Dmitri Rudolf Peacock

Dmitri Rudolf Peacock (26 September 1842 – 23 May 1892), born in Russia, was a philologist, diplomat and explorer of the Caucasus.
Life.
Peacock was born on 26 September 1842 in the village of Shakhmanovka, district of Kozlov, in the government of Tambov, Russia; he was the son of Charles Peacock, estate manager, and his wife Concordia "née" Schlegel. He was educated at a school in England, and afterwards at the University of Moscow.
On 25 October 1881 he was appointed vice-consul at Batumi, which had become important in consequence of its annexation by Russia. He became consul on 27 January 1890. He is said to have owed his appointments to his familiarity with the Russian language.
He was well acquainted with the languages and customs of the inhabitants in the mountains of the Caucasus, among whom he had established such friendly relations that he was admitted into their most remote fastnesses. One of the fruits of these expeditions was the publication of original vocabularies of five west Caucasian languages: Georgian, Mingrelian, and the Laz, Svan, and Apkhaz languages. Up to that time no contribution on these languages had appeared in English.
On 14 October 1891 Peacock was appointed consul-general at Odessa, but had only been in residence a few weeks when he died there, on 23 May 1892; it was supposed that he died of Caucasian fever, the marshes which surrounded Batumi rendering the town very unhealthy. He was buried in the British cemetery in Odessa. He left a widow, Tatiana "née" Bakunin, and three sons and three daughters.
Peacock left little by which the world can form a judgment of his abilities. According to the "Levantine Herald", as quoted by "The Athenaeum", he wrote a book on the Caucasus which was not approved by the Foreign Office; his widow promised to publish it, but it is not known whether it appeared.
Literature.
Kikvidze, Zaal & Pachulia, Levan. 2018. An early landmark in the history of English-Megrelian lexicography: D. R. Peacock's contribution. "8th International Research Conference on Education, Language and Literature. Proceedings Book". Tbilisi: IBSU; pp. 490–496.
Attribution


William Reid (British Army officer)

Major General Sir William Reid (25 April 1791 – 31 October 1858) was a Scottish military engineer, administrator and meteorologist. He was Governor of the Bermudas (1839–1846), of the British Windward Islands (1846–1848), and of Malta (1851–1858). Reid founded the Bermuda National Library in 1839.
Early life and education.
William Reid was born on 25 April 1791 at Kinglassie, Fife, the fifth child and eldest son of James Reid, minister of the Church of Scotland at Kinglassie, and his wife, Alexandrina, daughter of Thomas Fyers, chief engineer in Scotland. He was educated at a private school in Musselburgh, and at the Edinburgh Academy. In 1806 he was admitted to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
Military career.
Reid was commissioned in the Corps of Royal Engineers, Board of Ordnance, as No. 419, with the rank of second lieutenant on 10 February 1809, promoted first lieutenant on 23 April 1810, whereupon he joined Wellington's army at Lisbon. From 1810 to 1814 he served with the British army in the Peninsular War. He returned to England in 1814 and was promoted second captain on 20 December. In 1815 he served in the latter stages of the Anglo-American War including participating in Sir Edward Pakenham's unsuccessful attack on New Orleans. In 1816 he returned to Woolwich to become adjutant of the Royal Sappers and Miners and in the same year he accompanied the expedition against Algiers under Lord Exmouth. From 1819 to 1824 he was on half pay. Between 1824 and 1827 Reid served with the Ordnance Survey in Ireland then without employment until on 28 January 1829 he was promoted regimental first captain and sent to Exeter to quell the reform riots.
Reid was in the Leeward Islands in 1831 to direct the task of reconstruction after the Great Barbados hurricane and in Barbados saw at firsthand the destructive power of storms. He became interested in hurricanes, which were at the time a matter of intense scientific controversy. During his two-and-a-half-year stay he became absorbed in trying to understand the nature of North Atlantic hurricanes, which led to a lifelong study of tropical storms. In 1835 Reid commanded a brigade in the British Legion raised by the Queen Regent of Spain. In 1837 he was promoted lieutenant-colonel and was stationed from then until 1839 in Portsmouth. In England, Reid presented scientific ideas he had developed with William Redfield studying storm data before the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1838 to great acclaim. In the same year Reid published his "An Attempt to Develop the Law of Storms by Means of Facts". For this he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1838 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1839. Reid published a second book in 1849, "Progress of the Development of the Law of Storms", and in that year became vice-president of the Royal Society. He was promoted colonel on 11 November 1851 and major-general 30 May 1856.
Personal life.
On 5 November 1818 at Clapham, Surrey, Reid married Sarah, youngest daughter of John Bolland, hop merchant and Member of Parliament for Bletchingley (UK Parliament constituency), Surrey. They had five daughters.
Administrator.
From 1839 to 1846 Reid was Governor of Bermuda, and Governor-in-chief of the British Windward Islands (1846–1848), and Governor and commander-in-chief of Malta (1851–1858). He returned to England to become Commanding Royal Engineer at Woolwich, and in 1850–51 chaired the executive committee of the Great Exhibition, being awarded Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in recognition of his chairmanship in 1851.
Reid was a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and of learned societies of many countries. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in February 1839.
Death.
Reid returned to England from Malta in 1858. He died aged 67 after a short illness at his home, 117 Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, London on 31 October 1858. His wife had died on 19 February 1858. Their five daughters survived them.
Legacy.
Reid is now chiefly remembered for his contribution to the intense debate on storms which dominated meteorology in the first half of the nineteenth century. He is also remembered as a successful governor, genuinely concerned with the well-being of those he was sent to govern.
Family.
His daughter, Grace Reid, married Basil Simouth de Ros Hall, son of Basil Hall.
His daughter Charlotte Cuyler Reid married General Sir Neville Chamberlain.
His daughter Sophia Reid married Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund Hallewell, the son of Edmund Gilling Hallewell MP.


Battle of Coilsfield

The Battle of Coilsfield was a semi-legendary clash in Ayrshire, Scotland, between an allied force of Picts and Scots under Fergus I and an army of Britons led by Coilus, the Coel Hen of the Welsh genealogies. The Britons had invaded Ayrshire in response to an uprising and established a substantial camp on or near the banks of the River Doon, south of the town of Ayr. Place-names such as "Cynning Park", "North Park", "Gear Holm", "Wrights Field", "Slap-house" Burn, and most telling, "Cambusdoon", provide clues to the extent of the encampment and the numbers of men involved. Fergus allowed the Britons to languish in their camp well into winter, so as to exhaust their supplies and whittle down their numbers through disease and desertion. Taking advantage of a drunken Yule-tide revelry in the camp, the Picts and Scots attacked at night during the first watch. The camp, which according to Vegetius had no ramparts or palisade, was successfully overrun. The army of Coilus fled the Doon-side camp in complete panic. After a circuitous retreat south around the "Craigs of Kyle", over the flooded "Water of Coyle" at a place remembered as "the King's Steps" and back again northward, Fergus cornered the remnants west of the hamlet of Failford, and slaughtered Coilus and his men at the place now called Coilsfield. The few survivors rallied around the remnants of the baggage train, and after a brief truce the following day, Fergus wisely allowed them to depart. Place-names in this area include "Dead-mens Holm", "The Bloody Burn", "Fergus-lea", "Cairn-gillan Hill", "Shackle Hill", and "King Coil's Grave", a Bronze-age burial mound.
A poem written by Ayr schoolmaster, John Bonar around 1631, records important details of this event as found only in local memory:
While scholars since the nineteenth century have dismissed the battle as fantasy, some researchers have found that accounts of the event may have been recorded in contemporary and subsequent literature. The Late Roman writer Vegetius in book III for instance writes: "An army too numerous is subject to many dangers and inconveniences. Its bulk makes it slow and unwieldy in its motions; and as it is obliged to march in columns of great length, it is exposed to the risk of being continually harassed and insulted by inconsiderable parties of the enemy. The incumbrance of the baggage is often an occasion of its being surprised in its passage through difficult places or over rivers. The difficulty of providing forage for such numbers of horses and other beasts of burden is very great. Besides, scarcity of provisions, which is to be carefully guarded against in all expeditions, soon ruins such large armies where the consumption is so prodigious, that notwithstanding the greatest care in filling the magazines they must begin to fail in a short time. And sometimes they unavoidably will be distressed for want of water. But, if unfortunately this immense army should be defeated, the numbers lost must necessarily be very great, and the remainder, who save themselves by flight, too much dispirited to be brought again to action." Vegetius warns, as if in response to a court of inquiry: "It may be said that our troops for many years past have not even fortified their permanent camps with ditches, ramparts or palisades. The answer is plain. If those precautions had been taken, our armies would never have suffered by surprises of the enemy both by day and night."
The British writer Gildas offers a passage in his de Excidio that has similarities to the Coilsfield disaster: "To oppose their attacks, there was stationed on the height of the stronghold, an army, slow to fight, unwieldy for flight, incompetent by reason of its cowardice of heart, which languished day and night in its foolish watch. In the meantime the barbed weapons of the naked enemies are not idle."


