William Freney

William Freney (or William Fresney), an Englishman, was a Dominican friar and archbishop of Edessa (1263 – "c".1290). His career was divided between England and the Levant. He served as a diplomat and negotiator for both English kings and Popes.
In the East.
In 1254, William was in Rome seeking the commutation of King Henry III's crusader vow.
On 1 August 1263, Pope Urban IV instructed the Latin patriarch of Antioch, Opizo di Fieschi, to consecrate William to a diocese or archdiocese of his choosing in Arabia, Media or Armenia. According to Urban's letter, William had already been raised to episcopal status and was planning a trip to the East. Opizo was prohibited from giving William an archdiocese subject to Antioch, but only one subject directly to Rome and so he consecrated him archbishop of Edessa. In Europe, the city of Edessa (modern Urfa) was mistakenly identified with Rages in Persia. It had had Latin archbishops in the early twelfth century, but had been under Muslim rule since 1144. William was to be the only thirteenth-century archbishop. His appointment may have been intended to facilitate missionary activity "in infidel lands" ("in partibus infidelium").
William's good knowledge of several languages (which are unknown) made him valuable as a diplomat. In 1264, Urban sent William on an embassy to Hethum I, king of Armenia. His mission was a success. Good relations between Armenia and the Papacy were restored and, probably influenced by William, Hethum expressed a desire to establish a Dominican monastery in his kingdom.
William's whereabouts between 1267 and 1273 are unknown, and he may have accompanied Prince Edward on his crusade to Syria in 1271–72.
In England.
William spent 1265–67—the height of the Second Barons' War—in England. On 12 February 1265, King Henry III assigned him the deanery of Wimborne for his maintenance until either he returned to his diocese or obtained another title. In September, Henry revoked this grant and instead assigned William a yearly pension of 50 marks from the revenues of the manor of Havering. In October, he granted William the manor itself for life. In February 1266, William was given the manor of Silverstone to be held at the king's pleasure. Later that year, the king received complaints about William's procurations (levies on the manors' tenants), and by May 1267 the manors had been bestowed on others.
At the siege of Kenilworth in 1266, William tried to negotiate with the rebellious garrison on behalf of the besieging royalist army, but he was refused entry into the castle. On 21 July 1266, the king charged him with escorting certain rebel representatives to court for peace negotiations, but these too failed. The chronicler William Rishanger nonetheless recalls him as "a man of discretion and praiseworthy eloquence".
William may have left England around the time he lost his manors. If so, he had returned by August 1273, when Edward, who in the meantime had succeeded Henry as king, granted the archbishop a tun of wine. William seems to have remained mainly in England after that, strongly associating himself with Norfolk and assisting the English church where he could. In 1274, he granted the monks of Bury St Edmunds a forty-day indulgence for those visiting the prior's chapel to pray for the souls of past abbots and venerate the wooden bier on which Egelwin had brought the body of Edmund the Martyr to Bury St Edmunds in 1014. On 28 December 1275, he consecrated the prior's chapel dedicated to Saints Stephen and Edmund at Bury St Edmunds.
By 1276 William was acting as a suffragan bishop of the diocese of Norwich under Roger Skerning. In that year, he consecrated a site for the erection of a Carmelite priory in Norwich and the high altar at Bishop's Lynn. In November 1277, he was acting as a Papal nuncio when he wrote to Godfrey Giffard, bishop of Worcester, about collecting Peter's pence. That year Edward gave him two more tuns of wine. In November 1278, he assisted the new bishop, William Middleton, in the consecration of Norwich Cathedral. In 1280, he was attended the translation of the remains of Hugh of Lincoln to Norwich.
In 1282, William received the manor of Cringleford. His last appearance in the record is in 1286. There is no evidence that he went to the East after 1273, nor is there any indication of his date of death. He was presumably buried in a Dominican friary and his tombstone removed during the dissolution to St Mary's Church in Rhuddlan, where it resides today. It bears the effigy of a bishop with mitre and crozier. Its inscription, in Norman French, reads, "Pray for the soul of Friar William Freney, archbishop of Rages".


St Kilda Road robberies

In the years following the Victorian gold rush which began in 1851, St Kilda Road, a long track through the southern suburbs to St Kilda and on to Brighton, was the scene of frequent hold-ups by armed bandits, known in Australia as bushrangers (though this was normally applied to bandits in the country side, rather than uncleared areas of scrub along a fairly busy city road).
One of the most infamous took place in the afternoon of 16th October 1852, when 19 people were robbed and tied up together at a spot near Glenhuntly Road, later depicted in William Strutt's "Bushrangers on the St Kilda Road", painted more than 30 years later in 1887 (now held by the Ian Potter Museum of Art).
The last major offense.
On 17 March 1853, gold-buyer Edward Ritter and his brother-in-law Samuel Maxwell Alexander were riding in their chaise-cart from St Kilda to Melbourne. A gang of eight or nine men attempted to hold them up near Canvas Town (now South Melbourne - this robbery may not have been on St Kilda Road itself), but Ritter managed to pull away from the potential robbers. A volley of shots were fired, of which three hit Ritter in the legs, without causing any serious injury.
Ritter and Alexander furnished good descriptions of their assailants, two of whom had been amongst a similar group who had tried to rob Ritter about three weeks earlier, who he recognised. The Government offered a reward of £1600, calculated at £200 per head, for their arrests leading to conviction, and the Melbourne police began to round up likely suspects. Seven men faced Justice Redmond Barry on 18 April 1853, five being convicted - Higginbotham, Little, Murphy William Burns, and James Burns - each sentenced to ten years’ hard labour on the roads, the first two in chains. Two others, Thompson and James Grimes, were acquitted. Grimes had been arrested on suspicion of taking part in the Nelson robbery in 1852, but there had been insufficient evidence to convict him.
With the breaking up of this gang law and order were partially returned to the roads of Melbourne.
George Wilson who was believed to be involved was later hanged for the McIvor Escort Robbery.


Edward Charles Frome

General Edward Charles Frome (7 January 1802 – 2 November 1890) was a prominent British Army officer and Surveyor General of South Australia.
Early life.
Born in Gibraltar on 7 January 1802, Frome was orphaned early in his life. He was educated in Blackheath, London, England, where he became a close friend of Benjamin Disraeli.
Career.
He received his commission in the Royal Engineers in 1825. He was involved in the Rideau Canal construction in Canada in 1827 to 1833.
In September 1839 Frome arrived in South Australia on the ship "Recovery" to take up an appointment as the colony's third Surveyor General. He was also a member of the South Australian Legislative Council (2 October 1839 to 14 June 1843). He made an important contribution in surveying large areas of South Australia for new immigrants to settle upon.
He was also a competent artist and made many sketches and paintings of landscapes on his surveying expeditions. In one of his sketchbooks, there is a sketch of a Milmenrura village in the south-east of South Australia consisting of a cluster of about twelve established Aboriginal homes. It is annotated with the note “burnt by me, October 1840”. This was apparently part of the retribution for the Maria massacre of shipwrecked survivors a few months earlier.
In 1843 he led an expedition to the mid-north of South Australia and was the first to accurately map Lake Frome.
After his ten-year term expired he returned to England and was subsequently stationed in Mauritius, Scotland and Gibraltar. Between 1869 and 1874 he served as Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey.
Later life and legacy.
He retired in 1877 with the army rank of general, and died on 2 November 1890 at Ewell in Surrey.
His name was given to two lakes – Lake Frome in the state's north-east and Lake Frome in the state's south-east; Frome River in the Lake Eyre basin; and Frome Road, a major thoroughfare in Adelaide.


25 April (film)

25 April is a 2015 New Zealand animated documentary film about the 1915 Gallipoli Campaign directed by Leanne Pooley. It was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.
Reception.
The film received mostly positive reviews. In New Zealand, Newshub's Tony Wright gave it four-and-a-half stars and described it as "startlingly original", praising the use of animation to depict the "depravity" of war. The "New Zealand Herald"'s Peter Calder similarly called it "evocative and moving", adding that the recreation of first-hand accounts of soldiers and a nurse "knit together to provide a comprehensive account of the doomed eight-month campaign to take the peninsula whose name resounds through our national myth."
Graeme Tuckett, of Stuff.co.nz, gave "25 April" a negative review with two-and-a-half stars. He wrote that it lacked "any sort of context or overview", failed to focus on any Ottoman soldiers and was "unoriginal". He compared it unfavorably with Tolga Ornek's "Gallipoli" (2005)"."
Tom Peters and Sam Price of the World Socialist Web Site wrote that the documentary had some "moving portrayals" but criticized it for not opposing the First World War itself, instead taking a "national-isolationist" position. They also noted the film-makers' "almost exclusive focus on what the New Zealand and Australian forces endured" and failure to "convey the enormity of the Ottoman Empire's casualties."


Ahmad Fanakati

Ahmad Fanākatī or Banākatī (; ; before 1242 — 10 April 1282) was a Persian Muslim from the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty) who served as finance minister of the Yuan dynasty during Kublai's reign. He became known as a chief minister under Kublai and is credited with successfully establishing the financial system of the Yuan Empire. He was considered to be a "villainous minister" in dynastic histories because of his perceived corruption.
Life and career.
Ahmad Fanākatī came from Fanākat (or Banākat), a town on the upper Syr Darya in Central Asia, under the rule of the Qara Khitai until they were conquered by the Mongol Empire.
Ahmad obtained employment under Kublai through Empress Jamui Khatun, who had known him before her marriage. To her court he was originally attached but we find him already in high financial office in 1264.
Trusted by Chabi Khatun, Kublai's favorite wife, Ahmad was entrusted with state finances in 1262. He was successful in managing the financial affairs of Northern China and brought huge tax revenues to Kublai's new government.
In 1270, he assumed the full power of the new financial department known as the Department of State Affairs (Shangshu Sheng), which had equal status with the administrative department known as the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng).
After the conquest of the Song dynasty in 1276, he entered the financial matters of Southern China. He prepared a state monopoly in salt, which came to account for a large portion of state income. In his 20-year term of office, he created his strong faction with his clan and Muslims from Central Asia.
Ahmad's tax system gained a bad reputation from the Chinese because it was ruthlessly operated and considerably differed from traditional Chinese systems. Ahmad was reputed for his rapaciousness. He abused his position to gather riches for himself.
Marco Polo recorded his name as "Bailo Acmat (Achmac)". He mentions that Ahmad had 25 sons and accumulated great wealth.
In 1271, the Department of State Affairs was absorbed into the Central Secretariat. While holding the financial affairs, he started intervening in state administration. It heightened tension with the rival faction that included Crown Prince Zhenjin, Antong, the head of the Central Secretariat and other Mongol aristocrats, and Chinese bureaucrats. The death of his political patron Chabi Khatun in 1281 made the situation critical; Ahmad was assassinated by Wang Zhu and Gao Heshang (Kao Ho-chang) in the next year and his faction fell from power.
Although Ahmad's assassins were executed, after Kublai Khan heard all the complaints about Ahmad's corruption from his enemies, Kublai then ordered Ahmad's body to be taken from his tomb and desecrated by being eaten by dogs, and then using chariot wheels to smash the bones to pieces.
Kublai also ordered Ahmad's sons to be put to death.
Influence.
Ahmad is usually portrayed as an evil bureaucrat in traditional Chinese records: his corruption and tyranny are emphasized. In contrast, the "Jami al-Tawarikh" positively evaluates his assistance to Kublai's administration. The recent Mongolian studies also tend to make positive reference to his role in establishing the dynasty's unique financial system.
In popular culture.
Ahmad Fanakati was fictionalized by Mahesh Jadu in the Netflix series "Marco Polo" and by Leonard Nimoy in the RAI mini-series "Marco Polo" during the 1980s. In the Netflix series Marco Polo, Ahmad declares that he is not Persian but rather that he hails from Upper Asia. Specifically, he mentions a village near Bukhara that was destroyed as he was taken into the Mongol court. He is described and holds an influential role in the Jami al-Tawarikh, furthermore Akmad plays the treacherous villain and lead antagonist in Season 2 of the "Marco Polo".


