Inez Ortiz

Juanita Inez Ortiz, also known as Inez Ortiz (1960 – 2008) was a Native American Cochiti Pueblo artist, specializing in pottery. She is of the Herrera family of Pueblo potters in New Mexico, whose work is often found in art collections and in art museums. She was from the Cochiti Pueblo in Cochiti, New Mexico.
Biography.
Inez Ortiz was born in 1960 into the Herrera family, known for their pueblo pottery. She started learning pottery making from her mother and grandmother at a very early age, as was traditionally done. Her pottery designs and shapes remained traditional much like those of her mother and unlike that of her siblings. She is the daughter of Cochiti potter Seferina Ortiz (1931-2007) and granddaughter of Cochiti potter, Laurencita Herrera (1912–1984). Her three siblings are also potters, Virgil Ortiz, Joyce Lewis, and Janice Ortiz. Additionally her daughter, Lisa Holt is also a potter and ceramist."I make all kinds of things: bears, nativity sets, miniatures, storyteller figurines, owls, turtles, and clay drums. I mold the ‘couple' pieces [a man and woman together] in different sizes. I'm also into the ceramics to make some things easier. I go back to the traditional because people like it." - Inez OrtizTraditional Cochiti pottery has been disappearing for many decades. The creation of storytellers by Helen Cordero at Cochiti in 1964, and their ensuing popularity, resulted in Cochiti Pueblo potters turning to the production of these highly marketable forms. The older Cochiti style which primarily focused on animal and human figures was abandoned on a large scale.
Inez's brother Virgil began to recreate the figures that were made using the early 20th century Cochiti-style. Inez became inspired and impressed and began to make human and animal figures using traditional Cochiti techniques to create beautiful pottery and continue the work of her predecessors hundreds of years ago.
Her work is part of various permanent museum collections, including the Birmingham Museum of Art (BMA), the National Museum of the American Indian and the Spencer Museum of Art.


Hans Ulrich Obrist

Hans Ulrich Obrist (born 1968) is a Swiss art curator, critic and historian of art. He is artistic director at the Serpentine Galleries, London. Obrist is the author of "The Interview Project", an extensive ongoing project of interviews. He is also co-editor of the "Cahiers d'Art" review.
Life and work.
Obrist was born in Zürich, Switzerland on May 24 1968. When he was 23, he organized an exhibition of contemporary art in his kitchen. Some of his early projects Obrist curated for the art initiative museum in progress as for example the legendary exhibition "museum in progress on Board" with Alighiero Boetti on board of Austrian Airlines in 1993, "Interventions" in the daily newspaper "Der Standard" 1995 with artists like Christian Marclay, Matt Mullican and Lawrence Weiner, and "Travelling Eye" in the magazine "profil" 1995/1996 with John Baldessari, Nan Goldin, Felix Gonzalez-Torres and Gerhard Richter amongst others.
Obrist is also a jury member of the art project "Safety Curtain", which museum in progress has been realising at the Vienna State Opera with famous artists like Tauba Auerbach, David Hockney, Joan Jonas, Jeff Koons, Maria Lassnig, Rosemarie Trockel, Cy Twombly and Carrie Mae Weems since 1998.
In 1993, Obrist founded the "Museum Robert Walser" and began to run the "Migrateurs" program at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris where he served as a curator for contemporary art. In 1996, he co-curated Manifesta 1, the first edition of the roving European biennial of contemporary art. In the November 2009 issue of "ArtReview", Obrist was ranked number one in the publication's annual list of the art world's one-hundred most powerful people and that same year he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Obrist first gained art world attention in 1991, when as a student in Politics and Economics in St. Gallen, Switzerland, he mounted an exhibition in the kitchen of his apartment entitled "The Kitchen Show" It featured work by Christian Boltanski and Peter Fischli & David Weiss. Obrist is an advocate and archivist for artists, and has said: "I really do think artists are the most important people on the planet, and if what I do is a utility and helps them, then that makes me happy. I want to be helpful." Obrist is known for his lively pace and emphasis on inclusion in all cultural activities.
While maintaining official curatorial positions, he is also the co-founder of the Brutally Early Club, a discussion group open to all that meets at Starbucks in London, Berlin, New York and Paris at 6:30 a.m., and is a contributing editor of "032c" magazine, "Artforum" and "Paradis Magazine", among others. Obrist has lectured internationally at academic and art institutions including European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, University of East Anglia, Southbank Centre, Institute of Historical Research, and Architectural Association. He lives and works in London.
"The Interview" project.
Obrist's interest in interviews was first triggered by two very long conversations that he read when he was a student. One was between Pierre Cabanne and Marcel Duchamp, and the other between David Sylvester and Francis Bacon. "These books somehow brought me to art," he has said. "They were like oxygen, and were the first time that the idea of an interview with an artist as a medium became of interest to me. They also sparked my interest in the idea of sustained conversations—of interviews recorded over a period of time, perhaps over the course of many years; the Bacon/Sylvester interviews took place over three long sessions, for example."
So far, nearly 2000 hours of interviews have been recorded. This fascinating archive is referred to by Obrist as "an endless conversation". He began publishing these interviews in Artforum in 1996 and in 2003 eleven of these interviews were released as "Interviews Volume 1". "Volume 2" was published in Summer 2010. With the release, a total of 69 artists, architects, writers, film-makers, scientists, philosophers, musicians and performers share their unique experiences and frank insights.
The longer interviews in Obrist's archive are being published singly in ongoing series of books entitled "The Conversation Series". Thus far, 28 books have been published, each containing a lengthy interview with cultural figures including John Baldessari, Zaha Hadid, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, Yoko Ono, Robert Crumb and Rem Koolhaas. A number of Obrist's interviews have also appeared in the Berlin culture magazine "032c", including those with artists Elaine Sturtevant and Richard Hamilton, historian Eric Hobsbawm, and structural engineer Cecil Balmond of Arup.
Curatorial activities.
Obrist's practice includes an ongoing exploration of the history of art institutions and curatorial practice. In his early 20s he began to research the topic. "At a certain moment, when I started doing my own shows, I felt it would be really interesting to know what is the history of my profession. I realized that there was no book, which was kind of a shock." He has since helped to rectify this gap with exhibitions on curating and a book entitled "A Brief History of Curating". This volume, which is part of Obrist's Interviews project (see above) compiles interviews from some of the leading curators of the 20th century.
While the history of exhibitions has started, in this last decade, to be examined more in depth, what remains largely unexplored are the ties that interconnected manifestations have created among curators, institutions, and artists. For this reason, Obrist's conversations go beyond stressing the remarkable achievements of a few individuals...Obrist's collected volume pieces together "a patchwork of fragments," underlining a network of relationships within the art.
In keeping with his desire to explore the world of art and view it as an open system, Obrist has long advocated a participatory model for his activities. One early project, 1997's "do it", is an ongoing exhibition that consists of instructions set out by artists for anyone to follow. In his introduction to the project, Obrist notes that "do it stems from an open exhibition model, and exhibition in progress. Individual instructions can open empty spaces for occupation and invoke possibilities for the interpretations and rephrasing of artworks in a totally free manner. do it effects interpretations based on location, and calls for a dovetailing of local structures with the artworks themselves. The diverse cities in which do it takes place actively construct the artwork context and endow it with their individual marks or distinctions."(sic)
Obrist curated "Utopia Station", a section of the Venice Biennale, in 2003, and is briefly interviewed about the project in Sarah Thornton's "Seven Days in the Art World". In 2007, Obrist co-curated Il Tempo del Postino with Philippe Parreno for the Manchester International Festival, also presented at Art Basel, 2009, organised by Fondation Beyeler and Theater Basel. In the same year, the Van Alen Institute awarded him the New York Prize Senior Fellowship for 2007–2008. In 2008 he curated Everstill at the Lorca House in Granada.
More recently, Obrist initiated a series of "marathons", a series of public events he conceived in Stuttgart in 2005. The first in the Serpentine series, the Interview Marathon in 2006, involved interviews with leading figures in contemporary culture over 24 hours, conducted by Obrist and architect Rem Koolhaas. This was followed by the Experiment Marathon, conceived by Obrist and artist Olafur Eliasson in 2007, which included 50 experiments by speakers across both arts and science, including Peter Cook, Neil Turok, Kim Gordon, Simone Forti, Fia Backstrom and Joseph Grigely. There was also the Manifesto Marathon in 2008 and the Poetry Marathon in 2009, which consisted of poems read aloud by artists and writers including Gilbert & George, Tracey Emin, Nick Laird, Geoffrey Hill, and James Fenton.
The 2014 Extinction Marathon: Visions of the Future linked the humanities and the sciences to discussions of environmental and human impact on the world today. It was programmed with artist Gustav Metzger whose research addresses issues of extinction and climate change. Notable participants included artists Etel Adnan, Ed Atkins, Jesse Darling, Gilbert & George, Katja Novitskova, Yoko Ono, Susan Hiller, Marguerite Humeau, Trevor Paglen, Cornelia Parker amongst notable model and actor Lily Cole and founder of "The Whole Earth Catalog" and co-founder of The Long Now Foundation Stewart Brand.


Two Crowded Hours

Two Crowded Hours is a 1931 British comedy drama film directed by Michael Powell and starring John Longden, Jane Welsh, and Jerry Verno. It was made as a Quota quickie and is the first film where Powell is credited as the director. No known copies of the film have survived to the present day, and "Two Crowded Hours" has been declared to be "Missing, Believed Lost" by the British Film Institute.
Premise.
A murderer is on the run from prison and is out to get everyone, especially the girl (Jane Welsh), who put him there. The detective (John Longden) gives chase with the help of a London cabbie (Jerry Verno) who has aspirations of becoming a policeman himself.
Production.
Michael Powell's first feature as director, "Two Crowded Hours" was produced by Jerry Jackson for the Film Engineering Company and distributed by the British arm of Fox Pictures. With accomplished players John Longden (star of "Blackmail") and Cockney character actor Jerry Verno, shooting was completed in 12 days in April 1931 in and around London's Soho. "It was played for laughs and thrills", Powell said, "and we were paid £1 per foot by Fox. We got £4,000 on delivery so obviously we had to make it for £3,000". Although a few stills survive, there is no known print of "Two Crowded Hours" in existence.
Status.
"Two Crowded Hours" has been declared to be "Missing, Believed Lost" by the British Film Institute. It is listed as one of their "75 Most Wanted" lost films, along with two later Powell films "The Price of a Song" (1935) and "The Man Behind the Mask" (1936).