Umbri

The Umbri were an Italic people of ancient Italy. A region called Umbria still exists and is now occupied by Italian speakers. It is somewhat smaller than the ancient Umbria.
Most ancient Umbrian cities were settled in the 9th-4th centuries BC on easily defensible hilltops. Umbria was bordered by the Tiber and Nar rivers and included the Apennine slopes on the Adriatic. The ancient Umbrian language is a branch of a group called Oscan-Umbrian, which is related to the Latino-Faliscan languages.
Etymology.
They are also called "Ombrii" in some Roman sources. Some Roman writers thought the Umbri to be of Celtic origin; wrote that they were descended from an ancient Gaulish tribe. Plutarch wrote that the name might be a different way of writing the name of the Celto-Germanic tribe , which loosely means "King of the ." He also suggested that the , another Gaulish tribe, might be connected; their Celtic name "Isombres" could possibly mean "Lower Umbrians," or inhabitants of the country below Umbria. Similarly Roman historian Cato the Elder, in his masterpiece Origines, defines the Gauls "the progenitors of the Umbri".
The Ambrones are mentioned, with the Lombards and the Suebi, among the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe in the poem Widsith. Furthermore, according to Roman authors, the Ambrones originated somewhere in Germany or Scandinavia. Pliny the Elder wrote concerning the folk-etymology of the name:
Religion.
During the 6th–4th centuries BC, Umbrian communities constructed rural sanctuaries in which they sacrificed to the gods. Bronze votives shaped as animals or deities were also offered. Umbrian deities include Feronia, Valentia, Minerva Matusia and Clitumnus. The Iguvine Tablets were discovered in 1444 at Gubbio, Italy. Composed during the 2nd or 3rd centuries BC, they describe religious rituals involving animal sacrifice.
Political structure.
Two men held the supreme magistracy of "uhtur" and were responsible for supervising rituals. Other civic offices included the "marone", which had a lower status than "uhtur", and a religious position named "kvestur". The Umbrian social structure was divided into distinct groups probably based upon military rank. During the reign of Augustus, four Umbrian aristocrats became senators. Emperor Nerva’s family was from Umbria.
According to Guy Jolyon Bradley, " The religious sites of the region have been thought to reveal a society dominated by agricultural and pastoral concerns, to which town life came late in comparison to Etruria."
Roman influence.
Throughout the 9th-4th centuries BC, imported goods from Greece and Etruria were common, as well as the production of local pottery.
The Romans first made contact with Umbria in 310 BC and settled Latin colonies there in 299 BC, 268 BC and 241 BC. They had completed their conquest of Umbria by approximately 260 BC. Incorporation into the Roman state occurred during the 3rd century BC when some Umbri were given full citizenship or citizenship without the right to vote. Also during the 3rd century BC about 40,000 Romans settled in the region. The Via Flaminia linking areas of Umbria was complete by 220 BC. Cities in Umbria also contributed troops to Rome for its many wars. Umbrians fought under Scipio Africanus in 205 BC during the Second Punic War. The Praetorian Guard recruited from Etruria and Umbria. The Umbri played a minor role in the Social War and as a result were granted citizenship in 90 BC. Roman veterans were settled in Umbria during the reign of Augustus.
Genetics.
A 2020 analysis of maternal haplogroups from ancient and modern samples indicated a substantial genetic similarity among the modern inhabitants of Umbria and the area's ancient pre-Roman inhabitants, and evidence of substantial genetic continuity in the region from pre-Roman times to the present. Both modern and ancient Umbrians were found to have high rates of haplogroups U4 and U5a, and an overrepresentation of J (at roughly 30%). The study also found that, "local genetic continuities are further attested to by six terminal branches (H1e1, J1c3, J2b1, U2e2a, U8b1b1 and K1a4a)" also shared by ancient and modern Umbrians.
Archaeological sites.
The Umbrians descend from the culture of Terni, protohistoric facies of southern Umbria.
The towns of Chianciano and Clusium (Umbrian: "Camars") near modern Arezzo contain traces of Umbrian habitation dating to the 7th or 8th centuries BC. Terni (in Latin: "Interamna Nahars") was the first important Umbrian center. Its population was called with the name of "Umbri Naharti". They were the largest, organized and belligerent tribe of the Umbrians and populated compactly across the basin of Nera River. This people are quoted for 7 times in the Iguvine Tablets. This is confirmed not only by the Iguvine Tablets, Latin historians and by the important and privileged role played by this city in Roman times, but also by the discovery, at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries, of one of the mixed burial necropolis (Urnfield culture and burial fields) larger of Europe, about 3000 tombs (Necropoli delle Acciaierie di Terni).
Assisi, called "Asisium" by the Romans, was an ancient Umbrian site on a spur of Mount Subasio. Myth relates that the city was founded by Dardanus in 847 BC.
Perugia and Orvieto are not considered of Umbrian but Etruscan origin. According to the geographical distribution of the Umbrian territory, they are located on the left side of the Tiber River, which is part of the ancient Etruria. Umbri were on the opposite side of the river. According to the map of "Regio Umbria and Ager Galliucus" by Emperor Augustus , the major Umbrian city-state were: Terni, Todi, Amelia and Spoleto (the current part of southern Umbria). While north Umbrian cities such as Gubbio or Città di Castello will be affected by the influence of Etruscan culture (a try are the Iguvine Tablets), they will develop a form of writing that is mix of Umbrian and Etruscan language, while the southern Umbrians (the purest and conservative in terms of tradition, language and culture) will not have.


Richard Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp

Richard Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Powick ( 1435 – 19 January 1502/3) was an English peer.
Family Origins.
He was the son of John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (fifth creation), 1st Lord of Powick (d. 1475) and Margaret de Ferrers, possibly daughter of Edmund de Ferrers, 6th Baron Ferrers of Chartley.
Career.
As Sir Richard Beauchamp, of Kemerton and Boddington, he threw aside his father's Lancastrian ties to hold the gates of Gloucester closed against Queen Margaret on the morning of Friday, 3 May 1471, so denying her army use of the Severn Bridge and an escape route into Wales. As she moved north he harried the Lancastrian rear and captured some weapons on the road to Tewkesbury. He fought at the battle of Tewkesbury and was knighted. Soon after, his adulterous wife, Elizabeth, was accused of conspiring his death, with her relation and Beauchamp's litigious neighbour, Thomas Burdet. John Stacey and Thomas Blake were also involved and all three were later accused of imagining the King's death. Burdet and Stacey were hanged at Tyburn. Blake was pardoned.
Family.
On 27 January 1447 in his private chapel at Beauchamp's Court, Alcester, Warwickshire he married Elizabeth, daughter of Humphrey Stafford of Grafton by special licence. Their children were:
Beauchamp died on 19 January 1502/1503, at Broomhill when the Barony expired. His three surviving daughters, Elizabeth, Margaret and Anne, became his co-heirs.


