History of Skopje

The history of Skopje, North Macedonia, goes back to at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. The settlement appears to have been founded around then by the Paionians, a people that inhabited the region. It became the capital of Dardania, which extended from Naissus to Bylazora in the second century BC. Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule on the eve of the 1st century AD. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. It served as Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992. After 1018, it was a capital of Byzantine theme of Bulgaria after the fall the First Bulgarian Empire. In 1189 the town was part of the Serbian realm later becoming the capital of the Serbian Empire. In 1392 the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and they named the town Üsküb. The town stayed under Ottoman rule for over 500 years. During that period it was famous for its oriental architecture.
In 1913, after the Balkan Wars, Skopje became part of Kingdom of Serbia, and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was collaborating with the Nazi Germans. In 1944 it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991 it became the capital centre of independent Macedonia.
Skopje was the birthplace of the noted missionary Religious Sister, Mother Teresa of Calcutta.
Early phase.
The site of modern Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC by the local Pelasgian tribes.; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. The earliest people in Skopje Valley were probably the Triballi, a Thracian tribe that received influences from Celts, Scythians and Illyrians. Later the area was populated by the Paionians, but in the 3rd century BC, Skopje and the surrounding area was invaded by the Dardanians. "Scupi", the ancient name for Skopje, became the capital of Dardania, which extended from Naissus to Bylazora in the second century BC. Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule on the eve of the 1st century AD, but several legions from the Roman province of Macedonia from the Crassus' army of 29-28 BC, may already have been stationed there, before the official imperial command in this area was instituted. Short afterwards it became part of the province of Moesia during Augustus's rule. Most probably Scupi was founded as war camp, which became a town with a status of colony. The northward expansion of the empire in the course of the 1st century BC lead to the creation of the province of Moesia in Augustus's times, into which "Scupi" was incorporated. After the division of the province by Domitian in 86 AD, "Scupi" was elevated to "colonia" status, and became a seat of government within the new province of Moesia superior. The district called Dardania (in Moesia Superior), was formed into a "special province" by Diocletian, with the capital at Naissus. From 395 AD, it passed into the hands of the Eastern Roman (or Byzantine) Empire.
The first known bishop of the city is Perigorius, present at the Council of Sardica (343). "Scupi" was probably a metropolitan see about the middle of the 5th century ().
Medieval era.
When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople and became an important trading and garrison town for the region. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian (527–65 AD) was born in Tauresium (about 20 km southeast of present-day Skopje) in 483 AD, and after Scupi was almost completely destroyed by an earthquake in 518 AD. Justinian built a new town at the fertile entry point of the River Lepenec into the Vardar. Some historians believe this might be the city of "Justiniana Prima".
During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. From 972 to 992 it was the capital of the First Bulgarian Empire. It was a capital of Byzantine administrative region (katepanat) Bulgaria after the fall the First Bulgarian Empire in 1018. Skopje was a thriving trading settlement but fell into decline after being hit by another devastating earthquake at the end of the 11th century. In 1189 the town was part of the Serbian realm.
It was a capital of the estate of the Bulgarian feudal lord, later Emperor Konstantin Asen in the middle of the 13th century.
The Byzantine Empire took advantage of the decline in Skopje to regain influence in the area, but lost control of it once again in 1282 to King Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia. Milutin's grandson, Stefan Dušan, made Skopje his capital, from which he was proclaimed Tsar in 1346, subsequently making it the capital of the Serbian Empire. After his sudden death in 1355, he was succeeded by Stephen Uroš V of Serbia who could not keep Serbian Empire together and it was fragmented in many small principalities with Vuk Branković last Serbian and Christian prince that had Skopje under control during medieval period until it fell under Ottoman Control in 1392, for the next 520 years.
Ottoman era.
Rolling back Byzantine rule across much of the Balkans, the Ottoman Turks finally conquered Skopje in 1392 beginning a 520 years period of Ottoman rule. The Ottomans pronounced the town "Üsküb" and named it as such. At first the Ottomans divided the greater Macedonian region into three vilayets, or districts — Üsküb (Kosovo), Manastir and Selanik – and as the northernmost of these, Üsküb was strategically important for further forays into central Europe.
Under Ottoman rule the town moved further towards the entry point of the River Serava into the Vardar. Also the architecture of the town was changed accordingly. During the 15th century, many travelers' inns were established in the town, such as Kapan An and Suli An, which still exist today. The city's famous Stone Bridge (Kameni Most) – was also reconstructed during this period and the famous "Daud Pasha" baths (now a modern art gallery) was built at the end of the 15th century. At this time numerous Spanish Sephardic Jews driven out of Spain settled in Üsküb, adding to the cultural mix of the town and enhancing the town's trading reputation.
At the beginning of Ottoman rule, several mosques sprang up in the city, and church lands were often seized and given to ex-soldiers, while many churches themselves were converted over time into mosques. The most impressive mosques erected during this early period include the Sultan Murat or Hjunkar Mosque, Aladza Mosque and the Mustafa Pasha Mosque. In 1555, another earthquake hit the town, destroying much of the centre. The outskirts survived and the town continued, nonetheless, to prosper with traders and travelers. Travel reports from the era number Üsküb's population anywhere between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants.
Üsküb was briefly occupied in 1689 by the Austrian General Piccolomini. He and his troops did not stay for long, however, as the town was quickly engulfed by the plague. On retreating from the town Piceolomini's troops set fire to Üsküb, perhaps in order to stamp out the plague, although some say this was done in order to avenge the 1683 Ottoman siege of Vienna.
For the next two centuries Üsküb's prestige waned and by the 19th century its population had dwindled to a mere 10,000. In 1873, however, the completion of the Üsküb—Selanik (now Skopje—Thessaloniki) railway brought many more travellers and traders to the town, so that by around the start of the 20th century Üsküb had regained its former numbers of around 30,000.
Towards the end of the Ottoman Empire, Üsküb, along with other towns in Macedonia – Krusevo and Manastir (now Bitola) – became main hubs of rebellious movements against Ottoman rule. Üsküb was a key player in the Ilinden Uprising of August 1903 when the native population of the region declared the emergence of the Krusevo Republic. While the Krusevo Republic lasted only ten days before being quelled by the Ottomans, it was a sign of the beginning of the end for Ottoman rule. After 500 years of rule in the area the Ottomans were finally ousted in 1912 by the Serbian army during the first Balkan War.
Balkan and World Wars.
As the administrative centre of the region, Üsküb also administered the vilayet of Kossovo under Ottoman rule. This did not go down well with the increasingly Albanian population of Kosovo who preferred to be ruled by Albanians rather than the Turks (whereas Kosovo Serbs sought to join the Kingdom of Serbia). During the Albanian revolt of 1912, the Ottomans were shortly expelled from the city during August 12–15, 1912 by the local Albanian population when 15,000 Albanians marched on and captured Üsküb.
The Turks, already weak from other battles against the united front of Greece, Serbia and Bulgaria during the First Balkan War, started to flee.
When reinforcements to the Serbian royal army arrived some weeks later during the Battle of Kumanovo (50 km northeast of Skopje) it proved decisive in firmly driving out the Ottomans from all of Macedonia. Skopje remained occupied by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Second Balkan War of 1913 when the formerly united front started to fight amongst themselves. Treaty of London (1913) legitimated Serbian authority in contemporary Macedonia. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914 the town was occupied by the Kingdom of Bulgaria. Since 1918 it was part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and remained so until 1939, apart from a brief period of six months in 1920 when Skopje was controlled by the Yugoslav Communist Party.
The inter-war period of Royalist Yugoslavia saw significant immigration of ethnic Serbs into the region. An ethnic Serb ruling elite dominated over the rest, continuing the repression wrought by previous Turkish rulers.
In March 1941 when Yugoslavia entered the war, there were huge anti-war demonstrations in the streets of the town. Skopje came under German occupation on 7 April 1941 and was later taken over by Bulgarian forces. During the occupation, Bulgaria "endowed Skopje with a national theatre, a library, a museum and for higher education the King Boris University." However, on 11 March 1943, Skopje's entire Jewish population of 3,286 was deported to the gas chambers of Treblinka concentration camp in German-occupied Poland. One month after the communists took power in September 1944 in Sofia, three Bulgarian armies reentered occupied Yugoslavia. On November 13, units of First and Fourth Bulgarian Army, as well as, detachments of the Macedonian National Liberation Army seized Skopje. Then it joined Yugoslavia in 1944, when it became the capital of the newly established People's Republic of Macedonia.
Socialist Republic of Macedonia.
From 1944 until 1991 Skopje was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The city expanded and the population grew during this period from just over 150,000 in 1945 to almost 600,000 in the early 1990s. Continuing to be prone to natural disasters the city was flooded by the Vardar River in 1962 and then suffered considerable damage from a major earthquake, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale, which killed over 1,000 people and made another 120,000 homeless. Eighty percent of the city was destroyed by the earthquake, and numerous cultural monuments were seriously damaged. The losses from the quake amounted to a massive 150% of Macedonia's GNP at the time and 15% of Yugoslavia's GNP. A major international relief effort saw the city rebuilt quickly, though much of its old neo-classical charm was lost in the process. The new master plan of the city was created by the then leading Japanese architect Kenzo Tange. The ruins of the old Skopje train station which was destroyed in the earthquake remain today as a memorial to the victims along with an adjacent museum.
Nearly all of the city's beautiful neo-classical 18th and 19th century buildings were destroyed in the earthquake, including the National Theater and many government buildings, as well as most of the Kale Fortress. International financial aid poured into Skopje in order to help rebuild the city. As a result, came the many modern (at the time) brutalist structures of the 1960s, that can still be seen today , such as the central post office building and the National Bank, as well as hundreds of now abandoned caravans and prefabricated mobile homes. Fortunately, though, as with previous earthquakes, much of the old Turkish side of town survived.
Independence.
Skopje made the transition easily from the capital of the Socialist Federal Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the capital of today's Republic of Macedonia. The city livened up considerably when Skopje housed the headquarters of the NATO intervention into Kosovo in 1998 and 1999. The city saw some rioting during 2001 when internal conflict between the Albanian community and the Macedonian majority erupted over lack of Albanian representation in government and other social institutions.
Today, Skopje is seeing a makeover in buildings, streets and shops. The new VMRO–DPMNE government elected in July 2006 has pledged to restore the Kale fortress and to rebuild the beautiful 19th century Army House, the Old National Theatre, and the Old National Bank of Macedonia – all destroyed in the 1963 earthquake. Other projects under construction are the "Macedonian Struggle" Museum, the Archeological Museum of Macedonia, National Archive of Macedonia, Constitutional Court, and a new Philharmonic Theater. The city's national stadium Philip II Arena and the city's Alexander the Great Airport are also being reconstructed and expanded.
In January 2010, the government announced the Skopje 2014 project, which aims to transform central Skopje into the neoclassical style.


