Maha Ne Myo

Maha Ne Myo (, ) was a Burmese general in the royal service of King Bagyidaw of Konbaung dynasty. In the First Anglo-Burmese War, Maha Ne Myo led the Burmese forces after the death of Gen. Maha Bandula in April 1825 until his own death in the battle of Prome on 2 December 1825. His death effectively ended any expectations the Burmese had of driving out the British, and was followed by the Treaty of Yandabo in February 1826 that ended the war strictly on British terms.
Battle of Prome.
After Maha Bandula's death on 1 April 1825 in the battle of Danubyu, the remaining Burmese forces retreated to Upper Burma. The British, led by Gen. Archibald Campbell, took Prome (Pyay), the traditional border town between Upper Burma and Lower Burma, on 4 April 1825. The British decided to consolidate their gains in Lower Burma throughout the monsoon season.
Peace negotiations that began in September broke down by early October after the Burmese would not agree to British terms. The British had demanded no less than the complete dismemberment of the Burmese western territories in Arakan, Assam, Manipur and the Tenasserim coast as well as two million pounds sterling of indemnity. The Burmese would not agree to give up Arakan and the large sum of indemnity.
In November 1825, the Burmese decided to throw everything they had in a one last-ditch effort. Starting in mid-November, the Burmese forces, consisted mainly of Shan regiments led by their sawbwas, threatened Prome in a daring circular movement that almost surrounded the town and cut off communications lines to Yangon. In the end, the superior firepower of the British guns and missiles won out. On 1 December, Gen. Campbell, with 2500 European and 1500 Indian sepoys, supported by a flotilla of gun boats, attacked the main Burmese position outside Prome. On 2 December, Maha Ne Myo was killed by a shell launched from the flotilla. After Maha Ne Myo's death, the British dislodged the Burmese by 5 December.
The defeat in Prome effectively left the Burmese army in disarray. The Burmese army was in constant retreat from then on. By February 1826, the Burmese were forced to accept the British terms to end the war.


Sahak III Bagratuni

Sahak III Bagratuni was an Armenian noble of the Bagratuni (Bagratid) family. He served as presiding prince of Armenia under Abbasid rule in 754–761. He was succeeded by Smbat VII Bagratuni.


Rasikendra Nath Nandi

Rasikendra Nath Nandi () (also known as Rasik Nandi) a Vaishnav scholar, a social reformer and a zamindar was born in the village named Bhat-bera in district Pabna of undivided Bengal (now in Sirajganj District, Bangladesh) in 1882. As a serious scholar of Vaishnavism, he wrote several manuscripts explaining the Vaishnavism in simple Sanskrit. Apart from his scholarly activities, he established schools for spreading of modern education in Pabna and in Agarpara (near Kolkata), where he died in 1962. Rasikendra Nath is one among those unsung stars of Bengal who was forgotten in the midst of political and economic turmoil of Bengal after Indian independence.
Family.
Rasikendra Nath Nandi belonged to a Varendra Kayastha family of Pabna. His father Radhabinod Nandi, a follower of Gaudiya Vaishnavism was a petty Zamindar of Pabna district. Radhabinod’s family, originally belongs to Nandi family of Baghutia, was a staunch follower of Gaudiya Vaishnavism. They used to worship Radha-Vinod (deities of Sree Radha and Lord Krishna). Their family vigraha (idols) of Radha-Vinod had been crafted in Jaipur sometime between 1840 and 1850. This is a replica of the original vigraha of Radha-Vinod presently kept in Jaipur, Rajasthan. A portion of the Zamindari in Pabna was dedicated for the service of Radha-Vinod. The present members of the family of Rasikendra Nath still worship Radha-Vinod with great respect and devotion.
Education.
As per the family tradition, Rasikendra was educated in Sanskrit and Vaishnav literature at Nabadwip (now in Nadia district, West Bengal). He obtained Kavya Vyakarana Tirtha, a traditional diploma in Sanskrit grammar and poetics. Later he graduated from Bangabasi College of the University of Calcutta.
Life.
As a scholar of Vaishnavism, Rasikendra Nath wrote several manuscripts in Sanskrit, explaining Vaishnav philosophy. Unfortunately, most of those manuscripts are lost today. Rasikendra Nath translated "Ujjwal Neelmani", famous work of Sri Roop Goswami, into simple Bengali.
Rasikendra Nath Nandi was actively involved with the spread of education in rural Pabna. K.M. Institution, one of the earliest schools in the region, was set up by him in 1915 at Lahiri Mohanpur (now in Ullahpara Upazila, Bangladesh). This school was established with the help of Kshitish Mohan Lahiri of Lahiri Mohanpur. Rasikendra Nath provided his service as the Headmaster of the school for first twelve years. He was associated with the establishments of several other schools in that region of Bengal. The family of Rasikendra Nath migrated to Ushumpur, Agarpara in North 24 Parganas district, near Kolkata with thousands of other refugee families after the partition of Bengal in 1947. In Agarpara, Rasikendra Nath established another school named Netaji Adarsha Vidyalaya. He died in 1962 at the age of 80 in Agarpara.
References.
This article is based on an interview, given by Rajendra Nath Nandi.


