Chalong Pakdeevijit

Chalong Pakdeevijit (; ) (born Boonchalong Pakdeevijit () on March 18, 1931 in Bangkok) is a Thai film director, producer, cinematographer and voice actor. Known internationally as Philip Chalong or P. Chalong, he is well known and popular for his directing skills.
He's best known for directing several successful Thai action films such as "Fhon Tai" (1970), "Fhon Nuea" (1970), "Thong" (S.T.A.B.; 1973), "Thong 2" (Gold Raiders; 1982), "Thong 3" (The Lost Idol; 1988) and "Thong 4" (In Gold We Trust; 1990). When Thai films ticket sales started to decline, Chalong made an iconic transition over to television and started to produce action miniseries exclusively for Thailand's most watched TV network, ch. 7. With the highly successful and top-rated television debut 'Raya(' (1998)), Chalong has begun a string of many successful top-rated action-packed miniseries for CH. 7 until today. According to ACNeilsen (Thailand) published on WTFintheworld.com, he is the only director in Thailand with 2 entries in the top 10 of Thailand Highest Rating Television Miniseries of All Time. These 2 ch. 7 miniseries includes 'Chumphae()' (2007) and 'Sao Har ()' (2011). Today, at the age of 87, Chalong shows no sign of stopping and continues to direct and produce top-rated miniseries. He earned the nickname "Action Film Tycoon", by his style of films, called in Thailand "Raboet Phukhao Phao Krathom" (ระเบิดภูเขา เผากระท่อม; lit: "Bombing Mountain, Burning Cabin").
Early life.
He was born into a filmmaker family. His father was a director and producer, and his brothers are all in the movie industry. He started as a cinematographer in 1950, and directed the first film in 1968.
Career.
In the 70's he was very successful in "Thong"(), it can be make a money and release to foreign countries. The highlight of this film is the introduction of foreign actors to lead in Thai films such as Greg Morris, Thẩm Thúy Hằng. It became his style in the ensuing films, it often takes foreign actors to take the lead role, such as Jan-Michael Vincent, Christopher Mitchum, and Olivia Hussey.
His last film was "Sud Keed : Mungkorn Chao Phraya 2" (Chaophya Dragon 2) in 1996, before turning to produced and directed TV series for Channel 7 in 1998, starting "Raya" lead role by Pete Thongchua and Chatmongkol Bumpen. He is the pioneer of the action series on Channel 7.
In 2013, he was appointed National Artist of Performing arts (film & television - director & executive producer) from Ministry of Culture.
Personal life.
On December 28, 2014, he was married for the second time to a 38-year-old bride after his former wife died from cancer earlier.


List of Indiana state historical markers in Harrison County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Harrison County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Harrison County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 22 historical markers located in Harrison County.


Rekha (given name)

Rekha, is a Sanskrit word, meaning "line". It is a common feminine given name in India and Nepal.
Meanings.
There are various figurative meanings of the name Rekha. Some are:


Ben Gurion (disambiguation)

David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973) was the first Prime Minister of Israel
Ben Gurion may also refer to:


History of role-playing games

The history of role-playing games begins with an earlier tradition of role-playing, which combined with the rulesets of fantasy wargames in the 1970s to give rise to the modern role-playing game. A role-playing game (RPG) is a type of game in which the participants assume the roles of characters and collaboratively create stories. Participants determine the actions of their characters based on their characterization and the actions succeed or fail according to a system of rules and guidelines. Within the rules, they may improvise freely; their choices shape the direction and outcome of the games.
Role-playing games are substantially different from competitive games such as ball games and card games. This has led to confusion among some non-players about the nature of fantasy gaming. The game "Dungeons & Dragons" was a subject of controversy in the 1980s when well-publicized opponents claimed it caused negative spiritual and psychological effects. Academic research has discredited these claims. Some educators support role-playing games as a healthy way to hone reading and arithmetic skills. Though role-playing has been accepted by some, a few religious organizations continue to object.
Media attention both increased sales and stigmatized certain games. In thirty years the genre has grown from a few hobbyists and boutique publishers to an economically significant part of the games industry, though grass-roots and small business involvement remains substantial. Games industry company Hasbro purchased fantasy game publisher Wizards of the Coast in 1998 for an estimated $325 million.
Early role-playing.
Historical re-enactment has been practiced by adults for millennia. The ancient Han Chinese, organized events in which participants pretended to be from an earlier age with entertainment appearing to be the primary purpose of these activities. In 16th century Europe, traveling teams of players performed a form of improvisational theatre known as the Commedia dell'arte, with stock situations, stock characters and improvised dialogue. In the 19th and early 20th century, many board games and parlour games such as the game "Jury Box" included elements of role-playing. Mock trials, model legislatures, and the "Theatre Games" created by Viola Spolin arose, in which players took on the roles of characters and improvised, but without the formalised rules which would characterise modern role-playing games.
There is some evidence that assassin-style games may have been played in New York city by adults as early as 1920. A simple version in which an assassination was performed by saying, "You're dead," was mentioned in Harpo Marx's autobiography, "Harpo Speaks!", in a section covering the 1920s. In the 1960s, historical reenactment groups gave rise to "creative history" games, which probably originate with the founding of the Society for Creative Anachronism in Berkeley, California on May 1, 1966. A similar group, the Markland Medieval Mercenary Militia, began holding events on the University of Maryland, College Park in 1969. These groups were largely dedicated to accurately recreating medieval history and culture, however, with only mild fantasy elements, and were probably mostly influenced by historical re-enactment.
Wargames.
Wargames have origins in ancient strategy games, particularly chess. It originated as chaturanga, created in the 6th-century Indian subcontinent as a simulation of ancient Indian warfare, particularly the Kurukshetra War (from the Indian epic "Mahabharata"), with pieces representing roles such as rajas, mantri (counselers), infantry, cavalry, chariots and war elephants. Chaturanga is considered the most ancient ancestor of "Dungeons & Dragons". According to RPG designer John Wick, Chess can be turned into a role-playing game if chess pieces such as the king, queen, rooks, knights or pawns are given names, and decisions are made based on their motivations. According to Wick, "Dungeons & Dragons" was a "sophisticated, intricate and complicated combat simulation board game that people were turning into a roleplaying game" just "like giving your rook a motive" in Chess.
In Europe, from the late 18th century to the 19th century, chess variants evolved into modern wargames. Drawing inspiration from chess, Helwig, Master of Pages to the Duke of Brunswick created a battle emulation game in 1780. According to Max Boot's book "War Made New" (2006, pg 122), sometime between 1803 and 1809, the Prussian General Staff developed war games, with staff officers moving metal pieces around on a game table (with blue pieces representing their forces and red pieces those of the enemy), using dice rolls to indicate random chance and with a referee scoring the results. Increasingly realistic variations became part of military training in the 19th century in many nations, and were called "Kriegsspiele" or "wargames". Wargames or military exercises are still an important part of military training today.
Wargaming moved from professional training to the hobby market with the publication of "Little Wars", children's toy soldier game, by H.G. Wells in 1913. A niche hobby of wargaming emerged for adults that recreated model games around actual battles from the Napoleonic period onward. Although a single marker or miniature figure typically represented a squad of soldiers, some "skirmish level" or "man to man" games did exist where one figure represented one entity only. The board wargame "Diplomacy", invented by Allan B. Calhamer in 1954 and released in 1959, made social interaction and interpersonal skills part of its gameplay. A live-action variant of "Diplomacy" named "Slobbovia" was used for character development rather than conflict.
Late 1960s to early 70s: fantasy elements and the dawn of Tabletop RPGs.
In the late 1960s, fantasy elements were increasingly used in wargames. Linguist M. A. R. Barker began to use wargame-like sessions to develop his creation "Tékumel". In 1970, the New England Wargamers Association demonstrated a fantasy wargame called "Middle Earth" at a convention of the Military Figure Collectors Association. Fantasy writer Greg Stafford created the board wargame "White Bear and Red Moon" to explore conflicts in his fantasy world Glorantha, though it did not see publication until 1974. A wargame session was held at the University of Minnesota in 1969, with Dave Wesely as the moderator, in which the players represented single characters in a Napoleonic scenario centering on a small town named "Braunstein". This did not lead to any further experimentation in the same vein immediately, but the ground had been laid. It actually bore greater resemblance to later LARP games than what would conventionally be thought of as a role-playing game. Wesely would, later in the year, run a second ""Braunstein"," placing the players in the roles of government officials and revolutionaries in a fictional banana republic.
Gary Gygax and Jeff Perren of Lake Geneva's wargaming society developed a set of rules for a late medieval milieu under the influence from "Siege of Bodenburg". This unusual wargame saw publication in 1971 under the name "Chainmail". Although "Chainmail" was a historical game, later editions included an appendix for adding fantasy elements such as wizards and dragons. The two games, one of Wesely's along with the "Chainmail" ruleset, would be used partially by Dave Arneson who was a participant to Wesely's sessions, to focus his ideas regarding a fantasy realm known as Blackmoor, and by 1971, Arneson would be running what could be conventionally recognized as a role-playing game based on his Blackmoor world. Blackmoor contained core elements that would become widespread in fantasy gaming: hit points, experience points, character levels, armor class, and dungeon crawls. Like the wargames it grew from, Blackmoor used miniature figures and terrain grids to illustrate the action. The key difference with the Blackmoor games, which allowed it to become a game distinct from the wargame-based Braunsteins, was the ability of the players to set their own character goals, in addition to the scenario goals set by Arneson. Arneson and Gygax then met and collaborated on the first "Dungeons & Dragons" game.
1974 to early 80s: the first modern RPGs, growth of the industry and controversy.
The first commercially available role-playing game, "Dungeons & Dragons" ("D&D"), was published in 1974 by Gygax's TSR which marketed the game as a niche product. Gygax expected to sell about 50,000 copies. After establishing itself in boutique stores it developed a cult following among college students and SF fandom. The game's growing success spawned cottage industries and a variety of peripheral products. In a few years other fantasy games appeared, some of which having a similar look and feel of the original game. One of the earliest competitors was "Tunnels and Trolls" (1975).
Other early fantasy games included "Empire of the Petal Throne" (1974/75), "Chivalry & Sorcery" (1977) and "RuneQuest" (1978). Meanwhile, Science Fiction role-playing was introduced in "Metamorphosis Alpha" (1976), "Traveller" (1977) and "Gamma World" (1978) while the Superhero genre was first represented by "" (1977). "Empire of the Petal Throne" and "City State of the Invincible Overlord" (1976) pioneered the concept of ready-made campaign settings. Live-action groups such as Dagorhir were started, and organized gaming conventions and publications such as "Dragon Magazine" (1976–) catered to the growing hobby.
From 1977 to 1979, TSR launched "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" ("AD&D"). This ambitious project expanded the rules to a small library of hardcover books. These covered such minutiae as the chance of finding a singing sword in a pile of loot or the odds of coaxing gossip from a tavern keeper. Optional modules in the form of small booklets offered prepared adventure settings. The first edition "Dungeon Master's Guide" published in 1979 included a recommended reading list of twenty-five authors. Literary and mythological references helped draw new fans to the game. During this time, the genre drew nationwide attention and fan base expanded to teens and lower. However, success became a mixed blessing for TSR. The company was involved in some legal disputes and criticism from mainstream media and religious fundamentalist groups was increasing. The company underwent dramatic growth, peaking at 300 employees in 1984.
New publishers entered the scene, such as Chaosium ("RuneQuest", 1978 and "Call of Cthulhu", 1981), Iron Crown Enterprises ("RoleMaster", 1980), Palladium ("Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game", 1983), Victory Games ("James Bond 007" RPG, 1983), and West End Games ("Paranoia", 1984). These games were all based on a characteristics/skill system, following the trail blazed by "Traveller".
Role-playing games began to influence other media. A new genre of video games arose from early mainframe computer imitations of RPGs, with "Akalabeth" and "Rogue" both published in 1980; the genre inherited many of the settings and game mechanics of RPGs as well as the name, and went on to have its own varied history. During this time, RPG-themed adventure gamebooks and solitaire RPGs such as "Choose Your Own Adventure" (1979–), "Endless Quest" (1982–) and "Fighting Fantasy" (1982–) series also gained popularity. An animated television series based on "Dungeons & Dragons" was produced in 1983, also called "Dungeons & Dragons".
Mid-1980s to early 90s: competition among various settings and systems.
The second edition of "Dungeons & Dragons", launched in 1988, downplayed literary elements to reduce objections. Surviving artifacts of this heritage and its influence on the wider gaming community include widespread use of Tolkienesque character types and the persistence of the gaming term "vorpal." Borrowed from Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky", this was the first edition's most powerful magic sword.
Up to this stage, each game had tied itself to a particular setting; If a player wanted to play in a science-fiction game and a fantasy game, they had to learn two game systems. Attempts were made in "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" to allow cross-genre games using "Gamma World" (1978) and "Boot Hill" (1975) rules, but the obscure rules went largely unused. Some companies bucked this trend, however. Chaosium produced a book titled "Basic Role-Playing" (1981), which was the first generic role-playing game system. It originated in the fantasy-oriented "RuneQuest" role-playing game rules and was used in "Call of Cthulhu", "Stormbringer" (1981) and other games. The Hero System, first introduced in "Champions" (1981), was also used in "Justice, Inc." (1984), "Fantasy Hero" (1985) and other games. Steve Jackson Games followed with "GURPS" (the Generic Universal Roleplaying System) in 1986.
"Champions" (1981) also introduced game balance between player characters to role-playing games. Whereas in "Dungeons & Dragons" players created characters randomly using dice, newer games began to use a system whereby each player was given a number of character points to spend to get characteristics, skills, advantages, getting more points by accepting low characteristics, disadvantages, and so forth.
"Avalon: The Legend Lives" (1989) was published by Yehuda Simmons as the first of its kind; a fully interactive, fully realized roleplaying world in which the players drive the game's history. Avalon uses a system of skill, ability and stature based progression over the more common level based systems along with the world's first gaming environment to feature a fleshed out autonomous, player-driven government hierarchy, political and economic systems, strategic real-time warfare and conquest systems in addition to thousands of unique player abilities and a meritocratic PVP system.
The game "Ars Magica" (1988) emphasized characterization and storytelling over game mechanics and combat. The game was brought to White Wolf, Inc. by co-author Mark Rein-Hagen, who took the same approach in his game "" (1991), a gothic horror themed game whose setting appealed to the growing Goth subculture; the game was a success and spawned a number of spinoffs which were brought together as the "World of Darkness". This style of storytelling game lent itself well to live-action role-playing games. Meanwhile, Jonathan Tweet, the other author of Ars Magica, wrote "Over the Edge" (1992) and "Everway" (1995), games light on rules content or power gaming but which set the tone for later generations of less conventional RPGs.
International market.
Translations allowed the hobby to spread to other countries. New games began to be produced outside America, such as "Midgard" (1981) and "The Dark Eye" (1984) in Germany, "Drakar och Demoner" (1982) in Sweden, "Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay" (1986) in the United Kingdom, "Adventurers of the North - Kalevala Heroes" (1989) in Finland and "Enterprise: Role Play Game in Star Trek" (1983) and "Sword World RPG" (1989) in Japan.