HMS Reedham (M2723)

HMS "Reedham" was one of 93 ships of the of inshore minesweepers.
The ship was named after Reedham in Norfolk. It portrayed the fictional HMS "Compton" in the 1959 film "The Navy Lark".
References.
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County of Urgell

The County of Urgell (, ; ) is one of the historical Catalan counties, bordering on the counties of Pallars and Cerdanya.
History.
The county of Urgell was carved by the Franks out of a former section of the Mark of Toulouse when the Alt Urgell area became part of the Carolingian Empire between 785 and 790.
The original territory was made up of the Alt Urgell, also known as Urgellet from the end of the 12th century onwards, with the see at La Seu d'Urgell. From 839 onwards it would include 129 villages, the valleys of the Valira river, namely Andorra and Sant Joan Fumat, the Segre riverine area as well as the valleys located between El Pont de Bar and Oliana.
Its maximal extension territory was between the Pyrenees and the taifa of Lleida, that is, the current comarques of Alt Urgell or Urgellet, Noguera, Solsonès, Pla d'Urgell, Baix Urgell and the still independent country of Andorra. The historical capital was first la Seu d'Urgell and later Balaguer. The county of Urgell was extinguished and absorbed by the Crown of Aragon in 1413 as a part of the Principality of Catalonia, after the revolt of the last count, James II of Urgell, against the king Ferdinand I of Aragon.
First dynasty.
Sunifred II of Urgell (897-948) died without descendants and the county went to his nephew Borrell II, Count of Barcelona, Girona and Osona. In his testament Borrell II, who died in 992, gave Barcelona, Girona and Osona to Ramon Borrell (992-1017), while Urgell went to Ermengol I (992-1010), so that the Count of Urgell title became separated from the House of Barcelona. Thus the first dynasty of Urgell began with Ermengol I. The first dynasty is also known as Barcelona-Urgell.
The title was disputed by Peter I and Guerau IV de Cabrera during Aurembiaix's time.
Second dynasty.
In 1231 Countess Aurembiaix died without descendants and the first dynasty became extinguished. After a period of dynastic squabbles Jaume I acknowledged Ponç IV of Cabrera as the successor to the County of Urgell. The second dynasty is also known as Cabrera-Urgell.
Third dynasty.
Ermengol X d'Urgell named his niece Teresa d'Entença as successor to the county. She was married to Alfons el Benigne, son of James II of Aragon. The third and last dynasty is also known as Aragon-Urgell.
Diocese of Urgell.
There is also a Roman Catholic diocese of Urgell. The diocese is of ancient origin and traditions of the early Christian church lingered. Felix of Urgel's tendencies towards the heretical position of adoptionism was attacked by Alcuin of York in "Contra Felicem".
Andorra was ceded to the bishop of Urgell by the count Ermengol VI of Urgell in the twelfth century. The bishop of Urgell, who since 2003 has been Joan Enric Vives Sicília, is simultaneously joint head of state of Andorra alongside the President of the French Republic.