Tehran International Book Fair

Tehran International Book Fair () is an annual international book fair held in Tehran, Iran. Held in a 120,000 square meter venue at Tehran's Grand Prayer Grounds, the event also provides an opportunity for publishers to discuss future cooperation. The fair also features special sections, including the "House of Literati" that honors prominent Iranian cultural figures from a variety of disciplines.
While this event showcases products like humanities, religion, philosophy, literature, social sciences, art and architecture, pure and applied science based books associated with this field etc., the Tehran Book Fair has been criticized by the Anti-Defamation League for its antisemitic and Holocaust denial literature, which notably featured the Russian forgery text of "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and books by white supremacist David Duke. The fair has also been criticized for censoring and banning books by the exiled opposition group the People's Mojahedin of Iran.


Battle of the Treasury Islands

The Battle of the Treasury Islands was a Second World War battle that took place between 27 October and 12 November 1943 on the Treasury Islands group, part of the Solomon Islands. The battle formed part of the wider Pacific War and involved New Zealand and US forces fighting against Japanese troops. The majority of the ground forces were provided by the New Zealand 3rd Division.
The Allied invasion of the Japanese held island group intended to secure Mono and Stirling Islands so that a radar station could be constructed on the former and the latter be used as a staging area for an assault on Bougainville. The attack on the Treasury Islands would serve the long term Allied strategy of isolating Bougainville and Rabaul and the elimination of the Japanese garrison in the area.
Background.
As part of the Allied strategy of isolating Bougainville and Rabaul and eliminating the large Japanese garrison in the area, in late 1943, as the Solomon Islands campaign progressed, the Allies decided to launch an attack on the Treasury Islands. The invasion, to be conducted primarily by the New Zealand Army, supported by American forces, was codenamed Operation Goodtime. For the operation, the New Zealand 8th Infantry Brigade Group, commanded by Brigadier Robert Row and part of the New Zealand 3rd Division, was assigned to the United States' III Amphibious Force, which assigned its Southern Force under Rear Admiral George H. Fort for the operation.
Consisting of two islands, Mono and Stirling, the Treasuries are located north of Guadalcanal, and from Vella Lavella, and just from the Shortland Islands. At the time of the battle, the islands offered the Allies further opportunities to bypass large groups of Japanese forces as they advanced through the Solomons towards the main Japanese base around Rabaul, the reduction of which was a key part of the overarching Allied strategy developed under the guise of Operation Cartwheel. The islands were endowed with a deep natural harbour – Blanche Harbour – which the Allies determined would be useful for supporting landing operations at Cape Torokina on Bougainville. Mono Island, due to its high features, also offered the prospect of serving as a radar station to provide early warning for aerial and naval surface attacks during the Cape Torokina operation. The Allies also hoped that the landing would convince the Japanese that their next move would be on the Shortlands or on Buin, on the southern tip of Bougainville, instead of the Cape Torokina – Empress Augusta Bay area.
Operation.
The Allies launched the invasion of the Treasury Islands at 06:06 hours on 27 October. Three echelons of high speed transports (APDs), totalling eight vessels, were assembled for the operation. In addition, there were eight LCIs; two LSTs and three LCTs allocated. Several minor reconnaissance operations were undertaken prior to the landing, firstly on 22–23 August and then 21–22 October. Meanwhile, the assaulting force conducted rehearsals off Florida Island in the lead up.
Commencing on 27 October, following a short naval and aerial bombardment, seven APDs arrived in the transport area west of Cummings Point on Stirling Island and began disgorging their smaller landing craft, which were assigned to land forces on either side of the harbour. Despite heavy rain, which reduced visibility, the destroyers and laid down a heavy, but ultimately ineffective pre-landing bombardment. Following this, two infantry battalions – the 29th and 36th – landed around Falamai, on the southern coast of Mono Island, approximately away from Blanche Harbour's western entrance. Meanwhile, a detachment from a third infantry battalion, the 34th, landed on Stirling Island, to the south of Mono, while another detachment of 200 personnel from the 34th, supported by the APD , skirted around the western side of the island and landed to the north around Soanotalu, to provide security for a radar station that would be installed there.
A total 3,795 men landed in the assault wave with the remainder of the Allied force landing in four waves during the following 20 days, to reach a total of 6,574 men. The operation was the first amphibious assault launched by New Zealand troops since the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915. It was the second combat operation undertaken by the New Zealanders in the Pacific, following the Land Battle of Vella Lavella, which had taken place the previous month. The New Zealand infantry were supported by US combat support and service support units including a naval construction battalion (the 87th), a signals unit, a naval base unit, and a coastal artillery battalion (the 198th) to provide anti-aircraft fire support.
The Japanese were caught by surprise and were unable to scramble aircraft to attack the assault craft until after the troops had landed. Subsequently, late on 27 October, a force of 25 dive bombers attacked two US destroyers, and . In the ensuing melee, 12 Japanese aircraft were shot down by supporting AirSols fighters and naval gunfire, while "Cony" was hit aft twice, resulting in the death of eight of her crew and the wounding of 10 others. The destroyer was taken under tow and taken back to Tulagi for repairs.
Meanwhile, ashore, the fighting continued. Resistance to the initial landing was light and was quickly overcome with only a small number of casualties, which came exclusively in the first wave of the assault. Over the course of several hours, the beachhead around Falamai was secured amidst sporadic resistance from the Japanese and then over the following days patrols were sent out to clear the island. Meanwhile, the force holding Soanotalu fought off several sharp attacks between 29 October and 2 November, including one attack by a company-sized element that resulted in about 40 Japanese being killed. On Stirling Island, the New Zealanders had been virtually unopposed and after landing had settled down to a routine of patrolling and base development. There were a few minor Japanese raids, but largely Japanese air assets were focused on responding to the landing around Cape Torokina, which commenced on 1 November.
The British flag was raised over the ruins of Falamai, the islands' capital, and civil administration was restored on 1 November. Mopping up operations began and over the course of eleven days a number of minor engagements took place as patrols sought to flush out Japanese troops that were hiding out, mainly in caves on the northern coast. These engagements resulted in further casualties on both sides, with several groups of Japanese being killed in firefights with New Zealand patrols. On 12 November, the islands were declared clear of Japanese forces, although Japanese holdouts were sighted in the jungles into January 1944.
The operation, in conjunction with Operation Blissful, a raid on Choiseul, served to divert the attention of the Japanese Seventeenth Army from the next major Allied target in the Solomon Islands campaign. The success of the operation also helped to improve the planning of subsequent landings in the Pacific. The New Zealanders' next combat operation would be the Battle of the Green Islands, in early 1944. Casualties during the operation amounted to 226 for the Allies, consisting of 40 New Zealanders killed and 145 wounded, and 12 Americans killed and 29 wounded. The Japanese lost 223 killed and eight captured.
Base development.
Seabees from Company A of the 87th Naval Construction Battalion, along with a 25-man detachment from its Headquarters Company, landed on 27 October. One Seabee raised the blade on his bulldozer to use it as a shield, and attacked a Japanese machine gun nest with it. The Seabees built of roads, and established a PT boat base on Stirling Island. They were joined by the rest of the 87th Naval Construction Battalion on 28 November. It then commenced construction of an airstrip long and wide, along with taxiways, hardstands and an aviation gasoline farm with five storage tanks. The job was handed over to the 82nd Naval Construction Battalion in December, and it was joined by the 88th Naval Construction Battalion in January. The airstrip was subsequently extended to .
The 87th Naval Construction Battalion turned to construction of wharf facilities to accommodate large ocean-going vessels. Four pontoon barges were secured to timber crib piers, which were connected to the shore by ramps made of girders covered with wooden planks. The first ship docked on 30 January 1944. A naval base was developed with workshops and stage facilities, and a 100-bed hospital. PT boats based in the Treasury Islands helped protect Allied forces landing at Torokina, while a radar site was established around Soanotalu, which played an important part in the success of that operation. The airbase was used by the medium bombers of the USAAF's 42d Bombardment Group and the U.S. Marine Corps' VMB-413, while the base facilities were utilised by the U.S. Navy's Acorn 12. Base development was considered complete by July 1944, and responsibility for the base was handed over to Construction Battalion Maintenance Units (CBMU) 569 and 587. Some of the base facilities were shipped to Leyte in December 1944 and January 1945, and the base closed when CBMU 569 departed in June 1945.


