was Chairman of the Dutch Zionist Society ("Nederlandse Zionistische Vereniging"). In 1929, he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Immediately after the involvement of the Netherlands in the World War II (see Battle of the Netherlands), a friend from the United States of America, the astronomer Peter van de Kamp, offered to bring Ornstein and his family to America. However, Ornstein did not accept this offer, since, as he put it, he would not leave his laboratory in Utrecht. Owing to his Jewish heritage, Ornstein was summarily dismissed from the University in September, 1940. He was even barred from entering his own laboratory. In November, 1940, he was officially dismissed from the University. On November 29, 1940, Ornstein willingly withdrew his membership of the Dutch Physical Society. During this period he increasingly distanced himself from public life, to the degree that he no longer wished to receive guests at home. Ornstein died on May 20, 1941, six months after being barred from University.
One of the five buildings of Department of Physics of University of Utrecht, the Ornstein Laboratorium, is named in his honor.


Heilige Stede

Nieuwezijds Kapel (Dutch - New Side's Chapel), or Heilige Stede (Dutch - holy site) or Chapel of the Heilige Stede refers to a site in Amsterdam that includes shops and a Dutch Reformed church built in 1908 on the site of a church once called the Heilige Stede, originally built in the 15th century to replace a chapel that burned in a city fire of 1452. That original chapel had been built in 1347 as a result of the miracle of Amsterdam (15 March 1345), located on the Kalverstraat where this miracle with the eucharistic host occurred.
History.
In the beeldenstorm of 1566 the chapel was severely damaged, and after the Alteratie, the chapel came into Protestant hands, when it was renamed the "Nieuwezijds Chapel" by them. The yearly procession that until then had taken place by the Catholics, was forbidden. In 1881, this tradition was reinstated as the Stille Omgang.
The building was deconstructed in 1908, after the Protestant church fathers decided to consolidate the space and sell off the surrounding land to generate income. At that period the Catholic Church was enjoying a surge in popularity and the Protestants were determined not to "give them back their church grounds". The various sections of the old church outside the part left for the modern chapel, were stripped of useful materials, to prevent them ever being used again for Catholic worship, and the ground was sold for the construction of shops, so that the Catholics could never have it back. The miracle church's function had already long been taken over by the Roman Catholic schuilkerk at the Amsterdam Beguinage. Despite these measures, the site still has many parts of the old church intact, and the cultural history of the entire site is important for the city of Amsterdam.
Parts of the chapel are still to be found in the Enge Kapelsteeg and on the roof of the schuilkerk De Papegaai in the Kalverstraat. A few fragments of the chapel came to be on the Frankendael in the Watergraafsmeer. On the Rokin was erected the Mirakelkolom (miracle column), though this was disassembled and raised for the construction of the North-south line of the Amsterdam Metro. The entire site is considered a Rijksmonument, except for certain parts of the interior such as the modern organ.


Treaty of Bolotovo

The Treaty of Bolotovo () was concluded in 1348 between the northwestern Russian cities of Novgorod the Great and Pskov and recognized Pskov's political independence from Novgorod. Up until that point, Pskov had, at least nominally, been part of the Novgorodian Land and subordinate to Novgorod, although it had invited in its own princes and been de facto independent for perhaps a century before that. Valentin Yanin argues Pskov became politically independent in 1329, but they had also invited several princes before, including Vsevolod Mstislavich (who had been in Novgorod before being dismissed in 1136) and the Lithuanian prince Dovmont (1266–1299).


Theo Bovens

Theodorus Jozef Franciscus Marie "Theo" Bovens (; born 1 October 1959) is a Dutch politician who served as the King's Commissioner of Limburg from 30 June 2011 until 19 April 2021.
A member of the Christian Democratic Appeal, he was a member of the municipal council of Maastricht from 1986 to 2002 and served as one of the city's aldermen from 1994 to 2003. From 2003 to 2005 he was Vice Chairman of the Open University in the Netherlands and from 2005 until 2011 he served as Chairman. From 2006 to 2011 he was also a member of the Social-Economic Council.
Bovens was born in Maastricht and studied history at Radboud University Nijmegen. He is married and has a daughter.


SM U-23 (Austria-Hungary)

SM "U-23 or U-XXIII" was a or U-boat built for and operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy ( or ) during the First World War. The design for "U-23" was based on that of the submarines of the Royal Danish Navy's "Havmanden" class (which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume), and was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war.
"U-23" was just over long and was armed with two bow torpedo tubes, a deck gun, and a machine gun. In February 1918, "U-23" was sunk with all hands by the Italian torpedo boat "Airone" while attempting an attack on the Italian transport . "U-23" had no wartime successes.
Design and construction.
When it became apparent to the Austro-Hungarian Navy that the First World War would not be a short one, they moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish "Havmanden" class submarines, which had been designed by Whitehead & Co. in Fiume, who had built three units. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for "U-23" and her three sister boats on 27 March 1915.
"U-23" was one of two boats of the class to be built at the Hungarian yard in Fiume. Due to demands by the Hungarian government, subcontracts for the class were divided between Hungarian and Austrian firms, and this politically expedient solution worsened technical problems with the design, resulting in numerous modifications and delays for the class in general.
"U-23" was an ocean-going submarine that displaced surfaced and submerged and was designed for a complement of 18. She was long with a beam of and a draft of . For propulsion, she featured a single shaft, a single diesel engine for surface running, and a single electric motor for submerged travel. She was capable of while surfaced and while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for "U-23", the "Havmanden" class, upon which the "U-20" class was based, had a range of at , surfaced, and at submerged.
"U-23" was armed with two torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. She was also equipped with a /26 deck gun and an machine gun.
Service career.
"U-23" was launched on 5 January 1917, but It is not known with certainty when "U-23" was commissioned. Author Paul Halpern reports that "U-23" and her three sisters all entered service between August and November 1917. Although there are no specific reports of problems with "U-23", the "U-20" class as a whole suffered from unreliable engines which compounded the poor handling characteristics of the boats.
On 21 February 1918, "Linienschiffsleutnant" Klemens Ritter von Bézard, "U-23"s only commanding officer, was guiding the boat in an attack on the Italian transport in the Straits of Otranto. "U-23" came under attack by the Italian torpedo boat "Airone" which first tried to ram the U-boat, and then deployed an explosive paravane. When the paravane contacted the submerged "U-23", it exploded, blowing debris into the air and sinking the submarine with all hands. Like all of her sister boats, "U-23" had no wartime successes.


Ronald Cramer

Ronald John Fitzgerald Cramer (born 3 February 1968 in Haarlem) is a professor at the Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in Amsterdam and the University of Leiden. He obtained his PhD from the University of Amsterdam in 1997. Prior to returning to the Netherlands he was at the University of Aarhus.
He is best known for his work with Victor Shoup on chosen ciphertext secure encryption in the standard model, in particular the Cramer–Shoup encryption scheme.
Cramer became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2013. He is member of the advisory board of the German Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt CASED.