Unno

Unno was a duke from the medieval Frisian shire of Rüstringen.
In the Frankish annals, Unno is described as a Frisian duke. He belonged to the Frisian elite who were willing to cooperate with the Franks after annexation of East Frisia in 772. In exchange for retaining their old privileges they had to become Christian and leave their pagan beliefs.
Following the defeat of the revolt of 782–785, the Frisians suffered harsh punishments and forced recruitment for the Frankish Empire's campaign against the Avars in the east. This led Unno, together with Eilrad, to lead another revolt against the Frankish empire of Charlemagne. This revolt resulted in the Frisians temporarily falling back to their old pagan beliefs. Christian missionaries such as Liudger were forced to flee and had to find a safe haven in the south of the Frankish empire. Unlike the earlier rebellion this one was to the area east of the Lauwers. It was beaten down in the same year.


Kaunas Pantomime Theatre

Kaunas pantomime theatre () is pantomime theatre in Kaunas, Lithuania. Theatre was established in 1968. Founder and leader of Kaunas Pantomime theatre was artistic director Kestutis Adomaitis (1948–1996). Kaunas Municipality becomes the founder of Kaunas Pantomime Theatre in 2003. Kaunas Pantomime theatre is the only Lithuanian professional ensemble theatre with a repertoire of this genre only. The theatre performed in many foreign countries, such as Germany, Russia, Romania, Latvia, Syria, Jordan, China, Moldova, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Denmark.


Principality of Anhalt-Aschersleben

Anhalt-Aschersleben was a short-lived principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the House of Ascania with its residence at Aschersleben in present-day Saxony-Anhalt. It emerged as a subdivision from the Principality of Anhalt from 1252 to 1315.
History.
It was created when the Anhalt territory was divided among the sons of Prince Henry I into the Principalities of Anhalt-Aschersleben, Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhalt-Zerbst in 1252. Prince Henry II the Fat, the eldest son of Henry I, had been co-ruler of his father since 1244. In the course of the partition he chose the Anhalt ancestral homeland north of the Harz mountain range around the Ascanian residence of Aschersleben "(Ascharia)", which he granted town privileges in 1266.
When in 1315 Henry's grandson Otto II died without male heirs, the principality — including the capital of Aschersleben — was seized as a fief by his cousin and creditor Bishop Albert of Halberstadt. Though Prince Bernhard II of Anhalt-Bernburg one year later acknowledged the feudal tenure of Halberstadt, Aschersleben was the cause for several conflicts between his successors and the Halberstadt bishops. Nevertheless, it remained part of the diocese, which in 1648 was secularized into the Principality of Halberstadt, and its sovereign possessions, including the rights to Anhalt-Aschersleben, were given to Brandenburg-Prussia.


Humac, Hvar

Humac is an uninhabited hamlet on the island of Hvar, Croatia. It is connected by the D116 highway. Located above sea level, from Jelsa.
It is a very old village where man had been living for centuries. There are many simple houses made of stone in its surroundings called trim, built without binder in a way that they become narrower towards the top. Many of them have their original foundations from early Stone Age.
Inhabitants of Humac have been occupied with cattle and wine growing for thousands years, and in around 1950 they started growing lavender. In the last few centuries people didn't live in Humac (while living in village Vrsnik), but spent time in Humac during major agrarian works.
These days village is brought to life only once a year, on St. John and Paul's day, patron saints of Humac, which is 26 June and when inhabitants return to their roots. On other days there is only Tavern "Humac" (Konoba "Humac" in Croatian) working most of days with vegetables from eco-gardens and meal cooked old style.
There is also old church, available for sightseeing. On some days there are sightseeings of Grapčeva cave, which is 40 minute from Humac. This is a typical cave in Dalmatian rocks with beautiful stalactites and stalagmites and represents one of the most important archaeological sites in Croatia.


Naulochus (Thrace)


Petronell-Carnuntum

Petronell-Carnuntum is a community of Bruck an der Leitha in Austria.
Geography.
Petronell-Carnuntum lies in the industrial area of Lower Austria. About 26 percent of the municipality is forested. It lies on the right bank of the Danube, southwest of Hainburg an der Donau.


Cefai

Cefai is a Maltese surname. Notable people with the surname include:


Princess Frederica of Hanover

Princess Frederica of Hanover, (9 January 1848 – 16 October 1926) was a member of the House of Hanover. After her marriage, she lived mostly in England, where she was a prominent member of society.
Early life.
Frederica was born 9 January 1848 in Hanover, the elder daughter of the Hereditary Prince of Hanover (later King George V of Hanover) and of his wife, Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg. She held the title of Princess with the style "Her Royal Highness" in Hanover. In the United Kingdom, she held the title of Princess with the style "Her Highness" as a male-line great-granddaughter of King George III. She was known as "Lily" within her family.
In January 1866, the Prime Minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck began negotiations with Hanover, represented by Count Platen-Hallermund, regarding the possible marriage of Frederica to Prince Albrecht of Prussia. These plans came to nothing as tensions grew between Hanover and Prussia finally resulting in the Austro-Prussian War (14 June – 23 August 1866).
In 1866, Frederica's father was deposed as King of Hanover. Eventually, the family settled at Gmunden in Austria, where they owned Schloss Cumberland (named for the British Ducal title held by Frederica's father). Frederica visited England with her family in May 1876, and again, after her father's death, in June 1878.
Marriage.
Frederica was courted by her second cousin, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (with whom she later became lifelong friends and confidantes), and by Alexander, Prince of Orange. Frederica, however, was in love with Baron Alfons von Pawel-Rammingen (1843–1932), the son of a government official of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Alfons had served as an equerry to Frederica's father. Alfons was naturalised as a British subject on 19 March 1880 and, on 24 April 1880, he and Frederica were married. The wedding took place in at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle presided by the Bishop of Oxford. Alfons' sister Anna was married to Baron Oswald von Coburg, the son of an illegitimate son of Prince Ludwig Karl Friedrich of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (third son of Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld).
Alfred Tennyson, the Poet Laureate, wrote a quatrain in honour of Frederica's marriage, focusing on her relationship to her blind father, who had died two years before:
After their marriage Frederica and Alfons lived in an apartment at Hampton Court Palace. The apartment was in the south-west wing of the west front of the palace in the suite formerly called the "Lady Housekeeper's Lodgings". Frederica and Alfons had one daughter who was born and died at Hampton Court Palace:
Frederica and Alfons were frequent guests at Windsor Castle and at Osborne House.
Charitable works.
Frederica was involved with numerous charitable activities.
In August 1881 she established the "Convalescent Home", an institution for poor women who have given birth but have been discharged from maternity hospitals. Because her father had been blind, she was a benefactress of the "Royal Normal College and Academy of Music for the Blind" at Upper Norwood.
Frederica was interested in children and became patron of the Church Extension Association, then based in Kilburn, which wished to set up schools in Willesden, then a new suburb of London. On 24 July 1889 she opened Princess Frederica School in Kensal Rise.
She was also patron of the "Training College for Teachers of the Deaf" at Ealing, of the "Strolling Players' Amateur Orchestral Society", of the Hampton Court and Dittons Regatta of the "Home for Foreign Governesses", of the "Mission to the French in London", and of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. She was President of the Middlesex Branch of SSFA (Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association).
Later life and death.
Frederica and Alfons gave up their apartment at Hampton Court Palace in 1898. While they continued to live part of the year in England, they subsequently spent more time in Biarritz in France where they had previously vacationed. They owned Villa Mouriscot there.
Frederica died in 1926 at Biarritz. She was buried in the Royal Vault in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. In 1927 a window in her memory was unveiled in the English Church in Biarritz.