Imperial City of Weil der Stadt


County of Artois

The County of Artois (, ) was a historic province of the Kingdom of France, held by the Dukes of Burgundy from 1384 until 1477/82, and a state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1493 until 1659.
Present Artois lies in northern France, on the border with Belgium. Its territory has an area of around 4000 km² and a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Atrecht), Calais (Kales), Boulogne-sur-Mer (Bonen), Saint-Omer (Sint-Omaars), Lens and Béthune. It forms the interior of the French département Pas-de-Calais.
Originally a feudal county itself, Artois was annexed by the county of Flanders. It came to France in 1180 as a dowry of a Flemish princess, Isabelle of Hainaut, and was again made a separate county in 1237 for Robert, a grandson of Isabelle. Through inheritance, Artois came under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy in 1384. At the death of the fourth duke, Charles the Bold, Artois was inherited by the Habsburgs and passed to the dynasty's Spanish line. After the religious revolts of 1566 in the Netherlands, Artois briefly entered the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the Pacification of Ghent until it formed the Union of Arras in 1579.
After the Union, Artois and Hainaut (Dutch: "Henegouwen") reached a separate agreement with Philip II of Spain. Artois remained with the Spanish Netherlands until it was conquered by the French during the Thirty Years War. The annexation was acknowledged during the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, and it became a French province. Artois had already been largely French-speaking, but it was part of the Southern Netherlands until the French annexation.
Location.
Artois occupies the interior of the Pas-de-Calais "département", the western part of which constitutes the former Boulonnais. Artois roughly corresponds to the arrondissements of Arras, Béthune, Saint Omer, and Lens, and the eastern part of the arrondissement of Montreuil. It occupies the western end of the coalfield which stretches eastward through the neighbouring Nord "département" and across central Belgium.
History.
At the time of Julius Caesar, Artois was the province of the Atrebates, one of the tribes he referred to as Belgae. Their capital, Nemetocenna (later also called Nemetacum or Nemetacon too, all believed to have originated from the Celtic word nemeton, meaning 'sacred space'), is now the city of Arras, which possibly took its later name from the old name of the region.
Artois originally was a Carolingian lordship (comitatus) established in West Francia. In Roman times, Artois had been situated in the Roman provinces of Belgica and Germania Inferior and inhabited by Celtic tribes, until Germanic peoples replaced them as the Roman Empire waned. The lordship was established by the counts Odalric and Ecfrid of Artois; its territories from 898 on were integrated into the County of Flanders by Count Baldwin II, completed by his son and successor Count Arnulf I.
A new territorial principality of Artois was established in 1180 by the division of the county of Flanders as a dowry given by the Flemish count Philip of Alsace to his niece Isabelle of Hainaut at the time of her marriage to King Philip II of France. Upon Isabelle's death in 1190, it was claimed as a reverted fief by the French crown, which however met with strong opposition by Flanders. After the French crown prince Louis VIII the Lion, proclaimed "Count of Artois", had campaigned the Flemish lands and captured Count Ferrand, the county was acquired by the French House of Capet after the Flemish defeat at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214 and the 1226 Treaty of Melun.
In 1237, King Louis VIII gave the County of Artois as an appanage to his younger son Robert, who thereby became the progenitor of the House of Artois, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. After the death of his heir Count Robert II at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302, a succession dispute arose between Robert's daughter, Countess Mahaut and her nephew Robert III, who represented the claim of his father Philip, who had died after the Battle of Furnes in 1298. The dispute was settled in favour of Mahaut. Upon her death in 1329, Artois passed to her daughter by the Anscarid count Otto IV of Burgundy, Countess Joan II. Joan II had inherited the County of Burgundy (Franche-Comté) in 1315 and when she died in 1330, she bequested Artois and Franche-Comté to her eldest daughter, Joan III.
Joan III, Countess of Artois and Burgundy, entered into the dynastic allegiance with the ducal House of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the royal Capetians, by marrying Odo IV of Burgundy in 1330. Until 1350 all territories of Artois, Franche-Comté and the Burgundian duchy were inherited by their grandson Philip I of Burgundy. Upon Philip's death in 1361 however, Artois reverted to the second daughter of Joan, Margaret, and after her death once again to Flanders ruled by her son, Count Louis II in 1382. In 1384 all Flanders, Artois and Franche-Comté finally became part of the vast, complex territory of the Duchy of Burgundy, as Louis' daughter and heiress Margaret III had married Duke Philip the Bold in 1369.
Artois was then held by Philip's descendants from the Burgundian House of Valois-Burgundy until the extinction of the line with the death of Duke Charles the Bold at the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. Seized by King Louis XI of France, he at first established the county as a seneschalate. Nevertheless, the Burgundian territories were also claimed by Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg, the son of Emperor Frederick III and husband of Charles' daughter Mary the Rich. Maximilian's and Louis' troops met at the 1479 Battle of Guinegate. The Habsburg forces were victorious, however Mary died in 1482 and Maximilian was only able to retain Flanders, while Artois and Franche-Comté were officially ceded to the French king by the Treaty of Arras in 1482.
Louis' successor King Charles VIII of France however ceded both territories to Maximilian, now Holy Roman Emperor by the 1493 Treaty of Senlis. Then a state of the Holy Roman Empire, Artois as one of the Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands from 1512 on belonged to the Burgundian Circle and from 1556 was held by Habsburg Spain. In 1579 Artois together with Hainaut and Walloon Flanders signed the Union of Arras loyal to the Spanish Habsburgs, while in reaction the seven northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands formed the Union of Utrecht, the precursor of the Dutch Republic. Artois in the course of the Franco-Spanish War was conquered by the troops of King Louis XIII of France in 1640 and reverted to French rule by the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.
The title of Count of Artois was used only once more, for Charles-Philippe (1757–1836), grandson of King Louis XV, until he ascended as king in 1824.


Palatinate-Sulzbach

Palatinate-Sulzbach was the name of two separate states of the Holy Roman Empire located in modern Amberg-Sulzbach, Bavaria, Germany, ruled by a branch of the House of Wittelsbach.
Palatinate-Sulzbach (1569–1604).
Palatinate-Sulzbach was partitioned from Palatinate-Zweibrücken upon the death of Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken in 1569. His will provided that Palatinate-Sulzbach should be created out of Palatinate-Zweibrücken and ruled by his younger son Otto Henry. Otto Henry died in 1604 without any heirs so Palatinate-Sulzbach passed to Palatinate-Neuburg.
Palatinate-Sulzbach (1614–1742).
In 1614 Palatinate-Sulzbach was partitioned from Palatinate-Neuburg following the death of Count Palatine Philip Louis for his son Augustus. It consisted of two noncontiguous areas separated by the Electorate of Bavaria. It was bordered on the west by the territory of the Imperial city of Nuremberg and on the east by the Kingdom of Bohemia.
Augustus' successor Christian Augustus was a tolerant ruler who allowed his subjects to choose their religious denomination, introduced the simultaneum, allowed Jews to live in Sulzbach in 1666, and established an important printing industry. It became clear during the reigns of his successors that Palatinate-Sulzbach would inherit the Electorate of the Palatinate following the death of Charles III Philip, but this would only occur in 1742 for Charles Theodore.


Battle of Peterswalde

The Prussian Bohemia Incursion was a military campaign led by the Prince Henry of Prussia during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War), to disrupt the Austrian military capacity by launching incursions against its military infrastructure in Bohemia.
The incursion.
On April 14, Prince Henry of Prussia crossed the Erzgebirge (Ore Mountains) in two columns:
Prince Henri's column: 13 bns, 20 sqns
General Hülsen's column: 8 bns and 12 sqns
On April 15, Prince Henry's column entered into Bohemia at Peterswalde, now part of the Czech Republic, while Hülsen marched to Passberg.
Peterswalde was the site of a Habsburg ammunition magazine. A column of Prince Henry of Prussia's advance guard, under command of Johann Jakob von Wunsch, attacked a position strongly held by Croatians of the Habsburg military. In the skirmish, the Croats were routed out of their positions. Wunsch ordered all the munitions destroyed; he also destroyed several ships that were stationed on the Elbe river. Wunsch's force stayed in the village overnight; the next day they were attacked by the imperial force of the Archbishop of Mainz; in the subsequent skirmish, Wunsch's Prussians took one officer and 22 men prisoner. About 600 Grenzers and some Hungarian foot guarded a redoubt on an eminence beyond Peterswalde. Prince Henri's vanguard divided into two bodies, one proceeded to Aussig (present-day Ústí nad Labem), the other to Töpplitz (present-day Teplice); forcing the defenders to abandon their position. The magazine of Aussig was destroyed and about 200 boats on the Elbe burnt. Meanwhile, Hülsen found the pass of Passberg strongly guarded by General Reinhard (I./Andlau Infantry, 1 battalion of Königsegg Infantry, about 1,000 grenzers and hussars for a total of about 2,800 men). Hülsen led his cavalry around the Austrian positions and attacked them on the rear while his infantry launched a frontal attack. He drove the Austrians from their entrenchments, capturing the general, 51 officers and 2,000 men along with 3 colours, 2 standards and 3 guns. The remnants of Reinhard's force retreated to Trautenau (present-day Trutnov) where they joined Loudon.
On April 16, Prince Henri's vanguard returned to his column at Welmina (probably present-day Velemín). The magazines at Lobositz (present-day Lovosice), and Leitmeritz (present-day Litoměřice) were seized and the new bridge at Leitmeritz burnt. Prince Henri then marched from Leitmeritz to Budin (present-day Budyně nad Ohří) where he destroyed another magazine. The flames accidentally set the town on fire and did some damage. Meanwhile, General Hülsen marched on Saatz (present-day Žatec) but the Austrians had burnt their magazines there before he arrived. The Prussian destroyed several other magazines at Komotau (present-day Chomutov), Luckowitz, Liboschowitz (present-day Libochovice), Worwitzow, Postelberg (present-day Postoloprty) and Brüx (present-day Most). During these operations, field marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun was at Jermer (present-day Jaroměř). This raid considerably delayed his operations that summer.
On April 20, Prince Henri, having reached his objectives, ordered to retire with some 3,000 prisoners and reached Saxony three days later.


Kiliia

Kiliia or Kilia (; ; ) is a town in Odessa Oblast of southwestern Ukraine. It is located in the Danube Delta, in the Bessarabian historic district of Budjak; across the river lies the Romanian town of Chilia Veche (Old Kiliia). The Chilia branch of the Danube river, which separates Ukraine from Romania, is named after it. Population:
History.
A town on the Romanian side of the Chilia branch of the Danube, now known as "Chilia Veche" (, translit. "Stara Kiliia") or "Old Chilia", was founded by the Greek Byzantines – κελλία, "kellia" in Greek being the equivalent of "granaries", a name first recorded in 1241, in the works of the Persian chronicler Rashid-al-Din Hamadani. Kiliia is therefore sometimes referred to as "Nova Kiliia" meaning "New Kiliia".
In the place that is now Kiliia, a large colony was established by the Republic of Genoa, known as "Licostomo" and headed by a consul (a representative of the Republic in the region). From that time, only the defensive ditches of a Genoese fortress remained.
The city was founded by Stephen the Great of Moldavia, in order to counteract the Ottoman Empire which had taken control over Chilia Veche in the 15th century. It was a major Moldavian port. However, it was eventually conquered by the Ottomans in 1484, who kept it until 1790, when it was taken by Russian army under the command of the general Ivan Gudovich during Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792). The "Times" of London reported that "35,000 of the inhabitants were involved in a general massacre," an incident that had "been celebrated in prose and poetry."
 The city was given back to the Ottomans in 1792, but retaken by the Russians in 1806 and awarded to them officially in 1812.
After being bombarded by the Anglo-French fleet in July 1854 during the Crimean War, it was given to Romania in the Treaty of Paris (1856). In 1878, Kiliia was transferred back to Russia together with Budjak. Between 1918 and 1940 it was again part of Romania, then integrated in the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR (it was briefly held yet again by Romania, from 1941 to 1944, during World War II), and passed on to independent Ukraine after the Soviet downfall.
The oldest building in Kiliia is the semi-subterranean church of St. Nicholas, which may go back to 1485, although an old inscription in the church claims that it was founded on 10 May 1647.