Kimberly Dozier

Kimberly Dozier (born July 6, 1966) is a contributing writer to "The Daily Beast" and a contributor to CNN. She was previously a correspondent for the Associated Press, covering intelligence and counterterrorism, and prior to that, a CBS News correspondent for 17 years based mostly overseas. She was stationed in Baghdad as the chief reporter in Iraq for CBS News for nearly three years prior to being critically wounded on May 29, 2006. She is General Omar N. Bradley Chair in Strategic Leadership, at the Army War College, Penn State Law and Dickinson College.
Biography.
Dozier was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, one of six siblings, and raised by Benjamin (died 2016), a construction worker and retired Marine who served in World War II, and Dorothy Dozier (died 2008).
Dozier attended St. Timothy's School, an all-girls boarding school in Stevenson, Maryland. She holds a bachelor's degree from Wellesley College (1987) and a master's degree in foreign affairs from the University of Virginia (1993). From 1988 through 1991, Dozier served as a Washington, D.C.-based reporter for "The Energy Daily", "New Technology Week", and "Environment Week", covering congressional policy and industry regulation. From 1992 through 1995, while living in Cairo, Dozier did freelance work for the CBS Radio Network, "Christian Science Monitor" Radio, and Voice of America, as well as writing for "The Washington Post" and the "San Francisco Chronicle".
From 1996 through 1998, Dozier was an anchor for BBC World Service's program titled "World Update", an hour-long, live foreign affairs broadcast, among other programs. From 1996 through 2002, Dozier served as the London bureau chief and chief European correspondent for CBS Radio News and as a reporter for CBS News television. Her assignments included the war in Iraq, the war in Afghanistan and the hunt for Osama bin Laden, the crisis and refugee exodus in the Balkans, Vladimir Putin's election, the death of Princess Diana, the Northern Ireland peace process, and the Khobar barracks bombing in Dhahran. She has interviewed dozens of newsmakers, including U.S. Gen. Joseph Dunford, Stan McChrystal (ret.) David Petraeus, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Gerry Adams and Yasser Arafat.
Dozier started as a stringer for CBS Radio News, later becoming a network TV correspondent for the "CBS Evening News". As part of that progression, from February 2002 through August 2003, Dozier was the chief correspondent for WCBS-TV (New York)'s Middle East bureau in Jerusalem, where she covered the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict and the war in Iraq, before being hired by CBS anchor Dan Rather and reassigned to Baghdad.
After Dozier was injured in Iraq in 2006, CBS gave her temporary assignments covering the Pentagon, the White House and Capitol Hill, for CBS News' Washington, D.C., bureau, from 2007 to 2010, as they were reluctant to let her return to war zones. She left CBS and television reluctantly to become the Intelligence Writer for The Associated Press, to leave the stigma of being combat-injured behind.
In April 2008, Dozier received a Peabody award for "CBS News Sunday Morning: The Way Home", a piece in which she reported the story of two women veterans who lost limbs in Iraq.
Dozier received a 2008 RTNDA/Edward R. Murrow Award for Feature Reporting for the same story. She has also received three American Women in Radio and Television (AWRT) "Gracie Awards"—in 2000, 2001 and 2002—for her radio reports on Mideast violence, Kosovo and the Afghan war, as well as the organization's Grand Gracie Award in 2007 for her body of television work in Iraq.
Dozier and ABC News anchor Bob Woodruff were honored with the 2007 Radio and Television News Directors Association and Foundation's "Leonard Zeidenberg First Amendment Award". She was honored by the Overseas Press Club in 2007 and spoke on behalf of journalists who have been killed and injured in Iraq. In 2008, Dozier became the first woman to receive the Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation's McCrary Award for Excellence in Journalism.
Injury in Iraq.
Dozier was seriously injured in Iraq on May 29, 2006 in a car bomb attack that killed an American soldier, the 4th ID's Captain James "Alex" Funkhouser, an Iraqi translator, and CBS crewmembers Paul Douglas (Cameraman) and James Brolan (Sound Technician). She was transferred to Germany for further treatment.
Most of the patrol was outside their parked Humvees in a residential Baghdad neighborhood. Insurgents waited until the patrol approached the car bomb, packed with an estimated of explosives, before remotely detonating it. The captain, translator and CBS crew were closest to the explosion.
Dozier underwent more than two dozen major surgeries in the two months following the bombing. Doctors removed shrapnel from her head, rebuilt her shattered femurs, and applied skin grafts to extensive burns on both legs. Dozier was first treated at the Baghdad Combat Support Hospital, and the medical facility at Balad, Iraq, before being medevacked to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, the U.S. military's largest overseas hospital.
Although Dozier was unable to speak because she was on a respirator, she was able to write to communicate; the first question she asked regarded the crew.
On June 7, 2006, she returned to the United States for further treatment at the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland.
Coincidentally, in April 2004, Dozier had been featured in a "USA Today" article on the safety of journalists covering the Iraq War.
Fully recovered from her injuries, Dozier ran the 10K of the 2008 U.S. Marine Corps Marathon to raise money for Fisher House, which provides a place to stay for loved ones of the combat-injured. Proceeds of her 2011 paperback and e-book and funds from speaking to military-related organizations went to a number of charities including NSWKids.org and WoundedWear.org, and/or to donate thousands of copies of her book to patients and families going through similar medical crises.
Dozier worked for the Associated Press from 2010 to 2014. Her work has appeared in "The Washington Post", "Newsweek", "The Daily Beast", and "Salon".
Book.
Dozier wrote a book, "Breathing the Fire: Fighting to Survive, and Get Back to the Fight", which chronicles both her physical and emotional recovery from the IED explosion on Memorial Day 2006 in Iraq. "Breathing the Fire" was published in May 2008. It was reissued in 2011. In the book, Dozier pieces together her own memories of the explosion and recovery with reports from her doctors, nurses, family members and even rescuers about her condition.


USS Curtiss (AV-4)

USS "Curtiss" (AV-4) was the first purpose-built seaplane tender constructed for the United States Navy. She was named for Glenn Curtiss, an American naval aviation pioneer that designed the Curtiss NC-4, the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Construction.
"Curtiss" was laid down on 25 March 1938, by the New York Shipbuilding Corporation, of Camden, New Jersey. The ship was launched on 20 April 1940, sponsored by Mrs H. S. Wheeler, and commissioned on 15 November 1940, with Commander S. P. Ginder, as her first commanding officer.
Design.
The "Curtiss" class were the first seaplane tenders built from the keel up for the US Navy, the previous tenders had been converted from cargo ships. They were designed to provide command facilities for forward operating long-range patrol seaplane squadrons. To accomplish this, they were heavily armed with four /38 caliber dual-purpose guns, and contained repair and maintenance facilities, along with supplies for operating in forward areas for many months.
The ships had a large seaplane deck located at the stern with the maintenance shops located in the superstructure just forward of it. They were built with three large cranes, one located at the starboard extreme of the stern, the second was at the aft of the superstructure on the port side, with the remaining crane located midship on the starboard side. The starboard crane at midship was removed from both ships during WWII and replaced with a Oerlikon cannon gun tub. Two of the 5-in guns were staggered on opposite sides of the rear superstructure, with the remaining two in a superfiring configuration at the bow of the ships.
Designed to displace , they were in length, with a beam of , and a draft of . They produced from four Babcock & Wilcox boilers turning a pair of geared turbines and shafts, and were capable of a speed of .
Along with their 5-in guns, they were armed with three quad Bofors anti-aircraft (AA) guns, and two twin 40-mm AA guns. During WWII both forward 5-in guns in were enclosed, while only the front forward 5-in gun in "Curtiss" was enclosed. Two dual 40-mm and 12 20-mm AA guns were also added.
Service history.
World War II.
"Curtiss" operated out of Norfolk, Virginia, and in the Caribbean for training and in fleet exercises through the spring of 1941. She was one of 14 ships to receive the early RCA CXAM-1 radar. On 26 May, she got underway for Pearl Harbor, from which she served as local guard ship, as well as tending two patrol bomber squadrons. From 15 October-9 November, she sailed to Wake Island, carrying air-crew and cargo to reinforce the garrison.
When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, "Curtiss" was able to get underway and returned fire at the attacking Japanese aircraft. At 08:36, she sighted the periscope of a Japanese Midget Submarine and opened fire. A torpedo from this submarine missed "Curtiss", running over and into a dock at Pearl City. Four minutes later, the same submarine surfaced and was further damaged by gunfire before diving again, after which the destroyer sank the submarine with a ram and depth charge attack.
At 09:05, "Curtiss" hit a Japanese plane which then crashed into her No. 1 crane, causing casualties and starting a fire. Three minutes later, she was attacked by an Aichi D3A dive bomber. The bomb from this plane struck "Curtiss" in the vicinity of her damaged crane and exploded below decks, setting the hangar, main decks and No. 4 handling room on fire. The damaged aircraft crashed off her port beam. With 19 dead and many wounded, "Curtiss" crew managed to extinguish the fire and commence emergency repairs.
On 28 December, she was underway for San Diego, California, for more permanent repairs and replacement of the damaged crane with a Oerlikon anti-aircraft cannon. Her repairs were completed in just four days and she was back in Pearl Harbor on 13 January 1942, to begin ferrying men and supplies to bases at Samoa, Suva, and Nouméa, until June.
Departing Pearl Harbor, on 2 June 1942, "Curtiss" served as flagship for Commander, Naval Air, South Pacific, at Nouméa, from 16 June-4 August, then served as seaplane tender, flagship, repair and supply ship for destroyers and small craft engaged in the Solomon operations from Espiritu Santo, until 9 July 1943. After overhaul at San Francisco, she arrived at Funafuti, Ellice Islands, 7 November, to serve as flagship for Commander Air, Central Pacific, based at Funafuti, until 29 December 1943. She then served at Tarawa, from 31 December 1943–8 March 1944, Kwajalein, 10 March–26 June, Eniwetok, 27 June–9 August, Saipan, 12 August 1944–1 January 1945, and finally Guam, 2 January–7 February.
After repairs at San Francisco, "Curtiss" sailed to Okinawa, arriving on 22 May 1945, to serve as flagship for Commander, Fleet Air Wing 1. On 21 June, a kamikaze and its bomb ripped two holes in her hull and detonated on the third deck, killing 35 and wounding 21 of her crew. Damage control kept her afloat and four days later she was underway for an overhaul at Mare Island Navy Yard.
Post-war.
Rejoining the Fleet in the Western Pacific, "Curtiss" embarked Commander, Fleet Air Wing 1, who was also Commander Task Force 75, at Okinawa, on 5 December 1945. From May 1946 to June 1947, "Curtiss" was commanded by Captain Winfield Scott Cunningham, who was in command at Wake Island during the defence in December 1941. "Curtiss" joined in fleet exercises, operated with patrol squadrons in the Formosa Strait, ferried men and supplies to outlying bases and made several visits to Tsingtao, China, until 8 March 1947, when she sailed for the west coast for overhaul and alterations recommended by the Atomic Energy Commission for the storage of scientific equipment.
In 1948, "Curtiss" arrived at Eniwetok, with several atomic weapons on board for the exercise "Operation Sandstone". Afterwards she returned to the West Coast before being engaged in exercises in Alaskan waters, returning to San Francisco, in early 1949.
"Curtiss" operated off the California coast on a number of fleet and training exercises until early in 1949, when she served as flagship for Commander 1st Fleet for three weeks of amphibious operations in Alaskan waters to evaluate cold weather equipment. She continued to serve as flagship for this command during amphibious exercises off Seattle, Washington, during the summer of 1949. Shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War, "Curtiss" sailed from San Diego, to join the 7th Fleet, in July 1950, on patrol in the Korea Strait. Sailing out of Iwakuni and Kure, she tended two Martin PBM Mariner squadrons and a squadron of British Short Sunderlands operating over Korean territory. She returned to San Francisco, on 14 January 1951, for further alterations to fit her as a base for scientific work.
From 23 February to 13 June 1951, "Curtiss" served as flagship for "Operation Greenhouse" and was the base for civilian and military technicians during the atomic tests at Eniwetok. She also provided meteorological information and operated a boat pool. "Curtiss" served at San Diego, in local operations until 29 September 1952, when she again sailed to Eniwetok, as flagship during the atomic tests of "Operation Ivy", during which the first hydrogen bomb was detonated. Returning to San Diego, on 4 December, she cruised the west coast, and visited Acapulco, Mexico, in 1953. From 10 January to 28 May 1954, she participated in "Operation Castle".
Fitted with a helicopter deck in November–December 1954, "Curtiss" engaged in a large-scale amphibious exercise on the coast of California in March 1955. From 21 March to 8 August 1956, she took part in "Operation Redwing", the atomic tests at Eniwetok, during which she was visited by the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. As flagship for the First Fleet, she was visited by Vice Admiral A. H. Vedel, Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Danish Navy on 20 September 1956.
"Curtiss" departed San Diego, on 27 December 1956, for "Operation Deep Freeze II", carrying sailors of the wintering-over party, and scientists to take part in the International Geophysical Year program. Calling at Port Lyttelton, New Zealand, from 12–15 January 1957, she entered McMurdo Sound, on 19 January, and transferred cargo by helicopter to the icebreaker . From 21–28 January, she put men and cargo ashore in the same manner as she lay moored to the ice shelf, continuing these operations at Little America, from 30 January to 6 February. She carried out ice reconnaissance to Okuma Bay and Sulzberger Bay, then departed McMurdo Sound, on 10 February. She called at Port Lyttelton, Auckland, New Zealand, and Sydney, Australia, before returning to San Diego, on 25 March, to undergo repairs for ice damage. She continued her local operations until placed out of commission in reserve on 24 September 1957.
"Curtiss" was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1963, and was sold for scrapping in February 1972.


