Mycale

Mycale (). also Mykale and Mykali (, "Mykálē"), called Samsun Dağı and Dilek Dağı (Dilek Peninsula) in modern Turkey, is a mountain on the west coast of central Anatolia in Turkey, north of the mouth of the Maeander and divided from the Greek island of Samos by the 1.6 km wide Mycale Strait. The mountain forms a ridge, terminating in what was known anciently as the Trogilium promontory (Ancient Greek Τρωγίλιον or Τρωγύλιον). There are several beaches on the north shore ranging from sand to pebbles. The south flank is mainly escarpment.
In classical Greece nearly the entire ridge was a promontory enclosed by the Aegean Sea. Geopolitically it was part of Ionia with Priene placed on the coast on the south flank of the mountain and Miletus on the coast opposite to the south across the deep embayment into which the Maeander River drained. Somewhat further north was Ephesus.
The ruins of the first two Ionian cities mentioned with their harbor facilities remain but today are several miles inland overlooking instead a rich agricultural plain and delta parkland created by deposition of sediments from the river, which continues to form the geological feature named after it, maeanders. The end of the former bay remains as a lake, Çamiçi Gölü (Lake Bafa). Samsun Daği, or Mycale, still has a promontory.
The entire ridge was designated as a national park in 1966; "Dilek Yarimadisi Milli Parki" ("Dilek Peninsula National Park") has , which is partly accessible to the public. The remainder is a military reservation. The park's isolation has encouraged the return of the native ecology, which is 60% maquis shrubland. It is a refuge for species that used to be more abundant in the region.
Geophysics.
Western Turkey is mainly fault-block terrain, with steep-sided ridges running east-west and rivers in the rifts. The source of the faulting is the closing of Tethys Sea and the collision of the African and Arabian plates with the Eurasian plate. The smaller Turkish and Aegean plates are being pushed together, generating ridges in Turkey. This orogenic belt was in place by 1.6 mya and continues to be a hot spot of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Mount Mycale is part of a larger ridge, which continues in Samos on the other side of the Samos Strait, and to the northeast in the Aydin Dağlari ("Aydin Mountains"), ancient Messogis range, on the other side of low hills and passes. The entire block of mountains around the Menderes (Maeander) River is known as the Menderes Massif.
Mycale is scored transversely by numerous ravines through which sources drain. The biggest ravine is Oluk Gorge, with cliffs high. The main permanent streams are the Bal Deresi, the Sarap Dami and the Oluk Dereleri. The ample water supply supports a verdant maquis.
The rock is primarily metamorphic: marble and limestone formed from rocks originating in the Mesozoic, crystalline schists formed from rocks originating in the Palaeozoic and conglomerates of the Cenozoic. The renowned builders and sculptors of Ionia made full use of these materials for their major works.
Ecology.
The ridge and its environs offer a number of different ecologies. The crest is a sharp divide between the xerophytic southern slopes and the forested northern slopes, with of maquis and of mixed pine.
Around the base of the promontory is a maritime environment.
The maquis vegetation includes "Pistacia lentiscus; Laurus nobilis; Quercus ilex, Q. frainetto" and "Q. ithaburensis; Phillyrea latifolia; Ceratonia siliqua; Olea europaea; Rubus fruticosus; Myrtus communis; Smilax; Jasminum fruticans; Vitis vinifera; Lathyrus grandiflorus; Erica arborea;" and "Juncus" on the slopes of the north. In moister areas are to be found "Nerium oleander, Platanus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus, Laurus nobilis, Cupressus sempervirens" and "Rubus fruticosus".
The mixed pine forest goes up to . Its major plant species are Pinus brutia, Juniperus phoenicea, with broad-leaved trees and shrubs: Ulmus campestris, Acer sempervirens, Fraxinus ornus, Castanea sativa, Tilia platyphyllos, Sorbus torminalis, Viburnum tinus, Pyrus eleagrifolia and Prunus dulcis.
Some mammals native to the region are Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes, Hystrix cristata, Canis aureus, Canis lupus, Martes martes, Lynx lynx, Felis sylvestris, Ursus arctos, Meles meles, Lepus, Erinaceus europaeus and Sciurus. Migrants are Lynx caracal and Panthera pardus.
Some birds are Columba livia, Alectoris graeca, Perdix perdix, Coturnix coturnix, Scolopax rusticola, Turdus merula, Turdus pilaris, Oriolus oriolus, Merops apiaster, eagles, vultures, Corvus corax, Pica pica and Sturnus vulgaris.
Monachus monachus breeds in caves around the shores of Mycale. They and other marine predators (including man) feed on Liza, Pagellus, Dentex vulgaris and Thunnus thynnus.
History.
Earliest references.
Mycale, Miletus and the Maeander appear in the Trojan Battle Order of the Iliad, where they are populated by Carians. "The steep heights of Mycale" and Miletus are also in the "Hymn to Apollo", where Leto, pregnant with Apollo, an especially Ionian god, travels about the Aegean looking for a home for her son, and settles on Delos, the major Ionian political, religious and cultural center of Classical Greece.
A similar metaphor is to be found in the centuries-later "Hymn to Delos" of Callimachus, in which Delos, a swimming island, visits various places in the Aegean, including Parthenia, "Maiden's Isle" (Samos), where it is entertained by the nymphs of Mycalessos. Just as Parthenia is the previous name of Samos so the reader is to understand Mycalessos as the previous name of Mycale. On being chosen as the birthplace of Apollo, Delos becomes fixed in the sea.
There are no earlier instances of Mycale but some major Creto-Mycenaean cities, later Ionian, which appear in Mycenaean Greek and Hittite records of the Late Bronze Age. In Hitti language, there were the Achaean-Greek cities Apasa (Ephesus), the capital of a state called Arzawa, in which also was Karkisha in (Caria) and Millawanda (Miletus). In the Linear B script tablets the region is called A-swi-ja (Asia). Documents at Pylos, Thebes and Knossos identify female textile workers and seamstresses (raptria) in servitude of Mi-ra-ti-ja, *Milātiai, "Milesians." The regions from which they came were centers of Mycenaean civilization although the languages they spoke was an early Greek-Mycenaean language and written in Linear B, although some support that was an unknown.
The state of Melia.
After the Late Bronze Age the entire Aegean region entered a historical period termed the Greek Dark Ages. Archaeologically it was known as the Proto-geometric and Geometric Periods, which did not belong to any one ethnic group. This is the time to which heavy Ionic migration from mainland Greece to the coast of Ionia and the emergence of Delos as an Ionian center is believed to apply. These events were over at the start of the brilliant renaissance of the Orientalizing Period in which Ionia played a cardinal role.
During this rise to prominence twelve cities were settled or resettled and emerged as Ionia speaking varieties of Ionic Greek. Vitruvius, however, says there were thirteen, the extra state being Melite, which "... as a punishment of the arrogance of its citizens was detached from the other states in a war levied pursuant to the directions of a general council ("communi consilio"); and in its place ... the city of Smyrna was admitted into the number of Ionian states ("inter Ionas est recepta")." There is no other mention of Melite anywhere but two fragments of Hecataeus say that Melia was a city of Caria and an inscription from Priene confirms that there had been a "Meliac War" against a state located between Priene and Samos; i.e., on Mycale.
The inscription records the result of an arbitration between Priene and Samos by jurors from Rhodes. Both litigants claimed that Carium, the fortified settlement of Melia, and Dryussa, another settlement, had been distributed to them at the conclusion of the Meliac War, when the Carians were expelled. Being on the Samian side of the crest Melia had been resettled mainly by Samians and for this reason they had won a similar case brought before Lysimachus of Macedon a century earlier. That case is mentioned in an earlier inscription from Priene.
Priene had now reopened the case arguing that their sale of plots from the land demonstrated their continuous ownership of it except for a brief period when an invasion of the Cimmerians under Lygdamus forced temporary Greek evacuation of the region (about 650 BC). The Samians used a passage from the now missing "History" of Maeandrius of Miletus to support their claim. The jury found that Maeandrius was not authentic and reversed the earlier decision.
Panionium.
The Melians had named their capital Carium, "of Caria" as a Greek word. Considering that it was placed in Ionia, the choice of name suggests a political statement of some sort, although the word may have had a different meaning in the Carian language, now lost except for a few dozen words. The Ionians leagued together to defeat it and continued the league, building a capital they called Panionium, "of all the Ionians" next to the former Carium. It rose to prominence while the Ionian confederacy was sovereign, became a memory when Ionia was incorporated into other states and empires and finally was lost altogether. The ancient writers remembered that it had been on the north side of the mountain, across the ridge from Priene.
After a few false identifications in modern times, the ruins of Melia and the Panionium were discovered in 2004 on Dilek Daglari, a smaller peak of Mycale, to the north of Priene at an elevation of . The Carium must be the early 7th century BC town surrounded by a triangular wall in places as thick as .
The floruit was the early 7th, but sherds have been found there from as early as the Protogeometric period. Coldstream characterizes the burial structures as of "a considerable Carian substrate." The culture was not entirely Carian; the Ionians continued the worship of Poseidon Heliconius there, which Strabo says came from Helike in Peloponnesian Achaea. This event must have been during the Ionian colonization. Melia therefore was a renegade Ionian state.
The temple believed to the Panionium was constructed next to the Carium about 540 BC. It took over the worship of Poseidon Heliconius, served as the meeting place of the Ionian League, and was the site of the religious festival and games ("panegyris") called the Panionia. The construction of this temple is a terminus post quem for the existence of the Ionian League, which as a constituted body had a name, the "koinon Iōnōn" ("common thing of the Ionians"), a "synedrion" ("place to sit down together") and a "boulē" ("council").
Whether this body existed before the Meliac War is uncertain. Vitruvius' "commune consilium" seems to translate "koinon." Some analysts have postulated an association as early as 800 BC but whether formally constituted remains unknown. There is no sign of it yet on Mycale unless Carium had in fact been it.
Battle of Mycale.
In 479 BC, Mycale was the site of one of the two major battles that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars. Under the leadership of the Spartan Leotychides, the Greek fleet defeated the Persian fleet and army. According to Herodotus, the battle occurred the same day as the Greek victory at Plataea.