Prince Heinrich of Hanover

Prince Heinrich of Hanover (Heinrich Julius Christian Otto Friedrich Franz Anton Günter; born 29 April 1961) is a historian and publisher in Göttingen with publishing firm MatrixMedia.
Early life.
Prince Heinrich is the youngest child of Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, and his first wife Princess Ortrud of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. He was born in Hanover, Lower Saxony, Germany. His eldest brother, Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1954), is the present head of the House of Hanover.
His father, a direct male descendant of the Hanoverian kings of Great Britain from George I to George III was born a British prince, confirmed by George V in 1914, but as a child lost the title due to the Titles Deprivation Act (1917). The House of Hanover refuses to recognise this letter and continues to bear the title of Prince (or Princess) of Great Britain and Ireland with the style of Royal Highness as titles of pretense. As it was entered into their German passports in 1914, the title still continues to be part of their official family name in Germany.
Professional life.
Heinrich founded, owns and manages the publishing company MatrixMedia Verlag in Göttingen. The focal point of the house is history, namely local history of the state of Lower Saxony, of which the predecessor states were the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick, furthermore the history of the House of Welf, but also general historical items. The company publishes books, monographs, historiographies, memoirs, illustrated books and films. Furthermore, he is responsible for a website on the House of Welf called "Welfen.de"
Personal life.
Heinrich was in a relationship with cabaret artist Désirée Nick (born 30 September 1960 in Berlin). They have a son:
Oscar Julius Heinrich Ferdinand Prinz von Hanover (29 September 1996 in Berlin).
On 30 April 1999, Heinrich married Thyra von Westernhagen at Teistungen estate, owned by the von Westernhagen family since 1283.
They have three children:
Literary works.
Heinrich has authored the following books under the name "Heinrich von Hannover":


Law Ting Holm

Law Ting Holm (also known as Tingaholm) is a small promontory at the north end of the freshwater Loch of Tingwall, Mainland Shetland, Scotland. It was once an islet entirely surrounded by water, joined to the shore by a stone causeway wide and long. In the 1850s the levels of the loch were lowered and the holm evolved to its present form. The Loch of Tingwall is west of the town of Lerwick and has one additional island - Holm of Setter.
Norse parliament.
Law Ting Holm was the location of Shetland's local parliament until the late 16th Century. There are documents relating to assemblies taking place in Tingwall from as early as 1307, although the only reference to the Thing (assembly) meeting on the holm itself comes from a letter dated 1532.
As was common with other such meeting places, a mound may have been made from handsful of earth from the various local things represented at the meeting, so that all members could say that they were on their home ground. A small, much eroded mound can still be seen and the remains of a wall were found on the perimeter of the island, suggesting the creation of secluded area for meetings. Locations where the deliberations of the assembly could be seen but not easily overheard are typical of thing sites. The stones on which the "Ford" and other officials of the meeting sat, were reportedly removed at some time in the 18th century to improve the grazing potential.
In the 1570s Earl Robert Stewart moved the thing to nearby Scalloway Castle, although the holm was used once more in 1577 when over 700 Shetlanders brought a complaint against the local Foud, Lawrence Bruce, before royal commissioners from Edinburgh.
Writing in 1774, Low reports that the stone seats had been ripped up to create more room for grazing, although in 1809 Edmonston suggests that the sites of a stone table and bench can still be traced upon the holm. Excavation undertaken in 2011 as part of the HERA funded Assembly Project revealed the remains of a Late Iron Age/ Pictish settlement at the Law Ting Holm but did not produce clear evidence of later activities. However, archaeological finds indicate that the causeway continued to be maintained well into the 19th century.
Other Thing Sites.
Thing assembly sites are found throughout Northern Europe, as a result of a shared Norse heritage. They are often identifiable by their shared "thing, ting, ding " and "fing" place names. Examples include Þingvellir in Iceland, Tinganes in the Faroe Islands, Tynwald Hill in the Isle of Man, Fingay Hill in England, and Dingwall in Scotland.
Tingwall is just one of a number of 'ting' names found in Shetland. The parish names Sandsting, Aithsting, Delting, Lunnasting and Nesting all suggest that a wider network of local thing sites once operated in the islands . The names "Gnípnaþing, Þvætaþing " and "Rauðarþing" can also be found in early documents, but have since gone out of use.
THING Project.
Law Ting Holm is one of a number of sites included in the Northern Periphery Programme's three year transatlantic THING Project. The Project, which includes partners from Iceland, Norway, the Faroe Islands, Orkney, Shetland, Highland Scotland and the Isle of Man, aims to explore and promote the shared links between the Northern European thing sites, and develop sustainable business and tourism opportunities in each of the partner regions. Amongst other things the delegates explored the possibility of a transnational World Heritage nomination, based on an expansion of Iceland's existing World Heritage site Þingvellir, at a meeting in Dingwall in September 2011. This initiative was publicised by the Shetland Islands Council sponsored "Move.Shetland" newsletter and the results of the process will be published in a report in 2012.
Wildlife.
Tufted duck, red-breasted merganser and common and black-headed gull frequent the loch, which is also home to Shetland's only mute swans.
The arts.
The Royal Scottish National Orchestra (RSNO) premièred Chris Stout's composition "Tingaholm" in Lerwick on 4 March 2012, a piece named after the Þing site.


Charles Louis de Marbeuf

Louis Charles René, comte de Marbeuf (4 November 1712, Rennes – 20 September 1786, Bastia), grand-cross of the order of Saint Louis, was a French general.
Life.
The son of a Breton lord, he served in the ancien regime army, becoming colonel of the dragons de Condé, before taking part in the pacification of Corsica, at first as interim army commander between Chauvelin and the comte de Vaux (December 1768-April 1769), then as commander of a corps under Vaux until the battle of Ponte Novu. In 1774 he built the village of Cargèse for a group of Greek colonists who were living in Ajaccio. On 29 September 1783 he married Catherine Antoinette Salinguerra de Gayardon de Fenoyl in Paris.
He was made marquis de Cargèse for his government of Corsica on Louis XV's behalf. During his stay on Corsica he became friends with the Bonaparte family and acted as Napoleon Bonaparte's protector, obtaining a place at the military collège at Brienne for him, as is recalled in "The Memorial of Saint Helena". However, the naming of rue Marbeuf near the Champs-Élysées is not to be attributed to a house that Louis Charles René had in Paris.


HMS Easton

HMS "Easton" was a Type III Hunt-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy. "Easton" was built by the shipbuilder J Samuel White in 1941–1942, being launched on 11 July 1942 and completed on 7 December 1942.
"Easton" spent most of the Second World War in the Mediterranean Sea, where she took part in the sinking of two submarines, before returning to Britain in 1945. The ship's post-war service was limited, and after a period being used as a hulk, was scrapped in 1953.
Construction.
HMS "Easton" was ordered for the Royal Navy from the shipbuilder J Samuel White on 28 July 1940, one of six Hunt-class destroyers (four Type III and two Type IV) ordered as part of the 1940 War Emergency Programme on that date. The Hunt class was meant to fill the Royal Navy's need for a large number of small destroyer-type vessels capable of both convoy escort and operations with the fleet. The Type III Hunts differed from the previous Type II ships in replacing a twin 4-inch gun mount by two torpedo tubes to improve their ability to operate as destroyers.
"Easton" was long between perpendiculars and overall. The ship's beam was and draught . Displacement was standard and under full load. Two Admiralty boilers raising steam at and fed Parsons single-reduction geared steam turbines that drove two propeller shafts, generating at 380 rpm. This gave a speed of . of oil fuel were carried, giving a range of at .
Main gun armament was four 4 inch (102 mm) QF Mk XVI dual purpose (anti-ship and anti-aircraft) guns in two twin mounts, with a quadruple 2-pounder "pom-pom" and three Oerlikon 20 mm cannon providing close-in anti-aircraft fire. Two 21 inch (530 mm) torpedo tubes were fitted in a single twin mount, while two depth charge chutes, four depth charge throwers and 70 depth charges comprised the ship's anti-submarine armament. Type 291 and Type 285 radar was fitted, as was Type 128 sonar.
"Easton" was laid down at White's Cowes, Isle of Wight shipyard on 25 March 1941, was launched on 11 July 1942 and completed on 7 December 1942.
Service.
After workup at Scapa Flow during January 1943, "Easton" was ordered to join the Mediterranean Fleet, joining the 22nd Destroyer Flotilla, based at Alexandria in Egypt, being used for escort and patrol duties.
On 17 February 1943, "Easton" and sister ship sank the off Bougie in Algeria. On 10 July 1943, the Allies invaded Sicily, with "Easton" escorting convoys carrying invasion forces to Sicily. On 22 August 1943, "Easton" was part of the escort for convoy MKF22 when she detected a submarine off Pantelleria, and carried out two depth charge attacks against the submarine, and called up the Greek-manned destroyer , which carried out a third depth charge attack. The submarine, , was forced to the surface by these attacks, and then hit by gunfire by the two destroyers before being rammed by "Easton". The impact sank "U-548", with eight of the submarine's crew killed and the remaining 43 rescued. "Easton"s bow and propeller shafts were badly damaged, however, and "Easton" had to be towed into Malta by "Pindos".
After temporary repairs at Malta, "Easton" underwent permanent repairs at Gibraltar, these continuing until 18 September 1944. She then joined the 59th Destroyer Division, and shelled Greek communist forces near Piraeus between 5 and 9 December 1944 during the early stages of the Greek Civil War. In 1945, "Easton" was recalled to British waters, joining the 21st Destroyer Flotilla based at Sheerness in March.
"Easton" was refitted at Southampton from May to August 1945, after which she was reduced to the reserve. She returned to active service with the Portsmouth-based 3rd Escort Flotilla in 1946, but spent much of the time under repair, and returned to reserve at Harwich in November 1947. A refit at Sheerness started on 8 August 1947, but was abandoned on 2 September owing to the poor condition of the ship which dated back to the collision damage received when sinking "U-548" in 1943. After stripping of useful equipment, the ship was laid up at Rosyth and used as a training hulk for apprentices. "Easton" was scrapped by Metal Industries at their Rosyth yard in January 1953.