Sing Your Song

Sing Your Song is a 2011 documentary that tells the story of Harry Belafonte. The film recounts his life and legacy, not only as a great entertainer, but as an important activist in the Civil Rights Movement.
This inspirational biographical film begins with Belafonte's birth into poverty in Harlem in 1927, and childhood years in Jamaica, sent there by his immigrant mother. Director Susanne Rostock takes the viewer through his discovery of theater and training as an actor as a young man, and on to his career and success as a singer.
The film shows not only Belafonte's remarkable success as a singer and actor, but also his true passion for social change. The film outlines some highlights of his entertainment career, but is more focused on how he helped change the world in other ways: marching with the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. in the civil-rights era; working against apartheid in South Africa; fighting hunger through his instrumental work with USA for Africa; and, most recently, working to combat gang violence through programs with inner-city youth.*
In an interview about the film, Belafonte discussed his activism from Civil Rights to poverty in Africa.
The film won an award in section "American Docs" on the 2. American Film Festival.
At the 2011 Vancouver International Film Festival, "Sing Your Song" won the Most Popular Nonfiction Film Award, which is based on ballots cast by audiences at the festival.
Belafonte presented the film as the Closing Night selection of Maryland Film Festival 2011.
The film advanced to the final 15 contenders for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature but was not nominated.
On January 10, 2012, REACT to FILM screened "Sing Your Song" at the Museum of Modern Art in Manhattan, N.Y. and moderated a Q&A with Harry Belafonte.


Kom-el-Gir

Kom-el-Gir is an archaeological site in the Western Delta of modern Egypt. The site lies about 5 km nort-east of the ancient town Buto and is about 20 hectare large. The town is so far little researched. A geophysical survey, test excavations and drill borings have provided some information. There are two big enclosures, one perhaps for a temple and another one for a late Roman military camp. The overall plan of the settlement seems to follow a grid pattern. Pottery found on the surface dates mostly from the fourth to seventh century AD.


WRJQ

WRJQ is a polka music formatted internet radio station.
Launched in January 2006, WRJQ features a wide variety of polka music, but primarily plays the "Midwest Oompah" sound featuring the Dutchmen-style and Czech/Bohemian-style.
Aaron Schuelke from Appleton, Wisconsin, United States, owns and operates WRJQ. Studios are located in his house on the north side of Appleton.
This internet-only station is named in memory of licensed AM broadcast radio station WRJQ (1570 AM) that aired an all-polka format from September 1, 1985, until January 30, 2002. The station was bought out by Woodward Communications, Inc. and changed its format to sports radio as "WSCO".


Betsy Prioleau

Betsy Prioleau is an American author, radio personality, and cultural historian. Prioleau is most known for writing "Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them" and "Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love".
Early life and education.
Prioleau was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. She graduated from the University of Virginia with a B.S. and M.A. in English and received a Ph.D. in American literature at Duke University.
Career.
After completing her Ph.D., she taught English and world literature at Manhattan College, where she was an associate tenured professor. She then taught cultural history at New York University Liberal Studies Program. Prioleau regularly appears on radio shows as an expert on seduction and related topics. She was the co-host of Errol Gluck's popular podcast, GluckRadio from 2013 to 2014 until she left the show to pursue a writing project.
Books.
Prioleau has written essays, scholarly articles, and three books. Proleau's first book was titled "Circle of Eros: Sexuality in the Work of William Dean Howells". In 2003, she wrote "Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love". Her latest book is titled "Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them", which she released in 2013.
"The Circle of Eros".
"The Circle of Eros: Sexuality in the Work of William Dean Howells" is a study of the nineteenth-century American author and editor William Dean Howells. The book discusses the sexual themes in his novels, essays, and autobiographies, and shows how he arrived at a positive view of erotic love.
"Seductress".
Prioleau published "Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World and Their Lost Art of Love" in 2003. The book re-examines seductresses, refutes the negative stereotypes, and portrays the lives of such women as Cleopatra, Lola Montez, and Mae West as well as modern women. The book also gives romantic advice to women.
The book received positive reviews. "Publishers Weekly" wrote that "whether one buys her argument or not, ["Seductress" is] wildly engaging reading and faultless scholarship. The New York Times wrote that "in this glossy, steam-heated analysis of temptresses and their tactics, no historical chapter is too obscure to provide inspiration."
"Swoon".
"Swoon: Great Seducers and Why Women Love Them" is a non-fiction book which analyses what makes a man attractive to women. Prioleau uses biographies, fiction, and science to discuss the secrets of men throughout the history and today that make them great lovers. On the whole, the book was well received. Jonathan Yardley reviewed the book negatively and wrote that it is "a breezy, once-over-lightly book about sex." Library Journal wrote that, "with exceptional vocabulary and bright prose, Prioleau offers a thoroughly researched, irresistible look at the characteristics of historical and contemporary seducers." Kirkus Reviews called the book, "A fun, frothy complement to cultural historian Prioleau’s "Seductress: Women Who Ravished the World"."
Personal life.
She is married to Phillip Prioleau, a New York City dermatologist.


Chalermchatri Yukol

"Mom Rajawongse" Chalermchatri Yukol (; b. September 28, 1985), is a Thai film and television series director. He started his career as a radio host. He directed the films "Sarawat Maba" () (2013), "The Black Death" () (2013). He is directing the television series "". Yukol is usually known by his nickname "Adam" ().
Early life.
He is the son of Chatrichalerm Yukol and Kamala Yukol and graduated in film from Australia. He was 3rd assistant director in film series "King Naresuan". Later he created entertainment work in Internet, film websites, behind the scenes from film and all promotional merchandise at FukDuk company. He lectured at leading universities such as Chulalongkorn University, Thammasat University, Bangkok University and Assumption University.
He launched the FuKDuK website, a TV service that offers its own content on October 14, 2007. He regularly hosts radio shows in FM 96.5 MHz in the Mass Communication Organization of Thailand (MCOT)


