Rheiderland

The Rheiderland is a region of Germany and the Netherlands between the River Ems and the Bay of Dollart. The German part of the Rheiderland lies in East Frisia, west of the Ems. The Dutch part (written: "Reiderland") lies in the Dutch province of Groningen and is mostly part of Oldambt. The Rheiderland is one of the four historic regions on the mainland in the district of Leer; the others being the Overledingerland, the Moormerland and the Lengenerland.
Nature.
 The Rheiderland consists largely of marshland (polder) and is as flat as the rest of East Frisia, but there are fewer trees. As a result the view is generally clear as far as the horizon. Along the River Ems are the historic river marshes, down to 1.50 metres below sea level. Numerous birds breed on the damp and wet meadows including the peewit, black-tailed godwit and redshank. In winter up to 120,000 wild geese forage here (especially the greater white-fronted goose, barnacle goose and greylag goose). The grasslands of the Rheiderland are also a stopover of exceptional international significance for the golden plover, Eurasian whimbrel, curlew and peewit. As a result of its importance for bird migration the area was designated as an EU Important Bird Area in 2000.
The northwestern part of the Rheiderland was reclaimed by several dyke systems from the Dollart Bay. The marshy soils are very fertile, but higher as a result of the way they were created historically and therefore capable of being farmed. The farmers used to be well-to-do (and known as "polder princes" or "Polderfürsten"), which is reflected today by their impressive Gulf farmhouses. In the south of the Rheiderland there were also areas of moorland, the outliers of the Bourtanger Moor. Apart from a small residual area of moor near Wymeer, the moors have now been destroyed.
Religion.
The predominant religion is the Evangelical Reformed Church, to which adhere around 70% of the population on the German side. Extant ecclesiastical monuments of this sect include the churches at Bunde, Ditzum and Jemgum. The first of these is the largest; the other two have belfries resembling lighthouses. In a few places there are also evangelical Lutheran parishes. There are minorities of Old Reformed and Free Church communities, and a single Roman Catholic parish at Weener. In this connection the region is well known for its large number of significant church organs, which have survived for centuries since they were built. The most significant is the Arp-Schnitger Organ in St George's church at Weener.
On the Dutch side, secularisation has progressed much further. A mere minority adheres to one or other of the reformed churches. There are Dutch Protestant church parishes at Finsterwolde and Nieuweschans.
Culture and language.
The Niederdeutsch language is widely used for everyday purposes. Most people in the German part of Rheiderland speak East Frisian, or a local sub-dialect of that. In the Dutch part, in addition to Dutch, a dialect very similar to East Frisian is spoken.
Dutch was the main ecclesiastical language until the 19th century, and has left many traces in the local dialect. On the grounds of its close cultural and linguistic connection with Dutch, the Netherlands claimed the area after World War II, albeit unsuccessfully.
Politics.
The largest settlement is the town of Weener. Administratively, the German part of the Rheiderland is divided into the communities of Weener, Bunde and Jemgum and the sub-community of Bingum in the town of Leer. On the Dutch side Rheiderland includes the community of Reiderland, the northern part of that of Bellingwedde, the eastern part of Scheemda and the community of Winschoten.
Despite the sparse population and the almost complete absence of industry, the area is a Social Democrat stronghold.
Coat of arms.
Per pale, on the dexter side Or, an eagle sable, on the sinister side azure, a fleur de lis of the first. The arms derive from a medieval seal. The eagle is found in many Frisian arms and signifies the area's direct subsidiarity to the Empire and therewith the freedoms of the Frisians. The fleur de lis is a pre-Reformation symbol of purity and of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the patron saint of the Frisians. The arms were taken from the former District of Weener.
History.
Rheiderland was settled by Frisians from an early date. After the foreign rulers were expelled from Friesland, Rheiderland, like the other Frisian areas, developed a territory directly subsidiary to the Holy Roman Empire, whose constitution included a governing council. The feudal system was unknown in this region. The main settlements were Weener and Hatzum.
Rheiderland became oriented towards Ommelanden. From 1362, due to the invasion of the sea, large districts of the area were submerged, creating a natural boundary, and the links with the Frisian areas east of the Ems developed. Much of the submerged land was reclaimed from the sea as a polder, a process which continued until the 20th century.
From 1413 the area fell under the dominion of the Tom Brok family, and subsequently of Focko Ukena and then the Cirksena family. The area was later only independent for a brief period. The same fate befell what is now the German part of Rheiderland, which became part of the County of East Frisia.
Until 1600, Rheiderland was nominally independent under the dominion of the Counts of East Frisia, but it was then definitively annexed to East Frisia. In 1806, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, Rheiderland was included in the Department of Groningen (Département Ems-Occidentale) in the Kingdom of Holland, later part of the French Empire, and was thus separated from East Frisia (the remainder of East Frisia became the Département of Ems-Orientale). After Napoleon fell from power, Rheiderland was reunited with East Frisia within the kingdom of Hanover, later of Prussia.
Until 1932 the German part of Rheiderland formed the district of Weener in either Hanover or Prussia. By a decree of the Prussian Ministry of State, this district was dissolved and amalgamated with the district of Leer.
After World War II, the Netherlands claimed the whole of Rheiderland, but this claim was rejected by the victorious powers. In the German section the use of Dutch as the majority language quickly resumed. In any case, the only legal grounds for the Dutch claim were that the area had been part of the Kingdom of Holland, a French client kingdom, during the brief years of Napoleonic rule; but the Allied powers had no interest in making territorial changes along Germany's western border.


First Battle of Orsova

The First Battle of Orsova was a World War I military engagement between Austro-Hungarian and German forces on one side and Romanian forces on the other side. The Central Powers failed to advance, the battle thus resulting in a Romanian victory.
Background.
Between 28 August and 4 September 1916, during the Battle of Orsova, the 1st Romanian Division (General Ion Dragalina) of the 1st Romanian Army (General Ioan Culcer) conquered the town of Orsova along with the west bank of the Cserna River from its Austro-Hungarian defenders: the 145th Brigade (Colonel Rudolf von Fiebich-Ripke) of the 1st Austro-Hungarian Army (General Arthur Arz von Straußenburg). On 5 September, the first German unit to arrive in nearby Transylvania - the 187th Regiment of the 187th Division - promptly rushed its III Battalion to Herkulesfürdő (Băile Herculane/Herkulesbad), one of the settlements taken by the Romanians on 1 September (another such settlement was Mehádia). The aim of the Central Powers was to secure the Iron Gates. The battle took place between 6 and 10 September. However, only on 6 September - the first day of the battle - did the Central Powers gain any ground. Their forces managed to secure Herkulesfürdő as well as Mehádia, but fell short of reaching Orsova. As early as 8 September, two days before the end of the battle, Vienna admitted that the Romanians had taken Orsova, five days after the town was seized. In October, the Central Powers forces at Orsova were under the command of Colonel Alexander Ritter Szívó de Bunya.
Battle.
The battle took place between 1 and 4 October 1916. It resulted in a Romanian victory, given that, by mid-October, Szívó's Orsova force was the only Central Powers unit that failed to advance.
Aftermath.
A mixed Austro-Hungarian and German force under the Hungarian Colonel Szívó had moved along the Cserna River in mid-November, during a general Central Powers offensive against Romania which started on 11 November, and captured parts of Orsova during fighting on 11–13 November.


Rutunium

Rutunium was a former Roman settlement at the site of Harcourt Park, Shropshire, in the United Kingdom. It appeared in the Antonine Itinerary.


Hamm (Sieg)

Hamm is a municipality in the district of Altenkirchen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Sieg, approx. 10 km north-east of Altenkirchen, and 40 km east of Bonn.
Hamm is the seat of the "Verbandsgemeinde" ("collective municipality") Hamm (Sieg).
Its web address is . It is the home of the Raiffeisenmuseum honouring Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen who pioneered rural credit unions. See .


Agathopolis


Achish

Achish (אָכִישׁ) is a name used in the Hebrew Bible for two Philistine rulers of Gath. It is perhaps only a general title of royalty, applicable to the Philistine kings. The two kings of Gath, which is identified by most scholars as Tell es-Safi, are:
The Latin transliteration "Achish" represents the "Begadkefat" aspiration over a medial stop, in later Aramaic and post-Biblical Hebrew. Before the strong influence of this dialect of Aramaic over Hebrew, which occurred after the Babylonian invasion, אָכִישׁ would (if the vowels are right) have been pronounced "Akîsh".
In the seventh-century B.C. Ekron inscription the name "Akîsh" appears as "son of Padi, son of Ysd, son of Ada, son of Ya'ir"; Akîsh by then held enough authority in Ekron to dedicate a temple. A similar name (IKAUSU) appears as a king of Ekron in seventh-century B.C. Assyrian inscriptions, as does Padi. Scholars agree that these two are the same men, although a royal status cannot yet be confirmed for their ancestors Ysd, Ada, and Ya'ir.
This appears to indicate that either the name "Akish" was a common name for Philistine kings, used both at Gath and Ekron, or, as Naveh has suggested, that the editor of the biblical text used a known name of a Philistine king from the end of the Iron Age (Achish of Ekron) as the name of a king(s) of Gath in narratives relating to earlier periods.
Achish in film.
Achish king of Gath appears in the 1985 film "King David", starring Richard Gere.