Cadwallon ap Gruffydd

 Cadwallon ap Gruffydd (c. 1097 – 1132) () was the eldest son of Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd.
Early life.
Cadwallon was born in the village of Walesey in the county of Caernarvonshire in Wales. His mother was Angharad ferch Owain, the daughter of Owain ab Edwin.
Cadwallon's siblings were Hywel ap Gruffydd, Rhanullt verch Gruffydd, Tudwal ap Gruffydd, Gwenllian verch Gruffydd, Elen verch Gruffydd, Merinedd verch Gruffydd, Susanna verch Gruffydd, Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, Gwenllian II ap Rhys (born verch Gruffydd), Owain Gwynedd, Idwal ap Gruffydd, Duling ap Gruffydd, Membyr "Ddu" ap Gruffydd, Rhael verch Gruffudd, Annes verch Gruffydd, Margred ap Gruffydd, and Gwladys Rhanullt verch Gruffydd. Cadwallon sisters Gwenllian married Gruffydd ap Rhys and Susanna married Madog ap Maredudd. Cadwallon was half brother of Margred verch Gruffydd; and Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd.
Mid life.
Cadwallon appears first in history records as conspiring with his older brother Owain Gwynedd to take the district of Meirionydd within the medieval kingdom of Powys in 1123. In 1125 he killed the three rulers of the district Dyffryn Clwyd, being Meilyr ab Owain, Rhiryd ab Owain, and Gronw ab Owainhis maternal uncles, "i.e.", his mother's brothers. The district cantref of Dyffryn Clwyd was then annexed into the kingdom of Gwynedd. Cadwallon is notoriously remembered by historians for murdering his uncles, as this ended the reign of the house of Edwin of Tegeingl as a regime.
Cadwallon then is found a few years later in the valley of Dee at Mold, Flintshire, Wales. With his older brother Owain Gwynedd (c.1100–70) they worked together to restore the power of Gwynedd for their ageing father. They were military leaders and directed their father's armies which added the land regions of Meirionydd, Rhos, Rhufoniog, and Dyffryn Clwyd to the kingdom of Gwynedd.
Later life and death.
In 1132 Cadwallon forged eastward to conquer more land for the kingdom of Gwynedd but was stopped in the area of Nanheudwy in 1133, near the town of Llangollen. An army from the kingdom of Powys then defeated and killed him. His uncle Einion ab Owain ab Edwin was one of the instigators, to avenge his brothers' deaths. Cadwallon's cousin Cadwgan ap Grown ab Owain also played a part in his slaying. Other cousins were also involved in Cadwallon's murder.
Family.
Cadwallon married Gwenllian from an unknown family line. They had a son named Cunedda ap Cadwallon ap Gruffydd ap Cynan. Genealogy records indicate he also had another wife by the name of Alice of an unknown family line and had two sons.
He is not to be confused with the other four "Cadwallon"s (and nearly a dozen closely related named personageshomonyms, homographs and homophones) who are historically significant in Welsh history.


Battle of Montecatini

The Battle of Montecatini was fought in the Val di Nievole on 29 August 1315 between the Republic of Pisa, and the forces of both the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence. The army of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, won a decisive victory despite being outnumbered. The Neapolitan forces, made up of nearly 60,000 men, were commanded by Philip I of Taranto. While he survived the battle, his eldest son Charles of Taranto and his brother Peter, Count of Eboli and Gravina, were both killed in the fight. Additional deaths included members of 114 Florentine noble families, as well as Francesco della Faggiuola, son of Uguccione.


Poppo I, Margrave of Carniola

Poppo I (also "Boppo"; died 13 July, before 1044), Count of Weimar-Orlamünde, was margrave of Istria from 1012 and of Carniola from 1040 to his death.
Poppo was the scion of a comital family from the Imperial Landgraviate of Thuringia. His father was Count William II of Weimar.
He married Hadamut, the daughter of one Count Weriand, who in 1001 had received large estates in eastern Friuli and Istria, then part of the March of Verona ruled by the Carinthian dukes, from the hands of Emperor Otto III. Poppo thus inherited a claim to the Istrian peninsula and began to use the margravial title. After King Henry III of Germany had inherited the Duchy Carinthia, he in 1040 established the separate Marches of Istria and Carniola. As his wife's mother was related to the Bavarian Counts of Ebersberg, who held possessions in Carniola, Poppo was also appointed Carniolan margrave.
Hadamut gave him one son, Ulric I, who succeeded his father in 1045.


David Ogilvy, 9th Earl of Airlie

David Ogilvy, 9th Earl of Airlie (16 December 1785 – 20 August 1849) was a British peer.
David was the youngest son of Walter Ogilvy, who was "de jure" 8th Earl of Airlie, and Jean Ogilvy.
On 26 May 1826 he succeeded to the title of 9th Earl of Airlie, after his honours were restored by Act of Parliament. He succeeded also to the titles of 10th Lord Ogilvy of Airlie and 4th Lord Ogilvy of Alith and Lintrathen. He gained the rank of captain in the service of the 42nd Regiment of Foot. Between 1833 and 1849 he held the office of Representative peer of Scotland. David held the office of Lord Lieutenant of Angus which in that time it was known as Forfarshire.
According to the "Legacies of British Slave-Ownership" at the University College London, Airlie was awarded a payment as a slave trader in the aftermath of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 with the Slave Compensation Act 1837. The British Government took out a £15 million loan (worth £ in ) with interest from Nathan Mayer Rothschild and Moses Montefiore which was subsequently paid off by the British taxpayers (ending in 2015). Airlie was associated with "T71/865 St Andrew claim no. 543 (Ferry Pen)", he owned 59 slaves in Jamaica and received a £1,362 payment at the time (worth £ in ).
He died aged 63 at Regent Street, London, England. In May 1851 his will was probated.
Marriages and family.
On 7 October 1812 he married, firstly, Clementina Drummond, daughter of Gavin Drummond and Clementina Graham.
They had three children:
On 15 November 1838 he married, secondly, Margaret Bruce, daughter of William Bruce, at 6 Heriot Row, Edinburgh, Scotland.
They had four children:


Zafeirakis Theodosiou

Zafeirakis Theodosiou () (1772 - 1822) was a Greek "prokritos" (πρόκριτος), meaning political leader of Greeks during Ottoman rule, of Naousa, Imathia and an important figure of the Greek War of Independence in the region of Macedonia.
Life.
Zafeirakis was born in Naousa, Imathia originating from a wealthy family that gave him the opportunity to educate himself to the most important institutions of his time. He studied at Ioannina where he spent most of his youth.
At that time, Ali Pasha was ruling the area and valuing Zafeirakis' skills took him under his protection and later appointed him to administrate Naoussa when he extended his influence to Central Macedonia.
But Zafeirakis quickly opposed Ali Pasha's authoritative administration. As a result, Ali Pasha turned against him and he was forced to abandon his place for Thessaloniki and later Mount Athos and Constantinople. There he was associated with Ottoman authorities and twelve years later he managed to receive an order from the Sultan to return to his previous
command to Naussa where he stayed until his death.
He became very popular to his fellow citizens by promoting local manufactures, especially those that had to do with weaponry, building schools, churches and road construction. Around 1820 he was introduced into Filiki Eteria and came close with Anastasios Karatasos and Aggelis Gatsos, assigning them to protect his area. He personally organised the liberation of Naoussa on February 19, 1822, becoming one of the first liberated cities in Macedonia during the Revolution.
However, in April the Pasha of Thessaloniki himself besieged Naoussa with 18,000 men and two weeks later he managed to regain control over the city. Zafeirakis and his family lost their lives during the following pillage.


