John Clum

John Philip Clum (September 1, 1851 - May 2, 1932) was an Indian agent for the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in the Arizona Territory. He implemented a limited form of self-government on the reservation that was so successful that other reservations were closed and their residents moved to San Carlos. Clum later became the first mayor of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, after its incorporation in 1881. He also founded the still-operating "The Tombstone Epitaph" on May 1, 1880. He later served in various postal service positions across the United States.
Early life.
 John Clum was born on a farm near Claverack, New York, USA. His parents were William Henry and Elizabeth van Deusen Clum of Dutch and German descent; he had five brothers and three sisters: Henry W. Clum, Jane E. Clum, Cornelia Clum, Sarah E. Clum, George A. Clum, Robert A. Clum, Cornelius N. Clum, and Alfred Clum.
In September, 1867, he entered the Hudson River Institute (later known as Claverack College), a military academy in Claverack, New York. He also attended religious services at the Dutch Reformed Church. In September, 1870, he enrolled at Rutgers College. He obtained a classical education, studying among other subjects Latin, Greek, Mathematics (including algebra), Natural History (including physiology) and Rhetoric. He was a member of Rutgers' football team. Although Clum was on the team, he did not play in the first intercollegiate game between Rutgers and Princeton on November 6, 1869, but played in the second game in the fall of 1870. Clum's strenuous activity and competitive athletics left him ill and in his second year of college he was unable to earn enough money to pay for his tuition. He returned to his father's farm in the summer of 1871.
Clum read in a newspaper story that the federal War Department in Washington, D.C. was organizing a meteorological service. He applied for and was inducted into the US Army Signal Corps on September 14, 1871 with the rank of Observer Sergeant. Two weeks later he was dispatched to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where he became a weather observer.
John Clum married first 8 November 1876 in Delaware County, Ohio to Mary "Mollie" Ware. Mary died on 18 December 1880, in Tombstone, Arizona, of fever, about one week after giving birth to a daughter named Bessie. Mary is buried in Boot Hill at Tombstone.
John Clum married secondly 6 Feb 1883 in the District of Columbia, to Belle Atwood.
John Clum married thirdly 24 October 1914 in New York City, New York to Florence A. Baker.
Indian Agent.
President U.S Grant established the San Carlos Reservation on December 14, 1872. After an investigation of political abuses within the Office of Indian Affairs, the government gave Protestant religious groups the responsibility for managing the Indian reservations. The Dutch Reformed Church was given charge of the San Carlos Reservation. They sought out a candidate at Rutgers to run the reservation and were connected with Clum. Clum knew that a number of Indian Agents had already come and gone. Some Indian agents sought the position only as a means to line their own pocket, selling government-supplied food and clothing and keeping the profits for themselves.
The office was very political, as the military commanders and civilian agents competed for control over the reservation and the money associated with the responsibility. The Apaches, who were supposed to be fed and housed by their caretakers, rarely saw the results of the federal money and suffered as a result. Soldiers and their commanding officers sometimes brutally tortured or killed the Indians for sport. On February 26, 1874, under these difficult conditions, Clum accepted a commission as Indian Agent for the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in the Arizona Territory.
He arrived at the San Carlos Reservation on Tuesday, August 4, 1874. The very next day Apache scouts presented him with the severed head of Cochinay, a Tonto Apache renegade they had tracked down and killed. He inherited a legacy of violence and mayhem, and a military presence which showed both animosity toward the Indians and disdain for the civilian Indian Agents.
To the distant politicians in Washington D.C., all Indians were alike. They did not give consideration to the different tribes, cultures, customs and language. They also ignored prior political differences and military alliances. They tried to apply a "one-size-fits-all" strategy to deal with the "Indian problem". As a result, friends and foes were forced to live in close proximity to one another.
Implements self-government.
During Clum's tenure at San Carlos, he treated the Apaches as friends, established the first Indian Tribal Police and a Tribal Court, forming a system of Indian self-rule. The Apaches nicknamed him "Nantan Betunnikiyeh", "Nantan", meaning boss or leader, "Betunnykahyeh" meaning high-forehead, or "Boss With The High Forehead", referring to his baldness. Clum encouraged them to take up the peaceful pursuits of farming and raising cattle.
The Army disliked Clum's actions, as it prevented them from raking off part of the funds that passed through the reservation. Clum tired of the Army's constant meddling in his management of the reservation and the lack of support from the Indian Bureau, the very people who a short time previously had sought him out specifically as a man who would make a good Agent.
Moves Chiricahua tribe.
In September 1872, Cochise negotiated a reservation for his people from the Dragoon Mountains on the west to the Peloncillo Mountains on the east. It included the Chiricahua Mountains and ran south to the Mexican border. Some members of the tribe continued raiding into the Mexican states Sonora and Chihuahua. Governor Pesqueira of Sonora complained bitterly about the raids, and General Crook tried to figure out how to force the relocation of the raiders to the San Carlos Reservation. Thomas J. Jeffords, who was Indian Agent to the reservation, lost influence when Cochise died on June 8, 1874.
In 1876 Jeffords was relieved of his responsibility and on May 3 the government ordered Clum to transfer the Chiricahuas to San Carlos.
After waiting in vain for military reinforcements to help with the move, Clum began relocating the tribe in early June. Cochise's sons Taza and Naiche agreed to the move and killed several Chircahuas, including Eskinya, Cochise's trusted ally, when he insisted they go to war. The Nednhi Chirica led by Juh also requested transfer. Clum granted them three days to round up their kinsmen. They used that time to elude the cavalry and flee south. Of the more than 1,000 Chiricahuas enumerated in Jeffords' infrequent censuses, only 42 men and 280 women and children accompanied Clum north.
The firing of Jeffords and the abolition of the reservation in southeastern Arizona drove the Chiricahuas deeper into Mexico or over to the Ojo Caliente Reservation in the New Mexico Territory. In April 1877 the Interior Department ordered Clum to remove the bands at Ojo Caliente to San Carlos as well. Victorio and the Chihenne Chiricahuas acquiesced at first.
Captures Geronimo.
Geronimo, on the other hand, was defiant. Clum hid 100 of his Apache police in the commissary building at Ojo Caliente and on April 21, 1877, they surprised Geronimo, seizing his rifle and throwing him in shackles. Clum's success gave the US Army a black eye; it was the only time Geronimo was captured at gunpoint without a shot fired on either side. A total of 453 Chiricahuas, 100 from Geronimo's band and the rest under Victorio, reached San Carlos in late May. From the very beginning they quarreled with the other Apaches confined there.
Clum resigns.
Clum's feuds with the military escalated. Faced with superior officers who strongly disagreed with his methods, dogged by an uncaring Indian Bureau administration and under constant harassment by the Army, Clum was frustrated. He left his post as Indian Agent at noon on July 1, 1877, nearly three years after he had arrived. His successor freed Geronimo and his men, leading to fifteen years of bloodshed and Indian wars until Geronimo was re-captured by General Miles on September 4, 1886, finally ending the Indian Wars. Throughout his life, Clum believed that his work among the Apache was the finest and noblest work he had ever done.
He was replaced by a series of agents who were renowned for their corruption. Two months later, Victorio, Loco, and 308 other Chiricahuas bolted for New Mexico, killing twelve ranchers before surrendering at Fort Wingate in early October.
Buys newspaper.
Clum and his wife moved to Florence, Arizona Territory and bought a weekly newspaper, the "Arizona Citizen" then operating in Tucson, but he moved it to Florence. For the next two years he published editorials criticizing "the Army of Arizona and the political double-crossers in Washington".
Life in Tombstone.
After silver was discovered in Tombstone in 1877, Clum moved to Tombstone and began publication, on Saturday, May 1, 1880 of "The Tombstone Epitaph". He organized the "Anti-Chinese League", and a "Vigilance Committee" to end lawlessness in Tombstone, and his association with that group helped get him elected as Tombstone's first mayor under the new city charter of 1881. While mayor he became lifelong friends with Wyatt Earp and became one of his greatest supporters. In December 1880, his wife Mary had a daughter Elizabeth, called Bessie, but Mary died soon after on December 18, 1880. Elizabeth was sickly and died the following summer.
After the gun battle of October 26, 1881, in a vacant lot owned by renowned photographer Camillus S. Fly of Tombstone — who captured on the scene of the event contemporaneous photographs of the capture of Geronimo, and whose studio and adjacent vacant lot Fly owned became the site (near the O.K. Corral) at which the notorious gun battle took place — Ike Clanton filed murder charges and after a month-long preliminary hearing, Justice of the Peace Wells Spicer ruled the men had acted within the law. Clum later observed,
Clum's friendship with the Earps and loyalty to the business leadership made him a target for the outlaw Cochise County Cowboys. On December 14, Clum was on a stagecoach en route to Benson to catch a train for Washington, D.C., where he planned to spend Christmas with his parents and son. He and his newspaper had consistently supported the lawmen. The stagecoach was fired upon by unknown assailants. The stage didn't carry any mail, cash, or silver, so robbery was an unlikely motive for the attack. Driver Jimmie Harrington was able to outrun the attackers, but he soon had to stop to remove a lead horse that had been shot and was bleeding to death. Clum was certain the hold-up was cover for an attempt to kill him, so didn't reboard the stage, but walked until he found a horse he could borrow. He got to Benson the next day and then returned to Tombstone.
Clum, Wells Fargo Agent Marshall Williams, Justice of the Peace Wells Spicer, mine owner E. B. Gage, attorney Tom Fitch, Oriental Saloon owner Lou Rickabaugh, and the Earps were also threatened.
Clum described the attempted murder later. "Yes, I ran away from Tombstone," said Clum. "There were nine of us who were not supposed to get out of Tombstone alive. We received warnings, written in blood. We didn't pay a lot of attention to them at first, but after a few months it became most unbearable. They were picking us off one by one. We could never put our hands definitely on those who were doing it. I decided to settle elsewhere. They opened fire on me from both sides of the road. Three miles farther along the road a bullet tore through my coat and lead brought down my horse. I kept going without him."
In January Virgil Earp was maimed in an assassination attempt and in March Morgan was murdered. On May 1, 1882, two years to the day after he started "The Tombstone Epitaph", he sold it and left Tombstone. The newspaper is still published today as a nationally distributed chronicle of the old west.
Later years and death.
In 1898, Clum was appointed Postal Inspector for the Alaska Territory and was commissioned to establish a territorial postal service there. During a five-month period he traversed in the Alaskan territory, equipping existing post offices and establishing seven new post offices.
While in Nome, Alaska in the summer of 1900, Clum met his old friends, Wyatt Earp and George W. Parsons. Wyatt was operating the Dexter Saloon at the time. Clum was later named postmaster for Fairbanks, Alaska, and served in that position until 1909. Caro, Alaska was named after his daughter Caro.
John Clum left Alaska in 1909. Clum spent several years touring the country for the Southern Pacific Railroad, giving hundreds of lectures all over the country to promote tourism and passenger-use of the railroad. In 1928 he moved to Los Angeles, where he lived until his death in 1932 at age 80. He was survived by his third wife, Florence, a son Woodworth, and a daughter Caro Kingsland Clum Vachon.
His descendants still live in Alaska territory and also in Oregon...
In popular culture.
Sam Melville was cast as Clum in the 1970 episode, "Clum's Constabulary", on the syndicated television anthology series, "Death Valley Days", hosted by Dale Robertson. In the story line, Clum recruits an elite team of Apaches to aid the U.S. Cavalry in the Southwest but faces opposition within the white community. Tris Coffin was cast as Captain Loren Phillips and John Considine as Lago.
Other television series or films with reference to Clum include:


Daniel H. Beekman

Daniel Henry Beekman (May 29, 1874 – February 1, 1951) was an American jurist, banker, and politician.
Early life and education.
Beekman was born on May 29, 1874 in North Branch, New Jersey, the son of John Henry Beekman and Mary Elizabeth Lane Beekman. His parents owned and operated a large farm in Somerset County. His ancestors emigrated from the Netherlands in 1648 and he was a distant relative of Wilhelmus Beekman, the treasurer of the Dutch West India Company and a prominent 17th-century politician. Beekman attended North Branch public schools and Metz Private School for Boys, then matriculated at New York Law School, graduating in 1896.
Career.
Beekman was admitted to the bar in 1898 and settled in Somerville, New Jersey. His first legal job was in the law office of former Congressman Alvah A. Clark. In 1901, Beekman partnered with retired Judge John D. Bartine to establish a law firm in Somerville. In 1913, then-Governor Woodrow Wilson appointed Beekman Judge of the Somerset County Court of Common Pleas. He was reappointed by Governor James Fielder, presiding over the Court until 1920.
Following his tenure as judge, Beekman returned to his law firm and concurrently served as an executive of the Second National Bank of Somerville. He helped lead the bank through the Great Depression, during which runs caused many institutions to fail. Beekman credited Franklin Roosevelt's swift action after taking office in 1933 with saving the banking system and ultimately stabilizing markets. In 1937, Beekman was elected president of Second National Bank, a position he held until his death.
Beekman's son joined his law firm in 1929, at which time the firm began operating under the name Beekman & Beekman. His practice covered a range of matters, with a particular focus on real estate.
Beekman was active in state Democratic politics. After serving as judge, he ran for state senate in multiple elections in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During World War II, Beekman served as chairman of the Selective Service Board. He sat on the Board of Managers of the New Jersey Reformatory for Women at Clinton.
Personal life.
Beekman married Emetta Hoffmann in 1899. They had two children: son John Henry Beekman, Jr., and daughter Mabel Elizabeth Beekman. John Beekman, Jr. served as Somerset County Prosecutor and president of the Somerset County Bar Association. Mabel Beekman graduated the Yale School of Nursing and served as a supervisor in the New Jersey Department of Health.
Beekman was a deacon and elder of the First Reformed Church of Somerville and a member of various clubs including Raritan Valley Country Club, the Bachelors Club, the Somerville Athletic Association, and Solomon's Lodge 46. He died at Bound Brook Hospital.


Cuylerville, Eastern Cape

Cuylerville is a village in South Africa, located halfway between Bathurst and the Great Fish River. It was the first village established by the 1820 settlers, and was named after Colonel Jacob Glen Cuyler, the military commander at Fort Frederick.


Fort Hall Indian Reservation

The Fort Hall Reservation is a Native American reservation of the federally recognized Shoshone-Bannock Tribes in the U.S. state of Idaho. This is one of five federally recognized tribes in the state. The reservation is located in southeastern Idaho on the Snake River Plain about north and west of Pocatello. It comprises of land area in four counties: Bingham, Power, Bannock, and Caribou. To the east is the Portneuf Range; both Mount Putnam and South Putnam Mountain are located on the Fort Hall Reservation.
Founded under an 1868 treaty, the reservation is named for Fort Hall, a trading post in the Portneuf Valley that was established by European Americans. It was an important stop along the Oregon and California trails in the middle 19th century.
A monument on the reservation marks the former site of the fort. Interstate 15 serves the community of Fort Hall, the largest population center on the reservation. The total population of the reservation was 5,762 at the 2000 census. The Shoshone-Bannock Tribes has more than 5,300 enrolled members, and more than half reside on the Fort Hall Reservation. Others have moved to urban areas for work. The tribes are governed by a seven-member elected council and maintain their own governmental services, including law enforcement, courts, social and health services, and education.
The four other federally recognized tribes in the state are the Coeur d'Alene, Kootenai, Nez Perce, and Shoshone-Paiute at Duck Valley Indian Reservation.
In July 2016, the Department of Interior made offers to 536 landowners with fractional interests at Fort Hall Reservation for buy-back of lands valued at $11 million in offers. This was under its Land Buy-Back Program as part of the government's settlement of the "Cobell v. Salazar" class action suit. The land purchased will be transferred into trust for the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, to restore its traditional land. About 1.5 million acres of land has been put into trust for tribes under this program.
History.
The Shoshone and Bannock had long occupied the territory of Idaho and nearby areas. They were not disrupted by settlers until the late 1840s and 1850s, when emigrant wagon trains increasingly crossed their territory which put strain on food and water resources, disrupting the way of life for the Shoshone and Bannock.
In the 1850s the Shoshone, led by Chief Pocatello, attacked emigrant parties in an effort to drive them off, as the settlers encroached on their hunting grounds and game. After initial hostilities, the Mormons, led by Brigham Young, pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Shoshone.
But other settlers complained, and the federal government ordered the U.S. Army into the Utah Territory in 1858, resulting in full-scale conflict between the U.S. and the Shoshone. There had been escalating conflicts, with the Shoshone and Bannock tribes pitted against the increasing tide of European-American settlers. The latter encroached on the Native Americans' traditional territory, competing for resources and damaging the habitat of game they depended on.
In January 1863 Colonel Patrick Edward Connor led his troops from Fort Douglas in order to "chastise" the Shoshone. In what is known as the Bear River Massacre (1863), his US Army forces killed more than 400 Shoshone, including women and children, in present-day southeastern Idaho.
Warned of Connor's advance, Pocatello had led his people out of harm's way. Another chief and his band were attacked and largely destroyed.
Seeing the power of US forces, Pocatello subsequently sued for peace and agreed to relocate his people in 1868 to a newly established reservation along the Snake River. Four bands of Shoshone and the Bannock band of the Northern Paiute relocated to the reservation, then consisting of of land. As part of the Fort Bridger Treaty of 1868, the U.S. government agreed to supply the Shoshone-Bannock tribes annually with goods and supplies annuities worth 5,000 dollars.
The U.S. government often failed to provide the annuity goods on time, and food supplies sometimes arrived spoiled. In addition, the lands of the reservation, located on the Snake River Plain, were not appropriate for the subsistence-type agriculture that the government wanted the Shoshone-Bannock to adopt. In the years following their removal to the reservation, the Shoshone-Bannock peoples suffered severely from hunger and disease, with high mortality. Hoping to relieve his people's suffering, Pocatello led a small group to a missionary farm in the Utah Territory to receive mass baptism and conversion to Mormonism. Although the Shoshone were baptized, the local settlers, primarily Mormon, agitated for removal of the Indians. The U.S. Army forced the Shoshone back onto the reservation.
From 1868 to 1932, the federal government reduced the territory of the reservation by two thirds, taking some for such projects as railroads and roads, and allowing non-Native settlers to encroach on the grounds. Most importantly, under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government attempted to impose the model of private property and subsistence farming, thinking to encourage assimilation of the tribes to the majority type farm. It registered all members of the tribes and allotted individual 160-acre plots of land to each household. Given the arid local conditions, these allotments were generally too small to support subsistence agriculture. The government declared the remainder of the formerly communal land to be "surplus" and sold much of it to European-American settlers. Some members of the tribes later sold their plots because they were too small to be successfully farmed, leading to the tribes' losing control of more lands.
20th century to present.
In 1934 during the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, the US Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act, created in part to end the allotment process and encourage tribes to re-establish self-government and to stabilize their land bases. In 1936 these two tribes reorganized, wrote a common constitution and established their own elected government. They have managed to retain most of their lands since that time.
During World War II, however, the US government assumed control of a 3,300-acre tract within the reservation, which it developed for use as an air base. Federal officials had told the tribe they would return the land to them after the war.
Instead, the federal government sold the property for $1 to nearby Pocatello, a city about to the east, which developed it as a regional airport. In the 21st century, there continue to be conflicts over development at the airport without consultation with the tribe. (See material below).
FMC Corporation operated a phosphate mine and plant under a lease at the Fort Hall Reservation. Between 1949 and 2001, it produced an estimated 250 million pounds of elemental phosphorus annually. It has had serious adverse environmental effects. In 1989, as part of what is termed the Eastern Michaud Flats Contamination, its 1500-acre plant site was designated by EPA under CERCLA as a Superfund site because of extensive water and land pollution caused by these operations, including degradation of the Portneuf River. The J.R. Simplot Company also operated on and near the reservation for decades. Their sites have been designated by the EPA as Superfund sites. Although some mitigation has been accomplished, scientists estimate the pollution will be hazardous for a very long time.
As a result of this case, EPA has worked with the Tribes to develop the Clean Air Act’s Tribal Authority Rule, to provide tribes with more control over enforcement of clean air quality. The company abandoned the plant and related mine, due in large part to increased costs of electricity and competition from cheaper Chinese phosphate. Seventeen mines in the region have been designated as Superfund sites because of selenium poisoning. Since 2001, FMC has been working on cleanup at the reservation. The tribe has developed its own expertise in air, water and land quality, but its resources are still seriously threatened by the extensive cleanup needed.
In the 21st century, the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes chose to participate in the Department of Interior's Native Nations Land Buy-Back Program, established after 2009 as part of the government's settlement of the "Cobell v. Salazar" class action suit over mismanagement of fee/lease accounts. Under this program, the government is buying back fractional interests in lands within reservations in order to put the land into trust for the communal use of the tribes. It is an effort to restore some of the lands lost following the 19th century allotment process and reduce fractional holdings too small to use readily.
In July 2016, the Department of Interior made offers to 536 landowners with fractional interests at Fort Hall Reservation for buy-back of lands valued at $11 million. In total by July 2016, the Department of Interior had put about 1.5 million acres of land into trust for tribes under this program.
Economy.
In the 21st century, the tribes employ nearly 1,000 Native and non-Native people in various trades: 575 in tribal government, 85 by the enterprises, and more than 300 in gaming. Since the late 20th century, the Tribes have developed the Fort Hall Casino and two smaller satellite casinos on the reservation. They are all operated by the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, who use the revenues for additional economic development and to support education and healthcare for the people. The combined payroll of the various activities is more than $32 million. The tribal government is building the economy and ensuring the protection and enhancement of the reservation landbase for generations to come.
The main agricultural crops are wheat and potatoes, with the value of crops produced on the reservation exceeding $75 million annually.
Relations with the city of Pocatello became strained in April 2016 after the tribes learned that the city had contracted with Pocatello Solar, based in Boise, to lease a new property at the airport. The tribe was consulted by FAA officials, who are handling the environmental assessment for the project, but they learned that the company was prohibited by the city from entering into any written agreement with the tribes. They are worried about getting stuck with an operation that could cause environmental damage.


Art Barr

Arthur Leon Barr (October 8, 1966 – November 23, 1994) was an American professional wrestler. While he wrestled briefly for World Championship Wrestling, he found his greatest success in Mexico's Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion.
Early life.
While growing up, Barr became friends with Roddy Piper during Piper's stint in the Oregonian Pacific Northwest Wrestling. While attending Oregon State University, Barr became an accomplished amateur wrestler, having become a four-time district champion and a two-time state champion. However, he later dropped out of college to tend to his wife when she became pregnant.
Barr had three brothers: Jesse, who was also a wrestler, JR, and Sean. His father, Sandy, was also involved in wrestling as a wrestler, referee and promoter. Sandy died on June 2, 2007.
Professional wrestling career.
Pacific Northwest Wrestling.
After leaving college, Barr began working in a steel mill during the day while he began receiving training to become a wrestler from his father Sandy, his older brother Jesse Barr, and Matt Osborne at night. On April 2, 1987, Barr debuted in the Pacific Northwest Wrestling territory. About a year and a half later, at the suggestion of Roddy Piper, he began wrestling as "Beetlejuice", based on the title character of the 1988 movie. The character, wearing face paint and flour in his hair, was a cartoonish fan favorite.
World Championship Wrestling (1990–1991).
After the trial, Barr's license to wrestle in Oregon was not renewed, stemming from a previous conviction for possession of cocaine that he did not disclose on his license application. About this time, a tape of Barr as Beetlejuice was sent to the offices of WCW president Jim Herd. WCW was even with WWF in adult demographics, but was losing badly among the child demographics. Herd decided to hire Barr, even though booker Ole Anderson thought Barr was too small to work in the company. Barr joined World Championship Wrestling in 1990 and was renamed "The Juicer" in order to avoid copyright conflicts, but he retained his character. Due to a faxing campaign, his sexual assault conviction followed him, which along with his small stature in a wrestling world then dominated by large wrestlers, he lost support and was soon released.
After his release, Barr worked a few spot shows for the Pacific Northwest Wrestling promotion in Washington state, as he was banned from working Oregon by the state's commission.
Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (1991–1992).
After leaving WCW, Barr was brought into Mexico's Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre promotion by Konnan. He initially wrestled under a mask as "The American Love Machine", and was very successful. A year after entering EMLL, the American Love Machine faced off against another masked wrestler, Blue Panther, in a mask versus mask match. 18,000 fans sold out the 17,000 seat Arena México in Mexico City and another 8,000 fans watched on big screen TV in the parking lot to see the card. The match ended when American Love Machine performed a piledriver (Martinete in Spanish) against Blue Panther, an illegal move in Mexican wrestling, thus losing his mask.
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (1992–1994).
Soon afterward, Barr left EMLL to join Konnan's newly formed Asistencia Asesoría y Administración promotion. As "The Love Machine" Art Barr, he debuted in AAA as a villain, and formed the tag team "La Pareja del Terror" (The Pair of Terror) with Eddie Guerrero. The pair were highly successful, as they would go on to win the World Tag Team Championship and become arguably the most hated tag team in lucha libre history. Barr and Guerrero expanded their tag team into a faction after being joined by Konnan, Black Cat, Madonna's Boyfriend, Jake Roberts, Misterioso, Chicano Power and King Lion. Together, the faction became known as Los Gringos Locos (The Crazy Americans).
Despite both the acclaim and the financial success he received, Barr's time in Mexico took a toll on him, as he was reportedly homesick (his wife and son remained in Oregon while he was working in Mexico). Eventually, he turned to alcohol and drugs for solace, despite the concern of his friends in the business.
On November 6, 1994, AAA held the When Worlds Collide pay-per-view card (with some help from WCW) at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena. La Pareja del Terror faced off against El Hijo del Santo and Octagón in a double hair versus mask match, which was acclaimed as one of the greatest pay-per-view matches ever and would receive a 5 star rating from Dave Meltzer. Around this time, Barr and Guerrero were also in talks with Extreme Championship Wrestling. Barr confirmed this in a shoot interview with Los Angeles media following the PPV, and said that he looked forward to competing in ECW, "they're not the biggest promotion but they're the hottest and a very forward thinking promotion". Barr additionally was scheduled to compete at New Japan's annual Tokyo Dome show on January 4, 1995 in a match with Jushin Thunder Liger however this never materialised.
At the same time, the World Wrestling Federation, World Championship Wrestling also showed interest in the tag team of Guerrero and Barr however it never got past that stage.
At Triplemania XXIV, Barr was posthumously inducted into the AAA Hall of Fame as the 2016 inductee. He is regarded as the most hated rudo the company has ever had along with his tag team partner Eddie Guerrero as Los Gringos Locos.
New Japan Pro Wrestling (1994).
Barr made his New Japan Pro-Wrestling debut as "American Machine" in Summer 1994, wrestling under an old American Love Machine mask. He made his debut by teaming with Black Cat and Black Tiger II in a winning effort against the team of Shinjiro Otani, El Samurai and Jushin Liger. Liger apparently had big plans to feud with Barr, but they never materialized after Liger broke his ankle. A match was planned for January 4, 1995 at the Tokyo Dome for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, but again this never materialised due to Barr's death in November 1994.
Death.
On November 23, 1994, Barr was found dead lying with his child at his home in Springfield, Oregon. Preliminary reports said that he died of heart failure, but later reports said that he died under unknown circumstances. Barr did not have heart problems, no aneurysm or internal bleeding, and no ring injuries. He had a mixture of alcohol and drugs in his blood stream. Although Eddie Guerrero's book claims that the cause of Barr's death is still unknown to this day, "Hardcore History" by Scott E. Williams, criminal-justice reporter and wrestling columnist for "The Galveston County Daily News", states that "Barr died in his sleep from a drug-related heart attack."
After his death, Eddie Guerrero adopted Barr's trademark frog splash as his finishing maneuver in tribute to him. According to Guerrero, when they began tagging he first used the frog splash as the "Jackknife Splash." Barr took a liking to the move, began using it regularly and adopted it as his finisher. 2 Cold Scorpio commented to Barr that he "looked like a frog", thus leading Barr to name his move the frog splash. It has since become a trademark move of several wrestlers in Mexico, Japan, and the United States.
Legacy.
Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer wrote that Barr and his tag team partner Eddie Guerrero changed Lucha Libre forever. “Art Barr and Eddie Guerrero broadened the style of Lucha Libre, Art opened their eyes to his style and made the young guys like Rey Misterio Jr, Psicosis and Juventud Guerrera who came up from AAA to WCW into the best workers in the world. He and Eddie had that much influence. Art taught them a whole lot.”
Chris Jericho said of Barr in his book, , “I think if Art Barr was still alive today he would be one of the top guys in the business, He had such good personality and the ability to piss people off. He drew such big houses for AAA it was scary how good he could been.”
Eddie Guerrero himself also paid tribute Barr on his Cheating Death, Stealing Life DVD produced by WWE: "I learned so much from Art," admitted Guerrero. "He could make the fans laugh, he could make them cry and he could make them pissed off. He made me realize there's more to wrestling than just wrestling. He helped me change my personality in the ring. He had a big effect on me..."I cried three months straight when he passed away. He changed everything."
Konnan said that Art Barr was one of the greatest talents he'd ever stepped into the ring with.
Personal life.
On July 16, 1989, Barr had a sexual encounter with a 19-year-old girl after a PNW card in Pendelton, Oregon; the girl later filed rape charges. Barr continued to wrestle as Beetlejuice, despite the charges and the attention brought to him and PNW by the "Portland Oregonian". A year later, Barr was polygraphed as part of the police investigation, during which he admitted the girl did not consent, but he believed she would have been willing to have sex someplace else. Barr worked a plea-bargain, and was convicted of first-degree sexual abuse. He was fined $1,000, placed on two years probation, and sentenced to 180 hours of community service, but served no jail time. Barr always maintained that he would have beaten the case in court, but was advised to take the plea since it involved no jail time. Also if he lost, the bad publicity would harm the local wrestling business, driving away customers.


Anne Dunkin Greene

Anne Dunkin Greene Bates ( – November 2, 1939) was an American socialite during the Gilded Age.
Early life.
Anne was born in New York City in . She was a daughter of Elizabeth Dunkin (née Hoff) Greene (1852–1926) and Thomas Lyman Greene (1851–1904). Her father was vice president and general manager of the Audit Company of New York and formerly with the Manhattan Trust Company. Her older brother was Van Rensselaer Hoff Greene, a 1904 graduate of Columbia University, who married Agnes Benedict.
Her maternal grandparents were Ann Eliza (née Van Rensselaer) Hoff and Dr. Alexander Henry Hoff of Philadelphia. Her grandmother was a sister of Charles Watkins Van Rensselaer and both were children of Ann (née Dunkin) and Judge John Sanders Van Rensselaer and grandchildren of U.S. Representative Killian Van Rensselaer. Her paternal grandfather was Mary Ann (née Crocker) Greene, who attended the Troy Female Seminary, and Thomas Lyman Greene Sr., a manager of the Boston and Albany Railroad.
Anne graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1905.
Society life.
In 1892, Anne, listed as "Miss Greene", was included in Ward McAllister's "Four Hundred", purported to be an index of New York's best families, published in "The New York Times". Conveniently, 400 was the number of people that could fit into Mrs. Astor's ballroom.
Personal life.
In 1908, Greene was married to Guy Bates (1880–1965) of Morristown and Summit, New Jersey. Bates was a 1906 graduate of Columbia University. Together, they were the parents of:
Ann died on November 2, 1939. She was buried at Arlington National Cemetery and upon her husband's death in 1965, he was buried alongside her.
Descendants.
Through her daughter Elizabeth, she was the grandmother of Robert Duncan Carrick (b. 1943), who gifted her family's silver bowl to Newark Museum.
References.
Notes
Sources


Hong Kong Canadians

Hong Kong Canadians ( or ) are Canadians who were born in Hong Kong, hold permanent residency in Hong Kong, or may trace their ancestry back to the city. In Canada, the majority of Hong Kong Canadians reside in the metropolitan areas of Toronto and Vancouver. Many Hong Kong Canadians continue to maintain their status as Hong Kong permanent residents.
Many Hong Kong-born Canadians are ethnic Cantonese, Hakka, Hoklo and Toisanese. There are also people of South Asian, Indochinese (including Kinh, Hoa and Chen), Indonesian and Macanese descent.
The largest wave of immigration to Canada from Hong Kong occurred during the late 1980s and early 1990s, as a result of the uncertainties concerning the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from Britain to China in 1997. In the decades that followed the handover of Hong Kong, a number of Hong Kong Canadians have moved back to the city. As of 2014, Hong Kong has the highest concentration of Canadian citizens in Asia, with approximately 300,000 Canadian citizens of all ethnic backgrounds living in the city.
History.
Most Hong Kong Canadians are immigrants and their descendants who have settled in Canada since the late 1970s. However, earlier immigrants could be traced back to the early 19th Century when Hong Kong became a British crown colony, when a number of Hongkongers migrated to North America, including Canada. In addition, a minority of Hongkongers also migrated to Canada during the 1950s and 1960s.
In 1984, the Sino-British Joint Declaration was signed, with the then British territory becoming a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997. Many people in Hong Kong therefore feared for losing their freedom and prosperity under the impending Chinese rule. Their fear and worries were proved to be correct by the 1989 Tiananmen Square Crackdown, which in turn sparked off a large emigration wave to the Anglophone world between 1980s to early 2000s. One of the most popular destinations chosen by Hong Kong emigrants of the time was Canada, where thousands of Hongkongers settled in Greater Toronto and Metro Vancouver. The immigration of Hongkongers to Canada peaked in 1994, with 44,271 Hong Kongers migrating to the country in that year alone.
21st century.
The early 21st century, however, saw a "reverse migration" of Hongkongers, with a number of Hongkongers who migrated to Canada prior to the handover returning to the city during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Many of those who returned to the city did so for financial opportunities. The resulting "reverse migration" saw the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians drop from 1996 and 2011.
However the trend reversed again during the 2010s, with the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians living in Canada increasing between 2011 and 2016 Canadian census. Hong Kong-born Canadians who moved back to Canada in the 2010s cited several reasons for returning to Canada, which include a variety of personal reasons, as well as political reasons relating to the Hong Kong-Mainland China conflict. The increase in the number of returning Hong Kong-Canadians has also been attributed to those who are returning to retire in Canada, after they moved back to Hong Kong for employment in the late 1990s. In addition to returning Hong Kong-born Canadians, the 2016 Canadian Census also reported an increase in the number of new migrants from Hong Kong that became permanent residents in Canada.
Demographics.
According to the Canadian Consulate General in Hong Kong, there are 500,000 people of Hong Kong descent in Canada. The 2016 Canadian census reported that only 215,775 Canadians residing in Canada were born in Hong Kong. The number of Hong Kong-born Canadians living in Canada peaked in 1996, with 241,095 Hong Kong-born Canadians reported in that year's census. Between 1996 and 2011, the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians dropped as many Hong Kong-Canadians chose to return to Hong Kong during the 2000s. From 2011 to 2016, the number of Hong Kong-born Canadians residing in Canada increased again.
In 2006, among the 790,035 speakers of any of the varieties of Chinese, 300,590 were speakers of Cantonese. According to 2001 statistics, 44% of the Cantonese speakers were born in Hong Kong, 27% were born in Guangdong, the Chinese province where most Hongkongers have their ancestral roots, and 18% were Canadian-born. Among the Cantonese speakers who were born in Guangdong, a large percentage are Hong Kong immigrants.
This community, along with the Canadians living in Hong Kong, plays a dynamic role in building vibrant bilateral relations between Canada and Hong Kong.
Canadians expatriates in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong boasts the second-largest community of Canadians living abroad, second only to Canadians residing in the United States. There were approximately 300,000 Canadians living in Hong Kong in 2011. A number of these Canadian expatriates originated from the Hong Kongers who migrated to Canada prior to the handover of the city. A number of Hong Kongers eventually returned to the city after acquiring Canadian citizenship.
A 2011 report from the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, found that the majority of Canadians living in Hong Kong have only resided in Canada for four or five years. However,
seven in 10 Canadians living in Hong Kong have family living in Canada; with more than 60 per cent of Canadians living in the city stating they have plans to return to Canada at some point in the future. The same study also found that 46 per cent of Canadians living in Hong Kong considered Canada their home "sometimes" or "all the time," while 37 per cent of Hong Kong-born Canadians stated they would "never" consider Canada home.
Canada's presence in Hong Kong is also reflected by the presence of Hong Kong-Canadian associations, such as the Chinese Canadian Association, established in 1989 and the Canadian University Association, which now acts as an umbrella group for some twenty Canadian university alumni associations active in Hong Kong today.
On November 12, 2020, Marco Mendicino, the Canadian Minister of Immigration, increased measures to directly support and encourage Hong Kong residents to resettle in Canada as students, workers, and permanent residents.


Putulik

Putulik formerly Hat Island is a small (about ) uninhabited island located in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, Canada. The island is situated in Victoria Strait (Queen Maud Gulf) approximately southeast of Victoria Island and southwest of King William Island. The Requisite Channel separates Hat Island from Amundsen Island, the larger of the Nordenskiöld Islands.
Hat Island (CAM-B) is a former Distant Early Warning Line and current North Warning System sites The Canadian government's Contaminated Sites directorate has determined Hat Island to be a contaminated site in need of future remediation.
Another, smaller Hat Island is also in Nunavut.


Mazique Archeological Site

The Mazique Archeological Site (22 AD 502), also known as White Apple Village, is a prehistoric Coles Creek culture archaeological site located in Adams County, Mississippi. It is also the location of the historic period White Apple Village of the Natchez people and the Mazique Plantation. It was added to the NRHP on October 23, 1991, as NRIS number 91001529.
Description.
The site is located on the west bank of Second Creek, a tributary of the Homochitto River and consisted of three platform mounds and a central plaza. It was occupied during both the Coles Creek period (700–1000 CE) and the later Plaquemine Mississippian period (1000–1680 CE), when it was recorded in historic times as the White Apple village of the Natchez. Mound A sits directly on the bank of Second Creek and more than half of its mass has been lost due to the creek eroding into it. It is currently in height but was recorded as being in height and in circumference by Montroville W. Dickeson in 1841 and in height and in length on the top by Calvin Brown in 1916. Mound B is located to the southeast and is in height and has a historic cemetery on its summit. It still retains its flat topped shape. Dickeson was the only one to mention the third mound, which he described as smaller than the others and being further reduced by cultivation of its surface. By the time of the other surveys and investigations it is no longer mentioned and its location is still under investigation. The site is named for a local African-American family from southern Adams County who once owned the land.
Excavations.
Mazique was visited in 1927 and 1929 by James A. Ford and Moreau B. Chambers, who performed a site survey and surface collection of ceramic fragments of Plaquemine culture pottery. Analysis of these fragments were used to date the site to the Coles Creek period. The first archaeological excavations at the site were in 1940 by the Natchez Historical Association at the instigation of local tourism promoter and entrepreneur Jefferson Davis Dickson, Jr. Dickson then had a short-lived "archaeological museum" built on the site during the early 1940s, which caused serious damage. The site was again excavated in 1948 by John L. Cotter and W. P. Lancaster.
White Apple Village.
White Apple Village had three different actual sites, which were each occupied at different times. The first was near Washington, Mississippi, the second in Franklin County, Mississippi, and the third at the present location of the Mazique site. By the early 1700s, the Natchez had developed internal pro-British and pro-French factions. The pro-French faction was led by the tribal chief "The Great Sun" and his brother the "Tattooed Serpent", and was based in the Grand Village of the Natchez and supported by the villages of "Flour" and "Tioux". These villages were in the southwestern part of Natchez territory near the Mississippi River and closer to the location of French contact. The pro-English faction's villages lay to the northeast, closer to the Chickasaw and English contact, and further from the river. The pro-English villages included White Apple, "Jenzenaque", and "Grigra". When violence broke out between the Natchez and the French, the village of White Apple was usually the main instigator of the hostility. This factional infighting was a holdover of pre-European local politics, when various groups vied for supremacy over the polity. This had caused the main Natchez political leadership to switch amongst various sites throughout the years; at times being located at Anna, Emerald, Foster, Mazique, or the Fatherland sites. The First Natchez War (1716) began when raiders from White Apple killed four French traders. After the war, the French built Fort Rosalie near the Grand Village, considered the beginning of Natchez, Mississippi. In 1722 and 1723, war (Second and Third Natchez Wars) again broke out when in White Apple an argument over a debt resulted in a French trader's murder of one of the Natchez villagers. Unsatisfied with the French commander's reprimand of the murderer, the warriors of White Apple retaliated by attacking nearby French settlements until Tattooed Serpent's diplomatic efforts restored the peace. Within a year, a French army intent on punishing the warriors of White Apple demanded the surrender of a White Apple chief as recompense for the earlier Natchez attacks. Under pressure from the French and other Natchez villages, White Apple turned the chief over. When in the late 1720s both the elder Great Sun and Tattooed Serpent died, the chief of White Apple became the eldest Sun chief and had more political clout than the newly installed Great Sun, nephew of the previous Great Sun. The French continued to hold this new Great Sun responsible for the conduct of all Natchez villages and insisted on dealing with the Natchez people as a unified nation ruled from its capital, even though in reality this was not the situation. In 1729, the new French commander, Sieur de Chépart, ordered the emptying of White Apple so that he could use its land for a new tobacco plantation. This was the final affront to the Natchez. The chiefs of White Apple sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa, Illinois, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. They also sent messages to the African slaves of nearby French plantations, inviting them to join the Natchez in rising up to drive out the French. The Natchez destroyed the French settlements in their territory. In retaliation, the French eventually killed or deported most of the Natchez people. Overshadowing the first three in scale and importance, this war is usually called simply the Natchez War.


Wawyachtonoc

Wawyachtonoc (also rendered Wyachtonok, Wawayachtonoc, and Wyaghtonok) were an Algonquian-speaking Native American people indigenous to east central New York and northwest Connecticut.
In 1687, the Wyachtonok joined the Mohican Confederacy.
The majority of the Wawyachtonoc were converted to Christianity, beginning in 1740, by Moravian missionaries. During this period Wawyachtonoc populations became concentrated at the Moravian missions at Shekomeko and Schaghticoke.
In the 1830s the Wawyachtonoc were displaced to modern Wisconsin. Modern Wawyachtonoc are now part of the Stockbridge–Munsee Community and Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin.
Name.
The ethnonym "Wawyachtonoc" is often translated as "eddy people" or "people of the curved channel."
Territory.
The traditional territory of the Wawyachtonoc extended throughout what is now Columbia and Duchess County New York, and Litchfield County, Connecticut.


Arif Virani

Arif Virani (born November 23, 1971) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was elected in the 2015 federal election to represent Parkdale—High Park (a riding in the central-west part of Toronto on the lakefront) in the House of Commons of Canada, as a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.
On December 2, 2015, he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship, but was shuffled out of that post on January 28, 2017, when he was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Canadian Heritage (Multiculturalism). On August 30, 2018 he was shuffled once again, this time into the role of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada.
Background.
Virani's roots are in Ahmedabad, though he was born in Kampala. Virani is a multilingual Ismaili Muslim who came to Canada as a refugee from Uganda. Upon arriving in Canada in 1972 his family found solace in the Stanley Street YMCA in Montreal. His family then became more permanently established in Toronto. Virani spent his childhood growing up in the Flemingdon Park and Willowdale neighborhoods.
Education.
Virani received a joint honours Bachelor of Arts in political science and history from McGill University in 1994. He then graduated from the University of Toronto Faculty of Law. Virani remained connected to the University of Toronto Faculty of Law following his graduation by remaining involved with its alumni committee.
Legal career.
Virani began his legal career by articling for Fasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP in 1999. Following this he worked in London, United Kingdom for a year with the support of the Harold G. Fox scholarship. This scholarship for recent graduates of the Bar Admission Course allows for a pupilage with leading Barristers at the Inns of Court in London, United Kingdom. In 2003 he then went on to work as a lawyer for the constitutional law branch of the Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General. He does not currently practise law as he serves in his role as a Member of Parliament. He remains an L1 class licensed lawyer according to the Law Society of Ontario. This means he is "entitled to practise law in Ontario as a barrister and solicitor".
Personal life.
Virani lives in Roncesvalles Village in Toronto with his wife Suchita Jain, originally from London, Ontario, and their two sons.


Casanare Province

Casanare Province was one of the provinces of Gran Colombia.
History.
It belonged to the Boyacá Department, which was created in 1824.
The capital was Moreno, now called Paz de Ariporo.
Watercolors painted in 1856 by Manuel María Paz provide early depictions of the Guahibo and Saliba people in Casanare Province.


Timeline of Alberta history

Below is a brief timeline covering the history of Alberta and its predecessor states.


Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt

Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (February 28, 1860 – August 14, 1894) was an American socialite. He was the father of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and the younger brother of Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), the 26th president of the United States. Elliott and Theodore were of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts; Eleanor later married her Hyde Park distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882–1945), the 32nd President.
Youth.
Elliott Roosevelt was the third of the four children of Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (1831–1878) and Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch (1835–1884). In addition to elder brother Theodore Jr., he had a younger sister named Corinne (1861–1933) and an elder sister named Anna (1855–1931), who was known as "Bamie". Mittie's brothers Irvine (1842–1898) and James (1823–1901) were Civil War Confederate veterans who accompanied Elliott when he left Europe in 1892 to admit himself into an asylum in Virginia. Elliott had a competitive relationship with his older brother.
As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, and through his ancestor Cornelius Van Schaack Jr., Elliott was a descendant of the Schuyler family.
At a young age, Elliott was academically more successful than Theodore; however, he eventually was surpassed by his older brother. This competition continued into the next generation with their own daughters. Elliott enrolled at St Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire in September 1875. He performed well academically though had to soon withdraw and return home after unexpectedly falling ill. Elliott maintained a charming and winsome personality all his life, which masked a growing drinking problem that started at a young age.
Hunting trips to Texas.
In 1876 and 1877, young Roosevelt made two hunting trips into West Texas. The first journey ignited his interest in the wilderness. In his second trip, the 16-year-old Elliott was accompanied by a cousin, 23-year-old John Roosevelt. The two traveled first to Dallas and planned to hunt bison in the area between Waxahachie, Texas and Houston, Texas. They also intended to spend some time at Fort McKavett in Menard County. Once in Dallas, however, their plans changed after they met a group of other young men, one of whom was the sportsman Andrew Jameson, whose family made a fortune in Irish whiskey. These young men talked Elliott and John to go directly to West Texas to hunt bison.
On January 2, 1877, the group of eight men left Dallas. By mid-January they were at a location just west of Graham, Texas where they listened to "the panther and wolves crying and howling" and kept their firearms within easy reach. Roosevelt wrote: "It is a glorious free life," so exciting that he did not grow homesick. The party passed through Fort Griffin, Texas, where they found in abundance bison, deer, antelope, quail, wild turkeys, and rabbits. When they cooked their game, the scent attracted unwanted guests of wolves and panthers.
On February 3, Roosevelt entered into his diary: "[We] made our permanent camp at the bottom of a huge canyon by a fine water hole." They were probably at the time in southern Crosby County, Texas, some 40 miles east of Lubbock, Texas. After 300 miles of travel, the party soon found hunting bison to be most hazardous. Elliott and John at one point faced a herd of bison stampeding toward them. They waited until the bison were in close range before they fired their weapons. A near fatal incident took place when Elliott was charged by a huge bull, which he had wounded. He barely could reload his rifle in time to fire a shot that struck one of the front legs of a bison. The animal crashed to the ground directly in front of Elliott.
When raiders, either other buffalo hunters or the Comanche, stole most of their horses, they had to walk the 140 miles back to Fort Griffin. In other diary entries, Elliott wrote: "Trails bad-freezing night no water...Again only mud no water freezing hard...Fright ful [sic] thirst." They reached Fort Griffin on George Washington's birthday and a week later returned to Dallas. Then, Elliott and John resumed their originally planned route. They were back in New York in late May 1877.
Personal life.
On his father's death in 1878, Roosevelt inherited a fortune and lived the life-style of the idle rich by, among other pursuits, hunting tigers in India.
On October 27, 1880, Elliott served as best man at Theodore's first marriage to Alice Hathaway Lee. In 1883, Roosevelt wed a rich debutante, Anna Rebecca Hall (1863–1892), the eldest daughter of Valentine Gill Hall Jr., and Mary Livingston Ludlow. The wedding was held on December 1, 1883 in Calvary Church in New York City. The couple had three children:
After this point, Elliott Sr. developed a "casual drinking" problem, which soon became alcoholism, an affliction to which his son Hall later succumbed.
Due to his drinking problem, Elliott was exiled to Abingdon, Virginia, where he constantly wrote letters, mostly to Eleanor. Eleanor later recalled that on his many horseback riding expeditions with the young children in Virginia, he became attached to "one girl in particular of whom I was jealous." On occasion, he would, to the jubilation of Eleanor, return home for a few days. Theodore Roosevelt became the conservator for his spendthrift brother.
Elliott fathered a son with Catherine "Katy" Mann (1862–1941), a young servant girl employed by Anna. His brother sent a detective who specialized in likenesses to look at the child and subsequently the Roosevelts settled out of court for $10,000. The sum was placed in a trust, but according to the Manns the child never received a dime as the money apparently was looted by Katy's lawyers. There was some correspondence between Eleanor Roosevelt and her half-brother Elliott Roosevelt Mann (c. 1891–1976).
In 1894 the 34 year-old Roosevelt attempted suicide by jumping out a window; he survived the initial fall, but suffered a seizure and died a few days later. At the time of his death, his alcoholism had escalated such that he was consuming numerous bottles of champagne and brandy each day.


President of the Council of Ministers of the Mexican Empire

President of the Council of Ministers of the Mexican Empire, First Minister, or Chancellor was an institutional figure that existed in two moments of the national history of Mexico during the First Mexican Empire since 1822 to 1823 by Agustín de Iturbide and the Second Mexican Empire since 1864 to 1867 by Maximilian of Habsburg.
Appointment.
The president of the Council of Ministers was appointed by the emperor and had to be ratified by Congress in the case of the First Mexican Empire. The president of the Council holds the presidency of the Council although he may also be the holder of a Ministry of State, mainly the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The other ministers were appointed by the emperor directly. For the validity of the norms and decrees issued by the emperor, the signatures of the prime minister and of the ministers of the portfolios related to the matter of such are necessary; Government acts that lack ministerial endorsement in a constitutional system are null.


Fort Egbert

Fort Egbert was a U.S. Army base in Eagle, Alaska. It operated from 1899 to 1911.
History.
Fort Egbert was established in 1899, during the Klondike Gold Rush, as U.S. Army headquarters in the District of Alaska. It was named by U.S. President William McKinley in honor of Colonel Harry C. Egbert, who died in battle on March 26, 1899 in Manila.
The base was constructed next to Eagle Bluff, a rocky outcropping overlooking Eagle, a Yukon River mining community near the Canada–US border. Eagle, which was established on a military reservation, was placed under the jurisdiction of the new base "until such time as some form of civil government may be established." Eagle was released from martial law on July 23, 1900.
Fort Egbert was designated as the first station in the Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS), a network of telegraph lines connecting Alaska with the contiguous United States. The first link in the system was completed in October 1900, running from Dawson City in the Canadian Yukon Territory to Fort Egbert. Another link, completed August 24, 1902, connected Fort Egbert with Fort Liscum in Valdez.
In 1905, Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen used Fort Egbert's telegraph station to announce his successful crossing of the Northwest Passage.
Fort Egbert was abandoned in 1911 except for an Army Signal Corps contingent, which continued to operate a station until 1925, when the wireless station (which had replaced the land lines) burned to the ground.
Five buildings of the original Fort Egbert have been preserved under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management.
Demographics.
Fort Egbert appeared once on the 1910 U.S. Census as an unincorporated military installation. Owing to its deactivation in 1911, it was not reported again.


Andrew DeWitt Bruyn

Andrew DeWitt Bruyn (November 18, 1790 – July 27, 1838) was a U.S. Representative from New York.
Early life.
Bruyn was born in Wawarsing, New York on November 18, 1790. He was a son of Jenneke (née DeWitt) Bruyn and Jacobus S. Bruyn (1749–1823), a New York Assemblymen from Ulster County from 1797 to 1799 and a member of New York State Senate from 1800 to 1805.
He came from a large and politically prominent family that included uncles Severyn Tenhout Bruyn, a New York Assemblyman, Johannes Bruyn, a New York Assemblymen and member of New York State Senate, and Cornelius Bruyn, also a New York Assemblymen from Ulster County from 1793 to 1794. Through his uncle Johannes, he was a first cousin of Charles D. Bruyn, a New York Assemblymen from Sullivan and Ulster counties. His paternal grandfather, Jacobus Bruyn, had been a member of the New York General Assembly, the legislative body of the Province of New York, from 1759 to 1768. His maternal grandparents were Blandina Elmendorf Ten Eyck and Andries J. DeWitt, brother of Col. Charles DeWitt (both first cousin once removed of Charles Clinton, DeWitt Clinton, George Clinton, Jr. and Jacob Hasbrouck DeWitt).
He attended Kingston Academy, Kingston, New York, and was graduated from Princeton College in 1810. In 1811, Bruyn attend the Litchfield Law School and studied under Tapping Reeve.
Career.
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1814 and commenced practice in Ithaca. He was a Justice of the Peace in 1817 and served as first surrogate of Tompkins County 1817–1821. He served as member of the New York State Assembly in 1818. He was appointed trustee of Ithaca in 1821 and served as president of the village in 1822. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the New York State Senate in 1825. He became county supervisor in 1825 and was made treasurer of the village 1826–1828. He served as judge of the Court of Common Pleas 1826–1836. He served as a director of the Ithaca and Owego Railroad in 1828. He was also interested in banking.
Bruyn was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress and served from March 4, 1837, until his death the following year in 1838.
Personal life.
Bruyn was married to Abigail Champlin (1802–1892). Together, they were the parents of eight children, including:
Bruyn died in Ithaca on July 27, 1838. He was interred in Ithaca City Cemetery. His widow lived for another 54 years until her death in 1892.


Bloody Knife

Bloody Knife (Sioux:"Tȟamila Wewe"; Arikara: "NeesiRAhpát"; ca. 1840 – June 25, 1876) was an American Indian who served as a scout and guide for the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment. He was the favorite scout of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and has been called "perhaps the most famous Native American scout to serve the U.S. Army."
Bloody Knife was born to a Hunkpapa Sioux father and an Arikara mother around 1840. He was abused and discriminated against by the other Sioux in his village because of his background, in particular by Gall, a future chief. When Bloody Knife was a teenager, he left his village with his mother to live with the Arikara tribe. His brothers were killed during a Sioux raid led by Gall in 1862. Bloody Knife found employment as a courier and hunter for the American Fur Company and later served under Alfred Sully before scouting for George Custer on several military expeditions. He died from a bullet wound to the head on June 25, 1876, during the Battle of the Little Bighorn.
Early life.
While his exact date and place of birth are unknown, Bloody Knife was probably born between 1837 and 1840 in Dakota Territory. His father was a Hunkpapa Sioux and his mother a member of the Arikara tribe, also known as the Ree. Along with brothers and perhaps one sister, he lived with his father's tribe during his early childhood, but was not well-treated by them because of their enmity with his mother's people. Bloody Knife grew to hate the Sioux and especially a Sioux named Gall. Gall was the adopted brother of Sitting Bull, but while Sitting Bull had also mistreated Bloody Knife it was his peer with whom Bloody Knife developed an enduring feud. When Bloody Knife's mother left his father in 1856 to return to her own tribe, Bloody Knife joined her. About fifteen, he found himself on the Upper Missouri River at an American Fur Company trading post called Fort Clark.
Conflicts between the Arikaras and Sioux were routine there, with Sioux war parties attacking Arikaras who wandered too far from the fort. In spite of the threat they represented, Bloody Knife took on and succeeded in the dangerous job of delivering mail to other forts in Missouri and to Fort Totten in North Dakota. He did not, however, pass through these years unscathed. During a visit to his father, Bloody Knife was—contrary to the customary protection of guests—attacked and ambushed by Gall and several other Hunkpapas who beat him severely, stripped him, spat on him, mocked him and hit him with coup sticks and musket ramrods. In the fall of 1862, two of his brothers were killed, mutilated, and scalped by a Sioux war party led by Gall. Their bodies were left to be eaten by wolves.
First years as a scout.
After working for the American Fur Company, Bloody Knife accompanied Brigadier General Alfred Sully in 1865 as a scout on his Sioux expedition. Bloody Knife proved useful to the group of Galvanized Yankees, prisoner soldiers from the Confederate States Army who served the Union in the America West instead of serving time in a prisoner-of-war camp at Fort Berthold. He also worked as a messenger, helping the troops to communicate with other military units in the area, which was still mainly controlled by the Sioux. In late 1865, Bloody Knife met with Captain Adams Bassett of Company C, Fourth U.S. Volunteer Infantry, whom he told that Gall had recently arrived near Fort Berthold, that Gall was not peaceful and had killed white men along the Missouri River. Bassett sent a lieutenant with a platoon and Bloody Knife to capture Gall or kill him if he would not surrender. Bloody Knife led the soldiers to the Hunkpapa village, south of the fort where Gall was staying. The men attempted to arrest Gall upon arrival, but when Gall tried to escape he was bayoneted and forced to the ground, and was twice stabbed with bayonets. The story goes that Bloody Knife took aim to administer a killing shot to Gall's head, but the officer in command knocked the shot wide, claiming Gall was already dead. Bloody Knife argued furiously with the officer to no avail. He departed, leaving Gall alive to become a Sioux war chief. However, since similar stories have been told about Gall attempting to kill Sitting Bull and being prevented, the story may be apocryphal.
In 1866, President Andrew Johnson authorized the formation of a force of Indian scouts when he signed the Indian Scout Enlistment Act. Bloody Knife enlisted as a corporal at Fort Stevenson in May 1868, but his early service was not without issue. Bloody Knife had a problem with alcohol that may have led to him deserting his post in September 1868. By 1872, the year of his involvement in the Yellowstone Expedition, he became a lance corporal.
Friendship and early work with Custer.
In 1873, at Fort Rice, he met George Armstrong Custer. The two became friends, and Custer admired Bloody Knife's talents as a scout. Although Bloody Knife is said to have been insolent, Custer was amused by his candor. He was himself a volatile man, and during an expedition in 1874 would shoot at Bloody Knife during a fit of rage. Custer occasionally gave Bloody Knife gifts, including a silver medal inscribed with Bloody Knife's name that Custer ordered from Washington. Bloody Knife quickly became Custer's favorite scout. On the next Yellowstone Expedition, Bloody Knife joined Custer and fought against the Sioux. Bloody Knife helped to discover an abandoned Sioux village which he estimated to have held 1,000 warriors. The group followed the trail, which led them to a battle at Yellowstone.
Black Hills Expedition.
In 1874, Bloody Knife took part in the Black Hills Expedition, which included over a thousand men, geologists, infantry, cavalry, two miners, several reporters, and sixty-five Arikara scouts. Shortly before the beginning of the expedition, the Sioux attacked the Arikara village at Fort Berthold, killing five Arikaras and one Mandan. One of Bloody Knife's sons was killed in the attack and another scout, called Bear's Ears or Bear's Eye, lost a brother in the same attack. Bloody Knife blamed the death of his son on Gall. Many of the Arikara on the expedition wanted to avenge the attack and when they found signs of a band of Sioux in the Black Hills, they began to sing war songs and adorned their horses and themselves with war paint. Custer was not interested in solving tribal feuds and ordered the scouts not to attack any Sioux unless fired upon first. Bloody Knife and twenty-five other Arikaras were sent out for more scouting and found a small camp of five lodges. The scouts waited for Custer to arrive with his interpreter, Louis Agard, before taking any action. Although some reports suggested the presence of thousands of warriors in the hills preparing to attack, and most of the expedition thought that a fight would occur soon, Bloody Knife discovered a group of only twenty-seven Oglala Sioux, who had been cutting lodgepoles and hunting in the Black Hills and intended return to the Red Cloud Agency, one hundred miles south of their location. The group had no knowledge of the soldiers in the area and all but one Oglala ran away when Agard and some of the scouts approached them.
On August 7, 1874, Bloody Knife encountered a grizzly bear roughly seventy-five yards from where Custer was searching for a campsite. Custer, having had a lifelong dream of killing a grizzly bear, shot the bear twice with his Remington rifle, hitting it in the thigh, and Bloody Knife and William Ludlow helped with the kill. The bear was an old male with broken teeth, covered in scars, and weighed . Though Custer took credit for the kill, some believe that the fatal bullet was fired by Bloody Knife, and 2002 biography "The Custer Companion" states that the coup de grâce was a cut to the jugular vein by Bloody Knife.
During the Black Hills Expedition, several wagons became stuck at a bank. Custer asked whose fault the delay was and a scout named Charley Reynolds blamed Bloody Knife for the incident. Custer drew his revolver and fired shots in the two scouts' direction. Bloody Knife and Reynolds hid behind some trees. Bloody Knife then told Custer, "It is not a good thing you have done to me; if I had been possessed of madness too, you would not see another day." Custer replied, "My brother, it was the madness of the moment that made me do this, but it is now gone. Let us shake hands and be friends again." Bloody Knife agreed and shook Custer's hand.
While most Indian scouts earned $13 a month, the same amount of pay as the troops received, Custer arranged a job for Bloody Knife with the quartermaster as a guide, where he earned $75 ($ at today's prices) per month. On November 30, 1874, Private Bloody Knife was discharged from service, and for his efforts in the Black Hills Expedition, he received an additional $150 for what was called his "invaluable assistance".
Death at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
In 1876, during the Little Bighorn campaign, Bloody Knife repeatedly tried to warn Custer there were too many Indians to fight. In spite of the overwhelming odds, he refused to stay out of the battle. By some accounts, before the battle began, Bloody Knife signaled to the sun with his hands, "I shall not see you go down behind the hills tonight."
Bloody Knife was assigned to Major Marcus Reno, who had a command of 140 soldiers, at the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. During the battle, Custer directed Bloody Knife and the other Arikara and Crow scouts to drive off the herds of Indian ponies in the Sioux camp. As Reno's soldiers and scouts approached the camp, the Indians, mostly Lakota-Sioux and Cheyenne, spotted them and quickly mobilized their warriors to attack Reno. The soldiers quickly dismounted and formed a skirmish line to shoot at the enemy, but they kept coming and Reno's unit began taking heavy casualties. Reportedly, Bloody Knife was standing next to Reno, who had motioned for Bloody Knife to approach him so he could ask Bloody Knife what the Indians would do when his command began to move away from their village. Bloody Knife was shot in the head and killed while mounted on his horse before making a reply. Reno, his face smeared with the gore from Bloody Knife's wound, panicked and ordered a withdrawal. Reno and his men retreated into woodland near the river with the braves in aggressive pursuit, and his poor response cost many of his troops their lives. Bloody Knife was one of three Arikara scouts assigned to Reno to die during the battle; the others were Little Brave (also known as Bear's Trail or Little Soldier) and Bobtail Bull. The US Army suffered a huge defeat.
Bloody Knife was decapitated by the Sioux. According to Bloody Knife's sister, her daughters had found his body on the battlefield, and unaware that it was the body of their uncle, cut off his head and took it to the Hunkpapa village where it was displayed on a pole. When she saw the head and recognized it as that of her brother, Bloody Knife's sister was horrified. According to David Humphreys Miller, an interviewer who talked with many of the participants and witnesses from the battle, she cried out: "Gall has killed him at last!" However, other accounts do not mention Gall nor the sisters' reactions at their discovery of the head's identity. In the aftermath of the battle, Colonel John Gibbon's troops found and identified by its gray color pattern the scalp of Bloody Knife in an empty Sioux lodge. These remains were buried on the battlefield on June 27, 1876. Later he was buried in the scout cemetery near White Shield, North Dakota.
Legacy.
Bloody Knife had wed an Arikara woman named Young Owl Woman, or She Owl, in 1866. He fathered at least three children, a daughter and two sons. The daughter died of an illness on December 28, 1870, and was buried at Fort Buford. One son was killed in a raid by Lakota on the Arikara village before the Black Hills Expedition of 1874. The other lived until 1904, when he was killed supposedly by his own wife. Young Owl Woman served as Bloody Knife's legal heir. On April 14, 1879, she appeared at Fort Berthold to claim outstanding pay for his services to the army. In 1881, she received his final $91.66 in wages from the US Government.
Bloody Knife's deeds were remembered in song composed by the Arikara scouts after his death at the Battle of Little Big Horn. His story spread wide, and he became one of the more famous scouts associated with the army. In the 1991 television mini-series "Son of the Morning Star", Bloody Knife was portrayed by Sheldon Peters Wolfchild.


J. Hooker Hamersley

James Hooker Hamersley (January 26, 1844 – September 15, 1901) was an American heir, lawyer and poet from New York City during the Gilded Age.
Early life.
James Hooker Hamersley was born in New York City on January 26, 1844. He was the son of Col. John William Hamersley (1808–1889) and his wife, born Catherine Livingston Hooker (1817–1867). His siblings included Helen Reade Hamersley, who married Charles Dickinson Stickney, a New York State Assemblyman; Virginia Hamersley, who married Cortlandt de Peyster Field (son of Benjamin Hazard Field); and Catherine Livingston Hamersley, who married John Henry Livingston.
His paternal grandparents were Elizabeth (née Finney) Hamersley and Lewis Carré Hamersley, himself a grandson of William Hamersley, who emigrated to America in 1700. Hamersley was also a cousin of Louis Carré Hamersley, the first husband of Lilian Warren Price, later Duchess of Marlborough. His maternal grandparents were James Hooker, a Yale graduate and Erie Canal Commissioner, and Helen Sarah (née Reade) Hooker. Through this grandmother, Hamersley was a fifth generation descendant of Robert Livingston the Elder, the Scottish immigrant who was granted the Livingston Manor by royal charter. Thomas Gordon, a Scottish immigrant who became a judge in New Jersey, was another fifth-generation ancestor.
Hamersley graduated from Columbia University in 1865, and from the Columbia Law School in 1867.
Career.
Hamersley was affiliated with the law office of James W. Gerard, and practiced law for ten years. He then withdrew from active practice to manage his, and his family's property. He was nominated for the New York State Assembly, but withdrew in favor of William Waldorf Astor.
Hamersley published "The Seven Voices", a volume of poetry, in 1898.
Personal life.
Hamersley was one of Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt's boyfriends. Later on April 30, 1888, he married Margaret Willing Chisolm (1863–1904), daughter of William Edings Chisolm and his wife, née Mary Ann Rogers, a niece of William Augustus Muhlenberg. They had three children:
Hamersley died at his country estate, "Brookhurst," on September 15, 1901, at Garrison-on-Hudson, New York. His funeral was held at Grace Church in Manhattan and he was buried at Trinity Church Cemetery. His wife died a few years later on January 5, 1904 in her home at 1030 Fifth Avenue in New York City.


Camp Columbia (Hanford)

Camp Columbia or Columbia Camp was a prison labor camp established on the north shore of the Yakima River opening on February 1, 1944 near Horn Rapids. The camp was operated between February 1944 and October 1947 by Federal Prison Industries to provide labor supporting the Hanford Site. The camp was used to house "minimum-custody-type improvable male offenders," who had no more than one year to serve. These were violators of national defense, wartime and military laws. Included were conscientious objectors, violators of rationing and price support laws, those convicted of espionage, sabotage and sedition and those convicted by military courts martial. Aliens who failed to register were also in this category but none of them were sent here because the camp was located on the southern edge of the Hanford Site.
Facilities.
The 25-acre labor camp had a number of Quonset prefab buildings, and barracks to house both prisoners and staff. The camp was built by contractors under contract to the Manhattan District of the Corps of Engineers. Former Civilian Conservation Corps buildings moved from Winifred, Montana were used. Facilities at the camp included five barracks buildings, an office building, a mess hall, a hospital, a recreation hall, storage facilities and a utilities building. Heating was provided by a central steam system. There were no fences around the camp, as the geography itself was a deterrent to escape.
Operation as a federal prison labor camp.
Over the period Camp Columbia was open, it housed a total of 1,300 prisoners. The prisoners were brought in from the prison at McNeil Island Federal Penitentiary, and worked in fruit orchards on land which had been condemned by the Federal government in order to provide buffer space for the nuclear production facility known as the Hanford Site. Over 5,600 tons of fruit were processed and canned for military use. Because of its close proximity to the top secret Hanford project, only prisoners who were American citizens were sent there. As many as 290 prisoners were housed there at any given time.
The staff included up to 40 guards under the direction of a warden, Harold E. Taylor, who relocated from McNeil Island. The prisoners were known to occasionally stray down to the river to fish, but only 12 were known to have escaped from the area.
Work was not limited to agricultural activities. One of the 1945 actions undertaken by prisoners was demolition of the wartime construction camp near the old Hanford townsite, where nearly 50,000 workers had lived while constructing the reactors and reprocessing facilities at the Hanford site.
Post-prison operation.
After the camp was officially shut down on October 10, 1947, the facility was used to house workers for the Hanford project railroad and other site workers until 1949. The camp was then used by the US Army Corps of Engineers to house those working on various levee projects completed in conjunction with construction of the McNary Dam.
Camp Columbia was finally abandoned in 1950, and the facilities were dismantled and removed. Some of the original Quonset huts were moved to Richland, and could be seen there until the early 1990s.
Current use.
In 1966 the federal government turned the area over to Benton County for use as a park. Today the site of Camp Columbia is occupied by Horn Rapids County Park, a day-use park with a camp ground, a boat launch, a nature trail and equestrian facilities above the Horn Rapids dam. The park includes a kiosk commemorating Camp Columbia.


Pocahontas, Oregon

Pocahontas is a historic former community in Baker County, Oregon, United States. It lies northwest of Baker City along Pocahontas Road near the Elkhorn Mountains.
The town was named after Pocahontas, a famous Native American woman. According to Oregon Geographic Names, which cites "Thirty-One Years in Baker County", an unknown number of people laid out a town called "Pine City" in the 1860s near the base of the mountains. Pine City, probably founded in 1862, was along Pine Creek and was meant to serve as a place of accommodation for miners and others traveling through the region. Meanwhile, John McClain, a rancher who lived nearby, established Pocahontas and persuaded the people of Pine City to move there.
Pocahontas, also meant as a traveler's resting stop, soon had a hotel, blacksmith shop, and express office. It set up a post office on August 4, 1863, with Thomas McMurran as postmaster. The year of the post-office closing is in doubt, either 1864 or 1872.


Battle of Killdeer Mountain

The Battle of Killdeer Mountain (also known as the Battle of Tahkahokuty Mountain) took place during Brig. Gen. Alfred Sully's expedition against the Sioux Indians in Dakota Territory July 28–29, 1864. The location of the battleground is in modern Dunn County, North Dakota. With a total of more than 4,000 soldiers involved, Sully's expedition was the largest ever carried out by the U.S. army against Indians.
Background.
In the aftermath of the Dakota War of 1862, the U.S. government punished the Sioux, including those who had not participated in the war. Large military expeditions into Dakota Territory in 1863 pushed most of the Sioux to the western side of the Missouri River at least temporarily and made safer, although not entirely safe, the frontier of white settlement in Minnesota and the Dakotas. Four whites were killed by Sioux raiders in the spring of 1864.
An important impetus to another military campaign against the Sioux was the desire to protect lines of communication with recently discovered goldfields in Montana and Idaho. The lifeline for the American gold miners were steamboats plying the Missouri River through the heart of Sioux territory.
During the winter of 1863-1864, Sully's superior, Major General John Pope ordered Sully to establish several forts along the Missouri River and in the eastern Dakotas to secure the communication routes to the goldfields and to eliminate the Sioux threat to the settlers east of the Missouri River.
Sully's First Brigade, consisting of up to 1,700 men, followed the Missouri River from its starting point at Sioux City, Iowa. The Second Brigade with about 1,550 men would march overland from Fort Ridgely in Minnesota. On the march up the Missouri, the Sioux killed one soldier and wounded another. The three Sioux perpetrators were caught, killed, and decapitated. Additional soldiers and civilians with 15 steamboats chugged up the Missouri River to support the army on the ground.
Sully's two columns of soldiers united on June 29 and on July 7 he established Fort Rice on the Missouri River in North Dakota as a base, supplied by steamboat, for his military expedition. His scouts, Winnebago and friendly Sioux and mixed-bloods, informed him of a large encampment of Sioux 130 miles northwest near the Little Missouri River. On July 19, he and his men departed Fort Rice to search for the Sioux encampment. Sully was encumbered by a wagon train of 200 miners and their families headed for the goldfields who he reluctantly agreed to protect and escort.
Sully's scouts reported 1,500 to 1,800 tipis in the Sioux encampment. Sully believed he would be faced by 5,000 to 6,000 warriors. The Sioux later claimed they had 1,600 warriors in the battle – likely closer to the truth with a calculation of one to two adult males per tipi. The Sioux in the encampment consisted mostly of Lakota (Teton) from the Hunkpapa, Sihasapa, Miniconjou, and Sans Arc bands plus Yanktonais, and a few Santees. The Sioux were mostly armed only with bows and arrows and a few short-range muskets and shotguns. Many of the Sioux, especially the Tetons, had not been hostile to the U.S. before this encounter.
Sully, after leaving men at Fort Rice and to guard the emigrants, had 2,200 men for the attack. He also had two artillery batteries with eight howitzers.
On July 26, Sully's Indian scouts skirmished with 30 Sioux warriors near present-day Richardton, North Dakota and one scout was wounded. With the Sioux now aware of his presence, Sully advanced rapidly but carefully. On the morning of July 28, scout Frank LaFramboise, a mixed blood Santee, informed Sully of the location of the large Sioux encampment 10 miles ahead.
Killdeer Mountain was at the edge of the Dakota badlands, cut up by "deep, impassable ravines" and "high rugged hills." Realizing that a cavalry charge would be difficult in the broken terrain Sully dismounted his soldiers and formed them in a hollow square, one mile and a quarter (2 km.) per side. His horses and artillery were sheltered inside the square. He advanced on foot, as the Sioux on horseback formed up in groups on Sully's flanks and on hilltops.
Battle.
The two sides, soldiers drawn up in a hollow square and Indians scattered around the hills, exchanged insults at long distance. One warrior, a Hunkpapa named Lone Dog rode within rifle range of the soldiers, taunting them. Sully ordered him shot by sharpshooters. Accounts differ as to whether Lone Dog was killed or unscathed.
With the first shots fired at Lone Dog, the soldiers advanced with a skirmish line and the Sioux darted at the flanks of the army, seeking weak spots. Artillery fire discouraged the Sioux from congregating in large numbers. An Indian thrust at Sully's rear was broken up by an artillery shell that felled several of the warriors. Sully's square of soldiers advanced steadily. The Sioux quickly realized that they could not hope to turn the soldiers back and they shifted their focus to packing up their tipis and equipment and protecting the flight of their women and children.
Attempting to halt Sully's advance, the Sioux mounted charges on his right and left flanks, the Yanktonai and Santee attacking on the right and the Teton on his left. Major Alfred B. Brackett and his Minnesota Battalion on the right mounted their horses and launched a counter-charge, supported by artillery. He scattered the Indians after close quarters fighting with sabers and pistols. A renowned hero of the frontier and the Civil War, Lt. George Northrup, was killed in the charge.
It was getting dark as Sully neared the Sioux village. He halted his men for the night, but continued his artillery bombardment of the Sioux and their village. The Sioux fled or fought delaying actions, abandoning most of their tipis and property.
Sully's casualties for the day were 3 killed and 10 wounded. He estimated Sioux casualties of 100 to 150 dead, nearly all of them warriors. The Sioux claimed they suffered 31 dead.
Aftermath.
The day after the battle, the Sioux having abandoned their encampment, Sully detailed 700 men to destroy all they had left behind. This included tipis, large supplies of dried buffalo meat (jerky), and up to 3,000 dogs which were shot. A few Sioux, including children, left behind in the camp were killed by the Winnebago scouts.
Most of the Sioux scattered through the Dakota Badlands to the west of Killdeer Mountain, but some remained near Sully. Several Sioux on a hilltop waved a white flag requesting talks but they were fired on by soldiers and fled. That night two of Sully's picket guards were killed and one wounded by a Sioux war party. Another soldier was killed by guards when he was mistaken for an Indian.
Although running short of rations, Sully decided to continue his pursuit of the Sioux. A Blackfoot scout said he knew a route through the Badlands passable by Sully's wagon train. After two days rest, Sully and his men plunged into the unknown terrain ahead. The Sioux would harass their passage in the Battle of the Badlands.
Opposing Forces.
United States.
Department of the Northwest: MG John Pope
Killdeer Mountain Battlefield State Historic Site.
Killdeer Mountain Battlefield State Historic Site marks part of the battlefield site and is protected by the State Historical Society of North Dakota. This features a sandstone slab monument, flagpole, and two headstones that honor soldiers killed in the conflict, Sergeant George Northrup, Company C, and Private Horace Austin, Company D, Brackett's Battalion, Minnesota Cavalry. The site is located 8.5 miles northwest of Killdeer, North Dakota.
Further reading.
Beck, Paul N.
Columns of Vengeance: Soldiers, Sioux, and the Punitive Expeditions 1863-1864
2013
University of Oklahoma Press
Norman, OK


NERCO

NERCO was an American mining company headquartered in Portland, Oregon, with interests in coal, natural gas, and oil. The company also had significant operations in gold and silver mining, and manufacture of gallium arsenide wafers.
NERCO was created in 1977 by Pacific Power & Light Company (now PacifiCorp) due to a change in United States federal law requiring the development of federal coal leases. From its origins in coal, the company expanded into other mining ventures, including an unsuccessful foray into uranium mining. In August 1984, the company went public, selling 10% of its shares and trading on the New York Stock Exchange. By 1992, the company had grown to $920 million in annual revenues and employed 2,200. NERCO was included in the Fortune 500 list of major American companies from 1985 to 1993, peaking at number 353 in 1992.
In 1993, NERCO was acquired for $470 million (and assumption of debt) by the Kennecott Corporation, a Utah-based subsidiary of the Rio Tinto Group. PacifiCorp owned 82% of NERCO stock at the time. Rio Tinto sold off NERCO's oil and gas operations later that year for $510 million.
Tom Albanese, the former chief executive officer of the Rio Tinto Group, joined that company when it acquired NERCO, which was his previous employer.