New Brunswick environmental legislation

The province of New Brunswick has created and implemented various Acts, such as the "Clean Environment Act", "Clean Air Act", and the "Clean Water Act", throughout history to ensure that the environment is considered and protected throughout various project. These acts describe the process that will be undertaken to assess the impact of projects, and the steps to be taken when certain situations arise.
Environmental acts.
On a general scale, environmental acts are enacted by the Minister of Environment and require anyone who is disposing a contaminant to first receive approval from the Minister. These Acts give the Minister the power to control and/or stop the disposal of contaminants, and the ability to enforce laws that require individual to clean up contaminated site. Within these acts are the regulations on how to apply and receive approval. Within each act, there are various smaller acts that are directed at specific aspects of the environment or how to deal with specific contaminants. In total, within this legislative framework there are seven statues and 19 regulations.
Within the "Clean Environment Act", the "Clean Air Act", and the "Clean Water Act", there exists an Appeal Regulation that allows an individual to appeal the Minister's decision within 15 days of the initial judgement. The appealant must submit to the Minister a document outlining the reasons for the appeal and any supporting documents within 30 days of making the appeal.
"Clean Environment Act".
The "Clean Environment Act" contains many regulations that are centred on dealing with materials and actions that can contaminate the physical environment. It includes above and below surface level.
Environmental impact assessment.
New Brunswick’s Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 87-83 was established in 1987. The Minister of the Department of the Environment and local government are responsible for overseeing it and it falls under the "Clean Environment Act". Implementation of the regulation is the responsibility of the Project Assessment Branch.
Types of review.
Determination review.
All proposed projects that meet the criteria listed in Schedule A (below) must undergo a determination review. The purpose of a determination review is to evaluate and determine the environmental issues and concerns associated with the proposed project.
The first step of the determination review is for the proponent to submit an outline that describes the project in detail, the existing environmental problems or concerns for that area, the potential environmental issues that may arise during the project, the action plan for if problems do occur that will eliminate or reduce the environmental impact. Once the outline is submitted it is presented to the public for consultation. The next step is for it to undergo a technical review, which is done by the Project Assessment Branch of the Department of the Environment and Local Government alongside a Technical Review Committee (TRC) which is composed of experts from various federal and provincial departments. Depending on the project location, experts may also be involved from municipalities or the District Planning Committee. The last step is to submit all the documents to the Minister.
The minister then issues one of three actions:
Comprehensive review.
A comprehensive review takes place when the Minister decides that a proposal submitted for determination review needs further study. After announcing this decision he must release Draft Guidelines to the public within 60 days for review and input. These guidelines outline what the purpose of the review is, and the specific aspects and issues that are to be considered. After the public has had a chance to give input the revised proposal and suggestions are given back to the proponent. The proponent responds to the changes and suggestions, and submits a draft of the revised project to the Minister. After pursuing the draft the Minister submits a recommendation to the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council for approval or denial.
Petroleum product storage and handling regulations.
These regulations provide guidelines on the standards that must be met when designing and constructing petroleum storage tanks. These regulations requires individuals to register and licence a storage system that has a hold capacity of two thousand litres or more. The fees for licensing is between $10 and $500 a year depending of the type of licence needed. Within this regulation is also the requirements that an individual must fulfill in order to be licensed for installing petroleum systems.
Tire Stewardship Regulations.
The Tire Stewardship Regulations establish the New Brunswick Tire Stewardship Board, who run the stewardship program outlined and approved by the Minister of Environment. In total, the board and regulations are responsible for the collection and disposal of used tires.
Regional Solid Waste Commissions Regulation.
These regulations outline the financial management, auditing, and reporting procedures requirements in relation to solid waste commissions. They also outline what commissions may accept and provide service in regards to solid waste management.
Water Quality Regulation.
The Water Quality Regulation largely applies to industrial operations. It provides guidelines for applicants to follow before submitting their project for approval to the Minister. Once the project is submitted it undergoes an environmental review. If approval is granted, the applicant will be given conditions to follow that will control construction and operating activities and the amount of contaminants which the facility may dispose of.
"Clean Air Act".
The "Clean Air Act" is the most recently created Act and it expands off the "Clean Environment Act" and the "Clean Water Act". It allows for increased public opinion for reviews that relate to projects and contracts involving air emissions.
Air Quality Regulation.
The Air Quality Regulation operates in a similar way to the Water Quality Regulation. It outlines how to submit your plan for approval and the guidelines that will have to be followed if approval is given. It controls how much of a contaminate the facility will be allowed to release into the air.
Ozone Depleting Substance Regulation.
This regulation controls and places restrictions on substances which have a damaging effect on the stratospheric ozone layer. The regulation strives to prevent the release of the damaging substances by enforcing restrictions on how to dispose of and recycle the substance as well as controlling what the substances are used for. All technicians that will be handling the substances, or performing work on machines that contain the substances must undergo an ODS certification course. Both the provincial and federal government play a part in this regulation. The provincial government has the responsibility of controlling the use of the substances, while the federal government is in control of the manufacturing, importing, and exporting of the substances. Within this regulation is a support on both the national and international level to allow the recovery of the ozone layer by eliminating the use of all harmful substances.
Administrative Penalties Regulation.
The Administrative Penalties Regulation provides guidelines for what penalties may be imposed for offences that are listed within the regulation. The degree of the penalty is determined by various factors, such as the number of steps that were taken to prevent the offence and the history of the individual in regards to past offences. The penalty is usually delivered in the form of a fine ranging from $200 to $5000. An individual may only pay a penalty for offences that are similar in nature three times before other enforcement actions will be taken.
"Clean Water Act".
Fees for Industrial Approvals Regulation.
Once a facility or project has approval under the Water Quality Regulation, this regulation will impose on them an annual fee ranging from $100 to $42,000.
Potable Water Regulation.
The Potable Water Regulation ensures that any water intended for human consumption meets the quality standards established by the Department of Environment and the Department of Health and Community Services. Within this regulation are guidelines for well drillers which makes the testing of potability in newly constructed wells mandatory. It also ensures that public water is tested on a regular schedule and that the results of the test are submitted to the Minister of Health and Community Services.
Water Well Regulation.
Related to the Portable Water Regulation, the Water Well Regulation provides standards that must be met when constructing new wells. It also outlines the requirements that must be met in order to obtain a permit, fees that will need to be paid, how to get a well drillers certificate. It makes it mandatory to report to the Minister the rate of yield of a well.
Protected Area Designation Order.
The Protected Area Designation Order is also referred to as the Water Course Setback Designation Order. It was designed to protect the surface water by establish 'protected areas' consisting of the area 75 metres from streams, lakes, ponds, and so on that are used for public drinking. It controls how the land within those areas is used and prevents the disposal of contaminants in the area.
Protected Area Exemption Regulation.
This regulation was created so as to provide criteria whereby exemptions for the Protected Area Designation Order may be issued.
Watercourse Alteration Regulation.
A watercourse is defined in this regulation as anything that contains water, such as lakes, streams, rivers and ponds. The purpose of the regulation is to protect these areas from activities that will cause unnecessary harm that affects the function of the watercourse. Individuals wishing to perform an activity that could cause unnecessary harm, such as building a bridge or cutting trees with 30 metres of the watercourse, must first obtain permission in the form of a permit from the Minister. This permit will outline what may be done, how it may be done, and the time of the year that it is allowed to be done. There are limitations to this regulation, such as that it does not apply to areas where a large river meets the ocean, such as below the Reversing Falls on the Saint John River.
"Environmental Trust Fund Act".
The "Environmental Trust Fund Act" established a fund which can be used for a various things which are outlined within the Act, such as promoting sustainable development, education about the environment, and conservation. The funds are gained through the saving of part of the fees collected under the "Beverage Containers Act" and donations. The Act requires the Minister of Environment to designate a board to advise him/her on how the fund should be used.
"Pesticide Control Act".
The "Pesticide Control Act" was created to regulates the use and disposal of pesticides in an appropriate and approved of manner.
General regulation.
There are a limited amounts of pesticides that have been approved for use in New Brunswick. In order to sell these pesticides the companies must hold a Pesticide Vendor's License, and companies that offer services in regards to the use of pesticides must have a Pesticide Operator's License. These companies offering services involved with pesticide must hold a permit issued by the Minister of Environment, and each employee must have appropriate training and certification as listed out in this regulation. If the company is offering their service for applying pesticide from an aircraft, or to water, they must hold a separate Pesticide Use Permit. A Private Pesticide Applicator's Certificate is needed for an individual who wish to apply a pesticide to their own land or employer's land.
"Unsightly Premises Act".
The "Unsightly Premises Act "establishes guidelines surrounding the up keep of property. It prohibits individuals from allowing their property to overcome by garbage and appear unsightly to the general public. It outlines how the property owner should be notified the approved methods for enforcing the Act.
"Beverage Containers Act".
The "Beverage Containers Act" contains the guidelines on how to establish and maintain the deposit/refund system for beverage containers.
General Regulation.
Under the General Regulation are the requirements surrounding the size and labeling of the containers. It establishes the procedures at recycling plants, also known as Redemption Centres, about how they are to operate, fees, and how/how much of the fees are to be sent to the Environmental Trust Fund.


List of Maryland state historical markers in Howard County

This is a list of the Maryland state historical markers in Howard County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Howard County, Maryland by the Maryland Historical Trust (MHT). The locations of the historical markers, as well as the latitude and longitude coordinates as provided by the MHT's database, are included below. There are currently 19 historical markers located in Howard County.


Medieval Serbian literature

Medieval Serbian literature or Old Serbian literature () refers to the literature written in medieval forms of Serbian language, up to the end of the 15th century, with its traditions extending into the early modern period.
Background.
Medieval Serbia is an heir of Constantine the Great's Byzantium, the eastern part of the Roman Empire. Serbian Old Church Slavonic literature was created on Byzantine model, and at first church services and biblical texts were translated into Slavic, and soon afterward other works for Christian life values from which they attained necessary knowledge in various fields (including Latin works). Although this Christian literature educated the Slavs, it did not have an overwhelming influence on original works. Instead, a more narrow aspect, the genres, and poetics with which the cult of saints could be celebrated were used, owing to the Slavic celebration of Cyril and Methodius and their Slav disciples as saints and those responsible for Slavic literacy.
The ritual genres were hagiographies, homiletics and hymnography, known in Slavic as "žitije" (vita), "pohvala" (eulogy), "službe" (church services), effectively meaning prose, rhetoric, and poetry. The fact that the first Slavic works were in the canonical form of ritual literature, and that the literary language was the ritual Slavic language, defined the further development. Codex Marianus represents the oldest found manuscript dating back to the 11th century, if not older, written in medieval Serbian recension of Old Slavonic. Medieval Slavic literature, especially Serbian, was modelled on this classical Slavic literature. The new themes in Serbian literature were all created within the classic ritual genres.
The oldest known work to date of Serbian secular literature is the legend of "Vladimir and Kosara" recorded in writing in the Serbian state of Duklja in the 11th century. Surviving only in excerpts and in translation, it is both a love story and a heroic song about the righteous Prince Vladimir, executed unjustly in 1016 in consequence of a struggle for the throne. The oldest known work to date in Bosnia is an 1189 letter of Ban Kulin written to officials at Dubrovnik in Serbian Cyrillic.
Origin.
Unlike the countries of Western Europe, Serbia traces its history, literature, artistic, religious and cultural heritage when Christianity became a state religion during the time of Constantine the Great and New Rome. Between the 10th and 13th century, however, the foundations of independent Serbian literature was formed through its Old Serbian "Vita". In this period, the direction and character of literature were built with an elementary system of genres in its main guidelines, with a selected and modified literary language.
Only with the works of Saint Sava and the development of the autocephalous Serbian church did the Serbian literature receive the content that would make it an equal and active participant in the literary life of the Orthodox Slavic world. Also, we must not ignore the role that the Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik (Ragusa) played in the history of Serbian Cyrillic. Hence, the 13th century was not only the new but main stage in the constitution of Serbian medieval literature. This stage ended sometime prior to the end of the century, with the ultimate standardization of the Serbian orthography in literacy and completing the creation of the main genres of the period: the Hagiography ("žitije") and Divine Service ("služba"). The main literary centers of the early Nemanjić state were finally established by the end of the 13th century: Hilandar, Studenica, Žiča, Mileševa, Peć; in which the supply of Old Slavic general literature was filled with works of Serbian, domestic literary workshops.
In the course of the 13th century, Serbian literature sought to reach the height of Byzantine-Slavic literature. The motive of these activities, its main driver, is in the creation of Serbian Orthodox cults, cults of the holy dynasty (the Nemanjić) and the autocephalous church. In order to enter the world of Byzantine and European civilization of the Middle Ages, it was necessary for Serbia not only to have its independent state and independent Church but also to have its role in the general Christian culture of that time, especially participation in holiness, in a higher spiritual community, where the Serbian people was represented through "their [own] people". Its own literature was thus a necessary expression of social and national independence but at the same time integration in the spiritual ecumene of the Christian civilization through which it showed maturity and justified the political existence of the state itself on the world scale. On this basis, all of the specificnesses of the old Serbian literature developed, as well as its universal, global identity: specificities are expressed in the creation of general genres, mostly in the hagiographical literature, i.e. the so-called "ruler historiography"; far less pronounced in hymnography, in poetry, where the canons of Byzantine poetics are quite obvious. The role of founding the father of the independent Serbian literature is held by Saint Sava, the youngest son of Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja, founder and first Archbishop of the independent Serbian Church.
With Saint Sava and others (namely Monk Simeon) there came works in the next century by prominent writers of the period, such as Domentijan and Atanasije, Grigorije II of Ras, Teodosije, Elder Grigorije, Antonije Bagaš, Lazar the Hilandarian, Pachomius the Serb, Gabriel the Hilandarian, Constantine of Kostenets, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev, Gregory Tsamblak, Isaija the Monk, Grigorije of Gornjak, Rajčin Sudić, Jakov of Serres, Romylos of Vidin, Jovan the Serb of Kratovo, Gabriel of Lesnovo, Nicodemus of Tismana, Dimitar of Kratovo, Anonymous Athonite, Marko Pećki, and Demetrius Kantakouzenos, alongside important texts by women poets and writers, including Jefimija, Maria Angelina Doukaina Palaiologina, Princess Milica of Serbia, Saint Angelina of Serbia, Mara Branković, Olivera Despina, Jelena Balšić, Helen of Anjou, Simonida, Katarina Branković and others. One of the most prominent writers of medieval Serbia was archbishop Danilo II (d. 1337).
The 1370s mark the beginning of the separation between Serbian Cyrillic and Latin alphabets as far as the two chancelleries in Ragusa are concerned. With the establishment of Manasija Monastery by Stefan Lazarević (d. 1427), many educated monks have gathered there. They fostered copying and literary work that by its excellence and production changed the history of the South Slavic literature and languages spreading its influence all over the Orthodox Balkans and Imperial Russia. One of the most famous scholars of the School of Rešava was Constantine the Philosopher, an influential writer and biographer of the founder of the school, Stefan Lazarević. Lazarević was by far one of the most erudite people of his time and considering his views, interests, and achievements, he was a true representative of the Serbian Renaissance.
From 1459, with the fall of the Smederevo up until the First Serbian Uprising in 1804, the Orthodox Christian monasteries were important centers that kept the Serbian culture alive and well during difficult and turbulent three and half-century occupation. The scriptorium of each monastery was a bastion of learning where illuminated manuscripts were being produced as well as great theological and scholastic works such as the Old Serbian "Vita" (hagiographies of Serbian kings and archbishops) also found in both Russian and Bulgarian literature. Throughout this time Serbs living under the Habsburgs, the Venetians and the lands of their Vlach co-religionists (Wallachia and Moldavia) were printing books, building monasteries, schools, hospitals, churches and kept the earliest of the Arts and Crafts movements busy painting icons and iconostases during the Renaissance—the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. The testaments to this are the many Serbian Orthodox monasteries, churches and libraries (institutions) found today in Hungary (Ráckeve and Serbian Kovin Monastery), Romania (Hodoș-Bodrog, Bazjaš, Sveti Đurađ, Bezdin, Zlatica, Kušić, Sveti Simeon, Šemljug, and others), Greece (Hilandar, Mount Athos and Meteora), Italy (Saint Spyridon), Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Northern Macedonia, Kosovo and Albania that speak of their rich art and literature.
Several philosophical works, mainly Greek (Byzantine) have also been translated into Serbian language, or adapted during the medieval period.
The growth of the Renaissance Period occurred with the arrival of Serbian and Bulgarian hagiographers, "literati", and artists who had escaped from their native lands when these were either threatened or occupied by the Ottomans. Their creative activities in science and literature are personified in the extraordinary individuals such as Lazar the Serb, among the early Hilandarians to arrive in Moscow from Mount Athos; the Bulgarian-born Gregory Tsamblak who arrived from Serbia and eventually became the Metropolitan of Kiev; Pachomius the Serb, one of the representatives of a new ornamental style known as "pletenie slova" (word-braiding), and others.
From the 1630s onward Kiev emerged as the leading center of East Slavic cultural life. Of great significance was the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy at the time. Later, Theophan Prokopovich would put his imprint on Russian Baroque literature that spread far and wide, particularly in Serbia. It was in the famed Kievan Academy in the latter part of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century that young Serbian artists and teachers received their western education.
Numerous authors of the Serbian Orthodox Church books who worked in the Rača monastery from the 15th- to 18th-century are named in Serbian literature – "The Račans"... Among these anonymous, monk-scribes identified by their first names, the most renown are the illuminator Hieromonk Hristifor Račanin, Teodor Račanin, Kiprijan Račanin, Grigorije Račanin, Prohor Račanin, Ćirjak Račanin, Jerotej Račanin, Simeon Račanin, Jefrem Janković Tetovac, and Gavril Stefanović Venclović. These are well-known Serbian writers that are the link between literary men and women of the late medieval (Late Middle Ages) and Baroque periods in art, architecture, and literature in particular.


