Tuluva Narasa Nayaka

Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was the founder of the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was the father of emperor Krishnadevaraya.
Biography.
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, like his father Tuluva Ishvara Nayaka, was a commander in the Vijayanagara Empire. After the death of king Saluva Narasimha in 1491, crown prince Thimma Bhupala was murdered by an army commander. The faithful Narasa Nayaka then crowned the other prince, Narasimha Raya II but retained all administrative powers in order to bring stability to the kingdom. He was called the "rakshakarta" (protector) and "svami" (Lord). He held the offices of the "senadhipati" (commander-in-chief), the "mahapradhana" (Prime Minister) and the "karyakarta" (agent) of the king.He successfully kept the Bahamani Sultans and the Gajapatis away from the kingdom and quelled many rebellions by unfaithfull chieftains, trying to exert their independence.
Capturing Narasimha Raya II in fortress of Penukonda.
After the death of king Saluva Narasimha in 1491, crown prince Thimma Bhupala was murdered by an army commander. The faithful Narasa Nayaka then crowned the other prince, Narasimha Raya II but retained all administrative powers in order to bring stability to the kingdom. Narasimha Raya II was a teenager when he became Emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, and real power lay in the hands of his guardian, Tuluva Narasa Nayaka. In 1494,Narsa Captured Narasimha II in Fortress of Penukonda.Narsa ruled Vijayanagar in disguise of Narasimha raya II.
Narsa Nayak's Victory over South.
Hoysala Campaign.
During August 1463, when Vijayanagar was ruled by Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the region south of Kaveri river had slipped out of Vijayanagar Empire control when the king was busy protecting interests closer to the capital. In 1496, Narasa Nayaka marched south and brought under control rebellious chiefs like the governor of Trichi named Salas Rai and Tanjore named Vikram Shah. The whole area south of Kaveri to Cape Comorin was brought under control. The chiefs of Chola, Chera, Madurai area, Heuna or Hoysala chief of Srirangapatna and Gokarna on the west coast were brought under Vijayanagar empire control in one long successful campaign which ended in May 1497.
Victory over Gajapatis of Kalinga.
In 27 November 1496, Gajapati king Prataparudra attacked Vijayanagar and advanced up to Pennar but Narasa Nayaka held out and succeeded in a stalemate.
Victory of Bahmani Kingdom.
Narasa Nayaka wasted little time in stabilizing the kingdom. The Bahamani Kingdom by now was breaking up into smaller independent chiefdoms. Qasim Barid, a Bahamani minister offered Narasa Nayaka the forts of Raichur and Mudgal in return for help in defeating Yusuf Adil Khan of Bijapur. According to writings by Ferishta, Narasa Nayaka sent an army to the Raichur doab area that devastated the area in the doab. Yusuf Adil lost this part of the doab and repeated attempts to recover it failed. Having failed to defeat him in battle, Yusuf Adil Khan invited Narasa Nayaka to Bijapur on a peace offering and had Narasa Nayaka and seventy high-ranking officers murdered. However, it was only in 1502 that the wily ruler of Bijapur could recover the doab region for Vijayanagar empire.
Towards the end of his rule, Tuluva Narasa Nayaka had effectively carried on the dream of his king, Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya in protecting the empires interests. He built a robust administration and an effective army. He had regained control over large domains in South India and kept the Bahamani Sultans and the Gajapatis at bay and brought the rebellious chiefs under control, making way for the golden era of Vijayanagara under his talented and able son Krishnadevaraya.
He was succeeded by his eldest son
Viranarasimha Raya in 1503.


2020 in Philippine sports

The following is a list of notable events and developments that are related to Philippine sports in 2020.


List of years in Israel

This is a list of years in Israel.


Takezaki Suenaga

 was a retainer of the Higo Province, Japan who fought in both the Battle of Bun'ei and the Battle of Kōan during the Mongol invasions of Japan. Suenaga commissioned the "Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba", an illustrated handscroll, in order to provide a pictorial account and chronicle his valor in battles against the Mongols, and to praise his commanders and the gods for his success during his campaigns. During the Mongol invasion of 1274, Suenaga fought at Hakata under Muto Kagesuke. Suenaga sold his horses and saddles to pay for a trip to Kamakura to report his deeds in battle to the shogunate. To receive rewards for valor, others had to witness the deeds and report them directly to the shogunate. By his own account in the scrolls, Suenaga says, “Other than advancing and having my deeds known, I have nothing else to live for,” showing that, first, he wanted to advance in terms of measurable money and rank, and that, just as importantly, he sought fame and recognition.
Suenaga goes to great lengths to achieve what he views as the honor of the warrior. Although he is under orders from Kagesuke, the commander, to pull back at the very beginning, Suenaga disobeys. Asserting his own identity, he says, “Waiting for the general will cause us to be late to battle. Of all the warriors of the clan, I, Suenaga will be the first to fight from Higo.” Rushing forward on his own, Suenaga encounters Kagesuke himself. Again Suenaga disobeys orders, this time from Kagesuke’s retainer. When he is ordered to dismount from his horse, he refuses, citing his desire to be the first into battle.


Thibilis

Thibilis (a.k.a. Tibilis) was a Roman and Byzantine era town in what was Numidia but is today northeast Algeria. The site has extensive Roman and Byzantine ruins.
History.
The numerous Latin inscriptions discovered on the site of Thibilis provided indications on the status and magistrates of this city: during the Early Empire, Thibilis was first a pagus dependent on the Cirtaian confederacy which united Cirta, Rusicade, Chullu and Milève. Enjoying a certain autonomy, the city was administered by two magistri of annual mandate, assisted by one or two aediles.
During the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, notables of Thibilis gained the highest office of the Imperial administration, Quintus Antistius Adventus Aquilinus Postumus, consul suffect about 167, and his son Lucius Antistius Burrus, son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius And consul in 181.
Thibilis gained the rank of municipality headed by two duumviri between 260 and 268 which corresponds to the period estimated for the dissolution of the confederacy.
Local cults included flamen Augusti for imperial worshipand Saturni (priest of Saturn) and a local deity, Bacax and "Magna Mater deorum Idaea", the Great Mother of the Gods.