The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece

In March 1943, about 4,075 Jews living in Bulgarian-occupied eastern Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace (annexed as the Bulgarian province of Belomorie) were deported to Treblinka extermination camp and murdered. In an operation coordinated by Bulgaria and Germany, almost all Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greece were rounded up on the early morning of 4 March 1943, held in camps in Bulgaria, and reached Treblinka by the end of the month. The death rate of 97 percent of the Jews living in the area in 1943 was one of the highest in Europe.
Background.
The ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote Jewish communities of Thrace and Macedonia were almost erased by their forced resettlement in Constantinople in 1455 by Sultan Mehmet II. At the end of the fifteenth century, the sultan allowed Judeo-Spanish-speaking Sephardic Jews who had been expelled from Spain to resettle the area; they were joined by later Ashkenazi migrants but the Sephardim remained dominant.
The area was conquered by Bulgaria during the Balkan Wars, but its western part was ceded to Greece afterwards. The Greek part was occupied by Bulgaria during World War I. Greece regained it, including the Bulgarian eastern part, per the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly. It provided for a mandatory population exchange that tilted the region's demography in favor of Greeks.
Bulgarian occupation.
In April 1941, Greece was defeated in the Battle of Greece and all of the mainland was occupied by Axis forces. Some Jews tried to flee via Turkey, but most were turned back at the border.
In mid-1941, Greece was partitioned into different occupation zones by Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria. Germany occupied strategically important areas, including Salonica and the surrounding area and a strip of land along what had been Greece's border with Turkey. Western Thrace and eastern Macedonia were annexed as the Bulgarian province of Belomorie, where Bulgaria immediately undertook a harsh Bulgarianization program. Bulgaria executed 40,000 Greeks during the occupation—more than Germany and Italy combined—including 2–3,000 during the brutal suppression of the 1941 Drama uprising. About 100,000 Greeks were forced to flee westward and the overall population fell by 217,000 by 1942 despite mass immigration of Bulgarian settlers.
Greeks and Jews were allotted smaller food rations than Bulgarians, which meant that Jews were disproportionately affected by the Greek famine. Hundreds of Thracian Jews were forced into Bulgarian labor battalions and many of these forced to work on the rail line between Sidirokastro and Simitli, which was intended to economically tie the annexed areas into Bulgaria and was later used to carry the Belomorie Jews to their deaths. Some Jews, around 20 percent of the prewar population of 5,490, fled to Salonica in the German occupation zone or farther to the Italian-occupied area.
Planning.
Preparations for a possible Allied attack in the northern Aegean coincided with preparations for the deportation of Salonica's Jews and the deployment of German advisor Theodor Dannecker to Bulgaria in late 1942, in order to ensure that Western Thrace was also cleared. According to historian Steven Bowman, Hitler believed that Jewish populations would hamper the Axis defenses in the event of invasion.
In October 1942, all Jews, including those in Belomorie, were registered by the authorities. On 4 February 1943, Alexander Belev of Bulgaria's (KEV) outlined plans to deport Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Thrace and Yugoslavia in a report to Interior Minister Petar Gabrovski. Belev wanted the Jews to be arrested immediately on the pretext that they would be relocated elsewhere in Bulgaria and held in camps in Bulgaria until they could be deported. He planned that the KEV would dispose of the Jews' property. Initially there was a plan to build several transit camps in Bulgaria, but after inspections Belev narrowed the sites to Gorna Dzhumaya and Dupnica where he felt local cooperation would be forthcoming. On 22 February, Dannecker and Belev signed an agreement for the deportation of 20,000 Jews from the Bulgarian-occupied territories.
On 2 March 1943, the cabinet issued a series of decrees approving the deportation of Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Greece and ordering various ministries to prepare for and execute it. All the KEV personnel were forbidden to resign or refuse to complete assigned tasks until 31 March. The cabinet agreed that Jews of Bulgarian nationality would be stripped of it as soon as they were deported and that immobile property would be confiscated by the government, while the KEV was empowered to sell mobile property for the benefit of local Bulgarians. These decrees were signed by all ministers present (but not Justice Minister , who was absent) and were not published in the government gazette, "Durzhaven Vestnik", to maintain secrecy. The KEV was led in Belomorie by Jaroslav Kalicin, who directed the deportation.
Roundup.
The operation was executed at 04:00 on 4 March 1943 in all the places in Belomorie with a significant Jewish population—Komotini, Alexandroupoli, Kavala, Drama, Xanthi, and Serres—and came as a surprise to the Jews awakened, some arrested wearing only underwear. From sometime after midnight until around 08:00, the Bulgarian Army sealed off neighborhoods so that the police could conduct arrests based on lists of names and addresses. Jews were told that they would be temporarily removed to Bulgaria and allowed to return soon. They were marched through the main streets of the cities and temporarily detained in tobacco warehouses. Although there were no major disturbances many locals sympathized with the Jews and offered assistance, helping Jews hide their property or offering them food.
The KEV reported that 42 people were arrested in Alexandroupolis, 3 in Samothrace, 589 in Drama, 878 in Komotini, 1,484 in Kavala, 19 in Eleftheroupoli, 16 in Thasos, 526 in Xanthi, 12 in Chrysoupoli, 471 from Serres, and 18 in . Overall 4,058 of the 4,273 Jews in Western Thrace were arrested during the roundup. The majority of those not deported were citizens of neutral or Axis-allied countries, who were exempt, as well as a few Greek citizens who managed to escape or were in jail or hospitalized at the time. Another 42 Jews from Greece who were in labor battalions were arrested and deported along with the Jews from Vardar Macedonia, while others were not sent to the KEV before the deportations were over, thus escaping death. Belev asked for and obtained declarations of gratitude from local Bulgarian authorities for depriving them of their Jewish population.
Deportation.
The Jews were then sent by in open railway cars to the camps in Gorna Dzhumaya and Dupnica, guarded by police or soldiers. At Sidirokastro and Simitli they were transferred to different railway cars as the Bulgarian railway had a narrower gauge than the Greek one. The conditions were so harsh that many Jews fell ill and a few died, while pregnant women had to give birth in the open cars. Their misery was exacerbated by mistreatment by the Bulgarian guards. The 1,500 Jews from Komotini and Xanthi arrived at Dupnica from 7 March, while 2,500 Jews from the other locations were sent to Gorna Dzhumaya, arriving between 6 and 10 March.
At Gorna Dzhumaya, Jews had to walk a mile from the train station to the transit camps at the Rainov tobacco warehouse and the School of Economics. There was only one water faucet for 1,000 people and only one toilet per 300–500 detainees. Poor conditions led to 1–3 people dying in the camp each day. At Dupnica, five people died at the camp and were buried in the city's Jewish cemetery. Jewish doctor Marko A. Perets reported that little of some supplies donated by the local Jewish community reached the prisoners as it was appropriated by the guards. The Jews in the camp had to submit to searches during which money was stolen from them. Some Bulgarian residents of Dupnica suggested interning the local Jews in the camp as well as they were blamed for shortages. On 9 March, some Jews with Bulgarian citizenship were released. The rest of the Jews were told that there was a plan to send them to Mandatory Palestine via Black Sea ports.
On 18 and 19 March, the Jews were deported again from Gorna Dzhumaya (the first train) and Gorna Dzhumaya and Dupnica (the second) to the Danube port city of Lom via Sofia by rail. In Sofia a representative of the railway company counted the passengers to determine the fare, charged to the KEV, which was covered using the proceeds of Jewish property sales. At this point there were 4,057 Jews, minus some deaths but with a few additional stragglers as well as births added. Arriving in Lom on 19 and 20 March, Jews were deported again on ships. "Kara G'orgi" departed at 14:00, 20 March; the second, "Voivoda Mashil", left later that day. "Saturnus" and "Tsar Dushan" departed in the evening of 21 March. Each ship carried between 875 and 1,100 people, for a total of 4,219 deported (including some from Pirot in Bulgarian-occupied Yugoslavia). Several people died during the journey, which took five to ten days depending on the vessel. In Vienna, they were surrendered to Nazi authorities. The Jews were then deported to Katowice on 26 and 27 March, where the Bulgarian guards returned home. Bulgaria was responsible for the paying the fare as far as Katowice, also charged to the KEV.
The Jews continued by rail to Treblinka extermination camp, where all were immediately killed in the gas chamber. Ninety other Jews from Kavala were deported along with the Jews of Vardar Macedonia from the camp in Skopje to Treblinka on 29 March. Historian Frederick B. Chary estimates that in all, 4,075 Jews from Bulgarian-occupied Greece were deported by Bulgaria. In less than a month 97 percent of the Jews under Bulgarian control were murdered. This death rate was one of the highest in Europe.
Property.
After the deportation, the KEV sold the movable property of the deportees for the "Jewish community fund" placed at the disposal of the agency. Property belonging to different people was not registered according to its original owner in order to speed up the process. There were also instances of unofficial looting, especially in Kavala and Komotini. The government bought up much of the property and the rest was often sold off to friends of the liquidators for a fraction of its actual value, often to be resold for personal profit. Those involved in this organized despoliation included policemen, judges, KEV officials, laborers, and civil servants assigned to the liquidation committees.
The total profit to the government was 6,163,978 leva from Komotini, 4,162,272 from Drama, 5,803,380 from Kavala, 2,528,175 from Selres, and 1,978,079 from Ksanti, totaling 20,635,884 leva (around $257,000 in contemporary dollars or $ today). After the deportation, Germany demanded that Bulgaria pay 250 Reichsmarks per Jew deported, but Bulgaria refused to pay.
Aftermath.
On 4 May 1943, the Jews in the German-occupied strip along the Turkish border, who lived in Didymoteicho (740 Jews), Orestiada (197 Jews), and Soufli (32 Jews), were rounded up and deported to Auschwitz concentration camp via Baron Hirsch ghetto in Salonica. Marco Nahon, a Jewish doctor from Demotica, was the author of the first published Holocaust memoir. He and his son were two of the twenty Jews from that town and Orestiada who survived to return after the war.
In 2016, researcher Vassilis Ritzaleos organized a conference at Democritus University of Thrace in Komotini, during which academics from Germany, Israel, Bulgaria and Greece gathered to discuss the Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied areas of Greece.


