Krishnagiri

Krishnagiri () is a city in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, and it serves as the administrative headquarters of Krishnagiri District formed in 2004. It is located at the bottom of Syed Basha (people often call it as Karumalai) Hills, and the city is fully surrounded by hill rocks. It is located 250 km from Chennai, 45 km from Dharmapuri, and 90 km from Banglore. Krishnagiri is known as "Mango Capital of India" as mangoes are cultivated as the main crop, and the land here is extremely fertile with rich access to fresh water making it amenable to growing crops. Krishnagiri is a rapidly growing city and is the site of significant business and residential development. The Krishnagiri Dam was built in 1967. Krishnagiri is currently undergoing expansion and a variety of small-scale industry zones are being set up. As of 2011, the city had a population of 199,657.
The Krishnagiri district has a prehistoric importance. Archeological sources confirm the presence of habitats of mankind during Paleolithic, Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Various rock paintings and rock carvings of Indus Valley civilization and Iron Age seen in this district support the historical significance of this district.
Krishnagiri region is a part of the ancient Kongu Nadu and Chera country. Historically it was ruled by Chera rulers. Later the region came under Cholas, Pallavas, Gangas, Nulambas, Hoysalas, Vijaya Nagar and Bijapur emperors, Wodeyars of Mysore and Nayaks of Madurai. This region of Krishnagiri served as "Gateway of Tamil Nadu" and the protective barrier for the southern region defending onslaughts from invaders with motives of imperialism and exploitation. Krishnagiri Fort become the first and foremost defensive place. The majestic fortress, built on Krishnagiri hill by the Vijaya Nagar emperors, stands as testimony still now.
During Mysore war I, the British troops passed through Krishnagiri to attack Hyder Ali's Forces at "Kaveripattinam". British army was defeated here. In Mysore war II after the "Treaty of Srirangapattinam" entire region of Salem and Barah Mahal were surrendered to the British. In 1792 AD, Captain Alexander Reed became the first District Collector of this region. Under the diplomacy of Robert Clive, the then Governor of Madras Presidency, Krishnagiri became the headquarters of Bara Mahal.
A mint was established at Krishnagiri in 1794 AD. Gold, silver and copper coins were forged here. Many soldiers from Krishnagiri region took part in the world war and lost their lives. Dr. C. Rajagopalachari hailed from a small village in this district rose to the highest position in the nation as the first Governor General of independent India, leader of the Congress Party, and as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. The historical importance and potential growth in education, economy and tourism of present Krishnagiri made it necessary to create a separate district. Krishnagiri was formed as 30th district by the Government of Tamil Nadu. Krishnagiri district was carved out of Dharmapuri district on 9 February 2004 with five taluks and ten blocks.
Geography.
Krishnagiri experiences a borderline hot semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSh")/tropical savanna climate ("Aw"). The temperature here averages and annual rainfall averages . There are three distinct seasons that can be seen in Krishnagiri. Monsoon season brings substantial amount of rainfall in short intervals to this region – Krishnagiri experiences a long though not intense monsoon. Winters are generally very warm but dry, although the morning temperature can fall to , and clearly the best time to visit. Summer is from the months of March to June. During this time temperatures are hot to sweltering and mercury rise up to around and dipping a minimum of . April and May are generally the hottest months of the year and the heat could be uncomfortable.
Demographics.
According to 2011 census, Krishnagiri had a population of 199,657 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 7,748 were under the age of six, constituting 4,059 males and 3,689 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 10.64% and .18% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 76.79%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The town had a total of 16386 households. There were a total of 24,559 workers, comprising 187 cultivators, 99 main agricultural labourers, 640 in house hold industries, 22,230 other workers, 1,403 marginal workers, 10 marginal cultivators, 42 marginal agricultural labourers, 207 marginal workers in household industries and 1,144 other marginal workers.
As per the religious census of 2011, Krishnagiri (M) had 71.37% Hindus, 24.7% Muslims, 3.77% Christians, 0.05% Sikhs, 0.07% Jains, 0.03% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.
Tamil is the major language spoken in Krishnagiri. Telugu and Kannada are also spoken here, due to the proximity towards Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states.
Economy.
The national fruit of India is mango. The major crop of Krishnagiri district with 300.17 km2 area of cultivation is mango. The district produces 300,000 tones annually and in Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri District is the leading mango producer. Almost 20% of the mango varieties like ‘Thothapuri’ and ‘Alphonso’ that are produced in this district, are processed into pulp. In addition to mango pulp processing, tonnes of mangoes are processed into juice every year in this district. A large-scale mango export zone has been approved for the Krishnagiri district. This will allow growing as well as processing of mangoes thus yielding higher profits for the farmers.
Approximately 25 industries located in this district process mangoes. Much of the population in this district is employed through mango cultivation directly and other labour class benefit through employment in mango processing units. There are about 150 mango nurseries which produce mango saplings in and around ‘Santhur Village‘. The district exports mango-based products worth over 8 billion. Under the horticulture development program, government owned horticulture farms are functioning here. Through these units, about 300,000 fruit saplings are produced and distributed under different schemes. Apart from production and export, Krishnagiri also hosts Mango exhibition every year which is the unique in its kind in line with the annual exhibition held at New Delhi.
REST Society for Research International which conducts various conference and seminars is also registered in Krishnagiri.
Krishnagiri is an urbanized city well connected between AP, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu by AH7 (Asian Highway 7). Arcot Makkan Peda is a traditional sweet. There are shopping malls. There are a boat club and a park on the city's outskirts.
Transport.
Krishnagiri is well connected to various parts of India through several National Highways that include Krishnagiri–Chennai NH 48, Tindivanam–Krishnagiri NH 77, Krishnagiri–Madanapalli NH 42 and Srinagar–Kanyakumari via Krishnagiri NH 44.
Krishnagiri connects 3 different states i.e. Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The National Highway from Hosur to Krishnagiri is currently undergoing expansion from four-lanes to six-lanes.
The new bus stand on the outskirts of the town is well connected by government buses and private carriers to Chennai, Bengaluru, Coimbatore and other major cities and towns in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Puducherry.
The nearest railway stations are Dharmapuri (45 km), Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh (35 km), Jolarpet (60 km), and Rayakotta (30 km). A proposal is before the central government -via Jolarpet-Hosur route to build a Railway station in Krishnagiri thus making it part of the Indian railway network. This is set to facilitate trade of textiles and fruits. As per new budget report, the proposed new line would take off from Jolarpet Junction, Tirupattur and pass through Kandili, Bargur, Krishnagiri and Shoolagiri a length of 104 km to join at Rayakottai. Another survey was conducted for a new rail link between Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri in 2004–05.
The nearest commercial airport is Bengaluru International Airport (91 km) and Salem Airport (110 km).
Tourism.
Most visitors come from Hosur, Bangalore, Dharmapuri, Vaniyambadi, Ambur and Chennai. The Krishnagiri Dam (Krishnagiri Reservoir Project Dam) was constructed in 1958 during the rule of the then Chief Minister Kamarajar and is near the town. Nearby, Sayed Basha hills has the fortress of the ruler, Tippu Sultan. It is possible to treks to nearby hills and mountains as well as farm houses. The boat house is 8 km from the central bus stand, which also houses a children's park. There is a variety of ancient temples in the vicinity of Krishnagiri. Nearby Ramapuram is the site of a 500-year-old Rama Temple that draws many visitors.
The museum in this District is known for traditional culture, art and architecture, heritage and historical background is a blessing in disguise, to spread the traditional and heritage, culture and art of Tamil Nadu and Krishnagiri District in particular. This museum has operated since 1993 AD, and is on Gandhi Salai in Krishnagiri. Historical monuments are preserved and exhibited here. It is not only a place of tourism but also a center of education. This museum collects the monuments, classifies and preserves them to conduct research on their historical worthiness. The Syed Basha Mountain is famous for two Sufi martyr saints who were slain in a battle long ago, every year on the Tenth of Shawwal (Islamic month) a celebration is held. Many people gather during this Urs festival with devotion and respect.
Politics.
In the Tamil Nadu Legislature, Krishnagiri state assembly constituency is a part of Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency. In the 2021Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, the assembly seat was won by , K. Ashok Kumar of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK).
In the Parliament of India, the Krishnagiri Lok Sabha Constituency is held by politician A. Chellakumar.
In the Krishnagiri Assembly Constituency Municipal Chairman is represented by All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam K.R.C.THANGA MUTHU, Krishnagiri District Secretary of Students Youth Wing.


Tozawa Masamori

 was the 1st "daimyō" of Shinjō Domain in Dewa Province, Japan (part of modern-day Yamagata Prefecture). His courtesy title was "Ukyō-no-kami", and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.
Biography.
Tozawa Masamori was the eldest son of Tozawa Moriyasu, but as his mother was a peasant girl whom Moriyasu had raped while engaged in a falconry hunt, he was not expected to inherit. Masamori's mother was subsequent married off to a "yamabushi" and Masamori was raised as a peasant. However, Moriyasu's death in 1590, followed by that of his uncle Tozawa Mitsumori in 1592, left the clan leaderless and to avoid the possibility of attainder, the clan's retainers tracked Masamori down, murdered his stepfather, and brought him before Toyotomi Hideyoshi as heir, with Mitsumori's widow as his adopted mother. He fought in the Battle of Sekigahara for the eastern side, and was subsequently awarded a 40,000 "koku" domain of Matsuoka Domain in Hitachi Province and this he became "daimyō" under the Tokugawa shogunate.
During the winter campaign at the Siege of Osaka he was assigned as castellan of Odawara Castle and during the summer campaign he was castellan of Edo Castle. For these services, Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu arranged a marriage between Tozawa Masamori and a daughter of Torii Mototada. Following the attainder of the Mogami clan, he accompanied Torii Tadamasa to Dewa Province and was subsequently assigned a portion of the former Mogami lands, which became Shinjō Domain (60,000 "koku"). The Tozawa clan remained at Shinjō until the Meiji restoration.


Sano Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Tochigi Prefecture), Japan. It was centered in what is now part of the city of Sano, Tochigi. Sano was ruled through most of its history by a junior branch of the Hotta clan.
History.
The Sano clan was a branch of the Oyama clan, who settled in Sano "shōen" during the Kamakura period, and who ruled the area over 15 generations from their impregnable mountain stronghold of Karasawayama Castle. The area was contested during the Sengoku period between the forces of the Uesugi clan and the Odawara Hōjō clan, and Karasawayama Castle withstood ten attempts to conquer it by the famed warlord Uesugi Kenshin. The 17th generation head of the Sano clan, Sano Munetsuna was defeated by Nagao Akinaga, but the Sano territories were restored by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in recognition of their efforts at the 1590 Battle of Odawara.
After Tokugawa Ieyasu took control over the Kantō region in 1592, he confirmed Sano Nobuyoshi as "daimyō" of a 35,000 "koku" holding. This was the start of Sano Domain. However, the Sano clan was dispossessed of their holdings in 1614 for reasons which are still unclear.
During the time of Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna, Sano Domain was revived as a 10,000 "koku" subsidiary holding of Sakura Domain for Hotta Masataka, the third son of the "Tairō" Hotta Masatoshi. The Hotta built a modest "jin'ya" from which to rule the domain in line with its minor status. However, when Hotta Masataka was relocated to Katada Domain in Omi Province in 1698, the domain lapsed back to "tenryō" status. The 4th generation descendant of Hotta Masatoshi, Hotta Masaatsu, relocated from Katada back to Sano in 1826, where his descendants continued to reside to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. The domain was quick to support the pro-imperial cause in the Boshin war of the Meiji restoration.
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Sano Domain became part of Tochigi Prefecture.
The domain had a population of 11,893 people in 2516 households, of which 1101 were samurai in 230 households per a census in 1870.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Sano Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Due to its history, the majority of its territory was in Omi Province.


Krotov culture

The Krotov culture (often Krotovo culture) is an indigenous culture of animal breeders in the steppe and forest-steppe area of the Western Siberia Altai mountainous area of Russia in the upper Irtysh river basin. Krotov culture embraces the period from the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millenniums to the 13th to 12th centuries BCE. It is a first (pre-Andronovan) period of developed bronze in the Western Siberia. The Krotov culture is an areal period named for a circle of cultures that include Elunin culture, Krotov culture, Loginov culture and similar cultures with identical or close traits and variations. Krotov culture people engaged in cattle breeding, hunting and fishing. In the territory of the culture were found stone and bronze tools.
Some scientists attribute the materials of the Tashkov culture to the Krotov culture people (Kovalev, Chairkina, 1991), with a corollary that Tashkov culture people also had an animal husbandry economy with short-distance grazing. The Tashkov culture people were in regular cultural contact with the population of the Southern Urals, and they also learned metalworking.
Seima-Turbino Metallurgical Province phenomenon.
Krotov culture, along with Elunin, Loginov and similar cultures constituted one component of the Seima-Turbino Phenomenon. The tribes of the Krotov circle cultures were located in the Altai area steppes, forest-steppes and foothills; they were metallurgists and pastoral animal breeders. They developed entirely new designs of socketed weapons, and art images that included horses, oxen, sheep, camels, and more. The other component was located in the area of the Sayan highlands, where lived populations of the southern zone of East Siberian taiga hunters and fishermen. They belonged to the Glazkov, Shiver, and other cultures around the Baikal and Angara River basin, who mastered bronze casting and the manufacture of flint, jade and bone implements, and produced twin blade knives, scraper knives, and saws; their imagery had snakes, elk, bear, and more. The organic fusion of the Altai and Sayan components into a single culture is thought to have occurred in the steppe foothills between the Ob and Irtysh rivers.
The tribes of the Krotov and related cultures migrated rapidly first to Western Siberia, and then by northern routes to the Urals and Eastern Europe, to the Kama and Oka rivers and along the Volga to its lower course; in the north they spread to the basin of the Pechora and Vychegda rivers, and on to the northern regions of Finland.
Migrations of the Krotov circle culture tribes are traced by typological artifacts found in burials and settlements, the weaponry of knives, celts, spearheads, the casting molds for forked spearheads, and Krotov ceramics, distinct from the artifacts of the local cultures.
Economy.
In the Bronze Age, Altai populations transitioned from hunter-gathering to a productive economy: from hunting, plant-gathering and fishing to livestock-breeding and agriculture. The early Altaians in the summer grazed herds of cows, horses, and flocks of sheep and goats on alpine meadows; in the winter they came back to the river valleys; they also cultivated fields and grew millet, barley, rye, and other cereal plants.
Krotov culture already had an established complex producing animal husbandry system of horses and cattle, with a significant proportion of small ruminants with equal proportions of sheep and goats. The traditions of hunting and fishing are obvious, possibly some floodplain agriculture. Crafts included metalworking, developed pottery-making, bone and stone processing.
The Krotov culture people did not have their own metallurgy; they obtained metal ingots from suppliers in Altai, Mountain Shoria, Kuzbass, and eastern Kazakhstan. Their art was in mastering molding in bilateral forms.
Genetic composition.
Results of correlation between the traditional anthropological group-differentiating complex of craniometrical and odontological traits with the markers of mitochondrial DNA were presented in the professorial dissertation of T.A. Chikisheva, 2010.


2007 in Myanmar

Events from the year 2007 in Myanmar:


Kim Won-yong

Kim Won-yong (1922–1993) was a South Korean archaeologist and art historian. Noted in the discipline of Korean archaeology and ancient art history (Yoon 2006), he was one of the first people recognized as an archaeologist in Korea to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree.
Kim graduated from New York University in 1959 and was known in the latter part of his career as the "Doyen of Korean Archaeology" (Nelson 1995). He, along with others such as Kim Jeong-hak (Korea University), Kim Jae-won (Seoul National University), Kim Jung-bae (Korea University), Kim Jong-gi, Son Bo-gi (Yonsei University), and Lee Eun-chang are pioneers of modern Korean academia who were influenced not only by the discipline of archaeology but history, art history, architecture, and Korean philosophy.
Education and career.
Kim began his studies at Keijō Imperial University, the precursor of Seoul National University (SNU), during the Japanese colonization of Korea (1905 - 1945), and graduated from there with a bachelor's degree in 1945. He wrote his PhD thesis on Silla ceramics, and after receiving his New York University (NYU) PhD, Kim returned to South Korea. He started as a professor at SNU in 1961 and began a long and influential career there, with the exception of 1970-1971 when he served as the director of the National Museum of Korea. Kim was a founding member of the Department of Archaeology and Ancient Art History at SNU. In South Korea, the academic juxtaposition of archaeology and ancient art history is partly a reflection of the status of such studies in traditional Korean and Northeast Asian culture. However, the mixing of the two is also a reflection of the combination of education that Kim Won-yong received at Keijō Imperial University and NYU. The Department of Ancient Art History and Archaeology at SNU became the main model for the establishment of similar departments at national universities across South Korea.
Contributions to archaeology.
It is difficult to overstate the importance of Kim's contributions in Korean archaeology. Kim Won-yong did research on all aspects and all periods of Korean prehistory and early history, and can be considered as the 'Father of Korean Archaeology'. However, Kim will be remembered for laying the foundation of academic archaeology, symbolized by the publication in 1973 of his seminal work, "Hanguk Gogohak Gaeseol" [Introduction to Korean Archaeology]. This influential book was reprinted 20 times between 1973 and 1996 and remains a "must" on the reading list of all students of Korean prehistory and early history. Kim published hundreds of articles and excavation reports over his career in Korean, English, and Japanese. He also trained many generations of the leading archaeologists in Korea.
Kim Won-yong realized the importance of Korean ancient and prehistoric cultural heritage, and served as a Senior Committee member of the National Cultural Heritage Committee of Korea from 1958 to 1992. He was a great proponent of academic exchange with western archaeology, and as such did research with archaeologists such as Richard J. Pearson. Kim was also a vocal critic of the New Archaeology (Processualism) from its inception in the early 1960s, publishing several key letters to the editor in American Antiquity that were critical of the 'new' theoretical movement and defended the 'old guard' of functional and cultural historical archaeology.
Sambul.
Kim Won-yong was also an artist. He painted traditional monochromatic ink pieces, multi-coloured ink paintings, and whimsical self-portraits. Kim took the "nom-de-plume" "Sambul" (Hanja: 三佛) to sign his paintings. A true intellectual giant on the vanguard of the rebirth of the Republic of Korea in the wake of the crippling Japanese occupation of 1910 - 1945 and the devastating war of 1950 - 1953, Sambul Kim Won-yong died of cancer on November 14, 1993.
Selected bibliography.
A detailed bibliography of Kim Won-yong's works is available in Sarah M. Nelson's "The Archaeology of Korea", Cambridge University Press, New York, 1993.


Good Luck Flag

The was a traditional gift for Japanese servicemen deployed during the military campaigns of the Empire of Japan, most notably during World War II. The flag was typically a national flag signed by friends and family, often with short messages wishing the soldier victory, safety and good luck. Today, are used for occasions such as charity and sporting events.
The name is taken from the name for the flag of Japan, also known as , which translates literally as "circular sun". When were signed by friends and relatives, the text written on the flag was generally written in a vertical formation radiating out from the central red circle, resembling the sun's rays. This appearance is referenced in the term (lit., "collection of writing"), meaning that the term can be interpreted as a "collection of writing around the red sun", describing the appearance of text radiating outwards from the circle in the centre of the flag.
History.
The was traditionally presented to a man prior to his induction into the Japanese armed forces or before his deployment. The relatives, neighbors, friends, and co-workers of the person receiving the flag would write their names, good luck messages, exhortations, or other personal messages onto the flag in a formation resembling rays dissipating from the sun, though text was also written on any available space if the flag became crowded with messages.
 normally featured some kind of exhortation written across the top of the white field, such as ; other typical decoration includes medium sized characters along the right or left vertical margin of the flag, typically the name of the man receiving the flag, and the name of the individual or organisation presenting it to him. The text written on the flag was commonly applied with a calligraphy brush and ink. While it was normally the custom to sign only around the red center of the flag, some examples may be found with characters written upon the red center as well.
The origin of the custom of writing on flags is unclear, with some debate as to the time period when the custom first began. Some sources indicate that signed flags became part of a soldier's possessions, alongside a "thousand stitch belt" (), during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), though good luck flags predating the Manchurian Incident (1931) are considered rare. It is generally agreed that most seen today come from just before or during the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).
For the military man stationed far away from home and loved ones, the offered communal hopes and prayers to the owner every time the flag was unfolded. It was believed that the flag, with its many signatures and slogans, would provide a combined force or power to see its owner through tough times, as well as reminding the soldier of his duties in the war, with the implication that the performance of that duty meant that the warrior was not expected to return home from battle. Often, departing servicemen would leave behind clipped fingernails and hair, so that his relatives would have something of him in which to hold a funeral.
The belief of self sacrifice was central to Japanese culture during World War II, forming much of wartime sentiment. It was culturally believed that great honour was brought upon the family of those whose sons, husbands, brothers and fathers died in service to the country and the Emperor, and that in doing one's duty, any soldier, sailor or aviator would offer up his life freely. As part of the cultural samurai or (way of the warrior) code, this worldview was brought forward into twentieth century Japan from the previous centuries of feudal Japan, and was impressed upon twentieth century soldiers, most of whom descended from non samurai families.
U.S. veterans' accounts.
In Sid Phillips's book, "You'll Be Sor-ree", Phillips describes the role of Japanese flags in the Pacific War: "Every Jap seemed to have a personal silk flag with Jap writing all over it and a large meatball in the center." There are numerous books describing as souvenirs taken home by U.S. Marines and members of the U.S. Army Infantry. Another example is found in Eugene Sledge's book, "With the Old Breed": "The men gloated over, compared, and often swapped their prizes. It was a brutal, ghastly ritual the likes of which have occurred since ancient times on battlefields where antagonists have possessed a profound mutual hatred." In a 2008 article in the "Monroe News", a World War II veteran spoke of his experiences bringing back a flag from the Pacific War, stating that he did not search every Japanese soldier he shot, as there was usually not enough time; the flag he eventually brought home was found on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. According to his experiences, soldiers did not take home large souvenirs, such as katanas, for fear that someone would steal it, but a flag could be easily concealed. The flag he himself took as a souvenir was in the process of repatriation, with Dr. Yasuhiko Kaji searching for the owner and their family in Japan.
Effort to return flags.
The OBON SOCIETY (formerly OBON 2015) is a non-profit affiliate organization with a mission to return to their families in Japan.
The society's work has been recognized by Japan's Minister for Foreign Affairs as an "important symbol of reconciliation, mutual understanding, and friendship between our two countries". , the society has returned 108 flags, and has more than 295 other flags they are currently working on returning. On 15 August 2017, the society arranged for Marvin Strombo, a 93 year-old WWII Veteran, to travel back to Japan to return the flag he took to the family of the man who made it. The effort to return the flags is widely seen as a humanitarian act providing closure for family members.
Preservation and restoration.
The United States' National World War II Museum has published a preservation guide with a list of recommendations for storing and preserving synthetic materials and textiles, such as many of the produced in previous wars, recommending that they are stored in climate controlled areas, kept away from bright lights, and mounted on a backing material for display.
Modern use.
In modern times, are still used, with the tradition of signing the as a good luck charm continuing, though in a limited fashion. The is often shown at international sporting events to support the national Japanese team. The is used for campaigning soldiers, athletes, retirees, transfer students and for friends. In modern Japan, it is given as a present to a person at a send-off party, for athletes, a farewell party for colleagues or transfer students, for graduation and retirement. After natural disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake and tsunami, people commonly write notes on a to show support.


7th Asian Film Awards

The 7th Asian Film Awards took place on 18 March 2013. In the 14 award categories, 30 films with 70 nominees from across Asia were recognized for their excellence in cinema. The nominees were announced by actor Andy Lau who also served as president of the judging panel. The ceremony was held at the Grand Hall of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center. Michelle Yeoh received the honour of the Lifetime Achievement award.
Winners and nominees.
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.


Edo period in popular culture

The Edo period of the history of Japan is the setting of many works of popular culture. These include novels, stage plays, films, television shows, animated works, manga, and video games. Major events of the period, such as the Siege of Osaka, Shimabara Rebellion, and the decline and fall of the Tokugawa shogunate figure prominently in many works. Historical and fictional people and groups of the period, including Miyamoto Musashi, Izumo no Okuni, Yagyū Jūbei Mitsuyoshi, the fictional Isshin Tasuke, Yui Shōsetsu, Matsuo Bashō, Tokugawa Mitsukuni (Mito Kōmon), Ōoka Tadasuke, Tōyama Kagemoto (Tōyama no Kin-san), the Forty-seven Ronin, Sakamoto Ryōma, Katsu Kaishū, and the Shinsengumi, as well as the fifteen Tokugawa shoguns were active for much or all of their public lives and are dramatized in works of popular culture. The cultural developments of the times, including kabuki, bunraku, and ukiyo-e, and practices like sankin kōtai and pilgrimages to the Ise Shrine, feature in many works set in Edo Japan.
Many popular works written during or following the Edo period were also set during the same period. Kabuki plays in contemporary settings were known as "sewamono".
Some works span multiple media. The has become popular in genres as diverse as "kōdan", kabuki, stage plays, novels, films, television, manga, and anime.


2005 in Philippine television

The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2005. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


Daini no Sanmi

 was a Japanese "waka" poet of the mid-Heian period.
Biography.
She was the daughter of Murasaki Shikibu and . Her given name was , although the kanji can also be read as Kenshi.
She was married to and produced son in 1038, and she has a daughter with in 1026. She also served as the nurse of Emperor Go-Reizei.
Poetry.
Thirty-seven or thirty-eight of her poems were included in imperial anthologies from the "Goshūi Wakashū" onward.
One of her poems was included as the fifty-eighth in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":
She also produced a private collection called the .
Possible partial authorship of "The Tale of Genji".
Some scholars have attributed the final ten chapters of her mother's magnum opus, "The Tale of Genji", to her, although this theory is generally rejected by the majority of scholars.


Tuluva Isvara Nayaka

Tuluva Isvara Nayaka was a commander of Vijayanagara Empire, South India. His wife was Som Devi. He was also the father of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and grandfather of Viranarasimha Raya, Krishnadevaraya and Achyuta Deva Raya.
He served Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya’s several expeditions with his son Tuluva Narasa Nayaka.


List of speakers of the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly

The Speaker of the West Pakistan Legislative Assembly was the presiding officer of that legislature.


Izumisakashita Site

The is an archaeological site with a Yayoi period necropolis, located in the Izumisakashita neighborhood of the city of Hitachiōmiya, Ibaraki in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The site dates from the 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD and was designated a National Historic Site in 2017.
Overview.
The Izumisakashita site is located about three kilometers northwest of the confluence of the Kuji River, which flows near the eastern end of the city, and its tributary Tamagawa, and is located on a low terrace on the right bank of the Kuji River, east of the Naka Plateau. The site is noted for the discovery of an imposing anthropomorphic pottery jar in an archaeological excavation conducted in 2006. The jar has a height of 77.7 cm and an opening of 14.0 cm, and is decorated with a human face in three-dimensions. It is among the largest of this type of earthenware yet found. Numerous other Yayoi pottery containers were also discovered. It is believed that these earthenware jars were burial urns used in association with the known Yayoi practice of secondary burial, in which the remains were exhumed and reburied after ceremonies after a certain period of time. Some 100 secondary burial sites have been identified in eastern Japan, of which this site is one of the best preserved, and the anthropomorphic pottery jar is one of only 17 known cases from this period.
Per an excavation conducted by the Hitachiōmiya City Board of Education since 2012, thirty grave sites were confirmed. These were divided into two groups, with 24 in the eastern group and six in the western group, along with at least 16 pit graves with no clay sarcophagus. All belong to the middle of the Yayoi period. It is believed that the pit graves were used for primary burials, and that the 30 graves, including the one with the anthropomorphic pottery jar, were used for secondary burial.
All of the relics were donated to Hitachiōmiya City, and the finds, including the anthropomorphic pottery jar, are designated as Important Cultural Properties of Japan. Some of the relics are on display at the permanent exhibition at the . The site itself was backfilled after excavation and is now an empty field with no public facilities.


List of Cultural Properties of Japan - archaeological materials (Kagawa)

This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of for the Prefecture of Kagawa.
National Cultural Properties.
As of 1 February 2015, one Important Cultural Property has been designated, being of national significance.
Prefectural Cultural Properties.
As of 1 May 2014, seven properties have been designated at a prefectural level.


Hoysala administration

The Hoysala Empire () was a notable South Indian Kannadiga empire that ruled most of the modern-day state of Karnataka between the 10th to the 14th centuries. The capital of the empire was initially based at Belur, and later transferred to Halebidu. Hoysala administration was influenced by the Western Ganga Dynasty whom the Hoysalas replaced in present-day South Karnataka and their early overlords, the Western Chalukyas.
Administration.
The Hoysala administrative machinery had many similarities with that of the Western Chalukya and Western Ganga Dynasties in matters of cabinet and command, local governing bodies and division of territory into provinces and districts. Some historians state that in the highly centralised Hoysala empire the king sought the advice of five major ministers ("Pancha Pradhanas") while others claim a higher number. As the empire grew in the 13th century, the number of ministers also grew with each having limited authority. Inscriptions mention many names with responsibilities tied to such areas as foreign affairs ("Sandhivigrahi"), treasurer ("Mahabhandari" or "Hiranyabhandari"), personal secretary ("Paramavishvasi"), chief master of robes ("Mahapasayita"), justice ("Dharmadhikari"), central register ("Kaditha"), and head of the State Secretariat ("Srikaranadhikari"). Some ministers also oversaw clusters of departments ("Sarvadhikari"). Army commanders were called "Dandanayaka" (or "Senadhipati").
The kingdom was divided into provinces ("Nadu" and "Vishayas"). Further division of land was into "Kampanas" and "Deshas". Under the caretaker commander were minister ("Mahapradhana"), treasurer ("Bhandari"), clerk ("Senabove") and junior officers ("Heggades"). Feudatory families such as Alupas, Santharas, Chengalvas, Kongalvas, Sindas were allowed to continue to govern their respective territories. The Hoysalas minted gold coins with Kannada and Devanagari legends. King Vishnuvardhana's coins had the legends "victor at Nolambavadi" ("Nolambavadigonda"), "victor at Talakad" ("Talakadugonda"), "victor of the hills" ("Malaparolgonda"). Their gold coin was called "Honnu" or "Gadyana" and weighed 62 grains of gold. "Pana" or "Hana" was 1/10 of the "Honnu". "Haga" was ¼th of the "Pana". "Visa" was ¼th of "Haga". There were coins called "Bele" and "Kani" as well. Some of these terms "Hana", "Bele" are still used in Kannada language and mean "money" and "cost" respectively.
The "Garudas" were the elite bodyguards of kings and queens. They were known as "lenkas" (heroes) or "jolavalis" (indebted to the king for food) and "velavalis" (those who stood by the king at all times). They served the king the way the mythical eagle Garuda served Lord Vishnu and committed suicide upon the demise of their master. Hero stones ("virgal") erected in memory of such heroes are called Garuda pillars. The Garuda pillar at the Hoysaleswara temple in Halebidu depicts heroes brandishing knives and others cutting their own heads. Kuvara Lakshma, a minister and bodyguard of king Veera Ballala II took his own life and that of his wife and other bodyguards upon the death of his master. The details of his loyalty are etched on this inscription ("Shasana").


Prehistory of the Middle East


Minamoto no Michitomo

Minamoto no Michitomo (源通具, "Minamoto no Michitomo", 1171 - 1227) was a "waka" poet and Japanese nobleman active in the early Kamakura period. He is designated as a member of the . He is also known as Horikawa Michitomo and Horikawa Dainagon (堀川大納言).


List of years in Armenia

This is a list of years in Armenia. See also the timeline of Armenian history. For only articles about years in Armenia that have been written, see .


Quba Genocide Memorial Complex

The Quba Genocide Memorial Complex () is a museum in Quba, Azerbaijan, which was built between 2009 and 2013. It is dedicated to the memory of victims of March Days and is now a museum and tourist destination under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.
History.
The construction of museum started in 2009, after discovery of mass burial in 2007. Its mandate was to investigate the creation and maintenance of a memorial to victims of the Guba mass grave and an appropriate annual commemoration to them.
On September 18, 2013, president of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev inaugurated the Guba Genocide Memorial Complex.


2006 in Bangladesh

The year 2006 was the 35th year after the independence of Bangladesh. It was the last year of the rule of BNP led by Khaleda Zia and also the first year of the regime of the fourth caretaker Government led by Fakhruddin Ahmed.
Economy.
Note: For the year 2006 average official exchange rate for BDT was 68.93 per US$.
Events.
Awards and Recognitions.
International Recognition.
Yunus was the first Bangladeshi to ever get a Nobel Prize. After receiving the news of the important award, Yunus announced that he would use part of his share of the $1.4 million (equivalent to $ million in ) award money to create a company to make low-cost, high-nutrition food for the poor; while the rest would go toward setting up an eye hospital for the poor in Bangladesh.


Swarnapitha

Swarnapitha is one of the four Kamarupa Pithas, the geographical divisions of ancient Kamarupa.
Boundaries.
Sources define the boundaries of Swarnapitha as the area between the Rupali River and the Bharali River.


Timeline of Ankara

The following is a of the history of the city of Ankara, Ankara Province, Turkey.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the Turkish Wikipedia."


2002 in Philippine television

The following is a list of events affecting Philippine television in 2002. Events listed include television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel launches, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and carriage disputes.


Hinin

Hi-nin () was an outcast group in ancient Japan, more specifically the Edo Period of Japanese history. The direct translation of the phrase "Hinin" is "non-human". Hinin and Eta () consisted of the lowest social classes in ancient Japan, but were not considered part of the social hierarchy. Hinin were forced to do "polluting" activities such as begging, street performing, and they buried the bodies of people who had been executed.
Eta directly translates to "polluted ones" and was closely intertwined with the Hinin social class. Both phrases were used for those deemed to be separate from society with a few minor distinctions between them. The occupations of those who were called Eta were mostly skinning animals and tanning. These jobs were associated with sinning due to the heavy practice of Buddhism and Shinto in Edo Japan, thus those who did these jobs were considered to be filled with sin and therefore "polluted".
History.
Hinin could be adopted by poor commoners and commoners having committed crimes. The Hinin status was hereditary. Nevertheless, unlike Eta, it was possible for the offspring of hinin to rejoin the commoner class, as long as they met some requirements.
In 1871, the Hinin as an identity was legally abolished. However, Hinin were still officially discriminated against by the authorities. They were called "new commoners" (), which indicated that they had once been members of the lowest class in the past. After the Second World War, anti-discrimination regulations were enforced in Japan, but discrimination towards the offspring of Hinin and Eta still exist in Japanese society today.
Types of Hinin.
The Hinin themselves were split into two separate categories that were based on their previous status as citizens.
"No-hinin" (野非人(のひにん)) were those who resemble today's current status of the homeless. This group consisted of people who could not pay taxes because of disease or other reasons. No-hinin lived in specific areas due to society pushing them out, such as under bridges or near riverbanks.
"Kakae-hinin" (抱非人(かかえひにん)) was a category that had two subsets of people. “Hinin-teka” (非人手下(ひにんてか）were those who were given the class distinction for committing a crime against the “kujigata-osamegaki” (公事方御定書(くじがたおさめがき)), the law code of Edo Japan. The other subset were those who inherited the class distinction through their parents. People would be given the Hini-teka title if they, for example, committed extramarital acts within their family; were a survivor of an attempted collective couple suicide; were a survivor of an attempted collective suicide with their housemaid; were under 15 year old No-hinins and caught stealing.
Returning to Society.
The "kae-hinin" subset class were unique in that they were able to buy their way back into society and get the “heimin" (平民（へいみん）) class status if some money has been paid by their family or relatives. The process is similar to the concept of bail nowadays.
Occupation.
The hinin’s occupations were Monogoi 物乞い (ものごい）, Monomorai 物貰い（ものもらい）, which is trying to get something from other persons, and Yu-gei 遊芸（ゆうげい）, which means they will perform something for an audience. And only Hinin were allowed to be Monogoi. Also, they did Kadoduke 門付け（かどづけ） which is cleaning the town. They sought and re-used discarded paper, performed cremations, cared for the sick, and they worked in prisons.


Syria Prima

Syria I or Syria Prima ("First Syria", in , "Prote Syria") was a Byzantine province, formed c. 415 out of Syria Coele. The province survived until the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 630s.
History.
Syria I emerged out of Syria Coele, which during the reign of Antiochus III was one of the four satrapies in its region that included Phoenicia, Idumea, and an unknown territory that included Palestine. The Syria Coele region along the Euphrates was separated to form the province of "Euphratensis". After c. 415 "Syria Coele" was further subdivided into "Syria I" (or "Syria Prima"), with the capital remaining at Antioch, and "Syria II" ("Syria Secunda") or "Syria Salutaris", with capital at Apamea on the Orontes. In 528, Justinian I carved out the small coastal province "Theodorias" out of territory from both provinces.
The region remained one of the most important provinces of the Byzantine Empire. It was governed by a Consularis based in Antioch. Syria Prima was occupied by the Sasanians between 609 and 628, then recovered by the emperor Heraclius, but lost again to the advancing Muslims after the Battle of Yarmouk and the fall of Antioch.


Maeda Toshinori (Toyama)


Mutsuura Domain

 was a Japanese feudal domain of the Edo period, located in southern Musashi Province in what is now part of Kanagawa Prefecture. Mutsuura was a "Fudai" domain. It consisted of two separate geographic areas, one in Kuragi District, Musashi, and the other in Osumi District, Sagami, with its headquarters in Musashi in what is now part of Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama.
From its location near the famous medieval library of Kanazawa Bunko, it was referred to as or during the Edo period, although the Kanazawa Bunko itself was not within its territory.
In the han system, Mutsuura was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. In other words, the domain was defined in terms of "kokudaka", not land area. This was different from the feudalism of the West.
History.
The Yonekura clan, former retainers of the Takeda clan of Kai Province, pledged allegiance to Tokugawa Ieyasu after the Takeda were destroyed by Oda Nobunaga, and subsequently served as "hatamoto" in the Tokugawa shogunate after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1603. (1637–1699) was favored by "Shōgun" Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, rising rapidly through the ranks until he reached the post of "wakadoshiyori" in 1696.
The additional revenues provided by this office propelled him past the 10,000 "koku" necessary to qualify as a "daimyō", and he became the first lord of Mutsuura Domain. He was subsequently transferred to Minagawa Domain in Kōzuke Province. His line died out with his grandson (1683–1712), but a son of Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was selected to inherit the family name, taking the name Yonekura Tadasuke and was transferred back to Mutsuura Domain in 1722.
Mutsuura Domain was a "jin'ya" domain, and was not allowed a castle. It also lacked a unified area, but consisted of a number of widely dispersed holdings in what is now Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Hadano, Kanagawa and Hiratsuka, Kanagawa. Although the "jin'ya" itself was located in what is now southern Yokohama, the clan’s family temple was the temple of Zorin-ji in Hadano.
During the Bakumatsu period, the 8th (and final) "daimyō", Yonekura Masakoto, sided with the new Meiji government in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration. His domain was renamed Mutsuura Domain in June 1868, to avoid confusion with Kanazawa Domain in Kaga Province. Mutsuura Domain was abolished on July 4, 1871 with the abolition of the han system, becoming Mutsuura Prefecture. On November 14 of the same year, it was assigned to the new Kanagawa Prefecture.


Avranlo fortress

The Avranlo fortress () is a megalithic structure in the Tsalka Municipality in Georgia's south-central region of Kvemo Kartli. A cyclopean fortification built using a dry masonry technique, it is located 0.5 km northwest of the eponymous village, on the left bank of the Ktsia river, at 1640 m above sea level. It dates to the last quarter of the 1st millennium BC.
Avranlo is a megalithic complex arranged in three tiers of terraces overlooking the river canyon. The lowest tier, at the base of the mount, consists of an approximately 80-meter-long semicircular wall, which stands 3 meters high in places. There is a single gate, 1.9 m high and 1.75 m wide, which is roofed with a monolith 2.2 m long and 1.8 m wide. Large stones are scattered elsewhere. Between this wall and the mount there is a small medieval Christian church and several caves nearby, collectively referred to as the Abibos monastery.
The second and third tiers are genuine "cyclopean" structures, characterized by large rocks, dry-stone masonry, and an unusual mode of arrangement. The third, uppermost tier tops the mount. It has a rectangular ground plan, 25 m in length and 18 m in width. The walls are 3-4 m thick. The structure is significantly damaged and many parts of it have been obliterated. Archaeological digs at the adjacent fields, north of the megalithic fortress, yielded, in 2006, a Kura–Araxes culture-type settlement and a necropolis dating from the 12th-11th century BC.
The fortress was inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia in 2007. In September 2019, a multiyear archaeological research project was launched by Georgia's culture heritage authorities for further study and conservation of the country's megalithic complexes, including those at Abuli, Shaori, Avranlo, and Sameba.


Qaraoun culture

The Qaraoun culture is a culture of the Lebanese Stone Age around Qaraoun in the Beqaa Valley. The Gigantolithic or Heavy Neolithic flint tool industry of this culture was recognized as a particular Neolithic variant of the Lebanese highlands by Henri Fleisch, who collected over one hundred flint tools within two hours on 2 September 1954 from the site. Fleisch discussed the discoveries with Alfred Rust and Dorothy Garrod, who confirmed the culture to have Neolithic elements. Garrod said that the Qaraoun culture "in the absence of all stratigraphical evidence may be regarded as mesolithic or proto-neolithic". (5,000 to 20,000 years Before Present ).


History of Gyeongju

This article is about the history of Gyeongju. Gyeongju is a coastal city in the far southeastern corner of North Gyeongsang province in South Korea. It is the second largest city by area in the province after Andong, covering 1,324 km2 (511 sq mi) with a population of 269,343 people according to the 2008 census. The early history of Gyeongju is closely tied to that of the Silla kingdom, of which it was the capital for nearly one thousand years.
Silla period.
Gyeongju first enters non-Korean records during the Samhan period in the early Common Era. It is recorded in Chinese records as Saro-guk, one of twelve petty states which comprised the Jinhan confederacy. Saro-guk would later become the Silla kingdom. Korean records, probably based on the dynastic chronicles of Silla, record that Saro-guk was established in 57 BCE, when six small villages in the Gyeongju area united under Bak Hyeokgose, the kingdom's first ruler. During the Silla period, the city was called "Seorabeol" (서라벌; 西羅伐) that is assumed to mean Capital, "Gyerim which literally means Rooster's forest," or "Geumseong" (금성; 金成) that refers to "City of Gold".
After the unification of the peninsula up to Taedong River in 668 AD, Gyeongju became the center of Korean political and cultural life. The city was home to the Silla court, and the great majority of the kingdom's elite. Its prosperity became legendary, and was reported as far away as Persia according to the 9th century book, "The Book of Roads and Kingdoms". Records of "Samguk Yusa" give the city's population in its peak period as 178,936 households, suggesting that the total population was almost one million. Many of Gyeongju's most famous sites date from this period, known as Unified Silla.
However, the city's prosperity proved short-lived. In the late 9th century the Silla kingdom declined and fell apart, giving way to the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea. In 927 Gyeongju was pillaged by Hubaekje, one of these later kingdoms. Shortly thereafter, King Gyeongsun surrendered his title and country to Taejo in 935, who then established the Goryeo dynasty. Gyeongju was no longer the capital of a united Korea, while Gaegyeong (modern-day Kaesong) took that title.
Goryeo and Joseon periods.
Under the Goryeo dynasty (935–1392), Gyeongju was no longer of national importance. However, it remained a regional center. The city was given its modern name "Gyeongju" by King Taejo in 940, and was made the seat of Yeongnam Province. It had jurisdiction over a wide area, including much of east-central Yeongnam.
Gyeongju was designated the "Eastern Capital" in 987, but that title was removed in 1012. For much of the Goryeo period, it was also the seat of the "Andong Daedohobu", the Great Protectorate of the East, which oversaw military affairs for much of eastern and central Korea. However, it was stripped of this distinction as well in the 13th century, after bloody rebellions connected with the Silla restoration movement broke out in the area. At the same time, its boundaries were considerably reduced.
During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910), the city declined yet further. It ceased to occupy a central position as the Great Yeongnam Road became the Gyeongsang province's chief artery. This road connected Seoul to the southeastern port of Dongnae (in modern-day Busan) without passing near Gyeongju. In 1601, the provincial capital passed to Daegu, which was located on the main road.
Over these centuries, the city's relics suffered numerous assaults. In the 13th century, Mongol forces destroyed a nine-story wooden pagoda at Hwangnyongsa. During the Imjin War (1592–1598), the Gyeongju area became a heated battlefield and Japanese forces burned the wooden structures at Bulguksa. Not all damage was due to invasions, however. In the early Joseon period, a great deal of damage was done to Buddhist sculptures on Namsan by Neo-Confucian radicals, who hacked arms and heads off statuary.
Since 1900.
The city's boundaries and designation changed several times in the 20th century. From 1895 to 1955, the area was known as Gyeongju-gun ("Gyeongju County"). In the first decades of the century, the city center was known as Gyeongju-myeon, signifying a relatively rural rea. In 1931, the downtown area was designated Gyeongju-eup, in recognition of its increasingly urban nature. In 1955, Gyeongju-eup became Gyeongju-si ("Gyeongju City"), the same name as today but with a much smaller area. The remainder of Gyeongju-gun became "Wolseong County." The county and city were reunited in 1995, creating Gyeongju City as we know it today.
From the 1900s (decade) to the early 1970s, Gyeongju had remained relatively small and all glories of the past were gone. In the early 20th century many archaeological excavations took place, mostly on the many tombs which survived the centuries fairly well. A museum, the forerunner of the present-day Gyeongju National Museum, was set up in 1915 to exhibit the finds. The excavations of this period, largely carried out by Japanese archaeologists, are often accused of recklessness and plunder, although others take a more positive view. Few excavation reports were ever published.
Gyeongju emerged as a railroad junction in the later years of the Japanese Occupation. The Donghae Nambu Line was completed in 1935, cutting directly through the historical areas of central Gyeongju. The Jungang Line was completed in 1942, and Gyeongju became directly connected to Gyeongseong (present-day Seoul). This helped to lay the foundations for future industrial development. Thanks to these improved connections, this period also saw the town beginning to emerge as a center of tourism.
Following liberation in 1945, Korea was plunged into turmoil. Gyeongju was no exception. Returnees from abroad were numerous; a village for them was constructed in present-day Dongcheon-dong. In a period marked by widespread conflict and unrest, the Gyeongju area became particularly notorious for the level of guerrilla activity in the mountains.
The Korean War broke out in 1950. Most of Gyeongju was spared from the fighting, and remained under South Korean control throughout the conflict. However, for a brief time in late 1950 portions of the city stood on the front lines, as North Korean forces pushed the Pusan Perimeter southward from Pohang.
In the 1970s, Korea saw substantial industrial development, much of it centered in the Yeongnam region of which Gyeongju is a part. In 1971, the Gyeongbu Expressway was completed connecting Seoul and Busan, and passing through Gyeongju on the way. The POSCO steel mill in neighboring Pohang commenced operations in 1973, and the chemical manufacturing complex in Ulsan emerged in the same year. These developments helped to support the emergence of the manufacturing sector in Gyeongju.
For almost all of the 20th century, the people of the city had no direct say in their government. The mayors of Gyeongju, like those of all other cities, were directly appointed by the central government, whether the government was that of the Joseon Dynasty, Japanese occupation, or modern South Korea. This changed in 1995, with the establishment of local autonomy throughout the country. The city's first elected mayor was the unaffiliated Lee Won-shik, who served from 1995 to 1998.
In September 2015 the city was hit by an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8, but no major damage or injuries were reported.


Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven

The Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven () is a fantasy version of the travels of King Mu of Zhou, historical fifth sovereign of the Zhou dynasty of China, r. 976-922 BCE or 956-918 BCE.
The written originals of the fantasy biography of King Mu and a biography of his mother were found along with the "Bamboo Annals" in the tomb of Wei Xiang-zi (d. 296 BCE), king of Wei, rediscovered in 281 CE during the Jin dynasty (265–420), after which they were merged into a single tale during transmission.
Transmitted are four textual lineages which became independent from the original. Later versions were sometimes called "Zhou Wang Youxing", literally "(The) Zhou King('s) Travels" or "Travels of the Zhou King".
Contents.
King Mu dreamed of being an immortal. He determined to visit the Western heavenly paradise of the Queen Mother of the West on the Kunlun and taste her Peaches of Immortality. A brave charioteer named Zao Fu carried the king and seven worthy companions by chariot to the Queen Mother, whom he feasts at blue gem pool in Chapter 3 with a banquet, wine, gifts, and decorous exchange of poems with some sense of his being subsequently rejuvenated or at least blessed with posterity. The implications of the poems seem to cast the Queen Mother of the West as a vassal whom King Mu confirms in ruling her own land.
Chapter 6 mainly recounts the death of King Mu's favorite consort, Cheng Ji, with details of her funeral with a huge entourage which takes eight days to arrive at her burial site. Heartbroken, King Mu tarries there, fishing, hunting, until a soldier chides him into returning his attention to government and slowly traveling back to his capital.
The "Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven" is an early textually extant narrative case of Chinese literature stressing a particular heroic human, though the biography, apparently fantastic or considered credible, is a chief format of Chinese literature from its outset with focus on sovereigns and their exploits, particularly with governmental preoccupation with geography through the peripheries of the emergent Chinese state.
Commentaries.
The earliest commentary to the text was written by the scholar Guo Pu (276–324) during the Eastern Jin.
During the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), the text was revisited by Tan Cui 檀萃, Hong Yixuan 洪頤煊 and Zhai Yunsheng 翟雲升.


Date Tsunamura

 was an early Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 4th "daimyō" of Sendai Domain in northern Japan, and the 20h hereditary chieftain of the Date clan. Tsunamura’s succession led to the "Date Sōdō" or "Date Disturbance" of 1671, which has been retold in theatre, and has become one of the more well-known tales of unrest and disunity among the "daimyō" of the Edo period.
Biography.
Tsunamura was the eldest son of Date Tsunamune by a concubine. His childhood name was Kamechiyo-maru (亀千代丸). He was later styled , but his name was changed to Date Tsunamura during his "genpuku" ceremony, which was held by "shōgun" Tokugawa Ietsuna. In later life, his courtesy title was "Sakonoe-gon-shōshō" (General of the Left Guards) and "Mutsu-no-kami" and his Court rank was Senior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade.
Tsunamura became "daimyō" at the age of 2, when his father was relieved of his position due to political manipulations by his uncles, Date Munekatsu, "daimyō" of Ichinoseki Domain and Date Masamune’s 10th son, and Tamura Muneyoshi, "daimyō" of Iwanuma Domain. From 1660 to 1671, the two uncles acted as guardians for the infant Tsunamura, usurping his authority and becoming notorious for their greed, corruption and misgovernment. The domain was beset by constant peasant rebellions and (according to popular history) Tsumanura narrowly avoided assassination by his uncles on several occasions.
Events came to a head with the "Date Sōdō", which also became a favorite theme of popular fiction, including "bunraku" and "kabuki". Aki Muneshige, a relative from a cadet branch of the Date clan and retainer of Date Tsunamune managed to register a complaint to the shogunate officials about the mismanagement of the domain. Aki and various domain officials were summoned before the council of "rōjū" and the "Tairō" Sakai Tadakiyo. Testimony between Aki and the retainers of Munekatsu and Muneyoshi did not agree, and the testimony of Munekatsu’s retainer Harada Munesuke made a particularly poor impression. Harada then murdered Aki before further testimony could be given, before being killed himself by the guards. The court ruled in favor of Aki. Tsunamura was allowed to remain "daimyō"; however, his uncles Munekatsu and Muneyoshi were removed from office.
Once Tsunamura actually was able to exercise his own authority, one of his first actions was to order the construction of windbreaks and irrigation and flood control works on rivers. He also emphasized the study of Confucianism, bringing several noted scholars to Sendai, as well as sponsoring the construction of numerous Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines. From 1689 to 1690 he assisted in the repair of the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along with Ii Naooki of Hikone Domain. Through these efforts, he gained the reputation of being a good ruler; however, the fiscal burden of all of these public works and temple building drove the domain into debt. In 1683, the domain issued a paper currency; however, with rampant inflation, the domain money was not well received. In 1693, his senior retainers had enough, and through senior clan members issued a petition to Tsunamura warning against rule by tyranny. Tsunamura was reportedly rendered speechless with rage, but was unable to gather support. In Autumn 1697, with no sign that he would voluntarily reign from office, his retainers plotted to have him forcibly placed into retirement, but no agreement could be reached. Tsunamura remained in office until 1703, when he resigned in favor of his cousin, Date Yoshimura, as he had no son by his wife (the daughter of Inaba Masanori).
Tsunamura died in 1719, and his grave is at Dainenjiyama in Sendai, rather than the Date clan mausoleum. In 1924, he was posthumously elevated to Senior Third Rank.


Iwatsuki Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in Musashi Province (modern-day Saitama Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Iwatsuki Castle in what is now part of Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama.
History.
Iwatsuki was an important strongpoint of the Odawara Hojo clan. However, following the destruction of that clan at the Battle of Odawara of 1590, the territory came under the control of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who assigned a 20,000 "koku" domain to one of his most trusted retainers, Kōriki Kiyonaga. Following the Siege of Osaka, his grandson Kōriki Tadafusa was awarded with a promotion to the 35,000 koku Hamamatsu Domain in 1619.
The following year, in 1620, the "rōjū" Aoyama Tadatoshi was awarded Iwatsuki with holdings of 55,000 koku. He subsequently fell from favor and was demoted to the 20,000 "koku" Ōtaki Domain in 1623.
Abe Masatsugu was transferred to Iwatsuki in 1638 from Odawara Domain. The Abe clan ruled Iwatsuki over the next five generations until 1681, gradually increasing their holdings to 95,000 "koku". After their transfer to Miyazu Domain, they were replaced by Itakura Shigetane (1681-1682), Toda Tadamasa (1682-1686), Matsudaira Tadachika (1696-1697) Ogasawara Nagashige (1697-1710) and his son Ogasawara Nagahiro (1710-1711).
The Nagai clan was then awarded Iwatsuki, beginning with Nagai Naohiro in 1711 and lasting for three generations until the clan was transferred to Kanō Domain in 1756.
Ōoka Tadamitsu (1709–1760), a distant relative of Ōoka Tadasuke who had started as a 300 "koku" "hatamoto", rose rapidly through the ranks and was eventually awarded Iwatsuki and 20,000 "koku" in 1756. His descendants remained at Iwatsuki until the Meiji Restoration. The final daimyō of Iwatsuki, Ōoka Tadatsura (1847–1920) sided with the pro-imperial forces in the Boshin War and made a viscount ("shishaku") in the "kazoku" peerage system in the Meiji period.
The domain had a population of 38,404 people in 6,962 households per a census in 1870.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Iwatsuki Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Battle of Chengpu

The Battle of Chengpu took place in 632 BC between the State of Jin and the State of Chu and its allies during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. It was the first great battle in the protracted conflict between the states of the Yellow River valley, and the states of the Yangtze River valley. The Jin victory confirmed the hegemony of Duke Wen and checked Chu ambitions in the north for at least a generation.
Background.
Following the death of Duke Huan of Qi in 643 BC, the state of Chu steadily extended its influence northward, absorbing half a dozen smaller states as its satellites. In 636 BC, Chong'er, a ducal prince of Jin, after spending nineteen years in exile traveling throughout numerous states, came to power as Duke Wen of Jin with the help of Duke Mu of Qin. Duke Wen assumed a position of leadership among the states and instituted numerous domestic reforms.
In the years leading up to 632 BC, conflict between Jin and Chu became increasingly public and was characterised by frequent shifts in alliances between the various small states that lay in a narrow band of land between the two larger states.
King Cheng of Chu struck at the State of Song, the ally of Jin most accessible from the south, in the winter of 633 BCE. In retaliation, an expeditionary force under Duke Wen marched south in the spring of the following year and occupied the States of Wei and Cao, both satellites of Chu. The two sides sought out alliances in the following months. The States of Shen, Xi, Chen and Cai, all immediately contiguous to Chu, sided with King Cheng, as well as the more distant State of Lu.
Prelude.
As promised by Duke Wen to King Cheng during his exile in Chu, the Jin army retired "three days march" () (45 km) before camping on the plain of Chengpu on the border of Wei and Cao, awaiting a decisive battle The retirement also linked the Jin forces up with Qi and Qin reinforcements.
Only the central force of the Chu under Prime Minister Ziyu () was made up entirely of Chu troops. The left wing under Zixi incorporated soldiers from Chu's close satellites Shen and Xi. The right wing under Zishang comprised completely a separate detachment from the armies of Chen and Cai, perhaps numbering around a third () of the entire force.
The Jin force was expanded before the expedition from two armies into three: the upper, the central and the lower; these three were then regrouped into wings before the battle: the upper army at the right wing under commander Hu Mao and vice-commander Hu Yan, lower at left under Luan Zhi and vice Xu Chen, central remained at centre under Xian Zhen and vice Xi Zhen. Duke Wen did not direct or engage in the fighting.
Battle.
On the fourth day of the fourth month of 632 BC, the rival forces met.
The battle commenced with the advance of both wings of the Jin army. The Chu right wing was reckoned to be the weakest and Xu Chen, commander of the Jin left wing, attacked. Xu armoured his chariot horses with tiger skins and launched an urgent, vigorous assault on the Chu right wing. The attack was rapidly successful, scattering and demolishing the enemy wing completely.
The Jin left then became a holding force, fixing the Chu center and preventing it from attacking the Jin centre or aiding the Chu left wing, since in either case the Jin left would have taken it in the flank and rear. Meanwhile, Hu Mao's Jin right wing had skirmished with the enemy, faked a retreat and carried with them the two great banners of the Jin commander-in-chief himself. The Chu left, made up of levies from the states of Shen and Xi, thought that the Jin right wing had lost and Ziyu ordered a pursuit. A contingent of chariots under Luan Zhi swept in front and dragged tree branches to raise a dust cloud and thereby obscure the movements of Hu Mao's men who were circling and reforming.
The Jin left aided by the Jin center continued to maintain their positions against the Chu center. Though the Jin centre was temporarily disordered by an intense whirlwind, it was effective in preventing the Chu center from supporting its left wing. As the Chu left advanced, it was caught in the flank by Duke Wen's bodyguards, composed of the sons of noble clansmen and sons of his close followers and thus flanked by the Jin central army. Meanwhile, the entire force of the Jin right wing completed its recircling and was supported on its right by Luan Zhi's chariots to join the assault. The Chu left was completely destroyed. Seeing both his wings enveloped, Ziyu ordered a general retreat.
Evaluation.
The Battle of Chengpu is one of the biggest battles of the Spring and Autumn period and the most detailed in the "Zuo Zhuan". Nevertheless, the location of the battle remains obscure: two inconclusive possibilities are the vicinity of Chenliu, Henan and the southwest area of Juancheng County, Shandong. After returning to the north, Duke Wen was recognised by the King of Zhou as first among the feudal lords. A multi-state conference at Jiantu in 631 BC headed by Duke Wen confirmed their support for the Zhou royal family and swore a covenant of alliance. The battle, however, was not effective in the long term in restricting the power of Chu.


Fujiwara no Yoshikado

 was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Heian period.
Career at court.
He was a minister holding the title of "daijo-daijin".
Genealogy.
This member of the Fujiwara clan was the sixth son of Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu. Among Yoshikada's brothers were Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Fujiwara no Nagayoshi and Fujiwara no Yoshisuke.
Descendants of Yoshikado include Fujiwara no Toshimoto, Fujiwara no Kanesuke, Fujiwara no Masatada, Fujiwara no Tametoki and Murasaki Shikibu.
Yoshikada is considered the ancestor of the Uesugi clan, the Ii clan, and the Nichiren clan.


Minamoto no Yoshikiyo

Minamoto no Yoshikiyo (源 義清; 1075?–1149?) was a son of Shinra Saburo Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, who was son of the "Chinjufu-shōgun" Minamoto no Yoriyoshi, and brother of famous Minamoto no Yoshiie (known as Hachimantaro).
When Minamoto no Yoshimitsu received Takeda domain in Hitachi Province from his father in law Taira no Kiyomoto, he gave it to his son Minamoto no Yoshikiyo, and Yoshikiyo called himself Takeda Yoshikiyo. According to "Choshuki" and "Sonpi Bunmyaku" (a text compiled in the fourteenth century that records the lineages of the aristocracy), Yoshikiyo went to Kai Province and resided at Ichikawa no sho estate. He built Wakamiko Castle, which was in Tama no sho domain, and also moved to Henmi no sho in the northwestern part of Kai Province. The descendants of Yoshikiyo settled in various places in Kai province, and became the Kai-Genji. Kai is from Kai Province, and Genji is the Chinese reading of their family name (Minamoto). He then founded the Takeda line, also known as Kai Genji Takeda.


Ii Naoari


Takasebune

 is a short story by the Japanese writer and illustrator Mori Ōgai, who is considered along with Natsume Sōseki to be one of the most important figures in modern Japanese literature. It is one of the author's best-known works. The plot concerns a boat that carried criminals from Kyoto to Osaka during the Edo period.
Synopsis.
One day, the police escort sent along to mind the prisoners as they journey along the Takase River is surprised to find that on this particular journey there will be only one prisoner, an unnervingly polite man named Kisuke who does not fit the stereotypical image of a criminal. The police escort is rattled but curious and asks why Kisuke seems so cheerful when the boat's usual passengers are sad. Kisuke replies that, unlike the majority of the boat's passengers, his previous life was so bad that he is sure that his life in exile will be an improvement. In addition, the money given him by the government to start a new life in exile is the largest sum of money he has ever had, and so he is quite content.
Intrigued, the police escort asks about Kisuke's crime. Kisuke says that his parents died young, orphaning him and his little brother. The brothers lived and worked together into young adulthood, when Kisuke's brother became so ill that he could no longer work. Kisuke was forced to work for the both of them, incurring large debts. One day, he returned home to find that his brother had attempted to kill himself. Still alive, his brother begs for Kisuke to finish the job and put him out of his pain, explaining that he wanted to die so that he could no longer be a burden to his older brother.


2005 in India

Events in the year 2005 in the Republic of India.


The Dignity of the Nation

, also translated as "The Dignity of a State" or "The Dignity of Nations", is a bestselling book by Japanese essayist and mathematician Masahiko Fujiwara. The book has sold more than two million copies in Japan. A bilingual Japanese and English version, translated by Giles Murray, was published in Japan in May 2007 by IBC Publishing under the English title "The Dignity of the Nation".
Overview.
The title of the book mimics the title of a nationalist pamphlet issued by the Japanese government in 1937. "The Dignity of a State" criticizes the emphasis on Western logic and individuality in Japanese society, and calls for a return to the value system of bushido. It criticizes democracy, citing Adolf Hitler as an example of a leader using democracy to manipulate citizens. It also criticizes the market economy, which Fujiwara claims is widening the economic gap between the wealthy and impoverished in Japan, and globalism, which Fujiwara claims is only a "strategy of the U.S. that seeks world domination after the Cold War." A recurring theme of the book is that American ideas of freedom and equality do not even work in the United States, so they should not be applied in Japanese society.
Reception.
Andrew Rankin of "The Japan Times" agreed with some of Fujiwara's criticisms of Western morality, but pointed out that "you can listen to most of Fujiwara’s other ideas for free at any noodle stand in Japan." The book's popularity made "hinkaku" ("dignity") the most popular buzzword of 2006 in Japan. It also inspired books with similar titles and themes, including Mariko Bando's "The Dignity of a Woman", which sold more than three million copies.


Yahdul-Lim

Yahdul-Lim was a king of Carchemish proposed to have reigned between 1764 and 1745 BCE.
Son of Aplahanda, he succeeded his brother Yatar-Ami. Little is known about his reign.


Roman Armenia

Roman Armenia refers to the rule of parts of Greater Armenia by the Roman Empire, from the 1st century AD to the end of Late Antiquity. While Armenia Minor had become a client state and incorporated into the Roman Empire proper during the 1st century AD, Greater Armenia remained an independent kingdom under the Arsacid dynasty. Throughout this period, Armenia remained a bone of contention between Rome and the Parthian Empire, as well as the Sasanian Empire that succeeded the latter, and the casus belli for several of the Roman–Persian Wars. Only in 114–118 was Emperor Trajan able to conquer and incorporate it as a short-lived province.
In the late 4th century, Armenia was divided between Rome and the Sasanians, who took control of the larger part of the Armenian Kingdom and in the mid-5th century abolished the Armenian monarchy. In the 6th and 7th centuries, Armenia once again became a battleground between the East Romans (Byzantines) and the Sasanians, until both powers were defeated and replaced by the Muslim Caliphate in the mid-7th century.
History.
Following the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty after Pompey's campaign in Armenia in 66 BC, the Kingdom of Armenia was often contested between the Roman Empire and the Parthian Empire during the Roman–Parthian Wars. Throughout most of its history during this period, under the reign of the Arsacid Dynasty, the Armenian nobility was divided among Roman-loyalists, Parthian-loyalists or neutrals.
Armenia often served as a client state or vassal at the frontier of the two large empires and their successors, the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. During the Byzantine–Sasanian wars, Armenia was ultimately partitioned into Byzantine Armenia and Persian Armenia.
Struggle over influence with Parthia.
With the eastwards expansion of the Roman Republic during the Mithridatic Wars, the Kingdom of Armenia, under the Artaxiad dynasty, was made a Roman protectorate by Pompey in 66/65 BC. For the next 100 years, Armenia remained under Roman influence. Towards the middle of the 1st century AD, the rising Parthian influence disputed Roman supremacy, which was re-established by the campaigns of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo.
This conflict ended after the Battle of Rhandeia, in an effective stalemate and a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the Arsacid line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor.
Roman province of Armenia (114–118 AD).
In 114, Emperor Trajan incorporated Armenia into the Empire, making it a full Roman province.
In 113, Trajan invaded the Parthian Empire because he wanted to reinstate a vassal king in Armenia (a few years before fallen under Parthian control). In 114, Trajan from Antiochia in Syria marched on Armenia and conquered the capital Artaxata. Trajan then deposed the Armenian king Parthamasiris and ordered the annexation of Armenia to the Roman Empire as a new province.
The new province reached the shores of the Caspian Sea and bordered to the north with the Caucasian Iberia and Albania, two vassal states of Rome.
As a Roman province Armenia was administered along with Cappadocia by Catilius Severus of the gens Claudia.
The Roman Senate issued coins on this occasion bearing the following inscription: "ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN POTESTATEM P.R. REDACTAE", thus solidifying Armenia's position as the newest Roman province. A rebellion by the Parthian pretender Sanatruces was put down, though sporadic resistance continued and Vologases III of Parthia managed to secure an area of south-eastern Armenia just before Trajan's death in August 117.
Roman protectorate.
After Trajan's death, his successor Hadrian decided not to maintain the province of Armenia. In 118, Hadrian gave Armenia up, and installed Parthamaspates as its king. Parthamaspates was soon defeated by the Parthians, and again fled to the Romans, who granted him the co-rule of Osroene in western Greater Armenia as a consolation.
Sohaemus was named king of Armenia by Roman emperor Antoninus Pius in 140. Just a few years later in 161, Armenia was lost again to Vologases IV of Parthia. In 163, a Roman counter-attack under Statius Priscus defeated the Parthians in Armenia and reinstalled Sohaemus as the Romans' favored candidate on the Armenian throne.
Armenia was in frequent dispute between the two empires and their candidates for the Armenian throne, a situation which lasted until the emergence of a new power, the Sasanians. Rome's power and influence increased over the years since, but Armenia retained its independence, even if only as a vassal state, although it was a Roman ally against the Sasanian Empire. When Roman emperor Septimius Severus sacked the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon, many Armenian soldiers were in his army. Later in the 4th century, they consisted of two Roman legions, the Legio I Armeniaca and the Legio II Armeniaca.
In the second half of the 3rd century, the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon and areas of southern Armenia were sacked by the Romans under Emperor Carus, and all Armenia, after half a century of Persian rule, was ceded to Diocletian in 299 as a vassal territory.
Eastern Roman Armenia.
In 363, a treaty was signed between the East Roman and Sassanid Persian empires, which divided Armenia between the two. The Persians retained the larger part of Armenia ("Persarmenia") while the Romans received a small part of Western Armenia.
Another treaty followed between 384 and 390, the Peace of Acilisene (usually dated c. 387), which established a definite line of division, running from a point just east of Karin (soon to be renamed Theodosiopolis) to another point southwest of Nisibis in Mesopotamia. The area under East Roman control thus increased, but still, about four fifths of the old Kingdom of Armenia remained under Persian rule.
Unlike Armenia Minor west of the Euphrates, which had been constituted into full provinces ("Armenia I" and "Armenia II") under the Diocese of Pontus already in the time of Diocletian, the new territories retained a varying level of autonomy. "Armenia Maior", the northern half, was constituted as a "civitas stipendaria" under a civil governor titled "comes Armeniae", meaning that it retained internal autonomy, but was obliged to pay tribute and provide soldiers for the regular East Roman army.
Under Roman rule, Melitene was the base camp of Legio XII "Fulminata". It was a major center in Armenia Minor ("P'ok'r Hayk'"), remaining so until the end of the 4th century. Emperor Theodosius I divided the region into two provinces: First Armenia (Hayk'), with its capital at Sebasteia (modern Sivas); and Second Armenia, with its capital at Melitene.
The "Satrapies" () in the south on the other hand, which had been under Roman influence already since 298, were a group of six fully autonomous principalities allied to the Empire ("civitates foederatae"): Ingilene, Sophene, Antzitene, Asthianene, Sophanene and Balabitene. The local Armenian "nakharar" were fully sovereign in their territories, and were merely required to provide soldiers upon request and to dispatch a golden crown to the emperor, as a token of submission. In return, they received their royal insignia, including red shoes, from the emperor.
The situation remained unchanged for near a century, until a large-scale revolt by the satraps in 485 against Emperor Zeno (r. 474–491). In its aftermath, the satraps were stripped of their sovereignty and their rights of hereditary succession, being in effect reduced to the status of tax-paying and imperially-administered "civitates stipendariae".
Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) carried out a series of comprehensive administrative reforms. Already soon after his accession in 527, the "dux Armeniae" (responsible for Armenia Minor) and the "comes Armeniae" were abolished, and the military forces of the Armenian territories were subordinated to a new "magister militum per Armeniam" at Theodosiopolis.
In 536, new reforms were enacted that abolished the autonomy of the trans-Euphrates territories and formed four new regular provinces. "Armenia Interior" was joined with parts of "Pontus Polemoniacus" and "Armenia I" to form a new province, "Armenia I Magna", the old "Armenia I" and "Armenia II" were re-divided into "Armenia II" and "Armenia III", and the old Satrapies formed the new "Armenia IV" province. In 538, the Armenian nobles rose up against heavy taxation, but were defeated and forced to find refuge in Persia.
In 591, the treaty between Khosrow II and Maurice ceded most of Persarmenia to the Eastern Roman Empire.
Later history.
The region was the focus of prolonged warfare in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628. After the onset of the Muslim conquests and the Arab conquest of Armenia, only the western parts of Armenia remained in Byzantine hands, forming part of the theme of Armeniakon. Armenia remained dominated by the Arabs thereafter, and was ruled by a succession of Caliphate-appointed emirs as well as local princes.
With the ebbing of the Caliphate's power and the fracturing of its outlying territories into autonomous statelets, the Byzantines were able to re-assert their influence over the Armenian principalities during the campaigns of John Kourkouas in the early 10th century. In the first half of the 11th century, under Basil II and his successors, most of Armenia came under direct Byzantine control, which lasted until the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, when all Armenia fell to the Seljuks.
Roman Christianity.
The influence of Christianity was felt in the 1st century after Christ: Christianity was first introduced by the apostles Bartholomew and Jude Thaddeus. Thus both Saints are considered the patron saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Apostle Bartholomew is said to have been executed in Albanopolis in Armenia. According to popular hagiography, the apostle was flayed alive and beheaded. According to other accounts he was crucified upside down (head downward) like St. Peter. He is said to have been martyred for having converted Polymius, the king of Armenia, to Christianity. Enraged by the monarch's conversion, and fearing a Roman backlash, king Polymius's brother, prince Astyages, ordered Bartholomew's torture and execution, which Bartholomew courageously endured. However, there are no records of any Armenian King of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia with the name Polymius. Current scholarship indicates that Bartholomew more likely died in Kalyan in India, where there was an official named Polymius.
Armenia became the first country to establish Christianity as its state religion when, in an event traditionally dated to 301, Gregory the Illuminator convinced Tiridates III, the king of Armenia, to convert to Christianity.
As a consequence of Diocletian's victory over the Sassanids, all of Armenia was once again a vassal state of Rome by 299: Rome secured in this way a wide zone of cultural influence east of Anatolia, which led to a wide diffusion of Syriac Christianity from a center at Nisibis in the first decades of the 4th century, and to the eventual full Christianization of Armenia.
Before this, the dominant religion in Armenia was Zoroastrianism (promoted by the Parthian/Sassanid Empire) and to a smaller degree local Paganism. St Gregory and his son Aristaces were successful in the full Christianization of all Armenians in the first half of the 4th century, mainly after Roman emperor Constantine legalised Christianity in the Roman Empire in 313.
It is a well recognized historical fact that the Armenians were the first nation in the world to formally adhere to Christianity. This conversion was followed in the 4th and 5th centuries by a process of institutionalization and Armenization of Christianity in Armenia. Indeed, Gregory the Illuminator became the organizer of the Armenian Church hierarchy. From that time, the heads of the Armenian Church have been called "Catholicos" and still hold the same title.
St. Gregory chose as the site of the "Catholicosate" the capital city of Vagharshapat (actual Ejmiatsinin) in Armenia and built there the Etchmiadzin Cathedral as a vaulted basilica in 301-303 (Vahan Mamikonian, Roman governor of Armenia, in 480 ordered the dilapidated basilica to be replaced with a new cruciform church, still standing in the modern Armenia).
The continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia in the next centuries, made the political power move to safer places often related to the Eastern Roman Empire. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority, ending in Byzantine Cilicia in the 13th century
Episcopal sees.
Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of Armenia III listed in the "Annuario Pontificio" as titular sees:
For ancient episcopal sees in the Roman provinces of Armenia I and Armenia II, see Lesser Armenia#Episcopal sees.
See also.
General:


2004 in Iraq

Events in the year 2004 in Iraq.
Events.
August.
August 5 – Marines from 1st Battalion 4th Marines begin battle in Najaf, Iraq. Is created a new flag of country


Khachmaz (city)

Khachmaz () is a town in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan.
Etymology.
Modern historians believe that the name Khachmaz derives from "Khachmataki" tribe of Huns, which transformed into "Khacmaz" in the middle of 7th century. In the second middle of the 7th century, part of the tribe migrated to the territory of the current Oghuz district and constructed the settlement and named Khachmar fortress.
Economy.
The economy of Khachmaz is partially agricultural, partially tourist-based, with some industries in operation.
Tourism.
Khachmaz is considered a popular tourist destination, especially due to the Nabran municipality. The combination of a warm summer climate, woods along the seashore and clean golden beaches was exploited by the construction of large numbers of hotels and apartments in Khacmaz.
International relations.
Twin towns — Sister cities.
Khacmaz is twinned with the following cities:


Minamoto no Ichiman

 was the eldest son of second Kamakura shōgun Minamoto no Yoriie. His mother, Wakasa no Tsubone, was Hiki Yoshikazu's daughter, and the child was brought up by the Hiki clan. A year after he was born, his grandfather, Minamoto no Yoritomo, died. The child was murdered at 6. His father would later be murdered a year later.
When in 1203 Yoriie became seriously ill, the Hōjō clan supported his brother Senman (future third shōgun Minamoto no Sanetomo) as a future successor, while the Hiki supported son Ichiman. To avoid power falling into the hands of the Hiki, the Hōjō decided to get rid of the Hiki and their protégé.
On a pretext, Hōjō Tokimasa invited Hiki Yoshikazu to his home and assassinated him. A battle between the clans ensued; the Hiki were defeated by a coalition of the Hōjō, Wada, Miura and Hatakeyama clans and exterminated. Six-year-old Ichiman also died during the fight. The Hiki residence was destroyed by fire and in its place in the Hikigayatsu valley now lies the Buddhist temple of Myōhon-ji. In its cemetery still stands Ichiman's grave, next to the Hiki clan's cenotaph.
Ichiman's younger brother Kugyō was forced to become a Buddhist priest, and in 1219, he assassinated his uncle, Minamoto no Sanetomo. Kugyō was himself immediately executed for his crime, thus bringing the Minamoto clan to a sudden end.


Jog Falls

Jog Falls, is a waterfall on the Sharavati river located in the Western Ghats Siddapur taluk, Uttara Kannada district, and the view point is located in Sagara Taluk of Shimoga district
It is the second highest plunge waterfall in India. It is a segmented waterfall which depends on rain and season becomes a plunge waterfall. The falls are major attractions for tourists and is ranked 36th in the list of free-falling waterfalls, 490th in the world by list of waterfalls by total height, 128th in the list of single-drop waterfalls in the World by the waterfall database.
Description.
Jog Falls is created by the Sharavati dropping , making it the third-highest waterfall in India after the Nohkalikai Falls with a drop of in Meghalaya and Dudhsagar Waterfalls with a drop of in Goa.
Sharavathi, a river which rises at Ambutirtha, next to Nonabur, in the Thirthahalli taluk and takes the northwesterly course by Fatte petta, receives the Haridravati on the right below Pattaguppe and the Yenne Hole on the left above Barangi. On arriving at the frontier it bends to the west, precipitates itself down the Falls of Gersoppa, and passes that village (properly Geru-Sappe), which is some distant, discharging into the Arabian sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada.
The Sharavati, flowing over a very rocky bed about wide, here reaches a tremendous chasm, deep, and the water comes down in four distinct falls. The Raja Fall pours in one unbroken column sheer to the depth of . Halfway down it is encountered by the Roarer, another fall, which precipitates itself into a vast cup and then rushes violently downwards at an angle of forty-five degrees to meet the Raja. A third fall, the Rocket, shoots downwards in a series of jets; while the fourth, the Rani, moves quietly over the mountainside in a sheet of foam. The Tourism Department has built steps from the viewpoint to the bottom of the hill where the waterfall can be seen at the opposite side. There are approximately 1400 steps built to reach the bottom of the hill.
Significance.
Associated with the waterfall is the nearby Linganamakki Dam across the Sharavati River. The power station has been operational since 1948 and is of 120 MW capacity, one of the largest hydroelectric stations in India at that time and a small source of electric power for Karnataka now. The power station was previously named Krishna Rajendra hydro-electric project, after the King of Mysore at that time. The name was later changed to Mahatma Gandhi Hydro-electric Project. It was served by The Hirebhaskara dam until 1960. After 1960, due to the ideas of Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, Linganmakki Dam has been used for power generation.
Power.
The hydro-electric project was conceived by the government of Mysore in mid-1943. A scheme to generate 64,000 horsepower at a cost of 358 lakh was designed. The capacity was increased subsequently and currently generates 6.7 MW of power.
Transport connectivity.
Jog Falls is situated on the borders of Shimoga and North Kanara, from Shimoga city. The Western Ghats gives rise to the Sharavati river that plunges from a height of in four magnificent cascades namely Raja, Rani, Roarer and Rocket. Jog Falls, being the tallest waterfalls in India is situated in the dense evergreen forests, from Talguppa nearest railway station, Shimoga district, Karnataka.


Konoe Iehira

, son of Iemoto, was a "kugyō" or Japanese court noble of the Kamakura period (1185–1333). He held a regent position kampaku from 1313 and 1315. With a commoner he had a son Tsunetada.


Adalgisel

Adalgisel or Adalgis ("Adalgyselus ducis" in contemporary Latin) was a Frankish duke and the mayor of the palace of Austrasia. He assumed that office in December 633 or January 634 at the same time that Sigebert III assumed the kingship. Along with Cunibert, Bishop of Cologne, he acted as regent for the young king. Adalgisel, Cunibert, and Sigebert were all appointed by Dagobert I.
Adalgisel and Grimoald led the Austrasian army against the Thuringii sometime around 639, but their magnates defected and they were forced to concentrate on protecting the young king's life. His forces were subsequently defeated by Duke Radulf. Not long after, he ceased to be duke and was replaced by Pepin of Landen, probably following the nearly concurrent death of Dagobert. Though he lost his office, there is no evidence that he died at that time and some charters referring to a person of the same name may refer to him, thus indicating his survival long after the fact.
He left a son Bobo, who had accompanied him into battle against the Thuringii, and was later Duke of Auvergne.


Early history of Tajikistan

This article documents the early history of Tajikistan.
Before the Soviet era, which began in Central Asia in the early 1920s, the area designated today as the Republic of Tajikistan underwent a series of population changes that brought with them political and cultural influences from the Turkic and Mongol peoples of the Eurasian steppe, China, Iran, Russia, and other contiguous regions. The Tajik people came fully under Russian rule after a series of military campaigns that began in the 1860s, at the end of the nineteenth century.
Ethnic background.
Iranian peoples, including ancestors of the modern Tajiks, have inhabited Central Asia since at least the earliest recorded history of the region, which began some 2,500 years ago. Contemporary Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of Central Asia, in particular the Soghdians, Xorasmians and the Bactrians, and possibly other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians (see Glossary) and non-Iranian peoples. The ethnic contribution of various Turkic and Mongol peoples, who entered Central Asia at later times, has not been determined precisely. However, experts assume that some assimilation must have occurred in both directions.
The origin of the name Tajik has been embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia. The explanation most favored by scholars is that the word evolved from the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) Arab tribe.
Until the 20th century, people in the region used two types of distinction to identify themselves: way of life—either nomadic or sedentary—and place of residence. By the late nineteenth century, the Tajik and Uzbek peoples, who had lived in proximity for centuries and often used each other's languages, did not perceive themselves as two distinct nationalities. Consequently, such labels were imposed artificially when Central Asia was divided into five Soviet republics in the 1920s.


2004 in the Philippines

2004 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 2004.