2002 in the Palestinian territories

Events in the year 2002 in the Palestinian territories.
Incumbents.
Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority)


Koizumi Domain

The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, with its headquarters within the city limits of present-day Yamato-Kōriyama, Nara. It was ruled for the entirety of its history by the branch of the Katagiri family founded by Katagiri Sadataka, a younger brother of the famed Katagiri Katsumoto. In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system the Koizumi Domain became Koizumi Prefecture, and later it was finally made a part of Nara Prefecture.
List of lords.
The second lord, Katagiri Sadamasa (1605-73), is an important figure in the history of the Japanese tea ceremony. He founded the Sekishū-ryū school of Japanese tea ceremony, and in Japanese tea history, is usually known as Katagiri Sekishū.


Kurobane Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in the Nasu District of Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Tochigi Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Kurobane "jin'ya" in what is now part of the city of Ōtawara, Tochigi. Kurobane was ruled through all of its history by the "tozama" Ōzeki clan.
History.
After Tokugawa Ieyasu took control over the Kantō region in 1590, he assigned a 13,000 "koku" holding in northern Shimotsuke Province to Ōzeki Takamasu, the head of one of the seven leading samurai clans from the area. His son, Ōzeki Sukemasu, fought a rear-guard action against the Uesugi clan in Aizu during the Battle of Sekigahara and was rewarded with an increase in "kokudaka" to 20,000 "koku" and was confirmed as "daimyō" of Kurobane.
Although their residence was styled as a "jin'ya", it was built in the former central bailey of the clan’s ancestral Kurobane Castle, which was located on a 50-meter tall hill, with moats, earthen ramparts and "yagura" watchtowers.
During the time of the 4th "daimyō", Ōzeki Masuchika, the domain was divided, with 1000 "koku" going to each of his two younger brothers. In 1689, the noted haiku poet Matsuo Basho spent 14 day at Kurobane while traveling the Tohoku region and writing the "Oku no Hosomichi". This was the longest stay in any one location during his journey. The 15th "daimyō", Ōzeki Masuhiro, served in a number of important posts within the Bakumatsu period Tokugawa shogunate, including "Kaigun bugyō" and "wakadoshiyori". He also improved the domain’s military by introducing the Spencer repeating rifle and western military technologies. The 16th and final "daimyō", Ōzeki Masatoshi, sided with the Satchō Alliance in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, and fought in the Battle of Aizu.
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Kurobane Domain became part of Tochigi Prefecture.
The domain had a population of 19,493 people in 3666 households, of which 1937 were samurai in 638 households per a census in 1870.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Kurobane Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Chikama Tokiie

 (fl. early 14th c.) was a "gokenin" and simultaneously a retainer of the Hōjō clan of the Kamakura shogunate in Japan.
Background.
The Chikama clan originated from Chikama, Owari Province (modern-day Minami-ku, Nagoya) and remained the ruler of Chikama as a "gokenin", or vassal family of the shogunate. At some time in history, the Chikama clan became a private retainer of the Hōjō Tokusō family, which was the de facto ruler of the shogunate. The Chikama clan moved to Kawanabe District of Satsuma Province, a property of the Tokusō family, to serve as a deputy "jitō" and the ruler of the district.
Domain and significance.
Chikama Tokiie is known for a set of documents he created in 1306. In these documents he listed properties to be inherited by his family members, namely his three sons, two daughters and two wives. These properties were distributed among the following:
Kawanabe District and Wakamori were properties of the Tokusō family, and the Chikama clan served it as a deputy ruler. It is significant that the villages enumerated in the Kawanabe District were located in the Manose River valley because the Mottaimatsu Site, which is considered to have served as a major trading center, was downstream of the Manose River. Apart from the Manose River, he also owned Bōnotsu, a trading port that was connected to Hakata Bay, China and the Ryukyu Islands.
These documents include various southern islands, including some of the Ōsumi Islands, the Tokara Islands (the Seven), as well as Kikai Island, Amami Ōshima and Tokunoshima, and probably Okinoerabu of the Amami Islands. Although the Amami Islands were traditionally not considered to be part of Japan, they were treated as the territories of a Japanese lord. Another source probably making reference to this is a map of Japan stored at the Kanazawa Bunko, a library of the Hōjō clan. It depicts a land mass outside the boundary of Japan where the caption reads "龍及國宇嶋身人頭鳥雨見嶋私領郡" (*"U-shima", State/Province of Ryūkyū [where people have] a human body but a bird head; Amami Island(s), a privately owned district). The latter half suggests that (the Hōjō clan considered that) the Amami Islands were not part of Japan but anyway owned by Japanese.


Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan

The was an administrative post not of Cabinet rank in the government of the Empire of Japan, responsible for keeping the Privy Seal of Japan and State Seal of Japan. The modern office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was identical with the old Naidaijin only in name and should not be confused. The office was abolished in 1945 after the Second World War.
History.
Meiji period.
The modern office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was formed in 1885, after the Meiji government established the Japanese cabinet; however, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was separate from the cabinet, and acted as a direct, personal advisor to the Emperor. He was also responsible for the administration of imperial documents such as rescripts and edicts. Petitions to the emperor and the court were also handled by the Lord Keeper's office, as well as the responses.
When the Privy Council was created in 1888, the Privy Seal retained his independent advisory role. The term "privy" in Privy Council and Privy Seal identifies a direct relationship of special trust.
In 1907, the post was expanded to become the with a chief secretary, three secretaries and six assistants in order to handle the increased workload with the passing of the "genrō".
Shōwa period.
After the start of Emperor Hirohito's reign in 1925, the office and position of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal became increasingly important, at the expense of the office of the Prime Minister. Political infighting within the Diet of Japan further boosted the power of the Lord Keeper. The holder of this position was able to strictly control who was allowed to have an audience with the emperor, as well as the flow of information.
The office of the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal was officially abolished on 24 November 1945, and the position itself was abolished with the promulgation of the new constitution in November 1946. Thus, former Grand Chamberlain Fujita Hisanori was the last Lord Keeper.
Today, the seals are kept in the care of the Chamberlain of Japan.


Chalcolithic Temple of Ein Gedi

The Chalcolithic Temple of Ein Gedi is a Ghassulian public building dating from about 3500 BCE. It lies on a scarp above the oasis of Ein Gedi, on the western shore of the Dead Sea, within modern-day Israel. Archaeologist David Ussishkin has described the site as "a monumental edifice in terms of contemporary architecture".
Discovery and excavation.
The temple was discovered in 1956 by Yohanan Aharoni during an archaeological survey of the Ein Gedi region. Yosef Naveh carried out a trial excavation in the following year, finding animal bones, flint flakes, shells and sherds identifying the site as a public building from the Chalcolithic-Ghassulian period, possibly a shrine. Systematic exploration of the temple started in 1962 under the supervision of Benjamin Mazar, part of the Ein Gedi excavations carried out by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Israel Exploration Society. No domestic ware nor remains of dwellings were found at the site, while its character and plan resemble the Chalcolithic sanctuary found in stratum XIX at Megiddo, confirming its identification as a temple.
Layout.
The excavations at the temple have unearthed a compound consisting of a main building on the north, a smaller one in the east, and a small circular structure, in diameter and probably serving some cultic purpose, in the center. The entire complex was enclosed by stone walls preserved to a considerable height, linking the buildings into one rectangular unit. In the southern wall stood a gatehouse leading to the spring of Ein Gedi, and a smaller gate in the northern wall, next to the small building, led to another spring in Nahal David. Reaching the cliff walls on three sides, it appears the temple was adapted to the topography.
The main building was a broadhouse, long and wide, with an entrance along its long southern wall. Opposite the entrance stood a hoof-shaped niche surrounded by a stone fence. Within were found animal bones, sherds, an accumulation of ashes and the clay statuette of a bull laden with a pair of churns. These indicate the niche served as an altar. A round piece of white crystalline limestone, found at the back of the altar, may have served as the base for a statue of a deity. Stone benches stood along both long walls, while along the short walls the excavators found groups of small pits sunk into the floors. These were found to contain the remains of burnt bones, horns, pottery, and a great quantity of ash. A piece of painted plaster indicates the walls were perhaps even painted and decorated, like those from the Ghassulian type site at Teleilat al-Ghassul.
The smaller building at the eastern end of the enclosure is also a broadhouse, measuring by . Its floor was found to have been coated with a light-colored plaster and a stone bench was built along its facade. It may have served the priests of the temple, housing their vestments and ritual utensils.
The gatehouse contained an inner and outer entrances, and in the gate chamber stood a stone bench, about nine to twelve inches high.
The circular installation stands at the highest point in the courtyard and features a round basin, in diameter and about deep. In the stone wall between the smaller building and the small gate, excavators have uncovered the outlet of a channel which appears to have been used to dispose of liquids, probably water, from the installation. In the installation was also found a fragment of a cylindrical alabaster vessel, the oldest example of alabaster in Palestine. Imported from Egypt, it is indicative of cultural connections between the Ghalussian culture and pre-dynastic Egypt.
Analysis.
The location of the temple between two springs, the orientation of the gates and the circular structure in the courtyard indicate the cultic nature of the Temple seems to have been connected to water. Pottery found at the site is almost exclusively of four types: bowls on fenestrated pedestals, small bowls, cornets and animal figurines. This limited variety may reflect its cultic significance — bowls on fenestrated pedestals have also been found in the Chalcolithic temple in Megiddo.
The temple complex shows no evidence of various stages of construction nor of repairs, indicating it belongs to one limited period of time. All pottery finds at the site place it in the late Ghassulian stage and have parallels in pottery found in other Chalcolithic sites in the region. With no dwellings and little Calcholithic remains in the immediate vicinity, the site appears to have served as a focus for pilgrimage, serving a wide region. Excavations in the nearby Morinaga cave have yielded domestic Chalcolithic pottery, including bowls, storage jars, cornets and chalices, leading archaeologist Hanan Eshel to believe that the cave had housed the temple priests.
The site shows no sign of deliberate destruction. It appears to have been abandoned and its cultic furniture removed, carried away by the priests. Other Ghassulian sites also display signs of abandonment, and the temple may represent the last phase of the Ghassulian settlements. David Ussishkin has suggested that the Nahal Mishmar hoard, discovered south of Ein Gedi in 1961 by Pessah Bar-Adon, was in fact the temple's cult objects. Containing 429 articles, 416 of which are copper objects including maceheads, sceptres and small crowns, the hoard forms "a unique collection of equipment for use in the Ghassulian ritual" and must have been used in a central sanctuary. It may have been hidden in Nahal Mishmar because of some calamity or approaching danger, never to be recovered. Nevertheless, there does not exist a single find to directly link the hoard to the temple at Ein Gedi. Bar-Adon has suggested some fragmentary ruins near the cave where the hoard was found might have been a comparable cultic location and a possible alternate source.