Prince Turki of Najd


Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus

Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus was a man of Roman Senatorial rank who lived in the Roman Empire in the 2nd century.
Cornutus was the son of Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus and Plancia Magna. His paternal grandparents were the Proconsul and Suffect Consul Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus and possibly Tertulla. While his maternal grandparents were the Roman Senator and Proconsul Marcus Plancius Varus and Herodian Princess Julia. His family were prominent citizens and patrons in Perga.
Cornutus was of Roman, Jewish, Nabataean, Edomite, Greek, Armenian and Persian ancestry. Through his maternal grandmother, Cornutus' ancestors were King Archelaus of Cappadocia, King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. Cornutus along with his mother, maternal uncle Gaius Plancius Varus and his maternal relatives were among the last known descendants of the Herodian Dynasty. He appeared to be an apostate to Judaism. It is unlikely that Cornutus attempted to exert influence on Judean Politics. He was born and raised in Perga, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia.
In the Agora in Perga, the local government in Perga had dedicated and honored Cornutus with an inscription on a statue base. This inscription honors Cornutus and his family. Cornutus and his ancestors are highly praised as the benefactors of Perga and the inscription states how lawful, considerable and rewarding citizens they were. This inscriptions reveals how prominent he and his family were and shows the respect that the citizens of Perga had for Cornutus and his family.


Prince Pu, Prince of Pyinzi

Hteiktin Pu (, 1813 – 1882), commonly known as Prince of Pyinzi, was a royal prince during the late Konbaung dynasty, especially famous for his classical Mahāgīta songs.
Biography.
Hteiktin Pu was born in 1813 to Prince of Toungoo, a younger brother of King Bagyidaw, and Princess of Tagaung.
Hteiktin Pu received the appanage of with the title of "Maha Siri Dhammaraja" during the reign of King Tharrawaddy, and the appanage of Pyinzi with the title of "Su Siri Maha Dhammaraja" during King Mindon.
Hteiktin Pu died in 1882.
Works.
Among the five Pyinzi princes of the Konbaung dynasty, those who showed the most interest in Mahāgīta were Maung Naga and Hteiktin Pu. Although they both composed Mahāgīta songs, no Mahagita books described clearly which songs were written by which Prince of Pyinzi.
The famous Mahāgīta songs Hteiktin Pu composed were:
Issue.
Hteiktin Pu had three children: Hteiktin Wint, Hteiktin Kyi and Hteiktin Nyo.
King Mindon conferred the title of Minye Thinkayar to Hteiktin Wint in 1882.
Hteiktin Kyi followed her father's footsteps— she also composed Mahagita songs. There were Hteiktin Kyi's eight patpyoes in "Sabba Gitakkama Pasānadī" manuscript.
Hteiktin Nyo published the novel "Dadhivāhana and Pāsādacandi" Volume I in 1906 and Volume II in 1908.


Sarlahi District

Sarlahi ( ; Maithili: सर्लाही), a part of Province No. 2, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. According to new laws, combination of more than 2 or 4 villages makes a municipality, which covers an area of and had a population of 635,701 in 2001 and 769,729 in 2011.
It is bordered to the west by the Bagmati River, to the east by Mahottari District, to the north by the Sivalik Hills, and to the south by Bihar State of India.
Etymology.
Generally, the people of Sarlahi believe that the Sarlahi name comes from the name of Sarla Devi temple. The Sarla Devi temple is situated in Hempur village in the Sarlahi district. There is a believe that if someone goes to the temple at night with a light then that person will die. That is why people still do not go at night to that temple with light. Still there is no residence around this temple.
Famous for.
The district is famous for a couple of things.
One of them is tomato production and supply. Lalbandi is the place of this district which is famous for supplying tomato demand of whole country. Scientific tomato farming was practiced in Sarlahi district at Bagwani Kendra Nawalpur, Netragunj.Lalbandi is the most famous for growing tomato in the country, it is also known as the Tomato capital of Nepal. Farhadwa is the village which is famous for fish production and export. The production of sugarcane is also seems to be significant in the district. The Indushankr Chini Udhog Ltd.( Indushankr Sugar mills) is a notable factory in the district.
The Annapurna Sugars and General Industries Pvt Ltd is probably one of the largest Sugar mills in the country located in Dhankaul VDC of Sarlahi. The plant commenced trial operations on January 17, 2014 with a successful crushing of over 16 lakh quintals of cane. The mill will substantially help in meeting sugar requirements of Nepal local market by producing around 300,000 quintals of White sugar. The mill is equipped with modern machineries to produce high quality sugar. Mill is helping support livelihood of thousands of people including farmers, employees and labors.
Not only that, the historical Nunthar Pahad which is very famous among different religious groups because of its typical geographical location. It is located in a strategic place bordering four districts Makawanpur, Sarlahi, Rautahat and Sindhuli. World Heritage the Mukteshwar Nath historical temple is the best known religious place here which was located in Murtiya village of Sarlahi district. The Nadiman lake, important Puranic place, is located nearby Malangawa which is believed to be the Yaksha pool (kunda), the mystic lake owned by the Yaksha himself. The Pattharkot temple is also the best known religious place here. The Sitlamai temple, The Bajrangbali temple, The Durga temple, The Gadhimai temple and laxmipur pokhari in Balara Municipality. The Sagaranatha temple in Iswarpur, the Gopalkuti mahadev temple in Karmaiya among many others are equally significant places in Sarlahi. The famous Barahathawa Bazar is also located here which is growing as a commercial hub of the district.
Geographical division.
According to geographical texture Sarlahi district is divided into three parts.
N/A
Chure mountain.
In north side of this district from east to west there is the mountain range known as the Sivalik Hills. They have an average height of , reaching in places. This range separates the terai from the inner terai and harbours the fossilised remains of many mammals no longer typical of Eurasia.
Bhanwar region.
This region is between what is north of the Sivalik hills and the southern Terai region, in the local language, it is also called as "char koshe jhadi and thethi". The height of this region is from 150 m to 300 m. Mahendra Highway is touching this area so nowadays people settlement is increasing, in this region water source level is always at very low, even the following water is disappears because of sandiness. It is very difficult to obtain water by digging. So in this region irrigation system is problematic one.
Terai region.
This region is start from middle of district to south and goes to India's bihar. From ancient time this region has large public density and good place for farming, so this region is called Treasurer of grain.
Rivers.
There are four major rivers in this district that flow into India: The Bagmati, The Hardi (Banke), The Lakhandei and the Jhim. However, there are around a dozen other small rivulets that originate from the Chure hills and flow down the plain. They are actually the tributaries of the three major river system of the district. These small rivulets are the Hariwan khola, the Dhungre khola, the Soti khola, the Sotraha khola, the Chapini khola, the Pathlaiya khola, the Kalinjor khola, the Phooljor khola and the Banke Khola. The Banke Khola is the eastern demarcation of the district separating it from Mahottari district whereas the Bagmati river flows between Sarlahi and Rautahat districts.
It is the largest river, flowing in the western side of district separating Rautahat district from Sarlahi.
This river is the largest river inside the district, it is about 25 kilometer long. It originates from the Chure Mountain range, the lowest foothills of the Great Himalayan ranges. It flows into India by touching simara VDC of this district.
Originated from north east side of Chure mountains of this districts into Phuljor river and Kalinjor river joins at the Vairawpur village of Jabdi VDC, then it becomes Jhim river. it is long and by flowing into districts passes into India, and in India this river is known as
Adhwara river. Adhwara river was the east border of Makwanpur region.
Banke(Hardi Nadi) river. Banke river was the east border of Sarlhi district.
There are also many rivers in this district including the Adhwara River of the east which empties into the Jhim River, Manushmara river (which is formed by mixing Harion, Sotara and Pathlaiya rivers), and in middle of the district Dhangra and Bhumi rivers.
This river is the largest river inside the district, it is about 25 kilometer long. It originates from the Soram range, the lowest foothills of the Great Himalayan ranges. It flows into India by touching Bhatauliya VDC of this district.
Demography.
According to 2011 census Total population of district is 769,729, among them male population is 389,756 and female population is 379,973. Total Hindus population is 658,611, which is about 85% of total population, while total Muslim population is 60,679, which is about 8% of total population and total population of Buddhism is 44,011, which is about 5.71% of total population while total Christian population is 1,752 which is about 0.22% of total population.
49.0% speak Bajjika, 21.2% Maithili, 11.8% Nepali, 6.3% Urdu, 4.8% Tamang, 2.1% Tharu, 1.4% Magar, 0.9% Bhojpuri and 0.5% Danuwar as their first language.
36.3% of the population in the district speak Hindi, 20.8% Nepali, 4.5% Bajjika, 3.8% Maithili and 0.7% Bhojpuri as their second language.
Media.
From Sarlahi district publishing Newspaper and FM radio station are as follows.
News Paper
Paricharcha,
Madhesh Post Daily,
Suchna Saugat Weekly,
Sarlahi Awaz Weekly,
Sarlahi Times Weekly
Facebook page
Meme Sarlahi
Sarlahi Constituencies.
There are total 4 Electoral Constituencies in Sarlahi named kshetra no:-1 to 4.
Administration.
The district consists of twenty municipalities, out of which eleven are urban municipalities and nine are rural municipalities. These are as follows:


Aggabodhi III of Anuradhapura

Aggabodhi III was King of Anuradhapura in the 7th century, whose reign lasted the year 623 and from 624 to 640. He succeeded his father Silameghavanna as King of Anuradhapura.
The new king appointed his brother Mana as the governor of Rohana. The king Aggabodhi III was soon challenged by the son of earlier king Sangha Tissa II, Prince Jettathissa. Prince had a large army mainly drawn from the eastern parts of the Island. Prince Mana dealt a severe defeat to the Prince Jettatssa's general Datasiva in the western part of the country and Datasiva himself was captured by the King's forces. Prince Jettsthissa's main forces were difficult to defeat and the King was defeated. He sought refuge in India.
Aggabodhi III was succeeded by Jettha Tissa III in his first reign.
The fugitive king Aggabodhi soon returned at the head of a large Indian mercenary army, King Jettathissa's army was defeated. The king having ascended the throne again brought the country to peace again.
In 624 king's brother was found guilty of misconduct with the queen and was executed. The younger brother Prince Kasspa was appointed in prince Mana's place. King Jettathissa's general Datopatissa led a rebellion and defeated the King Aggabodh III and the king had seek refuge again in India with only his necklace. The defeated king was succeeded by general Datasive with assumed regnal name Dathopa Tissa I.
King Aggabodhi III returned a second time from india and wrested the throne from Dathopatissa I.The third regnal period was marked with the excesses by prince Kassapa towards the priesthood and the temples which were robbed of their valuables. The king had to spend 1000 massa to repair thuparama dagoba. Before he was able to repair the Dakkinathupa (another temple destroyed by Datopatissa I and prince Kassapa). The Aggabodhi was driven to Rohana and carried out his administration from there during his last years.