In Italy, the hybrid sci-fi adventure boxed game "VII Legio" (1982) containing RPG elements and original role-playing games by local authors - "I Signori del Caos" in 1983 and "Kata Kumbas" in 1984 - preceded the translation of "Dungeons & Dragons" in 1985 and of many other foreign titles. Besides many truly old-school games, local designers released quite original games as the completely narrative "Holmes & Company" (1987) - a detective game with not even rules for combat - and "On Stage!" (1995), where players bid for the control of each scene and actually take in turns the role of game master. Role-playing games have a widespread use in schools and libraries; public institutions even released easy role-playing games to be freely distributed for that purpose to teachers and librarians, like "Orlando Furioso" (City Council of Rome, 1993) and "Giocastoria" (City Council of Modena, 1998).
France was hit by the role-playing wave in the mid-1980s, as seen by the translations into French of "Dungeons & Dragons" in 1983 (first role-playing game to be translated), "Call of Cthulhu" in 1984, "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" in 1986 and "RuneQuest" in 1987, and by original products such as its first role-playing game "Ultime épreuve" (Jeux actuels, 1983), the "Légendes" series (Jeux Descartes, 1983), "Mega" (Jeux et Stratégie, 1984), "Empire Galactique" (Robert Laffont, 1984), or "Rêve de Dragon" (Nouvelles Éditions Fantastiques, 1985; English translation "" by Malcontent Games, 2002).
"Traveller" was translated into Japanese in 1984, quickly followed by "Dungeons & Dragons" in 1985.
Translations into Spanish of "Dungeons & Dragons" Dalmau Carles Pla, 1985), "Call of Cthulhu" (Joc Internacional, 1988), "RuneQuest" (Joc Internacional, 1988), "Middle-earth Role-Playing" (Joc Internacional, 1989) and "Traveller" (Diseños Orbitales, 1989) were published in Spain during the 1980s. Spanish speaking countries didn't start their own role-playing games production before the 1990s: "Aquelarre" (Joc Internacional, 1990) and "Mutantes en la sombra" (Ludotecnia, 1991) were published in Spain and "Laberinto" saw publication for the first time in Mexico in 1998 (Gráfica Nueva de Occidente).
The fall of communism allowed the hobby to spread even further. A Polish RPG magazine, "Magia i Miecz" ("Magic and Sword"), was published in 1993, and soon several Polish role-playing games followed, with other post-communist countries soon joining in.
Mid- to late-1990s: decline in popularity.
With advances in home computing, role-playing video games increased in popularity. These games, which use settings and game-mechanics found in role-playing games, do not require a gamemaster or require a player to remain in-character. Although they helped to introduce new gamers to the hobby, the demands of time and money on players were split between the two.
In 1993, Peter Adkison and Richard Garfield, a doctoral candidate in mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, released a competitive card collecting game with a fantasy setting reminiscent of fantasy role-playing games called "". The game was extremely successful and its publisher Wizards of the Coast (WotC) experienced phenomenal growth; A new genre of collectible card games emerged. The sudden appearance and remarkable popularity of "Magic" took many gamers (and game publishing companies) by surprise, as they tried to keep pace with fads and changes in the public opinion.
In the year afterwards (1994), Bethesda Softworks released the first chapter in their "The Elder Scrolls" role-playing video game series. The game was Bethesda's attempt to create a true "pen and paper" style experience for personal computers, with the fifth major game, "" (2011) being one of the most frequently released games in the history of the industry.
With gamers's time and money split three ways, the role-playing game industry declined. Articles appeared in "Dragon Magazine" and other industry magazines foretelling the "end of role-playing", since face-to-face time was spent playing "Magic". TSR's attempts to become a publishing house further drained their reserves of cash and the financially troubled company was eventually purchased by Wizards of the Coast in 1997. Articles criticising WotC's game in TSR's magazine stopped. WotC became a division of Hasbro in 1998, being bought for an estimated $325 million.
Meanwhile, critical and theoretical reflection on role-playing game theory was developing. In 1994–95 "Inter*Active", (later renamed "Interactive Fiction") published a magazine devoted to the study of RPGs. In the late 1990s discussion on the nature of RPGs on rec.games.frp.advocacy generated the Threefold Model. The Scandinavian RPG scene saw several opposing ideological camps about the nature and function of RPGs emerge, which began having regular academic conferences called the knutepunkt conferences, which began in 1997 and continue to today.
2000s-: open and indie gaming, Edition Wars and OSR.
In 2000, Wizards of the Coast's "Dungeons & Dragons" brand manager Ryan Dancey introduced a policy whereby other companies could publish "D&D"-compatible materials under the Open Gaming License (OGL). He was frustrated that game supplements suffered far more diminished sales over time than the core books required to play the game, then this would spread the cost of supplementing the game and would increase sales of the core books, which could only be published by WotC. The new "D&D" rules became known as the "d20 system", and a System Reference Document was published, containing all the rules needed to write a supplement or run a one-off game, but lacking the character advancement rules necessary for long-term play. The open gaming movement and 3rd/3.5 edition "D&D" (2000, 2003) enjoyed a great deal of success, and although there was some criticism of the move a great many have been released until around 2008.
In 2009, "Pathfinder Roleplaying Game" was published by Paizo Publishing, intended for backward compatibility with "D&D" 3.5 edition ruleset under the OGL. "Pathfinder" eventually became the top-selling RPG in around 2011 to 2013, replacing "Dungeons & Dragons", which had been the best-selling game since the advent of RPG industry in 1974. In comparison, then-4th-edition "D&D" (2008) proved to be a lackluster, WotC quickly responded to this and announced next edition of "D&D" with more emphasis on open playtestings and user feedback. Under such circumstances, "Edition Wars" became a hot topic among user community and internet boards, although some may argue such discussions already and always existed.
Meanwhile, self-defined "Indie role-playing" communities arose on the internet, studying role-playing and developing the GNS Theory of role-playing games. With the advent of print on demand and PDF publishing, it became possible for these individuals to produce games with tightly focused designs, eschewing the mainstream trends of the industry.
Also on this same era, there has been a trend known as the OSR (Old School Renaissance, or Revival). It drew inspiration from the early days of tabletop RPGs, especially from earlier editions of "D&D". "Castles & Crusades" (2004), by Troll Lord Games, is a mix between early editions and OGL d20 rules. This in turn inspired the creation of "D&D retro-clones" such as "OSRIC" (2006), "Labyrinth Lord" (2007) and "Swords & Wizardry" (2008), games which more closely recreate the original rule sets, using the OGL materials and non-copyrightable aspects of the older rules.
Controversy.
Role-playing games are often poorly understood by the non-gaming community, and have attracted criticism from concerned parents and religious conservatives. The religious objections leveled against fantasy role-playing games in the past are similar to religious objections later made against the "Harry Potter" fantasy series and The Walt Disney Company. Call of Cthulhu is a horror fiction role-playing game based on H. P. Lovecraft's story of the same name and the associated Cthulhu Mythos. However, these objections have not led to a boycott of Hasbro similar to those organized against the latter two products.
The setting of Call of Cthulhu is a horror version of our world, based on H. P. Lovecraft's observation (from his essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature") that "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown." The original game, first published in 1981, uses mechanics from Basic Role-Playing, and is set in the 1920s, the setting of many of Lovecraft's stories. Additional settings were developed in the "Cthulhu by Gaslight" supplement, a blend of occult and Holmesian mystery and mostly set in England during the 1890s, and modern/1980s conspiracy with "Cthulhu Now" and "Delta Green". More recent additions include 1000 AD ("Cthulhu: Dark Ages"), 23rd century ("Cthulhu Rising") and Ancient Roman times ("Cthulhu Invictus"). The protagonists may also travel to places that are not of this earth, represented in the Dreamlands (which can be accessed through dreams as well as being physically connected to the earth), to other planets, or into the voids of space. In keeping with the Lovecraftian theme, the gamemaster is called the Keeper of Arcane Lore, or simply the keeper, while player characters are called "investigators". Publisher Steve Jackson Games nearly went out of business after a 1990 Secret Service raid seized the company's computers. The firm's fantasy technology game "GURPS Cyberpunk" inspired a mistaken assumption that they were computer hackers. A 1994 U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling upheld the firm's subsequent suit against the Secret Service. These actions, in part, led to the creation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Criticism against "Dungeons & Dragons".
Though many role-playing games have had controversies or poor press, "Dungeons & Dragons" has often been the primary target of criticism, at least in part because it is so widely played that it has become emblematic of role-playing in popular culture. Groups as diverse as the Israel Defense Forces (although this claim is attributed to an anonymous source and is otherwise unsubstantiated) and Jack Chick publications have singled the game out as a source of concern. The IDF asked its teenage recruits if they played the game and if they answered yes they were given a lower security clearance. This was because "These people have a tendency to be influenced by external factors which could cloud their judgment...[t]hey may be detached from reality or have a weak personality — elements which lower a person's security clearance, allowing them to serve in the army, but not in sensitive positions," according to an unnamed military official. Chick Publications have claimed that the game leads young people into the occult.
One of the most widely referenced incidents relating to "Dungeons & Dragons" came in 1979, with the disappearance of 16-year-old James Dallas Egbert III. Egbert had attempted suicide in the utility tunnels beneath the campus of Michigan State University, and after his non-fatal attempt, hid at a friend's house for approximately a month.
A well-publicized search for Egbert began, and a private investigator speculated in the press that Egbert had gotten lost in the steam tunnels during a live-action version of the game after finding what he thought to be a clue in his room. The press largely reported the story as fact, which served as the kernel of a persistent urban legend regarding such "steam tunnel incidents." Egbert's suicide attempts, including his completed suicide the following year had no connection whatsoever to "D&D", being brought on by his being a talented but highly depressed young man under incredible stress. Rona Jaffe's 1981 novel, "Mazes and Monsters", was a thinly disguised fictionalization of the press exaggerations of the Egbert case mixed with elements from horror RPGs. It was later adapted as a made-for-television movie in 1982. The movie starred a 26-year-old Tom Hanks in his first leading film role.
Also in 1982, Patricia Pulling's son, an active "D&D" player, committed suicide, and Pulling believed the game to be the direct cause of his death. After unsuccessful legal action, Pulling founded the one-person advocacy group Bothered About "Dungeons & Dragons" (BADD), and began publishing information circulating her belief that "D&D" encouraged devil worship and suicide.
Overall opponents of role-playing gaming were remarkably successful at attracting media attention in the 1980s. In a 1994 "Skeptical Inquirer" article, Paul Cardwell, Jr. observes that, "The Associated Press and United Press International, between 1979 and 1992, carried 111 stories mentioning role-playing games. Almost all named only "Dungeons & Dragons". Of the 111 stories, 80 were anti-game, 19 had no majority, 9 were neutral, and only 3 were pro-game. Those three pro-game stories were all from UPI, which is a considerably smaller wire service than AP.
Pro-gaming reactions.
Gamers organized the Committee for the Advancement of Role-Playing Games (CAR-PGa) in 1988. This organization writes letters to editors, gives interviews, and advocates for balanced reporting about RPGs.
Their defense of RPGs has been made easier as more research has become available regarding such games. For example, the American Association of Suicidology, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, and Health & Welfare (Canada) have all concluded that there is no causal link between fantasy gaming and suicide. And writer Michael Stackpole used BADD's own data to demonstrate that suicide is actually lower among gamers than non-gamers.
From 1994 to 1997 three proposals were put forth in the Swedish Riksdag aimed at removing government grants for Sverok, the Swedish nationwide umbrella organization for gaming clubs. The arguments for the proposals were that playing role-playing games made youths more prone to acts of violence and that some sensational cases that had come to the public's attention were caused by role-playing games.
In response, the Swedish National Board for Youth Affairs, the government agency charged with monitoring and acting on the interests of youths in Sweden, was given the assignment to evaluate role-playing as a hobby. This resulted in a report with the title "Role-playing as recreation". The report gives no support to claims of correlation between acts of violence and playing role-playing games, nor of claims that impressionable youths would be susceptible to blurring lines between reality and fantasy, another claim made in the Riksdag proposals. On the contrary, the report is positive of role-playing as a recreation for youths.