Free and Fair Election Network

Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) is a network of 35 domestic civil society organizations working together to foster democratic accountabilities, good governance and improved parliamentary and electoral processes in Pakistan since 2006. The Network has been observing elections since 2008 and generating analytical reports based on the citizens’ observation of various processes of the elections. So far,
FAFEN has observed the General Elections in 2008, 2013 and 2018, Local Government Elections in 2015, and Legislative Assembly Elections in Gilgit-Baltistan in 2009 and 2015, with active support of its partner organizations as well as duly accreditation from the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP). FAFEN has earned an excellent reputation among various stakeholders, including the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) and National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) and has been recognized as an authentic organization among political parties, civil society organizations, international community, academia, and the media. After the General Elections 2013 various political parties levelled multiple charges of rigging, on which the Supreme Court of Pakistan had formed a Judicial Commission to investigate the matter. FAFEN was the only civil society organization, which was summoned by the Supreme Court of Pakistan to share its election observation findings.
Citizens’ Observation for Electoral Transparency.
FAFEN has trained and mobilized hundreds and thousands of citizens to observe various processes of elections in Pakistan. During elections, the trained and non-partisan citizen election observers report back various processes of the election on a specified format. These remarkable men and women brave security odds, scorching temperatures and rugged terrains to provide objective and independent information about the quality of the electoral process to the Pakistani citizens as well as the international community.
General Elections 2008.
To observe the General Elections 2008, FAFEN began training long-term observer coordinators in 264 (out of 272) National Assembly constituencies in September 2007. FAFEN's observation of February 18, 2008 general election was helped by the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) which accredited 20,000 domestic national election observers to observe all processes of the election all over the country. The Network's strategy was for 16,000 paired stationary observers to monitor a random sample of about 8,000 (out of 64,000) polling stations all day, collecting detailed information about voting, counting, and compilation of results.
On the Election-Day, thousands of Pakistani men and women observed female and male polling booths and stations using a tailored manual and reporting format. An additional 4,000 mobile observers visited as many as 30,000 polling stations, making the 2008 national and provincial assembly elections the most closely watched in Pakistani history, despite widespread security concerns and enormous logistical obstacles.
Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly (GBLA) Elections 2009.
FAFEN observed Gilgit-Baltistan Legislative Assembly (GBLA) on November 12, 2009, that was characterized by weak electoral administration, procedural irregularities, erroneous voter lists, and heavy government interference. The competitive election campaign, however, offered fairly equal opportunities to all political and independent contestants. FAFEN deployed 22 trained constituency coordinators and 150 Election-Day observers to observe the Gilgit-Baltistan polls. Trained FAFEN observers visited more than 600 of 1,022 polling stations (59%) to observe the voting and counting processes on the Election-Day.
General Elections 2013.
FAFEN observed General Elections 2013 with more than 40,000 citizen observers and issued three short statements on the Election-Day, May 11, and a preliminary statement and report the day after the elections. FAFEN's final analysis was based on the aggregation of comprehensive checklists filled by hand on Election-Day in a statistically-valid random sample of 9,160 polling stations by more than 25,000 static observers and about 15,000 additional mobile observers each visiting two to four polling stations.
FAFEN's final analysis also depended on the extent to which the Election Commission of Pakistan transparently released official forms from all 69,801 polling stations and all 272 National Assembly (NA) constituencies across Pakistan, as urged by both FAFEN and the European Union Election Observation Mission (EUEOM) in public statements.
Local Government Elections 2015.
The Election Commission of Pakistan established a total of 63,860 polling stations for the Local Government elections 2015 in Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Punjab and Sindh. FAFEN was able to observe 14,050 (22 percent) of these polling stations – 8,318 in Punjab, 3,212 in Sindh, 2,334 in KP and 186 in ICT. The observers recorded 139,127 irregularities and illegalities in the observed polling stations – averaging 10 violations per polling station. The scope of observation was divided into themes and distinct indicators.
General Election 2018.
More than 16,000 citizen observers were the true expression of the will of Pakistani people to protect the integrity of elections and strengthen democracy on July 25, 2018, when the country held its 11th General Election (GE) in a politically fragmented environment.
FAFEN deployed trained, non-partisan citizen observers to observe voting and counting processes at 85% (or 72,089) of all polling stations in 272 National Assembly constituencies – an unparalleled effort to deter electoral fraud and generate independent information on the quality of election. The observation also enabled a better understanding of citizens of otherwise complex electoral processes and procedures and help them form independent opinions about the electoral outcomes as the country witnessed the second consecutive peaceful democratic transition of power.
GE-2018 was unique as it was the first time a legal provision protected the rights of domestic and international observers to have access to polling stations, counting of votes and consolidation of election results – a point of advocacy that FAFEN held since General Elections in 2008. The electoral reforms enacted in 2017 translated into a more responsive Election Commission of Pakistan, which unlike previous elections, efficiently processed accreditation of FAFEN observers.
It was FAFEN's observers who raised alarm bells from 80 neighborhoods in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Punjab and Sindh where women were being barred from participating in the election process as well as voting. Timely reporting by FAFEN prompted ECP to take immediate actions in these areas to ensure women were allowed to vote. A small step forward but the GE-2018 did not have any incident of 0% percent turnout at any female polling stations unlike 2013 when there were 595 polling stations and 564 in 2008 where no women turned out to vote. This was one of several meaningful remedial actions that ECP had initiated on FAFEN's reporting, establishing the efficacy of the coordination mechanism that was specially set up by the Election Commission of Pakistan for FAFEN to share its observation findings and reports.
FAFEN's Election-Day observation was particularly significant in terms of contributing to political stability after most political parties raised concerns at the result management process, alleging that the election outcomes were rigged. The pre-election and election-day reports did not only quantify the scale of irregularities but also indicated their material effect on the election outcome, shifting the focus of divisive political discourse from generalized statements on the quality of election to more technical areas that needed greater scrutiny.
Development Technologies.
Tapping the potential of the latest technology to boost innovations and transfer information efficiently, we have mastered the art of developing indigenous information systems and mobile applications to improve the operational capability of our organization as well as our partners. Such innovative solutions also assist us in sharing real-time data with state institutions such as the Election Commission of Pakistan and the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) and with our partner organizations for effective implementation of activities in the field.
Election Pakistan Portal.
Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability - FAFEN managed to collect Pakistani elections data from 1970 to-date from credible and authentic sources. The purpose of developing such a unique and user-friendly portal was the unavailability of consolidated election-related information at a single forum. Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability - FAFEN makes this information online and accessible to everyone and formed the country's most comprehensive election history portal electionpakistan.com. The portal has been designed to provide reliable and up-to-date election information for the users to draw self-analysis of the election data, cross-examine candidates’ data with the constituencies, statistical data, and other election-related reports and publications.
The portal provides complete data of National and Provincial Assemblies’ elections, including the by-elections held between 1970 and to-date. The election portal also provides a complete list of the contesting candidates since 1970. Every user can easily search the election records of more than 62,506 candidates in it. Besides, the portal has the scalability to synchronize the candidates’ election records that reflect the election records of contesting candidates. The portal also contains the records of more than 7,300 unique constituencies of National & Provincial Assemblies.
Election Information Management System (EIMS).
Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability - Free and Fair Election Network carried out the largest election observation in General Elections 2013, over 43,000 mobile and statics trained independent observers were deployed across the country. As part of the institutional capacity building and strengthening the transparency of the election process in Pakistan, FAFEN indigenously designed user-friendly Election Information Management System (EIMS) helped TDEA - FAFEN secretariat to manage the enormous elections data in a professional manner. EIMS aimed to increase the public trust in the conduct and quality of the elections in the country through real-time election monitoring and dissemination of election-related information.
Due to efficient and reliable system, Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability - FAFEN secretariat was able to receive and manage the all phase's observation data such as incidents, reports, interviews and profiling of contesting candidates, interviews with voters, interviews with election officials and officers of the district administration, profiling of District Coordinators, constituency Coordinators and Election Day observers, deployment plans of election day observers, election day reporting sheets and election day result management. To process huge amount of accreditation cards for Election Day observer TDEA - FAFEN IT team deployed another efficient module which only deals with the processing of accreditations cards not only for its owe over 43,000 election observers but also cards for other domestic and international mission and local and international media at Secretariat of Election Commission of Pakistan. With the passage of time FAFEN update the Election Information Management System (EIMS) and used in recent General Elections 2018. As part of EIMS, TDEA-FAFEN developed an android-based mobile and web-based application for observers for reporting on the election-day. Only the profiled users were able to log-in through their National Identity Card (NIC) numbers. As many as 21,000 profiled users were registered with the system while 18,865 users submitted their reports to TDEA - FAFEN Secretariat through the online facility. Through this application, TDEA - FAFEN received the observation data from 37,001 out of 85,000 polling stations from across the country on election day.
Open Parliament Portal.
Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability - Free and Fair Election Network has been observing the proceedings of the National Assembly and Senate since 2008 and all Provincial Legislatures since 2011. Every sitting of Lower and Upper Houses of Parliament is directly observed, with objective observation data disseminated among relevant stakeholders in the form of daily factsheets (produced within two hours after the end of each sitting), analytical reports, press releases and recommendations to improve parliamentary processes. Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability - FAFEN follows the same methodology for the legislatures of Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan.
In order to share the huge observation data set with the public, TDEA - FAFEN has designed an online portal called “OpenParliament.pk”. The website covers all facets of legislative information, including data about the past and ongoing proceedings of each assembly, as well as performance scorecards and reported assets and liabilities of national and provincial elected representatives.
Legislative Governance.
The Free and Fair Election Network (FAFEN) has been conducting unique parliamentary observation since 2008, bridging the gap between elected Houses and citizens to inculcate an informed public and political discourse on various aspects of legislative governance in Pakistan. The observation tools and methodology, which were piloted in the National Assembly (Lower House of the national parliament) in 2008, was scaled up to cover the Senate (Upper House of the national parliament) in 2011 and Provincial Assemblies of all provinces in 2012.
FAFEN's systematic observation of on-floor proceedings of the elected Houses assesses their performance on the parameters of Participation, Output, Representation, Responsiveness, Transparency, Accessibility, and Order & Institutionalization. Based on the respective rules of business and procedures of each elected House, the observation checklists have been designed in a way that helps generate quantitative information as the level of participation (both in terms of time and quality) of legislators and quantities information is being taken up in the form of motions, resolutions and other interjections.
The systematic observation allows the generation of daily, sessional, annual and thematic reports as well as performance scorecards of 1,174 legislators on Open Parliament web portal (www.openparliament.pk). The repository includes profiles and performance details of 104 Senators, 342 Members of National Assembly (MNAs) and 728 Members of four Provincial Assemblies (MPAs) along with their nomination papers and Statements of Assets and Liabilities submitted to the Election Commission of Pakistan. The observation information, available on the Open Parliament web portal, enables citizens, media, civil society, and other relevant stakeholders to access and appraise the performance of elected bodies and their representatives.


Naegi Domain

 was a feudal domain of Edo period Japan It was located in Mino Province, in central Honshū. The domain was centered at Naegi Castle, located in what is now the city of Nakatsugawa in Gifu Prefecture. It is the smallest domain within the Tokugawa shogunate which was styled as a “castle holding domain”.
History.
The Tōyama clan were rulers of this portion of southeast Mino Province (a portion of the districts of Kamo and Ena) since the Kamakura period. Toyama Tomotada and his son Toyama Tomomasa pledged fealty to Oda Nobunaga. However, after Nobunaga’s death, their territory was overrun by the Mōri clan, and was given to Kawajiri Hidenaga. The Toyama fled to Hamamatsu, where they sought protection from Tokugawa Ieyasu. During the Battle of Sekigahara, Kawajiri Hidenaga sided with the pro-Toyotomi Western Army under Ishida Mitsunari, and was killed in battle. Ieyasu sent Toyama Tomomasa to retake his clan’s ancestral domains. With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, he was confirmed as daimyō of the 10,500 "koku" Naegi Domain. Tomomasa went on to participate in the Siege of Osaka, and died in Naegi in 1619.
The domain remained in the hands of the Tōyama clan throughout its existence. However, as a small domain with heavy expenditures, it soon fell into severe debt, which continued to mount from generation to generation, despite efforts to open new rice lands, impose fiscal frugality, and the issuance of paper currency on several occasions. .
The 12th "daimyō", Tōyama Tomoyoshi, served as "wakadoshiyori" for two terms during the Bakumatsu period, and led the domain’s forces in the Second Chōshū expedition.
At the time of the Meiji restoration, the domain was 143,000 gold "ryō" and 15,900 paper ryō in debt. When Naegi Castle was pulled down by order of the new government, its furnishing and timber were all sold as part of the effort the repay this debt. The stipend received from the government as compensation for relinquishing the domain also went towards debt repayment, and many samurai were forced to abandon their social status in order to take up money-making trades. By August 1871, at the time of the abolition of the han system, the debt had been reduced to 52,600 gold and 5000 paper "ryō". The former domain lands were absorbed into Gifu Prefecture; however, due to the remaining debt, all samurai left in the domain were reduced to commoner status, and were denied the government stipend promised to their social class. This created great discontent, and the State Councilor responsible, Aoyama Naomichi, faced several assassination attempts, the last of which was in 1891.
Bakumatsu period holdings.
As with most domains in the han system, Naegi Domain consisted of a discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Izirtu

Izirtu was the capital of the Mannai state, which existed from the 9th century BC to the 6th century BC.
About.
According to researchers, Izirtu was located near the plat of Ziwiyeh in the modern city of Saqqez in northwestern Iran. Izirtu, like other Manna cities, was surrounded by defensive fortifications. The city had two- and three-story buildings, as well as temples. In 716 BC, Sargon II , the ruler of Assyria, captured and burned Izirtu. However, the city was soon rebuilt. In 650 BC, the Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal again conquered and destroyed Izirtu.