Alatau T. Atkinson

Alatau Tamchiboulac Atkinson (November 16, 1848–April 24, 1906) was a member of the House of Representatives for the Republic of Hawaii. He served as Superintendent of Public Instruction for the Territory of Hawaii following annexation to the United States. Appointed Inspector General of Schools for the Kingdom of Hawaii, he served under the administrations of Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani, and continued in the position under the Provisional Government of Hawaii and the Republic of Hawaii . A journalist and newspaper owner, he is believed to have been one of two authors of satirical works lampooning Walter Murray Gibson cabinet regime under Kalākaua. Atkinson Drive in the Ala Moana area of Honolulu, was named to honor him.
Background.
He was born in the small town of Qapal in the Kazakh steppes of Central Asia, to British explorers Lucy Atkinson and Thomas Witlam Atkinson, who named him after the famous Tamshybulak Spring in Qapal and the Alatau Mountains (Tien Shan), and spent the first ten years of his life in Siberia, Central Asia, and St Petersburg. After his father's death in Kent, England when Alatau was ten years old, a public fund-raising appeal by Sir Roderick Murchison, President of the Royal Geographical Society, helped finance Alatau's education at Rugby School. After a brief career in Russia as Secretary of the Turko-Russian boundary commission, he changed careers to become a writer for the British newspaper the "Newcastle Courant". He briefly held a teaching position in England at Durham School.
Hawaii's school system.
An 1854 treaty for Hawaii's annexation to the United States had been submitted to Kamehameha III, but he never signed it. During the 1863–1872 reign of Kamehameha V, the Hawaiian language was still the predominant communication in Hawaii's schools. Increasing exposure to the outside world was being brought by the sea trade, missionaries, and foreigners operating sugar plantations in the islands. In 1867, a proposed reciprocity treaty, tax relief for sugar planters, had gotten as far as the United States Congress, but was defeated in the Senate.
Atkinson was offered a position by Bishop Thomas Nettleship Staley in 1868, to become instructor and principal at St. Alban's College in Pauoa, Hawaii. He left England together with his wife Annie (nee Humble) and his daughter Zoe in 1869 for the long sea journey to Hawaii. St. Alban's would later merge with ʻIolani School. Atkinson would later also be given charge of the Fort Street School. He believed that fluency in a common language used by the outside world would be a vital necessity for the coming generations of Hawaiians. It became his life's career to convert Hawaii's schools into using English as the predominant language.
In 1887 he was appointed Inspector General of Schools for the Kingdom of Hawaii, serving under both Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani. He remained in that position under Dole during the Republic of Hawaii. When Hawaii became a territory, Atkinson was appointed Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Elected representative.
Atkinson represented the Fourth District of Hawaii in the Legislature of the Republic of Hawaii for the February 16 – July 7, 1898 session. Hawaii was annexed by the United States on August 12 1898.
Writing.
He was editor of the "Hawaiian Gazette", and was president of Hawaiian Star Newspaper Association. Atkinson and/or Vice Chamberlain Edward William Purvis are to believed to have been the authors of "The Grand Duke of Gynbergdrinkenstein", a 3-act burlesque originally published in 1886 as a satirical jab at Kalākaua's cabinet under the helm of Walter M. Gibson. The character of Herr Von Boss was believed to have been wealthy sugar baron Claus Spreckels. A second version was published in 1887 as "The Gynberg Ballads". British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse believed the satire rang true to the king's cabinet under Gibson, and made sure numerous officials in London received copies.
Personal life.
Atkinson married Annie Humble in England in January 1868. They sailed to Hawaii in 1869, by way of Panama and San Francisco. He died April 24, 1906 as a result of a series of strokes after a lengthy illness. Upon his death, all schools were closed in his honor. Atkinson Drive in the Ala Moana area of Honolulu is named for him. Annie Atkinson died of pneumonia in 1911.
The couple had four daughters and three sons:
1. Zoe Lucy Sherrard Alatau Atkinson (1868–1940) was their only child born in England; all her brothers and sisters were born in Hawaii. She became a teacher at the Royal School in Hawaii. Zoe married scientist Robert Cyril Layton Perkins in 1901, and the couple permanently moved to England after their wedding.
2. Alatau Leonard Charles (Jack) Atkinson (1871–1927) was appointed to the US presidential cabinet post of Secretary of Hawaii in 1903 by Theodore Roosevelt. During an extended absence of territorial governor George R. Carter, Jack Atkinson became Acting Governor of the Territory of Hawaii. As a youth, he enlisted in the Honolulu Rifles. A graduate of Yale Law School and the University of Michigan, he maintained a law practice in Honolulu, and was active in the Republican Party. He married Ina Marie Taft of Chicago in 1921.
3. Edith Kapiolani (Lani) Atkinson (c. 1871– 1959) married British naval officer Captain Frederick Kenrick Colquhoun Gibbons in 1895 and permanently relocated to England.
4. May (Maisie) Kathleen Atkinson (1874–1923) married Arthur M. Brown in 1897, future high sheriff of the Territory of Hawaii.
5. Molly (Ethel Mary) Alatau Atkinson (1875–1931) married Samuel Gardner Wilder Jr. in 1896.
6. Robert Witlam Atkinson (1877–1939) was co-founder, along with Walter F. Dillingham, of Hawaiian Dredging. In 1907, he married Helen (Nellie) Kitchen and was widowed in 1917. Two years later, he married Helen's widowed sister Alice Mackee Kitchen Schultz. His wives were granddaughters of sugar planter James Makee.
7. Kenneth Alatau Atkinson (1885–1953) relocated to New South Wales, Australia where he spent the rest of his life in a variety of occupations.


Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj

Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj was a nominal Qutlughkhanid prince of Kerman, a son of Qutb al-Din Mohammad and Kutlugh Turkan.
Life.
Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj was a minor when his father Qutb al-Din Mohammad died in 1257. Kerman nobles assembled and asked Hulegu for Kutlugh Turkan's appointment as the ruler of the principality. Hulegu confirmed Hajjaj as the new ruler of Kerman, while Kutlugh Turkan was named a regent responsible for civil affairs. Hajjaj's brother-in-law Azad al-Din Hajji was confirmed as the supreme commander, much to Turkan's displeasure, who later obtained full sovereign rights.
Hajjaj married Arghun Aqa's daughter Begi Khatun - a woman his father wanted to marry - in 1264. This was the year when Turkan was acknowledged by Hulegu as a ruler in her own right, putting Hajjaj under her shadow. Once he reached adulthood, Hajjaj began to fight at the front of the Ilkhanid army ranks, Chagataid where he achieved fame. This was confirmed when he was honored by Abaqa in 1270. According to "History of Qara-Khitai Shahs" ("Tāriḵ-e šāhi-e Qarāḵtāʾiān"), he grew ambitious and asked Turkan to dance in front of her while his followers chanted "The sky and the stars are old. Your fortuitous lot is young. It would be better if the old would give its turn to the young!". Tarkan hastily left for Padishah Khatun's headquarters in order to quell Hajjaj's upcoming uprising.
Exile and death.
Hajjaj contacted several Ögedeid and Chagataid princes to plot against Abaqa. This plot was revealed when some of his ministers and commanders, including Taj al-Din Satilmish defected to Turkan, who in turn asked for Abaqa's interference. Learning of Abaqa's advance to Kirman, he left for Sistan in 1275 and then for Delhi Sultanate in 1279. His wife and children were taken to Abaqa's court, his lands were confiscated, then granted to Suyurgatmish. He died in July 1291.
Family.
He was married to Begi Khatun, daughter of Arghun Aqa and had at least 4 issues:


Battle of Elbistan

On April 15, 1277, the Mamluk Sultan Baibars marched from Syria into the Mongol-dominated Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and attacked the Mongol occupation force in the Battle of Elbistan (Abulustayn). Upon reaching Elbistan with at least 10,000 horseman, Baibars made ready for battle with the Mongols, expecting them to be around 30,000. However, although the Mongol forces were smaller than the Mamluk army, there were the Georgians and Rum Seljuks that bolstered their numbers.
The battle.
The Mongols attacked first and charged the Mamluk heavy cavalry. At the start of the battle many of the Bedouin irregulars in the Mamluk army were also killed. Their attack was concentrated on the left flank of the Mamluk army. This resulted in the Sultan's standard bearers (sanjaqiyya) being killed. The Mamluks however were able to regroup and launch a counter-attack. Baibars himself went with a few troops to deal with the Mongol right flank that was pounding his left flank. Baibars ordered a force from the army from Hama to reinforce his left. The large Mamluk numbers were able to overwhelm the Mongol force. The Mongols instead of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were able to escape and took up positions on the hills. Once they became surrounded they once again dismounted, and fought to the death. During the battle, the Mongols destroyed the Mamluk left wing, consisting of many Bedouin irregulars, but were ultimately defeated.
It seems that both sides were expecting assistance from the army of the Pervâne and his Seljuks. The Pervâne had attempted to ally himself with both factions to keep his options open, but fled the battle with the Seljuk Sultan to Tokat. The Seljuk army was present near the battle, but did not take part. After the battle many Rumi soldiers were taken captive. Others joined the Mamluks willingly. Pervane's son Muhadhdhab al-Din was captured. In addition many Mongol officers and common soldiers were taken prisoner. Two of the soldiers captured, Qipchaq and Salar, would become mamluks of Qalawun and would become very important amirs. The Mongol officers' lives were spared as well.
Aftermath.
After Baibars victory, he marched unopposed to Kayseri (Qaysariyya) in the heart of Anatolia in triumph and entered it on April 23, 1277; just over a month after the battle. The Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha happened around this time. In this festival, Baibars forbade the beating of drums of good tidings telling his emirs: "How can I rejoice? I had believed that if 10,000 horsemen of my army were to meet 30,000 Mongols, I would defeat them. But I met 7000 Mongols with all my army. The Mongols aroused panic and my army lost heart. The Mongols defeated the Muslim Left. Without Allah's grace, they would have defeated us. If I met them, and they were equal to the Muslims in size, or larger than they, then the matter would not have turned out well". Following the festival, Baibars left Rum and died in Syria soon after.
In light of Baibar's victory Pervâne attempted to draw in the Mamluks into a confrontation with a fresh Mongol army led by Abaqa himself. However, Baibars was running low on supplies, and his equipment repaired. The possibility of a new Mongol army convinced Baibars to return to Syria since he was so far away from his bases and supply line. As the Mamluk army returned to Syria the commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi deserted to the Mongols. Pervâne sent a letter to Baibars asking him to delay his departure. Baibars chastised him for not aiding him during the Battle of Elbistan. Baibars told him he was leaving for Siwas to mislead Pervâne and the Mongols to his true destination. Baibars also sent Taybars al-Waziri with a force to raid an Armenian town called al-Rummana, whose inhabitants had hidden the Mongols earlier.
The Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa, meanwhile reasserted his authority in Rum. After Abaqa surveyed the battlefield he became very angry. He ordered the Muslim population of Kayseri (Qaysariyya) and eastern Rum to be put to death. Large numbers of people were killed. Abaqa's army had to put down a rebellion of Qaramanid Turkmen who declared their loyalty to Baibars. He sent an army of 30,000 towards Syria, but after learning the size of Baibars army from Aybeg al-Shaykhi he called his forces back. He wanted to send the army in the summer but his officers persuaded him to wait until the winter. However, the expedition was never sent. The Ilkhan Mongols were having logistical problems of their own, and many of the troops were called back to Ilkhanate lands. Abaqa entrusted the country to his other brother Qonghurtai and Shams al-Din Juwayni. At first Abaqa turned a blind eye to Pervâne. The Mongol nobles and noblewomen convinced him to have him put to death. Pervâne's flesh was eaten by Abaqa and the senior Mongols as an act of revenge according to King Het'um of Armenia.
During the celebration of victory, Baybars said that "How can I be happy. I thought that I and my servants would defeat Mongols before, but my left wing was beaten by them. Only Allah helped us".


Siege of Claudiopolis

The Siege of Claudiopolis was a Byzantine victory over a Seljuq Turk army in February–March 1179.
Background.
After the Byzantine annihilation of a Seljuq Turkish army at the Battle of Hyelion and Leimocheir in 1177, the Byzantines laid waste to Turkish lands along the Meander river. Emperor Manuel I Komnenos drove out Turkish forces encamped near Lakerion and Panasion. A Byzantine attempt to capture the town of Charax failed when the Byzantine commander, Andronikos Doukas Angelos, panicked after facing a few Turks in the night and led his entire force in a rout.
Siege.
In February 1179, the Turks laid siege to the town of Claudiopolis in northern Bithynia. The Byzantine garrison was prevented from sallying out. The defending forces threatened the emperor with a capitulation unless prompt help arrived, claiming to not have the strength to withstand a siege attack or starvation blockade. Manuel set out for Claudiopolis with an army a day after receiving the message. He proceeded via Nicomedia, with only his horse and armor, unburdened by imperial luxuries. The emperor slept little and rested on the ground, earning him the admiration of his men. Upon catching sight of the approaching Byzantine banners and glittering armaments, the surprised Turks turned tail and fled. Manuel did not let up, pursuing them back to their lands.
Aftermath.
The Byzantine success demonstrated that the frontier in Anatolia remained intact. Manuel concluded an advantageous peace with the Seljuqs by the end of 1179.


RAF Zerqa


2006 Arab Junior Athletics Championships

The 2006 Arab Junior Athletics Championships was the 12th edition of the international athletics competition for under-20 athletes from Arab countries. It took place in Cairo, Egypt. A total of 44 athletics events were contested, 22 for men and 22 for women.


William Kamau

William Kamau (January 15, 1851 – January 9, 1944) was an American clergyman, and the second Kahu (shepherd) of Hawaiian ancestry at Kawaiahaʻo Church in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Background.
He was born on Maui in the district of Waiehu, attending both Lahainaluna High School and the Mid-Pacific Institute in Honolulu. Much of his adulthood was spent on the island of Hawaii, where he was ordained into the ministry. His first pastorate was at Kalapana, Hawaii. Affiliated with the Hawaii Mission Board, Kamau was also a judge who served as a district magistrate at Puna at the same time he pastored a church at Opihikao.
He served in a ministerial capacity at the Lihue Hawaiian Church on Kauai, the Ewa Congregational Church at Pearl City on Oahu, and Mānana Protestant Church. For more than two decades, he served as chaplain in the Territory of Hawaii legislature.
Kawaiahao.
After Rev. Akaiko Akana died on February 16, 1933, Kawaiahao took 15 months to find a successor. In the interim, the duties of the position were shared among the deacons. Kamau had an affiliation with Haili Church in Hilo, and along with other ministers in the islands, sometimes participated in larger events with Kawaiahao.
He accepted the call to shepherd the church, and was installed as Kahu on June 10, 1934. Kamau was 83 years old when he accepted the position, the same age Henry Hodges Parker had been when he retired from his ministry at Kawaiahao.
Kamau officiated at the church entirely in the Hawaiian language. Edward Kahale was associate pastor. At the end of 1939, Kamau was the oldest practicing ordained minister in the territory. When Kahale was promoted to Kahu in 1940, Kamau was put on retirement as pastor emeritus allowing him to continue as a practicing minister without the responsibilities of administration.
Personal life.
He married Nawaiotua Kahoowaiwai in 1888. She was the mother of his children: county engineer, Samuel H. Kamau, teacher Anna K. Hoopii, school administrator Mrs. Lakana K. d'Aguilar, teacher Maria K. Todd and teacher Anee K. Kamau and Territorial representative William K. Kamau. She died October 30, 1916.
On May 30, 1919, he married Martha Haili Timoteo. They had no children. Rev. Kamau died January 9, 1944. Martha Kamau died in 1958.


The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War

The Departure of the Second Contingent for the Boer War was a 1900 New Zealand documentary film.
This is the oldest surviving New Zealand film and was produced by Alfred Henry Whitehouse.
The earliest New Zealand films being from the first of December 1898, the opening of the Auckland Industrial and Mining Exhibition, and Boxing Day that year, Uhlan winning the Auckland Cup at Ellerslie Racecourse.


USS Honolulu (CL-48)