Little Sark

Little Sark is a peninsula forming the southern section of the Channel Island of Sark. There is a hamlet here, and also a guesthouse and cafe at La Sablonnerie.
Geography.
Little Sark is roughly triangular in shape, some in width in the south and in length from north to south. It is joined to the larger part of the island, Great Sark by a narrow isthmus known as La Coupée, a high ridge above the sea which is only some ten feet/three metres in width. This is gradually being eroded and Little Sark will eventually become an island (a similar process is likely to have occurred with Brecqhou close to Sark's west coast).
Several small islets lie close to the shore of Little Sark. These include Moie de la Fontaine and Moie de la Bretagne on the west coast, Petite Baveuse, Moie du Port Gorey Seceuil and Bretagne Uset along the south coast, and Brenière on the east coast. Several tiny islets also lie in Baleine Bay, which stretches along much of the east coast of Little Sark and also the southeast coast of Great Sark, and L'Etac de Sark and les Demies lie to the southeast of Little Sark.
The west coast of Little Sark is rocky, but there are two notable beaches to the north and east. The beach of Pot Bay stretches along the east coast from north of Brenière to Avocat Point, but this is a minor attraction compared to La Grande Grève, Sark's largest and most popular beach, which lies along the north coast of Little Sark and is normally accessible via steps cut in La Coupée (after a landslip temporarily closed the steps down to the shore a second way down has now (2016) been prepared and is usable). There are also popular swimming spots at the Venus Pool and Adonis Pool. The former (or Venus's Bath, as it is also known), named as such by Victorian artist William Toplis, lies close to the southeasternmost point of Little Sark. Protected and overhung by granite cliffs, it is largely free from prevailing winds and is a fine swimming spot. Completely covered by the sea at high tide, a low tide a circular pool originally some eighteen feet (five metres) deep (recent rockfalls have decreased its depth substantially) is separated from the sea. A smaller pool, Cupid's Bath, is also found nearby. The Adonis Pool is a similar tidal pool, though deeper, larger and less easily accessible than the Venus Pool; it is located close to the southwesternmost tip of Little Sark. The Adonis Pool enjoys longer periods of sunshine then the Venus Pool but is separated from the mainland at anything approaching half tide (the pool is covered by the sea at high tide) by a deep and fast flowing race of water where visitors require experience or careful instruction to cross to the Adonis rock safely.
Though the west coast is rocky, it is noted for its fine scenery. La Fontaine Bay, named for a small spring located nearby, is particularly well known for its views. The ruggedness of the coast means there are no excellent anchorages around Little Sark, though Port Gorey, the larger off two inlets in the south coast, was formerly used as a harbour.
Typically for Sark, Little Sark is penetrated at sea level by a number of caves and interconnecting inlets, including the extensive and dramatic, though surprisingly hidden cave system known as La Louge, which forms a pattern in and around the southern headland in roughly the shape of a double cross. A small bathing pool known as Teddy's Bath sits slightly higher in the cliff side near one arm of La Louge.
La Coupée.
La Coupée is an isthmus joining Great Sark and Little Sark in the Channel Islands at . The land on both sides of this causeway has been eroded away by the sea, and all that now connects Little Sark to the rest of the island is a narrow ridge a mere three metres (nine feet) wide and 90 metres (300 ft) in length, with a drop of close to 80 metres (260 ft) on either side.
Until the beginning of the twentieth century, access to Little Sark was extremely difficult or, at best, unnerving. La Coupée was traversed by a narrow dirt track, and children are reputed to have had to crawl across it on their hands and knees to prevent being blown over the edge by the wind. According to a description in 1875, "People have thrown themselves flat on their face, from terror and nervousness on reaching the Coupée; others have lost courage half way across, and have hidden themselves behind the heads of the rocks that crop up in the middle of the Coupée until some passer by came and led them along; others have been unable to get across without shutting their eyes and being led between two persons." On 4 September 1802, Elie Guille of the Clos-à-Jaon was carrying sheaves of corn across La Coupée for the payment of tithes. He was blown over the East side and killed. After that the Seigneurs farmed out the collection of tithes in Little Sark to an individual in Little Sark who could settle the dues in cash. There were for a long time arguments between the inhabitants and the Seigneur over whose responsibility it was to maintain the path across La Coupée. In 1811 a landslip reduced the width of the path to no more than 3 feet. Finally in 1812 an act of agreement was signed between the parties to ensure every male inhabitant subject to the ordinary repairs of the road would give two days' corvée to the La Coupée road and in return the Seigneur would guarantee to provide all remaining expenses. Following another landslip in 1862 on the Little Sark side a retaining wall was constructed so as to provide a foundation for a roadway 8–10 feet wide. However the narrowness of the path and the vertiginous drop were not the only things that made many wary of crossing La Coupée, especially at night, as the locality was reputed to be haunted. Strange moaning sounds or unearthly shrieks have been reported; however, these have been explained away as being due to the actions of wave and tide in "La Caverne des Lamentes" in the bay. The black dog called the "Tchico" was also reputed to haunt La Coupée as it ran the roads of Sark. Sibyl Hathaway, Dame of Sark, recorded that some of the Islanders believed that the reason why her donkey would not cross La Coupée was because of sensitivity to the presence of the "Tchico".
Protective railings were added to La Coupée in 1900. There is currently a narrow concrete road covering the entirety of the isthmus, built in 1945 by German prisoners of war under the direction of the Royal Engineers.
The isthmus is flanked by two bays: La Grand Grêve to the west (right as seen from Great Sark) and Convanche Bay, part of Baleine Bay, to the east. The drop to Convanche Bay is steep, but that to La Grand Grêve is more gradual and steps have been cut into the rock, leading down to what is Sark's most extensive and popular beach.
Settlement.
Because they were partially isolated from Great Sark, the inhabitants of Little Sark had their own distinct form of Sercquiais, the native Norman dialect of the island. The peninsula is sparsely populated, with most of the houses close to La Sablonnerie, the peninsula's only hotel, to the south of the centre of the peninsula. There are the remains of fortifications to the north, close to La Coupée, and an old mill to the west of La Sablonnerie.
Little Sark contains five of Sark's Tenements.
Mining.
Little Sark was synonymous with silver mining for some of its history; La Clôture du Bas, the southern part of Little Sark, in particular had a number of mines. Mining mainly occurred between 1833 and 1845, and at its height the mines employed up to 80 workers from Sark and Cornwall, the Cornish immigrants doubling the population of the area.
Copper and silver were both mined at Le Pot, close to Pot Bay on the peninsula's east coast. It was here that silver was first discovered in 1833 by John Hunt, although there are earlier claims dating to 1817. Mining only took place for three years before Le Pot was abandoned due to flooding. The severe financial problems this caused almost resulted in the bankruptcy of the incumbent Seigneur, Ernest le Pelley. The Le Pelleys were obliged to transfer the fief to the Collings family, of whom the current Seigneur is a descendant. Remains of this mine can still be seen.
As well as a source of galena, the mine near Port Gorey returned both lead and silver. Discovered by chance during a rabbit hunt in 1836, industry around this mine led to the construction of a small gauge railway and the installation of steam pumps. The mine is believed to have had a length of 2,000 feet/600 m and depth of 700 feet/200 m. Close to the port there were four shafts leading to the galleries. Sark's Hope shaft was the westernmost, almost on the edge of the cliff. To the East was Le Pelley shaft, excavated down to 90 fathoms below sea level, then the Pump shaft and the easternmost shaft, the Prince's shaft.
Mining ceased in 1845 for reasons of economy and geology. Running costs were high, largely because of costs of shipping fuel for the steam pumps and shipping of ore, and ore-producing veins were narrow and of poor quality. The mines returned very little silver overall, and only one cargo of ore was ever shipped from Port Gorey. However the mines attracted visitors from Guernsey which encouraged the development of tourism infrastructure to cater for tourists who found the beauty of Sark's landscape a reason to continue visiting after the closure of the mines.
John Oxenham's 1910 novel "A Maid Of The Silver Sea"(read there) uses the mines of Little Sark, as well as La Coupée, as its setting.


HMS Kingham (M2704)

HMS "Kingham" was a of the Royal Navy.
Their names were all chosen from villages ending in "-ham". The minesweeper was named after Kingham in Oxfordshire.


Siegburg

Siegburg (i.e. "fort on the Sieg river") is a city in the district of Rhein-Sieg-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located on the banks of the rivers Sieg and Agger, 10 kilometres from the former seat of West German government Bonn and 26 kilometres from Cologne. The population of the city was 39,192 in the 2013 census.
Geography.
Siegburg is located approximately 8 kilometres east of the river Rhine, at the confluence where the Agger joins the Sieg, in the southeast corner of the Cologne Lowland. Neighbouring towns include Troisdorf, Lohmar, Sankt Augustin and Hennef. The nearby cities of Cologne and Bonn are easily accessible through good transport links. The highest point of the urban area is 220m above sea level (NHN) in the Braschoß area and the lowest point is just under 54m above sea level at the mouth of the Agger.
History.
Archbishop-Elector Anno II of Cologne founded a Benedictine monastery in 1064, known as Michaelsberg Abbey, on top of the hill also called the Michaelsberg. A settlement that arose from that was first mentioned as a city in 1182. Siegburg reached the height of its prosperity in the 15th and 16th century. It is famous for its pottery, especially for the Siegburg pitchers ("Siegburger Krüge").
Siegburg has been the county seat of the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis since 1816.
Siegburg's synagogue was destroyed on Kristallnacht, signaling the demise of its Jewish community.
Politics.
Municipal elections are held every five years, in which the mayor and city council of Siegburg, as well as the district administrator () and district council () of the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis are chosen. The last election took place on 13 September 2020.
City council.
The city council () of Siegburg consists of 50 councillors, half of which are chosen directly in 25 constituencies. The remaining 25 seats are distributed via party lists, resulting in a proportional representation.
On 30 October 2020 the Social Democrats, Greens, and Liberals agreed to form a coalition government.
Mayor.
The mayor of Siegburg is Stefan Rosemann, who was elected with 57.54% of the vote. He stated that he would withdraw from party politics and completely focus on the mayoral office. He was sworn into office on 5 November 2020.
Transport.
Siegburg/Bonn station is a railway station on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed railway and the Sieg Railway. The name of the station derives from it having been rebuilt for the high-speed line in order to serve Bonn. It is connected to Bonn by the Siegburg line of the Bonn Stadtbahn every 10 or 15 minutes. The station is located in the network area of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg (Rhine-Sieg Transport Association, VRS) public transit authority.
Twin towns – sister cities.
Siegburg is twinned with:


Liston (square)

Liston is a Venetian word used in various cities of the Veneto region and former possessions of the former Republic of Venice. It us used to indicate a part of the city, usually a square or section of a square. The term "liston" refers to the long marble slabs used for paving the streets. The term "far el liston" means "to walk around the square".
Several cities in the Veneto have a "liston".
In Venice, it is the name of the walk from St. Mark's Square past the columns of Marco and Todaro.
In Verona it is the west side of Piazza Bra.
In Padua it is part of the Prato della Valle.
In Belluno the "liston" is in Martyrs' Square (also known as the "Campedel").
In Rovigo it is the central part of the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II.
In Trieste, which has strong ties with Venetian culture, it is called the "Corso Italia".
In the Greek island of Corfu the locals still use the word to indicate the main promenade of Corfu city.
Venice.
In Venice the Campo Santo Stefano was a grass area for many centuries, apart from the stone "liston". This was the place where Venetians would stroll and meet, and the term for "take a walk" in the Venetian dialect is still "andare al liston".
Later the term "liston" was used for the Piazza San Marco, described as "the general "rendezvous" of the promenaders and ... the fashionable lounge of Venice".
Writing of 18th century Venice, Giovanni Rossi (1776–1852) describes the "liston" in the fashionable area near the San Stefano Church. During the carnival young nobles strutted there like peacocks wearing tabàro capes and the "most civilized mask", the baùta.
Although the common people could walk there, according to Rossi, "their education was such that commoners left the nobles their space in liberty."
Giacomo Favretto depicted "El Liston" in 1884, showing figures in elegant costumes walking and meeting in the heart of Venice.
Belluno.
Martyrs' Square (, also known as Campedel) in Belluno, is called the "living room" of the city.
The square is just outside the walls of the old city. Some historians claim that shape of the north side of the square was defined by the radius of guns defending the former walls of the city, to the south, which no longer exist.
The axis of the square is defined by the "liston", a long promenade. According to tradition, the quaint paved "liston" was made when the city was under the rule of the Venetian Republic.
As of 2011 plans to redevelop the square were being considered, retaining the historic "liston" but removing the road that runs along the southern margin.
Padua.
In Padua, historically, the "liston" was the stretch of Prato della Valle on the west side, opposite the Loggia Amulea, paved with trachyte in the first half of the 19th century by the architect Giuseppe Jappelli. Typically on Saturdays and on other occasions the walk was used for lively outdoor markets.
In recent years the term "Liston" has come to be extended to the central Via Umberto I, Via Roma, Via Cavour and Via VIII Febbraio, after the pedestrianization of the area between the mid-1980s and the year 2000. This has entered the common language of newspapers and local TV stations, even if technically incorrect. However the term applies well to these roads, since the creation of the pedestrian zone has effectively created a single long walk from Prato della Valle to Piazza Garibaldi.
Rovigo.
In Rovigo there is a "liston" in both the squares of the historic center, the Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II and the Piazza Garibaldi.
The second runs along the old boundaries of the Church of Santa Giustina, demolished in 1809.
Verona.
In Verona the "liston" is the wide sidewalk that borders the Piazza Bra on the west side, curving around the Arena. The piazza is a popular place for both tourists and local people to promenade. The "liston" is now used for outdoor seating by the many cafés surrounding the piazza.
Ferrara.
Ferrara has a "liston" next to the Cathedral in the ancient "Piazza delle Erbe", now called the "Piazza Trento & Trieste".
Although Ferrara is part of the Emilia region, it has many Venetian aspects and is considered a bridge between the Emilian and Venetian culture.
Corfu.
The "Liston" in Corfu, with arcaded terraces and fashionable cafes, was built in 1807 by the French imperial commissioner Mathieu de Lesseps. It is an excellent example of architecture from the Napoleonic period, when Corfu was part of the First French Empire. The design was inspired by the Rue de Rivoli, Paris.
Brewster Chamberlin celebrated it in his 2005 poem "Along the Liston, Corfu", describing the "Liston" as a crowded, relaxed place to sit and snack and watch the promenaders.
The "Liston" runs along one side of the Spianada, part town square and part park. At one time it was a firing range for Venetian troops.
Now it holds a cricket pitch, a British innovation that is regularly used by local teams.
References.
Citations
Sources


Holzminden

Holzminden () is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Holzminden. It is located on the river Weser, which at this point forms the border with the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
History.
Holzminden is first mentioned in the 9th century as "Holtesmeni". However, the name did not at this time refer to the present city, but to the village of Altendorf, the "old village", which was incorporated into the city in 1922.
During the reign of Louis the Pious (814–840), monks from the Abbey of Corbie in France came to this part of Germany and founded a daughter house at Hethis in the Solling. As it became clear that this site was unviable (owing to lack of access to water) it was abandoned, and a new monastery, "Corbeia nova" (Corvey Abbey), opened close to the river. Old documents show that many pious donations were given to the "Holtesmeni" (monastery).
The settlement is believed to have come into being, along with other settlements in the vicinity, in the 6th-7th centuries. Other villages were subsequently abandoned as Holzminden was granted municipal liberties, allowing greater privileges to its inhabitants, and attracting new settlers from the surrounding hinterland.
In 1200 the town was brought under the protection of the prince’s castle of Everstein, and by 1245 it had received a charter. This was granted by the count of Everstein. The town's coat of arms shows the Everstein lion rampant within the open town gate.
From 1408 the town belonged to the Welfen princes; and from the 16th century to the princes of Brunswick of the Wolfenbüttel line. From the 16th century until 1942, Holzminden therefore lay within Brunswick-Lüneburg.
In 1640, during the Thirty Years' War, the town was destroyed by the Imperial troops, a blow from which it only slowly recovered. Until the 20th century Holzminden remained a provincial town of small farmers and holdings.
During World War I, Holzminden was the site of a large civilian internment camp on the outskirts of the town, which held up to 10,000 Polish, Russian, Belgian and French nationals, including women and children (1914–18); and also of a smaller prisoner-of-war camp for captured British and British Empire officers (1917–18).
Economy.
Crafts and farming have long ceased to be the main town's sources of income. Holzminden is now a largely industrial town.
In the late 19th century, Dr Wilhelm Haarmann began developing the scent and flavours industry. In 1874, with Ferdinand Tiemann, he succeeded in synthesising vanillin from coniferyl alcohol. More products were subsequently developed. The modern successor of their enterprise is the Symrise factory: Holzminden is a centre of the flavour and fragrance ingredient industry, its products being used throughout the world in cosmetic and food manufacture.
The large Stiebel Eltron company, which produces heating and hot water products, has its headquarters in Holzminden.
Owens-Illinois operates a glassworks in the town.
Religion.
As a part of the former territory of Brunswick, Holzminden maintains a Protestant tradition. The church of St. Pauls in Altendorf, dating from before 1200, is the oldest of the town's churches. In its unadorned simplicity it offers a serene place for rest and contemplation. Other churches in the town are named after Luther, St. Michael, St. Thomas and St. Joseph.
Sights.
The Tilly House of 1609 is located on the Johannis Square. It has a fine Renaissance door, which survived the fires of the Thirty Years' War. Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, commander of the Imperial forces, is said to have spent a night here.
The "Reichspräsidentenhaus" links the old part of the town with the Hafendamm and was opened in 1929. The beautiful "Glockenspiel" (carillon) is very popular, and plays well known tunes at set times.
The steeple of the Lutheran church has become a symbol of Holzminden. The interior was remodelled in 1577, when it was made into a two-room church.
The "Severinsche Haus" is a richly decorated house dating from 1683. It is the largest of the bourgeois houses, is decorated with a distinctive weathercock, and is known for its slanting floors.
There is a good viewing platform on the Emperor William Tower, south of the town.
International relations.
Holzminden is twinned with:


County of Tecklenburg

The County of Tecklenburg () was a state of the Holy Roman Empire, located in the present German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.
History.
In the 12th century the county of Tecklenburg emerged in the region that is now called the "Tecklenburger Land" in the western foothills of the Teutoburg Forest.
Following the extinction of the counts of Tecklenburg in 1262, it was annexed by the neighbouring County of Bentheim in 1263. Between 1328 and 1562 it was ruled by the Counts of Schwerin. In 1365 they acquired the Lordship of Rheda, but in 1400 they lost the northern parts of the county with the districts of Cloppenburg, Friesoythe and Bevergern to the Prince-Bishopric of Münster.
Conrad of Tecklenburg-Schwerin was the first ruler in Westphalia to introduce the Reformation and became a member of the Schmalkaldic League. Following the defeat of the League, the county of Tecklenburg was forced to cede territories to Charles V to form the County of Lingen. In 1557, in conflict with the claims of the House of Solms-Braunfels, the county was inherited by Arnold II (IV) of Bentheim-Tecklenburg whose son Adolf founded a new line of counts of Tecklenburg. In 1588 the counts introduced Calvinism to Tecklenburg.
In 1696 the County of Tecklenburg was ceded to the House of Solms. In 1707 Count William Maurice of Solms-Braunfels sold Tecklenburg to Prussia. In the Berlin Treaty of 1729 the comital house of Bentheim-Tecklenburg abandoned all claims to the county.
The county was mediatised to the Grand Duchy of Berg in 1808. Tecklenburg was annexed by France in 1810 together with many northwest German regions. The Congress of Vienna returned Tecklenburg to Prussia in 1816.


2009 French riots

A series of riots took place in July 2009 in France. On Bastille Day in the commune of Montreuil, an eastern suburb area of Paris, French youths set fire to 317 cars. Thirteen police officers were injured. On July 9, many youths started a protest in Firminy near Saint-Étienne, after the death of a young Algerian man, Mohamed Benmouna, in police custody. Benmouna's parents rejected the official account of suicide. Riots on Bastille day are a frequent occurrence in France as the disaffected protest high unemployment rates and failed integration policies for minorities. More than 240 people had been arrested near Paris.
The injured officers suffered mainly from hearing difficulties after having been targeted by youths armed with fireworks and small-scale home-made explosives.


Balga

Balga (; ; ; ) was a medieval castle of the Teutonic Knights in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. The castle ruins are located on the shore of the Vistula Lagoon, north of Mamonovo in the Pogranichny municipality of Bagrationovsky District, about southwest of Kaliningrad.
History.
The hill of Balga had been the site of an Old Prussian (Warmian) fortress called Honeda. The fort had been unsuccessfully besieged by the Wettin margrave Henry III of Meissen on his 1237 Prussian Crusade, but was eventually conquered in 1239 by the forces of the Teutonic Order, led by Grand Marshal Dietrich von Bernheim. Balga was the oldest Ordensburg constructed by the Teutonic Order in the region of present-day Kaliningrad Oblast, and was built from 1239 to control naval traffic on the Vistula Lagoon. With the assistance of Duke Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Teutonic Knights defeated the Old Prussians along the coastline of Warmia and Natangia. The subjugation of these pagan peoples led Duke Świętopełk II of Pomerania to declare war against the Teutonic Order during the 1242 Prussian uprising, although he was eventually forced to abandon his participation in the uprising. From 1250, Balga was the administrative centre of "Kommende Balga" and the seat of a Komtur of the Teutonic Knights. Many Komturs at Balga like Winrich von Kniprode or Ulrich von Jungingen later rose to the office of the Grand Master, the highest position in the Teutonic Order.
In 1499, Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen had the Kommende dissolved, and upon the Prussian Homage, Balga was part of the Polish Duchy of Prussia in 1525, and the castle became the residence of George of Polentz, Bishop of Samland.
From 1627, parts of the castle were broken down at the behest of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden during the Polish–Swedish War in order to gain building material for the construction of the star fort in Pillau (now Baltiysk), a strategically important port town occupied by the Swedes. Balga was located in the Duchy of Prussia from 1525 and the Kingdom of Prussia from 1701, where between 1772 and 1829 it belonged to the province of East Prussia. The province was unified with West Prussia into the Province of Prussia until 1878, when it separated once again and Balga remained in East Prussia until 1945.
During World War II the castle ruins were the site of one of the final battles between the German Wehrmacht and the Soviet Red Army, with the latter advancing during the East Prussian Offensive. The German defenders destroyed numerous vehicles by sinking them in the lagoon next to the ruins, and the battle extensively damaged the castle remains. Following the war Balga was in the section of East Prussia allocated to the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference, and included in the area that was organized into Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR. The area around Balga became a popular site for grave robbers and treasure hunters hoping to dig up valuables left behind by the castle's previous occupants and the German and Soviet soldiers who died in World War II.
Balga was also the name of a nearby village, which after Soviet sovereignty over the area was renamed Vesyoloye. It is now abandoned.


Bona of Savoy

Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Milan (10 August 1449 – 23 November 1503) was Duchess consort of Milan as the second spouse of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan. She served as regent of Milan during the minority of her son 1476–1481.
Life.
Born in Avigliana, Turin, Bona was a daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy and Anne de Lusignan of Cyprus. She was one of nineteen children. Her many siblings included: Amadeus IX of Savoy, Philip II, Duke of Savoy, Louis of Savoy, Count of Geneva, Marguerite of Savoy and Charlotte of Savoy, who married King Louis XI.
In 1464, Bona was to have been betrothed to Edward IV of England, until his secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was revealed. She married Galeazzo Maria Sforza on 9 May 1468. An alliance between the Sforza and the royal house of France had been rumoured from as early as 1460, and "in June 1464 Bona of Savoy was officially offered to Galeazzo by letters from the King of France and the Duke of Savoy."
Bona's husband was assassinated, on 26 December 1476 at the age of 32 by three young noblemen on the porch of the cathedral church of San Stefano in Milan. Galeazzo was succeeded after his 10-year reign by his 7-year-old son Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1469–1494) under the regency of Bona. But dissensions soon arose between the regent and her brother-in-law, Ludovico Maria Sforza, nicknamed "Il Moro" (the Moor).
In the first encounter Bona and her chief counsellor, Cicco Simonetta, were victorious, and Ludovico and his brothers were made to leave the city. In order to obtain his re-admission, Ludovico took advantage of the rivalry between the young Ferrarese Antonio Tassini, the favourite of Bona, and her chief counsellor, the ducal secretary Cicco Simonetta. The fall and execution of Simonetta followed. From 1479 the real government of Milan lay in the hands of Ludovico, whose power was further secured in 1480, when he seized his nephew Gian, deprived him of tItle to the duchy and assumed overt control. Consequently, Bona was obliged to leave Milan and Ludovico was left to rule unchallenged.
Bona of Savoy commissioned the "Sforza Book of Hours", which was painted in about 1490 by a famous court artist, Giovan Pietro Birago. She used the book, which contained devotional texts and is considered to be one of the most outstanding treasures of the Italian Renaissance.


Blankenburg (Harz)

Blankenburg (Harz) is a town and health resort in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, at the north foot of the Harz Mountains, southwest of Halberstadt.
It has been in large part rebuilt since a fire in 1836, and possesses a castle, with various collections, a museum of antiquities, an old town hall and churches. There are pine-needle baths and a psychiatric hospital. Gardening is a speciality. The nearby ridge of rocks called the "Teufelsmauer" (Devils Wall) offers views across the plain and into the deep gorges of the Harz.
Geography.
The town of Blankenburg (Harz) lies on the northern edge of the Harz mountains at a height of about 234 metres. It is located west of Quedlinburg, south of Halberstadt and east of Wernigerode. The stream known as the Goldbach flows through the district of Oesig northwest of the town centre.
Borough divisions.
The borough includes the following parishes:
In addition there are the following unofficial names for districts in the town:
Neighbouring settlements.
Clockwise from the north:
History.
The first traces of settlement date to the Old Stone Age, but the first recorded mention of Blankenburg goes back to 1123. The Saxon duke, Lothair of Supplinburg, installed Poppo, a nephew of Bishop Reinhard of Halberstadt, as count at the castle, which stood on a bare limestone rock on the site of the present castle. The name of the town derives from this castle.
Count Poppo I of Blankenburg very probably came from the Frankish noble family of Reginbodonen. His descendants were also subject to the nearby Regenstein Castle. This was a fief from the Bishopric of Halberstadt like the County of Blankenburg, also called the "Hartingau".
In 1180/82 Frederick Barbarossa had Blankenburg devastated because it had pledged "sole allegiance" to the Welf, Henry the Lion. In 1386 Blankenburg suffered heavy destruction again.
Following the death of the last count of Regenstein, John Ernest, the county went in 1599 as an agreed enfeoffment (") back to the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
During the Thirty Years' War Blankenburg was hard pressed by Wallenstein and was occupied in 1625. Nine cannonballs embedded in the walls of the town hall evince this difficult time.
The dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg turned the place into a secondary residence in the 17th century and it enjoyed its heyday under Duke Louis Rudolf (1690–1731), the second son of Anthony Ulrich of Wolfenbüttel. Rudolf was given Blankenburg in 1707 as a ". At the same time the County of Blankenburg was elevated to the status of an imperial principality ("Reichsfürstentum") which was ruled independently until 1731, but then, because Louis Rudolf became a duke, was reunited with Brunswick where it remained. The present-day Little Castle with its terraced garden and Baroque pleasure garden stems from that period. From 1807 to 1813 Blankenburg belonged to the Kingdom of Westphalia.
In the Seven Years' War the absolute neutrality of the town made it a safe refuge for the Brunswick court. Louis XVIII also stayed in Blankenburg under the name of Count of Lille from 24 August 1796 to 10 February 1798, after his escape from Dillingen.
In the early days of Nazi era, those who opposed the Nazi regime were persecuted and murdered. In a notorious campaign by Brunswick SS commander, Jeckeln, in September 1933, 140 communists and social democrats were herded together in the inn, "Zur Erholung". Here and in the "Blankenburger Hof" they were severely beaten, some dying as a result. During the Second World War the Blankenburg-Oesig subcamp of Buchenwald concentration camp was set up in the Dr. Dasch (Harzer Werke) Monastery Works and, shortly thereafter, subordinated to Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. Here some 500 prisoners had to carry out forced labour in the monastery factory and Oda Works. In addition, there was a work camp run by the Gestapo for "half-Jews" who were forced to do hard labour. Another camp was occupied in February 1945 by inmates of the Auschwitz subcamp of Fürstengrube and managed as Blankenburg Regenstein subcamp.
As part of the division of Germany into occupation zones in 1945, Blankenburg district was actually assigned to the British zone in accordance with the Potsdam Conference and London Protocol. But because the larger eastern part of the district was linked to the rest of the British zone only by a road and a railway, the boundary was adjusted and Blankenburg incorporated into the Soviet zone. The largest part of the district thus ended up later in East Germany and became part of the state of Saxony-Anhalt. The main part of the former Free State of Brunswick went to the British zone and thus became part of Lower Saxony.
The tunnels of the Regenstein-Blankenburg facility were used from 1974 by the National People's Army (NVA) in the GDR as a large ammunition depot. In 1992 the Bundeswehr were given the 8 km long tunnel system and established there, "the largest underground pharmacy in the world", both for routine Bundeswehr missions, but also for disaster relief around the world and for cases of serious military "operations".
Jewish life in Blankenburg.
At end of the 12th century, the abbess of Quedlinburg pledged estates to Blankenburg Jews. These appear at the time to have been both in Blankenburg and in Quedlinburg. Whether there was a synagogue in Blankenburg in the Middle Ages, is not clear.
In modern times, there was no longer a synagogue in Blankenburg. On Saturdays several Jewish families met at "Chrons" for the Sabbath, including the families of the businessmen Alexander Meyer, Moritz Westfeld and Conrad Hesse, as well as Anna Ewh and Lydia Rhynarsewsky. In the wake of "Kristallnacht" on 9 November 1938, Jews were deported from Blankenburg to different camps. In the census on 17 May 1939 there were still twelve Jewish citizens registered, including five men.
Politics.
On 25 May 2009 the title "Ort der Vielfalt ("Place of Variety") was conferred on the town by the federal government.
Town council.
Since the local elections on 11 April 2010 the town council has been composed as follows:
Economy and infrastructure.
The most important economic factors for Blankenburg (Harz) are tourism and facilities for spa and health industry. In addition there are several small to medium sized businesses. The largest industrial concern in the town is the "Harzer Werke Motorentechnik" with about 60 employees, which grew out of a grey iron foundry founded in about 1870.
Transport.
Blankenburg (Harz) station is a terminus and has a bypass for goods traffic. There are connexions to Elbingerode (Rübeland Railway) (goods trains only) and Halberstadt. The Harz-Elbe Express has worked the line to Halberstadt since 15 December 2005. In the 20th century there was a line to Thale and Quedlinburg.
Blankenburg (Harz) is located next to the B 6n, a newly built dual carriageway, and is linked to it over two junctions: Blankenburg Ost and Blankenburg Zentrum. In addition the B 27 federal road runs southwest and the B 81 north to south through Blankenburg (Harz).
Culture and places of interest.
Theatre.
In the Great Castle is a theatre which is to be restored again.


New Fortress

The New Fortress of Corfu (; ) is a Venetian fortress built on the hill of St. Mark in Corfu in stages. The original architect of the fort was the military engineer Ferrante Vitelli. The current buildings which exist within the fortress were built by the British during their rule of the island (1815–63).
At the top of the castle there is a stone building which was used for defence and a brick building which in modern times functions as the headquarters of the Naval Station of Corfu. The Venetian fortifications were later expanded by the British and the French to help defend against a possible Turkish attack. Its fortifications included 700 pieces of artillery with range estimated as far as the Albanian coast.
Origins.
In the aftermath of the first great Ottoman siege of Corfu in 1537, the Venetians developed plans to expand the fortifications of the city.
Furthermore, due to the great civilian losses, the Corfu city council sent diplomatic representatives to Venice complaining about the lack of fortifications for the parts of the city of Corfu lying outside the walls of the medieval citadel. In response, the Venetians proceeded with works to build walls and fortifications to strengthen the defences of the wider town lying outside the walls of the old citadel.
To achieve their goals the Venetians razed 2,000 homes in the suburb of San Rocco, and built new fortifications and walls in their place at great expense. After the fortification works were completed the Venetians built the New Fortress at the hill of St. Mark to further strengthen the defences of the outer city of Corfu and to act as the focal point of the new fortifications. The exact dating of the structure is not established but accounts vary between 1576 or 1577-1588, and 1572-1645. The start date for the construction is also reported as 1577 by Corfiote historian Katsaros. The works had also the effect of widening the defensive perimeter of the old citadel lying inside the Old Fortress.
Architectural details.
The Fortress compound is divided into two levels. In the lower level there is a three-storey building called "Punta Perpetua" and a bastion of pentagonal shape.
Inside the bastion there is a maze of arched chambers, galleries, ventilation shafts, stairs and ramps. The fortress has two baroque-styled gates. Its western side features a dry moat which spans the length of the walls, running from the vegetable market to the new harbour. The moat is a good example of moat architecture.
The structure features twin bastions, named "Skarponas" and "Epta Anemoi" ("Seven Winds"), which has a commanding view of the sea and the mountains of mainland Greece. Below the bastion there is a building which was built by the British and functioned as military barracks. Nowadays it houses art exhibits and collections as well as space for social events.
The bastion is at a height of 55 m above sea level and features structures such as underground cisterns, powder magazines, artillery positions and underground halls.
Governor of the castle.
The governors of the Old and New Fortresses were elected by the Venetian Senate for a period of two years. Both captains were sworn before the Senate and part of their oath was to never communicate with each other during their two-year tenure as governors of the fortresses. This was for security reasons in case one captain could persuade the other to commit treason against the Republic.
Mural monuments.
At least two inscribed monuments survive affixed to the rampart walls, the best preserved of which is one from 1728. It displays the Lion of Saint Mark (the symbol of Venice) and the arms of Diedo below which is the following Latin inscription:
("To God, most good, most great, Alvise III Sebastiano Mocenigo, Duke of the Venetians (i.e. Doge); Marco Antonio Diedo, Supreme Governor (Venetian Provveditore Generale da Mar 1728-31 ("Superintendent General of the Sea")); Giorgio Grimani, Commander of the Fleet; the first ordered this (i.e. the wall); the second planned it; the third, by labour day and night, quickly completed it in the year of our Lord 1728").
Destruction of fortifications.
The sea defences of the New Fortress were destroyed by the British when the British protectorate came to an end and Corfu was united with Greece in 1864. Under the same agreement, the Avrami and Vido island forts were also destroyed. When the latter fort was demolished, the explosion was so strong that it broke house windows on the Corfu side of the sea channel.
Bombardment.
In 1923 the New and Old Fortresses were bombarded by the Italian Air Force during the Corfu Incident. Greek refugees from Asia Minor were sheltered inside the New Fort at the time but there were no casualties.


Cynan ap Maredudd

Cynan ap Maredudd (died 1295) was a Welsh nobleman who assumed leadership of the Welsh revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn in the mid-Wales area in 1294 and 1295.
He is recorded in the Welsh chronicle Brut y Tywysogyon as having jointly led the revolt in Deheubarth with Maelgwn ap Rhys (died 1295), but this seems unlikely given his known activities were confined to territories well to the north of those of Maelgwn. He is known to have besieged Builth Castle, and also attacked the castle at Cefnllys. After the collapse of the revolt in the summer of 1295, he was captured, apparently at Hereford, and executed.


Lord Lieutenant of Galway

This is a list of people who have held the post of Lord Lieutenant of County Galway.
There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831 and was abolished in 1922, when Galway ceased to be part of the United Kingdom.


Malad City, Idaho

Malad City (also commonly known as Malad) is the only city in Oneida County, Idaho, United States. Its population was 2,095 at the 2010 census, down from 2,158 in 2000.
The city is named after the nearby Malad River, the name being French for "sickly". Malad City is located along Interstate 15 on the east side of the Malad Valley from the Utah/Idaho border.
History.
Established in 1864, Malad is one of the oldest communities in the state of Idaho. The community received its name from Donald Mackenzie, a Scottish-Canadian trapper, who passed through the valley between 1818 and 1821 with a party of trappers. Some of his men became sick while camped here and, believing that the illness was caused by drinking water from the valley's principal stream, he named it "Malade" meaning sick or bad in the French language. Actually, the water had nothing to do with the men's illness, as it was later learned by the second party led by Jim Bridger between 1832 and 1835. The men had most likely eaten some beaver that fed on the poisonous roots of water hemlock trees that put a naturally occurring cicutoxin into the animals' flesh. The beaver would have likely been immune to the poison because of long-term adaptation, but the trappers suffered from their feast. Native tribes avoided this outcome by altering food preparation methods to include boiling, which apparently deactivated the poison.
Malad began largely as a Welsh LDS settlement whose settlers brought their Welsh traditions with them. In addition to the LDS majority, some of the leading families in the community belonged to either the
In the summer of 1843 John C. Fremont and his party of 39 men passed the spot where Malad City now stands.
LDS prophet Brigham Young came through the Malad Valley in 1855. In 1856, at his request, Utahn members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints migrated to the region. This party of 15 families led by Ezra Barnard traveled to the Malad Valley and established a community by the name of Fort Stuart. The following year in 1857, Fort Stuart was renamed Malad City. A post office was later set up in 1865.
By 1886 Malad City was the fastest growing village in eastern Idaho. The city was an important commercial center between Salt Lake and Butte, Montana. In 1906, the railroad reached Malad City, allowing travel to Salt Lake City in only a four-hour ride by rail. The population of the city would double over the next 15 years as a result.
On June 19, 1910 Malad experienced a flood when the earthen Deep Creek Dam, northeast of the city, broke.
On March 27, 1975 a magnitude 6.1 earthquake shook the Pocatello Valley near the Idaho-Utah border. The epicenter was only southwest of Malad City which was hit hardest by the quake. Nearly ⅔ of its homes and businesses had some sort of damage.
Malad City received national news coverage when a corporate jet carrying eight people including four Coca-Cola executives crashed January 15, 1996 killing all on board. The large twin-engine turbo-prop was flying from Salt Lake City, Utah to Pocatello, Idaho for a Coca-Cola sales meeting. The Mitsubishi MU-2 aircraft crashed and burned at the base of a canyon northwest of Malad. According to the National Transportation Safety Board in its published SEA96MA043 Accident Report, the cause of the accident was listed as ice on the wings.
Towards the end of 2003, a nationwide influenza outbreak occurred. Malad was likely the hardest hit community in the nation. So many people became ill during the first part of December, 2003 that the city was virtually shut down. The entire school district in Malad was closed for three days in an effort to keep students from spreading the ailment. Roughly a third of the students became ill. Church services and Christmas festivities were also cancelled.
Malad City has the oldest department store in the state of Idaho. Evans Co-op opened in 1865 and is still in business today. Malad City also has the longest running weekly newspaper in Idaho, called "The Idaho Enterprise" which published its first issue on June 6, 1879.
Because of its proximity to Utah, which has no state lottery, Malad has become a major retail site for the Idaho Lottery.
The Top Stop Gasoline and Convenience store in Malad is responsible for 3 percent of Idaho's lottery sales, and the town as a whole accounts for over 19 percent of state sales. Only Boise, the state's largest city, has higher lotto sales. Over the 22-year history of the Idaho Lottery, it is estimated that Utahns have provided $54.1 million in lottery profits, which Idaho then uses for its own capital works and school funding.
Geography and climate.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. It lies on the eastern edge of Malad Valley at 4,540 feet (1384 m) in elevation.
The Wasatch fault runs along the east side of Malad Valley, and there are several active faults in the area to the south and west.
Climate.
Malad City has a humid continental climate with warm summers (Köppen "Dfb").
Demographics.
2010 census.
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,095 people, 786 households, and 552 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 893 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 0.5% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9% of the population.
There were 786 households, of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.8% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.21.
The median age in the city was 38.2 years. 29.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.
2000 census.
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,158 people, 797 households, and 561 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,294.6 people per square mile (498.9/km2). There were 908 housing units at an average density of 544.7 per square mile (209.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.01% White, 0.14% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 0.56% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.85% of the population.
There were 797 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.24.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,235, and the median income for a family was $38,068. Males had a median income of $29,125 versus $19,338 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,926. About 6.2% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.
Arts and culture.
Annual cultural events.
Malad Welsh Festival — See second paragraph in this article under "History".
Museums and other points of interest.
Oneida County Pioneer Museum – The building was constructed in 1914 by R.B. Davis and used as a drug store and for other business purposes until becoming home to the museum in 1992. The original safe and the original pressed-tin ceiling are still in good condition and are notable features of the museum.
Education.
Malad is served by the PK-12 Oneida County School District. Malad's public schools include:
Popular culture.
The short film "Peluca", the work of Jared Hess and the precursor film to the hit Napoleon Dynamite, mentions Malad. The antagonist, Seth, is played by Jon Heder and tells his friends that he has an FFA competition in "Ma-lawd" the following morning. Peluca and Napoleon Dynamite were both filmed in neighboring Franklin County, Idaho and reference much of the surrounding area in their film.


Siedliszcze, Gmina Siedliszcze

Siedliszcze is a town in Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Siedliszcze. It lies approximately west of Chełm and east of the regional capital Lublin.
The town has a population of 813.
History.
In 1921, there were 666 Jews living in Siedliszcze, representing 80% of the entire village's population.
On June 1, 1940, the Nazis created a ghetto in Siedliszcze for the Jewish population. There were about 2,000 Jews from Siedliszcze, Cracow, Lublin and Czechoslovakia in the ghetto. On May 18, 1942 about 630 Jews were sent to the Sobibor extermination camp. The liquidation of the ghetto took place in October 1942 when the rest of the ghetto inmates were sent to the Sobibor extermination camp. During the entire Nazi occupation, shootings of the Jewish population took place at the Jewish cemetery.


Rudolf von Scherenberg

Rudolf II von Scherenberg (c. 1401 – 1495) was Bishop of Würzburg from 1466 until his death. His longevity (about 94) and long reign were significant.
Rudolf von Scherenberg was the son of Erhard von Scherenberg and Anna von Massbach. On 30 April 1466, he was appointed as bishop to replace Johann von Grumbach. He was confirmed as bishop on 20 June 1466.
The Scherenberg Gate at the Fortress Marienberg, the entrance to the main courtyard, is named after him.
Tomb.
Prince-Bishop von Scherenberg is best known because of his tomb in Würzburg Cathedral. On his death in 1495 , his successor, Lorenz von Bibra, commissioned Tilman Riemenschneider to make his monument.


Theodore Bloc

Theodore Bloc, O. Crucif. was a pre-Reformation cleric who was appointed the Bishop of Sodor and Man in the early 15th-century.
A monk of the order of the Crucifers, and of the diocese of Utrecht, he was appointed the bishop of the diocese of Sodor and Man by Pope Boniface IX on 16 April 1402. It is not known when his episcopate ended, but his successor Richard Payl was appointed on 30 May 1410.
References.


Palatine uprising

The Palatine uprising ( or "Pfälzer Aufstand") was a rebellion that took place in May and June 1849 in the Rhenish Palatinate, then an exclave territory of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Related to uprisings across the Rhine River in Baden, it was part of the widespread Imperial Constitution Campaign ("Reichsverfassungskampagne"). Revolutionaries worked to defend the Constitution as well as to secede from the Kingdom of Bavaria.
Background.
The movement of the March Revolution in the member states of the German Confederation had led to the election of the Frankfurt Assembly, the first all-German parliament. This parliament had enacted a Constitution of the German Empire on 28 March 1849; it established a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The Prussian king Frederick William IV refused to accept the imperial crown under this constitution.
In the Kingdom of Bavaria, the first parliamentary elections were to take place on 7 December 1848. The result was a majority in favour of the Left ("die Linke"), the so-called "Followers of Popular Sovereignty and the Unity of Germany". In the Palatinate, voters had elected Left representatives to all 19 seats.
At the opening of parliament on 22 January 1849, King Maximilian promised further reforms. On 9 January, the majority of the parliament enacted a bill of rights, as proposed by the Frankfurt Assembly in December 1848. The king refused to recognize their act and adjourned the parliament on 8 March. On 23 April, the king and his government rejected the Frankfurt Constitution; on 14 April, the Bavarian Supreme Court rejected the validity of the Fundamental Rights document for Bavaria.
The Left regarded these actions as a coup d'etat. Palatine deputies returned to the municipalities with a resolution: it said that failure to recognize the constitution was "a criminal rebellion against the newly created legal order; and any use of force [would be] treason against the German Nation". The in the Bavarian territories of the Palatinate, Franconia and Swabia demanded adoption of the constitution, abolition of the monarchy, and separation of the Palatinate and Franconia from the Kingdom of Bavaria.
On 3 May 1849, the May Uprising in Dresden broke out, but was put down on 9 May by Saxon and Prussian troops. On 11 May, the third Baden uprising began with the mutiny of Baden troops in the federal fortress of Rastatt.
Course of the uprising.
Palatinate committee for the defence of the constitution.
On 1 May 1849, a meeting of the democratic people's associations was held in Kaiserslautern. About 12,000 people gathered under the slogan, "If the government becomes rebellious, the citizens of the Palatinate will become the enforcers of the laws." On 2 May, they decided to establish a ten-man "State Committee for the Defence and Implementation of the Constitution." They did not declare a republic, as had happened in Baden. Within a short time, the committee took over the province. it formed people's militias and required officials to swear an oath to the constitution. The committee formed a revolutionary army, which was joined by thousands of soldiers from the Royal Bavarian Army. On 7 May 1849, Bernhard Eisenstuck, representative of the central authority for the Palatinate, legitimized the defence committee. He was dismissed on 11 May for exceeding his powers.
Provisional government.
On 17 May 1849, a people's assembly in Kaiserslautern decided to establish a five-man provisional government under the leadership of lawyer Joseph Martin Reichard. Also elected to the government were Philip Hepp, Friedrich Schüler (absent; later declined to stand), August Ferdinand Culmann (absent; later declined to stand), Georg Friedrich Kolb (absent; later declined to stand). In place of the absentees, Peter Fries, Jean Louis Christian Greiner and Nicholas Schmitt were selected.
This government voted in favour of the constitution and prepared for separation from Bavaria. If only for a few weeks, the Rhenish Palatinate achieved separation from Bavarian rule. On 18 May 1849 it agreed to an alliance with the Baden Republic.
Revolutionary army.
The command of the revolutionary units was transferred on 9 May 1849 to Daniel Fenner von Fenneberg; however, he relinquished this position on 20 May. That day a military commission was formed, with the chairmanship held by Fritz Anneke. On 21 May, the military command was given to Franz Sznayde. Ludwig Blenker was appointed as commander of the people's militia and August Willich as commander of all Palatine volunteers. Franz Zitz and Ludwig Bamberger commanded a Rhenish-Hessian "freikorps".
Defeat.
On 11 June the feared Prussian intervention began. The advance guard of the 1st Division of the 1st Prussian Army Corps under Major General von Hannecken crossed the Palatine border unopposed near Kreuznach.
At Kirchheimbolanden, there was a battle on 14 June. Men of the people's militia were led by Mathilde Hitzfeld, but they were all killed or captured. Against the army of 19,000 Prussian soldiers under Moritz von Hirschfeld, the revolutionary troops were poorly armed and vastly outclassed in training. They put up hardly any resistance. By that time, the Palatine uprising had become increasingly radical and no longer had broad support amongst the rural population. On 14 June 1849 the provisional government fled, and Bavarian officials returned to their positions. With the Battle of Ludwigshafen on 15 June and the Battle of Rinnthal on 17 June 1849, fighting on Palatine soil was practically over. The Palatine revolutionary army retreated on 18 June over the Knielingen Rhine bridge towards Baden, followed by its rearguard, the Willich Freikorps, on 19 June.
As a result of the rebellion, the government pursued 333 legal cases under charges of high treason. Two death sentences were passed against revolutionary Bavarian officers. On 9 March 1850 in Landau in der Pfalz, Lieutenant Graf Fugger was executed; but Major Fach was able to escape.


Anglo

Anglo is a prefix indicating a relation to, or descent from, the Angles, England, English culture, the English people or the English language, such as in the term "Anglo-Saxon language". It is often used alone, somewhat loosely, to refer to people of British descent in North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, Namibia, Australia, and New Zealand. It is used in Canada to differentiate between the French speakers (Francophone) of mainly Quebec and some parts of New Brunswick, and the English speakers (Anglophone) in the rest of Canada. It is also used in the United States to distinguish the growing Spanish-speaking Latino population from the English-speaking majority. It is also used, both in English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries, to refer to Anglophone people of other European origins.
Anglo is a Late Latin prefix used to denote "English-" in conjunction with another toponym or demonym. The word is derived from Anglia, the Latin name for England and still used in the modern name for its eastern region, East Anglia. Anglia and England both mean "land of the Angles", a Germanic people originating in the north German peninsula of Angeln, that is, the region of today's Lower Saxony that joins the Jutland Peninsula. (There are various hypotheses for the origin of the name 'Angeln'.)
It is also often used to refer to "British" in historical and other contexts after the Acts of Union 1707, for example such as in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, where in later years agreement was between the British government and the Dutch, not an English government. Typical examples of this use are also shown below, where non-English people from the British Isles are described as being "Anglo".
"Anglo" is not an easily defined term. For traditionalists, there are linguistic problems with using the word as an adjective or noun on its own. For example, the purpose of the "-o" ending is to enable the formation of a compound term (for example "Anglo-Saxon" meaning of Angle and Saxon origin), so there is only an apparent parallelism between, for example, Latino and Anglo. However, a semantic change has taken place in many English-speaking regions so that in informal usage the meanings listed below are common. The definition is changed in each region which defines how it is identified.
Specialized usage.
Africa.
The term "Anglo-African" has been used historically to self-identify by people of mixed British and African ancestry born in the United States and in Africa. "The Anglo-African" and "The Weekly Anglo-African" were the names of newspapers published by African American abolitionist Robert Hamilton (1819–1870) in New York during the American Civil War era. "The Anglo-African" was also the name of a newspaper published in Lagos (now part of Nigeria) from 1863 to 1865. It was founded and edited by Robert Campbell (1829–1884), a Jamaican born son of a Scottish father and Mulatto mother. The term has also been used historically to describe people living in the British Empire in Africa. "The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketch-Book" published in London in 1905 includes details of prominent British and Afrikaner people in Africa at that time.
Australia.
In Australia, "Anglo" is used as part of the terms "Anglo-Australian" and "Anglo-Celtic", which refer to the majority of Australians, who are of English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish descent.
Canada.
In Canada, and especially in Canadian French, the terms "Anglophone", "Anglo-Canadian" or simply "Anglo", are widely used to designate someone whose mother tongue is English, as opposed to "Francophone", which describes someone whose mother tongue is French, and to "Allophone", which describes someone whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French. (In Quebec, the word "Anglophone" or "Anglo" refers to English-speaking Quebecers in both English and French.) "Anglo-Metis" is also sometimes used to refer to a historical ethnic group.
Israel.
Immigrants from English-speaking countries are sometimes referred to as "Anglos".
Scotland.
In Scotland the term "Anglo-Scot", often shortened to "Anglos", is used to refer to people with mixed Scottish-English ancestry, or people with English ancestry born in Scotland.
The term Anglo-Scot is more often used to describe Scottish sports players who are based in England or playing for English teams, or vice versa. This usage is especially used in football and notably in rugby union, where the Anglo Scots were a Scottish non-native select provincial District side that competed in the Scottish Inter-District Championship.
United States.
In many parts of the United States, especially those with high Hispanic populations, "Anglo-American" is shortened to "Anglo" and applied to white Americans who are not of Hispanic or Latino origin and sometimes to those who are not of French origin, but the latter criterion is based on specific linguistic considerations and limited to Louisiana and parts of Texas.
If language is taken into consideration the term "Anglo-American" also excludes Franco-Americans such as the Cajuns of Louisiana, but would include them when language is excluded as a criterion.
In the Southwest United States, "Anglo", short for "Anglo American", is used as a synonym for non-Hispanic Whites; that is European Americans (except people who speak Romance languages), most of whom speak the English language, even those who are not necessarily of English or British descent. Some non-Hispanic whites in the United States who speak English but are not of English or British ancestry do not identify with the term "Anglo" and find the term offensive. For instance, some Cajuns in south Louisiana use the term to refer to area whites who do not have Francophone backgrounds. Irish Americans, the second largest self-identified ethnic group in the United States following German-Americans, also sometimes take umbrage at being called "Anglo".


Corycus (Crete)

Corycus or Korykos () was a town in the northwestern part of ancient Crete on the peninsula of the same name mentioned by Ptolemy. There is a passage in which Juvenal mentions a Corycian vessel which evidently belonged to this Cretan town. When the Florentine traveller Cristoforo Buondelmonti visited Crete in 1415, he found remains existing.


Carlos Berg

Carlos Berg (, ) or Friedrich Wilhelm Karl Berg (, ) (21 March 1843, Courland – 19 January 1902 Buenos Aires) was an Argentinian naturalist and entomologist of Latvian and Baltic German origin.
Having worked a few years in trade, he moved to Riga in 1865 and became curator of the entomological department of the Riga Museum, and then at the Riga Technical University.
In 1873, he was invited by Hermann Burmeister (1807–1892), director of the Museum of Buenos Aires, to join him in Argentina. As early as 1874, Berg began an expedition to Patagonia to collect specimens for the museum. This first collecting trip was followed by others through Argentina, also in Chile and Uruguay.
Apart from a period of two years from 1890 to 1892, spent at the Museo Nacional in Montevideo, he was based in Buenos Aires. He replaced Burmeister as the head of the museum in 1892.
His first specialty was entomology, but he was also dedicated to paleontology and the study of vertebrates. Amongst his many other achievements, he described "Cactoblastis cactorum", the cactus moth.
Berg was a fellow of the Entomological Society of London and a corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London.
Works.
partial list


Bismarck-Oberlyzeum

The Bismarck-Oberlyzeum was a girls' gymnasium in Königsberg, Germany. It was named after statesman Otto von Bismarck.
History.
The Frankenbergsches Lyzeum on Prinzenstraße in Sackheim was led by Hermine Lewitz and Helene von Frankenberg. When the Rauschningsche Schule was converted into a Mittelschule in 1925, its lyzeum classes were transferred to the Frankenbergsches Lyzeum, which was acquired by the city of Königsberg in 1925. It was renamed the Bismark-Lyzeum in 1930.
In 1931 the school was renamed the Bismarck-Oberlyzeum and acquired the closed Arnheim-Lyzeum of Tragheimer Pulverstraße in Tragheim. In the same year it moved to the modernized western wing of the decommissioned Wrangel-Kaserne (barracks) on Wrangelstraße in northern Tragheim. The barracks' eastern wing contained the Herderschule, a Volksschule.
The Oberlyzeum's directors were Anna Brenneisen and Franz Rutau, while its students included Tamara Ehlert. The school was not rebuilt in Kaliningrad after World War II.


Robrecht Holman

Robrecht Holman (1521–1579) was the 36th abbot of Dunes.
Life.
Holman was born in Sluis in 1521 and entered the Abbey of Dunes as a youth. In 1568 he was elected abbot. His abbacy was marked by the social instability arising from the opening years of the Dutch Revolt.
He died in Bruges on 29 December 1579 and was buried in an unmarked grave in the church of the Poor Clares.
Two portraits of Holman were exhibited in the 1902 "Exposition des primitifs flamands à Bruges". Some scholars attribute these works to Gillis Claeissens.


Kovno Governorate

Kovno Governorate ( or "Kovenskaja gubernija"; ) or Governorate of Kaunas was a governorate ("guberniya") of the Russian Empire. Its capital was Kaunas (Kovno in Russian). It was formed on 18 December 1842 by Tsar Nicholas I from the western part of Vilna Governorate, and the order was carried out on 1 July 1843. It was part of the Vilna Governorate-General and Northwestern Krai. The governorate included almost the entire Lithuanian region of Samogitia and the northern part of Aukštaitija.
Counties.
The governorate was divided into seven uyezds:


Samuel Rutter

Samuel Rutter was Bishop of Sodor and Man between 1661 and 1662 (or 1663).
It is suggested in the "Mona Miscellaney" that Sam Rutter was probably a native of Lancashire, educated at Westminster school, and elected from there in 1623, to Christ Church, Oxford. He was nominated as Archdeacon of Man in 1640. He was appointed Prebendary of Longden, in the cathedral of Lichfield (being M.A.) 24 November 1660.
Upon the Restoration, he was made Bishop of Sodor and Man: he was presented to the See by Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby on 18 December 1660, confirmed 14 March, and consecrated a bishop on 24 March 1661. (the last day of the Restoration year).
He was a chaplain to the James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby, and was at Lathom House during its first siege. He was also "the chosen friend counsellor, and afterwards chaplain, of the noble-minded Countess, during all her troubles, and it was principally through her influence that he succeeded to the bishopric."
He is reported as having been "grave and devout, temperate and dignified, and unfortunately was worn out, though not an old man, when he became a bishop, and died in the Isle of Man" on 30 May 1663. (see Stanley Papers, part iii. vol. i. pp. cxxx.-ii., note; Chetham Society)
His body was interred in the chancel of St German's Cathedral in Peel Castle and there one can find an inscription, that he is alleged to have written himself. A translation of it reads as follows:
He wrote numerous pieces of poetry for the Earl of Derby's amusement, but not many of them have been published.
See also.
A detailed biography of Rutter has been written by A.W. Moore. This can be found in the "Manx Note Book" vol ii no.8 p159. Rutter's Ballads may be found in "Mona Miscellany".


Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk

Henrietta Howard (168926 July 1767) was a mistress of King George II of Great Britain.
Biography.
Henrietta was one of three daughters of Sir Henry Hobart, 4th Baronet, a Norfolk landowner, and his wife Elizabeth (née Maynard). Her father died in a duel when Henrietta was aged eight, and her mother died four years later in 1701, leaving her an orphan at twelve. She then became the ward of Henry Howard, 5th Earl of Suffolk, marrying his youngest son, Charles Howard, later 9th Earl of Suffolk. The wedding was held at the church of St Benet, Paul's Wharf in London on 2 March 1706. They had one son, the future Henry Howard, 10th Earl of Suffolk. The marriage was unhappy; Charles was a wife-beater and compulsive gambler.
In 1714, the couple travelled to Hanover, hoping to ingratiate themselves with the future George I of Great Britain. Henrietta met and became mistress to his son, the future George II, and was appointed a Lady of the Bedchamber to his wife, Caroline of Ansbach. In 1723, the now Prince of Wales made a financial settlement with her husband, who was also a member of his household, in exchange for her services as a royal mistress. Queen Caroline liked Henrietta, and was happy that the King kept a mistress she found congenial, although she would occasionally administer snubs to Henrietta in public. Henrietta was noted for wit and intelligence (although she went deaf at an early age) rather than for beauty.
Henrietta and her husband officially separated around 1727, although there was no divorce; that would have required an act of parliament to be passed, with inevitable public scrutiny. Charles succeeded to the Earldom in 1731, allowing Henrietta to describe herself as Countess of Suffolk. Later, after Charles Howard's death in 1733, Henrietta remarried, in 1735, the Hon. George Berkeley, son of the Earl of Berkeley.
After George II moved on to a new mistress, Amalie von Wallmoden in 1734, Henrietta purchased land on the banks of the River Thames, having received a very large financial settlement from the King. Marble Hill House in Twickenham was built for her on this site by the architect Roger Morris, who collaborated in its design with Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke, one of the "architect earls." When her second husband died, in 1746, she retired there permanently. She formed an intellectual circle, and her many friends included Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, John Gay, and Alexander Pope. Her correspondents also included Horace Walpole (a near neighbour in later life) and Jonathan Swift. Pope wrote of her, in his poem "On a certain lady at court":
She is generally supposed to be the model for Chloe, a character in Pope’s Horatian "Epistle To a Lady", and is a character in "The Heart of Midlothian" by Sir Walter Scott, who describes accurately her ambiguous friendship with Queen Caroline.


Tides of War

Tides of War is a 2000 novel by Steven Pressfield, chronicling the Peloponnesian War.
Plot summary.
Jason, a disciple of Socrates, is asked to help defend Polemides, infamous in Athens as the man who assassinated Alcibiades. Predisposed to despise Polemides for his actions, Jason is taken by the man's graciousness, his open admission of his crimes, and the parallels between his and Jason's service in the war.
Aged nineteen at the outbreak of the war (431 BC), Polemides enlists in the Athenian army sent to hasten the end of the siege of Potidaea. Alcibiades, also a common infantryman, makes an early name for himself with a bold action that saves the relief force from an ambush by the Corinthians.
Through the course of his career as a mercenary, Polemidas comes into contact with most of the pivotal figures of the era, including Socrates, the statesmen-general Pericles and the politician Nicias, and Spartan general Lysander. Polemidas describes his travels: his upbringing in Sparta and his family estate outside Athens, his time in Athens during the Plague, the mutilation of the sacred hermai in Athens on the eve of the Sicilian Expedition, sailing with the Athenian marines during the disastrous expedition, and Athens' eventual defeat at the battle of Aegospotami.
However, it was the character of Alcibiades who loomed most large over the narrative, just as he had the greatest impact on the Peloponnesian War. Undefeated during his career as a general and admiral, Alcibiades’ life played itself out like an epic tragedy with the tensions between his genius and the hubris that was his ultimate downfall.
The political shifts that occurred during the war, manifesting through partisan public opinion, act almost to make Athens herself a character in the novel.
While most of the dialogue is Pressfield's own creation, for long speeches and character development he used many ancient sources, particularly adapting quotes appearing in Thucydides in the "History of the Peloponnesian War" and to a lesser extent several of the Socratic Dialogues of Plato.
Reception.
Kirkus Reviews calls it ""Unabashedly brilliant, epic, intelligent, and moving."
Continuity.
One of the secondary characters of the novel, the mercenary Telamon of Arcadia, shares his name and place of origin with the protagonist of Pressfield's 2021 novel "A Man at Arms", though they are clearly different characters, since the later novel takes place in AD 55, four centuries later.