Takatsukasa Fuyunori

, son of Mototada, was "kugyo" or highest-ranking Japanese court noble of the Kamakura period (1185–1333). Fuyuhira adopted him as a son. Morohira was his adopted son. He held a regent position Kampaku from 1330 to 1333.


Yamanote and Shitamachi

 and are traditional names for two areas of Tokyo, Japan. Yamanote refers to the affluent, upper-class areas of Tokyo west of the Imperial Palace. While citizens once considered it as consisting of Hongo, Kōjimachi, Koishikawa, Ushigome, Yotsuya, Akasaka, Aoyama and Azabu in the Bunkyō, Chiyoda (in part), Shinjuku, and Minato wards, its size has grown to include the Nakano, Suginami and Meguro wards. Shitamachi is the traditional name for the area of Tokyo including today the Adachi, Arakawa, Chiyoda (in part), Chūō, Edogawa, Kōtō, Sumida, and Taitō wards, the physically low part of the city along and east of the Sumida River.
The two regions have always been vaguely defined, as their identity was more based on culture and caste than on geography. While Tokugawa vassals of the warrior caste (hatamoto and gokenin) lived in the hilly Yamanote, lower castes (merchants and artisans) lived in the marshy areas near the sea. This dual class and geographic division has remained strong through the centuries while evolving with the times, and is still in common use today. Indeed, the two terms are now used also in other parts of the country. The term Yamanote still indicates a higher social status, and Shitamachi a lower one, even though "de facto" this is not always true.
Both the Yamanote and the Shitamachi have grown gradually over the years, and the map above shows them as they are today.
History of the terms.
When the Tokugawa regime moved its seat of power to Edo, it granted most of the solid hilly regions to the military aristocracy and their families for residences, in part taking advantage of its cooler summer. Marshland around the mouths of the Sumida and Tone rivers, to the east of the castle, was filled in, with the flatlands that resulted becoming the area for merchants and craftsmen who supplied and worked for the aristocracy. Thus, from the beginning of its existence, Tokyo (the former Edo) has been culturally and economically divided in two parts: the higher caste Yamanote, located on the hills of the Musashino Terrace, and the lower caste Shitamachi, literally "low town" or "low city", located next to the Sumida River. Although neither of the two was ever an official name, both stuck and are still in use. Both words are used with the same meaning in other parts of the country too. The term "Yamanote" is also used for example in Hokkaido, Oita, Yokohama and Osaka.
There are several theories about the etymology of the term Yamanote, in addition to its hilly location. In the book it is said that Tokugawa Ietsuna's (1641–1680) younger brother Tsunashige was given two suburban residences, one in and another in Yamanote, so it is possible that the opposite of Yamanote was not Shitamachi, but Umite. However, with the progressive construction of landfills in the Sumida estuary and the urbanization of the area, gradually Shitamachi replaced Umite. The pairing of Yamanote - Shitamachi is well attested in records of the spoken language as early as 1650, and from that time appears often in documents and books. The warrior/merchant distinction between Yamanote and Shitamachi was also well established early on.
Geography.
 The terms' usage as geographic terms in modern times has changed. In "Metropolis Magazine", translator and scholar Edward Seidensticker believes that the dividing line goes from Ginza to Shinjuku, and "north" and "south" are more accurate terms. Seidensticker also describes how the economic and cultural centers have moved from Ginza and Nihonbashi to Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Shibuya, and Shinagawa.
Yamanote.
The extent of the early Yamanote cannot be defined exactly, but in Kyokutei Bakin's work "Gendō Hōgen" of 1818 (therefore during the Edo period) it is said that "Yotsuya, Aoyama, Ichigaya, Koishikawa and Hongō constitute Yamanote", and occupied therefore more or less a part each of today's Shinjuku, Bunkyo and Minato. Yamanote was originally considered more rustic and Shitamachi more sophisticated. It was only with the Meiji restoration that this changed because of the influx of intellectuals into its wards.
The extent of the Yamanote changed little during the Meiji era. In 1894 it was described as consisting of Hongo, Koishikawa, Ushigome, Yotsuya, Akasaka, and Azabu. After the great earthquake of 1923 and again after the second world war, the Yamanote started to expand. As a result, today's Yamanote extends, in the eyes of the young, even further than Shinjuku, Bunkyo and Minato, to Suginami, Setagaya, Nakano, and even to Kichijōji or Denen-chōfu. What used to be the hilly area within the Yamanote line has now expanded west on the Musashino Plateau. Bunkyo and Minato are generally considered Yamanote, however, some districts (Nezu and Sendagi in Bunkyo, and Shinbashi in Minato) are typically Shitamachi.
Today, the Yamanote Line is one of Tokyo's busiest and most important commuter rail lines. Originally thus named in 1909, when the line only connected Shinagawa to Akabane in the Yamanote area, the line was extended into its present loop in 1925, connecting Shitamachi areas like Ueno, Kanda, Yurakucho and Shinbashi as well. is colloquially known as , or sometimes "Yamate Street", after the Yamanote region, as well.
Shitamachi.
The term originally indicated just the three areas of Kanda, Nihonbashi and Kyōbashi but, as the city grew, it came to cover also the areas mentioned above. Shitamachi was the center of Edo, so much so that the two were often thought of as coterminous. While Shitamachi was not in fact synonymous with Edo, there was originally a certain "conflation" of the two terms, and those born in Shitamachi are typically considered true Edokko, children of Edo. This conflation is evident in the Edo period habit of saying "I am going to Edo" to mean going from the area around Fukagawa in Kōtō ward to anywhere east of the Sumida river.
While the Yamanote grew west on the Musashino Plateau, in time the Shitamachi expanded east beyond the Arakawa river, and now includes the Chūō, Kōtō (Fukagawa), Sumida, and Taitō wards, plus part of Chiyoda ward.
The center of Ueno in Taitō lies at the heart of the old Shitamachi and still has several museums and a concert hall. Today the immediate area, due to its close proximity to a major transportation hub, retains high land value. The Shitamachi Museum in Ueno is dedicated to the area's way of life and culture, with models of old environments and buildings. The Edo-Tokyo Museum, in Tokyo's Ryogoku district, also has exhibits on Shitamachi.
Bunkyo and Minato are generally considered Yamanote, however, Nezu and Sendagi in eastern Bunkyo, and Shinbashi in northeastern Minato are typical Shitamachi districts.
Differences between Yamanote and Shitamachi in the popular imagination.
The distinction between the two areas has been called "one of the most fundamental social, subcultural, and geographic demarcations in contemporary Tokyo." While the distinction has become "geographically fuzzy, or almost non-existent...it survives symbolically because it carries the historical meaning of class boundary, the samurai having been replaced by modern white collar commuters and professionals." Generally speaking, the term Yamanote has a connotation of "distant and cold, if rich and trendy", whereas "Shitamachi people are deemed honest, forthright and reliable". These differences encompass speech, community, profession and appearance. There is also an overarching difference based on notions of modernity and tradition. The inhabitants of Yamanote were thought of as espousing modernising ideals for their country,
based on Western models. The people of Shitamachi, on the other hand, came to be seen as representatives of the old order and defenders of traditional cultural forms.
Speech.
The modern Japanese word meaning "dialect of the Yamanote", takes its name from the region. It is characterized by a relative lack of regional inflections, by a well-developed set of honorifics ("keigo"), and by linguistic influences from Western Japan. After the Meiji Restoration it became the standard language spoken in public schools and therefore the basis of modern Japanese ("hyōjungo"), which is spoken all over the country. The Yamanote accent is now considered to be standard Japanese, "making the "shitamachi" man a speaker of a dialect". The origins of the difference arise from the presence of "daimyōs" and their vassals, and the continuous influx of soldiers from the provinces.
Phrases such as meaning "Shitamachi dialect", and meaning "Shitamachi style" are still in use, and refer to certain characteristics and roughness in Shitamachi speech. The lack of distinction between the two phonemes "hi" and "shi" (so that "hitotsu" ("one)" is pronounced "shitotsu") is typical of the "Shitamachi kotoba". Another characteristic trait is the pronunciation of the sound "-ai" as for example in "wakaranai" ("I don't know" or "I don't understand") or "-oi" as in "osoi" (slow) as "-ee" ("wakaranee" or "osee"). The use of either is still considered very low-class and rough. Shitamachi speakers are also supposedly less apt to use the elaborate word forms more characteristic of Yamanote Japanese.
"Yamanote kotoba" and "Shitamachi kotoba" together form the so-called which, because of its influences from Western Japan, is a linguistic island within the "Kantō region".
Profession.
The division between samurai and merchant has carried on into the modern day. Shitamachi is associated with petty entrepreneurs, restaurant owners, small shop-owners and workshops, while Yamanote suggests the business executive, and the office worker.
The Shitamachi boom.
Alongside the long drive for modernisation that had characterised Japan's post-restoration history, Shitamachi was marginalised for the larger part of the 20th century. In the words of one sociologist, "it was increasingly confined to a defensive position, guarding old traditions and old social norms". After a long period of post-war economic decline, in the 1980s a "Shitamachi boom" emerged, with increased interest in and celebration of Shitamachi culture and history, in particular that of the Edo Period. Shitamachi culture is thus depicted as more authentic and traditional (while Yamanote Tokyo is the present and future), and its valorisation has been described as a refuge from the rapid modernisation of the economic boom years. Popular television dramas, comedy and documentary now "rarefy an often idealised notion of the Edokko, with the same intensity and nostalgia afforded an endangered species".


Sangi (Japan)

 was an associate counselor in the Imperial court of Japan from the 8th century until the Meiji period in the 19th century.
This was a position in the "daijō-kan", or early feudal Japanese government. It was established in 702 by the Code of Taihō.
In the ranks of the Imperial bureaucracy, the "Sangi" came between the "Shōnagon" (minor councillors) and those with more narrowly defined roles, such as the "Sadaiben" and "Udaiben" who were the administrators charged with oversight of the eight ministries of the government.
In an early review of the Imperial hierarchy, Julius Klaproth's 1834 supplement to "Nihon Odai Ichiran" conflated the hierarchical position with a functional role as the director of palace affairs.
Prominent among those holding this office were three brothers:
The position was eliminated in 1885. The House of Councillors (参議院 Sangi'in) and its members were named after it.
Sangi in context.
Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials in the pre-Meiji period reached its nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate, and yet the core structures of ritsuryō government did manage to endure for centuries.
In order to appreciate the office of "Sangi", it is necessary to evaluate its role in the traditional Japanese context of a durable yet flexible framework. This was a bureaucratic network and a hierarchy of functionaries. The role of "Sangi" was an important element in the "Daijō-kan" (Council of State). The Daijō-kan schema proved to be adaptable in the creation of constitutional government in the modern period.
Highest Daijō-kan officials.
The highest positions in the court hierarchy can be cataloged. A dry list provides a superficial glimpse inside the complexity and inter-connected relationships of the Imperial court structure.
The next highest tier of officials were:
Other high-ranking bureaucrats who function somewhat flexibly within the "Daijō-kan" were;
The Eight Ministries.
The government ministries were eight semi-independent bureaucracies. A list alone cannot reveal much about the actual functioning of the "Daijō-kan", but the broad hierarchical categories do suggest the way in which governmental functions were parsed:
The specific ministries above are not grouped arbitrarily. The two court officials below had responsibility for them as follows:


Fujiwara no Michinori

, also known as , was an aristocratic Confucian scholar and Buddhist monk in late Heian period Japan. He was one of the chief advisors to Emperor Nijō, and one of the chief allies of Taira no Kiyomori, particularly during the Heiji Rebellion of 1159.
As the head of the leading faction at Court, Shinzei enjoyed access to the emperor and other privileges which his rival Fujiwara no Nobuyori envied. In early 1160, Shinzei's ally Taira no Kiyomori left the capital with much of his family, thus providing Nobuyori's faction (and his allies, the Minamoto clan) to make a move for power. Some believe this may have been intentional on Kiyomori's part, laying a trap for the Minamoto.
Nobuyori and the Minamoto set fire to the Sanjō Palace and abducted both Emperor Nijō and the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa. They then turned on Shinzei's home, destroying it and killing all those inside, with the exception of Shinzei himself, who escaped only to be captured in the mountains near Kyoto and decapitated soon afterward.


List of Cultural Properties of Japan - archaeological materials (Kumamoto)

This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of for the Prefecture of Kumamoto.
National Cultural Properties.
As of 1 February 2015, four Important Cultural Properties have been designated, being of national significance.
Prefectural Cultural Properties.
Properties designated at a prefectural level include:


Honda Tadayuki


4th century in architecture

"See also:"
3rd century in architecture,
5th century in architecture, and the
timeline of architecture.


Obama Domain

The was a "Fudai" feudal domain of the Edo period of Japan. It is located in Wakasa Province, in the Hokuriku region of the island Honshū. The domain was centered at Obama Castle, located in the center of what is now the city of Obama in Fukui Prefecture.
History.
Obama was an important seaport from ancient times due to its proximity to the capital of Japan. In the Sengoku period, the Wakasa Province was controlled by a number of local warlords, including a branch of the Takeda clan. Under Toyotomi Hideyoshi, it had been awarded to Hideyoshi's nephew, Kinoshita Katsutoshi. Kinoshita did not participate in the decisive Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 and was deprived of Obama by the victorious Tokugawa Ieyasu because he had not actively supported the winning side.
Under the Kyōgoku clan.
With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded all of the Wakasa Province to Kyōgoku Takatsugu as a reward for his leadership during the Siege of Ōtsu. In the same week as the Battle of Sekigahara, Takatsugu failed to hold Ōtsu Castle; but the outcome at Sekigahara marginalized any adverse consequences of his defeat. By moving Takatsugu to Obama, the shogunate effectively acknowledged that Tadatsugu's role in the victory at Sekigahara was critical. The siege took men away from the massed array of forces the Tokugawa faced at Sekigahara, which meant that the attackers at Ōtsu were unavailable to augment the anti-Tokugawa army at Sekigahara.
In 1607, Tadatsugu's son Tadataka married the fourth daughter of Shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada. Two years later, Tadataka became "daimyō" when his father died in 1609. Tadataka was transferred to the Matsue Domain in Izumo Province in 1634.
Under the Kyōgoku clan, Obama was rebuilt into a "jōkamachi" and a center for the "kitamaebune" coastal trade network between Ezo and the Kansai region. The Kyōgoku also began construction of Obama Castle, but it was still uncompleted at the time of their transfer.
Under the Sakai clan.
In 1634, Sakai Tadakatsu from a cadet branch of the Sakai clan at the Kawagoe Domain in Musashi Province became "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. Tadakatsu was one of the shogunate's top officials who served on the "rōjū" council, and later as its head, or "Tairō". The "kokudaka" of the domain under his tenure reached 123,500 "koku". Tadakatsu did much to establish the domain's governance and to ensure its strength and stability. He implemented a taxation system and installed town magistrates ("machi-bugyō") and local governors. The Sakai clan continued to rule Obama for fourteen generations over 237 years to the end of the Edo period.
He was succeeded in the domain by his fourth son, Sakai Tadanao. In 1668, Tadanao reduced the domain by creating the 10,000 "koku" Awa-Katsuyama Domain out of the domain's exclaves in Awa Province for his nephew. He also separated out the 10,000 "koku" Tsuruga Domain in 1682 from the domain's territory in Echizen Province for his son. After another 3000 "koku" was given to his fifth son Sakai Tadane, the domain's "kokudaka" was reduced to 103,500 "koku".
Under the Sakai, the domain enjoyed relative peace and stability. However, a flood ravaged the domain in 1735 and famine set in, as it did in many other areas at this time. The peasants sought aid from their lord, but their cries went unheeded for a long time. In 1770, there was a peasant revolt. Efforts were made to shore up the domain's finances and to relieve the peasant's suffering, but famine struck again several decades later in 1836.
The seventh Sakai "daimyō", Sakai Takamochi, held a number of important posts within the Tokugawa shogunate, including "Osaka jōdai" and "Kyoto Shoshidai", and the 10th Sakai "daimyō", Sakai Takayuki was also "Kyoto Shoshidai" and a "rōjū".
The twelfth Sakai "daimyō", Sakai Tadaaki, also served as "Kyoto Shoshidai" and worked with Ii Naosuke to implement the "Kōbu gattai" between the shogunate and the Imperial Court and suppress the Mito rebellion led by Takeda Kōunsai and other pro-Sonnō jōi partisans in Kyoto. He retired in 1862, but returned to power under the new name Sakai Tadayoshi after the defeat of the shogunate in the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in the 1868 Boshin War to lead the domain into the pro-imperial cause. He was appointed imperial governor of Wakasa under the new Meiji government, ruling until the abolition of the han system in 1871.
Bakumatsu period holdings.
Unlike most "fudai" domains in the han system that consisted of discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields, Obama Domain controlled all of the province of Wakasa, and some scattered small holdings in neighbouring Echizen and Omi.
List of "daimyō".
Sakai Tadakatsu.
 was "daimyō" of the Fukaya Domain and then the Kawagoe Domain, before becoming the 1st Sakai "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the son of Sakai Tadatoshi, a hereditary retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu. He served Tokugawa Hidetada during the Siege of Ueda and later served Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, who promoted him to "rōjū" in 1624. In 1634, he was transferred to Obama and completed the construction of Obama Castle. He retired from public life in 1656 and died in 1662. His grave is at the clan temple of Kuin-ji in Obama.
Sakai Tadanao.
 was the 2nd "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the fourth son of Sakai Tadakatsu, and was given the courtesy title of "Shuri-Daiyu" in 1644. He was proclaimed heir in 1649 when his elder brother, Sakai Tadatomo was disinherited for unknown reasons and exiled to a distant exclave of the domain in Awa Province. He became "daimyō" on his father's retirement in 1656. In 1668, he reorganized the domain's exclave in Awa Province to create the 10,000 "koku" Awa-Katsuyama Domain for his nephew, Sakai Tadakuni. During his tenure, he continued the policies of his father in organizing the domain government and codifying its law, flood control, and new rice land development, as well as encouraging education and literature. He died in Obama in 1682. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaura Sadayori of the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain.
Sakai Tadataka.
 was the 3rd "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the eldest son of Sakai Tadanao, and served as a "sōshaban" in 1681. He became "daimyō" on his father's death in 1682, as which time he separated a 10,000 "koku" holding for his younger brother Sakai Tadashige in accordance with his father's will, forming the Tsuruga Domain. His courtesy title was "Tōtōmi-no-kami". He died at Obama in 1686. His wife was a daughter of Shimazu Tsunahisa of Satsuma Domain.
Sakai Tadasono.
 was the 4th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the eldest son of Sakai Tadataka, and became "daimyō" on his father's death in 1686. His courtesy title was "Yukie-no-suke". In 1697, he was ordered by the shogunate to supervise the transfer of power of Tsuyama Domain from the Mōri clan to Matsudaira Naoakira, formerly of the Ōno Domain. He died at Obama in 1706 without heir. His wife was a daughter of Doi Toshimasu of the Karasu Domain.
Sakai Tadaoto.
 was the 5th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the younger son of Sakai Tadashige of Tsuruga Domain, and was adopted as heir by Sakai Tadasono on his deathbed in 1706. He was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, and was confirmed as "daimyō", receiving the courtesy title of "Shuri-daifu" the same year. From 1718 to 1722 he was appointed simultaneously as a "sōshaban" and "jisha-bugyō". In 1723, he became "Osaka jōdai" and his courtesy title was changed to "Sanuki-no-kami" and his court rank was increased from Lower 5th, Junior grade to Lower 4th, Junior grade. He was promoted to "rōjū" in 1728 and gained the additional courtesy title of "Jijū". On July 7, 1735 he suddenly fell ill and died while in office the following day. His wife was a daughter of Arima Yorimoto of the Kurume Domain.
Sakai Tadaakira.
 was the 6th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the third son of Sakai Tadaoto by a concubine. As both his legitimate elder brothers died in infancy, he became "daimyō" in 1735 on the death of his father. His courtesy name was "Bingo-no-kami". He died in 1740 at the age of 21 without an heir.
Sakai Tadamochi.
 was the 7th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the fifth son of Sakai Tadaoto by a concubine, and became "daimyō" in 1740 upon the death of his elder brother. HIs courtesy title was "Shuri-daiyu", and his wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Sadanori of the Takada Domain. In 1741 he was appointed simultaneously as a "sōshaban" and "jisha-bugyō", and later the same year, he became "Osaka jōdai". In 1747 his courtesy title was changed to "Sanuki-no-kami" and his court rank was increased from Lower 5th, Junior grade to Lower 4th, Junior grade. From 1752-1756 he was appointed "Kyoto Shoshidai", and he added the title of "Jijū" to his honorifics. He retired from public office in 1757, and his title was changed to "Sakyō-daifu". He died in 1775 without a male heir.
Sakai Tadayoshi.
 was the 8th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He became "daimyō" in 1757 on the retirement of his elder brother. His courtesy title was "Tōtōmi-no-kami". He died in 1762.
Sakai Tadatsura.
 was the 9th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the eldest son of Sakai Tadayoshi and was born at the clan residence in Edo. He became "daimyō" in 1762 on the death of his father, and was awarded the courtesy title of"Shuri-daiyu" and Lower 5th, Junior grade court rank the following year. His wife was the daughter of Date Munemura of the Sendai Domain; however, he later remarried to a daughter of the "kuge" Koga Michie and then a daughter of the "kuge" Ōinomikado Ienaga. From 1783, the domain was hit with crop failures and fell into severe debt. Despite these difficulties, his court rank advanced to Lower 4th, Junior grade in 1784. In 1792, he was ordered to bolster the defences of Nemuro after incursions by a French warship in violation of Japan's national isolation policy. He died in 1806.
Sakai Tadayuki.
 was the 10th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the seventh son of Sakai Tadaka of Tsuruga Domain and was posthumously adopted as heir on the death of Sakai Tadatsura in 1806. His wife was a daughter of Okudaira Masashika of the Nakatsu Domain. In 1808, he became "jisha-bugyō" and from 1808 to 1815 served as "Kyoto Shoshidai". In 1815, he was ordered to oversee the reconstruction of the 5-story pagoda at Nikkō Tōshō-gū, which had been destroyed by a fire. Later that year, he was promoted to "rōjū", holding that post until his death in 1828.
Sakai Tadayori.
 was the 11th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the younger son of Sakai Tadatsura, but because of his youth at the time of his father's death, his uncle Sakai Takayuki from the Tsuruga Domain was made "daimyō" instead. The succession reverted to Tadayori on Takayuki's death in 1828. He inherited a domain with over 300,000 "ryō" in debt. Through fiscal reforms he was initially able to reduce this by 100,000 "ryō", but the domain economy collapsed in 1833 due to crop failures. He resigned his office in 1834. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaira Sadakuni of the Iyo-Matsuyama Domain.
Sakai Tadaaki / Sakai Takatoshi.
 was the 12th and the 14th "daimyō" of the Obama Domain. He was the fifth son of Sakai Tadayuki, and became "daimyō" in 1834 when Sakai Tadayori retired. His wife was a daughter of Matsudaiara Terunobu of the Takasaki Domain. In 1840, he was given the courtesy title of "Wakasa-no-kami" and Lower 4th, Junior grade court rank. In 1842, was appointed simultaneously as a "sōshaban" and "jisha-bugyō". The following year he was appointed "Kyoto Shoshidai" and he added the title of "Jijū" to his honorific. He resigned as "Kyoto Shoshidai" in 1850 but was reappointed in 1858, and many of the events which occurred in Kyoto during the tumultuous Bakumatsu period occurred while he was at Kyoto. He resigned as "Kyoto Shoshidai" and "daimyō" in 1862 and went into retirement, changing his name to Tadatoshi (忠禄). He re-assumed his position as "daimyō" at the start of the Boshin War (following the defeat of the Tokugawa shogunate forces at the Battle of Toba-Fushimi) and defected to the Imperial side. In 1869, he was appointed imperial governor of Wakasa under the new Meiji government. He died in 1873.
Sakai Tadauji.
 was the 13th "daimyō" of Obama Domain. He was the fourth son of a "hatamoto" and was adopted as heir to Sakai Tadaaki in 1853.
He became "daimyō" in 1862 when Tadaaki was forced into retirement by the Ansei Purge. He maintained a pro-Tokugawa policy and was active in the suppression of the Mito rebellion in the area. With the start of the Boshin War, he sent forces to fight for Tokugawa during the Battle of Toba-Fushimi. However, following the defeat of the Tokugawa during that battle, he was pushed aside by Tadaaki, who resumed the title of "daimyō" and who had the support of the senior domain retainers. Takauji was forced into retirement under the guise of "illness" and died in 1876.


92 BC Levant earthquake

The 92 BC Levant earthquake is mentioned in catalogues of historical earthquakes. An earthquake and a tsunami reportedly affected areas of the Levant, including the modern states of Cyprus, Egypt, Israel, and Syria.
Primary sources.
There is a mention of the earthquake in the Megillat Taanit (Scroll of Fasts). Classical sources mention the earthquake affecting the city of Apamea, Phrygia, but do not mention effects on the wider Levant.
A Greek inscription from Magdolum mentions a "seismos" (Greek for earthquake) which affected Egypt, at some point between 97 and 94 BC. But it has been suggested that the inscription was metaphorically describing a local "disturbance" or an incident of extortion.
Jewish accounts.
The main Jewish source on the earthquake is the Megillat Taanit. The text summarizes Jewish oral traditions about 35 dates of joyous events in Jewish history, mainly recording events to the reign of the Hasmonean dynasty (167–37 BC). At these dates, it was prohibited to either observe mourning or fasting.
When the text was written is unclear, though it predates the Siege of Jerusalem (70 AD) and the destruction of the Second Temple. The text focuses on the annual observance of dates, and not on historiography. The events are recorded by their order in the annual calendar, and not by their chronological order in history.
The observances themselves were only celebrated for a few centuries, but the text was preserved and transmitted in the Jewish literary canon. The Scroll of Fasts includes both a brief record of events, and three versions of Gemara (Scholia) which were added to the original text as addendums. There are three main surviving manuscripts. The exegesis which was added to the original text dates from the Talmudic period (2nd–6th centuries) to the Late Middle Ages.
The quality of the Scholia as historical sources is often unclear. Some of the explanations are "historically correct", and may reflect that their author used a valuable oral or written source to make his additions. Other explanations are of poor value, and reflect the questionable competence of their author. Scribal errors are commonplace in these manuscripts, with frequent errors in the copying of geographic and personal names. This explains most of the differences between the manuscript copies.
The main surviving versions of the text are the Parma manuscript (14th century), the Oxford manuscript (15th century), and a Common version (also known as the "Vulgata"). The Parma manuscript derives its information from the Babylonian Talmud, while the Oxford manuscript derives its information from the Jerusalem Talmud. The Common version is the last of them chronologically, and has copied information from both earlier versions. The blending of information from the two manuscript traditions seems to have started before the 11th century. It was complete by the time the first printed version of the text was published in Mantua during 1519.
Information on the earthquake is attached to an event dated to the 17th day of the month Adar in the Hebrew calendar. The event is the 33rd event covered in the text. According to the original Megillat Taanit, on that date "the natives" attacked a remnant of scribes in the country of "Belikos" and "Beit Zabdai". A salvation came to the "House of Israel". The Parma manuscript claims that "the natives" wanted to kill the "scribes of Israel". The scribes escaped to "Beit Zabadi", and the date of their escape was turned into an annual holiday. The Oxford manuscript claims that Alexander Jannaeus, the King of Judaea (reigned 103–76 BC) wanted to kill the brothers "Bukinos" and "Bukius", who escaped him and fled to Syria. The natives of the country of "Blikus" gathered to kill the brothers, but a great "raash" ("earthquake" of "clamor") send by El Shaddai (God Almighty) rescued the brothers. In the Common version, Alexander Jannaeus wanted to kill the scribes, who escaped him and fled to the country of "Koselikos". The natives were gentiles who rose against the scribes and wanted to kill them. The scribes managed to scare away their attackers and then fled to "Bet Zabadi". In this version, a comment by "Rabbi Hidka" records that the sea itself upwelled and "destroyed a third in the settled land".
The original text and the Parma version do not mention the earthquake, but the earthquake is described by the Oxford version. The Common version apparently describes a tsunami and attributes it to an earthquake. In the Oxford version, a God-send disaster rescues the scribes. The Rabbi Hidka credited with the tsunami description of the Common version was a historical sage of the 2nd century. The implication in the Common version is that the tsunami interfered with the attack of the natives.
The Oxford and Common versions may derive their description of the earthquake and the tsunami from extinct "local traditions". They may have also derived their descriptions from earthquake records in texts which were outside the Jewish literary tradition. The locations of the event is variously described as first "Belikos". "Belikot", "Chalbos", "Cholbos", "Chalikus", "Coselicos", "Calicos", and then "Beit Zabdin", "Beit Zabdai", and "Beit Zabadi". These seem to be misspellings. Modern scholars have identified the first location with Chalcis in Syria (modern Qinnasrin), and the second location with Zabadea in Lebanon-Syria.
In antiquity, there were many locations known as Chalcis, and two of them were located in Syria. The first was Chalcis sub Libanum, identified with the modern Anjar, Lebanon. It was located in the Beqaa Valley, about southeast of Baalbek. It was also located near Zabadea, a narrow plain that included modern Al-Zabadani. Zabadani is located to the north-northwest of Damascus. The ancient city of Kaprazabadion (modern Qafr Zabad) was located southwest of this Chalcis.
The second Chalcis was Chalcis ad Belum, identified with modern Hadir and Qinnasrin in north Syria. This city was located less than southeast of Antioch. Zabadea, in this case, may be identified with the locations of Zebed, Zebadi on the Orontes River, and Zabboude. However, all three of these locations were first mentioned in texts dating after the end of ancient history.
Neither of the two Chalcis was located close to the coasts of the Levant, and would be unlikely to be directly affected by a tsunami. The tsunami description may be based on a catastrophic inundation along the littoral zone, which diverted the attention of the "native" attackers.
The historical context of the event is unclear. The fleeing scribes may have been trying to flee Alexander Jannaeus, who is described as a particularly cruel monarch by Josephus. Alexander is known to have persecuted the Pharisees, who were opposed to his reign. But the original text does not mention Alexander Jannaeus, and his name may have been added to the text by a later-day interpreter. The scribes may have fled "oppression and slaughter" in the context of the many political upheavals in the Levant during the 2nd century BC. The Levant had at the time a multicultural population, and experienced frequent shifts in "political fortunes" and short-lived alliances.
The Oxford version names the scribes as Bukius and Bukinos, but these may not be actual persons. But just a Colloquialism to refer to an otherwise unnamed group. Historians theorize that the event took place in the context of the victorious campaigns of Jonathan Apphus (reigned 161–142 BC) against his enemy Demetrius II Nicator (reigned 145–138 BC). 1 Maccabees records that Jonathan had attacked the Zabadeans, crushed his enemies in battle, and plundered their territory.
Classical accounts.
This earthquake has been identified with one or more earthquakes known to have destroyed Apamea, Phrygia c. 90 BC. The city is identified with Celaenae, located on the Meander River.
The earthquake is mentioned in the "Deipnosophistae" by Athenaeus, who identifies Nicolaus of Damascus as his source on the topic. In Athenaeus' narrative, the earthquake is accompanied by flooding, the change of river courses, appearance and disappearance of lakes, and the ingression of sea waters. The same earthquake is mentioned by Strabo. According to Strabo's narrative, Mithridates VI of Pontus (reigned 120–63 BC) offered to rebuilt the destroyed Apamea.
Apamea was located about from the Mediterranean coast, and was surrounded by hills. It is unlikely that it was affected by a tsunami. It is more likely that the rivers Meander and Marsyas flooded, and there were changes in the surface levels of nearby lakes. Floods were far from uncommon in its vicinity, and local folklore connects the area to Noah's Ark and the Genesis flood narrative.
Earthquakes are also connected to the earlier reign of Jonathan Apphus. A major one is recorded by Athenaus and Strabo. Athenaus names Posidonius as his source on the event. According to these accounts, an ocean wave of extraordinary height dashed upon the shore. All men in its path were reportedly engulfed and drowned. The location of the event was somewhere between Tyre, Lebanon and Ptolemais in Phoenicia (modern Acre, Israel).
The earthquake and tsunami reportedly followed a battle involving Diodotus Tryphon (reigned 142–138 BC) and the army of the Seleucid Empire. This would place the event between the start of Tryphon's mutiny in 145 BC and Tryphon's suicide in 138 BC. Jonathan's campaign against the Zabadeans took place while Jonathan and Tryphon were allied to each other. Placing this earthquake to c. 143 BC.
The earthquake may also be identified with a disaster described elsewhere by Posidonius, which took place along the Levant littoral. An unidentified city above Sidon collapsed into the sea. In Sidon itself, nearly two-thirds of the city were engulfed. The shock affected the whole of Syria. However this disaster is otherwise connected to the emergence of the volcanic island of Hiera (modern Palea Kameni) in 198 BC. Sidon's earthquake is also mentioned in "De rerum natura" by Lucretius and "Naturales quaestiones" by Seneca the Younger. Neither text connects the earthquake to a specific date or historical context.
An earthquake during the reign of Jonathan Apphus is also recorded by the chronicle of John Malalas (6th century). In this narrative, the earthquake took place in the reign of Antiochus, grandson of Grypus. It is unclear who this monarch is, though it may be a misdated reference to Antiochus VII Sidetes (reigned 138–129 BC). In this Antiochus' 8th regnal year, the city of Antioch suffered from the "wrath of God" (an earthquake) and had to be rebuilt. Malalas offers inconsistent dates for the event. He places the event 152 years after Seleucus I Nicator (reigned 305–281 BC) established the city. This would place the event c. 148 BC, a full decade before Antiochus VII rose to the throne. It has been suggested that Malalas conflated accounts of two different earthquakes, the first taking place in 148 BC, and the other in 130 BC (Antriochus VII' 8th regnal years). Malalas mentions as his own source the chronicle of Domninos, who is not known from other sources.
Alternatively, the earthquake connected to Jonathan Apphus has been dated to c. 142 BC, 8 years following the death of Demetrius I Soter (reigned 161–150 BC). Whether the earthquake who affected Antioch was the same one which affected Chalcis is unclear.
Modern explanations.
The textual evidence for the earthquake is uneven, and the compilers of the Scholia to Megillat Taanit may have misunderstood the true nature of the 17th Adar events. If the earthquake affected the Holy Land, it is unclear why the Jews would consider the event a "joyous day". It would be more likely seen as a day of mourning and fasting. If the earthquake instead affected a distant region of Syria and did not harm the "oppressed Jewish communities" of Syria, it would be more likely to be seen as a divine event by the Jews.
On whether the earthquake took place during the reign of Jonathan Apphus or that of Alexander Jannaeus, there seem to be more primary sources favoring the earlier date rather than the later one. No evidence has been found that the earthquake affected Egypt, which was located away from Apamea. The reported tidal wave between Tyre and Ptolemais took place away from Chalcis sub Libanum. The earthquake and submergence of Sidon took place nearby, and the earthquake of Antioch took place away. All three events can be safely dated to the 2nd century BC, probably during Jonathan's reign.
There are insufficient evidence to attribute all reported events to a single earthquake, rather than an entire series on seismic events. However, the paleoseismic study of the Serghaya fault, suggested that only one seismic event took place there between 170 BC and 20 AD.


Chorasmia (satrapy)

Chorasmia (Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐎹 "hUvārazmiya", 𐎢𐎺𐎠𐎼𐏀𐎷𐎡𐏁 "hUvārazmiš") was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire in Persia. Chorasmia had become part of the Achaemenid Empire before 522 BCE, and it seems to have been ruled by the satrap of Parthia.
There exists an archaeological site in Kalaly-gyr, modern Kazakhstan, in a rectangular area 1,000 x 600 m surrounded by a defensive wall 15 m thick, and an Achaemenid-style palace at its center, all of which were unfinished, suggesting the Persians' departure from Chorasmia shortly after the beginning of the 4th century BC. By the time of the Persian king Darius III, it had already become an independent kingdom. Its king, Pharasmanes concluded a peace treaty with Alexander the Great in the Winter of 327/328. Chorasmia approximately corresponds to the modern-day region of Khwarezm.


List of Cultural Properties of Japan - archaeological materials (Tokushima)

This list is of the Cultural Properties of Japan designated in the category of for the Prefecture of Tokushima.
National Cultural Properties.
As of 1 January 2015, three Important Cultural Properties have been designated, being of national significance.
Prefectural Cultural Properties.
As of 19 December 2014, seventeen properties have been designated at a prefectural level.


Nissan Group

, or formerly "Nissan zaibatsu", was one of Japan's most powerful business groupings. Founded in 1928 by Yoshisuke Aikawa, the group was originally a holding company created as an offshoot of "Kuhara Mining Co."(became Nippon Mining & Metals Company; currently part of JXTG Holdings), which Aikawa had taken over as president of from his brother-in-law, Fusanosuke Kuhara. After the bankruptcy of the "Kuhara zaibatsu" following World War I, Aikawa reorganized its assets into Japan Industries or , Nissan for short.
The group's core business was real estate and insurance with hundreds of member companies, including fisheries, mining companies, and is affiliated with Hitachi Group companies, as well as what Nissan is now known for—its automobile industry. After World War II, the zaibatsu was disbanded, and reformed into Nichiyo-kai, otherwise known as Nissan Group.
Although the Nissan name was primarily known for its car manufacturing outside Japan, Nissan Motors was a comparatively small side business compared to its core real estate business until the real estate crash of the early 1990s (see Japanese asset price bubble). Like the similar subprime crisis, the crash dealt a devastating blow to the Nissan Group by leaving it with several hundred billions of dollars of debt.
The Nissan Group has long since shed the majority of its real estate assets (which were sold to Mitsui & Co. and still operates as the Bussan Real Estate Company), and has focused on manufacturing and insurance. Nissan Motors was given more independence as French automotive manufacturer Renault bought a 38.8% stake in the company for $5.4 billion in 1999 and appointed Carlos Ghosn as CEO of the new Renault–Nissan Alliance. Nissan Motors' successful turnaround was attributed to CEO Ghosn's ability to detach it from its keiretsu connections and eliminate 23,000 jobs from the Japanese workforce.


List of years in Tajikistan

This is a list of years in Tajikistan.


Saraswatichandra (film)

Saraswatichandra is a black-and-white Hindi film released in 1968. It starred Nutan and Manish among others and was directed by Govind Saraiya.
The film was adapted into a modern-day TV series of the same name, Saraswatichandra by Bollywood director Sanjay Leela Bhansali, and aired on Star Plus from 2013 till 2014.
The film was based on "Saraswatichandra", a Gujarati novel, by Govardhanram Madhavram Tripathi, set in 19th-century feudalism in India. It also won the National Film Awards in the "Best Cinematography" and "Best Music Director" categories.
Story.
"Saraswatichandra" tells the story of a young aristocrat, Saraswatichandra, whose marriage has been fixed with Kumud (Nutan), an educated girl from a rich family. Saraswati decides to cancel the engagement and writes to Kumud to inform her. However, she replies and the two continue exchanging letters. Saraswati decides to defy customs and pays a visit to his fiancée. A short-lived romance ensues. Saraswati returns home after promising Kumud and her family that he will return for her. However, a family feud takes place and Saraswati writes to Kumud that he will not able to marry her. This triggers a series of misunderstandings, ending up in Kumud's marriage to a rich but illiterate suitor named Pramad (Ramesh Deo). As soon as she joins her husband at his palace, he quickly disdains her for nautch girls, and hardly hides his double life, asking her not to comment on his "weakness".
Meanwhile, Saraswati, having forsaken his home, has been roaming the country, and reaches Pramad's mansion. His presence is made known to Kumud's father in-law, who despises his son's cheap life, and adopts the well-educated Saraswati as his secretary. The two former lovers meet, but Kumud is adamant to perform the duties of a faithful wife. Saraswati witnesses her anguished life and tries to reach out to her, but she objects. Nevertheless, things change, because Pramad’s behaviour grows more openly flirtatious. Kumud requests Saraswatichandra to stay away from her personal life and asks him to leave her in-laws' house. Determined to do whatever it takes to make her life easier, Saraswati decides to leave Kumud's life. On his way he is caught by dacoits and left for dead in the sun. A group of holy men spot him and take him away to their hermitage where he starts leading the life of a recluse.
Things darken for Kumud. She's chased away from Pramad’s mansion after he discovers one of Saraswati's letters. This gives Pramad the pretext he's been looking for: she must go back to her mother's house. Kumud's dignified attitude has earned her the friendship of women in her in-laws’ household, and they reveal to Pramad’s parents that he has chased his wife out of lust and selfishness. Pramad is thrown out of his house and he vows never to return. After leaving her in-laws' house, a disheartened Kumud tries to drown in the river but is retrieved by some holy women on the banks. They take her to the same temple where Saraswati is trying to atone for his sins.
The two lovers come face to face for one more time. Kumud submits to her fate and accepts the senior sister’s advice that she must do something for Saraswati. The latter, on the other hand, has a mission to fulfill: told by the guru that Pramad is dead, he will have to break the news to Kumud. A (very static) meeting is organised: after having realised that their fate has again brought them together, they admit that they are made for each other, and love blossoms between them. But Kumud doesn’t know she’s a widow, and still hangs on to the hope that she might change her husband.
When Saraswati reluctantly tells her, he faces a new Kumud, who must now embrace the widow’s status. The film ends with Saraswati accepting Kumud's request of marrying her younger sister, Kusum.
Soundtrack.
All the songs were composed by Kalyanji Anandji and lyrics were penned by Indeevar.


Lady Toida

 was a Japanese noble woman of the Sengoku and early Edo period. She was the legal wife of Kobayakawa Takakage, third son of "daimyō" Mōri Motonari.
Life.
Lady Toida was born as the daughter of Kobayakawa Masahira – the head of the Numata-Kobayakawa clan, which was the head family of the Kobayakawa clan – but because Masahira died at the young age of 21, her older brother, Shigehira, succeeded the Numata-Kobayakawa clan seat, but Shigehira became blind at a young age. In 1550, he was detained by Ōuchi Yoshitaka and Mōri Motonari under the suspicion of liaison with the Amago clan, and he was forced to retire and enter the priesthood.
In 1551, Lady Toida was married to the third son of Motonari, Takakage, who was adopted into and succeeding the Takehara-Kobayakawa clan. This way, the two clans were reunited. Although there were no children between the two, Takakage did not take a concubine, as their relationship was harmonious. However, the Kobayakawa bloodline ceased. For that reason, they adopted Motonari's youngest son, Mototsuna (later named Hidekane) to succeed the family name.
Her posthumous Buddhist name is Jikōin Gekkei Eichi (慈光院月渓永智). Her tomb is in Yamaguchi at Taiunji Temple.
In popular culture.
Lady Toida is portrayed in the 1997 NHK Taiga drama "Mōri Motonari" as "Lady Ako". She is portrayed by Fujiyoshi Kumiko, with her younger incarnation portrayed by Mifune Mika.


Tosaminato

 was a port settlement which existed from the Heian to the Muromachi period located in what is now part of the city of Goshogawara, Aomori in the Tōhoku region of Japan. Its ruins are now is an archaeological site which was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 2005.
Overview.
Tosaminato was located on the narrow strip of land which separate Lake Jūsan from the Sea of Japan on the west coast of Aomori Prefecture. The area forms a natural harbor, as Lake Jūsan was an inlet of the sea during that period, and not a lake. It was developed as a center for trade with the Ainu people and the Asian mainland by the Hiraizumi-based Northern Fujiwara during the Heian period, although it may have been used by the Emishi people much earlier. From 1229 it came under the control of the Andō clan, who built a castle for protection, and who came to dominate trade with the northern island of Ezo in the Kamakura period. By the early Muromachi period, it was a major port on the coastal trade routes along the Sea of Japan, and was also actively involved in overseas trade directly with the Korean Peninsula. However, by the mid-Muromachi period, the Andō clan was forced to relocate from the area to Hokkaido due to increasing aggressive attacks by the Nanbu clan in 1432, and Tosaminato went into rapid decline. The Nanbu developed Noheji on Mutsu Bay as their main port for contact with Ezo, as it was more convenient to their seat at Sannohe Castle and later to Morioka, and Tosaminato eventually silted up, becoming largely unusable.
During the Edo Period, then area came under the control of the Tsugaru clan, who had a strong enmity against the Nanbu. The Tsugaru attempted to redevelop Tosaminto as a port on the "kitamaebune" trade routes to take their rice and timber to markets in Osaka and to re-establish contacts with Ezo, but it never regained its former prosperity
The archaeological site is roughly triangular in shape and covers around 55 hectares, approximately 2 km north–south and up to 500 m east–west. It was excavated between 1993 and 1995 by a team from the National Museum of Japanese History, and in 1995-1996 by teams from the Aomori Prefecture Education Office and Toyama University. Excavation revealed that the settlement was defended by an outer wall of packed earth, while an interior wall separated the city into two parts. The north sector included the Andō residence, surrounded by those of their vassals, a temple, and the port itself. The southern sector included other residences, commercial spaces, and temples. Chinese ceramics and Kyoto-style tiles, which are rare in the Tōhoku region, have also been found. Excavated artifacts indicated that it reached its apogee around the second half fourteenth to early fifteenth century.


Naidaijin

The , literally meaning "Inner Minister", was an ancient office in the Japanese Imperial Court. Its role, rank and authority varied throughout the pre-Meiji period of Japanese history, but in general remained as a significant post under the Taihō Code.
History.
Pre-Meiji period.
The office of "Naidaijin" predated the Taihō Code of 701. Fujiwara no Kamatari was the first person appointed to the post in 669. After the appointment of Fujiwara no Michitaka in 989, the office became permanently established, ranking just below that of "Udaijin" ("Right Minister") and "Sadaijin" ("Left Minister").
Meiji period and after.
The office developed a different character in the Meiji period. In 1885, the title was reconfigured to mean the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan in the Imperial Court. In that year, the office of prime minister or chief minister of the initial restoration government was the "Daijō-daijin", Sanjō Sanetomi. In December, Sanjō petitioned the emperor to be relieved of his office; and he was then immediately appointed "Naidaijin", or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal.
The office of the Privy Seal was identical with the old "Naidaijin" only in the sense of the Japanese title—not in terms of function or powers.
The nature of the office further evolved in the Taishō and Shōwa periods. The title was abolished on November 24, 1945.


Battle of Takkolam

The Battle of Takkolam (c. 949 CE) was a military engagement between a contingent of troops led by Rajaditya, the eldest son of the Chola king Parantaka I (907–955), and another led by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III (939–967) at Takkolam in southern India. The battle resulted in the death of Rajaditya on the battlefield and the defeat of the Chola garrison at Takkolam.
The battle is considered as the climax of the confrontation between the two imperials powers, the Cholas and the Rashtrakutas, for mastery of south India. The death of prince Rajaditya is unusually commemorated by the Cholas. The Chola version of the events can be found in Larger Leiden Grant (1006 AD) of Rajaraja I and Tiruvalangadu Plates (1018 AD) of Rajendra Chola. An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by Krishna III and prince Butuga II (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the Western Ganga family. The Sravana Belgola record of Ganga king Marasimha (963 - 975 AD) also claims victory of the king for his predecessor Bhutuga II.
Background.
It seems that king Parantaka I anticipated a climatic battle with the Rashtrakutas and their allies in Tirumunaippati Nadu.
Sometime in the 930s, or perhaps as early as 923 AD, prince Rajaditya was sent with a substantial military contingent, including elephants and horses, as well as his entire household, to the region (to protect the northern edges of a nascent Chola state). The prince was joined in Tirumunaippati Nadu by his mother and his half-brother Arinjaya (whose mother also might have been from the Chera Perumal family).
Battle at Takkolam.
The Rashtrakuta contingent at Takkolam included a collection of feudal militias and royal soldiers (from Western Gangas, Banas and Vaidumbas among others). Prince Rajaditya was supported by a number of military personnel from Kerala (Chera) chiefdoms.
An account of the battle, which differs in some details from the Chola version, is found in the Atakur inscription issued by Krishna III and prince Butuga (a young underlord of Krishna III) of the Western Ganga family. According to the inscription, during the battle, Rajaditya was struck while seated atop his war elephant by an arrow from prince Butuga. The Chola prince died instantly. The Chola army was subsequently defeated and retreated in disorder.
Consequences.
The collapse of the Chola resistance after the battle of Takkolam lead to the virtual destruction of the Chola empire. The Rashtrakutas conquered eastern and northern parts of the Chola empire and advanced to Rameswaram. As per the Karhad copper plates of Krishna II, dated 959 AD, the king "uprooted the Cholas, distributed their territory among his followers, and extracted tribute from the Chera (Kerala) and Pandya kings" during his campaign.
As per historians, the defeat at Takkolam reversed the substantial political gains made by Parantaka Chola in previous decades. It opened the way for a period of multiple (and perhaps even disputed) Chola accessions. The Chola royals remained in confusion, and perhaps continued a precarious political existence under the threat of Rashtrakuta invasion.


Borsad Stepwell

The ancient stepwell is located in Borsad town in Anand district, Gujarat, India. It was built in 1497 by Vasu Soma and his family. It is seven story stepwell and has 13 arches. The water is reached by flight of steps. It is Monument of National Importance (N-GJ-69) protected by Archeological Survey of India.
Inscription.
There is an inscription in Sanskrit in the stepwell. It has date of Samvat 1553 dated Shraavana Vad 13th.


Ashikaga Shigeuji

 ( – 1497) was a Muromachi period warrior and the Kamakura-fu's fifth and last "Kantō kubō" ("Shōgun" Deputy). Fourth son of fourth "Kubō" Ashikaga Mochiuji, he succeeded his father only in 1449, a full decade after his death by "seppuku". His childhood name was . His rule was from its onset troubled by hostilities with the central government: he was finally deposed in 1455 by "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshimasa, after which he escaped to Koga in Shimōsa Province, where he became known as "Koga kubō". There, he ruled until his death in 1497.
Biography.
When in 1439 "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshinori attacked and invaded Kamakura, its ruler Mochiuji committed "seppuku" near today's Zuisen-ji to escape capture. His eldest son Yoshihisa, 14 years old at the time, was also forced to kill himself at nearby Hōkoku-ji. His three younger sons however escaped to Nikkō and in 1440 were led by Yūki Ujitomo, head of the Yūki clan, to his castle in Koga, Shimōsa Province, and survived. When later Ujitomo's castle was attacked by the shogunate, they escaped. Two, Haruō-maru and Yasuō-maru, however were caught and executed, while Eijuō-maru survived. Kamakura and the Kantō would then be ruled for the shogunate by the Uesugi clan until 1449. In that year, Eijuō-maru's uncle Ōi Mochimitsu managed to have him appointed to the post of "Kantō kubō" ("shōgun"s deputy in the Kantō region), the first Ashikaga to hold the post since his father's death ten years earlier. On the occasion, the 11-year-old boy reached manhood and received the character for the adult name he was about to assume from "shōgun" Yoshimasa himself (who took it from his former name, ) and became Shigeuji. "Shōgun" Yoshimasa, not trusting Shigeuji, nominated his ally Uesugi Noritada "kanrei" with the task of keeping him informed of what happened in Kamakura. The relationship between the two men, already difficult because of the role the Uesugi had had in Mochiuji's death, was therefore strained from the beginning. Tension culminated with Shigeuji's 1454 killing of Noritada, who was invited at Shigeuji's mansion and there murdered. The killing made the Kantō province fall into chaos because all Uesugi vassals rose against Shigeuji. Imagawa Noritada defeated Shigeuji and Kamakura, and in 1455 Shigeuji had to flee to the friendly city of Koga, where in time he became known as the "Koga kubō". The Uesugi asked Yoshimasa to send someone to replace Shigeuji, so he sent his younger brother Masatomo with an army to pacify Kantō, but many vassals had remained faithful to Shigeuji, so Masatomo was unable to even enter Kamakura. He had to stop in Horigoe in Izu Province, and was thereafter known as Horigoe Gosho. The Kantō therefore found itself with two rulers, one in Koga and one in Horigoe, neither of whom was able to rule. The Kantō was, for all practical purposes, once again in the hands of the Uesugi.
This was the beginning of an era in which the Kantō and Kamakura were devastated by a time of civil wars called the Sengoku period. War continued with on one side Masatomo and the Uesugi, on the other Shigeuji and the Chiba, the Utsunomiya, the Oyama and other clans. In 1471 Uesugi forces arrived in Koga, so Shigeuji had to escape to Chiba. Hostilities ceased only in 1482. Shigeuji was able to return to Koga, where he founded a dynasty and ruled until his death in 1497.


Muraji

 (from Old Japanese: "muraⁿzi" < *"mura-nusi" "village master") was an ancient Japanese hereditary title denoting rank and political standing (a "kabane") that was reserved for the most powerful among the "Tomo no Miyatsuko" clans, which were clans associated with particular occupations. The "muraji" rivaled the rank of "omi" in political power and standing during much of the Kofun period and were frequently in conflict with them over political issues such as whether Buddhism should be accepted and issues of imperial succession. By tradition the "muraji" clans claimed descent from mythological gods (神別氏族, "shinbetsu shizoku") and included such clans as the Ōtomo (大伴), the Nakatomi (中臣), the Mononobe (物部) and the Inbe (忌部).
Like the "omi", the most powerful "muraji" added the prefix "Ō" (大) to "muraji" and were referred to as "Ōmuraji" (大連). Examples of "Ōmuraji" mentioned in the "Nihon Shoki" included Mononobe no Ikofutsu (物部伊莒弗) during the reign of Emperor Richū, Ōtomo no Muroya (大伴室屋), Ōtomo no Kanamura (大伴金村), Mononobe no Me (物部目), Mononobe no Arakabi (物部麁鹿火), Mononobe no Okoshi (物部尾輿) and Mononobe no Moriya (物部守屋).
When the "kabane" system was reformed into the eight "kabane" system in 684, a few of the powerful "muraji" of the time were given the "kabane" of "ason", which ranked second under the new system, but most were given the "kabane" of "sukune", which ranked third. "Muraji" itself was dropped to seventh in rank.


Tokuyama Domain

The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in Suo Province (modern-day Shūnan, Yamaguchi). It was a branch of the neighboring Chōshū Domain.


70 in Japan

Events in the year 70 in Japan.


Maeda Toshikore


Bactrian people


Iron Age Anatolia


Muzaffar ibn Kaydar

Muzaffar ibn Kaydar () was a ninth-century governor of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate.
Career.
Muzaffar was initially appointed to head the security ("shurtah") of Egypt by his father Kaydar Nasr ibn 'Abdallah, after the latter was made governor of the province in 832. Following the death of Kaydar in the spring of 834, however, Muzaffar assumed the governorship himself. He immediately moved to put down a revolt, led by Yahya ibn al-Wazir al-Jarawi, which had broken out during his father's lifetime, and defeated the rebels in a battle near Tinnis. Al-Jarawi was captured and his followers dispersed, putting an end to the uprising.
According to the Egyptian chronicler al-Kindi, Muzaffar was the first governor of Egypt to recite the "takbir" during the Friday prayers. His activities regarding the "mihnah", then underway in the provinces of the caliphate, are subject to debate; Ibn Taghribirdi reported that he tested the "ulama" on the createdness of the Qur'an, but this may be a doublet of events that occurred during his father's governorship.
In the summer of 834, the Turkish general Ashinas was granted the oversight of Egypt by al-Mu'tasim, and his name was mentioned in the prayers throughout the province. Shortly after this, Muzaffar was dismissed as governor by Ashinas and replaced with Musa ibn Abi al-'Abbas. Following his dismissal, he departed from Egypt, and in 837 he is mentioned as an officer under al-Afshin during the war against Babak al-Khurrami.