Princess Maria Vittoria Margherita of Savoy

Maria Vittoria Margherita of Savoy (22 June 1740 – 14 July 1742) was the youngest daughter of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia.
Biography.
Princess Maria Vittoria was born in Turin. She was the second child of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine. Her mother died in 1741 giving birth to her brother Prince Benedetto. Maria Vittoria died in Turin aged 2, and was buried at Royal Basilica of Superga, Turin.


Trybsz

Trybsz , (, , ) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łapsze Niżne, within Nowy Targ County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland, close to the border with Slovakia. It lies approximately west of Łapsze Niżne, south-east of Nowy Targ, and south of the regional capital Kraków.
The village has a population of 800.
It is one of the 14 villages in the Polish part of the historical region of Spiš (Polish: "Spisz"). Beginning in the 16th century it was being mentioned in documents as "Trepsia" or "Trepschya".
The biggest landmark in the village is a wooden church from the 16th century. Dedicated to St. Elisabeth of Hungary, inside polychromes represent the Catholic saints and scenes from the Bible. Dating back to 1647, they were laid out by the parish priest Jan Ratulowski of Frydman, but their author remains unknown.


List of wars involving Romania

This is a list of wars fought by Romania since 1859:
The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1862).
The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia did not participate in any wars.
Romanian United Principalities (1862–1866).
The Romanian United Principalities did not participate in any wars.


Caruana

Caruana is a surname, commonly found in Italy, Sicily and Malta. Notable people with the surname include:


USS Shelikof (AVP-52)

USS Shelikof (AVP-52) was a United States Navy "Barnegat"-class small seaplane tender in commission from 1944 to 1947 and from 1952 to 1954.
Construction, commissioning, and shakedown.
"Shelikof" was laid down on 20 September 1942 by Lake Washington Shipyard at Houghton, Washington. She was launched on 31 January 1943, sponsored by Mrs. F. D. Wagner, and commissioned on 17 April 1944 with Lieutenant Commander R. E. Stanley in command.
Upon completion of fitting out, "Shelikof" departed for Alameda, California, on 8 May 1944 and loaded aircraft spares. She then moved to San Diego, for shakedown and to San Pedro, California, for a yard period.
World War II operations 1944-1945.
Eniwetok.
On 30 June 1944, "Shelikof" departed San Pedro for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. On 9 July 1944, she was underway from Pearl Harbor with a convoy bound for Eniwetok. While at Eniwetok from 18 July to 1 August, "Shelikof" had her aviation machine shop and carpenter shop converted into combination aircraft and aircraft radar maintenance facilities.
The Mariana Islands and Ulithi Atoll.
"Shelikof"s next port of call was Tanapag Harbor, a former Japanese seaplane base on Saipan. Her personnel went ashore daily to clear debris from the hangars and the surrounding area in order to make the base operable, thereby relieving the congestion at aircraft tenders. When "Shelikof" departed on 3 December 1944, Naval Air Base Saipan, was being used as a supply depot and a major overhaul facility.
"Shelikof" spent the next three months shuttling spare parts and supplies between Guam, Ulithi Atoll, and Saipan.
Supporting the Okinawa invasion.
"Shelikof" sailed from Saipan with Task Unit 51.20 on 23 March 1945 for the invasion of the Ryukyu Islands. The seaplane group moved into the anchorage at Kerama Retto on 28 March 1945 as United States Army units were still battling to secure those small rocky islands before the major assault on Okinawa began on 1 April 1945. "Shelikof" laid eight seaplane mooring buoys on 28 March 1945 and three of them were put into use on 29 March 1945 when the first Martin PBM-5 Mariner flying boats arrived. The anchorage was under constant Japanese air attack during April 1945, but the only casualties aboard "Shelikof" occurred on 28 April 1945 when friendly fire wounded two men. On 6 May 1945, "Shelikof" took under fire a Japanese plane which approached within 1,000 yards (915 m), 50 feet (15 m) off the water, but no damage to the plane was noted.
The seaplane base was shifted to Chimu Wan, Okinawa, on 15 July 1945 and "Shelikof" operated there until the end of hostilities with Japan on 15 August 1945, which brought World War II to a close.
Honors and awards.
"Shelikof" earned three battle stars for her World War II service.
Peacetime service 1945-1947.
After the end of the war, "Shelikof" shuttled between Okinawa and ports in Japan until departing for the United States on 25 October 1945. En route she made port at Midway Atoll; Pearl Harbor; San Diego; Acapulco, Mexico; and Coco Solo, Panama Canal Zone, before arriving at Norfolk, Virginia, on 4 December 1945.
After an overhaul, "Shelikof" departed Norfolk on 12 March 1946 for the Azores. Back in Norfolk on 30 March 1946, she made four voyages to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and two to Trinidad by 11 June 1946. By 14 June 1946, she was at Coco Solo, and she operated from there until 16 March 1947, when she sailed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for inactivation. "Shelikof" was decommissioned on 30 June 1947 and laid up in reserve in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet.
Second period in commission 1952-1954.
"Shelikof" was recommissioned at Philadelphia on 3 January 1952. She operated along the United States East Coast from her home port at Norfolk for the next two and a half years.
"Shelikof" commenced inactivation in July 1954. She was placed out of commission in reserve in the Texas Group of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Orange, Texas, in December 1954.
Final decommissioning and disposal.
"Shelikof" was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 May 1960. She was sold on 20 December 1960 to Panagiotis Kokkinos of Piraeus, Greece.
Greek commercial service.
"Shelikof" was converted for commercial service as the Greek passenger ship MV "Kypros". She subsequently was renamed MV "Myconos" in 1964, MV "Artemis" in 1973, MV "Artemis K" in 1974, and MV "Golden Princess" in 1979.
"Golden Princess" sank in a storm at Perama, Greece, while laid up in January 1981.


Barony of Halton

The Barony of Halton, in Cheshire, England, comprised a succession of 15 barons and hereditary Constables of Chester under the overlordship of the Earl of Chester. It was not an English feudal barony granted by the king but a separate class of barony within the County Palatine of Chester.
After the Norman conquest, William the Conqueror created the three earldoms of Shrewsbury, Hereford and Chester to protect his border with Wales. In 1071, the Earl of Chester, Hugh Lupus, made his cousin, Nigel of Cotentin, the 1st Baron of Halton. Halton was a village in Cheshire which is now part of the town of Runcorn. At its centre is a rocky prominence on which was built Halton Castle, the seat of the barons of Halton.
Nigel of Cotentin.
Nigel was also the hereditary Constable of Chester. In 1077 he fought against the Welsh at the Battle of Rhuddlan. It is almost certain that he built a motte-and-bailey castle on Halton Hill.
William fitz Nigel.
William fitz Nigel, Nigel's son, was also marshal of the Earls' host, which was an important position in the Norman military hierarchy. In addition to his land in Halton, his estate included land in other parts of Cheshire and also in Normandy. He married the eldest daughter of Yorfid, on whose death without a male heir the Lancashire manors of Widnes, Appleton, Cronton and Rainhill came to his son-in-law, William. In 1115 William established a priory of the Augustinian Order of Canons Regular in Runcorn. He was buried at Chester.
William fitz William.
William, son of William fitz Nigel, in 1134 he moved the priory from Runcorn to a site to the east of Halton. This became Norton Priory. William died childless in Normandy.
Eustace fitz John.
Eustace fitz John succeeded to Halton as husband of the elder sister of William fitz William. He had inherited the barony of Knaresborough and by an earlier marriage had also gained the baronies of Malton and Alnwick. He was killed fighting the Welsh.
Richard fitz Eustace.
Richard, son of Eustace fitz John, married the eventual heiress to the de Lacy family of Pontefract, whose inheritance was eventually acquired by their grandson Roger.
John fitz Richard.
John, son of Richard fitz Eustace, was a governor in Ireland for Henry II. Being a patron of science, he maintained an astronomer at Halton Castle. He founded a Cistercian monastery at Stanlow. In 1190 he granted the second known charter for a ferry at Runcorn Gap. He served with Richard I in the Third Crusade and died at the siege of Acre.
Roger de Lacy.
Born as Roger fitz John, the son of John fitz Richard, he adopted the surname of de Lacy. He was a renowned soldier and was nicknamed "Hell" Lacy for his military daring. In 1192 he was also serving with Richard I in the Third Crusade. Later he served King John in the unsuccessful attempt to thwart the French conquest of Normandy following which he was made High Sheriff of Lancashire. He was buried in the abbey founded by his father at Stanlow.
John de Lacy.
John de Lacy, son of Roger, opposed King John and was one of the barons entrusted with the duty of ensuring that the king kept the agreements made in Magna Carta. By marriage he gained more titles, including that of the Earldom of Lincoln. He also gained the manor and the castle of Bolingbroke. He was also buried at Stanlow.
Edmund de Lacy.
Of Edmund de Lacy, son of John, little is known except that he was also buried at Stanlow.
Henry de Lacy.
Henry de Lacy, son of Edmund, was educated at court and became Chief Councillor to Edward I. While the king was engaged on military conflicts with the Scots, Henry was appointed Protector of the Realm. He transferred the monastery from Stanlow to Whalley. He died at his London home, Lincoln's Inn and was buried in the old St Paul's cathedral.
Thomas, Earl of Lancaster.
Thomas gained the barony of Halton though his marriage to Alice, Henry's daughter. He took up arms against Edward II in 1322. However this rebellion was unsuccessful. He was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge and then imprisoned in his own castle at Pontefract. A few days later he was beheaded outside the city and his titles forfeited to the Crown. Later a cult of martyrdom developed around him.
Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster or Sir William Glinton.
Thomas was posthumously pardoned by Edward III and in 1327, Thomas's titles were restored to his brother, Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster.
It has also been suggested that the title succeeded to Sir William Glinton. He was a distinguished knight who may have held the honour as a non-hereditary arrangement or he may have held it during the life of Alice, widow of Thomas of Lancaster.
Henry Grosmont.
Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, nephew of the 2nd Earl and son of the 3rd, next succeeded to the barony of Halton. He was appointed as the 1st Duke of Lancaster, one of the first Knights of the Order of the Garter. He served the king in France and died of the plague. He was buried at Leicester.
John of Gaunt.
John of Gaunt gained the barony by his marriage to Blanche, daughter and heiress of the 13th baron. He was appointed regent during the infancy of Richard II. He was also buried in St Paul's cathedral.
Henry Bolingbroke.
Henry Bolingbroke was the eldest son of John of Gaunt. He was banished from England by Richard II and at the time of his father's death he was in exile in France. When he returned to England to claim his estates the people rallied round him. Richard II was deposed and Henry was crowned King Henry IV. Henry procured an Act of Parliament to ordain that the Duchy of Lancaster would remain in the personal possession of the reigning monarch and the barony of Halton is now vested in that dukedom.