Vietnamese people in Hong Kong

Many of the Vietnamese people in Hong Kong immigrated as a result of the Vietnam War and persecution since the mid-1970s.
Backed by a humanitarian policy of the Hong Kong Government, and under the auspices of the United Nations, some Vietnamese were permitted to settle in Hong Kong.
The illegal entry of Vietnamese refugees was a problem which plagued the Government of Hong Kong for 25 years. The problem was only resolved in 2000. Between 1975 and 1999, 143,700 Vietnamese refugees were resettled in other countries and more than 67,000 Vietnamese migrants were repatriated.
The Vietnamese community in Hong Kong today falls into two major categories: those who came as refugees and ended up staying and integrating into the local community, and those who have arrived in Hong Kong via a third country due to either their work or personal circumstances. This second group, although small, is a growing community. Many of the Vietnamese living in Hong Kong have Chinese ancestry, making integration easier.
Vietnam War and refugee migration.
1970s – from a trickle to a flood.
After the Vietnam War ended in April 1975 with the Fall of Saigon, North Vietnam reunited the northern and southern halves of the country, many people began to flee out of fear of the new Communist Government. Many refugees headed by boat to nearby countries, initially Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Hong Kong.
Hong Kong received its first wave of Vietnamese refugees on 4 May 1975. A 3,743-strong refugee group was found arriving on board the Danish freighter "Clara Mærsk" and were accepted as refugees. Although the Hong Kong Government declared them "illegal immigrants", this arrival marked the start of a wave of refugee migrations to Hong Kong. Initially, Western governments shirked responsibility for resettling any refugees. In 1976, the Hong Kong Government applied to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) for material aid and faster processing of resettlement requests. One year later, this first group of refugees, who had been under the responsibility of the Civil Aid Service, were entirely resettled in the United States, France, Germany, Australia, and Hong Kong.
In 1979, in response to China's attempted invasion of Vietnam, the Vietnamese Government began repressing ethnic Chinese in Vietnam causing many to seek refugee status in Hong Kong. Hong Kong declared itself the "port of first asylum". Soon, the Thai government stopped accepting refugees. Singapore and Malaysia did not allow the refugees to land, effectively turning the refugees away. Hong Kong, with the status of "safe haven", soon became the leading destination. The BBC World Service spurred the choice by making known Hong Kong's 3-month grace period in which to make resettlement applications to a third country. Hong Kong was also known for its liberal policy of allowing landed refugees the right to work. It was the peak year of arrivals, when more than 68,700 people arrived in Hong Kong.
1980s – stemming the tide.
The tide of refugees continued to flow, and in 1980, more than 100,000 Vietnamese sought refugee rights in Hong Kong. At this time, these migrants usually succeeded in gaining refugee status, and were eventually accepted by Western countries.
To deter the influx of refugees, new arrivals from Vietnam were interned in "closed camps" from July 1982 as possibilities for resettlement to third countries dwindled. These camps were criticised for keeping freedom-seeking people "behind barbed wire".
The United States started imposing stricter entry requirements on refugees in 1982 in a bid to slow the numbers accepted. The refugees were predominantly economic from the mid-1980s and onwards. Most refugees from Vietnam from about 1984 were part of the "orderly departure scheme" sanctioned by the Vietnamese government.
By 1987, many other Western countries had lowered their quotas for Vietnamese refugees whilst the influx into Hong Kong continued to increase, peaking at some 300 a day in 1989, fed by rumours that Vietnamese migrants could gain amnesty simply by landing on Hong Kong soil. The government adopted a Comprehensive Plan of Action on 16 June 1988, separating political refugees (classified as refugees) from economic refugees (classified as "boat people"). Economic refugees were considered illegal immigrants; they were denied the right to be transferred to a third country and were all sent back to Vietnam.
1990s – orderly repatriations.
There were 54,341 Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong at the end of June 1990. About 20% of them were classified as refugees, 20% as not refugees, and 60% were waiting to be screened. The first forced repatriation took place on 12 December 1989, and involved 52 Vietnamese boat people. The poor public relation handling of the action led to an international outcry. The number of Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong peaked at 64,300 in October 1991. In the early 1990s, the Hong Kong government began an orderly repatriation programme. It began as a voluntary programme, but it was poorly received by the Vietnamese migrants, despite an agreement with the Vietnamese government that barred retributions against the migrants upon their return. Eventually, the Hong Kong government decided to forcibly repatriate the Vietnamese boat people.
The Comprehensive Plan of Action was carried out by 1994. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the Hong Kong government began to broadcast a Vietnamese radio announcement in an attempt to deter Vietnamese migrants from making way to Hong Kong. This came to be known as the Bắt đầu từ nay broadcast.
As the economic and political situation in Vietnam improved, and the flow of boat people was stemmed, Hong Kong's status as a "first port of asylum" was revoked on 9 January 1998. By mid-1998, there were 2,160 Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong. However, until 2000, Hong Kong still issued identity cards to the boat people in Hong Kong in an effort to allow them to assimilate into the society.
2000s – integration.
In February 2000, the Hong Kong government announced that it would widen the Local Resettlement Scheme for Vietnamese refugees and migrants, allowing 1,400 refugees and migrants to settle in Hong Kong. The plan applied to 973 refugees that have been stranded in Hong Kong, and 327 migrants whom the Vietnamese government refused to accept. It did not apply to Vietnamese illegal immigrants. While stating that Hong Kong would continue to enforce the policy of repatriating illegal immigrants from Vietnam, then-Secretary for Security Regina Ip also commented that "the only effective and durable solution" for the refugees and migrants was "complete integration", and that "Integration is a humanitarian solution, especially for the children of the [refugees] and [migrants] who were born in Hong Kong."
Facilities.
Timeline.
The first batch of 3,743 refugees in 1975 had been settled in a civilian refugee camp in Chatham Road pending their resettlement. This camp was to be demolished in 1977.
Some 2,600 refugees aboard the vessel "Skyluck" which arrived on 7 February 1979 were refused landing due to a shortage of facilities, and were kept on board the vessel for over 4 months. The conditions were regarded as being superior to some terrestrial "transit camps". On 29 June 1979, some refugees cut the anchor chain, causing the 3,500-ton ship to drift into rocks near Lamma Island, and sink.
In June 1979, a camp was set up on a site adjacent to the Police station at Sham Shui Po (closed March 1981), another was opened at Jubilee (closed November 1980); the Government opened the former army camp Argyle Street Camp to accommodate an estimated 20,000 refugees; the Kai Tak East Camp was set up to house an estimated 10,000; a 23-storey factory building in Tuen Mun to house an additional 16,000 was set up, temporary facilities were established at the Government Dockyard and Western Quarantine Anchorage.
The Chi Ma Wan Detention Centre would become the first closed camp after the Government passed the Immigration (Amendment) Bill 1982, set up on 2 July. Plans for a second camp, at Hei Ling Chau, were initiated at the end of July, shortly after the arrival of 1,523 refugees in the month. Another closed camp was set up in Cape Collinson.
The Whitehead camp was set up in Wu Kai Sha, Sha Tin District, to accommodate 28,000. Later, from June 1989, the runway of the former military airfield at Shek Kong was turned into a holding facility to house an estimated 7,000 refugees, amidst protests from local residents. Prior to the 1997 handover, the facility reverted to as an airfield and is now used by the Chinese PLA Air Force.
List of facilities.
Facilities included:
Financial cost.
The Security Branch revealed that, as at January 1983, the total cash outlay due to feeding and accommodating refugees had amounted to HKD 270 million, of which HKD 110 million was borne by Hong Kong, HKD120 million by the UNHCR, and the remainder by international agencies.
The United Nations owed Hong Kong HKD 1.61 billion for its handling of Vietnamese boat people. The loan is still outstanding.
Residents from Vietnam / Hong Kong Hoa.
Immigrants prior to 1970s were mainly Hoas leaving Vietnam due to anti-Chinese sentiment. A handful of notable Hong Kong residents came during this period, including:
Actor brothers François Wong and Stefan Wong were born in Hong Kong, of Hoa origin.