Durjaya

Durjaya, now North Guwahati, was capital of Kamarupa kingdom under the Pala Dynasty for the period 900 to 1100 C.E. Pala rulers built their capital on the banks of the Brahmaputra and surrounded it with a rampart and a strong palisade, whence they named it Durjaya (=impregnable). Many wealthy merchants lived there in safety and it boasted of many plastered turrets. Encouraged by the King, the learned men, religious preceptors, and poets made it a place of resort.
References.
2. Gayajidham


Sanketam

Sanketam was the name given to temple corporations in medieval Kerala. Land grants given to Brahmins were organized into "sanketams", which formed semi-autonomous, self governing bodies. According to M.T. Narayanan, the "sanketam" was the primary institution through which the Nambudiri Brahmins exerted their influence on the politics of Kerala.
They were the predominant landowning agency of the feudal age, exercising revenue and judicial power. In the region of the sanketam, all temporal authorities were exercised by the temple officials and the local chieftains wielded no control. M.T. Narayanan classifies "sanketams" as "grama sanketams", which formed the original 32 Brahmin settlements of Kerala and "kshetra sanketams", which referred to fresh settlements.
Shneider and Gough distinguish four types of temples among the upper castes of Kerala. The first of these were the temples belonging to "sanketams", whose estates were managed by Nambudiris. These temples were dedicated to pan-India Hindu deities like Siva or Vishnu. Animal sacrifices were forbidden within the temples of the "sanketams" and they were restricted to the Brahmin population of the village. The priests of these temples were often lower ranking Nambudiri priests. A few temple-servant castes also used to live in these "sanketams". Second were the private temples owned by Nambudiris which were smaller versions of the first. The third and fourth kinds of temples belonged to royal matrilineal lineages and the "common" Nair families and these were often dedicated to Bhagavathi or Bhadrakali.
Governance.
The governance of the temple-state was carried out by the body of the "yogam", which consisted of the heads (eldest male) of all Brahmin households belonging to the designated region. These members ("yogakkar") elected a committee of "ooralans" (heads of certain Nambudiri households) and a chief, who exercised supreme authority within the confines of the sanketam. The chief ("sankethaadhikari") who was usually a kshatriya was appointed by the Brahmin head of the "yogam" (known as the "yogathiri"). In this way, the sanketam functioned independent of the existing political structure of the area (which may be ruled by a "naduvazhi" or a "desavazhi").
A sanketam could also have several smaller satellite temples ("keezhedams") operating under its nominal control, in which case, consent for certain events had to sought from the parent temple.


List of years in the Philippines

This is a list of years in the Philippines.


Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan

Emir Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan (, 3 January 1880 – 28 April 1944) was the last emir of the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, rulers of the Emirate of Bukhara in Central Asia. Although Bukhara was a protectorate of the Russian Empire from 1873, the Emir presided over the internal affairs of his emirate as absolute monarch and reigned from 3 January 1911 to 30 August 1920.
Early life.
At the age of thirteen, Alim Khan was sent by his father Emir Abdulahad Khan to Saint Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques. In 1896, having received formal confirmation as Crown Prince of Bukhara by the Russian government, he returned home.
After two years in Bukhara assisting in his father's administration, he was appointed governor of Nasef region for the next twelve years. He was then transferred to the northern province of Karmana, which he ruled for another two years, until receiving word in 1910 of his father's death.
Reign.
Alim Khan's rule began with promise. Initially, he declared that he would no longer expect or accept any gifts, and prohibited his officials from demanding bribes from the public, or imposing taxes on their own authority. However, as time went by the Emir's attitude towards bribes, taxes, and state salaries changed. The conflict between the traditionalists and the reformists ended with the traditionalists in control, and the reformers in exile in Moscow or Kazan. It is thought that Alim Khan, who initially favored modernization and the reformists, realised that their eventual goals included no place for either him or his descendants as rulers. Like his predecessors, Alim Khan was a traditional ruler. He toyed with the idea of reform as a tool to keep the clergy in line, and only as long as he saw the possibility of using it to strengthen Manghud rule.
One of the most important Tajik writers, Sadriddin Ayniy, wrote vivid accounts of life under the Emir. He was whipped for speaking Tajik and later wrote about the life under the Emirs in the "Bukhara Executioners" ("Jallodon-i Bukhara").
Alim Khan was the only Manghud ruler to add the title of Caliph to his name, and was the last direct descendant of the Manghit dynasty to serve as a national ruler.
In March 1918 activists of the Young Bukharan Movement (Yosh Buxoroliklar) informed the Bolsheviks that the Bukharians were ready for the revolution and that the people were awaiting liberation. The Red Army marched to the gates of Bukhara and demanded that the emir surrender the city to the Young Bukharans. As Russian sources report, the emir responded by killing the Bolshevik delegation, along with several hundred Russian supporters of the Bolsheviks in Bukhara and the surrounding territories. The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent.
Deposition and death.
However, the emir had won only a temporary respite. As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. On 2 September 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well equipped Red Army troops under the command of Bolshevik general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city. After four days of fighting, the Ark of Bukhara was destroyed, the red flag was raised from the top of Kalyan Minaret, and the Emir Alim Khan was forced to flee to his base at Dushanbe (in present-day Tajikistan), and finally to Kabul, Afghanistan, where he died in 1944. He is buried at the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery.
He was awarded Order of Prince Danilo I and a number of decorations.
Family.
Alim Khan's daughter, Shukria Raad Alimi, worked as a broadcaster for Radio Afghanistan. Shukria Raad left Afghanistan with her family three months after Soviet troops invaded the country in December 1979. With her husband, also a journalist, and two children she fled to Pakistan, and then through Germany to the United States. In 1982 she joined the Voice of America, working for many years as a broadcaster for VOA's Dari Service, editor, program host and producer. Alim Khan also had a son named Shahmurad, who denounced his father in 1929 (at the age of seven) and later served in the Soviet Army.
During his governance in Bukhara, he also had a son named Qasem who was killed by the Bolshevik revolutionaries. Qasem had only one son who, when he was 13 years old, escaped from Bukhara to Iran-Mashhad with his stepfather. When he arrived in Iran, he took the name Husein Bukharaei. He married Bibimeymanat Mohsenolhoseini in Mashhad. They had 6 sons and 4 daughters. Husein Bukharaei died in 1993. Their children (Hasan, Lo'ba, Ali, Narges, Qasem, Reza, Fatemeh, Mohammad, Mahmoud, Mahboubeh) all live in Mashhad.
In 2020, the BBC World Service made a documentary called "Bukhara" about the last ruler of Bukhara, which refers to the fate of the family of Amir Alam Khan.


Maeda Toshitaka (Toyama)


Nakatakase Kannonyama Site

 is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a Yayoi period settlement located in what is now the city of Tomioka, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1997.
Overview.
The Nakatakase Kannonyama Site is located at an elevation of 230 metes on the right bank of the Kabura River in the south-central part of Tomioka. It was discovered during construction work on the Joshin'etsu Expressway and was excavated from 1989 to 1990. It was found to contain the traces of a large-scale of Yayoi period settlement measuring from 200 meters east-to-west by 350 meters north-to-south. The foundations of pit dwellings were densely distributed in the flattened center of the hill and spread to the gentle southern slopes. The settlement was surrounded by a wooden palisade and also by a moat in the south. Artifacts discovered included Jōmon pottery through late Yayoi period earthenware, stone tools including stone knives and axes, spindle wheels as well as "magatama" and other glass beads. Further excavation revealed that the settlement contained upwards of 140 buildings, and was destroyed by fire, leading to speculation that it may have been burned in an ancient war.
The route of the expressway was changed to a tunnel in order to preserve the site, which was backfilled after excavation. It is located about 30 minutes on foot from Nishi-Tomioka Station of the Joshin Electric Railway.


Ii Naoatsu


Outline of ancient China

What was ancient China?
Ancient China can be described as all of the following:
General history of ancient China.
Ancient Chinese history, by period.
History of ancient China
Culture of ancient China.
Philosophy in ancient China.
Ancient Chinese philosophy
Ming Dynasty Achievements in ancient china (one of three golden eras).
The Ming dynasty era is one of the main three golden eras of reforming and development of economic growth and efficiency in Chinese ancient economy (1368 to 1662).
Ming improved new technologies in many industries one of the main two were the rebuilding of the great wall of China and the engineering of the grand canal, which created economic development. Overall agriculture production rose than ever before due to technological discoveries. The technological inventions reached the military by making new and more powerful weapons.
In the agriculture sector, farmers started using new ways to increase output. By using water-powered crop rotation methods and plowing, increasing the efficiency of farming. Especially that the population was increasing, and the soil quality was declining. Allowing farmers to cultivate large lands to cultivate cash crops.
The manufacturing industry became more advanced and was involved in producing different products, compared to the Song Dynasty. Iron was produced at a rate which no previous dynasty was able to achieve. The Ming used the Han policies and privatized many industries, like tea and salt. Chinese industry was propelled by powerful and wealthy merchants. Ming helped with income equality by canceling any forced labor and increasing wages of labor class in manufacturing industries in all factories. There were over 300 factories run by wage labor forces. Increasing production in these factories.
Commerce and Trade, the rebuilding of the great wall of China and the canal river allowed the trade to increase. Building new bridges, wider roads for better transportation routes. Reaching to Europe and Japan.