Pyongyang Bell

The Pyongyang Bell is one of the National Treasures of North Korea.
The current bell was cast between June and September 1726 during the Ri dynasty to replace an earlier one that was destroyed by fire in 1714. The bell was rung to announce invasions, natural disasters, New Year's Day and other major events. In 1925, the bell was located on East Gate Street, inside the great East Gate of the city of Pyongyang.
Details.
The bell is 3.1 m in height with a diameter at the mouth of 1.6 m. It weighs around 13 000 kg. The metal is 24 cm thick. It is made mostly of bronze, but contains 35 different metals. A detailed record was kept on the casting of the bell. According to a 1925 report, the metals required to cast the bell were collected among various local groups; the Government Treasury exchanged zinc for 1500 pounds of unrefined copper, also added was 3573 pounds and 4 yang of old coin metal, 341 pounds of tin, 2120 pounds of old broken bell metal. The government warehouse supplied 382 pounds of lead and brass. The War Department contributed 370 pounds 5 yang of copper vessels and 29 pounds 13 yang of refined copper. Merchants from Seoul contributed old iron vessels equal to 1296 pounds and 8 yang. The various sub-prefectures of the country gave 1268 pounds and 8 yang of old coin metal. Local priests contributed 282 pounds and 5 yang of iron. Merchants of the country gave 4161 pounds and 8 yang of wrought iron, 1000 pounds and 12 yang of refined copper. The various prefectures throughout Korea exchanged their surplus grain for 4810 pounds and 8 yang of lead and old coin metal.


List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Cumberland County

This is a list of the Pennsylvania state historical markers in Cumberland County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC). The locations of the historical markers, as well as the latitude and longitude coordinates as provided by the PHMC's database, are included below when available. There are 71 historical markers located in Cumberland County.


Scottish Standard

The Scottish Standard was a weekly Scottish newspaper, supportive of Scottish independence. It was launched on 9 March 2005 with a 48-page issue in full-colour that was on sale for 70p. Seven issues were published in all.
The intention of the paper was to provide a middle-market tabloid for the section of the Scottish public that support independence. Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish National Party, wrote a column for the paper, as did other Scottish political figures supportive of independence, including Colin Fox of the Scottish Socialist Party.
It was published in Paisley. It was edited by Alex MacLeod and financed by the Belfast-based Flagship Media Group.
The paper had a modest circulation of between 6,000 and 12,000 copies, which was too low to sustain the journalists, sales and administration staff who at launch totalled approximately 38.
The failure of the title may have been due to its lack of any real promotion; the only notable attempt was a ten-second advert on Scottish Television and Grampian Television the night before the paper launched. Equally, if not more so, it suffered from distribution problems, with RS McColl being one of the few larger chains to carry it.


South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition

The South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition, commonly called the Charleston Exposition or the West Indian Exposition, was a regional trade exposition held in Charleston, South Carolina from December 1, 1901 to June 20, 1902.
History.
To overcome weakening trade with Latin American and the Caribbean and seeing the benefits of fairs like the Cotton States Exposition held in Atlanta in 1895, a railroad executive, J. H. Averill, advocated holding an exposition in Charleston in the "News and Courier". J. C. Hemphill, the editor of the "News and Courier", and Frederick W. Wagener, a German immigrant and local businessman, were two early supporters of a World's Fair in Charleston.
In 1900, the Charleston Exposition Company was formed and began soliciting funds. There was support from the business community and the South Carolina General Assembly allocated US$50,000, but the Charleston aristocracy felt that the fair was unseemly self-promotion. The Federal government, which had normally contributed funds, did not offer early support. There were no official exhibits from abroad.
Wagener, who was president of the exposition company, suggested that of his property on the Ashley River be used for the fair. The company hired a New York architect, Bradford L. Gilbert, who had been supervising architect for the Cotton States Exposition. Gilbert chose Spanish Renaissance style with the buildings painted creamy off-white. This led to is being called the "Ivory City." The grounds were divided into an area for Nature and another for Art. The principal buildings were: Administration, Agriculture, Art, Auditorium, Commerce, Cotton Palace, Fisheries, Machinery, Mines and Forestry, Negro, Transportation, and Women's.
The Exposition faced many challenges. The weather was not good, some exhibits were late in opening, and there was a shortage of funds. President Theodore Roosevelt delayed his visit from February to April. The attendance was disappointing. Only 674,086 came to the exposition. The cost of the exposition was $1,250,000, while the receipts were $313,000.
After the exposition, the City of Charleston built its Hampton Park on the eastern portion of the grounds that included the Exposition's formal court. Although it was moved and rebuilt, the bandstand in the park remains. In 1919, the State of South Carolina obtained the western portion. This was used for the new campus of The Citadel. Lowndes Grove, which was the Woman's Building in the exposition, remains.
Exhibits.
The Cotton Palace was a long building with a tall dome was the focus of the exposition. The other major buildings were the Palace of Commerce and the Palace of Agriculture. There was a Negro Department in its own building. The Woman's Building was in Wagener's Lowndes Grove house. Twenty different states participated in the exposition. State buildings were erected by Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, New York, and Pennsylvania; city buildings represented Cincinnati and Philadelphia; and special structures were devoted to the exhibits of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guatemala. Pennsylvania featured the Liberty Bell in its exhibit. The grounds were adorned with statuary, among them six original historical groups, situated in the Court of Palaces. Statuary included "The Aztec" by Louis A. Gudebrod, "The Negro" by Charles A. Lopez, and "The Huguenot" by Elsie Ward.
The midway had a carnival with thrill rides, a long painting of the Battle of Manassas, and Eskimo village. There was a Turkish Parlor with imported cigars and a house of horrors.
As with similar expositions there were souvenirs for sale, which included commemorative medals, pins, and other trinkets. A miniature railroad of the Miniature Railway Company proved to be one of the most popular attractions and best-paying amusement features on the grounds. The routes touched all points of interest from the Sunken Gardens and the Court of Palaces to the headquarters for hoky-poky.


Ralswiek

Ralswiek is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.


Aksak coat of arms

Aksak is a Polish coat of arms of Tatar origin. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
History.
Kasper Okińczyc was granted with a noble title by King Jan III Sobieski in 1683, after the Battle of Vienna, together with an estate called Luzinky. He was given also the command over the garrison of the city of Mścisław (modern Mstislav, Belarus), close to the border with Muscovy
The name of the coat of arms stems from Okińczyc's personal nickname, possibly a Turkish language word "aksak" meaning lame.
Possibly Okińczyc received a wound during the battle and started using the term as his nickname and later as a name of the symbol of his family.
Blazon.
The blazon exists also with a heart pierced by an arrow, with blood drops.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


The Chorus Kid

The Chorus Kid is a lost 1928 silent film comedy drama directed by Howard Bretherton and starring Virginia Brown Faire and Bryant Washburn. It was produced and released by independentsts Gotham Productions and Lumas Film respectively.