I Am Heath Ledger

I Am Heath Ledger is a 2017 Paramount Network documentary film about actor Heath Ledger, who died in 2008. Directed by Adrian Buitenhuis and Derik Murray, the film presents interviews with Ledger's family and friends.
Featured cast of subjects.
Notably Michelle Williams, ex-partner of Ledger and mother of his daughter Matilda, was not in the film.
Production.
Ledger's family agreed to participate only after Williams "gave her blessing" and when Ledger's friend Matt Amato got involved in the project.


Rila Literary School

The Rila Literary School is medieval and Renaissance at the same time, reflecting the transition from Middle Bulgarian to New Bulgarian in modern times.
A guardian of previous literary traditions, it reflects and combines, at the same time, the desire to preserve the literary wealth of medieval Bulgaria with the rule of time for accessible and mass literacy through the Damaskins.
The beginning is marked by the works of Vladislav Gramatik and Demetrius Kantakouzenos, and the end - by the life and work of Neofit Rilski.


Monument Class Description

A Monument Class Description provides a synthesis and summary of the archaeological evidence for a particular type of British ancient monument. The Monument Class Descriptions were created by English Heritage as part of the Monuments Protection Programme.
Because archaeological remains are seldom good subjects for rigorous classification, these monument classes are regarded as provisional. However, they provide a good basis for beginning to understand the variability of the archaeological record in England.


Kirkfield Lift Lock

The Kirkfield Lift Lock is a boat lift located in the city of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, Canada, near the village of Kirkfield. It is designated "Lock 36" of the Trent-Severn Waterway, situated at the highest section of the canal (256.2 m). It is Canada's second lift lock, the other one is the Peterborough Lift Lock, located on the same canal system.
Construction history.
The early years.
Construction of the lock took place between 1900 and 1907. It was contrived by Richard Birdsall Rogers, a Canadian engineer, who adopted the design of the Lifts on the old Canal du Centre in Belgium. The concept of the hydraulic lift lock had never been implemented in the harsher Canadian climate prior to the construction of the Peterborough Lift Lock, also designed by Rogers. The successful completion of the locks was therefore considered a significant technological breakthrough.
Modernization.
During the late 1960s, the Kirkfield Lift Lock underwent a series of renovations. The original manual controls were electrified and automated, enabling all lock operations to be activated from a single console in the new control tower. The water-driven gate engines and pumps were removed, as well as the retaining walls, concrete piers, and the steel aqueduct. The shops and lockmaster's houses built along the canal were also demolished. The lock was reinforced with a massive concrete structure; a new two-lane underpass was constructed underneath.
Currently, the lock is used exclusively by pleasure boats, like the rest of the canal, becoming obsolete for commercial traffic after the present version of the Welland Canal was completed in 1932.


NASA Exceptional Service Medal

The NASA Exceptional Service Medal is an award granted to U.S. government employees for significant sustained performance characterized by unusual initiative or creative ability that clearly demonstrates substantial improvement in engineering, aeronautics, space flight, administration, support, or space-related endeavors which contribute to NASA programs.
The medal was inherited by NASA from its predecessor organization, the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) and featured the NACA emblem. The original NASA version featured the NASA seal.


Pardeh show

A pardeh show can be considered a kind of theatre. The word comes originally from the Persian "parde", which means curtain, in fact a big and large strong curtain. There is painting of a story or a history of a war or epic on this curtain in a pardeh show. To attract an audience, the actor would mix the pardeh show with theatre. The actor usually represents a pahlavan or hero or strong man. This kind of theatre was used to tell the stories of the Shahname of Ferdousi in Iran and it was also called "shahname khani".
History.
It dates back to the Persian empire era. The stone table of painting still can be found in Persepolis and Naqsh-e Rustam.
In the Middle Ages, the Persians began to use pardeh shows as a way of telling the stories from the Shahname to people who did not know how to read. They wrote mystery plays, where each part of the Shahname would be a play put on by a different group of people. They also wrote miracle plays which were plays about the lives of the heroes. There were also morality plays which taught the audiences how to live a good life. In the time of Safavid dynasty this kind of theater flourished in all parts of Iran.
Ancient.
The players wore masks. Illustrations on vases show helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth, plus a wig.
Other kinds of plays called neoclassical dramas and neoclassical comedies were also popular in Italy and in France at this time. These plays were written to copy the style of the plays from ancient Greece and Rome.


List of Maryland state historical markers

This is a list of Maryland State Historical Markers which were first placed by the State of Maryland in 1930 and are currently overseen by the Maryland Historical Trust in conjunction with the Maryland State Highway Administration. The current program was launched in 1933 due to an explosion of automobile ownership within the state. There were 766 markers as of October 2020.