John Culpeper

John Culpeper (1366–1414), styled "Sir John Culpeper of Oxon Hoath, Knight", was a knight in the court of King Henry V of England. The family's name is believed to derived from a Norman origin, first records indicate 1170 as the first knighted Culpepper during Norman controlled England.


Mark Hiddesley

Mark Hiddesley or Hildesley (9 December 1698 – 7 December 1772) was an Anglican churchman. He served as vicar of Hitchin in Hertfordshire and later as Bishop of Sodor and Man between 1755 and 1772, where he encouraged Bible translations into Manx.
Early life.
Born at Murston in Kent, on 9 December 1698, he was the eldest surviving son of Mark Hildesley, rector of Murston and also vicar of Sittingbourne from 1705. In 1710 the father became rector of Houghton, which he held with the chapel of Witton or Wyton All Saints, Huntingdonshire. About then Mark Hildesley the son was sent to Charterhouse School, London, where John Jortin was a schoolfellow. At the age of nineteen he was moved to Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1720, and M.A. in 1724. He was elected a Fellow of his college in October 1723, and about the same time was appointed steward.
Parish priest.
Hildesley had been ordained deacon in 1722, and on 29 March 1723 Lord Cobham appointed him one of his domestic chaplains. In February 1725 he was nominated a preacher at Whitehall by Edmund Gibson, bishop of London. From 1725 till the end of 1729 he was curate of Yelling, Huntingdonshire. In February 1731 he was presented to the college vicarage of Hitchin, Hertfordshire, and married in the same year. He improved the vicarage house, and took six pupils as boarders. On 18 January 1734 he was appointed chaplain to Henry St John, Viscount Bolingbroke; in October 1735 rector of Holwell in Bedfordshire, and on 10 May 1742 chaplain to John St John, 2nd Viscount St John.
In 1733 Hildesley became an honorary member of the Spalding Gentlemen's Society. On 20 February 1754 he was collated to the prebend of Marston St. Lawrence in Lincoln Cathedral.
Bishop.
Hildesley's tenure of the rectory of Holwell extended over thirty-two years (1735–67), and his work there recommended him to the notice of James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl, the Lord of Mann, who nominated him to the see of Sodor and Man. After being created D.D. at Lambeth by Archbishop Thomas Herring on 7 April 1755 he was consecrated in Whitehall Chapel on the 27th, and on 6 August following was installed in the cathedral of St. German, Peel Castle, Isle of Man. He retained the rectory of Holwell "in commendam" until 1767, when he was presented by Bishop Richard Trevor to the mastership of Christ's Hospital at Sherburn, near Durham.
Hildesley concentrated on providing his Manx flock with a complete version of the Bible in the Manx language. On 28 November 1772 he received the last portion of the work. He died of apoplexy on 7 December 1772. His wife, Elizabeth Hoker, whom he married in 1731, died without issue 27 February 1763.
Works.
Of 20,000 people in the Isle of Man, few in Hildesley's day knew English. A Manx translation of the New Testament had been begun by his predecessor Thomas Wilson. Hildesley himself learned Manx well enough to conduct the church services in it, but not perfectly. John Kelly made for him a grammar and dictionary. At first, with the support of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Hildesley printed the New Testament and the Book of Common Prayer, translated, under his direction, by the clergy of the diocese, as well as the "Christian Monitor", John Lewis's "Exposition of the Catechism", and Bishop Wilson's "Form of Prayer" for the use of the herring fishermen.
Regarding negative attitudes towards the Manx language, Hildesley complained to fellow Manx Bible translator Rev. Philip Moore that "this I believe, is the only country in the world, that is ashamed of, and even inclined to extirpate, if it could, its own native tongue".
With further assistance, about 1766 Hildesley' made arrangements for the translation of the Old Testament, dividing it into 24 parts. The names of the translators are in Weeden Butler's "Life of Bishop Hildesley" (pp. 252–6). The work was given for final revision to Philip Moore and John Kelly. The first volume of the translation was completed on 2 July 1771; the second volume was ready for the press on 6 April 1772; and all was finished and transcribed in December of the same year, at the time of the bishop's death. The work was printed at Whitehaven under the title of: "Yn Vible Cashcrick: ny, yn Chenn Chonaant. Veih ny chied ghlaraghyn, dy kiaralagh chyndaït ayns Gailck; ta shen dy ghra, chengey ny mayrey Ellan Vannin". It was published in 1773. The second edition of the Manx scriptures was published at Whitehaven in 1775, and the last edition at London in 1819. In 1825 George Murray, bishop of Sodor and Man, informed the SPCK that the displacement of Manx by English in the Island removed the necessity of providing further copies of the Manx bible.
Hildesley was also author of an anonymous tract, "Plain Instructions for Young Persons in the Principles of the Christian Religion; in six Conferences between a Minister and his Disciple; designed for the use of the Isle and Diocese of Mann. By a resident Clergyman", 2 parts, London, 1762, 1767.
External links.


Rejowiec, Lublin Voivodeship

Rejowiec () is a town in Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Rejowiec. It lies approximately south-west of Chełm and east of the regional capital Lublin.
The town has a population of 2,114.
History.
Rejowiec is located about 40 km south of Lublin, close to an intersection of railroads and roads. The village was established in the 16th century by a family of noblemen named Rej, who were active in spreading the Calvinist religion, and established a religious college in the village.
In 1547, Rejowiec received acknowledgement (and privileges) as a town, from King Sigismund I the Old, including the right to hold two annual fairs, and an exemption from taxes for 10 years. In the 17th century the owners of Rejowiec changed, a number of times, and the Calvinist College closed. In the 18th century, when the number Catholic started to grow, the remaining Calvinist population dwindled and by the end of this century there were no more Calvinist in the town.
In the second half of the 19th century, a copper casting factory and two tanneries were established in Rejowiec. The town was called a village again since the second half of the 19th century. The biggest industrial factory in Rejowiec (until 1939) was the glass factory that employed 180 workers.
On 1 January 2017, Rejowiec was granted again its town status.
The Holocaust.
Before the German invasion of the town in 1939, the Jewish population was between 2,500 and 3,500 Jews. Rejowiec became a transit ghetto where Jews from Europe were sent. More than 5,000 Jews from Slovakia were sent to the ghetto, as well as Jews from Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and other parts of Poland. In April and October 1942, there were transports to Sobibor gas chambers. In May 1942, there was a transport to Belzec. Additionally, small groups of Jews were transported to local labor camps such as Krychow, Sawin, Sajczyce and Chelm. In the spring of 1943, a group of 200 to 400 remaining Jews in the city were sent to Majdanek gas chambers. The Jewish community ceased to exist.