History of Regional Engineering Colleges

During the second five-year plan (1956–60) in India, a number of industrial projects were contemplated. To ensure enough supply of trained personnel to meet the demand for these projects, a decision was taken to start the Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs), at the rate of one per each major state, which can churn out graduates with good engineering merit. Thus, seventeen RECs were established from 1959 onwards in each of the major states. Each college was a joint and cooperative enterprise of the central government and the concerned state government. All the 20 institutes now offer degree courses at various bachelors, masters and doctorate levels in various branches of engineering and technology. The entire non-recurring expenditure and expenditure for post-graduate courses during the REC times were borne by the central government. As regards in the REC system the entire recurring expenditure on undergraduate courses, the same was shared by the central government and the state government on 50:50 basis. However, after becoming National Institutes of Technology (NITs) the entire funding is managed by the center now. REC system served well but as time passed some state governments showed lack of responsibility to take them in right direction. Following the long-standing demand for more Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) the then Minister of Human Resource Development Murali Manoher Joshi decided to upgrade the RECs to NITs. In 2003 all RECs were upgraded to NITs and central government took control to run these Institutes.
Objective behind the birth.
A large number of industrial projects were contemplated for the 2nd Five-Year Plan period (1956–61). In order to ensure the supply of trained personnel to man these projects, the Planning Commission, in September 1955 appointed an Engineering Personnel Committee (EPC), to undertake an overall assessment of the demand and supply position in respect of engineering personnel-graduates and diploma-holders-during the 2nd Plan period and to recommend the extent to which facilities for technical education should be expanded. The EPC has estimated that by 1960–61, there would be a large gap in the supply position and the shortage will be of the order of 1,800 engineering graduates and 8,000 diploma-holders. For fulfilling the recommendations of the EPC, a scheme was formulated for :
The Government of India decided to implement the first part of the EPC recommendations in 1957. As regards the establishment of the new institutions, it was decided that the matter should be re- examined in the light of the following considerations :
The Central Government also decided that the new institutions to be established, after a review of the whole matter, should start at least with 5 with effect from the academic year 1958.
In order to decide the number of engineering colleges that should be started on the initiative of the Central Government, a statistical and integrated approach on the basis of the nature and scope of the future 5-year plans was called for. However, at that stage these details were not available. Nevertheless, expansion of technical education facilities to the extent possible, could not be delayed since institutions had to be established and courses organized well in advance of the initiation of the development projects. The problem was one of keeping a distant situation in mind and plan for technical education in stages.
With this end in view, it was decided that during the 2nd Plan period, facilities for first degree courses may be extended to about 11,000 seats from the then estimated figure of 9,000 places that would be available by the end of the 2nd Plan period. The extra 2,000 places were sought to be created in establishing 8 new engineering colleges, each with an annual admission of 250 students.
Aims and Objectives.
The foregoing historical narrative shows that the original aim of the decision to establish RECs. was to create institutional facilities for providing under-graduate education and training in different branches of engineering, with a view to supply the engineering manpower for the industrial projects and development envisaged under the successive Five-Year Plans.
The common objectives were:
Considering the background, intentions and later developments, the aims and objectives of the RECs, can be stated as follows:
The Regional Engineering Colleges.
These are large-sized institutions judged by the standards then prevailing in the country. The considerations that weighed in this decision were :
It was decided that the 9 new colleges should be established so that there were on an average 2 in each region, as follows:
Later, however, the college proposed for Hyderabad was established in Warangal. It was initially the intention that a college is to be established in Delhi in order to take over the degree courses in engineering and technology at the Delhi College of Engineering (DCE) now known as Delhi Technological University (DTU) and that the college should be developed only for degree courses both on full- time and part-time basis. However, the college at Delhi became a separate entity by itself and in its place the Regional Engineering College at Srinagar, J&K in the Northern Region was established. Thus, the 9 Regional Engineering Colleges in the first phase, came to be established.
Central Engineering Colleges.
Thus, 15 Regional Engineering Colleges were established one in each of the major States. The dates and places in the various States where they were established are as follows:-
The colleges were intended to have all-India character and to serve the whole country for providing technical personnel required for the successive five-year plans. In view of the following aims and objectives, it was recommended that the Regional Engineering Colleges should appropriately be renamed as Central Engineering Colleges. The all-India character was to be ensured, by each college admitting students from all the other States and appointing the best available teaching staff, on an all-India basis.
Two more were later established in the states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh at Jalandhar and Hamirpur 5 respectively owing to country's growing need for quality manpower.
Recent developments.
Ministry of Human Resource Development issued NIT status to three more colleges which are located at
These were done to provide an NIT to every new state carved out of its parent state whose NIT was lost as a result of the bifurcation. The 11th 5-year Plan envisages establishing 10 more NITs, bringing the current total of NITs to 30. Thus more than one NIT per state will become a reality. Based on the request of respective state government and feasibility, future NITs shall be either converted from the existing government institutes or can be set up as brand-new (Greenfield) NIT. The 21st (and the first brand-new) NIT is coming up at Imphal in the north-eastern state of Manipur at an initial cost of Rs. 500 crores. However no place for the location has been finalized yet.


List of New York State Historic Markers in Ontario County, New York

This is an incomplete list of New York State Historic Markers in Ontario County, New York.


Wyssogota coat of arms

Wyssogota is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


Etarcomol

Etarconol is a character from the Ulster Cycle in Irish folklore. He is the son of Eda and Léthrenn and a foster-son of Ailill and Medb. He was the first champion to face Cú Chulainn in single combat. He was killed as Cúchulainn struck down through his crown and split him "to the navel".


Max Martin production discography

This is a list of Swedish record producer Max Martin's songwriting and production credits.
Written and co-written songs.
 indicates a song that reached the number-one position on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
 indicates a song that reached top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100.
Top ten singles.
The following singles peaked inside the top ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot 100 Airplay.
Number-one singles
Other Top 10 hits Peak


GML Heritage

GML Heritage is an Australian consultancy firm previously known as "Godden Mackay Pty Ltd" and then "Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd" after its three main founders. The company specialises in the areas of heritage advice, historical and Aboriginal archaeology, and interpretation of heritage places.
There are offices in Sydney and Canberra and a team of over forty industry leaders and experienced professionals in urban planning, archaeology, architecture, public history and interpretation. Services include Aboriginal heritage, archaeology, the built environment, cultural landscapes, public history, community engagement and interpretation.
The firm was established in 1989 in Sydney as Godden MacKay. It has undertaken work at Angkor Wat, Mawson's Huts in Antarctica, Lake Mungo National Park and the Sydney Opera House. It was involved in major archaeological excavations at the Little Lon district and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne, as well as extensive archaeological work in Sydney's Rocks district.
The company has won numerous industry awards for its heritage advice and services.


Helwan (cemetery)

At Helwan south of modern Cairo was excavated a large ancient Egyptian cemetery with more than 10.000 burials. The cemetery was in use from the Naqada Period around 3200 BC to the Fourth Dynasty and again at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom and then up to the Roman Period and beyond. The burial ground was discovered and excavated by Zaki Saad in 1942 to 1954. Further excavations started in 1997 by an Australian expedition. The excavations of Zaki Saad were never fully published, only several preliminary reports appeared. Helwan was most likely the cemetery of Memphis in the first Dynasties. The tombs range from small pits to bigger elaborated mastabas. Regarding the underground parts of these tombs, two types are attested. There are on one side pits with the burial at the bottom and there are on the other side underground chambers, reached via a pit or via a staircase. The majority of burials are for one deceased.
There are some examples of multiple burials. The deceased were mostly place in reed mats or coffins of different materials. Most of the bodies were found in a contracted position. Most tombs were built of mud bricks. Roofs are often made of timber. Some walls in the underground chambers were covered with plaster. In several tombs stones were found, used for roofing the tomb chamber, for blocking the entrance and in rare cases for paving walls. Some of the more elaborate tombs had several underground chambers. These chambers were often reached via a staircase. The people buried here belonged to all levels of society, albeit the highest officials were buried at Saqqara. Over 40 stelae were found belonging to the upper levels of society. They are an important source for early writing in Egypt. A certain Meriiti bears many titles on his stela and dates most likely to the First Dynasty. A few stelae also belong to members of the royal family, such as the "king's daughter" Satkhnum, the "king's daughter" Khenmetptah and the "king's son" Nisuheqet. The stelae date from about the middle of the First Dynasty to the early Fourth Dynasty.


Earl of Orkney

The Earl of Orkney was originally a Norse jarl ruling the archipelagos of Orkney and Shetland ("Norðreyjar"). Originally founded by Norse invaders, the status of the rulers of the Norðreyjar as Norwegian vassals was formalised in 1195. Although the Old Norse term "jarl" is etymologically related to "earl", and the jarls were succeeded by earls in the late 15th century, a Norwegian "jarl" is not the same thing. In the Norse context the distinction between jarls and kings did not become significant until the late 11th century and the early jarls would therefore have had considerable independence of action until that time. The position of Jarl of Orkney was eventually the most senior rank in mediaeval Norway except for the king himself.
The jarls were periodically subject to the kings of Alba for those parts of their territory in what is now mainland Scotland (i.e. Caithness and Sutherland). In 1232, a Scottish dynasty descended from the Mormaers of Angus replaced the previous family descended from the late 10th century jarl Torf-Einarr, although the "Norðreyjar" remained formally subject to Norway. This family was in turn replaced by the descendants of the Mormaers of Strathearn and later still by the Sinclair family, during whose time Orkney and Shetland became part of Scotland.
The second earldom was created by James VI of Scotland in 1581 for his half-uncle Robert Stewart but after only two incumbents the title was forfeited in 1614. After the third creation of 1696, which title still exists today, the earls' influence on Orcadian affairs became negligible.
Norse Jarls.
Rognvald Eysteinsson, Jarl of Møre "fl." 865–890 is sometimes credited with being the founder of the jarldom. By implication the "Orkneyinga saga" identifies him as such for he is given "dominion" over Orkney and Shetland by King Harald Finehair, although there is no concrete suggestion he ever held the title. The "Heimskringla" states that his brother Sigurd was the first to formally hold the title.
Sigurd's son Guthorm ruled for a year and died childless. Rognvald's son Hallad then inherited the title. However, unable to constrain Danish raids on Orkney, he gave up the jarldom and returned to Norway, which "everyone thought was a huge joke". Torf-Einarr then succeeded in defeating the Danes and founded a dynasty which retained control of the islands for centuries after his death. Smyth (1984) concludes that the role of the brothers Eysteinsson lacks historical credibility and that Torf-Einarr “may be regarded as the first historical earl of Orkney”.
Drawing on Adam of Bremen's assertion that Orkney was not conquered until the time of Harald Hardrada, who ruled Norway from 1043 to 1066, Woolf (2007) speculates that Sigurd “the Stout” Hlodvirsson, Torf-Einarr's great-grandson, may have been the first Jarl of Orkney. Dates are largely conjectural, at least until his death recorded in 1014.
Assuming Torf-Einarr is a genuine historical figure, all of the subsequent jarls were descended from him, save for Sigurd Magnusson, whose short rule was imposed by his father Magnus Barelegs, and who later became Sigurd I of Norway.
One of the main sources for the lives and times of these jarls is the "Orkneyinga saga", which has been described as having "no parallel in the social and literary record of Scotland". One of the key events of the saga is the "martyrdom" of Jarl Magnus Erlendsson, later Saint Magnus, c. 1115. The last quarter of the saga is taken up with a lengthy tale of Jarl Rögnvald Kali Kolsson and Sweyn Asleifsson — indeed the oldest version ends with the latter's death in 1171.
After the murder of Jarl Jon Haraldsson some sixty years later, Magnus, son of Gille Brigte became the first of the Scottish earls. He may have been a descendant of Jarl Rögnvald Kali Kolsson, although this has never been corroborated. However, the line of specifically Norse jarls is said to have come to an end when Jarl Magnus II was granted his title by Haakon IV of Norway c. 1236.
!Name
!Byname
!Relationship to predecessor
!Rule commences
!Rule ends