Akhmim

Akhmim (, ; Akhmimic , ; Sahidic/Bohairic ) is a city in the Sohag Governorate of Upper Egypt. Referred to by the ancient Greeks as Khemmis or Chemmis () and Panopolis (), it is located on the east bank of the Nile, to the northeast of Sohag.
History.
Akhmim was known in Ancient Egypt as Ipu, Apu (according to Brugsch the name is related to the nearby village of Kafr Abou) or Khent-min. It was the capital of the ninth (Chemmite) nome of Upper Egypt. The city is a suggested hometown for Yuya, the official of Tuthmosis IV and Amenhotep III. The ithyphallic Min (whom the Greeks identified with Pan) was worshipped here as "the strong Horus." Herodotus mentions the temple dedicated to Perseus and asserts that Chemmis was remarkable for the celebration of games in honor of that hero, after the manner of the Greeks, at which prizes were given; as a matter of fact some representations are known of Nubians and people of Punt (southern coastal Sudan and the Eritrean coast) clambering up poles before the god Min. Min was especially a god of the desert routes on the east of Egypt, and the trading tribes are likely to have gathered to his festivals for business and pleasure at Coptos (which was really near Neapolis) even more than at Akhmim. Herodotus perhaps confused Coptos with Chemmis. Strabo mentions linen-weaving and stone-cutting as ancient industries of Panopolis, and it is not altogether a coincidence that the cemetery of Akhmim is one of the chief sources of the beautiful textiles of Roman and Christian age, that are brought from Egypt.
In the Christian Coptic era, Akhmim was written in Sahidic ' but was probably pronounced locally something like Khmin or Khmim"'. Monasteries abounded in this region from a very early date. Shenouda the Archimandrite (348–466) was a monk at Athribis near Akhmim. Some years earlier Nestorius, the exiled ex-patriarch of Constantinople, had died at an old age in the neighborhood of Akhmim. Nonnus, the Greek poet, was born at Panopolis at the end of the 4th century. The bishopric of Panopolis, a suffragan of Antinoë in Thebais Prima, is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. Among the bishops of Panopolis, Le Quien mentions Arius, friend of Saint Pachomius who had built three convents in the city, Sabinus, and Menas. Excavations at Akhmim have disclosed numerous Christian manuscripts, among them fragments of the "Book of Henoch", of the Gospel, and of the "Apocalypse of Peter", the "Acts of the Council of Ephesus", as well as numerous other Christian inscriptions.
In the 13th century AD, a very imposing temple still stood in Akhmim. Today, little of its past glory remains. Nothing is left of the town, the temples were almost completely dismantled, and their material reused in the later Middle Ages. The extensive cemeteries of ancient Akhmim are yet to be fully explored. The destroyed corner of a Greco-Roman period temple with colossal statues of Ramesses II and Meritamen were discovered in 1981.
Climate.
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).
Modern city.
Akhmim is the largest town on the east side of the Nile in Upper Egypt. In 1907, the population of the city was 23,795, of whom about one third were Copts. Akhmim has several mosques and two Coptic churches. The Monastery of the Martyrs is located about 6 km northeast of the city. Akhmim maintains a weekly market, and manufactures cotton goods, notably the blue shirts and check shawls with silk fringes worn by the poorer classes of Egypt. Outside the walls are the scanty ruins of two ancient temples. On the west bank of the Nile opposite of Akhmim, there is railway communication with Cairo and Aswan.


Under the Sun of Rome

Under the Sun of Rome () is a 1948 Italian drama film directed by Renato Castellani. It was the first film of Castellani's Italian neorealism trilogy about poor people, followed by "È primavera..." in 1949 and Cannes Film Festival Palme d'Or winner "Two Cents Worth of Hope" in 1952.


Alwyn MacArchill

Alwyn MacArchill was a mid-12th-century man who appears in numerous charters of the Kings of Scots. He, and his son, held the office of "rannair"—a distributor of the food and provisions—to the King of Scots. Over the years, some historians have suggested that he was an ancestor of the Earls of Lennox; some made him the first earl, others made him a male-line ancestor of the first earl, another suggestion is that he is an ancestor of the first earl in the female-line.
Biography.
Various names.
Alwyn MacArchill appears in numerous contemporary sources during the reigns of David I and Malcolm IV. Historian G. W. S. Barrow noted that nineteen acts of David I were witnessed by Alwyn MacArchill. The 20th-century linguist Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson noted numerous sources and stated that his name appears four times as "Alfwin"; once as "Alfwin"; six times as "Alwyn"; and once as "Algune" (in the "Book of Deer"). Jackson stated that his father's name is recorded as: "Arkil" three times; "Archill" three times; "Archil" thirteen times; "Arcill" once (in the "Book of Deer"); and "Arch-" once. Jackson noted that his father's name, "Arkil", an Old Danish name; and that the name "Alfwin" represents the Old English name "Ælfwine", although in England the name appears to have been borrowed into Old Danish as early as the 11th century.
Ancestry.
It has been suggested that Alwyn's father may have been a Northumbrian noble. Jackson, however, disagreed with this proposal. He believed that the evidence of the names showed that he was of Anglo-Danish descent. Jackson noted that there is a charter in the reign of David I which mentions a man named "Arkil" who had lands between Haddington and Athelstaneford. If this man was the father of Alwyn, it would mean Alwyn had East Lothian connections.
Life.
In one contemporary record his wife, Ede, is recorded. Barrow stated that he was in turn succeeded by his son, Gilleandrais the "rannair". Barrow stated that Alwyn MacArchill was probably the man portrayed by Ailred of Rievaulx's biographer Walter Daniel, as "the jealous and foul-mouthed caluminator of Ailread who nevertheless repented of his hostility, became Ailread's friend, and was consequently promoted by the king. Barrow noted how Daniel wrote that Ailread stood at the king's table as chief steward, and served the dishes and divided the food for those present; Barrow stated that this would have been precisely the duties of Alfwin the "rannair" (the Gaelic "rannair", means "sharer", "divider", i.e. 'the distributor of the food and provisions'). Barrow noted that Sir Maurice Powicke thought that Ailread's enemy was Walter, son of Alan.
Ancestor of the Earls of Lennox?
In the male-line.
It has been thought that the Earls of Lennox were descendants in the male line, of Alwyn MacArchill, and his father Archill. The 19th-century historian William Forbes Skene stated that this theory was first produced in 1716, by George Crawfurd. According to Sir James Balfour Paul, the theory of this descent was later elaborated by Sir Robert Douglas, and further expanded by Sir William Fraser. The theory was that Alwyn I, Earl of Lennox was identical to the Alwyn MacArchill, who appears as a witness on numerous charters of David I, down to at least the year 1154. This man's father was thought to have been Archillus, son of Aykfrith; and to have been a Northumbrian magnate, who was an exile of William the Conqueror. It was thought that this Archill/Archillus went to Scotland in 1070, where he received lands in the Lennox. Skene, however, stated that there was nothing to support this theory, other than the similarity in names. Alwyn MacArchill never appears in records with a title of earl; and that he does not appear in records after the year 1155, yet Alwyn I first appears in record in 1193. Between 1155 and 1193, Skene stated, the earldom of Lennox was in the possession of David, Earl of Huntingdon. Also, Paul noted that the mediaeval English chronicler Simeon of Durham only notes that Archill was made an exile; he does not mention him passing into Scotland.
Paul also noted another theory, which made the earls "Celtic" in the male line. This made Alwyn I, the son of Muireadhach, who was possibly a Mormaer of Lennox himself. For example, the 13th-century bard Muireadhach Albanach, employed for some time by the Lennox family, wrote a poem which outlined their ancestry which included Muireadhach. Paul followed this theory in his "The Scots Peerage". This poem takes the male line ancestors of Alwyn I back several generations, According to Jackson, the genealogy is probably only reliable as far back as Muireadhach's father, Maol-Domhnaigh.
William Buchanan of Auchmar also stated that Alwyn MacArchill was the ancestor of the earls, yet gave him a different ancestry. Buchanan stated that "Aluin MacArkill" was "a great favourite at court" during the reigns of David I and Malcolm IV. He was the son of Arkill, a contemporary of the Scots kings Edgar and Alexander I, and a person of note during their reigns. Buchanan stated that Arkill was the son of "Aluin, or Alcuin", a younger son of Kenneth III.
In the female-line.
It has also been suggested that Alwyn MacArchill is an ancestor of the Earls of Lennox in the female line. The first Earl of Lennox on record had Gaelic name "Alúin", "Ailín". Muireadhach Albanach's poem states that his mother (who is unnamed) was the daughter of an "Ailín". The chronology could allow that this man could be Alwyn MacArchill. This could mean that the first earl's name could have been the Old English/Old Danish name assimilated into Gaelic.


Biosis Pty Ltd

Biosis Pty Ltd is an environmental consultancy firm in Australia. The company provides ecological, heritage, environmental planning and GIS services for business, government and community organisations. It works from several offices in south-eastern Australia, with its head office in Melbourne.
Company history.
Biosis Pty Ltd was founded in 1983 as Biosis Research Pty Ltd by ecologist Charles Meredith and several colleagues from an earlier venture called Biological Systems. The company was among the first ecological consultancies in Australia. In 1995, Biosis purchased the archaeological consulting firm of du Cros & Associates, run by Hilary du Cros, after having been co-located for some years, adding archaeological and heritage research to its business. Meredith sold his share in the firm to senior members of staff in 2012. The firm has a proprietary limited structure registered in Australia.
Operation.
Biosis Pty Ltd has undertaken several thousand consultancy projects in the fields of botany, zoology, aquatic ecology, Aboriginal and historic archaeology and cultural heritage in eastern Australia. It was one of the first specialist ecological and heritage consultancy firms to be established at a time when environmental issues were generally the realm of volunteer, community and government organisations.
The company has eight offices in south-eastern Australia, including Melbourne, Ballarat and Wangaratta in Victoria, and Albury, Newcastle, Sydney, Western Sydney and Wollongong in NSW. Its head office is at 38 Bertie Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria.
Research and publication.
The company espouses best practice and independence in its work. It has produced several thousand ecological and heritage reports, including conservation management plans, archaeological surveys and heritage studies, for example the Bittern coastal wetland conservation plan. The company has been particularly active in developing bird strike risk models for wind farms throughout Australia, which has helped form case law under legislation dealing with climate change.
Biosis was awarded jointly the 2012 Australian Institute of Landscape Architects Land Management Award for its development of the Aurora Conservation Reserve Management Plan, and was a collaborative partner in Australian Research Council funded research on threatened bird species in 2009.


List of Indiana state historical markers in Dearborn County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Dearborn County.
This is intended to be a detailed table of the official state historical marker placed in Dearborn County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The location of the historical marker and its latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with its name, year of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There is 1 historical marker located in Dearborn County.


A Coo-ee from Home

A Coo-ee from Home is a 1918 Australian silent film directed by Charles Woods about a miner who falls in love with a wealthy heiress. During filming a climactic shark attack, leading actor Bryce Rowe was attacked by a real shark and almost died.
Plot.
Miner Will Morrison marries heiress Grace Norwood. Jealous Richard Myers tries to convince Will that Grace is unfaithful and when that fails he drugs Will and frames him for murder. Will is sentenced to death but a prison chaplain helps him escape. He runs away to sea, is exposed on board, jumps into the water, is attacked by a shark, but he manages to fight it off and escape. He reads that Richard has been arrested for murder back home. Will returns home and marries Grave.
Production.
During filming the shark attack sequence, actor Bryce Rowe was attacked by a real shark and almost died. He had to spend two weeks in hospital.
Release.
The fight between Will and the shark was heavily publicised on release.


