Proloy (film)

Proloy (; English: "Disaster") is a 2013 Indian Bengali crime thriller film directed by Raj Chakraborty, produced by Shree Venkatesh Films, starring Sudhir Bandopadhyay, Saswata Chatterjee, Rishita Chakraborty and Ashmita Ghosh. The film's music is by Indraadip Dasgupta in his second collaboration with Banerjee, with 2 additional tracks by Nilesh Dasgupta. The film was critically and commercially well received and the performances along with the direction was praised. Due to multiple creative differences, this was Sonali Banerjee's last film with Shree Venkatesh Films Sonali Banerjee named the film Roshni after her sister who was raped and killed and said that the movie was a tribute to her.
Synopsis.
A gang of criminals terrorize the village Dukhia in rural Bengal, where gang rapes have become a recurring nightmare. Children, aged females, neither are spared. Complicit police authorities refuse to take action against the barbaric criminals because they enjoy an unholy patronage of a local political leader who takes his power and clout for granted. Overcome by a sense of social responsibility, idealist local teacher, Barun Biswas stands up and confronts the scourge and forms an activist group named 'Jagaran Mancha'. They agitate against political patronage the criminals enjoy and demand their immediate arrest. The criminals murder Barun while he was returning from school. Binod Bihari Dutta, who met Barun before his death and was inspired by his idealistic, socially responsible thinking, is shocked to know of Barun's death and rushes to Dukhia to give justice to his memory. He comes to know of the menace and depravity, the criminals have subjected the village to and the fact that after Barun's death, the criminals were released by the corrupt police officers. Binod Dutta tries to motivate villagers like Barun had done before to continue their fight against this malaise. Special Branch Officer, badass no-nonsense cop Animesh Dutta's posting at Dukhia comes as sweet serendipity, almost divine intervention. He comes to know of Barun Biswas and his murder from Binod Dutta but friction develops between Binod's idealistic struggle and Animesh' unconventional and semi-legal ways. Mysteriously, all the criminals start getting murdered one after the other. Rumors float in the village that Barun is back from the dead to punish his killers. Animesh suspects 'Jagaran Mancha' and believes these killings to be revenge for Barun's murder. He vows to Binod Dutta that he will protect the last criminal as it his duty as a police officer and a public servant. It is revealed that Binod Dutta has been killing the criminals all along in ingenious ways with the help of a few 'Jagaran Mancha' members. After Binod kills the last criminal by ripping his stomach open, Animesh rescues him from the scene, and drops him off outside the village. Animesh has a Machiavellian perspective at the whole thing and decides to bury the case. In the last scene Animesh says he's just become a father and he's going to name his son, "BARUN".
Soundtrack.
The film's soundtrack is composed by Indraadip Dasgupta. 2 additional tracks were composed by debut composer Nilesh Dasgupta. Singers Nandini Sarkar and Rajat Taneja were introduced in this film as well as Antara Ganguly.
The songs were all runaway hits with Hath Dhoreche and Kala Koi Geli being the biggest chartbusters. The making of the song Hath Dhoreche was also released later by Sangeet Bangla. Director Raj Chakraborty stated that the entire song was shot in a situation when the atmospheric temperature was about 35° Celsius, resulting in quite a hardship for the entire cast and crew. For this song, Shreya Ghoshal won Best Female Vocalist.


Thirachai Nakwanich

Thirachai Nakawanich (, born 15 November 1955) is a Thai military officer who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Army from 2015 to 2016. He succeeded Udomdej Sitabutr, with whom he has had a long-running feud, and whose preferred successor would have been Preecha Chan-ocha, brother of Prime Minister and NCPO chief Prayuth Chan-ocha. He was succeeded in 2016 by General Chalermchai Sitthisart upon reaching retirement age. In December 2016 he was appointed to the Privy Council by King Vajiralongkorn, but was relieved of his duties in June 2018 for unspecified reasons.


Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom

Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom (), also known as NKPK, is a 2012 Indian Tamil language black comedy film, written and directed by Balaji Tharaneetharan in his directorial debut. Produced by V. S. Rajkumar under the studio Leo Vision, it was distributed by J. Satish Kumar, under his banner JSK Film Corporation. It stars Vijay Sethupathi, Gayathrie Shankar, Vigneshwaran Palanisamy, Bagavathi Perumal and Rajkumar, thus marking the acting debut for Rajkumar, Vigneshwaran and Bagavathi. The plot is based on a true story that involves a young man who experiences retrograde amnesia after a cricket incident two days before his wedding.
The music and background score of the film are composed by Ved Shankar and Siddharth Vipin respectively. The cinematography of the film was handled by C. Premkumar and editing was done by R. Govindaraj. The film released on 30 November 2012 to widely positive reviews from critics, and became a cult hit. Owing to the film's success, it was remade in six languages as "Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing" (Telugu), "Kwatle Satisha" (Kannada), "Medulla Oblangata" (Malayalam), "Suna Pila Tike Screw Dhila" (Odia), "Dokyala Shot" (Marathi) and "Shu Thayu?" (Gujarati).
Plot.
C. Prem Kumar (Vijay Sethupathi) is set to marry his lover Dhanalakshmi (Gayathrie). Two days before his wedding, Prem decides to try his hand at playing cricket with his friends Bagavathi alias Bugs (Bagavathi Perumal), Balaji Tharaneetharan alias Bhaji (Rajkumar) and Saras (Vigneshwaran Palanisamy). The game gets a little serious as Prem, in a bid to catch a ball, falls down, only to get injured in his head. He quickly gets back on his toes as the injury is not serious.
Soon after the match, the friends are in for a shock. Due to the injury, Prem develops retrograde amnesia and short-term memory loss, wherein he remembers the chain of events which leads to the injury but forgets the last one year of his life and fails to remember everything after the injury. He remembers his life until college and recognises his friends but is clueless about his upcoming wedding and about Dhana herself, as it is during the last one year that he met her, fell in love with her, and decided to marry her.
Fearing trouble, his friends take him to a doctor, who says that he could recover anytime. Hence, his friends plan to keep him in their company, enact a drama until he ties the wedding knot, with the hope that he would get back his memory soon, while covering his disorder from everyone else. In the end, everything works out well, and Prem gets his memory back.
Production.
The film was said to be based on a real-life incident that happened in the life of cinematographer C. Prem Kumar and described as a humorous tale about a young man who forgets a few days of his life even as he is about to get married. Prem Kumar lost his memory, when he was working as an assistant cameraman in the film "Vaaranam Aayiram"; two days before his marriage he went to play cricket with three friends, Saras, Bagavathi Perumal (one of the actors), Balaji Tharaneetharan (The director), while Prem attempting a catch, he fell, losing his memory temporarily. Balaji Tharaneetharan, who was present with him, began writing a script based on the incident, besides directing it as well. One of the other witnesses, Bagavathi Perumal agreed to play himself in the film, while the victim Prem Kumar handled the cinematography himself. It took two months for lead actor Vijay Sethupathi to master a lengthy dialogue that begins with the lines "Enna aachu? Cricket valadnom? Nee thane ball potte? Slip aaitena? Keezha vizhundhutena? Okay okay" (What happened? We played cricket? You threw the ball? Did I slip and fall? Okay okay).
Soundtrack.
The film's soundtrack was composed by Ved Shankar, a former student of KM Music Conservatory, a music school led by A. R. Rahman. Ved Shankar had composed earlier two soundtracks "Paalai" (2011) and "Madhubana Kadai" (2012), before this film. The background score was composed by Siddharth Vipin. The album features five tracks, including an instrumental, with lyrics penned by Karthik Netha and the composer himself. The film created a record of sorts by featuring a song, the lines of which were selected from phrases sent in by more than 1,800 people through Facebook.
The soundtrack was released on 26 October 2012 at Sathyam Cinemas in Chennai, in the presence of the film's cast and crew, with Kamal Haasan being the event's chief guest. Singer-actress Andrea Jeremiah lent her voice for the promo song "O Crazy Minnal", the music video of which was also shot on her and was released to the media in early November. The songs, except the title track were used only for promotional purposes and were not featured in the film, as they were removed from the film's final cut in order to make the film more interesting."
The soundtrack received generally positive reviews. Behindwoods stated "A playful and innovative soundtrack from Ved Shankar, which definitely stands out from the general commercial albums", providing a rating of 3.5 out of 5.
Release.
"Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom" was due for release on 19 September 2012, with preview screenings being held for critics and personalities from the film industry. The film received positive reviews from the media and various directors and technicians. Following its positive reception, the team decided to postpone the film's release in order to achieve a wider release. Furthermore, about 25 minutes of the film were removed after the premiere shows to make it more interesting. All songs barring the title track were also cut from final version and aired on television for promotional purposes only. The film received a U certificate from the Central Board of Film Certification. To promote the film, the crew created an online game that could be played on the film's website. The distribution rights were acquired by Sathyam Cinemas. The satellite rights were sold to Sun TV. The film eventually released on 30 November 2012 alongside Red Giant Movies' "Neerparavai".
Reception.
Critical reception.
"Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom" opened to positive reviews from the critics. M. Suganth from "Times of India" gave it 4 out of 5 and called it an "instant cult comedy that delivers the laughs big time" and added that "the film's real success lies in the genuine rush of feel-good emotion it leaves you with as it ends; it is at once a relief and a celebration".
K. R. Manigandan from "The Hindu" wrote that the film was "a winner whichever way you choose to look at it. With just a simple story and a small team of talented newcomers, director Balaji Tharaneetharan has, on a shoestring budget, managed to deliver what even major banners with their big budgets and huge star casts often struggle to make — a wholesome entertainer". "Sify" labelled the film as a "rollicking all new comedy entertainer" and lauded the director for having "come out with no big names, no sleaze, no irrelevant comedy track just pure comedy for the intelligent audiences". Vivek Ramz from in.com rated it 3.5 out of 5 and wrote that "NKPK is jolly, good, fun ride for those who love offbeat entertainers. Go and have a blast!" "IBNLive" described the film as "simple, straightforward and hilarious" and gave "three cheers to the whole team for making a clean and a good entertainer". Malini Mannath from "The New Indian Express" named it a "thorough entertainer" and a "must- watch". A review from "Samay Live" said the movie as "Best comedy film of the year" and added as "movie highlights the importance of situational comedy and uses it to build one of the best entertaining screenplay of recent times." Behindwoods.com rated the film 3/5 and said "The missing pages are more exciting. Worth the watch". Pavithra Srinivasan from "Rediff" give 3/5 and cited director Balaji Tharaneetharan as the hero of the film, who "brings us a novel idea in a light-hearted setting, engages our attention with smart dialogues, and pulls off the caper with neat plot twists". Haricharan Pudipeddi from "Nowrunning.com" gave 3.1 out of 5 and said it was "undoubtedly one of the best situational comedies of the year".
Remakes.
"Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom" was remade in several Indian languages:


Thinkhaya of Pagan

Thinkhaya (, ; also known as Uzana) was governor of Pagan (Bagan), a vassal state of Ava. According to the royal chronicles, he was governor of Pagan from at least since 1390 and at least until 1410 when he fought in the Forty Years' War against the southern Hanthawaddy Kingdom.
He was the father of Gov. Saw Shwe Khet of Prome, Queen Soe Min Wimala Dewi of Hanthawaddy, Queen Atula Thiri Maha Yaza Dewi of Ava, Cmdr. Uzana of the Southern Cavalry, and Gov. Thinkhaya of Sagu. He was also the maternal grandfather of King Leik Munhtaw of Hanthawaddy and King Thihathura of Ava.
Thinkhaya was succeeded by Tarabya as governor of Pagan in 1413. It is unclear if he had died or replaced.