Deguara

Deguara is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:


2008 Guernsey general election

The 2008 Guernsey general election was held on 23 April 2008 to elect 45 members of the States of Guernsey. 18,576 voters or 40.58% of the eligible population of 45,772 turned out and cast a total of 89,239 votes; there were 10 blank papers, 35 spoilt papers and on average 4.8 votes were cast. Of the 28 standing deputies all but two (Brian de Jersey and Wendy Morgan), were re-elected to the house; this means that 19 of the Deputies-Elect are new to the chamber. Five of the 12 candidates who had stood unsuccessfully in 2004 were elected in 2008.
The candidate who polled the most votes was first time candidate Matt Fallaize standing in the Vale, who received 2,322 and became the youngest member of the house at 26.
Election Ordinance
On 1 May, Lyndon Trott was elected as Chief Minister of Guernsey by the newly elected deputies, with Bernard Flouquet as Deputy Chief Minister.
Results.
Election results


Joshua Thomas

Joshua Thomas (1719–1797) was a Welsh writer and Particular Baptist minister, known for his history of Welsh Baptists.
Life.
He was the eldest son of Morgan Thomas of Tyhên in the parish of Caio, Carmarthenshire, where he was born on 22 February 1719. In 1739 he was apprenticed to his uncle, Simon Thomas, who was a mercer and independent minister at Hereford. Simon Thomas was the author of works in Welsh and in English, mostly printed at a private press of his own, including "Hanes y Byd a'r Amseroedd", a summary of universal history.
In 1746 Joshua Thomas married and settled in business at Hay, Breconshire, where he preached occasionally at the Baptist chapel of Maesyberllan, where he was appointed co-pastor in 1749. In 1754 he undertook the pastorship of the Baptist church in Leominster, where he kept a day-school until his death.
Thomas died at Leominster on 25 August 1797.
Works.
Thomas's major work was his history of the Baptists in Wales, published in 1778 under the title "Hanes y Bedyddwyr ymhlith y Cymry, o amser yr Apostolion hyd y flwyddyn hon", Carmarthen. A supplement of corrections and additions was also issued in 1780. The author's own manuscript translation into English of this work, with additions, was preserved in the Baptists' Library in Bristol. Thomas subsequently wrote, in English, "A History of the Baptist Association in Wales", which first appeared in the "Baptist Register" between 1791 and 1795, and was published in book form in the latter year (London). These two works were sources of information on the early history of the Baptist denomination in Wales. A new edition of the Welsh history, with additions, was brought out by Benjamin Davies of Pontypridd in 1885.
Thomas also translated into Welsh works dealing with Baptist doctrines, including:
Family.
As many as eleven members of Thomas's family entered the Baptist ministry. His son Timothy Thomas (1753–1827) was for 47 years pastor of the church at Devonshire Square, Bishopsgate. Two of Joshua's brothers, Timothy (1720–1768) and Zechariah (1727–1816), were successively pastors of Aberduar church, Carmarthenshire. The former was the author or translator of several doctrinal works in Welsh, and a volume of hymns (1764).


Buise

Buise was one of the East Frisian Islands off the North Sea coast of Germany that was almost entirely engulfed by the sea in the second half of the 17th century. The only remaining part is the eastern end, known today as the island of Norderney. Buise itself was formed by the breakup of a bigger island. Two possible origins are mentioned: the breakup of the island Burchana in the flood of 1219, and the breakup of the island Bant in 1170, which also formed Juist, Borkum and Memmert.
Buise broke up in two parts in 1362. The eastern part was called Osterende initially, and later "Norder neye Oog" (Nordens New Island), and today is the island Norderney. The western part disappeared slowly over the ages as a result of erosion, but sources do not agree on the exact date of the disappearance of Buise (the St. Peter's Flood of 1651 or 1690).


Elberfeld

Elberfeld is a municipal subdivision of the German city of Wuppertal; it was an independent town until 1929.
History.
The first official mentioning of the geographic area on the banks of today's Wupper River as "elverfelde" was in a document of 1161. Etymologically, "elver" is derived from the old Low German word for "river." (See etymology of the name of the German Elbe River; cf. North Germanic "älv".) Therefore, the original meaning of "elverfelde" can be understood as "field on the river." Elverfelde received its town charter in 1610.
In 1726 Elias Eller and the pastor Daniel Schleyermacher founded a Philadelphian society. They later moved to Ronsdorf in the Duchy of Berg, becoming the Zionites, a fringe sect.
The 1820s saw the commencement of the Plymouth Brethren in Dublin, Ireland. This evangelical religious movement spread to the Continent and emerged in Germany chiefly out of Pietist groups through the work of Julius Anton von Poseck, William Henry Darby and Carl Brockhaus. By the 1850s the resultant group had a focal point in Elberfeld and are known to the present as the "Elberfelder Brethren". They have branches throughout Germany and Switzerland and beyond. A translation of the Bible into German was produced by this group and is known as the Elberfelder Bibel".
In 1826 Friedrich Harkort, a famous German industrialist and politician, had a type of suspension railway built as a trial and ran it on the grounds of what is today the tax office at Elberfeld. In fact the railway, the Schwebebahn Wuppertal, was eventually built between Oberbarmen and Vohwinkel and runs through Elberfeld.
In 1888 the district of Sonnborn was incorporated into Elberfeld. In 1929 the towns of Barmen, Elberfeld, Vohwinkel, Cronenberg and Ronsdorf became a municipal entity officially called "Barmen-Elberfeld;" in the same year, the unified city administration through a vote of its council members decided to rename the newly incorporated city "Wuppertal." This took place in 1930. Today Elberfeld is the largest municipal subdivision of Wuppertal.