Al Treloar

Al Treloar (May 11, 1873 – February 28, 1960) was an American bodybuilder, athletic trainer, author and artist's model. He won the first international bodybuilding contest in 1904, appeared in early silent films, and toured the United States as a vaudeville performer. He was physical director at the Los Angeles Athletic Club from 1907 to 1949.
Biography.
Treloar was born Alfred Toof Jennings, the only child of Albert and Frances Toof Jennings of Allegan, Michigan. His father was a lawyer and educator, and served as superintendent of schools for Allegan until 1874. Treloar attended high school in Manistee, Michigan, where his father was superintendent of schools until 1897.
Chicago hosted the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, a six-month world's fair that attracted tens of millions of visitors. Showman Florenz Ziegfeld created an evening vaudeville production at the city's Trocadero nightclub, centered around German bodybuilder Eugen Sandow. Twenty-year-old bodybuilder Treloar was hired to be one of Sandow's onstage assistants. The production opened on August 1, 1893, and consisted of a series of athletic acts—acrobats, cyclists, trapeze artists—interspersed with musical interludes (during which food and drink were served). Sandow appeared in the third hour, flexing and striking the poses of famous statues. After various demonstrations of feats of strength, the show's climax was Sandow lifting a barbell with a large wicker basket attached to each end. While held in the air by Sandow, the baskets opened to reveal a man inside each. At the end of the Fair, Treloar toured with the production to the West Coast and elsewhere.
Treloar enrolled in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard College in 1894. He studied independently under lecturer Dudley Allen Sargent, director of the Hemenway Gymnasium, and perhaps the foremost American expert on physical education. His first year, Treloar rowed on both the varsity and freshmen crew teams. "His rowing was crude, but he was a man of remarkable physique." He set University strength records—lifting with his legs, and with his back.
He met his future wife while at Harvard. Georgia Edna Knowlton (1875–1946) was two years younger, originally from Maine, and also a fitness enthusiast. They were married in Boston on October 5, 1895. She was his partner in multiple areas—under the pseudonym "Edna Tempest," she appeared as a fitness model on the cover of "Physical Culture" magazine, she was his onstage assistant in their vaudeville act, and she contributed a chapter to his book on muscular development.
Treloar graduated from Harvard in 1896 with a special degree in physical education, and remained in Cambridge for a year to coach the freshman crew team. He continued his career as a trainer at an athletic club in St. Paul, Minnesota, and later offered private lessons in New York City.
"Physical Culture".
Bernarr Macfadden, editor and publisher of "Physical Culture" magazine, organized the first international bodybuilding contest in America. The contest was "international" in that it included bodybuilders from both the United States and England, but all the contestants were among the 100,000 readers of "Physical Culture".
One of the most remarkable and unique expositions ever given in this country will be the First Physical Culture Exhibition, which will be held at the Madison Square Garden, New York City, during the week beginning December 28 and ending January 2. The Exhibition is being given for the purpose of calling attention of the public to the vast value of physical culture. The magnificent specimens of manhood and womanhood that have entered the contests for the two $1,000 prizes will tend, in themselves, to prove what can be done by persistent attention to the great laws of health. Every physical culturalist who has good reason for believing that he is especially strong, or that he is especially well developed, should enter into some of these contests. The prizes offered for both men and women are attractive and liberal.
"The New York Times" listed demonstrations of "almost every form of competitive exercises," including "fencing by women, racing and jumping contests by girls and women; wrestling, … running and jumping races by boys, … and a number of Amateur Athletic Union events." The culmination of the six-day athletic extravaganza came on January 2, when Hugh Jennings (Treloar) was judged to be the "Most Perfectly Developed Man" and Emma Newkirk to be the "Most Perfectly Developed Woman."
On January 16, 1904, Edison Studios filmed Treloar and Beatrice Marshall (3rd-place winner among the women) in the silent short: "Treloar and Miss Marshall, Prize Winners at the Physical Culture Show in Madison Square Garden". Treloar appeared on the March 1904 cover of "Physical Culture" wearing his leopard-print trunks and Roman sandals.
Treloar was the author of a major book on bodybuilding: "Treloar's Science of Muscular Development: A Textbook of Physical Training" (1904), to which his wife (as Edna Tempest) contributed a chapter for women. Macfadden published the book, and illustrated it with photographs of Treloar and Tempest demonstrating the exercises.
Treloar flexed and posed in a May 3, 1905 silent short, "Al Treloar in Muscle Exercises", filmed by American Mutoscope and Biograph Company. A poster of Treloar "wearing a pair of sandals and a leopard's skin as a breech-cloth" was deemed "obscene" by Anthony Comstock, founder of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. Police raided the offices of "Physical Culture" magazine and arrested Macfadden in October 1905, but he was acquitted.
Vaudeville.
Treloar and Tempest toured together in vaudeville, performing a 12-minute "Strongman act" in three scenes, twice a day, six days a week.
Treloar, billed as an "Ex-Harvard Varsity Oarsman and Champion Athlete, and Exponent of Modern Physical Culture," put on an act that was neat and interesting from start to finish. He was assisted by Edna Tempest, and began with several poses shown in a large frame, in which his really superb muscular development was shown to great advantage. Later on he used his assistant in showing his lifting powers, and the plan was a welcome change from the clumsy, cumbersome weights generally used by strong men.
In 1906, they added a stunt as memorable as Sandow's "human barbell" from 1893. Tempest drove an electric car onto the stage and up a ramp onto a raised platform—while Treloar, crouching underneath, in a single back lift raised the platform, car, Tempest and five assistants. "Variety" wrote: "Treloar and Edna Tempest, act much changed and improved."
From 1903 to 1907, I devoted my entire time to vaudeville engagements, appearing in every first-class vaudeville theatre in the United States, including the Keith theatres. My stunt consisted of posturing and feats of strength, and I was billed under the stage name of Al Treloar.
Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles Athletic Club offered Treloar the position of physical director, and he began work there in February 1907. He wrote a weekly column on health and exercise for the club's newsletter, and added healthier choices to the menu served in the club's dining room.
Al. G. Treloar, physical instructor, has been trained by many years of practical work and almost can see at a glance what his many pupils require in the line of physical training. He was born in Allegan, Michigan, in 1873, and graduated from the Manistee high school at an early age. He then entered Harvard university, where he took up the normal course in physical training, and after graduating from the university acted as coach for the Harvard freshman rowing crew for one year. He then accepted the position of physical instructor of the St. Paul Athletic club. Later he taught privately, and for ten years he traveled all over the country, giving private lessons to a host of pupils who had heard of his system of teaching. In January, 1907, the directors of the Los Angeles Athletic club learned of his success and lost no time in employing him. The veteran coach of Stanford university, "Dad" Moulton, since has termed him "one of the finest instructors in the country." In addition to teaching wrestling and coaching the four-oar crews of the club, Treloar is an expert on the flying rings, traveling rings, horizontal bars, parallel bars, vaulting horse and buck, pulley weights, both upper and lower back, wrist machine, finger machine, vertical bars and punching bags, in all of which he gives daily instruction to large classes of members.
Personal.
Treloar began posing for life classes at the Art Students League of Los Angeles in March 1907.
Prior to the 1912 birth of their son, Alfred Toof Jennings and Georgia Knowlton Jennings legally changed their surname to "Treloar." Albert Knowlton Treloar (1912–1994) was born in Los Angeles.
Al J. and Georgia K. Treloar were living in Los Angeles at the time of the 1940 U.S. Census. They had been married for over 50 years when she predeceased him, in 1946.
Treloar held the position of physical director at the Los Angeles Athletic Club for 42 years, from 1907 to his retirement at age 76 in 1949. He coached hundreds of men and inspired them by his example.
Al J. Treloar died at age 86, in Los Angeles, on February 28, 1960.
Legacy.
Treloar brought professional bodybuilding to Southern California, which by the mid-20th century would become the sport's "unofficial world's headquarters."
The Ernest Edward Coffin Collection at the National Museum of American History holds a collection of Treloar's papers.