Jimzu

Jimzu (), also known as Gimzo (meaning "sycamore plantation"), was a Palestinian village, located three miles southeast of Lydda. Under the 1947 UN Partition Plan of Mandatory Palestine, Jimzu was to form part of the proposed Arab state. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the village was depopulated in a two-day assault by Israeli forces.
Under the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Jimzu's lands fell under the "de facto" governance of the newly created state of Israel. A year later, moshav Gimzo was established at the site of the former village and is now populated by 700 Israeli Jewish residents.
History.
Jimzu is identified with the ancient "Gimzo", a city mentioned in the Bible as being in the plain of Judah whose villages were seized by the Philistines (as recorded in the ).
The town was home to the Tannaic sage Nahum of Gimzo.
Ottoman era.
Jimzu, along with the whole of Palestine, came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire after it defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516. The village was incorporated into the Ottoman "nahiya" (subdistrict) of Ramla (al-Khalīl) under the Liwa of Gaza ("District of Gaza"). In the 1596 tax records, it is recorded that the village of Jimzu had 28 families, all Muslim; an estimated population of 154. They paid a tax rate of 25% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley and fruits, as well as goats and beehives, in addition to "occasional revenues"; a total of 6,990 Akçe.
Biblical scholar Edward Robinson passed through the village in 1838, and reported it to be "rather large", situated on an eminence, "to make quite a show at a distance". He also noted that the village had many subterranean magazines for storing grain. It was noted as being situated in the Ramleh district.
In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village have 400 inhabitants, and to be surrounded by olive and palm trees. The village also had a Makam for a "Sidi Ahmed". Each family had its own silo.
An Ottoman village list of about 1870 counted 83 houses and a population of 325 in "Dschimzu", though the population count included men, only.
In 1882, the PEF's "Survey of Western Palestine" (SWP) described Jimzu as a village built of adobe bricks and situated on the side of a low hill, surrounded by cactus hedges and olive trees.
British Mandate era.
In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, "Jemzu" had a population of 897 inhabitants, all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 1,081, still all Muslims, in a total of 268 houses.
The villagers of Jimzu maintained a mosque. An elementary school was established in the village in 1920, and by the mid-1940s it had 175 students.
Most villagers worked in agriculture. In the 1945 statistics, the population was 1,510, all Muslims, while the total land area was 9,681 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, a total of 77 dunums was devoted to citrus and bananas, while 5,577 dunums were allocated to cereals. 1,605 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, of which 1,400 dunums was for olives, while 50 dunams were classified as built-up public areas.
1948 war.
Jizmu was occupied by the Yiftach Brigade, of the newly formed Israeli army, on July 10, 1948, in the first phase of Operation Dani.
According to Benny Morris:"The intention, from the first, was to depopulate [Jimzu and surrounding villages]. On 10 July, Yiftah Brigade HQ informed Dani HQ: Our forces are clearing the 'Innaba-Jimzu-Daniyal area and are torching everything that can be burned.'"
The following day (11 July) Yiftach informed Dani Headquarters, that its forces had conquered Jimzu and Daniyal and were "busy clearing the villages and blowing up the houses ["´oskot betihur hakfarim u´fitzutz habatim"]" All of Jimzu's inhabitants left as a result of the assault by Israeli forces. Its 434 homes were demolished on September 13, 1948.
The settlement of Gimzo was established on village land in 1950. Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the remains of Jimzu in 1992: "All that remains of the houses are stones, strewn over the site, and some crumbled walls. The site is overgrown with shrubs and thorny plants. Other kind of vegetation also grow on village land, including Christ´s-thorn trees, foxtail, cactuses, and some abandoned olive trees." The most well known family from Jimzu was the ELQAZA family.


Kerkenkruis

A kerkenkruis (Dutch: literally "church-cross") is a formation of churches that form a cross on a map. The primary example is in Utrecht, the Netherlands, where five churches form a cross: the Utrecht Cathedral (known as the "Dom") in the center, with St. John's Church, St. Peter's Church, St. Paul's Abbey, and St. Mary's Church as the north, east, south, and west extremities respectively.
All of the churches date from the Middle Ages, but the term "kerkenkruis" is younger. It is uncertain whether forming a cross was accidental or intentional.


Erpeldange Castle

Erpeldange Castle (), located in the town of the same name in north-eastern Luxembourg, now houses the administrative offices for the Commune of Erpeldange, with its grounds open to the public. It has a history dating back to the 13th century.
History.
During the 12th century, there appears to have been a tower and wooden fort at the site of the present castle. In the 13th century, Frederic and Gerard d'Erpeldange, the first lords of Erpeldange, built a fortified stone castle guarding the valley at the point where the River Sûre meets the Alzette. The property passed successively into the hands of the Counts of Vianden, and the Brandenburg-Outscheid and von Moestroff-Kerpen families. Through marriage, the Gondersdorf family inherited the castle and in 1630 transformed it into a luxurious residence for their daughter. In 1677, it was inherited by Charles François baron de Failly de Sancy and Marie Marguerite de Giraldin. By that time, it was no longer of any military value as a quiet park had replaced its defences. Abandoned by the Prel family in the 19th century, it was used as a rectory. During the Second World War, the castle was damaged as a result of its use first by the Germans and then by American troops. The castle changed hands a number of times until it was acquired by the State in 1983. The commune's administrative offices have been housed there since 1987. The building still contains two fine Renaissance fireplaces.


Glas Crnogorca

Glas Crnogorca (Cyrillic: Глас Црногорца, La voix de Montenegro in French, Eng. translation; "The voice of Montenegrin" or the "Voice of Montenegro")
was an weekly newspaper published in the then Montenegrin capital Cetinje between 1873 and 1916. After the abolition of the Montenegrin state in 1918, the newspaper continued to be published in exile until 1922. It was the official gazette of government of Principality and later Kingdom of Montenegro.
Newspaper are direct successor of the first Montenegrin newspaper "Crnogorac" (Eng. Montenegrin), which was published from 1871 until 1873.
History of the publication.
Origins and the first publication.
The "Montenegrin", first newspaper in Montenegrin history, began its publication on January 21, 1871 in Cetinje, then capital of Principality of Montenegro. From its beginnings it was funded by the state of Montenegro, while the official owner and first editor-in-chief was Jovan Sundečić, writer and secretary of the Montenegrin Royal Family. During its existence "Crnogorac" was distributed mainly in Austria-Hungary, where it had about 700 subscribers.
Publishing of the "Glas Crnogorca".
In January 1873, the Austro-Hungarian authorities banned the distribution of "Crnogorac" in their territory, linking it to a forbidden nationalist organization called United Serb Youth. In February 1873 newspaper stopped publishing the newspaper altogether. In April 1873, the newspaper continued to be published under the new name "Glas Crnogorca", after which it is again distributed to the territories of Austria-Hungary and Kingdom of Serbia. The first editor-in-chief of the new paper was Simo Popović, writer and politician from Vojvodina (then part of Austria-Hungary), other notable main editors include writer Laza Kostić and politician Lazar Tomanović.
After the January 1916 Montenegrin capitulation in the World War I and later abolition of the Kingdom of Montenegro in 1918, it continued to periodically publish from January 1917, to June 18, 1922, in Paris and Rome, as the official newspaper of the Montenegrin government-in-exile (under the name "Glas Crnogorca - La voix du Monténégrin").


Hamar Chronicle

The Hamar Chronicle () is a book written in the 1500s by an unknown author. It describes life in the town of Hamar during the Catholic era (until 1537). The book is an important source for the study of Hamar's history because it describes the settlement of the town.
The book is first and foremost a local patriotic depiction of Hamar in the Middle Ages. It discusses the most important buildings (the cathedral, the bishop's residence, St. Olaf's Monastery, the cruciform church, Saint George's Church, the town hall, and the prison) as well as the life of the town and how it was governed, and it contains a short narrative about the last bishop's departure from the town. In addition, it lists all of the bishops in Hamar during the Catholic era.
Origin.
The author of the Hamar Chronicle is unknown, but from the language and the description there is reason to believe that the author was from Hedmarken, if not Hamar itself. On the other hand, the book tells about its origins: on July 22, 1553 many important people gathered at the Hamar farm (i.e., the bishop's residence) to review the bishop's letters and books. Following royal orders from Copenhagen, some of the Catholic archives were to be registered, and lensmann Christen Munk, the son-in-law of Truid Ulfstand, was to be responsible. He had gathered freeholders with allodial tenure and other secular men together, and together they were to record the most important of the town's buildings, streets, organization and population. Strikingly, it also presents many memories of the city's golden age and a narrative of earthquakes and the last bishop's struggle. It is widely believed that these observations were added by Trugels the cantor, the church choral director.
Portents before the bishop's capture.
The Hamar Chronicle describes portents before Bishop Mogens was captured. The chronicle says that in the middle of the night all the bells in the cathedral, the monastery, and the church began to ring of their own accord. In the church and the cathedral it was as though it were the middle of the day, and there was a sound as if two armies would fight. The chronicle goes on to say: "Dernest om höy dags tijd beteede sig en gresselig stor orm oc forferdelig, som kaldis Siöormen, udi Miöß, som var gandske lang oc meget stor, oc siuntes at naa fra öens landt oc jnd udi Kongsland" (Next there appeared in the middle of the day an enormously large and abominable sea serpent, called the Sjøorm, in Lake Mjøsa, which was exceedingly long and very large, and it seemed to be coming from the island [i.e., Helgøya, the 'holy island'] and approaching the land of the king.) It then relates how one of the bishop's men killed the beast with an arrow and how they disposed of its enormous carcass.
Regarding the last bishop.
Finally, the chronicle describes the occasion and the events of the day that Bishop Mogens was captured and sent to Denmark. The bishop had to surrender because of Truid Ulfstand's forces' modern weapons: bullets and gunpowder against the bishop's arrows and crossbows. When the bishop left the city, he fell on his knees and thanked God for every day he had spent in the city. He asked the city to pray for him and said he would return. Then the chronicle states that he prayed: "O Gud fader udi himmelen, findes vj icke för, da Gud giffue det vj findis i himmerige. Denne bön bad hand med grædende taare oc sagde, vale, vale, vale." (O God, Father in heaven, we do not exist for gifts from God, but to find heaven. He prayed this prayer while crying tears, and said farewell, farewell, farewell.)
Hamar's coat of arms.
The chronicle also describes what Hamar's coat of arms looked like, and it is from this depiction that today's municipal coat of arms was designed in 1899, on the occasion of the town's 50th anniversary. The chronicle states: "Hammers vaaben det var en vhrhane med udslagen vinger vdi toppen paa it grönt furutræ" (Hamar's coat of arms was a black grouse with outspread wings at the top of a green pine). The chronicle says that this coat of arms was carved into the woodwork over the town hall in the old marketplace.


Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo

The Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo is an eparchy (diocese) associated with the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church under an unidentified status and territory located in the west of Ukraine, roughly equivalent with Zakarpatska Oblast. The eparchy was created by the Pope Clement XIV in 1771.
The eparchy is in full communion with the Catholic Church. Its parishes observe the Byzantine Rite which is also celebrated by the majority of Orthodox Christians, and as provided for in the original terms of the Union of Uzhhorod.
The eparchy is a mother eparchy of at least three modern metropoles, i.e., the Slovak Greek Catholic Church, the Romanian Greek Catholic Church, and the Hungarian Greek Catholic Church, as well as the Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh in the United States.
History.
Some historians believe that the origins of the eparchy are to be found in the missionary work of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the ninth century. The 14th century saw the founding of the famous Saint Nicholas Monastery on "Chernecha Hora" or "Hill of Monks" located in the city of Mukacheve. Many believe that from that point, the Eparchy of Mukacheve evolved into the entity as we know it today. The bishops resided at the Monastery and administered ecclesiastical affairs from there until 1766. After the union with Rome and until 1946, the Monastery of St Nicholas was also the principal religious house of the monks of the Order of Saint Basil the Great (OSBM), also called "Basilian" monks.
The bishops, clergy and faithful of this eparchy were originally Orthodox Christians at some point were reconstituted under an eparchy suffragan to the original Metropolitan of Kiev (Rhosia Orthodox Church) that was under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople (see Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov).
In 1646, following the example of their compatriots across the Carpathian Mountains in Galicia (current day Western Ukraine), who in 1596 established the Union of Brest, the people of the Mukacheve eparchy united with the papal Holy See (recognizing the primacy of Catholic Rome, not Byzantine, Orthodox 'second Rome' Constantinople) under what is known as the Union of Uzhhorod. Other Eastern Orthodox Christians who belonged to the original Eastern Orthodox eparchy of Mukacheve and refused to convert joined the eparchy of Buda that is suffragan to the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć (and later Patriarchate of Karlovci).
In the political and spiritual climate of the day, union with Rome was considered by many to be a productive solution to promoting both the welfare of the people and the church. Following a model similar to that proposed at the Council of Florence, the people were allowed to maintain their Byzantine Rite spiritual, liturgical and canonical traditions, while recognizing the Roman Pontiff as the head of the universal church. From 1646 to 1771 the eparchy was suffragan to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Eger.
On September 19, 1771, after decades of efforts on the part of the bishops of Mukacheve for recognition as a fully self-governing ecclesiastical entity, free from the control of the Latin Catholic bishops of Eger (today in Hungary), the Habsburg Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa issued a decree, subsequently approved by Rome, that created a jurisdictionally independent Mukacheve Eparchy no longer subordinate to the Latin Rite ordinary. It was also at this time that the faithful of the eparchy formally became known as Greek Catholics. During the episcopate of Bishop Andrii Bachynskyij (1772-1809), the eparchy retained its historic name but its seat was moved to Uzhhorod (1780), where it remains to this day. The Cathedral of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Uzhhorod is the seat of the eparchy.
Following the Second World War and the occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine by the Soviet regime, the Greek Catholic Church was liquidated in 1949. All properties were allocated to the Russian Orthodox Church and the clergy and many faithful exiled to concentration camps. The bishop of Mukacheve during this time was Theodore Romzha. In 1947, Bishop Romzha was poisoned by NKVD (predecessor of the KGB) authorities. During the Soviet years, the Greek Catholic Church in Galicia, Transcarpathia and Slovakia continued to operate secretly in the underground.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, many priests and faithful of the Eparchy of Mukacheve came out of the catacombs. The eparchy was allowed to officially renew its activities in 1989. Bishop Ivan Semedi, who had been secretly consecrated during the persecution years, was the first bishop to freely perform his ministry in over 40 years.
Bishops.
The list of the eparchs (bishops) of the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukacheve is:
Statistics.
In 2014 the eparchy had 320,000 faithful, 2 bishops, 429 parishes, 280 diocesan priests, 30 religious priests, 44 men religious, 45 women religious, 0 deacons and 98 seminarians.


Eynion de Tilston

Sir Eynion de Tilston (born c. 1126) was a Norman knight and first lord of the manor of Tilston in the English county of Cheshire.
Lord of Tilston.
In the 12th century, William de Malpas gave Eynion the manor of Tilston in Cheshire, near the Welsh border. Sir Eynion was given the Manor of Tilston by the Earl of Chester in return for military service. He and his descendants were constantly alert, because of Welsh raids upon the border areas.
Marriage, family and descendants.
In 1154 he married Beatrix de Gernons, daughter of Ranulf de Gernon, Earl of Chester. They had at least one son born around 1156. The name of his son is unknown (possibly Einion de Tilston born @1156 ref: Geneanet.org).
Beatrix de Gernons was a sister of Hugh of Kevelioc, and a great-granddaughter of Henry I Beauclerc, son of William The Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. Great-great-great-great-granddaughter of Richard III De Normandie[Grandfather or William the Conqueror]
Sir Eynion de Tilston has several notable family members:
One of his descendants was John Tillotson, Archbishop of Canterbury (1691–1694).
Flight Officer Norman Tilston DFC Royal Canadian Air Force, Raf Lissett, 158 Squadron, Yorkshire, England.
Tribute website – www.normantilston.moonfruit.com
Steve Tilston – British folk singer-songwriter.


Diploma Leopoldinum

The Diploma Leopoldinum was a legal document which determined the basic principles of the government of the Principality of Transylvania within the Habsburg Empire. The diploma was drafted by Miklós Bethlen, Chancellor of Transylvania. The Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, sanctioned it in Vienna on 16 October 1690. The diploma announced on 4 December 1691. The diploma restored civil administration in the principality, and confirmed the traditional liberties of the Three Nations of Transylvania, including the freedom of the four "received" religions.
Background.
Until 1683, it stood at the peak of the Ottoman Empire's power in Hungary. Mihály I Apafi was promoted to princely position against János Kemény. In 1681, in exchange for abundant gifts, the Porta recognized the election of Michael Apafi as prince. However, in 1682, Sertar Pasha Ibrahim proclaimed Imre Thököly the prince of Hungary. In 1683, the Turks besieged Vienna, where the Transylvanian armies lined up alongside the Turks, yet it was feared that after the conquest of Vienna, the Turks would make Thököly the prince of Transylvania instead of Apafi. However, after the unsuccessful siege of Vienna, the Turkish fortunes of war reversed quickly and permanently, the imperial troops went into a counterattack and by 1684 they had already besieged Buda. In this situation Apafi began a diplomatic groping towards Vienna, from where in 1685 a Jesuit ambassador was sent to his court.
The ambassador signed a secret contract with Mihály Teleki, according to which Teleki will settle the agreement between Transylvania and Vienna. At the urging of Teleki and as a result of the preparations for the siege of Buda in 1686, an agreement was finally reached, Haller's diploma (June 28, 1686), according to which the German emperor and Hungarian king also exercised supreme power over Transylvania, Transylvania renounced its independent foreign policy, in exchange for which 1/6 of the German army is stationed in Transylvania to protect Transylvania, and privileges and freedom of religion remain undisturbed.
Transylvania pays the military “military service” instead of Turkish taxes. In exchange for formal dependence, Lipót confirmed Apafi Jr.'s right to inherit. However, its statehood remained and it regained some of the territories that Transylvania had lost in the peace of Vasvár. Apparently, Apafi signed this treaty for two reasons: on the one hand, the closure of Buda had already been completed, Turkish assistance could not be counted from then on, and on the other hand, the Turks still supported Thököly against him.
In 1687, the Imperial army, which had stopped the Turkish counterattack (August 12, 1687), marched to Transylvania in September, according to Haller's diploma, which practically meant the occupation of Transylvania. After the occupation of Somlyó, Kolozsvar and Szamosújvár, they stopped negotiating at Szeben.
He was inducted into the princely dignity on September 17, II. Mihály Apafi. Charles of Lorraine cared more for the food of his soldiers than for the interests of the Habsburgs, so he concluded with the elder Apafi the pact of Balázsfalva (October 27, 1687), in which the principality swore to the emperor and received German garrisons.
In return for leaving Apafi independent, he committed himself to supplying the army. At the same time (October 31, 1687), the Diet of Pozsony declared the Habsburgs' inherited right to the crown of St. Stephen, which Lipót interpreted together with Transylvania.
The Balázsfalva pact was, of course, not accepted by Vienna, and in 1688 Caraffa was sent to Transylvania with the appointment of commander-in-chief. By May, Transylvania had returned to Hungary in the Fogaras Declaration and the Turkish patronage would be terminated, placing Transylvania under the protection of Lipót(Leopold I). Transylvania pays a tax to Lipót and the imperial army can enlist. In return, Lipót promised only the maintenance of religious freedom.
Transylvania became a de facto province not a quasi separate state with freedom rights but where the arbitrary of the king or the army what was matter.
Mihály Apafi died in 1690, II. However, Suleiman did not confirm Apafi Jr.'s ferman of 1681, but sent an athname to Thököly. In response, the Transylvanian orders asked Lipót to confirm Apafi. The content of the ratification document was considered for a long time in Vienna, and according to CaraffaAntonio Caraffa's draft, Transylvania would have become a simple Habsburg province in exchange for ratification.
The milder tone of the Diploma Leopoldinum is due to the fact that in 1689 Lieutenant General Donat HeisslerDonat John, Count Heissler of Heitersheim was defeated by Thököly in the battle of ZernyestiBattle of Zernest , who was elected prince by the Transylvanians. The imperial army sent to relieve Nándorfehérvár had to be turned back against Thököly in Transylvania, so in early October 1690 Nándorfehérvár was recaptured by the Turks with a short siege. In this crisis, Lipót signed the charter, which left Transylvania's internal independence. Until his adulthood, Apafi set up a gubernium (governorate) in which the Transylvanian orders elect the governor, Lipót only confirms the election.
Modifications.
Catholics were not satisfied with points 1) and 2) of the letter of credit. Governor György Bánffy and Chancellor Miklós Bethlen were unable to meet the clauses on free religious practice, although they provided for a new distribution of the tithe and the handover of certain churches and schools. The diocese was also re-established despite the fact that the former episcopal property had long been secularized. However, some churches and schools, as well as other property issues, remained unresolved. According to the Diploma Leopoldinum, if the gubernium is unable to perform the tasks assigned to it, the Viennese court will decide for them. Therefore, a supplementary diploma was issued on 9 April 1693, according to which (also quoted
On May 14, 1693, another document was issued, which, because it was a response to the submissions of Péter Alvinczi, the instructed ambassador of the Transylvanian orders, was commonly referred to as the Alvincziana resolution.
About religious and nationality reasons.
The Leopold Diploma of 1691, promulgated by Emperor Leopold I on December 4, 1691, was the act by which the Principality of Transylvania was directly subordinated to the Court of Vienna following military and political successes against the Ottoman Empire, which from 1541(or 1529 by Zapolya) until once held political suzerainty over the principality.
At the base of the Leopoldine Diploma of 1691 is the Treaty of Vienna of 1686 (Hallerian Treaty), by which Transylvania was placed under the protection of Vienna, which recognized Michael Apafi II as prince. At the same time, the Ottoman High Gate appointed Emeric Thököly as prince of Transylvania.
Through the Leopoldine Diploma of 1691, Transylvania obtained a separate political status from that of the Kingdom of Hungary, of which it was a part before the Ottoman occupation. The legislation of the Kingdom of Hungary (Approved, Compiled, and Werböczi's Code) remained in force, and the privileges of the nobility, the Saxons, and the Szeklers were recognized by the emperor. In religious matters, the provisions of the Edict of Torda of 1568, which proclaimed freedom of conscience and religious tolerance, with four prescribed confessions, as opposed to the decisions of the Diet of Pozsony of 1608 and 1647 (valid in Hungary), where they were recognized only three confessions (the Roman, the Augustan and the Swiss denominations). In Transylvania there is the fourth received confession, namely that of the Unitarian Church in Transylvania. The practice of Greek religion, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism and Mosaic religion was tolerated in both Hungary and Transylvania. The anti-Trinitarian cult, received in Transylvania, had in Hungary the status of tolerated cult, like the four cults tolerated in Transylvania.
At the same time, the Vienna Court used the religious union of the Transylvanian Romanians as an instrument for the dislocation of medieval autarchies, in its political effort to break historical monopolies. In this context, by the first Leopoldine diploma related to confessional matters of February 16, 1699, Emperor Leopold I recognized to the united clergy the same privileges as those of the Latin clergy, and the second of March 19, 1701, recognized all lay people - including peasants - who accept union with Rome, that they will no longer be treated as mere "tolerated", but will enjoy all "civil" rights. This imperial attempt to undermine the privileges of the nobles, the Saxons and the Szeklers could not be implemented because the Romanians were not at that time in a position to offer a consistent social elite. The hostility of the nobility (mostly Calvinist) towards the United Romanian Church came as a result of the perception of union with Rome as an instrument of Vienna's policy of overthrowing the political system in Transylvania, a possibility legally anchored even by the Diploma of 1691.


Thomas Burton (bishop)

Thomas Burton OFM, (died 1458) was a pre-Reformation prelate who served as the Bishop of Sodor and Man from 1455 to 1458.
A Franciscan friar, he was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Sodor and Man on 21 June or 25 September 1455. He held the see for two and a half years and died in office after 18 February 1458.
References.


HMS Berkeley (M40)

HMS "Berkeley was a of the British Royal Navy. She was sold to the Hellenic Navy in 2001 and was commissioned as HS "Kallisto. On 27 October 2020, she was cut in two in a collision with a container ship.
Description.
The Hunt class was designed as being capable of both conventional minesweeping and minehunting, and following on from the success of the experimental glass-reinforced plastic (GRP)-hulled minesweeper/minehunter , were also built from GRP in order to reduce their magnetic signature, being the largest GRP-hulled ships built at the time of construction.
The Hunts were long overall and at the waterline, with a beam of and a draught of . Displacement was normal and full load. As built, they were powered by two Ruston-Paxman Deltic 9-59K diesel engines rated at each, which drove two propeller shafts, giving a speed of . An additional Deltic diesel engine could be use to either drive a alternator powering a magnetic sweep, or a slow-speed hydraulic drive for the propellers for use during minehunting, which could give a speed of or a bow thruster. In addition, the ships were fitted with three Foden diesel alternators to generate electrical power for ship's systems.
The original design armament for the ships was a single Bofors 40 mm gun, which was later replaced by a 30 mm Oerlikon KCB cannon on a stabilised DS30 mount, with "Berkeley" being fitted with the DS30 by 1990. Two 20 mm Oerlikon cannon could also be fitted. For minehunting, the ships would use Type 193M sonar to locate potential mines, which could then be investigated and if necessary destroyed by two PAP-104 remotely controlled submersibles or divers. The ship also carried magnetic, acoustic or Oropesa sweeps. The ship had a crew of 45 (6 officers and 39 other ranks).
History.
She was the twelfth of the thirteen Hunt-class vessels, and was built as Yard No.4256 by Vosper Thorneycroft shipbuilders at Woolston, Southampton. The ship was ordered on 4 June 1985 and was laid down on 9 September 1985, and was launched on 3 December 1986 by Lady Gerken, the wife of Vice Admiral Sir Robert Gerken, former Flag Officer Plymouth.
"Berkeley" was commissioned on 14 January 1988, and after sea trials, was assigned to the 1st Mine Countermeasures Squadron based at Rosyth, Scotland. In 1990, she was part of the 3rd Mine Countermeasures Squadron. She took part in mine clearance operations in the Persian Gulf following the 1st Gulf War and later was involved in fishery protection duties in UK waters.
She was sold to the Hellenic Navy, then handed over and commissioned as "Kallisto", after the mythological nymph of that name, on 28 February 2001.
On 27 October 2020, after sailing from Salamis Naval Base, HS "Kallisto" was severely damaged in a collision in the Saronic Gulf with the Portuguese-flagged container ship , which had just departed from the port of Piraeus. "Kallisto" was cut in two, with two of her 27 crew injured, and the stern section sank. Her bow section developed a severe list and was taken in tow for the naval base.


Andetrium

Andetrium was an ancient city in Illyria, located in modern day Muć in the interior of Dalmatia, Croatia.
Andetrium was the location a Roman cohort in the territory of the Delmatae. The site is now located near the village of Gornji Muć.