Umbul Temple

Umbul Temple () is a Mataram-era Hindu temple in Kartoharjo, Grabag, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. It consists of numerous stones around two bathing pools which derive their water from a spring. Thought to have been built in the 9th century as a bathing and resting place for the King of Mataram, it was abandoned in the early 11th century but rediscovered by the 19th century. The temple complex, considered a Cultural Property of Indonesia, is open to tourists – including bathers and pilgrims.
Description.
The Umbul temple complex has two rectangular bathing areas, a larger upper pool (measuring ) and a smaller lower pool (measuring ). The warm, green-tinted water, which is derived from a spring, flows from the large pool into the smaller one through a long water duct.
Around the pools is a garden, as well as various stones, including some in the shape of "lingga" and "yoni". In 1876, the Dutch scholar R.H.T. Friederich proposed that there may have been two temples at the site, although no bases have been discovered. His proposal of two temples is supported by similarities in the carving of the stones and reliefs, suggesting that they were not part of the same temple. An original wall lies some east of the bathing pool.
Various artefacts have been found at Umbul, including religious sculptures. Statues found include two of Ganesha, two of Durga, and one of Agastya. In a 1923 inventory, N.J. Krom wrote that a garuda with a human body had been found as well.
Location and history.
Umbul is located in Kartoharjo, Grabag, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia, at the bottom of a valley and surrounded by hills, approximately above sea level. It is one of eleven temples in the area around the Elo River; Umbul is south of the waterway. Umbul is one of several water-related attractions in the area, which is also home to Sekar Langit waterfall and Telaga Bleder. The temple is known by several names, including Air Panas and Candi Panas, and its waters are believed to cure skin diseases.
The exact year of the temple's construction is not certain, though it is thought to have been constructed in the 9th century, perhaps between 800 and 890, predating the better-known Borobudur. It is thought to have been a resting and bathing area for the Hindu Mataram-era kings, as well as serving as a site of worship. It is one of only four confirmed pools from the era, the others being Sidomukti near Semarang, Cabean Kunti in Boyolali, and Payak in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Umbul was likely abandoned following the 1006 eruption of Mount Merapi, which covered the area in ash, and a flood not long afterwards. Although the year of rediscovery is not recorded, the temple has been known since at least the 19th century, and Dutch coins from the 1700s have been found in the area.
Umbul is open as a tourist attraction. "Tribun Jogja" reports that, , it receives an average of 30 visitors a day; some come to bathe, others to relax, and others for pilgrimage. Entrance tickets are Rp. 3,300 for adults and 2,300 for children. The potential for growth is limited by the narrow streets leading to the temple from the main road. The complex is considered a Cultural Property of Indonesia.


Battle of Dili

The Indonesian invasion of Dili occurred on 7 December 1975 when Indonesian marines and paratroopers landed in the East Timorese capital of Dili. The attack was the start of a military operation which resulted in the Indonesian occupation of East Timor.
Battle.
Indonesian navy vessels consisting of frigate KRI "Ratulangi", corvette KRI "Barakuda", destroyer escort KRI "Martadinata" and repair ship KRI "Jaya Wijaya" arrived off the coast of Dili around 02:00. Two Portuguese Navy frigate NRP "Afonso de Albuquerque" and corvette "João Roby" were also present, but the ships had covered its cannons and did not engage the Indonesians. On 03:00, city lights of Dili were turned off - which the Indonesian commander took as a sign that the ships had been discovered - and the ships shelled the city. The landing ship KRI "Teluk Bone" was also present, carrying several hundred Timorese partisans and regular Indonesian marines.
Around 04:30, 400 Indonesian marines landed in amphibious tanks and personnel carriers in Kampung Alor beach. They faced minimal resistance, and by 07:00 they had secured the surrounding areas.
The paratroopers consisted of 550 soldiers in ten Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft which took off from Iswahyudi Air Force Base in Madiun. They originated from Kopassus' (then Kopasandha) paratrooper command and Kostrad's 501th infantry battalion. The planes approached Dili from the east and began dropping soldiers on 05:45. One loadmaster was killed by FRETILIN fire, and 72 soldiers aborted the drop. The paratroopers was shot at before they reached ground, following orders from Gama, and was exposed to friendly fire from the marines.
After the first sortie was dropped, the planes returned to Penfui airfield in Kupang, and a second sortie comprising five planes was launched. The second wave of paratroopers, however, proceeded to fire at Indonesian soldiers moving towards Dili airfield while the marines began also fired upon them. According to official reports, the friendly fire incident resulted in no fatalities.
Casualties and aftermath.
Following the battle, the Indonesian casualty count was 35 killed from the first sortie, and another 22 from the second sortie. On the FRETILIN side, Indonesian forces reported 122 killed and 365 captured. Three days after the battle, the city of Baucau was similarly attacked and captured.
Many Indonesian commanders complained about the inaccurate and poor-quality intelligence provided. The commander of the airborne task force remarked that he was informed of the enemy being "the equivalent of hansip".
Due to the invasion, Portugal broke diplomatic relations with Indonesia on the same day.


Isa Khan

Isa Khan (c. 1529 – September 1599) was a Muslim Rajput chieftain who led the Baro Bhuiyans (twelve landlords) and a Zamindar of the Bhati region in 16th-century Bengal. Throughout his reign he resisted the Mughal empire invasion. It was only after his death that the region fell totally under Mughal control.
Early life and background.
Bhagirath, grandfather of Isa Khan, belonged to the Rajput community of the Bais clan. He came to Bengal from Ayodhya and took the job of Dewan under the Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah (reigned 1533–1538). His son Kalidas Gazdani inherited the post after his death. Later, under the guidence of the Sufi saint Danishmand, Gazdani converted to Islam and took new name Sulaiman Khan.
Sulaiman married the Sultan's daughter Syeda Momena Khatun and received the Zamindari of Sarail (present-day Sarail Upazila, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh) in the Bhati region. Their son, Isa Khan, was born in Sarail.
Following the death of Sultan Ghiyasuddin, Sulaiman declared himself as the legal successor and revolted against the newly established Afghan rule. He was later killed in battle.
According to Abul Fazl, a 16th-century historian and the author of "Akbarnama":
Rise to power.
With the help of Taj Khan, a Karrani ruler during 1564–1566, Isa obtained an estate in Sonargaon and Maheswardi Pargana in 1564 as a vassal of Karrani dynasty of Bengal. He gradually increased his power. In 1573 he helped Daud Khan Karrani in his expedition to Chittagong against Udai Manikya, the Maharaja of Tripura. He also helped in driving out the Mughal's Navy from the vicinity of Sonargaon in 1575. Isa's services to Daud Khan earned him the title of "Masnad-i-Ala" of Khizirpur.
Military campaigns.
The ruling of Karrani dynasty ended when Daud Khan was defeated in the Battle of Rajmahal in 1576. Isa started playing a leading role in the local resistance. In the end he successfully conquered Dhaka, Rangpur, Pabna, Tripura, parts of Mymensingh and Bogra. In 1577, Isa established Egarasindhur (in present-day Pakundia Upazila, Kishoreganj) as the political and trading centre. Forming a petty kingdom that remained independent. He declared himself as the ruler of the Bhati region in 1581–82. From Sarail, he shifted his administrative centre to Sonargaon. He built fortresses at Katrabo, Kalagachhia and Khizrpur near Sonargaon.
Battle against Khan Jahan.
In 1578, Mughal Subahdar of Bengal, Subahdar Khan Jahan led an expedition towards the Bhati region and set camp in Bhawal. Isa faced the Mughal force led by Shah Bardi and Muhammad Quli on the Sarail-Juan Shahi border in Kastul on the bank of Meghna river. According to the "Rajmala", Isa then quickly retreated to Tripura and sought assistance from the then Maharaja of Tripura, Amar Manikya. With the good grace of the queen Amrabati, the king granted an army of 52,000 to help Isa face the Mughals.
However, before Isa returned to Sarail, two zamindars – Majlis Pratap and Majlis Dilawar already attacked and defeated the Mughal forces under Khan Jahan. Muhammad Quli was captured but Shah Bardi fled to Bhawal camp. Khan Jahan retreated to the city of Tandah where he died on 19 December 1578 after a prolonged illness.
According to descriptions by Rajmala, Khan, who became the Zamindar of Sarail, sent one thousand labourers for Amar Manikya along with other Zamindars of Bengal in response to the request made by Manikya to excavate the "Amar Sagar Dighi" at around 1580 AD. Besides, as the naval commander of Manikya, Khan fought against the Zamindars of Taraf and Sylhet, Syed Musa and Fateh Khan respectively, in 1581.
Battle against Shahbaz Khan.
In 1583, Mughal General Shahbaz Khan destroyed Isa's palace in Baktiarpur. In September 1584, the then-subahdar Shahbaz crossed Ganges near Khizirpur and attacked Sonargaon, Katrabo and Egarasindhur and pursued the defeated Pathan forces under Masum Kabuli up to Bikrampur in Dhaka, the cunning Isa then deluded negotiation of surrender and delayed the attack of Mughal general for several months. However, in 1584, Isa and Masum Khan Kabuli, deploying musket and gunpowder artilleries, launched a counterattack which finally defeated Shahbaz Khan in the naval and land battles of Egarasindur and Bhawal, and even killing one of Mughal general, then Shahbaz Khan retreated to Tandah.
Battle against Laksmana Singh Hajra.
In 1585, he attacked two Koch rulers, Ram Hazra and Lakshman Hazra, and occupied their Jangalbari Fort (in present-day Karimganj Upazila, Kishoreganj).
Another source from local tradition was recorded that this happened in 1586 after Man Singh had defeated him in the battle of Egarasindhur. In the same year, Mughal Subahdar Shahbaz Khan again sent his forces against Isa to the south.
Second battle against Shahbaz Khan.
With the help of reinforcements by Emperor Akbar, Shahbaz Khan led another military expedition towards Bhati in 1586. Isa attacked him at Bhawal (north of Dhaka) but forces of Shahbaz Khan were well fortified near Brahmaputra. Isa then chose to give allegiance towards Akbar and prevented an imminent invasion of Bengal by the Mughals.
He even promised the Mughals he would dispatch Ma'sum Khan Kabuli, the renegade to a compulsory Pilgrimage to Mecca, something that viewed as an act of banishment.
In late 1586, Ralph Fitch, an English traveler and merchant, came to Sonargaon, Bengal's eastern districts and stated,
Later on in 1588, he was involved in conflicts against Chand Rai and Kedar Rai.
Battle against Raghudev.
Isa continued his campaign against the Koch dynasty. He fought and defeated Raghudev, the king of Koch Hajo, who ruled from Sankosh river in the west to the Bhareli river in the east on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river and rival to Koch Bihar kingdom which gained prominence after the latter's annexation by Mughal empire. Isa successfully captured portions of Raghudev's territory as far as Rangamati and Goalpara. However, later Isa Khan and Raghudev formed an alliance against the threat of Mughal invasion.
Battle against Durjan Singh.
On 17 March 1594, Man Singh was appointed the Subahdar of Bengal by Emperor Akbar. After establishing Rajmahal as the capital of Bengal, Man Singh sent his own son, Durjan Singh, to Isa's Bhati region with a vast army on 7 December 1595. Isa was emboldened to resist the Mughals after he successfully sought alliance with Raghudev, his former enemy and Kedar Rai, Zamindar of Bhusna in Faridpur. In the clash that took place in August 1597, Isa became engaged in a battle against Mughal naval forces with the assistance of Masum Khan Kabuli, an ex-Mughal defector. At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's pargana and city. However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and the Mughal forces were defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured.
It is recorded that in this clash, Isa personally fought Man Singh in a duel. However, the duel ended inconclusively when Isa Khan stopped fighting after Man Singh's sword broke. The noble gesture touched Man Singh and both men developed respect for each other which culminated into a friendship. Man Singh's respect for his rival was later made evident; when Isa sought to submit to the Mughal under a guarantee that it was wiser for Mughals not to incite a full invasion, Man Singh accompanied him to the Mughal court.
Administration.
Due to his submission, Akbar assigned 22 parganas or administrative units under the ruling of Isa.
Marriage.
Khan first married Fatima Khan, a daughter of Syed Ibrahim Danishmand and a descendant of the Hussain Shahi dynasty. Later he married Sarna Moi, the daughter of Chand Rai of Sripur. After her conversion to Islam, Sarna Moi took the name "Sona Bibi".
Descendants.
Khan's son, Musa Khan, took control of Sonargaon after his death. On 10 July 1610 Musa was dethroned by Mughal General Islam Khan Chisti. After that, the descendants of Isa left Sonargaon and settled in Jangalbari Fort. Masum Khan was the eldest son of Musa Khan. Masum served as the Mughal army General during the Hughly invasion in 1632.
His eldest son was Monwar Khan. Monwar acted as the chief of the Bengal Zamindars' flotilla on the conquest of Chittagong in 1666. A village called "Monwarbagh", in Bandar Upazila of Narayanganj District, was named after him. Haybat Khan, another grandson of Musa, established "Haybatnagar" (in present-day Kishoreganj district) and made it the centre of his land-lordship of seven parganas.
James Wise (d. 1886), a civil surgeon in Dhaka for 10 years, published a report on Baro-Bhuyans in "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 43" in 1874. He found information from the account of his meeting with the descendants of Isa in Jangalbari and Haybatnagar. He addressed Isa as the "Zamindar of Khizirpur". The Haybatnagar family had possessed sent by Shah Shuja in 1649 and another one from Shaista Khan in 1667. Subhan Dad Khan had been the head of the family in Jangalbari in 1874. The other descendant of Haybatnagar family, Ilah Nawaz Khan, had died in Calcutta in 1872. Other branches of the family had settled in Jafarabad, Baghalpur, Mymensingh, Harishpur (Tripura), Katrabo (Dhaka), and Barisal. The wealth, property and Zamindari was distributed amongst the descendants which is why they each lived in different parts of the country.
Descendants such as Dewan Amin Dau Khan, Hazi Abdul Gani Khan and many more, have families who resides within Bangladesh even today.
As of 2005, Dewan Amin Dau Khan, the 14th descendant of Isa has been living in Jangalbari Fort in Egarasindur village. The fort seemed to have a circular front and had 40 rooms. The fort was mostly destroyed during an earthquake in 1893.
Death and legacy.
Khan died of natural causes in September 1599. His tomb remains in the village of Baktarpur in Kaliganj Upazila, Gazipur District of Bangladesh.
On 12 February 1909, a farmer unearthed seven cannons in Monwarbagh in Bandar, Narayanganj. The cannons were partly made of brass. They had labels "Isa Khan" and "1002" (Hijri 1002 year is 1593 CE in Gregorian Calendar). These cannons were made from the era of Sher Shah Suri who ruled Bengal before the Bara Bhuiyans while at least three cannons which carved with Isa Khan labels were made during the Baro-Bhuyans independent era.
Bangladesh Navy has named a base, BNS Issa Khan in his honour. The base, BNS Issa Khan, was the first Bangladesh Navy base to receive the national standard in 1974.
Popular culture.
On 15 September 1992, Bangladesh issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Isa.
A jatra, named "Isa Khan", depicting the life of Isa, written by Bhoironnath Gangopadhyay and directed by Mridul Kanti Dey, was staged on the premises of "Bangladesh Lok O Karu Shilpa Foundation" on 18 October 2012.