USS "Honolulu" (CL-48) of the United States Navy was a light cruiser active in the Pacific War (World War II). "Honolulu" was launched in 1937 and commissioned in 1938. The ship served in the Battle of Tassafaronga, the Battle of Kula Gulf, the Battle of Kolombangara and the Battle of Peleliu. She was taken out of action by serious torpedo damage just before the Battle of Leyte Gulf. She was repaired, but not in time to rejoin the war. She was decommissioned in 1947 and was held in reserve until she was scrapped in 1959.
Inter-war period.
The second Navy ship named for the city of Honolulu, Hawaii, she was launched on 26 August 1937 at the New York Navy Yard, sponsored by Helen Poindexter (the daughter of Joseph B. Poindexter, the Governor of Hawaii), and commissioned on 15 June 1938, with Captain Oscar Smith in command.
After a shakedown cruise to England, "Honolulu" engaged in fleet problems and exercises in the Caribbean Sea. She steamed from New York on 24 May 1939 to join the Pacific Fleet, arriving at San Pedro, California, on 14 June. For the remainder of the year, she engaged in exercises along the West Coast. During the first half of 1940, "Honolulu" continued operations out of Long Beach, California, and after an overhaul at the Puget Sound shipyard, she steamed out of Long Beach Naval Shipyard on 5 November for duty from Pearl Harbor. She operated there through 1941, and she was moored at the Naval Station when the Japanese launched their attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. "Honolulu" suffered only minor hull damage from a near miss.
World War II.
Following repairs, she sailed on 12 January 1942 to escort a convoy to San Francisco, California, arriving on 21 January. The cruiser continued convoy escort duty to Australia, Samoa, and the United States until late May.
With the Japanese pushing north towards Alaska, "Honolulu" departed on 29 May to strengthen forces in that area. After two months of continuous operations out of Kodiak, Alaska, she proceeded to Kiska in the Aleutian Islands on 7 August, to begin bombardment of the island. On 21 August, she screened the first American landings in the Aleutians at Adak Island. After shipyard work at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, "Honolulu" departed from San Francisco on 3 November 1942, escorting a convoy to Nouméa in the South Pacific. Later that month, "Honolulu" sailed from Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides Islands to intercept a Japanese Navy convoy attempting to reinforce their positions on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The Battle of Tassafaronga began shortly before midnight on 30 November, continuing through the night. One Japanese destroyer was sunk by American cruiser gunfire, but four cruisers were hit by Japanese torpedoes, with one of the cruisers, , sinking. "Honolulu" escaped serious damage in this notable Japanese victory that had very little impact on the fighting on Guadalcanal.
"Honolulu" operated out of Espiritu Santo in early 1943 with Task Force 67 (TF 67) in an attempt to engage the "Tokyo Express". During May, she engaged in bombardments of New Georgia in the Solomons. "Honolulu" departed from Espiritu Santo on 28 June for more bombardments in the Solomons. After supporting the landings on New Georgia Island on 4 July, she opened fire on enemy ships in the Battle of Kula Gulf, knocking out one destroyer and assisting in the destruction of others.
The battle-proven cruiser had another opportunity to confront the Japanese fleet on 13 July, in the Battle of Kolombangara. Shortly after midnight, contact was made with an enemy cruiser-destroyer force in "The Slot". At 0110, "Honolulu" opened fire on a . After three salvos, the target burst into flames and was soon dead in the water. "Honolulu" shifted fire to an enemy destroyer, which was immediately hit and disappeared. At 0211, a torpedo struck the starboard side of "Honolulu", blowing off her bow. The task force then retired to Tulagi for temporary repairs, and then departed for the large naval base at Pearl Harbor. On 16 August, "Honolulu" arrived at Pearl Harbor for major repairs. She then proceeded to the shipyard at Mare Island, near San Francisco, for more work.
After the additional repairs at Mare Island, "Honolulu" departed from San Francisco on 17 November to continue her role in the struggle against Japan. She arrived at Espiritu Santo on 11 December, and then resumed operations in the Solomons later that month. On 27 December, she engaged in the bombardment of an enemy barge, troop, and supply concentration on Bougainville Island. In the early months of 1944, the cruiser continued bombardments and patrols in the Solomon Islands. She screened the landings on Green Island on 13 February, before retiring from the Solomons to begin preparations for the Saipan and Guam operations in the Mariana Islands.
"Honolulu" took part in bombardments of the southeastern part of Saipan Island in early June as the Navy and Marines leaped across the Pacific. While bombarding Guam in mid-June, "Honolulu" was deployed northwest to intercept the Japanese fleet. She returned to Eniwetok Atoll on 28 June for replenishments, before providing support for the invasion of Guam. She remained on station for three weeks, performing great service with her accurate gunfire, before returning to Purvis Bay on Florida Island in the Solomons on 18 August. "Honolulu" steamed out on 6 September to provide fire support for the landings in the Palau Islands, such as at Peleliu Island and Anguar, remaining in this area during September unopposed by the Japanese fleet. America now had decisive command of the sea, and therefore nearly full freedom of operations.
Battle of Leyte.
"Honolulu" departed from the staging area at Manus Island in the Admiralty Islands on 12 October, and steamed towards the Philippines for the invasion of Leyte. She began a bombardment from Leyte Gulf on 19 October, and the next day she began screening the landings. At 1600, on 20 October an enemy torpedo plane was sighted as it aimed its torpedo at "Honolulu". Despite the skillful maneuvering of Captain Thurber to evade, the torpedo found its mark on her port side.
"Honolulu" sailed out the next day, arriving at Manus on 29 October for temporary repairs, and then steamed for Norfolk, Virginia, on 19 November, arriving on 20 December via Pearl Harbor, San Diego, California, and the Panama Canal. "Honolulu" remained at Norfolk for the duration of the war, undergoing repairs, and after a shakedown cruise in October 1945, she steamed to Newport, Rhode Island, for duty as a training ship. "Honolulu" arrived at Philadelphia on 8 January 1946 and was decommissioned there on 3 February 1947, and joined the Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia. Stricken on 1 March 1959, "Honolulu" was sold for scrapping to Bethlehem Steel, Baltimore, Maryland, on 12 October 1959. "Honolulu" was scrapped at Sparrow Point, Maryland, on 19 August 1960.
Awards.
"Honolulu" received eight battle stars for World War II service.


Marlborough Province

The Marlborough Province operated as a province of New Zealand from 1 November 1859, when it split away from Nelson Province, until the abolition of provincial government in 1876.
History.
Marlborough split away from the Nelson Province because the majority of the income of the Provincial Council came from land sales in the Marlborough region, but the funds were mostly used in the Nelson region. Land sales in Nelson and Marlborough netted the Nelson Provincial Council £33,000 and £160,000, respectively. Of that, £200 were expended benefiting the Marlborough region. Marlborough settlers successfully petitioned for a split from Nelson. Another reason was that large landholders feared the growing influence of smaller farmers and urban residents. By splitting the Marlborough Province off with its large farms, it was easier for these landholders to control the provincial council.
When the province was formed, Sir Thomas Gore Browne, the Governor of New Zealand, named it after John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The settlement of Blenheim was subsequently named after the Battle of Blenheim (1704), where troops led by the Duke defeated a combined French and Bavarian force at the village of Blenheim (Blindheim) in Germany.
Area.
The Marlborough Province was notable for its intense personal rivalries among its politicians. This led to a farcical change of capital from at first Blenheim, then Picton from 1861, and back again to Blenheim from July 1865. In a symbolic way, government buildings in both Blenheim and Picton burned down some months after the abolition of the provincial system.
Marlborough was not systematically settled like other regions, but capital-rich settlers from the Nelson area spilled over who wanted to invest in large land holdings. Frederick Weld was the first in 1847 to land sheep at Port Underwood, a sheltered harbour which forms the north-east extension of Cloudy Bay in the Marlborough Sounds. Because of its early start in sheep farming, other South Island areas were stocked from here.
Anniversary Day.
New Zealand law provides an anniversary day for each former province. Marlborough celebrates its founding on a Monday near 1 November each year.
Superintendents.
The Marlborough Province had five Superintendents:


Ann Scott Tyson

Ann Scott Tyson is an American journalist, reporting from combat zones since the invasion of Iraq, and recently from Asia. She has written for "The Christian Science Monitor", "The Washington Post", "The Wall Street Journal" and "The Seattle Times".
Biography.
Early life and career.
Tyson is a graduate of Harvard University with an honors degree in government and has studied economics and business at Columbia University.
Tyson covered the Iraq and Afghanistan wars for over a decade, she also covered Asia and China for eight years, as well as the Pentagon, Congress, and the Midwest United States. As of 2020 Tyson serves as the Beijing Bureau Chief for the "Christian Science Monitor".
Fellow journalist Amelia Newcomb wrote that Tyson "is one of those rare multifaceted journalists who reports with fearlessness and sensitivity. She can report alongside troops at war or sit down with Melinda Gates, ... and get her to open up about spirituality and her life journey."
Relation with Jim Gant.
In September 2010, Tyson took a leave of absence from "The Washington Post" and went to Kunar to live with United States Army Special Forces officer Jim Gant for nine months, in violation of military regulations. She first had spoken with Gant in 2007 over the phone and described him as "the Green Beret who could win the war in Afghanistan". Gant had a reputation mobilizing local tribes against the Taliban, and was reportedly extremely successful, but was fired for his relationship with Tyson. In 2014 Tyson published a book about Gant titled "American Spartan: The Promise, the Mission, and the Betrayal of Special Forces Major Jim Gant".
Tyson and Gant have married and live in Seattle, Washington.