6th Asian Film Awards

The 6th Asian Film Awards is an intra-continental annually-presented award ceremony hosted during the Hong Kong International Film Festival to honour the best Asian films of 2011.
Awards were presented in 14 general categories. People's Choice Awards were also presented for Favorite Actor and Favorite Actress. In addition, three special awards were also given, the Lifetime Achievement Award, The Edward Yang New Talent Award and The Asian Film Award for 2011's Top Grossing Asian Film. Nominations were announced on January 17, 2012 and the ceremony took place on March 19, 2012.
The awards were held at the Grand Hall of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Center as part of the Entertainment Expo's Opening Gala. It was broadcast in aTV World on March 20 and in aTV Asia on March 22.
Jury.
The jury for the awards consisted of 12 members from various countries; filmmakers, producers, critics and delegates from other international film festivals were a part of the jury.
Winners and nominees.
Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.
Films with multiple awards and nominations.
These films won more than one award at the ceremony :
These films received more than one nomination at the awards :
Nations who received awards and nominations.
The awards tally includes People's Choice Awards and special awards.
The nominations tally includes People's Choice Awards nominations.


Battle of Koppam

The Battle of Koppam was a battle fought between the Medieval Chola kings Rajadhiraja Chola and Rajendra Chola II with the Chalukya king Someshvara I in 1054, or in 1052 CE according to Sen. The site of the battle has been identified as Koppal by C.R. Krishnamacharlu and this has been accepted by Sastri and Dr. B.R Gopal. Though the Cholas were successful in the battle, the king and supreme commander, Rajadhiraja I lost his life in the battlefield and was succeeded to the throne by his younger brother, Rajendra Chola II.
Sources.
The main historic sources of the battle are an inscription dated to 1054 and Rajendra Chola's Manimangalam record of 1055.
Causes.
Since his accession to the throne, Rajadhiraja Chola desired to subjugate the Chalukyas who ruled over portions of Northern Karnataka and the southern part of present-day Maharashtra and incorporate their territories into the Chola Empire. His first invasion of the Chalukya kingdom in 1047-48 had failed. In 1054, he led a second expedition into the Chalukya territories which met the Chalukya army and fought a battle at place mentioned as "Koppam".
Events.
In 1054, Rajadhiraja led a huge army northward and plundered the province of Rattamandalam. His army was followed in the rear by forces under Rajadhiraja's brother and heir-apparent, Rajendra II. The Chalukya king Someshvara I prepared to meet his enemy and a pitched battle was fought at Koppam. The Chola troops were holding the upper hand when Chalukyan archers shot Rajadhiraja mortally wounding him. The Chola troops panicked and began to retreat when Rajendra II, commanding the reserve forces, personally took command of the army and rallying the Chola forces together, inflicted heavy losses on the Chalukya army forcing Someshvara I to flee. Chola sources record that the elephants, horses and camels of the Chalukyas, along with a huge booty and the queens of Someshvara I fell into the hands of the Cholas. Rajendra II, reportedly, crowned himself on the battlefield and erected a victory pillar at Kolhapur before returning to his country.
Identification of Koppam.
The Manimangalam inscription state that Koppam was a city on "the Great River". Fleet has identified it with Khidrapur, 30 miles south-east of Kolhapur, thereby assuming the "Great River" to be the Krishna, while other historians have identified Koppam with a place near Maski.


Martin of Arades

Saint Martin of Arades, also called Martin of Corbie (died on 26 November 726 in Saint-Priest-sous-Aixe), was a canonized monk from Corbie Abbey, whose feast day is November 26 in both the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
He was the chaplain and confessor of the Frankish Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel. He died in Saint-Priest-sous-Aixe and was buried there. He is the patron saint of gout.


Moesia Secunda


Umar bin Haydar

 Umar bin Haydar was the Uzbek Emir of Bukhara from December 1826 to April 1827. His father was emir Haydar bin Shahmurad (1800–1826).
Emir Haydar died in 1826 and was succeeded by Mir Hussein bin Haydar, then Umar bin Haydar came to power.
He took the throne of the emirate at the age of 16, replacing his deceased elder brother, Mir Hussein ibn Haydar, who ruled the emirate only two months after the death of his father, Haydar bin Shahmurad.
At the end of the reign, Mir Umar Bukhara was besieged by his brother Nasrulla, who overthrew him in April 1827 and himself came to power.


Kumamoto Domain

The , also known as , was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Higo Province in modern-day Kumamoto Prefecture.
In the han system, Kumamoto was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. In other words, the domain was defined in terms of "kokudaka", not land area. This was different from the feudalism of the West.
History.
The domain was centered at the Kumamoto Castle in Kumamoto.
Under the Hosokawa, with an income of 540,000 koku, the Kumamoto domain was one of the largest in Kyushu, second only to the Satsuma Domain, and excluding the lands held by the Tokugawa and Matsudaira clans, the fourth-largest in Japan after the Kaga, Satsuma and Sendai domains.
List of "daimyōs".
The hereditary "daimyōs" were head of the clan and head of the domain.


Gina (Canaan)

Gina, mentioned in the Amarna Letters, was a town in ancient Canaan. The citizens of Gina were responsible for the death of Labaya. The town was later known as Beth-Hagan and was probably located roughly on the spot of the modern town of Jenin.
Amarna letter Gina.
Amarna letter 250 records the only mention of Gina. It explains (in passing) the recent killing of Labaya, and the resultant of dealing with his two sons.
An excerpt of the mostly complete 60-line letter:


Amar Prakash

Amar Prakash, K.C.S.I., K.C.I.E., was the Maharaja of Sirmur State from 1911 until 1933.
Biography.
Amar Prakash was born on 26 January 1888 to Surendra Bikram Prakash, Raja of Sirmur. He was educated privately and received administrative training during the time of his father. He succeeded to the Gaddi on the death of his father in 1911. He was installed on the Gaddi by Sir Louis Dane, the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab. He married Mandalsa Devi, eldest daughter of Dev Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana, ex-Prime Minister of Nepal.
He died in Vienna on 13 August 1933. He was succeeded by his son, Rajendra Prakash as the Maharaja of Sirmur.


Shepherd Neolithic

Shepherd Neolithic is a name given by archaeologists to a style (or industry) of small flint tools from the Hermel plains in the north Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. The Shepherd Neolithic industry has been insufficiently studied and was provisionally named based on a limited typology collected by Jesuit archaeologist "Père" Henri Fleisch. Lorraine Copeland and Peter J. Wescombe suggested it was possibly "of quite late date".
Characteristics.
Shepherd Neolithic material can be found dispersed over a wide area of the north Beqaa Valley in low concentrations. M. Billaux and Henri Fleisch suggested that the flints were of a higher quality than the brittle flint in the nearby conglomerates indicating origin from elsewhere. Three groups of flint could be determined; light brown, red-brown and that varied but was usually grey-chocolate that was distinguished with a radiant "desert shine". Characteristics of the industry include smallness in size, commonly between 2.5 cm and 4 cm and frequently being quite thick, unlike geometric microliths. The small number of tools within the assemblage is another distinguishable characteristic, including short denticulated or notched blades, end scrapers, transverse racloirs on thin flakes and borers with strong points. They also display a lack of recognizable typology although Levallois technique was occasionally observed to have been used. They also show signs of having been heavily worked with cores being re-used and turned into scrapers. Fleisch suggested the industry was Epipaleolithic as it is evidently not Paleolithic, Mesolithic or even Pottery Neolithic. He further suggested that the industry could have been used by nomadic shepherds.
The relationship and dividing line between the related Heavy Neolithic zone of the south Beqaa Valley could also not be clearly defined but was suggested to be in the area around Douris and Qalaat Tannour. Not enough exploration had been carried out to conclude whether the bands of Neolithic surface sites continues south into the areas around Zahle and Rayak.
Sites.
The type sites of the Shepherd Neolithic are at Qaa and Maqne I, with other sites with Shepherd Neolithic finds include Douris, Hermel II, Hermel III, Kamouh el Hermel, Qalaat Tannour, Wadi Boura I and possibly at Rayak North, Riha Station and Serain.


Ana-tsurushi

, also known simply as , was a Japanese torture technique used in the 17th century to coerce Christians ("Kirishitan") to recant their faith. The victim was hung head-down by the feet. Both Japanese and Western Christians are known to have been submitted to the torture. One of the victim's hands would be held tight with a rope, but the other would be left free so that he could signal his willingness to recant.
The technique was said to be unbearable for those submitted to it, though some particularly resilient martyrs like Lorenzo Ruiz never broke under torture. The body was often lowered into a hole, itself often filled with excrement at the bottom. Typically, a cut would be made in the forehead in order to let blood pressure decrease in the area around the head.
Christians were let go after apostatizing, and in this way the Shogunate practically purged it from Japan.
A notable victim of this method of torture was Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, the first Filipino martyr to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.
"Ana-tsurushi" was made famous in the novel "Silence" by Shusaku Endo.


Fujiwara no Nakahira

, also known as "Biwa no daijin", was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Heian period.
In 945 he took tonsure as a Buddhist monk and died the same year. His Dharma name was Seikan (静寛).
Career at court.
He was a minister during the reigns of Emperor Daigo and Emperor Suzaku.
Genealogy.
This member of the Fujiwara clan was the son of Fujiwara no Mototsune. Nakahira's brothers were Fujiwara no Tokihira and Fujiwara no Tadahira.


Pasargadae (Persian tribe)

The Pasargadae were an Iranian tribe from Persis ("Parsa" in Old Persian) or Persia Proper, in modern southwestern Iran (this ancient country roughly matches with the modern Iranian provinces of Fars or Pars, Bushehr and western Hormozgan). This tribe was one of the three main and leading Persian tribes (the Persians were and are one of the Iranian peoples) alongside the Maraphii and the Maspii. From the Pasargadae came the Achaemenid royal family. The first capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire, Pasargadae, was in the land of this tribe and took its name from them.


List of samurai from the Sengoku period

A list of samurai from the Sengoku Period (c.1467−c.1603), a sub-period of the Muromachi Period in feudal Japan.
Samurai.
A
B
C
D
E
G
H
I
K
M
N
O
S
T
U
Y


Daniyal Biy

Daniyal Biy was the Uzbek ruler (atalyk) of Bukhara from 1758 to 1785. His father was Khudoyar biy.
The previous ruler of the Bukharan Khanate Muhammad Rahim Khan died in 1758 and was succeeded by Daniayl Biy, his uncle.
Internal policy.
Information from sources about the internal situation of the Bukhara Khanate in the era of Danial-biy is extremely insufficient and contradictory. One of the Bukhara historians of the first quarter of the 19th century, Abdul-Karim Bukhari, noted that under Danial-biy, Bukhara was cheap and the country was distinguished by its improvement. Daniyal-biy, according to Muhammad Yakub Bukhari, like Muhammad Rahim-khan, enjoyed the fame of generosity and a humane ruler, although he did not delve into state affairs, especially financial matters. The position of the central government was fragile. The state was actually ruled by the supreme kushbegi Muhammad Davlat and the chief Bukharian judge Nizamiddin, who mainly cared only about their enrichment.
Foreign policy.
In 1761, Daniyal-biy sent an embassy to the Russian Empire headed by Quli-bek tupchi-bashi
The embassies of Irnazar Maksudov contributed to the strengthening of Bukhara-Russian relations. In the conditions of economic isolation of Central Asia, the decline in the importance of the Great Silk Road, Irnazar Maksudov put forward a bold and complex idea - a project of turning trade relations between East Asia and Western Europe on their original path, into the Bukhara-Russian borders.
Danial-biy strengthened state ties with the Ottoman Empire. They sent three embassies to Istanbul, headed by Irnazar Maksudov, which was passed through Russia and twice by Muhammad Sharif in 1783-1784, which were met by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul-Hamid I (1773-1789). In response, Abdul-Hamid I sent an embassy headed by Mahmud Said to the Bukhara state, which arrived in Bukhara after the death of Danial-biy in 1786 and was received by his son Shahmurad.
Death.
Daniyalbiy died in 1785 and was buried near the grave of Bahauddin Naqshband in Bukhara. After Danial-biy, his heir and eldest son Shahmurad came to power, who also passed on his title "Amir ul-umaro" and the post of atalik.


Ratnapitha

Ratnapitha is an area between river Karatoya and Sonkosh and one of the four Pithas or geographical divisions of ancient Kamrup.


Adad-nirari II

Adad-nirari II (reigned from 911 to 891 BC) is generally considered to be the first King of Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian period.
Biography.
Adad-nirari II's father was Ashur-dan II, whom he succeeded after a minor dynastic struggle. It is probable that the accession encouraged revolts amongst Assyria's nominal vassals.
He firmly subjugated the areas previously under only nominal Assyrian vassalage, conquering and deporting troublesome Arameans following a battle at the junction of the Khabur and Euphrates in 910 BC. After subduing Neo-Hittite and Hurrian populations in the north, Adad-nirari II then twice attacked and defeated Shamash-mudammiq of Babylonia, annexing a large area of land north of the Diyala River and the towns of Hīt and Zanqu in mid Mesopotamia in the same year. He made further gains over Babylonia under Nabu-shuma-ukin I later in his reign. He also campaigned to the west, subjugating the Aramean cities of Kadmuh and Nisibin. Along with vast amounts of treasure collected, he also secured the Kabur river region. His reign was a period of returning prosperity to the Middle East region following expansion of Phoenician and Aramaean trade routes, linking Anatolia, Egypt under the Libyan 22nd Dynasty, Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean.
Adad-nirari II's son was named Tukulti-Ninurta II who continued to wage war against Assyria's enemies.
Because of the existence of full eponym lists from Adad-nirari II's reign down to the middle of the reign of Ashurbanipal in the 7th century BC, year one of his reign in 911 BC is perhaps the first event in ancient Near Eastern history which can be dated to an exact year, although the Assyrian King List is generally considered to be quite accurate for several centuries before Adad-nirari's reign, and scholars generally agree on a single set of dates back to Ashur-resh-ishi I in the late 12th century BC.


2005 in Russia

Events from the year 2005 in Russia.


Honda Sukemitsu


Honda Tadanobu


Kampilideva

Kampilideva was the second and last king of the short-lived Kampili kingdom. His son, prince Kumara Rama helped him wage endless wars against the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, the Hoysala Empire, and the sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Kampilideva and his son Kumara Rama died battling the huge forces of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and were an inspiration for the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Reign.
Kampilideva succeeded his father, Singeya Nayaka III (1280–1300 AD) in 1300 AD. He remained in dispute with the territorial claims of Delhi Sultanate. The founders of the Vijayanagara Empire, the brothers Harihara and Bukka, were ministers in his court and were his grandsons through his daughter, Maravve Nayakiti. His son, prince Kumara Rama, who was an able military leader, helped him wage endless wars against the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, the Hoysala Empire, and the sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughlaq. He is seen as a successful and courageous ruler, who resisted the mighty Delhi Sultanate.
Death.
In 1327/1328 CE, the huge armies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq from Northern India attacked the kingdom of Kampilideva, i.e. the Kampili kingdom, which was the one of the last independent Hindu kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent. The women of the royal household committed "jauhar", when it faced a certain defeat. He and his son, Kumara Rama, died while fighting bravely on the battlefield. They both are remembered today for their courage and bravery, and soon, after this, the great Vijayanagara Empire was founded by the brothers Harihara and Bukka.


Koshikibu no Naishi

 was a Japanese "waka" poet of the early eleventh century. One of her poems was included in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu".
Biography.
She was the daughter of Izumi Shikibu and , the governor of Mutsu.
Starting around 1009, she joined her mother in serving Empress Shōshi.
A target of many suitors, she eventually married . She bore him a child, but died thereafter, still in her late twenties.
Poetry.
Four of her poems were included in imperial anthologies such as the "Goshūi Wakashū" and the "Kin'yō Wakashū".
"Ōe-yama".
The following poem by her was included as No. 60 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":
In later literature.
Numerous anecdotes about her were incorporated into later and "setsuwa" collections.
An "otogizōshi", "Koshikibu", was also written.


Luodai

Luodai is an ancient town in the Sichuan province in southwest China. It is located about 20 km from downtown Chengdu. It has about 23,000 inhabitants, of which about 20,000 are Hakka people.
As more than 85% of the population of the town is Hakkas, the town is the typical representative of Hakka community in Sichuan Province. For this reason, it is also called “World’s Luodai and Eternal Hakka”. As one of the core branch venues for the 20th World’s Hakka Conference, Luodai has its position been established in the Hakka culture of the world[2]. In the weekends, many tourists visit to experience the unique cultural atmosphere while tasting local dishes and snacks.


Maeda Toshioki


Katsuragi clan

The was a Japanese aristocratic kin group ("uji") during the Kofun period.
History.
The Katsuragi clan was founded by Katsuragi no Sotsuhiko (葛城襲津彦), a great-grandson of Emperor Kōgen. During the 5th century the clan was the most prominent power in the court and intermarried with the imperial family. After the Katsuragi declined in the late 5th century, the Ōtomo clan temporarily took its place. When Emperor Buretsu died with no apparent heir, it was Ōtomo no Kanamura who recommended Emperor Keitai, a very distant imperial relative who resided in Koshi Province, as the new monarch. However, Kanamura resigned due to the failure of his diplomatic policies, and the court was eventually controlled by the Mononobe and Soga clans at the beginning of the Asuka period.


Kamarupi Prakrit

Kamarupi Prakrit is the postulated Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) Prakrit language used in ancient Kamarupa (5th–13th century). This language is the historical ancestor of the Kamatapuri lects and the modern Assamese language; and can be dated prior to 1250 CE, when the proto-Kamta language, the parent of the Kamatapuri lects, began to develop. Though not substantially proven, the existence of the language that predated the Kamatapuri lects and modern Assamese is widely believed.
The evidence of this MIA exist in systematic errors in the Sanskrit language used in the Kamarupa inscriptions. This sort of Sporadic Apabhramsa is a mixture of Sanskrit, Prakrit and colloquial dialects of Assam. A distinguishing characteristic of Kamarupa inscriptions is the replacement of "ś" and "ṣ" by "s", which is contrary to Vararuci's rule, the main characteristic of Magadhi Prakrit, which warrants that "ṣ" and "s" are replaced by "ś". Linguists claim this apabhramsa gave rise to various eastern Indo-European languages like modern Assamese and felt its presence in the form of Kamrupi and Kamatapuri lects.
Etymology of various names.
The speech is known by different names, which generally consists of two words — prefix such as 'Kamrupi', 'Kamarupi', 'Kamarupa' referring to Kamarupa and suffixes 'dialect', 'Apabhramsa', sometimes 'Prakrit'.
Suniti Kumar Chatterji named it as "Kamarupa dialect" (the dialect of Magadhi) as spoken in Kamarupa.
Sukumar Sen and others calls it as "old Kamrupi dialect"; the speech used in old Kamrup
Some scholars termed it as Kamrupi Apabhramsa, Kamarupi language or proto-Kamrupa.
Characteristics.
Though the epigraphs were written in classical Sanskrit in kavya style of a high degree, they abound in corrupt and unchaste forms.
Apabhramsa.
Some linguists claim that there existed a Kamrupi apabhramsa as opposed to the Magadhi apabhramsa from which the three cognate languages---Assamese, Bengali and Odia and Maithili---sprouted. The initial motive comes from extra-linguistic considerations. Kamarupa was the most powerful and formidable kingdom in the region which provided the political and cultural influence for the development of the Kamrupi apabhramsa.
Xuanzang (or Hiuen Tsang), when he visited Kamarupa in 643 CE mentioned that the language spoken in Kamarupa was a 'little different' from the one spoken in mid-India is provided as evidence that this apabhramsa existed as early as the 5th century.
Geographical vicinity.
Assamese, or more appropriately the old Kamarupi dialect entered into Kamrup or western Assam, where this speech was first characterized as Assamese.
Golockchandra Goswami in his An introduction to Assamese phonology writes, "in early Assamese there seems to be one dominant dialect prevailing over the whole country, the Western Assamese dialect."
Similarly Upendranath Goswami says, "Assamese entered into Kamarupa or western Assam where this speech was first characterised as Assamese. This is evident from the remarks of Hiuen Tsang who visited the Kingdom of Kamarupa in the first half of the seventh century A.D., during the reign of Bhaskaravarman"
Works.
The sample of the old Kamrupi dialect are found in different inscriptions scattered around eastern and northern India, such as Bhaskar Varman's inscriptions. Daka, a native of Lehidangara village of Barpeta composed an authoritative work named Dakabhanita in the 8th century A.D.