Hydarnes

Hydarnes I or Hidarnes I (Greek: Ὑδάρνης, from Old Persian "Vidaṛna"), also known as Hidarnes the Old by contrast with his son Hidarnes the Young, son of Bagābigna, was a Persian nobleman of the Orontid dynasty during the Achaemenid Empire in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. He was one of the seven conspirators against the usurper, Gaumâta, who killed him and then proclaimed Darius I as the Persian king. His name appears in the Behistun inscription among the six conspirators who supported the rise of Darius the Great. Hydarnes then served Darius I as a commander and remained influential during his reign.
Etymology.
The etymology of Vidarna is debatable. It is possible that it is from the root "vida" meaning knowledge with Vidarna signifying "the one who knows". Others believe the compound vi-drna suggests "strike" as in "one who strikes". The latter etymology raises an interesting prospect, for in Modern Persian and Urdu there is a possible surviving variant of the name in H(a)idar (حیدر) long thought to be of Arabic origin due to its literation but which means "lion" (the striking animal). If this is so, Vidarna could be rendered lion-like. for the lion also had obvious associations with Mithra, a major god of the Achaemenid religion.
Life.
In 522 BC, a Magian named Gaumâta seized power in the Achaemenid empire, claiming to be Smerdis, the brother of the legitimate king Cambyses. Hydarnes was one of the seven conspirators along with Otanes, Ardumanish, Gobryas, Intaphrenes, Megabyzos and Darius against the usurper Gaumâta. After they killed Gaumâta in September 522 BC, they proclaimed Darius the new Great King of Persia.
After the successful transfer of power, Hydarnes served Darius I as a commander against the rebellious Medes under Phraortes. In 521 BC, the Persians defeated the Medes in a battle near Maruš (Mehriz, thirty kilometres south of modern Yazd).
Hydarnes remained an influential man during the reign of Darius. From tablets found at Persepolis, it is known that he was satrap of Media in 499 BC. The influence of Hydarnes also secured the appointment of his sons as satraps. Herodotus states that Hydarnes’ son Sisamnes was the satrap of Aria and that the younger Hydarnes was "in command of the whole Asian seaboard". During the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, the younger Hydarnes was given command of the "Immortals"; while Sisamnes was given command of a levy of Arian troops.
Hidarnes established the "Yervandakan" feast in the name of the Orontid Dynasty, which sounds in Armenian as "Yervanduni". The feast was dedicated to the Orontid Dynasty, Van city or, as it was called in those days, Yervandakan, Lake Van and Hayots Canion Gorge.
Descendance.
Tissaphernes, 4th century BC satrap of Lydia, was the great-grandson of Hydarnes.


Animax (Asian TV channel)

Animax is an Asian pay television channel which broadcasts Japanese language anime programming and English-language feeds in Southeast Asia, South Asia, and East Asia.
Animax is the first television channel in Asia fully dedicated to broadcasting anime 24 hours a day. It was initially launched in Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia in January 2004, and was launched in several other countries soon after. The company has reached over 66 million viewers spanning 15 markets throughout Asia. On December 17, 2015, Animax Asia announced that it will begin broadcasting in high definition (HD), with high definition channel will be a simulcast with its standard definition (SD) channel, carrying the same content.
The channel was formerly owned by Sony Pictures, but was sold to KC Global Media Asia in January 2020.
History.
Hong Kong.
Animax first launched in Hong Kong on 11 January 2004. It broadcasts a variety of anime programming, from old to modern television series. Animax also airs anime series that premiered in Hong Kong prior to their release in Southeast Asian networks, some of them are "Death Note", "Blood+", "Trinity Blood" and "Mushishi". After the TV premiere of "Gurren Lagann", Animax's TV ratings recorded a huge increase and moved 80% more TRP than its closest competitor, Cartoon Network Hong Kong.
Southeast Asia.
A week after its launch in Hong Kong. Animax was launched in Southeast Asia on 19 January 2004, initially featuring its anime programming exclusively in the original Japanese audio with English subtitling, becoming the company's first English language network. It also later incorporated an English audio dub feed.
Programming blocks seen include ""Ani-Chan", which is aired on weekdays at 4:00 pm to 6:00 pm (featuring shows such as "Naruto", "Danball Senki" (a.k.a. "Little Battlers eXperience") and "Tsubasa Chronicle"); "Animania", which is aired on weekdays from 6:00 pm and 6:30 pm (featuring the "Dragon Ball" franchise and "Law of Ueki"); "Mega Zone"", its prime time programming block is aired on weekdays from 7:00 pm; and its weekend programming block aired every Sunday at 9:00 pm and 10:00 pm.
Philippines.
Animax began its operations in Philippines from January 2004. It is a joint venture between Sony Pictures Entertainment, Asian Cable Communications Inc. (ACCION), and BDO Equitable Tower, Makati. Its broadcast was distinct from the Southeast Asia feed, and shared the same schedule as the SEA feed but featured local advertisements.
Later in November 2014, the schedule was revised to air "Valvrave the Liberator" at 11 PM every Monday - Wednesday, at the same time the SEA feed airs "Golden Time". It utilizes the same programming feed as Animax Asia, in addition to that, it also houses a two- to four-hour block of unique programming. It has occasionally aired localised programmes such as "Mad Mad Fun" and "In The Qube". Its simulcasts (of "Tears to Tiara", "Fullmetal Alchemist Brotherhood", "" and "Maid Sama!"), former inclusion of Korean programmes in its roster, and acquisition of fresh titles like "Accel World". Animax Philippines stopped broadcasting in mid-2015 and was replaced by the Southeast Asian feed.
In August 2017, the Philippine feed was relaunched with some local advertisements but schedules are the same from the Southeast Asian feed.
From 16 March 2021, Animax will close down in Laos, this channel will no longer be available, it will be on demand and Via Satellite TV.