Football Association of Thailand

The Football Association of Thailand under Patronage of His Majesty the King () is the governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer in Thailand. It was founded on 25 April 1916. The association joined FIFA on 23 June 1925 and AFC in 1954.
History.
In 1916, King Vajiravudh founded "The Football Association of Thailand under Patronage of His Majesty the King" after that the association joined the FIFA in 1925 and AFC in 1954.
Thailand national football team joined Olympic Games first time in Australia in 1956.
The first football stadium, Supachalasai Stadium, was built in 1935. King's Cup, the first football cup was introduced in 1968. And then two years later, Queen's Cup, a national cup competition, started in 1970.
Thai football competitions.
Leagues and tournaments.
League competitions in Thailand include :
"(See also: Thai football league system for the additional detail about league system.)"
List of FAT Presidents.
The following is a list of presidents of Football Association of Thailand (FAT).


Duan Qi

Duan Qi was a kingdom located in Shandong peninsula of northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. It was founded by Duan Kan, a member from the Duan tribe of Xianbei people. In 350, Ran Min overthrew the Later Zhao kingdom and caused chaos in the North China Plain. Duan Kan took this chance to lead his people to the city of Guanggu in Shandong and established Duan Qi kingdom. Duan Kan did not claim to be an emperor because he regarded the emperor of Jin dynasty as the son of heaven. In 351, Duan Qi became a vassal state of Jin dynasty after the emperor of Jin appointed Duan Kan to be the Zhenbei General and Duke of Qi. However, Duan Qi was still considered to be an independent state since Jin had no direct control on it.
In 355, Murong Jun, a person from another tribal clan of Xianbei, claimed to be the emperor of Former Yan. Duan Kan was annoyed because he did not think anyone from a Xianbei tribe should claim to be an emperor. He wrote a letter to denounce Murong Jun, which exasperated Former Yan. In 356, a war broke out between Former Yan and Duan Qi, and Duan Qi was defeated in the war. Duan Kan asked for help from Jin, but it was too late. He was captured by Murong Jun and was executed in the following year.


Stefano Lusignan

Stefano Lusignan (1537–1590), also known as Étienne de Lusignan and Estienne de Lusignan, was a priest, scholar, and titular bishop of Venetian Cyprus who migrated to Italy and France.
Life.
Lusignan was born in Nicosia, in Venetian Cyprus, a descendant of the royal House of Lusignan. When he was young, Lusignan joined the Dominican Order and studied under an Armenian bishop named Ioulianos. By 1562 he was a priest and worked under two Latin bishops of Limassol, Andrea Mocenigo and Serafim Fortibraccia. By 1570, he was living in a monastery in Naples, in the Kingdom of Naples, where he began writing his best-known work, "Chorograffia". In 1571, Cyprus fell to the Ottoman Empire, and after that Lusignan spent much of his time collecting ransom money to buy the freedom of relations who had been captured. In 1572, he moved to a monastery at Bologna, a university city in the Papal States. There, he first published his work named "Chorograffia". In 1575 he moved to Padua, under the control of the Republic of Venice, and there he designed a famous map to supplement his book, dedicating it to the last Latin Archbishop of Cyprus, Filippo Mocenigo. The map was engraved by Giovanni Longo and paid for by Lusignan himself. His "Chorograffia" and his "Description de toute l'isle de Cypre" include many classical sources such as Strabo, Pliny, Virgil, Ovid, Pausanias, Plutarch, Diogenes Laertius and reference various ancient cities like Salamis, Kourion and Amathus and important mythological figures of Cyprus such as Cinyras, Aphrodite and Adonis. In the course of his stay in Padua, Lusignan also taught Greek at the University of Padua. During a trip to Rome, he met the French ambassador and with his help moved to Paris in 1577. He lived in a monastery in Paris for ten years. Throughout his stay there he wrote and published many works. He was also involved in literary circles with other Cypriots, including Enrico Caterino Davila. In 1578 Pope Sixtus V appointed Lusignan as Titular Bishop of Limassol. He spent the last years of his life in Rome, where he died in 1590.