Jerusalem gay pride parade

The Jerusalem gay pride parade is an annual pride parade taking place in Jerusalem. Since the first March for Pride and Tolerance in 2002, Jerusalem Pride—"Love Without Border"—has become an established event in Jerusalem, each year bringing in additional partners and supporters.
In 2005 and 2015, Yishai Schlissel, an ultra-Orthodox Jewish man stabbed marchers with a knife, resulting in three injuries (2005) and in six injuries, one fatal (2015). He was arrested and convicted for the 2005 attack, and released from imprisonment three weeks before the 2015 parade.
Background.
Since the 1990s, an annual pride parade has taken place in Tel Aviv and sometimes also in Eilat. Tel Aviv had previously been the venue for the only yearly gay pride parade in the Middle East. Tel Aviv was first city in Israel to have a gay pride parade, which started in the street of Shenkin and expanded to large-scale events in the following years. In 2005, 100,000 people participated in the Tel Aviv gay pride parade.
The Jerusalem Open House for Pride and Tolerance is the focal point of gay pride events in Jerusalem, and has existed since 1997. Since 2002, it has held small annual gay pride parades in Jerusalem.
In 2007, the Knesset approved legislation to prevent pride parades in Jerusalem, and in response, then-Prime Minister of Israel Ehud Olmert's office released a statement that he "does not think that Jerusalem is the appropriate location for holding gay-pride parades due to the special sensitive nature of the city, although he believes that such matters should not be limited by law". The legislation was again introduced in 2008, but again did not become law, and in June 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel denied petitions to stop gay pride parades in Jerusalem, and a parade was held in 2008 and in 2009.
2005 attack.
In 2005, a municipal ban attempted to halt the parade, but it was overturned by a district court order. Protesters, many of them Orthodox Jews, lined the mile-long parade route shouting insults and displaying signs with messages such as "You are corrupting our children" and "Jerusalem is not San Francisco". During the parade, Yishai Schlissel, a Haredi Jew, stabbed three parade participants with a kitchen knife. During a police interrogation, he described the motive behind his actions: "I came to killing on behalf of God. We can't have such abomination in the country." The perpetrator was subsequently convicted of three counts of attempted murder, and sentenced to 12 years in prison. The Jerusalem District Court also ordered that NIS 280 million (about USD 60 million) be paid as compensation to the victims. Schlissel was released in 2015, and returned to the Pride Parade in 2015 to attack again, stabbing a person to death and wounding six others.
2006 demonstrations.
In 2006, it was announced that the WorldPride event held each year in different capitals or large cities of the world would come to Jerusalem. The 22nd annual conference of InterPride was held in October 2003 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada; with over 150 delegates from 51 cities from around the world in attendance, the conference voted to accept the bid of the Jerusalem Open House to host WorldPride 2006.
The parade was scheduled for 6 August, and received harsh objection from Israeli religious circles from the outset. It was eventually cancelled due to the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, but a week of events did take place as scheduled and included five conferences, a film festival, exhibitions, and literary and political events. The parade itself was cancelled, but the Jerusalem Open House announced that it would hold a parade on 10 November after reaching an agreement with the police and with the municipality.
Virulent opposition from Haredi and other Orthodox Jewish corners, as well as from the Israeli Arab sector, has led many to believe that unless the gay pride parade was canceled, a violent outcome would be unavoidable. Others who came out against the parade include Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem, Ethiopian Orthodox Bishop of Jerusalem, Rabbi Shlomo Amar and many others Orthodox Jews, Muslims and Christian clerics of Jerusalem and MK Yitzhak Levy.
The main opposition from the Haredi Jewish sector was organized by the Edah HaChareidis rabbinical organization. On 18 October, Rabbis from across the Orthodox spectrum called for the parade to be forbidden. Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, who was one of the first to express his opposition, called for a "demonstration of a million". Well-known right-wing Jewish activists Baruch Marzel, Itamar Ben-Gvir, and Hillel Weiss called for a "holy war" against the parade, and announced that unless the parade were cancelled, it would lead to violence. The organizers of the parade filed a police complaint against them, accusing them of incitement to murder.
On the night of Thursday, 2 November, a demonstration in Mea Shearim led to rioting. Thousands of protesters blocked roads with burning garbage cans, and police responded in force, sending hundreds of Yassam riot police and Border Police armed with batons, water cannons, and horses. Seven policemen and an unknown number of protestors were wounded. Haredi spokesmen strongly spoke out against the police for using an "excessive level of violence". On the night of 9 November, right-wing activists including Ben-Gvir and Jewish Home politician Bezalel Smotrich organized a "beast parade" with livestock and hundreds of haredi and right-wing activists, following the planned route of the pride parade.
The organizers of the Jerusalem Open House organization made plans to deal with contingencies, including multiple wounded and dead. Instead of a parade, the organizers moved the event to a stadium on a university campus, and the event went peacefully.
2015 attack.
On 30 July 2015, only three weeks after being released, Yishai Schlissel stabbed six marchers during the Jerusalem gay pride parade. The act was widely condemned, including by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. One of the victims, 16-year-old Shira Banki, died of her wounds at the Hadassah Medical Center three days later, on 2 August 2015. Shortly after, Prime Minister Netanyahu offered his condolences, adding, "We will deal with the murderer to the fullest extent of the law." Schlissel's mother, Rivka, expressed her sorrow over her son actions and expressed solidarity with the victims, saying, "We regret this very much and pray for the immediate recovery of the victims." An investigation was launched to examine the failure to identify Schlissel, who was recently released, as a threat.
After 2015.
The number of pride participants after the 2015 attack was smaller than in years past.
In 2016, some 25,000 took part, many in solidarity with the LGBT community following the deadly stabbing attack.
In 2017, at least 22,000 marched in the parade.
In 2018, at least 20,000 marched in the parade.
On 6 June 2019, around 15,000 people marched in Jerusalem’s annual pride parade. Under tight security with a reported 2,500 security personnel. At least 49 people who wanted to violently disturb the event were arrested.
In film.
Two films have been made about this event. Nitzan Giladi directed the 80-minute documentary "Jerusalem Is Proud to Present", and Chutzpa Productions produced a 45-minute documentary short titled "Pride".
The pride is also feature in the 2014 film "Kicking Out Shoshana".


Timeline of Sydney

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
20th century.
1900s–1940s.
1924


Pope Alexander Cooper

Sir Pope Alexander Cooper (12 May 184630 August 1923) was an attorney-general and a chief judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, Australia.
Early life.
Pope Alexander Cooper was born at Willeroo Station, Lake George, New South Wales, the son of Francis Cooper, a squatter, and his wife Sarah, née Jenkins. Cooper was educated at the Sydney Grammar School and the University of Sydney, where he won the Cooper and Gilchrist scholarships and graduated with a B.A. and in 1868 a M.A.. He then went to London where he completed the LL.B. course, became a student of the Middle Temple, and was called to the English bar in June 1872.
Career.
Cooper returned to Australia and began to practise as a barrister at Brisbane in June 1874. He became a crown prosecutor in January 1879 and entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as member for Bowen. On 31 December 1880 he joined the first Thomas McIlwraith ministry as Attorney-General. He resigned this position on 6 January 1883 when he was appointed as a supreme court judge for the northern district of Queensland. His travelling expenses caused some quarrels. In 1895 he became senior puisne judge at Brisbane, and on 21 October 1903 chief justice. There was animosity between the Labor government and the judges, playing out through a series of cases challenging government actions and legislation. The parliament undermined his security of tenure by passing the "Judges Retirement Act" 1921 (Qld), the effect of which was that immediately upon proclamation three out of six judges, Cooper and Justices Real and Chubb were compulsorily retired, which permitted the government to appoint new judges, including Thomas McCawley as the new Chief Justice. Cooper died on 30 August 1923.
Legacy.
In 1873, Cooper married Alice Frener, daughter of James Cooper who died in 1900 leaving a son and two daughters. He was knighted 1904 and was created a KCMG in 1908. He was chancellor of the University of Queensland from 1915 to 1922.
Cooper had only a short career in parliament but made himself a reputation as a polished speaker. As a judge he was always seeking the essentials of a case and generally adopted a common attitude on legal questions. His summings up were usually brief and to the point. In criminal cases he could be severe though just. In his conduct of the court, though always courteous, he insisted that the dignity of the bench must be upheld, and he was quick to restrain anything in the nature of contempt of court.


44th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

The 44th Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival () was held from October 19 to 28 2007 in Antalya, Turkey. Awards were presented in the 44th Antalya Golden Orange Festival in 20 categories of three competition divisions and in the 3rd Eurasia Film Festival in 4 categories. The award ceremony took place on October 28, 2007 at the Glass Pyramid Sabancı Congress and Exhibition Center in the downtown of Antalya. It was run in conjunction with the 3rd International Eurasia Film Festival.
Jury.
Following cinema professionals formed the juries:
Nominees.
Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival.
Following 12 national films (in alphabetical order) were nominated to compete for the Golden Orange Award:


Pitcairn (play)

Pitcairn is a 2014 play by the English playwright Richard Bean, based on the "Mutiny on the Bounty" and the colonisation of the Pitcairn Islands. It is a co-production between the Chichester Festival Theatre (at whose Minerva auditorium it will premiere from 22 August to 20 September 2014), Shakespeare's Globe (where it will transfer from 22 September to 11 October 2014) and Out of Joint.
After its Chichester and London runs, it went on a regional tour to the Plymouth Theatre Royal, the Warwick Arts Centre, the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Devonshire Park Theatre, the Oxford Playhouse and Malvern Theatres between 14 October and 22 November 2014.


UFO sightings in Iran

This is a list of alleged sightings of unidentified flying objects or UFOs in Iran.


Nusrat al-Din Muhammad

Nusrat al-Din Muhammad (d. 1330/1331) was the Mihrabanid malik of Sistan from 1318 until his death. He was the son of Nasir al-Din Muhammad.
Biography.
During the 1310s Sistan had suffered from a civil war between Nasir al-Din and Nusrat al-Din's older brother Rukn al-Din Mahmud. By the year 1318 Nasir al-Din was effectively out of the picture (probably dead) and Rukn al-Din was too badly injured to march onto Shahr-i Sistan. Nusrat al-Din decided to take advantage of the situation and took control of the capital himself. Rukn al-Din, however, had a large degree of support throughout Sistan outside of the capital, and fighting broke out between the brothers. Eventually the religious leaders and nobles of Sistan stepped in and brokered a peace agreement. Nusrat al-Din was awarded the title of malik and was given direct control of eastern Sistan, while Rukn al-Din was given western Sistan and parts of Quhistan. A third brother, Shams al-Din 'Ali, was allotted the town of Uq.
Nusrat al-Din reigned for thirteen years. In 1330 or 1331 he died, whereupon the eminent men of Sistan selected the malik's nephew Qutb al-Din Muhammad as his successor.


Lycian Way Ultramarathon

Lycian Way Ultramarathon (, shortly LYUM) is an international multiday trail running ultramarathon event that takes place across the ancient Lycian region in southwestern Turkey. The event is run around of the long historical Lycian Way eastwards from Fethiye to Antalya in six days. The elevation of the route varies between sea level and . The Lycian Way Ultramarathon was established in 2010 taking place on October 11–17.
Changing ground conditions such as sandy and rocky trails, dirt roads, slippery terrain in conifer forests and steep slopes make the ultramarathon extremely difficult.
The route starts at Ölüdeniz in Fethiye district of Muğla Province. Following the Turkish Riviera coastline, it passes through Sidyma and then in Antalya Province the places Kaş, Simena, Finike, Olympos and Phaselis. The race ends in Antalya.
The fourth edition of the event in 2013 was cancelled because many foreign ultra runners stayed away or annulled their entry due to perceived risks in connection with the 2013 protests in Turkey and 2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes. The cancellation caused reaction by local athletes, who had already arranged their training, holiday and airline tickets in accordance with the race term.
Winners.
Key:


Korogho church

The Korogho church of the Mother of God () is a Georgian Orthodox church in eastern Georgia, situated in the mountainous Khada gorge in the historical and cultural province of Mtiuleti, now part of the Dusheti Municipality. Korogho is a simple hall church dated to the end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century. It is known for a lintel with unique sculptures in relief, illustrating various stages of quarrying and construction. The church is inscribed on the list of Georgia's Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance.
Layout.
The Korogho church stands south of the village of Korogho, Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region, on a slope of a high rocky mountain in the Khada gorge in the historical province of Mtiuleti. The church is a small and architecturally simple structure, measuring 10.8 × 7.6 m. It is built of local flagstone and schist. The elements such as vaults, conch, pilasters, piers, window frames, and cornice are made of dressed stone.
Korogho is a hall church design, covered with a gable roof, its interior being divided into two naves in the western part. The sanctuary is rectangular in plan and tripartite, all three parts vaulted with conches. Close to the church there are a three-storey defensive tower, small chapel, and ruins of several accessory structures. An 11th-century ivory icon of the Theotokos and a cross with the depiction of the Savior, found in a den of the church, is now on display at the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi.
Sculptures.
The church is notable for its sculptural decoration. In the northern entrance of the church, there is a reused stone with a relief depicting three donors, one of them holding a plan of the church. A lintel on the western façade, made of large hewn plates, is adorned with sculptures depicting various aspects of construction work, from quarrying, transporting, and finishing of the stone to the workers taking refreshment. The scenes converge on an image of Our Lady of the Sign at the top of the gable, while on its either side are images of work in process, including transporting building materials, which would have been a major effort given the location of the church on the top of the mountain. The western façade also bears two inscriptions carved in a medieval Georgian "asomtavruli" script and paleographically dated to the 12th century.


Barney (film)

Barney is a 1976 Australian film for children set during the convict era. A 12-year-old boy and a convict are shipwrecked together.
It was also known as Lost in the Wild.
Plot.
In the 1880s, a small boy called Barney, a wombat called Amanda and an Irish convict called Rafe are the sole survivors of a shipwreck. They head off to Ballarat together to find Barney's father. On the way two gypsy woman drug Rafe and try to steal Barney's money. Rafe is wrongly accused of horse theft and he is imprisoned, but Barney helps him escape. Barney is eventually reunited with his father.
Production.
The budget was provided by Columbia Pictures and Australian Film Commission. Shooting began in May 1976 on the New South Wales coast and at the Australiana Pioneer Village at Wilberforce.
Release.
Despite the involvement of a Hollywood studio, commercial results were disappointing in Australia. However it performed better in Hong Kong and Japan.


Royal Visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York to New Zealand

Royal Visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York to New Zealand was a 1901 New Zealand documentary film made by the Limelight Department of the Salvation Army in Australia.
New Zealand Prime Minister Richard Seddon gave permission for Joseph Perry to film the visit of the Duke and Duchess of York in Wellington.
It was one New Zealand's early documentary films, going for 8 minutes. The earliest films being from the first of December 1898, the opening of the Auckland Industrial and Mining Exhibition, and Boxing Day that year, Uhlan winning the Auckland Cup at Ellerslie Racecourse.


Beru (atoll)

Beru is an atoll in the Southern Gilbert Islands in the Pacific Ocean, part of the Republic of Kiribati. Beru was previously known as Eliza, Francis Island, Maria, Peroat, Peru Island or Sunday. Beru is home of 2,051 inhabitants (2015 census).
Etymology.
Beru means gecko in Gilbertese and its pronunciation is similar to Peru, with a P (there is no P sound in Gilbertese.
Geography.
Beru is part of a larger reef, some long (NW-SE) and wide at the widest point (NE-SW). The center of the reef is a shallow depression called Nuka Lagoon. The land mass occupies fully a third or more of the shallow reef structure and is positioned mostly towards the northeast edge of the reef. In maximum dimension the islet is long, and varies in width between and .
Extensive spit development has created the nearly enclosed Tabiang Lagoon at the north end where mangroves are present. A small lagoon or barachois at the northern tip is surrounded by man-made fishponds to hold Milkfish, as is a similar feature at the south end of the islet. A long barachois with extensive mangroves occupies the interior south of Nuka Lagoon. A causeway is present across the inlet mouth and a landing strip is present on the interior flats. The lagoon on the island known as Nuka Lagoon, has a broad passage entering it.
The island is east of Tabiteuea Atoll and southeast of Tarawa Atoll and is located near the equator (1°20' S latitude). The closest island to Beru is the island of Nikunau. The island is served by Beru Island Airport.
Environmental issues.
The windward side of the atoll is experiencing coastal erosion due to wave action. The Leeward side of the atoll has the shallow lagoon, which the islanders have experienced becoming shallower that is linked to mud-sand accretion that is thought to be the result of the causeways. The construction of causeways has been thought to change the currents in the lagoon and along the shoreline. Frequent and stronger sea surges is damaging the seawalls that have been constructed by the islanders. Aggregate mining and the removal of coral boulders is exacerbating coastal erosion.
Myths and legends.
There are different stories told as to the creation of Beru and the other islands in the Southern Gilberts. An important legend in the culture of Beru is that spirits who lived in a tree in Samoa migrated northward carrying branches from the tree, "Te Kaintikuaba", which translates as the tree of life. It was these spirits, together with Nareau the Wise who created the islands of Tungaru (the Gilbert Islands).
History.
Beru Post Office opened around 1911.
Education.
The island has the one Christian senior high school, Hiram Bingham High School.


John Malbon Thompson

John Malbon Thompson (24 December 1830 – 30 May 1908) was an Australian lawyer and politician, member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.
Early life.
Thompson was the son of John Thompson, sometime Deputy Surveyor-General for New South Wales, by his marriage with the daughter of Charles Windeyer. He was born in Sydney and educated at William Timothy Cape's Grammar School.
Career.
Thompson was admitted an attorney and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1855, and removing to Queensland, where he was admitted to the bar in June 1880, practised at Ipswich, Queensland, for which town he was returned to the Assembly in 1868. Whilst representing this constituency he was Chairman of Committees for two years, Secretary for Lands in the Arthur Palmer Ministry from May 1870 to July 1873, and Secretary for Public Works from the latter date till January 1874, when the Government retired. He was Minister of Justice and Queensland in the first Thomas McIlwraith ministry from January to May 1879. During his tenure of office as Minister of Lands he carried the Homestead Areas Bill, and did a good deal to stop the "dummying" of the State lands. Thompson wife's health worsened, he resigned from parliament on 27 August 1881 and resumed the practice of his profession as a solicitor in Sydney. Thompson married Mary Harriett Montague Russell on 9 December 1896.


Battle of Binagadi

The Battle of Binagadi (; ) was a battle in World War I that took place between 26 and 31 August 1918 between the Ottoman–Azerbaijani coalition forces led by Nuri Pasha and the British–Armenian–White Russian forces led by Lionel Dunsterville and saw briefly Soviet Russia re-enter the war. The battle was fought as an important part of the Battle of Baku.
Background.
In 1917, the Russian Caucasus Front collapsed following the abdication of the Tsar. On 9 March 1917, the Special Transcaucasian Committee was established to fill the administrative gap in areas occupied in the course of the war on the Caucasian front by the Russian Provisional Government in the Transcaucasia. In November 1917, the first government of the independent Transcaucasia was created in Tbilisi and named the Transcaucasian Commissariat following the Bolshevik seizure of power in St. Petersburg. On 5 December 1917, this new "Transcaucasian Committee" gave endorsement to the Armistice of Erzincan which was signed by the Russians with the command of the Ottoman Third Army. Russian soldiers mainly left the front and returned to their homes. A number of Russian troops left for the Persian Campaign, contrary to the rules of the Armistice.
On 10 February 1918, the Sejm gathered and made the decision to establish independence. On 24 February 1918, the Sejm proclaimed the Transcaucasia as independent under the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.
On 3 March 1918, the Grand Vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk stipulated that the border be pulled back to prewar levels and that the cities of Batum, Kars, and Ardahan be transferred to the Ottoman Empire. Between 14 March – April 1918, the Trabzon peace conference was held between the Ottoman Empire and the delegation of the Sejm.
On 9 March 1918, the arrest of General Talyshinski, the commander of the Azerbaijani division, and some of its officers all of whom arrived in Baku increased the anti-Soviet feelings among the city's Azerbaijani population. On 30 March, based on the unfounded report that the Azerbaijani (Muslim) crew of the ship "Evelina" was armed and ready to revolt against the Soviet, the Soviet disarmed the crew who tried to resist. The three days of inter-ethnic warfare referred to as the March Days, which resulted in the massacre of up to 12,000 Azerbaijanis by the Bolsheviks and armed Armenian units in the city of Baku and other locations in the Baku Governorate. The March events, beyond the violent three-day period, touched off a series of massacres all over Azerbaijan.
In May 1918, Azerbaijan declared its independence. At that time, the main goal of the state was to liberate Baku. The Ottoman Empire helped him in this. In June 1918, military operations began for Baku.
Battle.
Battle of Binagadi was important part of Battle of Baku. The main purpose of the battle was to capture the hills 311 and 364 near the village of Binagadi.
In the battle that began on August 26, the 13th Infantry Regiment captured Hill 364. Hill 311 could not be captured. On August 27, Centrocaspian Dictatorship tried to recapture Hill 364, but failed. After a while, the hill 311 was captured by Azerbaijanis. In addition to Binagadi village, Digah and Mohammadi villages were also taken over by Azerbaijanis.
Aftermath.
After the battle, General Lionel Dunsterville declared that "no force on earth can take Baku from the Turks." Thus, in the north of Baku, the Centrocaspian Dictatorship was pushed back to the heights of Bilajari, and important positions were taken for the organization of a decisive attack for the liberation of Baku.


Peter Tomich

Petar Herceg Tonić (later anglicized as Peter Tomich; June 3, 1893 – December 7, 1941) was a United States Navy sailor of Herzegovinian Croat descent who received the United States military's highest award, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II.
Biography.
Tomich was an ethnic Croat from Herzegovina born as Petar Herceg (family nickname 'Tomić') in Prolog near Ljubuški, Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He immigrated to the United States in 1913, and joined the US Army in 1917.
World War I.
Tomich served in the US Army during World War I, and enlisting in the US Navy in 1919, where he initially served on the destroyer .
World War II.
By 1941, he had become a chief watertender on board the training and target ship . On December 7, 1941, while the ship lay in Pearl Harbor, moored off Ford Island, she was torpedoed during Japan's raid on Pearl Harbor. Tomich was on duty in a boiler room. As "Utah" began to capsize, he remained below, securing the boilers and making certain that other men escaped, and so lost his life. For his "distinguished conduct and extraordinary courage" at that time, he posthumously received the Medal of Honor. His Medal of Honor was on display at the Navy's Senior Enlisted Academy (Tomich Hall). Later, the decoration was presented to Tomich's family on the aircraft carrier in the southern Adriatic city of Split in Croatia, on 18 May 2006, sixty-four years after US President Franklin D. Roosevelt awarded it to him.
Medal of Honor citation.
For distinguished conduct in the line of his profession, and extraordinary courage and disregard of his own safety, during the attack on the Fleet in Pearl Harbor by the Japanese forces on 7 December 1941. Although realizing that the ship was capsizing, as a result of enemy bombing and torpedoing, Tomich remained at his post in the engineering plant of the U.S.S. Utah, until he saw that all boilers were secured and all fireroom personnel had left their stations, and by so doing lost his own life."
References.
Peter Tomich at Find A Grave