Siba State

Siba State, was a small independent Indian hill state in the Lower Himalayas. It was centered on the town of Dadasiba, Pragpur "tehsil", Kangra district, in modern-day Himachal Pradesh. The state was founded in 1450. In 1849 the territory of Datarpur was added to Siba Jagir (1/3 part of land of Mian Devi Singh) and annexed by the British Raj as 'Dada-Siba'.
History.
Siba State was founded by Raja Sibarna Chand, a younger brother of the Raja of Guler State about 1450. The state was seized by Guler State in 1808. In 1813 it was untouched by Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founder of the Sikh Empire of Pañjab (Punjab), although divided into two, one part was left for Raja Govind Singh as Princely state for his sustenance and the second one third part was left for Mian Devi Singh, cousin of Raja Gobind Singh. The native Raja's rule was restored by the British in 1830. One third part of Mian Devi Singh was annexed by the British in 1849.Rest remained with Raja Ram Singh
Rulers.
The rulers of Siba State had the title Raja.


Chitwan District

Chitwan District (, , ) is one of 77 districts of Nepal, and takes up the southwestern corner of Bagmati Province. Bharatpur, largest city of Nepal after Kathmandu, is its administrative centre. It covers , and in 2011 had a population of 579,984 (279,087 male and 300,897 female) people. Bharatpur is the commercial and service centre of South Central Nepal and a major destination for higher education, health care and transportation in the region. Chitwan lies in the Terai region of Nepal. It is in the drainage basin of the Gandaki River and is roughly triangular, taking that river as its meandering northwestern border, and a modest watershed border, with India, as the basis of its southern limit.
History.
The district takes its name from the Chitwan Valley, one of Nepal's Inner Terai valleys between the Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges, both considered foothills of the Himalayas.
Chitwan is one of the few remaining undisturbed vestiges of the Terai region, which formerly extended over the foothills of Nepal. It was originally a dense forest with wild animals like leopards and Bengal tigers. It was ruled by Chitrsen Baba and rishis meditated in the forest. .
Ayodhyapuri, situated in Southern Chitwan, is thought by Hindus in Nepal to be the birthplace of the Hindu deity Ram.
Etymology.
There are several theories on the origin of the name Chitwan:
Agriculture and industry.
The people inhabiting the Chitwan District are predominantly peasant farmers cultivating mainly food and cash crops such as rice, maize, wheat, beans, lentils, mustard and Vegetables. The district is the major maize-producing area in Nepal, with an area under maize cultivation of in the year 2003–04. Maize is cultivated on irrigated /seasonal irrigated land in winter and spring, and on rain fed land in summer. Because it is easily accessible by good roads, maize produced in the district can be easily distributed to other parts of the country. Poultry is also a significant industry in Chitwan.
Chitwan is famous in Nepal for mustard growing and production of mustard oil. This popularity of the mustard in Chitwan is attributed to the predominant soil type silt, resulting from the flooding of the Narayani River and its tributaries. The land in Chitwan is also spotted with clay, which is very good for growing rice, wheat and vegetables such as cabbage, cauliflower, radish, potatoes, broccoli, cucumbers, pumpkins, sweet potatoes and carrot. Chitwan is also famous for floriculture, mushroom cultivation and bee keeping.
Chitwan has adopting the South Korean New Community Movement model of development. One of the biggest rice mills in Nepal, Agam Food Industry, is situated in Bharatpur and is a big source of local employment.
Cuisine.
Chitwan is known for "Taas" (), a spicy fried goat meat dish served with "bhuja" or cheura. Momos, Bhuteko Bhat (fried rice), and sukuti are other popular dishes. Dal bhat (steamed rice and lentils), is the staple food of the area, though meat and dairy products are also consumed. Other popular cuisines include Newari and Tharu and Thakali. For centuries, traditional fermented foods and beverages have constituted about 20% of the local diet. Depending on altitudinal variation, finger millet, wheat, buckwheat, barley, vegetable, rice, potato, and soybeans etc. are grown.
Geography.
The Rapti River flows east to south west in the south of Bharatpur and forms the northern border of the Chitwan National Park. The Narayani River flows north to south to the west of Bharatpur. It is the deepest and one of the biggest rivers of Nepal. The Narayani Bridge over the river connects Chitwan District with Nawalparasi District of Nepal.
Chitwan is particularly rich in flora and fauna. Nepal's first national park, the Chitwan National Park together with the adjacent Parsa National Park support a diversity of species that is much higher than elsewhere on the Indian subcontinent. Rare species include Bengal tiger, gharial, rhino, leopards, mugger crocodile, Indian rock python and several species of deer. The protected areas are guarded by a battalion of the Nepal Army and patrolled by anti-poaching units. Bishazari Tal ("20 Thousand") Lake is near Chitwan National Park, about south of Bharatpur. The lake is an important bird watching centre. I
Transportation and communication.
Bharatpur Airport is the only airport in the region and has flights to and from Kathmandu. Mahendra Highway, the main east–west highway in Nepal, runs through the region and, Prithvi Highway a north–south highway from the border with India to Kathmandu runs through the district. Narayangarh is the main transit point for vehicles travelling via the east–west Mahendra Highway and also for people travelling from Kathmandu, Gorkha, and Pokhara through Mugling.
There are numerous local FM radio stations broadcasting from Bharatpur: Synergy FM, Hamro FM, Radio Triveni, Radio Madi, Radio Chitwan, Radio Kotagiri, Chitwan Online FM, Kalika Music FM, Kalika FM. and Narayani FM. Television channels include Beso Channel, Aviyan Channel, Unique Television and Avass Television. There are multiple private Internet service providers. Fibre connectivity and 4G internet is available in the larger cities.
Demographics.
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Chitwan District had a population of 579,984. Of these, 70.1% spoke Nepali, 10.2% Tharu, 4.9% Tamang, 3.7% Chepang, 2.8% Gurung, 1.7% Bhojpuri, 1.6% Magar, 1.6% Newari, 1.1% Darai, 0.6% Maithili and 0.5% Hindi as their first language.
Of the population, 27.3% in the district spoke Nepali as their second language.
Administration.
The district consists of seven municipalities, out of which one is a metropolitan city, five are urban municipalities and one is a rural municipality.
Former municipalities and gaunpalikas.
Prior to the restructuring of the district, Chitwan had following gaunpalikas and municipalities.
Health care.
Chitwan district is known for its hospitals and has many top rated medical institutions, mostly in and around Bharatpur Municipality. The district is especially known for the B. P. Koirala cancer hospital at Krishnapur. Chitwan ranks just behind Kathmandu, Biratnagar and Pokhara, in hospital facilities in Nepal. Medical facilities in the district include Bharatpur Hospital, a part of the Bharatpur medical college; Chitwan Medical College, a new university hospital; Chitwan Eye Hospital; B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital; College of medical sciences, affiliated to Kathmandu University; Sairam Dental Hospital and Research Center; Maula Kalika Hospital; and Narayani Community Hospital.
Educational institutions.
Most of the Educational institutions in this region provides quality education to the students from Chitwan and neighboring districts too . These schools and colleges focuses on the development of skills and knowledge of their students.
Below there are the name of some of those Schools:


Armenians in Nakhchivan

Armenians had a historic presence in Nakhchivan (, ). According to an Armenian tradition, Nakhchivan was founded by Noah, of the Abrahamic religions. During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a significant demographic shift. The Armenian population saw a great reduction in their numbers throughout the years repatriating to Armenia. Nakhchivan's Armenian population gradually decreased to around 0%. Still some Armenian political groupings of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, claim that Nakhchivan should belong to Armenia. The Medieval Armenian cemetery of Jugha (Julfa) in Nakhchivan, regarded by Armenians as the biggest and most precious repository of medieval headstones marked with Christian crosses – khachkars (of which more than 2,000 were still there in the late 1980s), was completely demolished by 2006.
History.
6th century BC to 4th century AD.
Nakhchivan became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under Achaemenid Persia c. 521 BC. In 189 BC, Nakhchivan was part of the new Kingdom of Armenia established by Artaxias I. The area's status as a major trade center allowed it to prosper, though because of this, it was coveted by many foreign powers. According to historian Faustus of Byzantium (4th century), when the Sassanid Persians invaded Armenia, Sassanid King Shapur II (310-380) removed 2,000 Armenian and 16,000 Jewish families in 360-370.
5th to 18th century.
In 428, the Armenian Arshakuni monarchy was abolished and Nakhchivan was annexed by Sassanid Persia. In 623 AD, possession of the region passed to the Byzantine Empire. Nakhchivan itself became part of the autonomous Principality of Armenia under Arab control. After the fall of the Arab rule in the 9th century, the area became the domain of several Muslim emirates of Arran and Azerbaijan. Nakhchivan became part of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century, followed by becoming the capital of the Atabegs of Azerbaijan in the 12th century. In the 1220s it was plundered by Khwarezmians and Mongols. In the 15th century, the weakening Mongol rule in Nakhchivan was forced out by the Turcoman dynasties of Kara Koyunlu and Ak Koyunlu.
In the 16th century, control of Nakhchivan passed to the Safavid dynasty of Persia. Because of its geographic position, it frequently suffered during the wars between Persia and the Ottoman Empire in the 14th to 18th centuries. In 1604, Shah Abbas I Safavi, concerned that the lands of Nakhchivan and the surrounding areas would pass into Ottoman hands, decided to institute a scorched earth policy. He forced the entire local population, Armenians, Jews and Muslims alike, to leave their homes and move to the Persian provinces south of the Aras River. Many of the deportees were settled in the neighborhood of Isfahan that was named New Julfa since most of the residents were from the original Julfa (a predominantly Armenian town).
In the 14th and 15th centuries, residents of 28 Armenian settlements in Nakhchivan converted to Roman Catholicism influenced by preachings of a Dominican priest from Bologna named Bartholomew. Services in the Armenian language were delivered to them by Dominican priests for at least the next 350 years. At the time of the French traveller Jean Chardin's visit to Nakhchivan in the 1670s, only 8 of the original 28 villages remained loyal to Catholicism, and the rest had returned to the jurisdiction of the Armenian patriarch due to "heavy impositions upon them" with the remaining Catholics "not likely to hold out long." The largest of the remaining Catholic villages was Abrener. Indeed there was no mention of Catholics in Nakhchivan in the 1897 Russian Imperial census.
19th century to early 1920.
After the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Nakhchivan khanate passed into Russian possession in 1828. Aleksandr Griboyedov, the Russian envoy to Persia, stated that by the time Nakhchivan came under Russian rule, only 17% of its residents were Armenians, while the remainder of the population (83%) were Muslims. After the resettlement initiative which encouraged massive Armenian immigration in the South Caucasus from the Ottoman Empire and Iran, the number of Armenians had increased to 45% while Muslims remained the majority at 55%. Armenian migrants mainly arrived to Nakhchivan from Urmia, Khoy and Salmas. With a dramatic increase in the Armenian and Muslim population, Griboyedov noted friction arising between them. The Nakhchivan khanate was dissolved in 1828, its territory was merged with the territory of the Erivan khanate and the area became the Nakhchivan uyezd of the new Armenian oblast, which later became the Erivan Governorate in 1849. According to official statistics of the Russian Empire, by the turn of the 20th century Azerbaijanis made up 57% of the uyezd's population, while Armenians constituted 42%. At the same time in the Sharur-Daralagyoz uyezd, the territory of which would form the northern part of modern-day Nakhchivan, Azeris constituted 70.5% of the population, while Armenians made up 27.5%.
During the Russian Revolution of 1905, conflict erupted between the Armenians and the Azeris, culminating in the Armenian-Tatar massacres. In the final year of World War I, Nakhchivan was the scene of more bloodshed between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, who both laid claim to the area. By 1914, the Armenian population was at 40% while the Azeri population increased to roughly 60%. After the February Revolution, the region was under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the First Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.
Under British occupation, Sir John Oliver Wardrop, British Chief Commissioner in the South Caucasus, made a border proposal to solve the conflict. According to Wardrop, Armenian claims against Azerbaijan should not go beyond the administrative borders of the former Erivan Governorate (which under prior Imperial Russian rule encompassed Nakhchivan), while Azerbaijan was to be limited to the governorates of Baku and Elisabethpol. This proposal was rejected by both Armenians (who did not wish to give up their claims to Qazakh, Zangezur and Karabakh) and Azeris (who found it unacceptable to give up their claims to Nakhchivan). As disputes between both countries continued, it soon became apparent that the fragile peace under British occupation would not last. In December 1918, with the support of Azerbaijan's Musavat Party, Jafargulu Khan Nakhchivanski declared the Republic of Aras in the Nakhchivan uyezd of the former Erivan Governorate assigned to Armenia by Wardrop. The Armenian government did not recognize the new state and sent its troops into the region to take control of it. The conflict soon erupted into the violent Aras War.
By mid-June 1919, however, Armenia succeeded in establishing control over Nakhchivan and the whole territory of the self-proclaimed republic. The fall of the Aras republic triggered an invasion by the regular Azerbaijani army and by the end of July, Armenian troops were forced to leave Nakhchivan City to the Azerbaijanis. Again, more violence erupted leaving some ten thousand Armenians dead and forty-five Armenian villages destroyed. Meanwhile, feeling the situation to be hopeless and unable to maintain any control over the area, the British decided to withdraw from the region in mid-1919. Still, fighting between Armenians and Azeris continued and after a series of skirmishes that took place throughout the Nakhchivan district, a cease-fire agreement was concluded. However, the cease-fire lasted only briefly, and by early March 1920, more fighting broke out, primarily in Karabakh between Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijan's regular army. This triggered conflicts in other areas with mixed populations, including Nakhchivan. In mid-March 1920, Armenian forces launched an offensive on all of the disputed territories, and by the end of the month both the Nakhchivan and Zangezur regions came under stable but temporary Armenian control.
1920 to present.
In July 1920, the 11th Soviet Red Army invaded and occupied the region and on July 28, declared the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR. A referendum was called for the people of Nakhchivan to be consulted. According to the formal figures of this referendum, held at the beginning of 1921, 90% of Nakhchivan's population wanted to be included in the Azerbaijan SSR "with the rights of an autonomous republic. The decision to make Nakhchivan a part of modern-day Azerbaijan was cemented March 16, 1921, in the Treaty of Moscow between Bolshevist Russia and Turkey. The agreement between the Soviet Russia and Turkey also called for attachment of the former Sharur-Daralagez uyezd (which had a solid Azeri majority) to Nakhchivan, thus allowing Turkey to share a border with the Azerbaijan SSR. This deal was reaffirmed on October 23, in the Treaty of Kars.
During the Soviet era, Nakhchivan saw a significant demographic shift. Its Armenian population gradually decreased as many emigrated to the Armenian SSR. In 1926, 11% of region's population was Armenian. Some Armenian-populated locales of Nakhchivan were transferred under Armenia's jurisdiction by 1936, which decreased that number further. By 1979, it shrunk to 1.4%. The Azeri population, meanwhile increased substantially with both a higher birth rate and immigration (going from 85% in 1926 to 96% by 1979). The Armenian population saw a great reduction in their numbers throughout the years repatriating to Armenia.
Armenian political claims to Nakhchivan.
Some Armenian political groupings of the Republic of Armenia and the Armenian diaspora, most notably the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF) claim Nakhchivan as part of United Armenia. The ARF programme for example states: "The borders of United Armenia shall include all territories designated as Armenia by the Treaty of Sèvres as well as the regions of Nagorno-Karabakh (Artsakh), Javakhk, and Nakhchivan."
However, Nakhchivan is not officially claimed by the government of Armenia. Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanyan reaffirmed this by stating that Armenia, as the legal successor to the Armenian SSR, is loyal to the Treaty of Kars and all agreements inherited by the former Soviet Armenian government.
Destruction of Armenian khachkars in Nakhchivan.
According to an Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR), the Medieval Armenian cemetery of Jugha (Julfa) in Nakhchivan, with its medieval Armenian headstones called khachkars (2,000 were still extant in the 1980s), was destroyed in 2006.
The European Parliament have taken an interest in the fate of the cemetery and passed a resolution in February 2006, condemning the destruction of the cemetery, but its delegation has not been allowed to visit the site itself.


Kakushin Club

The Kakushin Club (, "Reformist Club") was a political party in Japan.
History.
The party was established on 8 November 1922 as a merger of the Rikken Kokumintō (29 National Diet members), the Mushozoku Club (14 Diet members) and three independents. Dominated by the influence of Inukai Tsuyoshi, the Kakushin Club was the most democratic party of its age in Japan; it supported democratising politics by the immediate introduction of universal male suffrage and the election of prefectural governors. It also supported reforms to the economy and education, and an internationalist foreign policy, and attracted attention due to the relatively high number of female members.
In 1923 the party held talks with the Kenseikai about a merger, but the two parties were unable to reach agreement over who would lead the new party. However, following the 1924 elections in which the Kakushin Club won 30 seats, it joined the coalition government led by the Kenseikai's Katō Takaaki, together with Rikken Seiyūkai.
In May 1925 the party split, with 18 Diet members joining Rikken Seiyūkai, eight merging with the Chūsei Club to form the Shinsei Club and the other two sitting as independents.


Bagrat I of Abkhazia

Bagrat I () was the King of Abkhazia between 882 and 894. He was the second son of Demetrius II of the Anchabadze dynasty.
Life.
After the usurper John Shavliani seized the throne Bagrat fled to Constantinople and lived there for some time until he returned to Abkhazia in 887. He deposed and put to death Adarnase Shavliani (the son of John Shavliani), reclaimed the throne and married the latter's widow (daughter of Guaram of Samtskhe), with whom he had a son Constantine who succeeded him to the throne of Abkhazia.
Intervention in Tao-Klarjeti.
Bagrat supported his brother-in-law, Nasra who tried to take power in Tao-Klarjeti, the latter killed David I curopalates in 881 and placed on the throne Gurgen I of Tao. After the murder, Nasra was forced to flee to the Byzantine Empire, where he was retrieved by Bagrat I. Bagrat managed to secure the Byzantine military aid for him and invaded the Bagratid possessions on Nasra's behalf in 887. The only son of David I, Adarnase then allied to Ashot I of Armenia and resisted invaders. Thus, a Bagratid dynastic feud evolved into a regional conflict. Eventually, Gurgen I of Tao switched his side and joined Adarnase against Nasra who was defeated and put to death in 888.
Family.
Bagrat I married a daughter of Guaram of Samtskhe:


Salakanagara

The Salakanagara Kingdom is the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in Western Java. The kingdom existed between 130-362 AD.
Claudius Ptolemaeus (160 AD) wrote about Java in his book, "Geographie Hypogenesis". He mentions the name of Argyre Chora (meaning: Silver Nation) in Labadio. According to the historian, Labadio means Dwipa-Javaka, Dwipa-Javaka or Java Dwipa, which is the ancient name of Java Island.
There was one kingdom which rule west coast Java in 160 AD, Salakanagara. Salakanagara means “Silver Nation”. It reinforces the theory that Ptolemaeus may have visited Java in 160 AD.
A relatively modern literature in the 17th century Pustaka Rajya Rajya i Bhumi Nusantara describes Salakanagara as being founded by an Indian merchant from Pallava Kingdom.
Historiography.
The history of Salakanagara is quite mysterious as the historical and archaeological sources are scarce. Compared to its successor, Tarumanagara, the kingdom did not leave any local tangible historical records and relics such as inscriptions or temples ruins. The main source of Salakanagara's history was a manuscript "Pustaka Rajya-rajya I Bhumi Nusantara" composed in 17th century by a council led by Prince Wangsakerta of Cirebon, and a few Chinese records.
History.
According to "Pustaka Rajya Rajya i Bhumi Nusantara", Salakanagara was located on west coast of Java, in the present day Banten province. It was founded by Dewawarman, stylised as Prabu Dharmalokapala Dewawarman Gangga Raksagapura Sagara. Dewawarman was an Indian ambassador or trader sent from India to establish relations with Javadwipa.
According to a history record from India, the kingdom ruled Javadwipa from 130 CE to 362 CE. The founder of the kingdom was "Aki Tirem". The kings of Salakanagara were:
Edi S. Ekajati, one of Indonesia historian, argued that Salakanagara is Argyre which was a mythical island of silver in Greek and Roman mythology because Salakanagara means "country of silver" in Sanskrit.
Salakanagara was replaced by Tarumanagara.
Subordinate kingdoms.
Salakanagara was in charge of small kingdoms, which were founded by people from the Dewawarman dynasty (the kings who ruled Salakanagara). Kingdoms that are subordinate to Salakanagara include:
Ujung Kulon Kingdom is located in the Ujung Kulon region and was founded by Senapati Bahadura Harigana Jayasakti (Dewawarman I's younger brother). When this kingdom was led by Darma Satyanagara, the king married the daughter of Dewawarman III and later became the 4th king in the Kingdom of Salakanagara. When Tarumanagara grew into a large kingdom, Purnawarman (the third Tarumanagara king) conquered the Ujung Kulon Kingdom. Eventually Ujung Kulon Kingdom became the subordinate kingdom of Tarumanagara. More than that, the Ujung Kulon Royal troops also helped the troops of Wisnuwarman (the fourth king of Tarumanagara) to quell the Cakrawarman rebellion.
The Kingdom of Tanjung Kidul has thousands of cities in Aghrabintapura (now including the South Cianjur region). This kingdom was led by Sweta Liman Sakti (Dewawarman I's second sister).
Location.
There are three locations that have been approved as the center of the Salakanagara Kingdom. They are Teluk Lada (Pandeglang, Banten), Condet (Jakarta) and Mount Salak (Bogor).
First, Rajatapura is mentioned by the Wangsakerta Manuscript as the center of the Salakanagara government, located in Lada Bay (Pandeglang, Banten). In the text, Rajatapura is called a translated city in Java. From this the eight King Dewawarman reigned and controlled trade throughout Java.
Second, Ciondet or Condet in East Jakarta, which is 30 kilometers from the port of Sunda Kelapa. This area has a flowing river named Sungai Tiram. The word "Oysters" supports comes from the name of Aki Tirem, in-law of Dewawarman I, founder of Salakanagara.
Third, Mount Salak (Bogor) is a mountain which is a silver-day afternoon compilation. In Sundanese, Salakanagara means Silver Kingdom. In addition, this opinion is also based on the similarity of names between Salaka and Salak.