Palaiokastro, Heraklion

Palaiokastro () is a coastal village and a community in the municipal unit of Malevizi. 9 km west of Heraklion on the island of Crete. In 2011 Palaiokastro had a population of 255 for the village and over 1000 of people that have their country house. It is situated in front of a 70 meter long pebbled beach leading to a cove with rapidly deepening waters that are protected from the prevailing northerly winds. On the southern end of the beach rises a steep calcareous rock. During the Venetian occupation of Crete extensive fortifications were built on this rock, housing cannons that secured the bay of Heraklion. Ruins of the fortress walls survive until today.
Venetian fortress of Palaiokastro.
The Venetian fortress of Palaiokastro is located 9 km west of Heraklion, on the west side of Heraklion Bay. Today, only a part of the walls of the triangular fort remains. The fort was built on a high rock, near the modern Heraklion - Chania highway.
In 1204, when the Genoese pirate Enrico Pescatore conquered Crete, he built 14 forts in order to protect it. Among them was the fort of Palaiokastro, which could protect the bay of Heraklion and make the landing of enemy on the nearby shores very difficult. The Genoeses thought that this castle was very important, thus when the Venetians managed to conquer Crete, they kept only this castle. Later, in 1211, they had to leave the island.
Palaiokastro fortress is one of the most important medieval monuments of the island. In approximately the same position existed an older fortress built by Enrico Pescatore, immediately after the conquest of Crete by the Genoese in the early 13th century.
The Palaiokastro fortress built later is an integral element of the fortifications of Candia and was built when it became clear that the fortress of Candia could not effectively prevent the penetration of enemy ships in the adjacent bay of Fraskia.
Construction of Palaiokastro fortress begun in 1573, was completed in 1595 and was based on a design prepared based instruction Commander Latino Orsini. The fort has triangular shape adopted by the natural topography of the location and the steepness of the rock was met with the overshoot of the walls that were parallel to the sea.
The impressive and well preserved today arched entrance of the fort stood on the south side and is partially carved into the rock.
As shown in the map of the report produced later by Francesco Basilicata to the Venetian authorities inside the fortress created three uneven squares of the "Up", the "Medium" and "Low Square" in order to ensure adequate space and flat area that would meet the needs of the defenders and stood barracks, garrison headquarters, church, Purpose, arms depots and water tanks.
The walls of the fort still impressed with the diligence of the construction of massive walls and impeccable details. In the northeast corner there are the reliefs of the winged lion of St. Mark and the emblems of the era officials.
In the report mentioned the Venetian Francesco Basilicata reveals the basic military operation of the fortress, "the shot of the gun reaches to the Salty, cape beach of the Bridge and also intersects with the shot of the rules of the city of Candia, although far. Fortress is capable, with moderate activity, to withstand any attack and to effectively protect ships that would carry help, because there is no good anchorage. "That passage is easy to appreciate the enormous importance of the Palaiokastro fortress and the key role it played during the 20 year siege of Candia to the Ottomans (1645-1669), which is recorded as the longest siege in world military history. Palaiokastro The beach is still preserved in excellent condition a lime of the same era, and is known from the design of Basilicata, the which is one of the best examples of such structures throughout the island.
At the beginning of the Venetian Era, the castle lost its original importance because the Bay of Heraklion could be now protected by the Venetian ships. But when Venice was threatened by the presence of the Ottomans, the castle regained its value. Thus, during the years 1573-1595 they rebuilt the old castle, just like many other castles throughout the island. The castles of the Bay were then able to control the entire region, since the cannon shots from Palaiokastro crossed with the shots from the ramparts of St Andrew (Heraklion Walls).
The main gate was located on the south edge of the castle and lead to the lower square, which had many small rooms. In one of them you can still see a small church dedicated to Agios Markos (celebr. on Easter Tuesday), which was built with the ruins of the castle.
North of the castle, there was an armory with solid and very strong walls. Right next to it was a water tank. Upon entering, there was a staircase leading to the second level, where the barracks were. Finally, the upper level hosted the church of the castle.
On the northeast corner of the castle you could see the winged lion of St. Mark, the emblem of Venice. The fort was under Venetian occupation until the last years of the siege of Candia that finally “fell” in 1669.
The Ottomans gave great importance to the occupation of the castle, so that they could land on the shores of Heraklion Bay safely.
Thus, when the ships of Venice were still in Chania, the Turks surrounded the fort, which was surrendered. Then the Turks destroyed it in order to prevent the enemies from using it.
Other points of interest.
Kytaion.
The English captain Spratt (1865) observing the morphological characteristic of the area (abdomen theater) where supported to place the Cretan city of the north coast of the island, the so-called Kytaion (Κύταιον; 'hull' or 'abdomen'), which is mentioned by Pliny, the Nonnus and Ptolemy, at this point. Suppose indeed that this rock Palaiokastro was the acropolis of the ancient city. However much earlier (1837) compatriot Pashley had also, and perhaps for the first time placed the Kytaion in this position, not because of the concave terrain, but because he was convinced that the name "Palaiocastro" always referred back to ancient cities. Placed even the city itself over the cliff. Before him the Venetians placed the unknown ancient city in various regions of the northern coast of Candia to Sitia. However, many archaeologists (Mariani, Faure, Plato) are persuaded by the arguments of both English Champion. He expressed the view that the ancient place name should be associated with the Mycenaean place name Kutato (from Hittite word kutta = wall). According to this interpretation, the Kytaion as "city teichioessa" shows worthy ancestor's historic Old Castle (Palaeokastro). The public works engineer Basilicata places to rock the ancient city of Elea "Elea citadel and traces on the rock that protrudes near the port Fraskia"
Venetian lime kiln.
The Venetian lime kiln (Ενετική Ασβεστοκάμινος) of Palaiokastro is located on the settlement's namesake beach just below the western slope of the hill occupied by the impressive Venetian fortress. Is a rare monument of the era of Venetian rule in Crete that seems to be linked to the Venetian fortress with which coexisted for centuries.
The importance of lime kiln is that it is a remarkable and rare example crafts building at the Venetian era, which is known primarily from the fortification of architecture and religious architecture. Particularly important is the fact that the monument is shown, with the same format, in a 1618 map by Basilicata.
In previous years, the competent 13th Byzantine Antiquities carried exemplary, full restoration and maintenance of the monument, which was released simultaneously from around arbitrary constructions. The monument is completely restored and is one of the numerous attraction of the area.
Panagia Spiliotisa.
The Church of Panagia Spiliotissa (Εκκλησία της Παναγίας της Σπηλιώτισσας) is built in a cave inside the canyon of Palaiokastro. A spring stems directly beside the church.


Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt

The Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt was an administrative division of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Formed in 1926 as Gau Anhalt-North Saxony Province, it comprised the German state of Anhalt and part of the Prussian province of Saxony. It was renamed Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt on 1 October 1928. From 1926 to 1933, it was the regional subdivision of the Nazi Party in that area.
History.
The Nazi Gau (plural Gaue) system was originally established in a party conference on 22 May 1926, in order to improve administration of the party structure. From 1933 onwards, after the Nazi seizure of power, the "Gaue" increasingly replaced the German states as administrative subdivisions in Germany.
At the head of each Gau stood a Gauleiter, a position which became increasingly more powerful, especially after the outbreak of the Second World War, with little interference from above. Local Gauleiters often held government positions as well as party ones and were in charge of, among other things, propaganda and surveillance and, from September 1944 onward, the Volkssturm and the defense of the Gau.
The position of Gauleiter was held by Gustav Hermann Schmischke from 1926 to 1927. He was succeeded by Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper from 1927 to 1935 until his death from cancer, followed by his deputy Joachim Albrecht Eggeling, who administered the Gau from 1935 to 1937. Rudolf Jordan was the Gauleiter for the remainder of its history from 1937 to 1945. Jordan was sentenced to 25 years prison in the Soviet Union after the war but released in 1955 and died in 1988. He published his autobiography about his time as Gauleiter and in captivity which showed no indication that he was willing to take responsibility for the events in Nazi Germany.


Torra di Negru

The Tower of Negru () is a Genoese tower located in the commune of Olmeta-di-Capocorso (Haute-Corse) on the coast of the Corsica. The tower sits on the shore on the west coast of Capicorsu.
The tower was one of a series of coastal defences built by the Republic of Genoa between 1530 and 1620 to stem the attacks by Barbary pirates. The tower was built in around 1560. It is included in a list compiled by the Genoese authorities in 1617 where it is recorded as being guarded by two men but only at night.
In 1992 the tower was listed as one of the official historical monuments of France.


Dublin whiskey fire

The Dublin Whiskey Fire took place on the 18th of June, 1875 in the Liberties area of Dublin City. It lasted a single night but killed 13 people, and resulted in €6 million worth of damage in whiskey alone (adjusted for inflation),
None of the fatalities suffered during the fire were due to smoke inhalation, burns, or any other form of direct contact with the fire itself, but from alcohol poisoning after drinking from the 6-inch (15.24 cm) deep river of whiskey that is said to have flowed as far as the Coombe.
Origin.
The fire is believed to have started in Malone's Malt house and a bonded storehouse in the Liberties., where 5,000 barrels of whiskey were being stored. The exact cause of the fire is unknown, but it is known to have started between 4:45pm, when the storehouse was checked, and 8pm, when the alarm was raised. After it began inside the storehouse, it heated the barrels of whiskey to a point where they burst, further accelerating the spread of the fire.
Spread.
The fire spread remarkably quickly by all accounts, as the whiskey took to almost all surfaces like petrol. By 10pm the flow of whiskey was six inches deep and stretched 400 meters down along Mill Street to the Coombe, where it came close to burning down the nearby Daughters of Charity convent and Coombe Lying-in Hospital. The survival of these sites caused the nuns within to begin praying profusely, thanking God for the miracle of sparing them.
Human Reaction.
People living nearby were first alerted to the fire by the sounds of squealing pigs from nearby livestock pens that had caught fire, and this is said to have contributed to a surprisingly rapid evacuation that was later commended by members of the emergency services as well as the Lord Mayor of Dublin at the time, Peter Paul McSwiney. He is quoted as saying the following“The time given for escape in some places during the progress of the fire was so short, I was apprehensive that some people should be left in danger in the garrets and cellars of the district. But on inquiry I was happy to learn that no life was lost during the great conflagration.”During the evacuation many people gathered by the streams of whiskey, filling any vessel to hand with the substance. “Caps, porringers, and other vessels" were all gathered to lap up the burning liquid, resulting in 24 hospitalizations due to alcohol poisoning and 13 subsequent fatalities.