Kingston City Hall (Ontario)

Kingston City Hall is the seat of local government in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Occupying a full city block facing Lake Ontario in Kingston's downtown, the city hall is a prominent building constructed in the Neoclassical style with a landmark tholobate and dome.
The city hall was completed in 1844, with its scale and design reflective of Kingston's status as capital of the Province of Canada at that time. The architect chosen for the project in 1841 was George Browne, and the building was believed to be one of Browne's most outstanding works.
The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1961.
History.
On 18 April 1840 a fire destroyed much of the downtown section of Kingston, including the market area, the market building, and the original municipal offices located in the Baker Building on King Street facing Market Square. Mayor John Counter proposed a new market building and municipal building. Since Kingston was, at the time, the capital of the new Province of Canada, the appearance of the new town hall was planned to reflect the city’s status as the capital.
Architect George Browne, who had moved to Kingston from Quebec with the new government, won the design contest and drew the plans. He also took charge of construction. The final phase of construction, however, was overseen by William Coverdale after Browne was dismissed. The cornerstone was laid on 5 June 1843 by Governor General Charles Metcalfe at the location of the market overlooking the waterfront. The building was completed by November 1844.
The new city hall was constructed of limestone in the form of a T and incorporated a new market building that extended west toward King Street. Known as the market "shambles", this wing of the city hall was designed as a public market and was used by hucksters, butchers and green grocers who occupied stalls. The market wing also included a clock tower. In 1865 the wing was destroyed by a fire. It was rebuilt with a smaller configuration but without the clock tower, and the clock was placed into the main dome. A fire in 1908 destroyed the main dome, which was reconstructed with a new clock.
Since Kingston entered into a recession when the seat of government moved to Montreal in May 1844, town council was concerned about paying for the large building and so began renting out space. Tenants included the post office, customs offices, the Masons, the Orange Order, a saloon, a dry goods store, an amateur theatre, the Mechanics Institute, the Bank of British North America, and the Scottish Free Church. The west wing was rented out for lectures, meetings, bazaars and balls. Welfare recipients were housed in the basement but this proved to be unsuccessful and the tenants were evicted.
The portico at the front entrance was removed in 1956 because of deterioration but was restored in 1966. To commemorate Kingston's tercentenary in 1973, the interior of the building was renovated and restored.
Memorial Hall, located in the north wing, includes twelve stained glass windows that pay tribute to those who fought in several First World War battles.
Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister, lay in state here following his death on 6 June 1891.
Police headquarters.
Kingston’s police force set up its headquarters in the basement of City Hall as soon as the building opened in 1844. The space consisted of a large room, four cells and the Police Court. In the early 1900s, the police offices and Police Court moved to the main floor. In 1952 the police offices moved into two floors of the attached Market Building, which had been renovated. Police holding cells were located on the main floor, while the second floor housed the main offices and Magistrate’s Court. As the force expanded, it outgrew its allotted space and so the police headquarters moved into a separate building, which was completed in 1972. It has since moved into even larger quarters.
Market Square.
Springer Market Square, located directly behind city hall, holds a seasonal farmers' market, the Kingston Public Market, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays from April until November, although in the early years the market was held summer and winter. It is the oldest public market in the province. An antiques market operates in the square on Sundays. The square was revitalized during 2005–07, creating an outdoor skating rink and small amphitheatres in the north and south courtyards of city hall.
Market Square was created as part of the original town plan of 1784 and was the site of an informal market established in 1788. The square originally extended to the waterfront. It was the only location in Kingston where farmers could sell their produce, which was brought in by wagon or cart. The Kingston Public Market was officially established by the City of Kingston in 1801, and the rules and regulations were proclaimed in May 1811. It was the centre of commerce and trade in the city and through the 19th century public buildings, hotels, and shops developed around the square including Kingston City Hall which was built in 1844. As the city grew, the market came to consist of ramshackle wooden stalls known as the market shambles, which were destroyed, along with many of the surrounding buildings, in the Great Fire of 1840. After the fire, the market area was rebuilt with a new market building, which was attached to the new city hall. The market was deeded to the city in 1848.
In 1758 British Colonel John Bradstreet's infantry used the site when they bombarded the French Fort Frontenac during the Battle of Fort Frontenac. The square was the location where the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe, proclaimed the Constitutional Act 1791 which established Upper Canada as a separate jurisdiction, where the beginning of the War of 1812 was announced, and in 1867, was the location where Canadian Confederation was proclaimed. The square was also used as an assembly point for soldiers who participated in the North-West Rebellion and fought in the First and Second World Wars.
Archaeological investigations that took place in 2002 and 2003 in preparation for the revitalization project uncovered evidence of old commercial buildings, the old market and market wing, remnants of part of the nearby Fort Frontenac, and signs of the two major fires that occurred in 1840 and 1865.
Market Square was renamed "Springer" Market Square in 2008 to recognize the donation of $1 million to the City of Kingston by the Springer family to help pay for the revitalization of the square.
Confederation Park.
Confederation Park, which is associated with Kingston City Hall, separates the city hall from the waterfront. Established in 1967 on formerly-industrial waterfront land, it includes a large arch with a fountain and the Confederation Basin Marina. A former Kingston and Pembroke Railway (K&P) station which once served as the southern terminus of the now-defunct line is now a visitor information centre operated by Tourism Kingston. A restored historic locomotive, the "Spirit of Sir John A.", recalls downtown Kingston's past role in locomotive manufacturing.
Market Battery.
A fortification known as the Market Battery, was located on the waterfront directly in front of City Hall where Confederation Park is located. It was completed in 1848 because of tension between the United States and Great Britain during the Oregon Crisis. The Market Battery was one of several Kingston fortifications constructed during this period. A thick outer wall, or sea wall, in the harbour extended 20 feet above the water and included embrasures for cannons, while an inner wall, which included an entrance, completed the battery's enclosure to the west. In the 1870s, after Imperial troops withdrew from Kingston, the inner wall was removed and the location became a park. The large outer wall was removed in 1885 and the land was leased to the K&P railroad. A wall of the battery has been restored to illustrate the site's history.
Appearances in popular culture.
Kingston City Hall appears in the 1999 HBO movie, Vendetta.
Kingston City Hall, Market Square, and the surrounding buildings appear as part of a Russian city in the fourteenth episode of the television series, Nikita's, third season, "The Life We've Chosen" in 2013.
Kingston City Hall also appears briefly as an unnamed government building in Buffalo, New York, in 2015's Crimson Peak.
Kingston City Hall and Market Square appeared on the seventh episode of "The Amazing Race Canada 4" in 2016.
Kingston City Hall and Market Square appeared in the "Murdoch Mysteries" episode "Rigid Silence" in 2020.


Maryland World War I Service Medal

The Maryland World War I Service Medal was authorized for issue to citizens of the state of Maryland who volunteered for and served in either the Army or Navy of the U.S. during World War I. The state legislature authorized this medal on 13 April 1922.
Description: Bronze gilt. Marching soldiers with rifles at shoulder arms, framed in a portal with a slightly arched roof containing an outline of the state of Maryland, over which appears the word "Maryland." Reverse "For service to state & nation in the World War 1917-1919." Ribbon six white and five red alternating stripes.


Trzywdar coat of arms

Trzywdar is a Polish coat of arms used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this Coat of Arms include:


Under der linden

"Under der linden" is a famous poem written by the medieval German lyric poet Walther von der Vogelweide. It is written in Middle High German. The song may have originally been sung to the surviving melody of an old French song, which matches the meter of the poem.
Melody.
The original melody of "Under der linden" may be preserved; the melody of an anonymous old French folk song entitled "En mai au douz tens novels" fits the meter of the poem, indicating that "Under der linden" may actually be a contrafactum of "En mai au douz tens novels". Though this contrafactum is possible, it still remains uncertain.
Text.
Full Poem:


Amarna letter EA 3

Amarna Letter EA3 is a letter of correspondence between Nimu'wareya, this being the ruler of Egypt, Amenḥotep III, and Kadašman-Enlil, the king of Babylon. In the Moran translation, the letter is given the cursory or synoptic title "Marriage, grumblings, a palace opening". The letter is part of a series of correspondences from Babylonia to Egypt, which run from EA2 to EA4 and EA6 to EA14. EA1 and EA5 are from Egypt to Babylonia.
The contents of the letter is as follows:
External links.
K Avruch - Reciprocity, Equality, and Status-Anxiety in the Amarna letters "Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations" published by JHU Press, 18 Sep 2002, 328 pages,


Henry House (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

Henry House is a two-and-a-half-storey stone house located on Barrington Street in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The house is designated a National Historic Site, and is both a Provincially Registered Property and a Municipally Registered Property under the provincial Heritage Property Act.
History.
The house was built in 1834 for John Metzler, a prosperous Halifax stonemason and landowner. It is primarily known for its association with William Alexander Henry, a prominent native of Halifax who resided here with his family from 1854 to 1864. Henry was a Father of Confederation, a co-author of the British North America Act, a provincial Attorney General,a Member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, a Mayor of Halifax and the first Nova Scotian to serve as a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada.
The building served as a Sailors' Home in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, operated by the Navy League of Canada (Halifax Branch). In 1968 it was sold to Richard (Dick) Raymond and Jacques Ducau, who did extensive renovations and opened The Henry House(restaurant) and Little Stone Jug (downstairs tavern) in 1969. (The Stone Jug is slang for prison and was previously the namesake of a Halifax pub on Brunswick St. in the nineteenth century.))
Since then the well-known restaurant has been in continuous operation, and it is still called The Henry House Restaurant & Pub.
The Henry House was designated a National Historic Site in 1969.
Architecture.
Henry House has a gable roof, and has ashlar granite facades with ironstone on the gable ends. The architecture is generally representative of a typical style used in early 19th-century British North America for elite residences. In particular, it is an excellent example of the Halifax House style, a design brought to Nova Scotia by Scottish masons and characterized by three bays and a side hall plan.
Mason's marks on the stone walls of Henry House:


The Barnstormer (film)

The Barnstormer is a 1922 American silent comedy film directed by Charles Ray and written by Richard Andres and Edward Withers. The film stars Charles Ray, Wilfred Lucas, Florence Oberle, Lionel Belmore, Phil Dunham, Gus Leonard, Lincoln Plumer, Charlotte Pierce, George Nichols, and Blanche Rose. The film was released on January 1922 by Associated First National.
Plot.
As described in a film magazine, Joel Matthews (Ray), a farmer's son, aspires to become an actor. A visiting acting troupe gives him his opportunity, and he becomes a porter, call boy, piano player, stage hand, and finally an actor with two lines. His model in all things is the Leading Man (Lucas), whose every move he imitates. In a small town he meets and falls in love with the Emily (Pierce), daughter of the druggist (Plumer). The play is in town for a week. While playing to a full house, the Leading Man, disguised as a burglar, holds up the audience and hides in his dressing room. Joel discovers him and the loot, and, when he forces the Leading Man to return the money, he wins both the plaudits of the townspeople and the hand of Emily.
Preservation.
The film is now considered lost.


History of education in Taiwan

The recorded history of education in Taiwan can be traced back to the Dutch colonial period.
Dutch Formosa.
In 1636, the Dutch started a school for the Sinckan people that not only featured religious instruction, but also provided schooling in Western literature. Because the Dutch advocated missionary work to be done in the native language, the school was taught in the Sinckan language. The missionary Robertus Junius recorded in his 1643 education report that the Sinckan school had enrolled 80 students, of which 24 were learning to write and 8 to 10 had solid penmanship, while in neighboring Baccaluan (modern-day Anding) school there were 90 students, of which 8 knew how to write.
Aside from proselytizing, the missionaries also compiled dictionaries and books of religious doctrine; they translated Gospel of Matthew into Sinckan and also compiled a vocabulary of Favorlang, another aboriginal language. These would become important sources for later research. The most important Sinckan documents were the contracts between the Sinckan and the Han settlers.
Qing Dynasty.
Under Qing dynasty rule, many traditional schools were established, mostly studying Chinese classics such as the teachings of Confucius. Education was limited to the children of well-to-do parents, as public and free schools did not exist. "Even the paid schools limited their instruction to the usual Chinese curriculum, which is devoted first to the study of the characters, and, if a higher education is desired, to the mastering of the Chinese classics...There were none of the studies which in western lands and in Japan are considered necessary for an educated man, and the general tendency of their training was to increase conservatism and love for ancient customs."
Empire of Japan.
During the Japanese period school attendance for Taiwanese children increased from 3.8% in 1904 to 71.3% in 1943 and literacy in Taiwan became common. Modern schools were formed with widespread establishment of primary schools while higher schooling for Taiwanese people remained rare and secondary schools and colleges were mostly for Japanese nationals. In special cases Taiwanese did receive higher schooling and many went to Japan for further studies.
Republic of China.
After Taiwan came under control of the Republic of China in 1945, education in Taiwan became a synthesis of the Japanese system and the Chinese system implemented by the Chinese Nationalist government. During the first 20 years of Chinese Nationalist rule, mandatory schooling consisted of six years of primary school education, which was also the length under Japanese rule. In 1968, this was extended to nine years.
After taking control of Taiwan, the Republic of China sought to remodel education on the island, a process that involved politicizing public schools and curtailing private ones. This became more urgent when the ROC and its Nationalist government exiled themselves to the island in 1949 to escape the Chinese Communist Party and the incipient People's Republic of China. Education reassumed a colonial dimension, this time to create a new national identity (a process referred to by Taiwanese scholar Ting-Hong Wong as “national colonialism”). In the late 1950s, the government yielded to pressure from both older Taiwanese communities and recent Mainlander immigrants, and enacted a series of education reforms, including the restoration of private schools (with measures taken to ensure their political loyalty).


KLC discography

This is the production discography of Craig "KLC" Lawson, an American hip hop music producer from New Orleans, Louisiana, and lead producer of the production team The Medicine Men. Lawson is credited (solo and with other team members) on close to 300 studio recordings covering over 100 studio albums. His RIAA accolades include approximately eighteen gold albums, twelve platinum albums, four double-platinum albums, two triple-platinum albums, and one quadruple-platinum album as well as two gold singles, two platinum singles and one double-platinum single. Lawson has two Grammy Award nominations, both at the 45th Annual Grammy Awards for "Best Rap Album" ("Word of Mouf" by Ludacris and "Tarantula" by Mystikal) and two BMI Awards - one for the hit single "Move Bitch" (by Ludacris) and one for the associated album "Word of Mouf".
Studio albums.
List of albums and single, with peak chart positions, RIAA certifications and other awards
Compilation Albums and Movie Soundtracks.
Blade Movie Soundtrack (1998) - Edge of the Blade (Mystikal)
 (1998) - Kenny's Dead (Master P)
 (1995)
Foolish – Movie Soundtrack (1999)
How to Be a Player Movie Soundtrack (1997) - How to Be a Playa (Master P, Fiend, Silkk the Shocker)
I Got The Hook Up! Movie Soundtrack (1998)
I'm Bout It Movie Soundtrack (1997)
 (1998)
Rhyme & Reason Movie Soundtrack (1997) - Is There a Heaven 4 a Gangsta? (Master P)
Southwest Riders (1997) - Get Cha Mind Right (Mystikal)
The Substitute Movie Soundtrack (1996) - Bang'Em Up (TRU, Mr. Serv-On)
We Can't Be Stopped (1998)
West Coast Bad Boyz II (1997) - R.I.P. Tupac (Master P)
Who U Wit? Compilation (1999)
Sampling and interpolation.
The following is a list of songs that KLC sampled in some of his tracks as well as songs that sampled or interpolated tracks produced by KLC.
"The Drum major Pt.1" album.
Finally KLC's much-anticipated solo project, "(The Medicine Men Present) The Drum major Pt.1", was release on March 05, 2021, under label Overdose Empire.
Track listing
1. The Drumamjor
2. I'ont Hide
3. Play It Loud
4. Holla At Me
5. Bang Boogie
6. Break Bread
7. Deep Up Off
8. Soulja Like Me
9. I Got You
10. Hold It Down
11. Where Them Hoes At
12. Do What I Gotta Do
13. In A Minute
14. No Place Like Home
15. Loyalty
16. Duffy
Other released tracks.
The following is a list of tracks from KLC's BMI repertoire that have not been affiliated with an album release.


Georgian heraldry

Georgian heraldry was largely suppressed during the Soviet era, but after Georgia's independence, it has been revived. It draws inspiration from Russian and Western European heraldic traditions as well as its own.
Since 2008, Georgia has the State Council of Heraldry under the national parliament.


Under Crimson Skies

Under Crimson Skies is a 1920 American silent adventure film directed by Rex Ingram and starring Elmo Lincoln, Harry von Meter and Mabel Ballin. There are no known archival holdings of the film, so it is presumably a lost film.