Jumeirah

Jumeirah (   ) is a coastal residential area of Dubai, United Arab Emirates mainly comprising low rise private dwellings and hotel developments. It has both expensive and large detached properties as well as more modest town houses built in a variety of architectural styles. The area is popular with expatriates working in the emirate and is familiar to many tourists visiting Dubai.
History.
Archaeological excavations at Jumeirah Archaeological Site,<ref name="Emirates24/7 01-2020"></ref> which was discovered in 1969, demonstrate that the area was inhabited as far back as the Abbasid era, approximately in the 10th century CE. Measuring about , the site lay along a caravan route linking India and China to Oman and Iraq.
Historically, Emirati people living in Jumeirah were fishermen, pearl divers and traders. At the turn of the 20th century, it was a village of some 45 areesh (palm leaf) huts, inhabited mainly by settled Bedouin of the Bani Yas and Manasir tribes. At the time, Jumeirah was 'about 3 miles southwest of Dibai town'.
In modern times (1960 onwards), Jumeirah was the principal area for western expatriate residences. The beachfront area was previously called "Chicago Beach", as the site of the former Chicago Beach Hotel. The locale's peculiar name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tankers called "Kazzans" on the site. The old name persisted for a time after the old hotel was demolished in 1997. "Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel" was the Public Project Name for the construction phase of the Burj Al Arab Hotel until Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced the new name: Burj Al Arab.


List of Thai inventions and discoveries

This is a list of Thai inventions and discoveries.


Thado Dhamma Yaza

Thado Dhamma Yaza was a Burmese royal title.


South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I

Inscriptions and historical sources assert that the Medieval Chola king Rajendra Chola I sent a naval expedition to Indochina, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia in 1025 in order to subdue Srivijaya. The Thiruvalangadu plates, the Leyden grant, and the Tamil stele of Rajendra Chola I are the principal sources of information about the campaign.
Sources.
The most detailed source of information on the campaign is the Tamil stele of Rajendra Chola I. The stele states:
The Thiruvalangadu plates, from the fourteenth year of Rajendra Chola I, mentions his conquest of Kadaram but does not go into the details. The first attempt by someone from outside India to identify the places associated with the campaign was made by epigraphist E. Hultzsch, who had published the stele in 1891. Hultzsch identified the principalities mentioned in the inscription with places ruled by the Pandyan Dynasty. In 1903, he rescinded his theory and stated that the stele described Rajendra Chola I's conquest of Bago in Burma. George Coedès' "Le Royaume de Sri Vijaya" published in 1918 after several years of research, rejected both the theories and provided the first convincing description of Rajendra Chola I's conquest of Southeast Asia.
Causes.
The relation between Srivijaya and the Chola dynasty of southern India was initially friendly during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I. In 1006 CE a Srivijayan Maharaja from Sailendra dynasty, king Maravijayattungavarman, constructed the Chudamani Vihara in the port town of Nagapattinam. However, during the reign of Rajendra Chola I the relations deteriorate as the Chola Dynasty started to attack Srivijayan cities.
The causes of the hostility are obscure. While some scholars opine that the campaign was undertaken to establish Chola dominance over the seas of South-East Asia, other suggest that it might have been a war of plunder. It seems that the Khmer king Suryavarman I of the Khmer Empire requested aid from the powerful Chola Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty against Tambralinga kingdom . After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king Sangrama Vijayatungavarman. This eventually led to the Chola Empire coming into conflict with the Srivijiya Empire. The war ended with a victory for the Chola dynasty and Angkor Wat of the Khmer Empire, and major losses for the Sri Vijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom.
Conquests.
The stele of Rajendra Chola I mentions Sri Vijaya as the first of the countries conquered. The Tamil inscription lists Sri Vijaya with "its jewelled wicket-gate" and "a gate of large jewels" as the first of the treasures captured by the fleet. The Sri Vijaya, mentioned in the inscriptions, has been identified by Coedès with the Sri Vijaya kingdom which rule from its base at Palembang in South Sumatra.
Pannai, with its bathing ghats, is second of the lands to be conquered by the naval fleet. Pannai has been identified as Panai or Pane, a city on the eastern coast of North Sumatra, located on the estuary of Panai River and Barumun River.
Malaiyur, with "its strong mountain", has been identified with Malayu in today Jambi province in Batanghari river valley, where a strong principality flourished at that time. Other suggestion is the southern part of the Malay peninsula
Mayirudingam is believed to be the same as Ji-lo-ting listed by the Chinese writer Chau Ju-Kua among the dependencies of Sri Vijaya and is identified with the city of Chaiya in the centre of the Malay peninsula.
The land of Ilangasoka (Langkasuka) mentioned in the inscriptions has been located on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula and is believed to be the same as the province of Ling-ya-sseu-kia mentioned in Chau Ju-Kua's list.
The epigraphist V. Venkayya identifies Mapappalam of the inscription with the city of Papphalama mentioned in the "Mahavamsa". The place is believed to be located in the Talaing region of Lower Burma.
Talaittakkolam is believed to be the same as Takkola mentioned by Ptolemy as a trading emporion on the Golden Chersonese, and identified with Trang or the modern-day city of Takuapa in the Isthmus of Kra.
Nakkavaram, mentioned in the records, has been identified by V. Venkayya with the Nicobar Islands.
The place Kadaram (modern Kedah) mentioned in the stele is identified with the Kataha of Sanskrit literature and Kadaram of the "Kalingattuparani" and the Kiet-cha of the Chinese chronicles.
Results.
The Southeast Asia campaign intensified interactions between India and Southeast Asia. The campaign also led to the establishment of diplomatic ties with China. The first Indian embassy to the court of the Song Emperor was sent by Raja Raja Chola I in 1015. This was followed by a second embassy by his son, Rajendra Chola I, in 1033 and a third by Kulothunga Chola I in 1077. The Chola Empire did not establish its direct rule over South-East Asia though they might have levied a periodic tribute.
Traders from the Tamil country firmly established themselves over various parts of South-East Asia. A merchant guild was set up in Burma and another in Sumatra in 1088. Indian historian V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar suggests that Tamil traders of the Chola period might have had a knowledge of Australia and Polynesia.


Tetulia Jami Mosque

The Tetulia Jami Mosque (), also known as the Khan Bahadur Salamatullah Mosque, and the Tetulia Shahi Mosque, is located in village of "Tetulia" (or "Tentulia") in Tala Upazila in the district of Satkhira in Bangladesh. The founder of the mosque was Khan Bahadur Maulvi Qazi Salamatullah Khan, of the zamindar (feudal-lord) Qazi family of Tetulia, who was also the founder of the mansion known as Salam Manzil (now in ruins) in the vicinity. The six-domed mosque was built Mughal style in 1858–59 and resembles those built by Tipu Sultan's descendants, as does the "Salam Manzil", now in virtual decay.
In 1982, the front of the decaying “Shingho Doroja” (“Main Door” in the Bengali language) – that is, the gateway and entrance to Salam Manzil – appeared to have inscriptions or patterns on the wall. Walking through the gate, one would find a spacious compound containing a lot of greenery. A very long verandah with a crumbling roof, supported by a twin-pillar system, overlooked the compound. Opening onto the verandah were dilapidated chambers, which used to function as offices in the past, when the mansion was in a working state. In the past, one or more end-rooms of the verandah had housed "palkis" (palanquins). One particular "palki" was enormous and twelve bearers were required to carry it.
It is unusual to find the use of the twin-pillar system in a remote village of Bengal in the mid 19th century. The twin-pillar system was necessary to support the roof, which had several layers of reinforcement. The distance of the roof from the ground appeared to be at least ten and a half feet.
In the present time, the "Shingho Doroja" has been renovated to a different style, though the rest of the Salam Manzil is in complete ruins.
Salamatullah Khan dynasty.
Khan Bahadur Salamatullah Khan was preceded by his father Maulvi Qazi Sana’atullah, who was the son of Qazi Amanatullah. The latter's father was Qazi-ul-Quzat (Chief Justice) Baqaullah Khan ("circa" mid to late 18th century AD) – a Mughal "sanad" (title) holder. Khan Bahadur Salamatullah Khan was succeeded by his son Maulvi Qazi Hamidullah Khan. Hamidullah Khan married Azizunnessa Khatun, the Bengali poet. The latter's son Maulvi Qazi Mohammad Minnatullah Khan was a famous personality of the Qazi family of Tetulia.
Minnatullah Khan had two sons, namely Khan Sahib Qazi Rizwanullah Khan and Qazi Mohammad Shafiullah Khan. By the time these two sons had started their families the wealth of the family was already in sharp decline. The graves of both Qazi Mohammad Shafiullah Khan and Khan Sahib Qazi Rizwanullah Khan lie in the cemetery which is within the compound of the Tetulia Jami Mosque.
Qazi Shafiullah Khan married Shaiqatunnisa, who was the second daughter of Khan Bahadur Abu Nasr Muhammad Ali – a Presidency Municipal Magistrate and a Tribunal Sessions Judge in Kolkata of British India. Prior to receiving the Khan Bahadur title, he was awarded the title of Khan Sahib in 1914. The Khan Bahadur came from a very distinguished Muslim Bengali family of India, whose ancestry can be traced back to Qamaruddin Hosain Khan of Ajmer in the government of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The Khan Bahadur's father was Shams-ul-Ulama Maulvi Abul Khair Muhammad Siddiq, to whom the Shams-ul-Ulama title was conferred by the British Empire in 1897 for "eminence in oriental learning". Abul Khair Muhammad Siddiq also became Professor of Arabic in Kolkata's Presidency College. One of Khan Bahadur Abu Nasr Muhammad Ali's brothers (Abul Muhamed Mohammad Asad) was, too, awarded the Khan Bahadur title by the British Empire and he also became the first Muslim Director of Public Instruction (DPI) in undivided Bengal. His name appears as a representative of Bengal in a symposium held in Mumbai, India, in 1947.
The eldest son of Shafiullah Khan (of the zamindar family of Tetulia) was named "Siddique" and the sons of Rizwanullah Khan (of the zamindar family of Tetulia) were named "Quader" by Khan Bahadur Abu Nasr Mohammed Ali, the father-in-law of Shafiullah Khan. The youngest son of Shafiullah Khan, however, retained the Khan surname. The eldest son of Shafiullah Khan, namely Abu Saleh Mohammed Siddique, married the daughter of British-Empire title holder Khan Sahib Maqsud Ahmed. The late Abu Saleh Mohammed Siddique retired from the UK Civil Service, died in 2007 and is buried in the Muslim section of the Greenford cemetery in the London Borough of Ealing.
Shafiullah Khan's daughter was married to Syed Mohammad Ali, who was the son of Khan Bahadur Syed Sultan Ali of Bagerhat.
Initial studies also reveal such names as Qazi-ul-Quzat Saiyid Ahmad Ali Khan Qazi Saadathullah, Naib Qazi Ifazatullah, Mir Jumlah Ubaid Khan Bahadur Turkhan, Qazi Kalimullah, Qazi-ul-Quzat Ghulam Yaha Khan, Muhammad Nasratullah, Qazi Izzatullah, Najibullah Khan and Muhammad Asadullah, who, apparently, along with Baqaullah Khan, were entrusted to rule as Governors in the various areas of the Province of Jessore (Satkhira was in the Province of Jessore at the time), possibly areas of West Bengal and Orissa in the 18th century.