Syed Shamsul Huda

Nawab Sir Syed Shamsul Huda (1862 – 14 October 1922) was a Muslim political leader, scholar and a member of the Bengal Executive Council in British India. He became the first Indian Muslim President of the reformed Legislative council of undivided Bengal in 1921.
Education.
Huda was born in the village of Gokarna, now known as Gokarna Nawab Bari Complex, in Nasirnagar Upazila, Brahmanbaria District, which was earlier integrated into the greater Comilla District that was a part of Hill Tipperah. His father was Syed Riazat Ullah, the editor of "The Doorbeen", a Persian-language weekly journal. His primary education—in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Bengali, and the science of Islam—was completed at home under his father. He was then admitted to Hooghly High Madrasah at Calcutta to complete a traditional education. After that, he obtained a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree from Presidency College in 1884, and a Bachelor of Law (BL) degree from Calcutta University in 1886. He received a Master of Arts (MA) degree, in Persian, privately from Presidency College in 1889.
Huda was schooled in many fields of knowledge, and became one of the most eloquent, articulate, and educated Muslims of his generation. He had an important role as Muslim scholar, leader, and politician in British India at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Career.
Huda joined the Calcutta Madrasah in 1885 as a lecturer in Arabic and Persian. Two years later, he left the madrasah to practice law before the Calcutta High Court and gradually became involved in politics.
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by Calcutta's Hindu leaders. This political body was proposed to symbolize all the people of India, together with Hindu and Muslim population. Prominent Indian Muslim leaders including Sir Syed Ahmad Khan CSI, Nawab Abdul Latif and Syed Ameer Ali, firstly gave their full support to this political body. But later on, the Hindu Congress leaders began practicing partition. Muslim leaders called Second Annual Meeting of the Calcutta Union about the political attitude and future plan of the Congress in 1895. Syed Shamsul Huda attended and addressed to stop the issue on the title of "Indian Politics and the Muhammadans" and in this way he became the top of the political dialogue. In his speech, he highlighted the political rule of the Indian Muslim and suggested ways they could make the Congress more united and effective political body.
Huda's first role as a political leader was in opposing the budget for 1905, in which spending for colleges, hospitals, and other institutions was predominantly for those in districts near Calcutta. He proposed a policy of increased spending for such institutions for East Bengal as well, which was eventually established, and proved advantageous to the Muslims of Eastern Bengal, while being opposed by elite Hindus. As a man of education, political consciousness, and perception, Huda articulated the new situation. He wrote:
He also mentioned on another occasion:
Huda was made a fellow of Calcutta University in 1902. He was invited to give the Tagore Law Lecture, which was published by Butterworth & Co,(India) Ltd, under the title "The Principles of the Law of Crimes in British India". He developed a theory of the basic law of offenses, following along the lines of the work of British jurists such as Jeremy Bentham, William Austin, and William Blackstone. He presided over the Provincial Muhammadan Educational Conference at Rajshahi in 1904. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of East Bengal and Assam in 1908. He was a President of the All India Muslim League in 1910. He became a member of the Imperial Legislative Council between 1911 and 1915, as a Leader for the Muslims of East Bengal.
Between 1912 and 1919, Huda was a member of the governor of Bengal's executive council. He was awarded the title of "nawab" in 1913. He was made KCIE in 1916. He was designated a judge on the Calcutta High Court in 1917, becoming the second Muslim from Bengal to occupy a seat, after Justice Syed Ameer Ali.
Thomas Gibson-Carmichael stated:
Huda became the first Indian Muslim president of the reformed legislative council of undivided Bengal in 1921.
Surendranath Banerjee stated:
Contributions to education.
Huda was a patron of the Muslim students of Bengal during a difficult period. He created student accommodations by founding the Carmichael Hostel for rural university-going Muslim students in Calcutta. For the establishment of the Elliot Madrasah Hostel in 1898, he obtained two-thirds of the funds from the government, with the remainder, a sum of Rs. 5,400, being contributed by the Nawab Abdul Latif Memorial Committee. Huda created the post of "assistant director for Muslim education" for each division.
He sanctioned the large sum of Rs. 900,000 from the Bengal government to purchase land to establish a government college for Muslims in Calcutta. Because of the First World War, the opening ceremony was postponed until 1926, when Abul Kasem Fazl-ul-Haq became education minister of the united province.
In 1915, on his ancestral property, he founded Gokarna Syed Waliuallah High School, which was named after his same-aged uncle. It was the first government-aided school in Nasirnagar Upazila for Hindu and Muslim students.
The University of Dhaka was established in 1921 by Lawrence Ronaldshay, the Governor of Bengal, who served as chancellor and who designated Huda as a life member of the university. On Huda's recommendation, Lord Ronaldshay appointed Sir A. F. Rahman as a provost.
Huda financed the journals "Sudhakar" (1889), "The Urdu Guide Press", and "The Muhammadan Observer" (1880). Religious constraints prevented women from gaining an education in Bengal. He supported and encouraged the Bengal Women's Education Project, founded by Begum Rokeya for women's education and development.
Death.
Huda lived at 211 Lawyer Circular Road, Calcutta. He died on 14 October 1922, at the age of 61, and was buried in Tiljola Municipal graveyard. "The Calcutta Weekly Notes" wrote of his death:


Sakura Press

Sakura Press () was a Russian licensor and publisher of manga with headquarters in Moscow. The company was established in 2003. It was headed by general director Sergei Kharlamov. According to their official website, it was the first Russian company who started to publish manga ("Ranma ½"). The first two volumes of "Ranma ½" were released in April 2005. Sakura Press reversed the pages (so called "flopping") in all releases, for which it was criticized by fandom. It stopped publishing manga and updating their site in 2011 and became officially defunct in 2016.
Other publications.
"anime*magazine".
"anime*magazine" (abbreviated as am) was a bi-monthly anime and manga news and reviews magazine, published between May 2003 and July 2004. It started as a collaboration project between Sakura Press and the authors of online magazine "Animemaniacs Magazine Online" (currently known as "AniMag" or "AnimeMagazine Online"). Firstly it was all black and white, later became coloured and accompanied with CD. "anime*magazine" featured review sections of anime, manga, and video games, news, interviews and articles about Japanese culture and history. It was closed in 2004 when the main sponsors, including MC Entertainment, switched to the rival magazine "AnimeGid".