History of sport in Australia

The history of sport in Australia dates back to the pre-colonial period of the country.
Pre-1800s.
Sport arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in 1788. None of the officers and convicts were familiar and comfortable with the sporting traditions of that era – horseracing, cricket, boxing, pedestrianism and sports involving animals, such as cockfighting. Although physical survival was rather more important than recreation in the first decades of European settlement, many of the new settlers brought their love of the sport with them. Lieutenant George Johnston, the first European to set foot ashore at Sydney's Port Jackson, became a prominent breeder of racehorses; Captain Piper, who arrived in Sydney in 1792, was also involved in horseracing. Robert Knopwood, Tasmania's first chaplain, was part of the 'shooting and hunting set of the young Viscount Clermont' in England and lost none of his love of sport in the new colony.
Aboriginal sport, by contrast, did not exist as a separate compartment of life. The sports imported from Britain were based on notions of a division between work and leisure; something quite foreign to Aboriginal culture. Sport for Aboriginal peoples was inseparable from ritual and daily life; hunting and tracking were part of both work (acquiring food) and leisure. Aboriginal sporting traditions included wrestling, spear-throwing contests, sham fights, various types of football using possum-skin balls, spinning discs and stick games. Some sports were linked with tracking and hunting while many coast-dwelling Aboriginal peoples were adept at swimming, fishing and canoeing.
1800s.
Sport came to Australia in 1810 when the first athletics tournament was held, soon after cricket, horse racing & sailing clubs and competitions started. Australia's lower classes would play sports on public holidays, with the upper classes playing more regularly on Saturdays. Sydney was the early hub of sport in the colony. Early forms of football would be played there by 1829. Early sport in Australia was played along class lines. In 1835, the British Parliament banned blood sports except fox hunting in a law that was implemented in Australia; this was not taken well in the country as it was seen as an attack on the working classes. By the late 1830s, horse racing was established in New South Wales and other parts of the country, and enjoyed support across class lines. Gambling was part of sport from the time horse racing became an established sport in the colony. Horse racing was also happening in Melbourne at Batman's Hill in 1838, with the first race meeting in Victoria taking place in 1840. Cricket was also underway with the Melbourne Cricket Club founded in 1838. Sport was being used during the 1830s, 1840s and 1850s as a form of social integration across classes.
Regular sport competitions were organised in New South Wales by 1850 (an early form of Rugby), with organised competition being played in Queensland (Rugby) and Victoria (Victorian rules football) soon after. Victorian rules football (later known as Australian rules football) was codified in 1859. Australian football clubs still around in the current Australian Football League were founded by 1858. The Melbourne Cricket Ground Australia's largest sporting arena opened in 1853.
The Melbourne Cup was first run in 1861. A rugby union team was established at the University of Sydney in 1864. Regular sport did not begin to be played in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia until the late 1860s and early 1870s. In the case of Western Australia, Rugby Union was initially the more popular sport, however it was later replaced by Australian Rules football.
The first Australian cricket team to go on tour internationally did so in 1868. The Australian side was an all Aboriginal one and toured England where they played 47 games, where they won 14 games, drew 19 and lost 14.
Australia's adoption of sport as a national was pastime was so comprehensive that the Anthony Trollope remarked in his book, "Australia", published in 1870, "The English passion for the amusements which are technically called 'sports', is not a national necessity with the Americans, whereas with the Australians it is almost as much so as home."
Soccer was being played in Australia by the 1870s, with the first team formally being organised in Sydney in 1880 that was named the Wanderers. Sport was receiving coverage in Australian newspapers by 1876 when a sculling race in England was reported on in the "Sydney Morning Herald."
In 1877 Australia played in the first Test Cricket match against England. In 1882, The Ashes were started following the victory of the Australia national cricket team over England. Field hockey teams for men and women were established by 1890. The Sheffield Shield cricket competition was first held in 1891 with New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia participating in the inaugural competition. The remaining states would not participate until much later, with Queensland first participating in 1926/1927, Western Australia in 1947/1948 and Tasmania in 1982/1983.
In 1879 Interstate matches in Australian rules football began with a match between representative teams from then colonies Victoria and South Australia. Interstate matches were very important in Australian culture, with the lack of a national competition for most of the 20th century interstate matches were give great importances as it gave the opportunity to show which state produced the best player's, and as most players played in their states state league it gave the opportunity to show which league was the best. Every 5-year's a national carnival was played with the winners playing off in a final. Interstate matches ran from 1879 to 1999.
In 1897 the Victorian Football League, which later became the AFL the Australian Football League, was founded after breaking away from the Victorian Football Association.
1900s.
Basketball was first played in Adelaide, South Australia in 1900.
The first badminton competition in Australia was played in 1900.
In 1905, the first tennis Australasian Championships was held in Melbourne at Albert Cricket Ground.
The first recorded game of ice hockey in Australia was on Tuesday July 17, 1906 and was between a Victorian representative team and the American sailors from the visiting American Warship the USS Baltimore. This game was held in the Melbourne Glaciarium and at 9:00pm a whistle blew to clear the public skaters from the ice surface so that the surface could be cleaned with scoops and brooms to remove the snowy covering generated by the public skating session before.
The American team was made up of Warrant Machinist F. G. Randell (team captain), Seaman F. Brooks, First-class Fireman T. H. Miller, Seaman J. Benditti, First Class fireman D. F. Kelly (goaltender) and Third Class Gunner's mate J. T. Connolly.
The Australian team were dressed in all white and the team from USS Baltimore wore white shirts with a large upper case black B on the front and center of the chest and grey trousers with red socks.
The game was played in two 15 minutes halves, using a red ball made from gutta-percha and curved heavy-headed sticks as used in English field hockey at the time. The skill level of the Australians was not seen to be up to the level of the Americans but the game was hard-fought and result of the game was a 1-1 tie. The USS Baltimore team were first to score when Mr. T.H. Miller scored goal but Mr. Dunbar Poole scored off a hard shot to tie up the game.
The 1907–1908 New Zealand All Golds rugby tour of Australia and Great Britain saw the All Golds contest three matches against a New South
 side under Rugby Union rules. Because the matches made a £600 profit, the New Zealand Rugby Union issued life bans to the All Gold players. This was a direct cause of the foundation of the New South Wales Rugby League in 1907 by JJ Giltinan and legendary cricketer Victor Trumper. Australian player Dally Messenger joined the remainder of the All Golds tour to Great Britain in 1907, where they were introduced to the new rules of Rugby League by the English Rugby Football League. Players were discontent with the amateur New South Wales Rugby Union over rejection of compensation payments for injuries and lost wages, and many players decided to join the new rugby league competition in 1908.
When Messenger and the All Golds returned from Great Britain in 1908, they helped the new clubs adapt to the rules of rugby league prior to the inaugural 1908 NSWRFL season. The Queensland Rugby Football League also formed early in 1908 by seven rugby players who were dissatisfied with the administration of the Queensland Rugby Union. Queensland quickly formed a team to compete against the returning All Golds, before competing in the first interstate match against New South Wales as a selection trial for the national team, nicknamed the Kangaroos. Club rugby league began in Brisbane in 1909.
The Australia national rugby union team had their first international test against New Zealand in 1903, and first international tour in 1908, earning their nickname of the Wallabies after two British journalist used it to refer to the team. The team won gold at the 1908 London Olympics, however the majority of the squad joined rugby league clubs upon returning to Australia.
The first recorded game of ice hockey for female players in Australia was on the evening of 31 August 1908 in the Melbourne Glaciarium during "Fleet Week" when American sailors visited Melbourne. Though ladies hockey matches were held previously during sports carnivals at the Melbourne Glaciarium from 1906 and the Sydney Glaciarium from 1907 during sports nights, the first game on record is from the opening evening of 31 August 1908.
The first Australian ice hockey association was formed 12 September 1908 after the close of the season in the Melbourne Glaciarium. The name of the association was the Victorian Amateur Ice Hockey Association (VAIHA). The association consisted of 4 ice hockey clubs:
The first inter-state ice hockey championship was held between a state representative team from Victoria and from New South Wales. This tournament was a best-of-3 format and saw Victoria win the series 2 games to 1. New South Wales was represented by a newly formed team in 1909 and traveled to Melbourne on 29 August 1909 which marked the first national interstate competition for senior men's hockey in Australia.
This was the year that 16-year-old John Edwin Goodall donated the J. E. Goodall Cup to the interstate series, the Victoria state team won the inaugural tournament to become the first Goodall Cup Champions, with Robert Jackson as the captain, who scored 3 goals in the second half of the final game. The Goodall Cup is the oldest ice hockey trophy outside of North America.
1910s.
In 1910, the Great Britain rugby league team went on their first tour of Australasia and defeated Australia to win the Ashes.
Women represented Australia for the first time at the Olympics in 1912. Surfing came to Australia by 1915 with the first surf-life saving competition being held that year.
Les Darcy began his boxing career in 1915, with some of his later fights taking place at Sydney Stadium. The following year, an American promoter encouraged Darcy to go to the United States at a time when Australia was actively recruiting young men for the armed services. Controversy resulted and Darcy died at the age of 21 in the United States. When his body was returned to Australia, 100,000 people attended his Sydney funeral. Darcy would remain significant to Australians into the 2000s, when Kevin Rudd mentioned his story.
Australian sport during the First World War was heavily affected as many athletes joined the First Australian Imperial Force. An example of this, the 1916 VFL season was contested by only four clubs. Patriotism ran so strongly that St Kilda changed their club colours because their traditional red, white and black colours were the same as the German Empire.
1920s.
In 1922, a committee in Australia investigated the benefits of physical education for girls. They came up with several recommendations regarding what sports were and were not appropriate for gals to play based on the level of fitness required. It was determined that for some individual girls that for medical reasons, the girls should probably not be allowed to participate in tennis, netball, lacrosse, golf, hockey, and cricket. Football was completely medically inappropriate for girls to play. It was medically appropriate for all girls to be able to participate in, so long as they were not done in an overly competitive manner, swimming, rowing, cycling and horseback riding. Dick Eve won Australia's first Olympic diving gold medal in 1924.
The first inter-state women's ice hockey championship tournament was held in the first week in August 1922 between New South Wales and Victoria, New South Wales won the first game of the series 3-0. They were awarded the Gower Cup.
In 1924 the Australian Rugby League Board of Control, later to be known as the Australian Rugby League, was formed to administer the national team (the Kangaroos), and later as the national governing body for the sport of Rugby League. In 1928 the team also adopted the national colours of green and gold for the first time, having previously used blue and maroon, making the Kangaroos the third national sporting body to do so after cricket (from 1899) and the Australian Olympic team (from 1908).
In 1927, the tennis Australasian Championships were renamed as the Australian Championships, and was held at Kooyong Stadium Melbourne.
Netball Australia was founded in 1927 as the All Australia Women's Basket Ball Association.
1930s.
During the 1930s, the playing of sport on Sunday was banned in most country outside South Australia. During the 1930s, rugby league, which had gone professional, began to overtake rugby union in popularity in Queensland, with the league being the dominant spectator code by 1937.