Yursa

Yursa was a town from the 1350–1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence. The site, a city/city-state, is probably in the southern Canaan close to Gaza. Some scholars identify it with Tell Jemmeh.
In the 382–letter correspondence it is the location of its mayor/ruler, Pu-Ba'lu, who authored 3 letters written to the pharaoh, namely EA , (EA for 'el Amarna').
The three letters to the pharaoh from Pu-Ba'lu of Yursa are:
Of the entire Amarna letters 382–letter corpus, Yursa is only referenced in letters 314, and 315, as: "..Pu-Ba'lu, the ruler of Yursa".
Example letter of "Yursa"/Pu-Ba'lu.
EA 314, title: "A shipment of glass".
EA-314, lines 1-22 (with damaged cuneiform characters)
EA 235, entitled: "An order of glass", is of the same subject, a letter from Satatna of "Akka"-(Acco).


Karanogosho Cave Tomb

The is a tomb located in the town of Nakagawa, Tochigi Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1934.
Overview.
The tomb is one of many which were dug into the southern slope of the tuff hills on the eastern bank of the Naka River during the late Kofun period. The Karanogosho tomb is presumed to have been built in the 7th century. The ceiling of the entrance vestibule, which is about 2.75 meters long, is made to resemble a gable roof. Within is a burial chamber with a 1.9 meter ceiling, 2.34 meter width and 4.78 meter length, containing U-shaped stands for three caskets. The tomb is the most elaborate of the many tombs in the area, and can be viewed by a walkway with facilities for rest and explanation placards.
The tomb is associated in legend with the rebellion of Taira no Masakado in the Heian period and is variously claimed to have been used as a cave-prison, or as a hiding place for one of Masakado's daughters, who is claimed to have given birth to a son in this location. Fearing for the infant's safety should his identity be revealed, she claimed to have been a princess from Tang China, hence the name of the tomb was called the "Kara no Gosho", or "Tang Palace". There is no documentary evidence to support any of these legends.
The site is about 30 minutes by car from Karasuyama Station on the JR East Karasuyama Line.


Minamoto no Tomochika

Minamoto no Tomochika (源具親, dates unknown) was a "waka" poet and Japanese nobleman active in the early Kamakura period. He is designated as a member of the .
In 1233, (Tenpuku era), he took tonsure as a Buddhist monk and was given the Dharma name Nyoshun (如舜).


Yoshisuke Aikawa

 was a Japanese entrepreneur, businessman, and politician, noteworthy as the founder and first president of the Nissan "zaibatsu" (1931-1945), one of Japan's most powerful business conglomerates around the time of the Second World War.
Biography.
Aikawa was born in what is now part of Yamaguchi city, Yamaguchi prefecture. His mother was the niece of Meiji period "genrō" Inoue Kaoru. He graduated from the engineering department of Tokyo Imperial University in 1903 and went to work for Shibaura Seisakusho, the forerunner of Toshiba.
Although his pay was very low, Aikawa managed to save enough to make a trip to the United States, where he studied malleable cast iron technology. After his return to Japan, with the backing of Inoue Kaoru and other ex-Chōshū politicians in the Diet of Japan, he established the Tobata Foundry in Kitakyūshū in 1909. The company is now known as Hitachi Kinzoku (Hitachi Metals Company Ltd).
In 1928, Aikawa became president of the Kuhara Mining Company (present day Nippon Mining & Metals Company) taking over from his brother-in-law Fusanosuke Kuhara and created a holding company called Nihon Sangyo, or Nissan for short. Kuhara went on to a career in politics, forging ties with future Prime Minister Giichi Tanaka and other political and military leaders, which Aikawa would later use to his advantage.
In the stock market boom following the 1931 Manchurian Incident, Aikawa used the opportunity to buy majority shareholdings in 132 subsidiary companies of Nissan to create a new "zaibatsu," the . The companies included Nissan Motors, Isuzu, NEC Corporation, Nippon Mining Holdings Company, Nissan Chemicals, Hitachi, Nichiyu Corporation, Nichirei Corporation, Nissan Marine Insurance, Nissan Mutual Life Insurance and others. The group included some of the most technologically advanced companies in Japan at the time.
In 1937, at the invitation of his relative Nobusuke Kishi, he moved to Manchukuo and agreed with the Japanese Kwantung Army's vision of a syndicalist economy and centralized industrial development plan for Manchukuo. He also moved the headquarters of Nissan to Manchukuo, where it became the core of the Manchurian Industrial Development Company, a new Manchukuo "zaibatsu".
In his position as president and chairman, Aikawa guided all industrial efforts in Manchukuo, implementing two five-year plans during the 1930s that followed the economic and industrial vision of army ideologist, Naoki Hoshino. However, Aikawa differed from Hoshino's original conception in that he favored a more monopolistic approach. He argued that the economic state of Manchukuo was still too primitive to permit free market capitalism. Aikawa also received bank loans from American steel industrialists to support the Manchukuo economy, which created considerable controversy in the United States with its policy of Non-recognition.
However, while his economic views were in line with Imperial Japanese Army policy, his political views were not. Aikawa was a strong opponent of the Tripartite Pact, and predicted that the forces of the United Kingdom and France would eventually prevail over Nazi Germany should a general war break out. He supported the Fugu Plan, a project to settle Jewish refugees in Manchukuo. In 1942, at the instigation of the Kwantung Army, Aikawa resigned chairman of the Manchurian Industrial Development Company, and moved back to Japan.
After the surrender of Japan, Aikawa was arrested by the American occupation authorities and incarcerated in Sugamo Prison for 20 months as a Class A war crimes suspect. He was freed before his case came to trial, however, during this time, the Nissan "zaibatsu" was dissolved.
After his release, Aikawa played a key role in post-war economic reconstruction of Japan, and purchased a commercial bank to organize loans to small companies. He served as president of Teikoku Oil Company and of the Japan Petroleum Exploration Company, and in 1953, was elected to a seat in the House of Councilors of the Diet of Japan. With the help of Nobusuke Kishi, then prime minister, he achieved his goal in implementing economic-control law and policies as leader of the "Chuseiren", a pressure group that became the main federation of small and medium-sized companies in the 1960s.
Aikawa died of acute gall bladder inflammation in 1967. His grave is at the Tama Cemetery outside Tokyo.
External links.


2009 in Iraq

Events in the year 2009 in Iraq.


Fujiwara no Korekimi

 was a Japanese noble and statesman of the Nara period. He was originally known as . He reached the court rank of and the position of "udaijin", and was posthumously promoted to . He was also called .
Life.
In 761, Korekimi was promoted from to . After his uncle Fujiwara no Nakamaro's rebellion in 764, Korekimi served successively as governor of Harima Province and Yamashiro Province. He rose rapidly in the court of Empress Shōtoku. In 765 he was promoted to and of the imperial guard, and changed his name from Kuromaro to Korekimi. In 766 he was promoted again to .
His rise continued under Emperor Kōnin, and he was promoted to in 773, and in 774 joined the ranks of the "kugyō" with a promotion to "sangi". In 779 he was promoted to . In this period, while holding important posts in the imperial guard and "daijō-kan", he also supported Prince Yamabe, the future Emperor Kanmu, as .
Shortly after Kanmu's ascension to the throne in 781, a number of important officials since Kōnin's time, including "sadaijin" Fujiwara no Uona, "udaijin" Ōnakatomi no Kiyomaro, "dainagon" Isonokami no Yakatsugu, and "udaijin" Fujiwara no Tamaro, died or left office, and Korekimi was again rapidly promoted. In 781 he was promoted to and "chūnagon", in 782 to "dainagon", and in 783 to "udaijin", making him the most powerful man in the "daijō-kan".
Korekimi died in 789, at the age of 63. His rank at the time of his death was , and he held positions both as "udaijin" and as a general in the imperial guard. He was posthumously promoted to .
Personality.
According to the Shoku Nihongi, Korekimi had a large build and majestic presence. He was a capable official, well versed in the governmental affairs of the day, who made decisions quickly and without delay.


List of Chinese television programs by date

The following is a list of Chinese television programs by date of first broadcast in China.
References.
[[Category:Lists of Chinese television series]]
[[Category:Television in China by year]]


Yangshao culture

The Yangshao culture was a Neolithic culture that existed extensively along the Yellow River in China. It is dated from around 5000 BC to 3000 BC. The culture is named after the Yangshao site, the first excavated site of this culture, which was discovered in 1921 in Yangshao town, Mianchi County, Henan Province by the Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson (1874–1960). The culture flourished mainly in the provinces of Henan, Shaanxi and Shanxi.
Recent research indicates a common origin of the Sino-Tibetan languages with the Cishan, Yangshao and/or the Majiayao cultures.
Economy.
Subsistence.
The main food of the Yangshao people was millet, with some sites using foxtail millet and others proso millet, though some evidence of rice has been found. The exact nature of Yangshao agriculture, small-scale slash-and-burn cultivation versus intensive agriculture in permanent fields, is currently a matter of debate. Once the soil was exhausted, residents picked up their belongings, moved to new lands, and constructed new villages. However, Middle Yangshao settlements such as Jiangzhi contain raised-floor buildings that may have been used for the storage of surplus grains. Grinding stones for making flour were also found.
The Yangshao people kept pigs and dogs. Sheep, goats, and cattle are found much more rarely. Much of their meat came from hunting and fishing with stone tools. Their stone tools were polished and highly specialized. They may also have practiced an early form of sericulture.
Crafts.
The Yangshao culture crafted pottery. Yangshao artisans created fine white, red, and black painted pottery with human facial, animal, and geometric designs. Unlike the later Longshan culture, the Yangshao culture did not use pottery wheels in pottery-making. Excavations found that children were buried in painted pottery jars.
The Yangshao culture produced silk to a small degree and wove hemp. Men wore loin clothes and tied their hair in a top knot. Women wrapped a length of cloth around themselves and tied their hair in a bun.
Houses.
Houses were built by digging a rounded rectangular pit a few feet deep. Then they were rammed, and a lattice of wattle was woven over it. Then it was plastered with mud. The floor was also rammed down.
Next, a few short wattle poles would be placed around the top of the pit, and more wattle would be woven to it. It was plastered with mud, and a framework of poles would be placed to make a cone shape for the roof. Poles would be added to support the roof. It was then thatched with millet stalks. There was little furniture; a shallow fireplace in the middle with a stool, a bench along the wall, and a bed of cloth. Food and items were placed or hung against the walls. A pen would be built outside for animals.
Yangshao villages typically covered ten to fourteen acres and were composed of houses around a central square.
Social structure.
Although early reports suggested a matriarchal culture, others argue that it was a society in transition from matriarchy to patriarchy, while still others believe it to have been patriarchal. The debate hinges on differing interpretations of burial practices.
The discovery of a dragon statue dating back to the fifth millennium BC in the Yangshao culture makes it the world's oldest known dragon depiction, and the Han Chinese continue to worship dragons to this day.
Archaeological sites.
Yangshao, in Mianchi County, Sanmenxia, Henan, the place which gave the culture its name, has a museum next to the archaeological site. The archaeological site of the village of Banpo near Xi'an is one of the best-known ditch-enclosed settlements of the Yangshao.Another major settlement called Jiangzhai was excavated out to its limits, and archaeologists found that it was completely surrounded by a ring-ditch. Both Banpo and Jiangzhai also yielded incised marks on pottery which a few have interpreted as numerals or perhaps precursors to Chinese characters, but such interpretations are not widely accepted.
Phases.
The Yangshao culture is conventionally divided into three phases:
The Majiayao culture (c. 3300–2000 BC) to the west is now considered a separate culture that developed from the middle Yangshao culture through an intermediate Shilingxia phase.


Cissia (area)

In the Persian Empire Cissia（Κισσία) was a very fertile district of Susiana, on the Choaspes. According to Herodotus, the inhabitants, Cissii, were a 'wild', free people, resembling the Persians in their manners.
Herodotus and other ancient Greek writers sometimes referred to the region around Susa as "Cissia", a variant of the Kassite name. However, it is not clear if Kassites were actually living in that region so late.
History.
In ancient times Cissia was subjugated by Tiglath-Pileser III.
Once the Ionian Revolt was finally crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade, Darius began to plan to subjugate Greece. In 490 BC, he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean to subjugate the Cyclades, and then to make punitive attacks on Athens and Eretria. Reaching Euboea in mid-summer after a successful campaign in the Aegean, the Persians proceeded to put Eretria under siege. The siege lasted six days before a fifth column of Eretrian nobles betrayed the city to the Persians. The city was plundered, and the population enslaved on Darius's orders. The Eretrian prisoners were eventually taken to Persia and settled as colonists in Cissia, in the village of Ardericca.
Darius the Great, contrary to Eretrian expectations, treated them kindly, and gave them a village in the country of Cissia for their habitation, which was but a day's journey from Susa, where Apollonius of Tyana found some of their descendants 600 years afterwards.
Herodotus divided the Achaemenid Empire into 20 districts. According to him, Susa and the surrounding area, Cissia, paid 300 talents tribute.


Midai River embankments

The was a system of flood control levees constructed by the Sengoku period warlord Takeda Shingen to protect the central Kōfu Basin in the Chūbu region of Japan. These levees were located in what is now the cities of Nirasaki and Minami-Alps in Yamanashi Prefecture. The remnants were designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2003, with the area under designation expanded in 2009.
Overview.
The Midai River is an 18.6 kilometer long tributary of the Kamanashi River which originates in the Southern Alps. It was subject to flash flooding due to snow melt off in spring and typhoons in summer and autumn. Massively flooding had been known to occur since ancient times, and even the name of the Midai River (御勅使川) comes from the fact that an Imperial envoy was sent to the area in 825 AD to investigate a flood disaster. The warlord of Kai Province, Takeda Shingen, considered that control of the river was essential for his clan to prosper and to control the province, as Kai Province had relatively little flat land for agriculture, and what little existed was concentrated on the flood plain of the Kamanashi River. Almost immediately after seizing power in the province from his father in 1541, he began an ambitious series of civil engineering projects which would continue over the next 20 years. His attention was first drawn to the alluvial fan of the Midai River at its confluence with the Kamanashi River, which flooded in 1542. Despite its relatively small size, this river carried a huge amount of earth and sand, forming an alluvial fan with an area four kilometers in radius. When the river flooded, it would push this debris into the main Kamanashi River, causing it to push the flow of the larger river into the Kōfu Basin. Therefore, in order to control the larger river, it was essential to control the Midai River first.
Shingen's strategy was to construct a series of dikes to solidify the flow path of the Midai River as it crossed the alluvial fan and to direct it to a series of pentagonal-shaped levees (patterned after a "shogi" chess pieces), which would divide the flow. A number of channels were dug to guide the divided flow to the Kamanashi River. In addition, a group of 16 huge boulders were places in the path of the merging flow to reduce the water velocity and kinetic energy, and location for the flow merging into the Kamanashi River was selected to be opposite the Takaiwa cliffs to further reduce its energy. Further levees were constructed along the banks of the Kamanashi River itself; in places these levees were doubled or even tripled as insurance in case the flood managed to breach the primary levee. In order to ensure the maintenance of these works, he exempted people living nearby from taxation in return for providing maintenance on the levees and promoted local "matsuri" to educate the people on the importance of flood control. Construction is estimated to have taken over twenty years. However, despite these efforts, flooding continued to occur during the Edo period (most notably in 1653), and the shape of the embankments have been altered a number of times.<ref name="Shiseki">
The remaining portions of the levee is located 70 minutes on foot from the "Shio no Mae Iriguchi" bus stop on the Yamanashi Kotsu Bus from Kōfu Station on the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line.


Baili Xi

Baili Xi (; 7th century BC) was an influential prime minister of the state of Qin during the Spring and Autumn period of China.
Background.
Baili Xi was born during the Spring and Autumn period, a time of great internal chaos in China. Though talented, he came from a very poor family and was unable to realize his potential by the time he was in his 30s. After much encouragement from his wife, he left home to seek greener pastures and hopefully advance his career ambitions.
He went to the prosperous state of Qi to seek his fortune. However, the government was riddled with corruption and he had no money to bribe the officials. Before long, he had used up all his money and was forced to beg in the street. While in Qi, he befriended Jian Shu (蹇叔), another fellow scholar. Jian Shu talked to him and found him extremely talented.
Some years later, Baili Xi went to work in the minor state of Yu (虞国). He ended up in the state of Jin. Not wanting the serve the Jin regime, he went south to the state of Chu, another large state. The King of Chu did not know about his talents and sent him to care for the animals instead.
Serving Duke Mu of Qin.
Some years later, Duke Mu of Qin heard about Baili Xi and inquired of his whereabouts. Upon the advice of his minister, he famously redeemed Baili Xi with five pieces of goatskin. In order to escape detection from the king of Chu, he sent a low-ranking official to meet the king and had Baili Xi transported to Qin in a prisoner's cart. Once in Qin, Duke Mu accorded Baili Xi with great respect and appointed him as his right-hand man. Baili Xi was already in his 70s by that time. He recommended his old friend Jian Shu to Duke Mu. Together, the duo played a major role in Qin's rise to power. Thus, Duke Mu was able to attain "hegemon" status and became one of the "Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period".


Jacob the Monk (Lebanon)

Jacob the Monk was a 6th-century monk who was an important early figure in European Christianity. He is known from menologia and synaxaria of the Church of Constantinople, where he is mentioned for October 9 or 10. A Syriac manuscript is held by the British Museum.


2007 in the Philippines

2007 in the Philippines details events of note that happened in the Philippines in the year 2007.
National holidays.
The celebration of the holidays may be moved due to President Arroyos "holiday economics" policy.
Holidays in italics are "special days", while those in regular type are "regular holidays".
In addition, several other places observe local holidays, such as the foundation of their town. These are also "special days".


Wangcheng (Zhou dynasty)

Wangcheng was an ancient Chinese city located beside the ceremonial eastern capital of Luoyi during the Zhou dynasty. It was constructed in 1021BC on the model of the earlier and larger Chengzhou to its east. It was the primary capital of the Eastern Zhou dynasty between 771 and 510BC.
The Eastern Han dynasty also chose the location in AD25 as the site of its capital Luoyang, which was built over the earlier Zhou city. The ruins of Wangcheng have been partially excavated and are visible in modern Luoyang's Wangcheng Park.


Tachibana no Naramaro

 was a Japanese aristocrat ("kuge"), courtier, and statesman of the Nara period. He was the son of "sadaijin" Tachibana no Moroe and the second head of the Tachibana clan. He attained the court rank of and the position of "sangi", and posthumously of and "daijō-daijin".
He was the leader of a plot to replace Fujiwara no Nakamaro and to overthrow Empress Kōken ("Tachibana no Naramaro's Conspiracy"). It was not successful.
Early life.
Naramaro's father Moroe was trusted by Emperor Shōmu to govern, and by 743 was promoted as far as and "sadaijin".
In 740, Naramaro was conferred the rank of and then promoted to . In 741 he was promoted to "Daigaku-no-kami", in 743 to , in 745 to , in 746 to , and in 747 to .
In 749, Emperor Shōmu retired, and Empress Kōken assumed the throne. Fujiwara no Nakamaro, who had both the favor of Kōken and the confidence of Shōmu's wife Empress Kōmyō, rapidly rose to power, and came into conflict with Moroe. In the same year, Naramaro rose to , and was appointed as chamberlain and "Sangi".
In 755, Moroe was reported to have slandered the court at a banquet. He resigned in the next year, and died disappointed in 757.
In 756, ex-Emperor Shōmu died, and based on his will was made crown prince. In 757, though, Kōken removed him from the position on the grounds of immorality, and two months later replaced him with Nakamaro's preferred candidate Prince Ōi, the future Emperor Junnin.
Conspiracy and capture.
Another month later, Naramaro was made within the "Daijō-kan". Naramaro was extremely unhappy with Nakamaro's monopolization of power, and together with a group including and Ono no Azumabito, plotted to remove Nakamaro. Naramaro held meetings and secretly tried to recruit sympathizers, but the plot was leaked. informed Nakamaro that Naramaro and company were preparing weapons.
On July 26, 757, revealed that Ono no Azumabito had approached him to request his participation in Naramaro's plot, and Azumabito was arrested and interrogated. Tortured by caning, Azumabito confessed everything. The plan had been for Naramaro to raise troops and kill Nakamaro, then make the crown prince resign. Stealing the emperor's seal and station bells, they would leave Fujiwara no Toyonari in power over the country, make the Emperor resign, and choose a more sympathetic prince as the new emperor. The candidates for this were Prince Funado, , , and .
Those named by Azumabito, including Naramaro, Funado, , , and , were simultaneously arrested early the next year. Interrogated by Fujiwara no Nagate, Naramaro said that because the government was wicked, he planned to raise troops and make a petition. When Nagate asked why the government was wicked, Naramaro responded that the government was constructing temples like Tōdai-ji while the people suffered. Nagate replied that Tōdai-ji was constructed in the time of Naramaro's own father, and Naramaro had no answer to that. According to 's confession, Naramaro first began to plot a rebellion when Emperor Shōmu made an imperial visit to Namba in 745, and invited Matanari to participate at that time. After his interrogation, Matanari committed suicide.
Aftermath.
Although the punishment for the conspirators would normally have been death, Empress Kōken decreed that they should be spared this highest punishment and exiled instead. However, Nakamaro wanted to establish the firm rule of law, and did not relent. The next day, those implicated in the conspiracy, including Prince Funado, Prince Kibumi, Komaro, and Kōshikai, were relentlessly beaten with canes all over their bodies, under the supervision of a group including Nagate, , and . Azumabito, who had already confessed, was treated the same. After hours of this torture, the victims died in prison. Naramaro's fate is not recorded in the "Shoku Nihongi", but he is assumed to have died in the same way. The record may have been erased when Naramaro's granddaughter Tachibana no Kachiko became the of Emperor Saga. However, Naramaro's name continues to appear in the "Shoku Nihongi" after the conspiracy's exposure, so this theory is also problematic.
Ironically, after Naramaro's death, his son Kiyotomo was born, and Kiyotomo's daughter Kachiko bore Emperor Saga the future Emperor Ninmyō. Meanwhile, Naramaro's opponent Nakamaro himself rebelled and was defeated. In 847, Naramaro was posthumously granted the ranks his old enemy had been stripped of: and "daijō-daijin".


Kuki Yoshitaka

 (1542 – November 17, 1600) was a naval commander during Japan's Sengoku Period, under Oda Nobunaga, and later, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. He was also the ninth headmaster of the Kuki family's school of martial arts, Kukishin-ryū and thus a very skilled warrior.
Military life.
In the 1570s, Kuki allied himself with Oda Nobunaga, and commanded his fleet, supporting land-based attacks on the Ikkō-ikki.
In 1574, his aid ensured a victory for Nobunaga in his third attempt to attack the Nagashima fortress.
In 1576, he was defeated at Kizugawaguchi by the Mōri clan fleet, but 1578 brought victory in the second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, in which Kuki used 'iron ships' to repel the arrows and musket balls of the opposing Mōri clan's ships.
In 1584, Yoshitaka along with Takigawa Kazumasu besieged Kanie castle, in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's campaign to consolidate his power over the lands held by the Oda clan in Owari province.
In 1587, he led Toyotomi Hideyoshi's fleet in a campaign in Kyūshū, alongside Konishi Yukinaga, Wakizaka Yasuharu and Katō Yoshiaki. Three years later, along with Wakizaka Yasuharu and Kato Yoshiaki he went on to lead the Siege of Shimoda in the Odawara campaign 1590. He continued in his role as commander of Hideyoshi's fleet, launching an invasion of Korea in 1592 from his flagship "Nipponmaru". He was severely defeated in the Battle of Myeongryang.
Death.
In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara, Kuki Yoshitaka fought alongside the Ishida Mitsunari forces, while his son Kuki Moritaka joined the opposing force, under Tokugawa Ieyasu.
Following Tokugawa's victory, his son successfully guaranteed Yoshitaka's safety from Ieyasu. In a turn of fate, Yoshitaka committed seppuku before the news from Moritaka reached him.


Tyndis

Tyndis () was an ancient Indian seaport/harbor-town mentioned in the Graeco-Roman writings. According to the "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea," Tyndis was located north of port Muziris (Muchiri) in the country of the Keprobotos (present-day Kerala).
There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the early Tamil texts. It was under the control of the Chera rulers (probably via/under a collateral branch). No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.
Sources.
Early Tamil texts.
There are references to a port with the name Tondi, on the Kerala coast, in the early Tamil texts. It was under the control of the Chera rulers (probably via/under a collateral branch). No archaeological evidence has been found for Tyndis.
Location.
The location of Muziris provides clues for the location Tyndis, which was 500 stades (92 km) north of it (by river and sea).
In ancient times, Tyndis held close connections with Chera kingdom. The historic archives documented the Chera Kingdom as the powerful Tamil Kingdom whose turf extends the entire present-day state of Kerala, Kanyakumari and expanding up to Kongu Nadu.
The perfect array of religions, customs, languages, and traditions over the flow of time reflects in the prosperous heritage of Malabar. Upon reaching the Tyndis port, they further traveled to the inlands using smaller boats and then by carts to the hill stations of Wayanad or Coorg, and then on wards in search of spices and precious herbs.
The exact location of the port is still unknown. Possible candidates include the following modern locations:


2007 in India

Events in the year 2007 in the Republic of India.
Births.
It is estimated that over 1.2 million children were born in 2007
Tanmay yelane)= 20/06/2007


Takase Site

The is an archaeological site in the Ishibotoke neighborhood of the city of Nanto, Toyama Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan containing the ruins of a "shōen" from the early Heian period. It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1981. It was the first ruin of a "shōen" to receive such status.
Outline.
The "shōen" or landed estates were private, tax-free, and autonomous feudal manors which arose with the decline of the "ritsuryō" system. The earliest "shōen" developed in the Nara period to encourage land reclamation and provided for the succession of the right to cultivate reclaimed fields in perpetuity. Later "shōen" developed from land tracts assigned to officially sanctioned Shintō shrines or Buddhist temples or granted by the emperor as gifts to the Imperial relatives, nobles, or officials as tax-free grants. In either case, as these estates grew, they became independent of the civil administrative system and contributed to the rise of a local military class. At first, the hereditary steward of the estate ("jitō") paid a portion of his revenues to the nominal "owner" in Kyoto for continued protection from taxes or other interference from the government, but by the Kamakura period, even this nominal relationship faded away.
The area south of the Takase Shrine was known for many years as a location where shards of Sue pottery and Haji pottery could be found. The Takase Shrine is one of the Shinto shrines calming the title of "ichinomiya" of Etchū Province, so it is of very ancient foundation. This area was located in paddy fields on the Tonami Plain at the foot of Mount Yaotome in the southwestern part of Toyama Prefecture. During field maintenance work in 1970, the foundations of a 5 x 4 bay building were discovered. In subsequent excavations in 1972, the foundations of two more buildings were discovered, arranged in a U-shape. These were determined to be the administrative buildings associated with a "shōen" from the early Heian period. Artifacts included pottery, wooden tags, bottles, lacquerware, inkstones, and other items. A stream meandered through the building group, which was surrounded by a moat. The ruins of a settlement were also found 300 meters to the east. Historical records indicate that the great temple of Tōdai-ji in Nara had such an estate in Etchū Province during the early Heian period.
The area is preserved as a park with concrete posts marking the locations of building foundations. Excavated items are on display at the adjacent , a three-story museum which opened in 1973 to preserve and display artifacts excavated from the Takase ruins and other ruins in Nanto City, as well as the folk historical materials of the region. The site is about a 10-minute walk from the "Takase Jinja Mae" bus stop on the Kaetsuno Bus from Fukuno Station on the JR West Johana Line.


Nidhanpur copperplate inscription

The Nidhanpur copperplate inscription of the 7th-century Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarman gives a detailed account of land grants given to Brahmins. The copper plates were found mostly in Panchakhanda pargana where historians opined that actual granted lands are located. This Sanskrit inscription contains the names of donees which are more than two hundred in numbers.
The inscriptions recorded by Bhaskaravarman in different parts of India provide a detailed account of his rule and associate events. It was customary among the kings of Kamarupa to issue seals for every major event related to the kingdom be they giving land grants to Brahmins or winning a war.
Discovery.
The copper plates were discovered on 29 December 1912, in the village of Nidhanpur in Panchakhanda near Sylhet, Bangladesh. They were discovered by a cultivator during the process of building a buffalo shed. Thinking that they were a clue to the location of a hidden treasure, he took the plates to a local landholder who recognised them for what they were and brought them to the attention of authorities in Silchar in present-day Assam, India.
Translation.
The following is the translation of the inscription by Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidya Vinod:
Since after the burning of the plates, these newly written letters are (obviously) different in form (from the letters of the earlier grant) they are not (to be respected as) forged.' (v. 28)


Kidara I

Kidara I (Late Brahmi script: "Ki-da-ra") fl. 350-390 CE) was the first major ruler of the Kidarite Kingdom, which replaced the Indo-Sasanians in northwestern India, in the areas of Kushanshahr, Gandhara, Kashmir and Punjab.
Reign.
Kidara himself was a nomadic ruler who invaded the areas of Tukharistan and Gandhara hitherto ruled by the Indo-Sasanians. It is thought the Kidarites had initially invaded Sogdiana and Bactria from the north circa 300 CE. His people may have been pushed out from the northern areas of Bactria by migrating Hephthalites.
Kidara's ethnicity is unclear, but he may himself have been a Chionite, and he belongs to the general category of the Huns or Huna. Already during the 4th century Sasanian Emperor Shapur II had fought against Chionite invaders led by king Grumbates, and ultimately passed an alliance with them, using their military in the campaign against the Romans in the siege of the fortress of Amida (now Diyarbakır, Turkey). Chinese sources explain however that the Kidarites are the Lesser Yuezhi, which would make them relatives of the Yuezhi, themselves ancestors of the Kushans.
Kidara having established himself in Tukharistan and Gandara, took the title of Kushanshah which until that time had been used by the rulers of the Indo-Sasanian kingdom. He thus founded the eponymous new dynasty of the Kidarites in northwestern India. The Kidarites also claimed to have been successors of the Kushans, possibly due to their ethnic proximity.
Coinage.
Kidara struck both Sasanian-style gold and silver coins (imitating his immediate predecessor in the region Varahran I) and Kushan-style gold coins, before issuing coins in his own name.