Al-Ain Region, Abu Dhabi

The Eastern Region (, since March 2017 officially renamed by Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Al Ain Region ()) is one of three Municipal Regions in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. It forms the southeastern part of the United Arab Emirates. Its main settlement is the city of Al Ain, located on the country's border with Oman, about from the city of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the Emirate and country. Compared to the Western Region, it is also a rather remote region of the Emirate, but smaller by area, and is not known to hold reserves of gas or petroleum, but is agriculturally important.
History and prehistory.
The city of Al-Ain, part of a historical region which also includes the adjacent Omani town of Al-Buraimi, is noted for its forts, oases, "aflāj" (underground water channels), and archaeological sites such as those of Hili and Rumailah. Sites outside the city include Jebel Hafeet and Al-A'ankah Fort. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan had been the Ruler's Representative in this region, before becoming the Ruler of Abu Dhabi and President of the United Arab Emirates.
Demographics and settlements.
As of 2009, the population of the region was estimated at 890,000.
Aside from the main city, there are about 20 settlements which are governed by the region's municipal body, that is Al Ain Municipality. Most of them are estimated to have populations of no more than 10,000. They include:


Saw Shwe Khet

Minye Kyawswa Saw Shwe Khet (, ) was governor of Prome (Pyay), a major vassal state of Ava, from 1417 to 1422, and from 1442 to 1446. He was the only governor or viceroy of Prome to serve more than one term. He also served as governor of districts of Prome: twice at Tharrawaddy (Thayawadi) (1422–1427) and (1446–1460) and at Paungde (1460–1470s).
Early life.
Saw Shwe Khet was the eldest child of Saw Min Pu and Gov. Thinkhaya of Pagan. He was descended from the Pagan royal line from both sides. He had two younger sisters, Queen Soe Min Wimala Dewi of Hanthawaddy, Queen Atula Thiri Maha Yaza Dewi of Ava, and two younger brothers Cmdr. Uzana of Southern Cavalry and Gov. Thinkhaya of Sagu.
Career.
Prome (1417–1422).
The first mention of Shwe Khet in the royal chronicles was his appointment as governor of Prome (Pyay) by his half cousin King Minkhaung I. The appointment, which came in March 1417 during the height of Forty Years' War against the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, was certainly an important one for Ava (Inwa) as Prome, along with Toungoo (Taungoo), was one of the two major states bordering Hanthawaddy. Shwe Khet, now styled as Minye Kyawswa, succeeded Thihathu, who was recalled to Ava (Inwa) to become the crown prince.
Tharrawaddy (1422–1427).
Shwe Khet's rule at Prome lasted until Thihathu came to power in 1422. Shwe Khet, who was married to Thihathu's ex-wife Princess Min Hla Htut of Ava, tried to curry favor with his new overlord by sending a white elephant, a propitious symbol of Burmese sovereigns. Thihathu accepted the gift but nonetheless demoted Shwe Khet to become a district-level governor at Tharrawaddy (Thayawadi), southernmost district of Prome.
Shwe Khet accepted his new position. At Tharrawaddy, Shwe Khet made an alliance with the new governor of Prome, Min Maha by giving his daughter Shin Yun. But his position at the frontier district became tenuous in 1425–26 when Ava went through a series of succession crises. Kings Thihathu and Min Hla were assassinated in August and November 1425, respectively. Shwe Khet's brother-in-law Gov. Kye-Taung Nyo of Kale (Kalay) seized the Ava throne but lost it six months later when Gov. Thado of Mohnyin toppled Nyo's regime at Ava. Thado himself faced a series of rebellions. Taking advantage of the situation, King Binnya Ran I of Hanthawaddy Pegu seized Tharrawaddy.
Tharrawaddy would remain under Hanthawaddy control until 1446. Ava ceded the region in 1431 in a peace treaty that also sent Shwe Khet's sister Soe Min Wimala Dewi to wed Ran in a marriage of state.
Prome (1442–1446).
The next mention of Shwe Khet in the chronicles came in 1442 when Viceroy Thihathu III of Prome became king of Ava as Narapati I. The new king, whose chief consort Atula Thiri was Shwe Khet's younger sister, appointed Shwe Khet governor of Prome, and Shwe Khet's son Minye Kyawswa governor of Kalay. Shwe Khet's term lasted until January 1446 when the king recalled Shwe Khet to Ava. He was the only governor/ruler to serve more than once at Prome.
Tharrawaddy (1446–1460).
Shwe Khet's stay at Ava was short. He was once again appointed governor of Tharrawaddy after Narapati regained the territory November 1446. He ruled for about another 14 years. In 1460, the king reassigned him to Paungde, and appointed his fourth son Thado Minsaw to Tharrawaddy. The king also married Thado Minsaw with Shwe Khet's daughter Myat Hpone Pyo.
Paungde (1460–1470s).
For the next dozen years, Shwe Khet stayed at Paungde. In 1472, Gov. Mingyi Swa of Prome and Gov. Thado Minsaw of Tharrawaddy decided to revolt against their eldest brother King Thihathura of Ava. Shwe Khet, an old man by then, had no choice but to support to his sons-in-law. The rebellion was brief. Thihathura laid siege to Prome in the dry season of 1472–73, and the brothers and Shwe Khet all submitted to the king in February 1473. In exchange for their submission, they were allowed to keep their offices. It was the last mention of Shwe Khet in the chronicles.
Family.
Saw Shwe Khet had at least three wives, and three sons and three daughters. His notable descendants include: grandson King Bayin Htwe of Prome (r. 1526–32); great grandsons King Narapati of Prome (r. 1532–39) and King Minkhaung of Prome (r. 1539–42); two times great grandson King Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo (r. 1597–1609); three times great grandson King Natshinnaung of Toungoo (r. 1609–10). King Leik Munhtaw of Hanthawaddy (r. 1453–54) was his nephew.
Ancestry.
The following is his ancestry as given in the "Hmannan Yazawin" chronicle, based on a contemporary inscription left by his sister Queen Atula Thiri of Ava. He was a half cousin of King Minkhaung I of Ava.