Gerlach, Nevada

Gerlach, Nevada is a census-designated place (CDP) in Washoe County, Nevada, United States. The population was 107 at the 2018 American Community Survey. It is part of the Reno–Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2010, Gerlach was part of the Gerlach–Empire census-designated place. The town of Empire is now a separate CDP. The next nearest town, Nixon, is to the south on a reservation owned by the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe. The Fly Geyser is located near Gerlach.
Geography.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Gerlach CDP has a total area of , all land. Its elevation is . Gerlach is approximately 100 miles north of Reno, Nevada.
Climate.
Gerlach has a steppe climate (Bsk).
Economy.
The economy of Gerlach focuses on tourism in the nearby Black Rock Desert, and hunting. Gypsum mining was the historic staple of the local economy. Nearby Empire was a company town of the United States Gypsum Corporation (USG) until the plant closed on January 31, 2011, eliminating 95 jobs. In 2016, the town of Empire was purchased by the Empire Mining Company, who have re-opened gypsum mining operations, and have begun to rehabilitate the houses in town.
The other major industries are a Union Pacific switching station in Gerlach and public services of Washoe County, which includes its roads department and a K–12 public school owned by the Washoe County School District; the future of the Gerlach K–12 School is uncertain, as it is estimated after the gypsum plant closed in 2011, only around a dozen children remained in Gerlach. Many of the inhabitants of Gerlach are elderly retirees. Many people in Gerlach also have small private businesses. Many businesses are Internet-based, due to the town's remote Nevada location. Hunters from all over the west travel to Gerlach to hunt a wide variety of game such as chukar, geese, deer, antelope, etc.
Since 1990, Burning Man, a week-long countercultural festival with a population of 68,000 (), has been held nearby. The event is responsible for around 25% of the yearly sales at the few commercial establishments in the area, which include the closest permanent fuel and grocery stops to the Burning Man event site. The Black Rock Desert is also the site of many other recreational activities throughout the year.
History.
Gerlach was founded in 1906 during the construction of the Western Pacific Railroad Feather River Route.
In 2009, the Space Chair was lofted to near space north of Gerlach.
Government.
Gerlach previously had a volunteer fire department, but in 2015 the entire department resigned. The county had plans to establish fire services.
Transportation.
Primary highway access to Gerlach is provided by State Route 447. It can also be accessed via three former state highways: State Route 34, State Route 48, and State Route 49 (also known as Jungo Road).
Gerlach has an airfield, simply a graded dirt strip, which is no longer usable. It should not be used unless under emergency.
The "California Zephyr" inter-city rail service was routed through Gerlach from its inception in 1949 until the end of its pre-Amtrak incarnation in 1970, providing direct service from Oakland, California to Chicago.
In Popular Culture.
Gerlach was one of the film locations for the film "Far From Home" (1989). Gerlach was also the site for Gary Cooper's first (credited) film, "The Winning of Barbara Worth" (1926).
Media.
Gerlach has two non-profit community-based radio stations. KFBR 91.5 is run by Friends of Black Rock/High Rock, and has a studio at Jalisco's on Main Street. KLAP 89.5 is run by Open Sky Radio Corp and broadcast from a studio located at 395 Main Street in the old Gerlach Gas Station and Garage Building Office.
Education.
Washoe County School District operates Gerlach K-12 School.
Ernest M. Johnson School, initially an elementary school in Empire, moved to the Gerlach High School site in Gerlach in 2001. By 2000 the school's address was already in Gerlach. Johnson became a K-12 school in 2011.
Gerlach High, a grade 6-12 school, opened in 1931, and got a new building in 1955 as the original building was destroyed by a fire. The fire occurred in January 1955.
Gerlach has a public library, a branch of the Washoe County Library System, on the school property.


Cathedral of Saint Mary (Austin, Texas)

Saint Mary's Cathedral is the cathedral parish of the Catholic Diocese of Austin located in Austin, Texas, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, as St. Mary's Cathedral.
History.
The origins of this church date back to the 1850s when the largely Irish Catholic community in Austin, (originally called "Waterloo"), built a small stone church named St. Patrick's on the corner of 9th and Brazos Streets. It was built of locally quarried limestone. The parish continued to grow, due in no small part to the increase in German Catholics. In 1866, the parish decided they needed a new church and could afford masonry construction. While the Irish preferred that the church retain the name of St. Patrick, the German residents hoped the new church would be dedicated to a patron saint who reflected their heritage. Both sides compromised and agreed that the new church be named in honor of Mary. In 1872, after Austin was made the permanent capital of the state, the parish laid the cornerstone for a new church choosing a location one block north of the original building. At the time, Austin was part of the Diocese of Galveston. St. Mary's was finished in 1874 and dedicated in 1884. St. Patrick's was demolished around 1874.
When the Diocese of Austin was created in 1948, St. Mary's became the cathedral of the newly formed diocese.
In recognition of St. Mary's Irish roots, the Celtic Cultural Center of Texas holds an annual Christmas Concert at the Cathedral, highlighting traditional Irish and Scottish music played by noted artists. The show has sold out every year.
Architecture.
The new church was designed by Irish-born architect Nicholas J. Clayton in a Victorian design. It was his first independent commission. In 1872, he was in Galveston working as supervising architect for the construction of the First Presbyterian Church, designed by the Memphis, Tennessee, architects Jones and Baldwin. It may have been through the Holy Cross fathers that the bishop connected Nicholas Clayton with St. Mary's Austin. The neo-Gothic revival towers and spires were completed in 1907. The original finials were removed in the 1950s, perhaps after being struck by lightning.
Additional stained-glass work was added in the 1890s. The Cathedral's design evokes nature. The tree-like columns have their foliage-carved capitals; the murals contain tracery of vines and leaves. The pointed arches on doors and windows and the spires evoke the mountains. The ceiling and the blue dome spangled with stars reflect the sky and the heavens.
The Cathedral's bell, donated by the family of Michael Butler, is one of the largest in the State of Texas.
In 1948, when the church was remodeled, many of its neo-Gothic decorations were removed, the neo-Gothic altars and altar rail were replaced with 20th-century marble and the baldachino with its cactus and bluebonnets, evocative of central Texas.
The Cathedral underwent extensive restoration in 2013, due to some safety concerns. This included, among other work, cleaning the exterior, the replacing of some blocks and mortar, and the restoration of the large rose window in the front facade. The window's central design of the quincunx, in which four parts spin out of one, can be interpreted a geometric representation of the four evangelists carrying the Word to the four corners of the world.
The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on April 2, 1973.
Cathedral school.
The Cathedral School of Saint Mary was established in 1866, and holds the distinction of being Austin's oldest school in continuous operation.


Hartog

Hartog and de/den Hartog(h) are Dutch surnames meaning "(the) duke" (modern Dutch "hertog"). Hartog is also a Dutch Jewish given name and surname equivalent to German Herzog and Hirsch, derived from "hert" (Dutch for "deer"). People with these names include:


Bajbuza coat of arms

Bajbuza is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


Global Indian Music Academy Awards

The Global Indian Music Academy Awards (also known as the GiMA Awards) are presented annually by Global Indian Music Academy to honour and recognise Indian music. The nominees are voted by GiMA's jury, who have some of the most respected artistes in the country. GiMA provides a cohesive platform to celebrate and recognize the immense contribution of those who push the boundaries in Indian Music. Global Indian Music Academy Awards honor both film and non-film music in separate categories.
The awards ceremony was first televised in 2010 and has been presented annually ever since, except for 2013. In 2013, nominees for the awards were announced though no ceremony was held to honor the winners. The 4th GiMA Awards ceremony was held on 20 January 2014 at National Sports Club of India Stadium.
History.
The 1st edition of Global Indian Music Academy Awards was held on 10 November 2010 at Yash Raj Studios in Andheri. In its first edition, Asha Bhosle presented the Lifetime Achievement Award to her sister Lata Mangeshkar. The show was hosted by Sajid Khan, Shreyas Talpade and Dia Mirza. A total of 29 awards under Film and non-film categories were presented. The 2nd Chevrolet Global Indian Music Academy Awards was held on 30 October 2011 in Gurgaon which was hosted by Ranveer Singh and Neha Dhupia. With a total of 31 awards, the edition introduced a new category of Pop-Rock Single.
The 3rd edition of the award ceremonies held on 1 October 2012, was hosted by Parineeti Chopra and Saif Ali Khan at Yash Raj Studios, Mumbai. No winners were announced for 4th edition of Global Indian Music Academy Awards which was supposedly be held in 2013, though nominations were announced for the categories. 4th GiMA Awards was hosted by actor Ranveer Singh who earlier hosted along with Dhupia. The show was held at National Sports Club of India Stadium on 20 January 2014.


List of Indian classical dance and music events

Indian classical dance is an umbrella term for various codified art forms rooted in Natya, the sacred Hindu musical theatre styles, whose theory can be traced back to the Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni (400 BC). Various classical dance events are held annually across India in various cities.
This includes events related to:
It does not include pure Bollywood programs.
Tirumala.
365 DAYS.
NAADANEERAJANAMl
Naadaneeraajanam programme is one of the most prestigious and popular programmes in Sri Venkateswara Bhakthi Channel. The programme is designed by TT Devasthanams to popularize Indian classical art of Music and Dance and also to preserve the cultural heritage of fine arts in devotional way.
This programme is jointly organized TTD & SVBC and runs for 365 days without any break. Indian classical artistes in Music and Dance find it a rare prevelage and blessings of the Lord Venkateswara, in participating Naadaneeraajanam.
Mumbai.
January.
Teen Prahar
Ninad Concert Series.
A regular Festival of Indian Classical Dances
Sharada Sangeet Mahotsav
CR Vyas Vandan
Kinkini Festival - Classical Dance National Youth Festival