Bhuvanaikabahu IV of Gampola

Bhuvanaikabahu IV was the first King of Gampola who ruled from 1344/5 to 1353/4. He succeeded his father Vijayabahu V of Dambadeniya and became the King of Gampola. He was succeeded by his brother Parakkamabahu V.


Tien Kieu

Tien Dung Kieu (; born 25 October 1960) is an Australian physicist and politician. He has been a Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Council since 2018, representing South Eastern Metropolitan Region.
Kieu was born in Saigon, Vietnam in 1961. In 1979, he and his wife Liem left Vietnam as refugees on a boat to Malaysia, where they lived in a refugee camp until they were approached by Australian officials and offered passage and resettlement in Brisbane. Kieu worked as a labourer before enrolling at the University of Queensland, beginning an academic career in econophysics which took him to the University of Edinburgh and Oxford University, and then to the United States as a Fulbright scholar at Columbia, Princeton and MIT, before returning to Australia to work at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne.


Kingdom of Tallo

The Kingdom of Tallo was one of the two kingdoms of Makassar in South Sulawesi from the 15th century to 1856. The state stood in a close political relation to the Sultanate of Gowa. After the Islamization of the Gowa and Tallo kingdoms in the early 17th century, they were usually collectively known as the Makassar Kingdom.
History.
Early history.
The Kingdom of Tallo dates from the mid-15th century. When the 6th King of Gowa, Tunatangka'lopi, died, he was succeeded as the 7th King of Gowa by his eldest son Batara Gowa Tuminanga ri Paralakkenna, while his brother Karaeng Loe ri Sero ruled part of the region as the first King of Tallo. The Kingdom of Tallo region included Saumata, Pannampu, Moncong Loe, and Parang Loe.
The two kingdoms of Tallo and Gowa subsequently engaged each other in combat and competition, until Tallo was defeated. During the reign of the 10th King of Gowa, Tunipalangga Ulaweng, and the 4th King of Tallo, Daeng Padulu (c. 1540-1576), an agreement was reached. This was known as "Rua karaeng se're ata" (two kings but one people). The agreement regulated the fellowship so that the King of Gowa became "Sombaya" (highest king) while the King of Tallo became the 'blind Speaker' of the fellowship of the two kingdoms. Since then, the Kingdom of Tallo was always involved in and supported the expansion of the Sultanate of Gowa in South Sulawesi and beyond. The elite of the kingdom accepted Islam in 1605, and strove to disseminate the creed in different directions in the Indonesian Archipelago.
Later history.
Among the prominent Tallo rulers was Karaeng Matoaya (1593-1623) and his son Karaeng Pattingalloang (1641-1654), who were educated individuals and reliable prime ministers, and brought the Makassar Kingdom to its peak of power. During this period Makassarese power encompassed most of Sulawesi, East Kalimantan, Lombok, Sumbawa, and some parts of Maluku and Timor. However, the expansion inevitably led to conflicts with the Dutch East India Company based on Java. At the time when Harunarrasyid was King of Tallo (1654-1673) and Hasanuddin ruled Gowa, a major war broke out. The Dutch force was supported by Arung Palakka, a prince from Bone. Makassar was defeated in 1667 and 1669 and formally lost its far-flung empire. The ensuing Treaty of Bongaya regulated political affairs in the region,
and ensured the presence of the Dutch in South Sulawesi. The frustrated Harunarrasyid went over with a fleet to Sumbawa and died there in 1673. In the following decades several Tallo princes led restless lives as overseas sea migrants, often turning to piracy and raiding. The Tallo homeland existed as a separate state under Dutch suzerainty until 1856 when the 23rd and last king, La Makkarumpa Daeng Parani, had to step down.
Although Tallo was now placed directly under the colonial government, the territory kept a sense of own identity, even after the winning of Indonesian Independence in 1949. In the present time, Karaeng H Andi Abdul Rauf Maro Daeng Marewa, also known as Karaeng Rewa, is the traditional society leader.


Muhamad Salleh bin Perang

Muhamad Salleh bin Perang (1841 – 21 July 1915), carrying the title Dato' Bentara Luar, held an important post in the administration of the Malaysian state of Johor from 1856 to 1912. His main task was to plan the development of Johore state.
Map making and development tasks.
Perang was a bureaucrat whose duty was to manage and develop lands and taking care of gambir and black pepper plantations. As the Head of Land Management and State Survey, he successfully drew a complete map of Johor with Jawi legends. It was the first complete map that was plotted for a state in East Peninsular Malaya.
This information was then used to plan the development of Johor State. The map showed all the roads and cities that were planned for development during his tenure. The map also shows geographical details for most of the district of Johore.
Perang was involved in the development and planning of the cities of Bandar Maharani (1888) and Batu Pahat (1893).
Perang was a Malay . But his ability to converse in Chinese and his knowledge of Chinese culture made him close to the Chinese people brought in by the Kangchu system. In the 1880s, he accompanied the Sultan on a visit to China. He started off as the commissioner of the State Police and ended up as member of State Legislature and Cabinet.
Batu Pahat.
Batu Pahat was a small town situated in the Simpang Kanan area, roughly seven miles from the Sungai Batu Pahat river.
On 11 November 1893, Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor instructed Perang begin development of Batu Pahat into a city. He started by preparing roads, government departments, and a modernized management system.
The official opening of Batu Pahat city was held on 1 January 1894 by Perang and attended by important dignitaries, influential people, and chiefs of nearby villages. The city prospered under him as the Sultan's representative governor. He later became commissioner and encouraged villagers to develop farms and irrigation works. At the same time, foreign investors opened businesses in Batu Pahat. Perang's contributions were recognized by Ungku Sulaiman bin Daud, the chief commissioner of Johor, during his official visit on 21 December 1896.
Retirement.
The death of Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor led the British government to increase their influence in the Johor government. Slowly, the district officials throughout Johor, capable Malays in administration and development posts, including Muhammad Salleh Perang himself, were replaced.
On 3 April 1909, Perang received a letter from Dato' Seri Amar Di Raja which asked him to retire from his post. All his life, he had showed his loyalty to the Sultan and proved that he was able to expedite his responsibilities with his own effort. Dato' Bentara Luar accused him of treason but no strong evidence was found. On 21 May 1912, Perang resigned at the age of 71. He was replaced by Ungku Ahmad bin Ungku Muhammad Khalid as the commissioner of Batu Pahat. Under him, the Malay district commissioner was jointly responsible with the British commissioner for administration.
Death.
He died on 21 July 1915 (18 Sya'aban 1333) and was buried at Mahmoodiah Royal Mausoleum in Johor Bahru, Johor.


Valery Solovei

Valery Solovei (born 19 August 1960) is a Russian political scientist, historian, and former head of the Public Relations Department at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO). He resigned from the MGIMO on June 19, 2019 after being requested by the University administration.
In December 2020 he spent his first ten days in a russian jail.


NA-205 (Ghotki-II)

NA-205 (Ghotki-II) () is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan.
Election 2002.
General elections were held on 10 Oct 2002.Ali Mohammad Mahar of PPP won by 77,950 votes.
Election 2008.
General elections were held on 18 Feb 2008. Ali Mohammad Mahar of PPP won by 74,714 votes.
Election 2013.
General elections were held on 11 May 2013. Ali Mohammad Mahar of PPP won by 124,472 votes and became the member of National Assembly.
Election 2018.
General elections are scheduled to be held on 25 July 2018.
By-election 2019.
Ali Mohammad Mahar was died in 2019, so by-election held on 23 July 2019 in which Sardar Muhammad Bakhsh Khan Mahar was victorious.


Quiapo Church

The Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene (; ), known canonically as the Parish of Saint John the Baptist and also known as Quiapo Church (; ), is a prominent basilica in the district of Quiapo in the city of Manila, Philippines. The basilica is famous home for the Black Nazarene, a dark statue of Jesus Christ said to be miraculous. The basilica is under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Manila and its current rector is Rev. Msgr. Hernando M. Coronel.
Construction.
The earliest church, built by missionaries of the Order of Friars Minor, was made of bamboo for the frame and nipa leaves as thatching. In 1574, Limahong and his soldiers destroyed and burned the church. Formerly a "visita" (chapel-of-ease) of Santa Ana, the Franciscan friar Antonio de Nombella founded the church in 1588 which was dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, the forerunner of Christ. It burned down in 1603 and the parish was temporarily turned over to the Jesuits until secular clergy objected. Governor-General Santiago de Vera initiated the full construction of the church in 1686. On April 8, 1639, the administration of the church was returned to the seculars who had always taking care of the church's welfare.
During the Seven Years' War, the British attempted to destroy the church in 1762 as they invaded Manila. An earthquake in 1863 destroyed the church and in its place a temporary church was built. Fr. Eusebio de León later reconstructed the ruined church in 1879, completing the structure in 1889 with the assistance of Rev. Manuel Roxas. Roxas had raised the unprecedented amount of ₱40,000.00 from donations and lay contributions. On 30 October 1928, the church caught fire again, in which the church's wooden ceiling and sacristy were destroyed.
In 1933, Fr. Magdaleno Castillo began the reconstruction of the church from the plan prepared by National Artist of the Philippines architect Juan Nakpil – son of composer Julio Nakpil. He added the church's dome and a second belfry to balance out the façade. Architect José María Zaragoza later enlarged the church and changed the design of the lateral walls in 1984, retaining the façade and the dome.
Expansion and Recognition as Minor Basilica.
Msgr. José Abriol appointed Zaragoza and engineer Eduardo Santiago to expand the church in 1984, to accommodate more devotees. Jaime Cardinal Sin, then-Archbishop of Manila, reconsecrated the church on 28 September 1987, and the following year the church was declared a Minor Basilica. The church was conferred the title Basilica Minor of the Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno in 1988. Papal Nuncio to the Philippines, Archbishop Bruno Torpigliani, blessed the altar of Saint Lorenzo Ruíz on 1 February of that year.
Architecture.
Built in the Baroque style, Quiapo Church's façade is distinctive with twisted columns on both levels. The Corinthian columns of the second level has a third of its shaft twisted near the base, while the upper portion has a smooth surface. The topmost portion of the four-storey belfries are rimmed with balustrades and decorated with huge scrolls. The tympanum of the pediment has a pair of chalice-shaped finials, and towards the end of the raking cornice, urn-like vases mark the end of the pediment. A quatrefoil window in the centre of the pediment was sealed up in the late 1980s and replaced with a relief of the crossed keys and tiara of the pope – a symbol of its status as a minor basilica.
With its recent renovation, only the façade and the dome at the transept retained the classic design.
Devotion to the Black Nazarene.
The masses go to Quiapo Church in downtown Plaza Miranda and drop a visit to the Nuestro Señor Jesús Nazareno (a dark figure of Christ carved by a Mexican artist from black wood) whose image, reputedly miraculous, was brought to the country in a Spanish galleon in the 17th century.
Quiapo Church holds a novena every Friday, Quiapo Day, in honour of the Black Nazarene, and is attended by thousands of devotees. A note is sounded before the novena begins as the devotees to the Black Nazarene troop in and emit their strings of petitions. One can encounter the traditional folk Catholicism of Filipinos when they all climb the narrow flight of stairs to kiss the Señor's foot or wipe it with their handkerchiefs they use every time they visit. The Feast of the Black Nazarene on 9 January celebrates the "traslación" (solemn translation) of the statue to the church from the Church of Saint Nicholas Tolentino. Traffic is re-routed round the devotees who participate in this district's fiesta. There are men who are devoted to carry the Black Nazarene statue around a specific route. They have a "panata", a vow to serve the Lord in this sacrifice. These people believed that an afternoon's participation in the procession can repent their sins and shady deals in a year.
Daily hourly Masses (all of which are celebrated in the Tagalog language) are celebrated and devotees come from all walks of life, the noon services are today also broadcast on TV Maria, YouTube and through the church's Facebook fan page via Facebook Live, which by 2017 has also expanded to include all the weekend and holiday Masses held.
The Quiapo Parochial School was created in 1951 for the purpose of addressing the scholastic needs of the parish. The school's patron is the Black Nazarene, which is a significant factor to the change of the school name to Nazarene Catholic School.
Abortifacients sold by private vendors.
The vicinity of the church is a popular area for peddlers of unsafe abortifacients, local gastric irritants and untested herbal folk (potions) remedies. The merchandise are anonymously sold from stalls surrounding the Basilica and the Plaza Miranda fronting it. Abortion is illegal in the Philippines, and individuals who cannot afford the surgical procedure resort to these vendors.
The media often covers stories of dead foetuses being abandoned outside of the church's Blessed Sacrament chapel, a practise condemned by the Archdiocese of Manila. Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales has issued several canonical excommunications for women who perform "intentional abortion" in relation to such practices near the shrine, as ruled by the "Latae Sententiae" punishment by the Roman Catholic Church. The fetuses covered by the Filipino TV media are often left anonymously wrapped in sack-cloth or plain boxes.