Chitrangada Mori

Chitrangada Maurya or "Chitrang Mori" was a chieftain of the Mori clan who laid the foundation of the fort of Chittorgarh, which is the largest fort in India.
Chitrang had his capital at Chittorgarh. He reigned in the 8th century AD, and the ruins of his palace still are present today. Chittorgarh was then known as "Chitrakot", which changed to Chittorgarh in colloquial language.


Mahamanikya

Mahamanikya was a Barāha king who ruled parts of Assam in the 14th century. At that time, his kingdom centered on present-day Nagaon, Morigaon and Hojai districts. Under his patronage, the Sanskrit epic "Ramayana" was translated to Assamese verse "Saptakanda Ramayana" by Madhava Kandali. Some scholars claim him to be Kachari king and some scholars claim him to be Borok king of Tripura.


Hayama Cave Tomb

The is an archaeological site containing a group of a twenty tombs located in the Haramachi area of the city of Minamisōma, in Fukushima Prefecture in the southern Tōhoku region of northern Japan. The largest of these tombs has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since December 23, 1974.
Overview.
The tombs are located on a hillside north of the Ota River, and were discovered by chance during the construction of a modern housing district in 1973. The largest of the tombs has a length of 8.3 meters, with a three-meter vestibule, in a rectangular layout, with a 3 by 2.8 meter opening. On the far wall, the tomb is decorated with designs in red iron oxide, depicting people, a horse, a sawtooth-like geometric design, red deer and spirals connected by red and white lines. The back wall and ceiling are also decorated with more than 250 red and white spots. Relics found within the tomb include bronze and gilt sword fittings, knives, glass and bronze beads, horse fittings and Sue ware pottery. From these grave goods it is estimated that the tomb dates from sometime in the 6th century AD.
The tomb was formerly open to the public four times per year; however, it has been closed since the 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake. Full-scale replicas and excavated artifacts are on display at the Minamisōma City Museum. The site is approximately 45 minutes on foot from Haranomachi Station on the JR East Joban Line.


Tardu

Tardu or Tardush Yabghu was the second yabgu of Western Half of Turkic Khaganate (c. 575–603), and Ninth Khagan of the First Turkic Khaganate (599–603). He was the son of Istämi.
Names.
The regnal name in Turkic was Tarduš (), Medieval Greek: Ταρδου, 達頭可汗/达头可汗, Pinyin: dátóu kěhàn, Wade-Giles: ta-t'ou k'o-han, personal name: 阿史那玷厥, āshǐnà diànjué, a-shih-na tien-chüeh). According to Lev Gumilev his personal name was Kara-Churin-Turk (Кара Чурин Тюрк). However, when he subjugated Eastern half after death of Tulan Qaghan, he assumed regnal name Bilge (Wise) Khagan.
Background.
Turkic Khaganate was a vast khaganate (empire); from Manchuria and Chinese wall to Black sea. It was impossible to govern the whole khaganate from a certain capital. So while the eastern part was directly ruled by the khagan (emperor), the western part was governed by yabgu (vassal) in behalf of the khagan. The capital of the west was Ordukent (Suyab) (present day Kyrgyzstan). Istemi who was the khagan's brother was the first and Tardu (İstemi's son) was the second yabgu.
Years of civil war.
Tardu became the yabgu in c. 575. In that year he met the Byzantine ambassador Valentinius. Being a very ambitious yabgu he was planning to seize power in whole khaganate. He saw his chance in 581 when khagan Taspar died. Taspar had announced his preference for Talopien (son of Mukan Khagan) instead of his son Anluo. But Göktürk kurultay (council of tribal leaders) which was authorized to appoint the new khagan refused the former kagan's will and appointed the former khagan's son who in turn acknowledged Ishbara Qaghan as the new khagan. This gave Tardu the necessary cause to interfere. He sent an army to back Talopien. Ishbara applied Sui China for protection and both contestants were played off against each other by China.
Later years.
While the east part of the khaganate suffered from civil war, Tardu was waiting for a suitable moment to realize his plans. After the Battle of Blarathon in 591 in Sassanid Persia, Bahram Chobin who was a short term Sasanid empreror, sought asylum in Western Turks.
In 599 Tardu declared himself to be khagan of the united khaganate (east and west) But his new status was not recognised widely. Probably to persuade the kurultay, he began a campaign against China. But unlike Turks of eastern part his target of campaign was too far away and his army suffered intensely from the poisoned waterwells during the long expedition through the steppe. Finally, he had to retreat without serious combats. But this defeat was disastrous for him. After a rebellion of his subjects, he disappeared from the scene (probably was killed) in 603 or 604.
He was succeeded in west by Niri Qaghan, a son of Talopien.
Family.
He was father to Tulu (都六) and Külüg Sibir. Sheguy and Tong Yabghu were his grandsons through Tulu.