The Bodyline cricket series between Australia and England took place in 1932–1933. The English side were very determined to win, using physical intimidation against Australia to ensure it. The bowling style used by the team known body-line bowling was devised by Douglas Jardine with advice from E.R. Foster in England ahead of the series to defeat Australian batter Donald Bradman. Going into the start of the series, Bill Voce told the media "If we don't beat you, we'll knock your bloody heads off." The style of play was such that the Australians contemplated cancelling the series after the Adelaide test.
Following a successful Australian racing career, the race horse Phar Lap went to the United States where he died. There were many conspiracy theories at the time and later that suggested people in the United States poisoned the horse to prevent him from winning.
1940s.
Australian women's sports had an advantage over many other women's sport organisations around the world in the period after World War II. Women's sport organisations had largely remained intact and were holding competitions during the war period. This structure survived in the post war period. Women's sport were not hurt because of food rationing, petrol rationing, population disbursement, and other issues facing post-war Europe.
At noon on Boxing Day 1945, the inaugural Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race began, hosted by the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia. "Rani" won line honours from a fleet of 9 yachts in a time of 6 days, 14 hours and 22 minutes.
In September 1949, Australian Canoeing is founded as the Australian Canoe Federation.
1950s.
Australia won the Davis cup 8 times in the 1950s; 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1959. It was Australia's most successful decade at the Davis Cup.
1956, Melbourne hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics. The Melbourne Cricket Ground served as the Olympic Stadium. Australia finished third on the medal tally, with 35 medals, 13 gold.
At the 1956 games, Betty Cuthbert won three track gold medals, the women's 100 metres, 200 metres and 4 × 100 m relay.
At the 1956 games, Murray Rose won three gold medals in the pool, the men's 400m freestyle, 1500m freestyle and 4 × 200 m freestyle.
Between 1956 and 1966 the St. George Dragons set an Australian and world sporting record by winning eleven consecutive NSWRL premierships.
1960s.
Australia first entered an ice hockey team in the 1960 Winter Olympics held in Squaw Valley.
By the 1960s, Australia had an international identity as a sport obsessed country, an identity which was embraced inside the country. This was so well known that in a 1962 edition of "Sports Illustrated", Australia was named the most sports obsessed country in the world.
In 1962 Rod Laver became only the second Men's Tennis player to complete the Grand Slam and repeated the feat in 1969 (the only player to do so), winning the Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open in a single calendar year. He also holds the record for the most number of singles titles won – between 1962 and 1976 he won 200 titles. The 1969 Australian Open was the first held under the name Australian Open.
In 1967, Australia hosted the second Netball World Championships in Perth. That same year, South Australia became the last state to lift its ban on the playing of sports on Sunday.
1970s.
Starting in the early 1970s, Australian sport underwent a paradigm shift with sponsorship becoming one of the fundamental drivers of earnings for Australian sport on amateur and professional levels. By the mid-1980s, the need for the ability to acquire sponsorship dollars in sport was so great that job applicants for sport administrator positions were expected to be able to demonstrate an ability to get it.
During the 1970s, Australia was being routinely defeated in major international competitions as Eastern Bloc countries enjoyed strong government support for sport. The Liberal governments at the time were opposed to similar intervention in Australia's sporting system as they felt it would be government intrusion into an important component of Australian life. In the 1974 elections, several Australian sporting competitors endorsed the Liberal party in advertisements that ran on television. Competitors involved included Ron Barassi, NSWRL player Johnny Raper and horse trainer Tommie Smith. That year, the Australian team qualified for the 1974 FIFA World Cup, the first successful qualification to the FIFA World Cup in the country's history after failing to qualify to the 1966 and 1970 tournaments. The Australian squad included Harry Williams, the first Australian Aboriginal to play for the national soccer team. It would prove to be the only appearance for the Australian team for more than three decades.
In 1977 Australian rules football interstate matches adopted State of Origin selection rules, which meant players played in state matches for their state of origin. Section for interstate matches since 1879 had previously been based on state of residency.
In 1979, the National Basketball League was introduced.
1980s.
The regional football code divide in Australia was still present in the 1980s, with rugby league being the dominant code in Queensland and New South Wales while Australian rules football dominated in the rest of the country. When codes went outside of their traditional geographic home, they had little success in gaining new fans and participants. The Australian Institute of Sport was founded in 1981.
In 1980, the annual three match interstate rugby league series between New South Wales and Queensland adopted for the final match 'State of Origin' selection rules. Selection for interstate matches since 1908 had previously been based on state of residency. In 1982 Origin selection rules were adopted for all interstate matches, beginning the annual rugby league State of Origin series.
In the lead up to and during the 1982 Commonwealth Games, the police were called upon to stop protests by Aboriginal land rights activists who staged protests timed with the event to politicise the event.
Australia had competitors in the America's Cup yacht race for a number of years. Going into the 1983 race, the Australian media was not that interested in the race as they expected a similar result and in the media lead up to the event, made it out to be a race for rich people. This lack of interest continued throughout the early races. Near the end, when Australia finally appeared poised to win it, millions of Australians turned on their television to watch the Australia II win the competition. That year, the Liberals used Australian tennis star John Newcombe and race car drivers Peter Brock and Alan Jones in their political advertising. Athletes would again be used, this time by the Labor Party, in the 1989 elections.
During the 1980s, Australian soccer players began to start playing regularly in overseas professional leagues, with the most successful player of the decade being Craig Johnston who scored a goal in the 1986 F.A. Cup Final for Liverpool.
During the 1980s, the federal government created a number of sport programs including Aussie Sports and Active Australia.
The Australia women's national field hockey team began their run as one of the top teams in the world in 1985, a place they would hold until 2000.
In 1989, the Victorian Football League decided to rebrand themselves as a national league and renamed the league the Australian Football League. This followed the relocation of the South Melbourne Football Club to Sydney in 1982, and expansion in 1987 with the West Coast Eagles in Perth.
1990s.
The major impact on Australian sport in the 1990s was the effect of media rights, and in particular pay television on sport funding. It also saw a draw down in funding from tobacco sponsorships.
During the 1990s, soccer in Australia faced a challenge in attracting youth players because of the ethnic nature of the sport at the highest levels of national competition. The sport's governing body made an effort to make the game less ethnically oriented. At the same time, rival football codes were intentionally trying to bring in ethnic participants to expand their youth playing base.
Doping became a concern during the 1980s and more active steps were taken to combat in Australia in the early 1990s. In 1990, the "Australian Sports Drug Agency Act 1990" was passed and took control of doping test away from the Australian Sport Commission and put it into the hands of an independent doping control agency as of 17 February 1991.
Rugby League in the 90s was dominated by structural problems resulting in the Super League war. Following the success of interstate expansion clubs and the financial struggles of Sydney clubs in the 80s, the Bradley Report in 1992 outlined a reduction of Sydney clubs and restructure of the game as a 14 club "Super League", similar to the reforms in AFL. In 1995, the NSWRL was rebranded as the Australian Rugby League and expanded in North Queensland, South Queensland, Perth and Auckland, New Zealand. A media war between Channel 9 and News Limited over the Pay TV rights for the game exposed deep structural problems and resulted in two competitions – the ARL and break away Super League. The two entities formed the National Rugby League in 1998, with News Limited and the ARL sharing joint ownership. Due to funding pressures, the NRL cut a number of clubs from the competition and tried to address the underlying problems of the code.
In 1995, rugby union became professional in Australia following an agreement between SANZAR countries and Rupert Murdoch regarding pay television rights for the game. Australia won two world cups in the 90s, the 1991 Rugby World Cup defeating England in the final, and the 1999 Rugby World Cup defeating France in the final.
In 1998, the National Basketball League announced that it was switched from winter to summer season for 1998–99 season.
2000s.
In 2000, Sydney hosted the Summer Olympic Games at a cost of $6.6 billion. Australia finished fourth on the medal tally with 58 medals, 26 of them gold.
In a moment of national pride, Cathy Freeman won the 400-metre final at the games. Freeman's success at the 2000 Summer Olympics made her an unofficial spokesperson for Aboriginal sport in the country.
Also at the Olympics, Ian Thorpe won three gold in the 400 m freestyle, 4 × 100 m freestyle and 4 × 200 m freestyle, and two silver medals in the 200m freestyle and 4 × 100 m medley.
In 2000, Australia won the Rugby League World Cup for the sixth successive time.
In 2002, the Australian government again intervened in sport when Senator Rod Kemp, the Minister for Arts and Sport, announced that Soccer Australia was to be restructured by the Australian Sports Commission. At the time, the organisation had A$2.6 million in debt. National organisational problems were mirrored on the state level at the time of the take over. The Australian Sports Commission delivered back a report that recommended 53 changes to be made in four key areas. One suggestion involved separating the management of the national governing body from that of the national league. Former Australian Rugby Union CEO John O'Neil was brought in to make these changes and the organisation changes its name in 2005 to Football Federation Australia as part of an effort to reposition the sport in the country. The new national league, the A-League, had its inaugural season in 2004.
In 2003, Australia hosted the Rugby Union World Cup, the Wallabies lost to England 17–20 in the final.
"Wild Oats XI" set a record by winning line honours in the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race four years in a row, from 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. She also won the treble in 2005 and 2012.
In 2006, Melbourne hosted the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Later that year, the Australian team competed in the 2006 FIFA World Cup; their second FIFA World Cup appearance after 32 years of failing to qualify for the tournament.
In 2008, Australia hosted the 2008 Rugby League World Cup, the Kangaroos lost to New Zealand 20–34 in the final at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane.
2010s.
In 2009, the rugby league club Melbourne Storm were found to have been systematically breaching the NRL salary cap rules over five years. The club was fined a record Australian sporting fine of $1,689,000, stripped of two premierships and three minor premierships, and prevented from accumulating any premiership points in the 2010 NRL season.
The AFL became the first football code to establish two clubs in the 5 major metropolitan cities (Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide) with expansion in 2011 Gold Coast Suns and in 2012 Greater Western Sydney Giants.
In 2012, the Australian Rugby League Commission was formed, bringing to an end the involvement of News Limited in the administration of Rugby League and the media companies conflict of interests in the sport, finally concluding the fall out from the Super League war in the 90s.
From 2008 until 2013, the Australian thoroughbred mare Black Caviar was undefeated in 25 races, a record not equalled in over 100 years. Notable wins include the 2012 Diamond Jubilee Stakes, as well as being named the top sprinter from 2010 to 2012 in the World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings and entering the Australian Racing Hall of Fame.
In 2014, the Socceroos competed in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.
In 2015, Australia hosted the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, winning the tournament in a thrilling 2-1 victory over South Korea. Australia also won the 2015 Cricket World Cup, winning the tournament for a fifth time.
In 2018, Gold Coast hosted the 2018 Commonwealth Games.