Temasek

Temasek (also spelt Temasik) is an early recorded name of a settlement on the site of modern Singapore. The name appears in early Malay and Javanese literature, and it is also recorded in Yuan and Ming Chinese documents as "Danmaxi" ( or ). Two distinct settlements were recorded in Temasek – Long Ya Men and Ban Zu. The name is used in modern-day Singapore for national honours as well as institutions and corporations.
Name.
The origin of the name Temasek is uncertain, but it has been proposed that it was derived from the Malay word "tasik" meaning "lake" or "sea", and may mean here "place surrounded by the sea", or Sea Town. Another suggestion is that it may be a reference to a king of Srivijaya, Maharaja "Tan ma sa na ho". The name appears as "Tumasik" in the Old Javanese epic poem written in 1365, Nagarakretagama. The name is also mentioned twice in the "Malay Annals", and referred to in the Javanese work "Pararaton". Temasek is described in the account by the Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan who visited the island around 1330 and wrote about a Malay settlement called "Danmaxi", a transcription of the name Temasek. In a version of Marco Polo's account of his travel, a place named "Chiamassie" that could be Temasik was mentioned in relation to the island kingdom of "Malayur". Temasek may have also been mentioned in Vietnamese records as "Sach Ma Tich" in the 14th century.
Some time in the 14th century, the name Temasek was replaced by Singapura, a Malay name derived from Sanskrit meaning "Lion City". Legend has it that the name was given by Sang Nila Utama when he visited the island in 1299 and saw an unknown creature, which he was informed was a lion. Although Chinese records continued to use the name Temasek for some time afterwards (for example in the Mao Kun map) and it was also used in The "Malay Annals", the name Temasek had become obsolete and did not appear in European maps and documents from 1500 to 1800. It was revived in colonial and more modern times, and is now used as names for institutions, corporations and national honours in Singapore.
History.
While the early history of Singapore is obscured by myth and legend, some conclusions can be drawn from archaeological evidence and from written references by travellers. Archaeology points to an urbanised settlement on the site by the 14th century. At its height, the city boasted a large earthen city wall and moat; many of the buildings were built with stone and brick foundations. Remains of old pottery, coins, jewellery and other artifacts have been found, with many of these artifacts believed to be imported from various parts of China, India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. These are sometimes seen as evidence of the city's status as a regional trade centre. An aquatic route, part of the larger Silk route, passed through Temasek.
From the 7th to the 13th centuries, the island of Singapore was controlled by the Srivijaya empire based in Sumatra. Diplomatic relationship between Temasek and Vietnam may have begun in the 13th century. Temasek was a fortified city and trading centre in the 14th century. It was recorded that during the Yuan dynasty, envoys were sent to "Long Ya Men" ("Dragon's Teeth Gate", thought to be the entrance of Keppel Harbour) in 1320 to obtain tame elephants. The people of "Long Ya Men" then returned in 1325 with a tribute and trade mission to China. In around 1330, the Chinese traveller Wang Dayuan visited the island and mentioned two distinct settlements in Temasek: "Long Ya Men" and "Ban Zu" (a transcription of the Malay name "pancur" meaning a "spring"). In his work "Daoyi Zhilüe", Wang described "Long Ya Men" as the two hills of Temasek that looked like "Dragon's teeth" between which a strait runs, and wrote:
Wang further mentioned that lakawood and tin were products there and the natives traded with Chinese from Quanzhou, but Chinese junks on their way back from the Western Oceans (西洋) may be met by pirates there who attacked with two to three hundred perahus (boats). The description of the people may be the first known record of the Orang Laut who inhabited the region.
"Ban Zu" was described as being sited on a hill, thought to be today's Fort Canning Hill, located behind "Long Ya Men". In contrast to those of "Long Ya Men" who were prone to acts of piracy, the inhabitants here were described as honest. They also "wear their hair short, with turban of gold-brocaded satin", and red-coloured clothing. Ruins of the settlement on the hill were still visible in the early 19th century and was described by the Resident John Crawfurd. In 1928, several pieces of gold ornaments dating to the mid-14th century were discovered at Fort Canning Hill. Wang also reported that the Siamese attacked the city moat of Temasek with around 70 ships a few years before he visited, and the city successfully resisted the attack for a month.
By the 14th century, the Srivijaya empire had declined, and the Majapahit and Ayutthaya Kingdom became dominant in the region and alternatively made claim to Temasek. The Nagarakretagama written in 1365 listed Tumasik as a vassal of the Majapahit. Portuguese sources indicate that during the late 14th century, Temasek was a Siamese vassal whose ruler was killed by Parameswara from Palembang. Parameswara was driven from Palembang by the Javanese after Parameswara challenged the Majapahit by setting up a lion throne that symbolized a revival of Palembang's claim over the Srivijaya empire. According to a Portuguese account, Parameswara fled to Temasek, and eight days later killed the local chief with the title Sang Aji, named Sangesinga in a later account. It has been proposed that Temasek changed its name to "Singapura" in this period rather than in 1299 as suggested by the legend of Sang Nila Utama given in the "Malay Annals".
Portuguese sources indicate that Parameswara ruled Singapura for five years, he was then attacked by either the Majapahit or the Siamese, forcing him to move on to Melaka where he founded the Sultanate of Malacca. Singapura came under the influence of the Malacca in the 15th century and, after the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese, the control of the Malay Sultanate of Johor in the 16th century. A settlement there was finally burnt to the ground by the Portuguese in 1613 and the island sank into obscurity for two hundred years until the early 19th century with the arrival of Sir Stamford Raffles.
Singapore's national honours.
The Republic's two most important national honours are titled Bintang Temasek ("The Star of Temasek" for acts of exceptional courage and skill or exhibiting conspicuous devotion to duty in circumstances of extreme danger) and the Darjah Utama Temasek ("Order of Temasek", for outstanding and exceptional contributions to the country).
Other institutions that bear the name:


Rakai Pikatan

Rakai Pikatan was a king of the Sanjaya dynasty Medang Kingdom in Central Java who built the Prambanan temple, dedicated to Shiva, which was completed in 856 AD. Rakai Pikatan was also called Mpu Manuku.
The monarch of the Medang Kingdom before Rakai Pikatan was Samaratungga of the Sailendra Dynasty. He had one son, Balaputra, and one daughter, Pramodhawardhani. Rakai Pikatan and the Sanjaya dynasty were Shivaite Hindus and is recorded in the Wantil Inscription as having married a daughter of another religion. This is most likely Pramodhawardhani, the Mahayana Buddhist daughter of Samaratungga.
It's believed that Pikatan fought his brother in law Balaputra, forcing him to move to Srivijaya in 856. Other interpretations based on the Kayumwungan inscription put Balaputra as Pramodhawardhani's uncle rather than her brother as inscriptions only list Pramodhawaradhani as a child of Samaratungga. Hence, Balaputra went to Srivijaya not because of force but because he had no claim as a brother of the monarch.
According to the interpretation of Loro Jonggrang legend, Pramodhawardhani's likeness was the model for Durga's image in the Prambanan temple.


Al-Washm Region

Al-Washm Region ( "" , , also spelled "Washm", or "Al-Washim", is a historical region in Najd in the central of Saudi Arabia.
Etymology.
Washm means tattoo in Arabic, researchers suggested that AlWashm has been named due to the scattered farms which looks similar to a tattoo.
Location.
Al-Washm Region is located about 190 kilometers north-west of the capital Riyadh.
Towns.
Al-Washm Region includes Shaqraa, Ushaiger, Uthaithiah, Al Qasab, Al Faraah, Tharmada.
History.
The exact history Al-Washm Region is unknown. However, the Umayyad poet Ziyad bin Munfidh around the year 100 AH had passed over Shaqraa and mentioned it in his poem.


Archil, Prince of Mukhrani

Archil Mukhranbatoni (; – 25 November 1582) was a Georgian nobleman of the House of Mukhrani, a collateral branch of the royal Bagrationi dynasty.
Archil was a son of Bagrat I, Prince of Mukhrani, son of Constantine II of Georgia, by his wife Elene. After Bagrat's resignation, Archil's elder brothers, Ashotan and Vakhtang, succeeded as princes of Mukhrani. Archil was actively involved in contemporary war and politics. During the Safavid invasion of Georgia in 1554, Archil joined his brothers in their exile at the court of their sister, Dedisimedi, in Samtskhe. Back to Kartli, Archil was allied with his cousin, King Simon I of Kartli, and perpetually challenged the Safavid control of Tbilisi, the capital of Kingdom of Kartli, frequently raiding the city's environs. In one of such forays, a Safavid force from the Tbilisi citadel assaulted and defeated Archil at Sapurtsle. The prince and his family were captured and sent to Iran. After Simon I himself was brought captive to the shah Tahmasp I and cast in the Alamut fortress, Archil and his family were imprisoned in Shiraz in 1573. Both Simon and Archil were released on the death of Tahmasp and returned to Kartli in 1576. Archil once again visited his sister in Samtskhe and died in that principality, at Atskuri, on 25 November 1582.
Archil had three children: