Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation

Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation (OP) is a movement dedicated to the examination and subsequent performance of Shakespeare's works in a "phonology", or "sound system", of Early Modern English.
Modern movement.
In 2004, Shakespeare's Globe, in London, produced three performances of "Romeo and Juliet" in original pronunciation. Spearheaded by linguist David Crystal and play director, Tim Carroll, this was the beginning of contemporary interest in Shakespeare in original pronunciation.
In 2005, the Globe went on to produce six performances of "Troilus and Cressida" in original pronunciation. Since then, there have been many further productions of Shakespeare in original pronunciation, including "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in 2010 by the University of Kansas and "Twelfth Night" in 2012 by the American Theatre of Actors.
Motivations.
Shakespeare's Early Modern English was a time of great linguistic change for the English language. One change that was then taking place was the Great Vowel Shift, which changed the pronunciation of long vowels. Many words of Early Modern English were pronounced differently from today's standard pronunciation of Modern English.
According to linguist David Crystal, Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation is "Shakespeare as hopefully he would have heard it... It sounds raw and from the heart, which is very different from the way I think Shakespeare has been performed for the last half century or so."
Also, audiences hearing Shakespeare in contemporary pronunciation often miss hearing rhymes and puns that worked well in Early Modern English.
On the other hand, Laura Lodewyck, Assistant Professor of Theatre at North Central College, comments that "there are limits to the OP enterprise. Some texts, for instance, may be better suited to OP performance than others."
Examples.
Pun.
An example of a Shakespearean pun that no longer works in Modern English comes from the prologue of "Romeo and Juliet", Act 1, lines 5-6:
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life
In Modern English, the word "lines" does not carry the double meaning of the Early Modern English, when the line–loin merger was present; both lines and loins were pronounced as . Thus, Modern English audiences miss the pun.
Another example is the pronunciation of "hour", as in "As You Like It":
And so from hour to hour we ripe and ripe. And then from hour to hour we rot and rot. And thereby hangs a tale.
In Early Modern English, "hour" was pronounced , homophonous to "whore"; H-dropping was regularly observed. The change in pronunciation of both words in Modern English means that a sexual joke is missed by a modern audience.
Rhyme.
An example of a Shakespearean rhyme that no longer works in Modern English comes from "A Midsummer Night's Dream", Act 3, Scene II, lines 104-106:
Flower of this purple dye, Hit with Cupid's archery, Sink in apple of his eye.
In Modern English pronunciation, the rhyme does not work in all lines, but in Original Pronunciation, all three lines rhyme, ending with .
Reactions.
The audience reaction to Shakespeare in Original Pronunciation varies.
Laura Lodewyck cites a "New York Times" review of the 2005 production of "Troilus and Cressida" in which the reviewer states: "Soaring Shakespearean lines, such as 'Her hand / In whose comparison all whites are ink,' evaporate like a cough in the theatre... the waves of words produce a mesmerizing static, sort of like listening to poetry underwater."
Alternatively, David Crystal writes that audience members often connect to the performance through the pronunciation and comments, "We speak like that where we come from." However, as Lodewyck also notes, as a leading expert in that area of study, Crystal has reasons to be biased toward such productions.
As well, Original Pronunciation can have an effect on the actors involved.
Ben Crystal, a Shakespearean actor and son of David Crystal, comments on the way Shakespeare in original pronunciation affects his body and vocal register: "It drops your center... With OP, it comes down towards your stomach and your groin. It changes the way you move. I go from speaking in a very, in a much sort of higher quality of my voice, and I get down more into the gravelly part of my resonance. It has tremendous ramifications, from male to female, old to young, anybody that I've seen use OP, the effect's the same."
Although the beginning of the Globe's foray into Original Pronunciation showed that older actors had more difficulty in embracing it, successful performances eventually occurred.


Architecture of Fredericksburg, Texas

The architectural structures of Fredericksburg, Texas are often unique to the Texas Hill Country, and are historical edifices of the German immigrants who settled the area in the 19th Century. Many of the structures have historic designations on a state or national level. The Gillespie County Historical Society is actively involved in assisting with preservation.
On October 14, 1970, the Fredericksburg Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas.
Sunday Houses.
The Sunday Houses are unique to the German immigrant culture of the Texas Hill Country. In reverse of the old European tradition of living in town while working the rural farms, the early Fredericksburg German settlers made their main homes on the acreage they worked. On their town lots, they erected Sunday Houses for overnight stays on their weekly travels into town for supplies and church attendance. Older generations would use the houses as a retirement house, as the younger generations inherited the acreage and the work. These houses were often made of limestone rock coated with whitewash inside and out. Depending on the individual family's need, these relatively small 2-story houses were designed for limited stays, with one or two ground floor rooms and an upper loft for sleeping. Standard design was a fireplace and a porch. Often there was an outside staircase leading to the loft. Many of these homes in Fredericksburg have been restored, with some of them being used as Bed and Breakfast retreats.
Pioneer Museum Complex.
The Pioneer Museum Complex is located at 325 W Main Street. The 3.5 acre complex includes a museum and historical buildings.
The Vereins Kirche.
The Vereins Kirche was designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1967, marker number 10123.
Markplatz
The Vereins Kirche, or Peoples Church, was designed by Friedrich Schubbert (aka Friedrich Armand Strubberg) and became the first public building in Fredericksburg in 1847. It served as a nondenominational church, school, town hall, and fort. Locals refer to it as the "Kaffeemühle" (The Coffee Mill) Church for its shape. Pupils learned their lessons in their own German language, and their parents paid $1 per quarter in tuition for each child. The first teacher in the Vereins-Kirche in 1847 was Professor Johann (John) Leyendecker, who emigrated from Rhineland-Palatinate with his wife and five children. They sailed on the ship "Riga", which left Antwerp on November 7, 1845, and arrived in Galveston on February 1, 1846. Leyendecker also provided his home for Catholic services. Leyendecker was succeeded as the Vereins Kirche teacher in 1848 by Jacob Brodbeck. The building models a style known as Carolingian architecture, similar to the Aachen Cathedral. Each side of the octagon was wide by high, with each side having a roof high, topped by a high octagonal cupola. A rooster weather vane that sat on top was destroyed by lightning and replaced by a cross. In 1896 (or 1897) the original building was torn down. The Vereins Kirche was rebuilt in 1936, using the cornerstone from the original building.
Arhelger Bathhouse.
The Arhelger Bathhouse operated from 1910–1930 for travelers; it was donated by Kenneth and JoAnn Kothe in 1995.
Dambach-Besier House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1985, Marker number 10026.
515 E. Main
The 1869 limestone Dambach-Besier House serves as the West End Visitor Center for the Fredericksburg Convention and Visitors Bureau Welcome Center. The house originally sat on a lot which cost F. Dambach $70 in 1867. Widow Anna Besier acquired the property in 1881 and moved there so her children could attend school in town. She sold dairy products from the milk cows she kept across the street. Donated in 2005 by Kenneth and JoAnn Kothe, the house was disassembled, moved, and reconstructed at its current location.
Fassel-Roeder House.
The Fassel-Roeder House began as a butcher shop in 1876, with living quarters added later. The centerpiece of the house is a coin-operated music box from Leipzig.
Fredericksburg Volunteer Fire Department Museum.
The Fredericksburg Volunteer Fire Department Museum displays fire fighting equipment from the early 20th century. The Fredericksburg Volunteer Fire Department was begun in 1883 by the Turn Verein organization.
Kammlah House.
309–315 W. Main Street
The 1849 Kammlah House, designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1966, marker number 10064, was purchased by the Gillespie County Historical Society from the Kammlah family in 1955. This house was originally a one-room structure with stone floors and stone hearth, wall plaster over woven twig supports used in interior, and enlarged over the years by the Kammlahs, who operated the house as a general store for over 50 years. A barn and smokehouse are part of the property.
Walton-Smith Log Cabin.
The 1880s Walton-Smith Log Cabin is a small log, stone, and mortar cabin with a one-room frame addition, built by John and Nancy Walton. It was moved and rebuilt at its current location in 1985 by Cox Restoration.
Weber Sunday House.
The Weber Sunday House was built by August Weber in 1904, with no electricity or running water, for the family's weekly trips into town.
White Oak School.
The White Oak School is one-room country schoolhouse which accommodated students in grades one through eight and was built in the 1920s. Teachers were required to speak both English and German, and the first teacher A.D. Fischer earned $30 a month. Financial support for the teacher and school was provided by a flat annual fee, plus an additional monthly stipend per student. Donated by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Feller.
Joseph Wilson and Ruth Ament Huffman Baines House.
Designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2002, marker number 12975, the house at 102 W. College St was built in 1904 by the maternal grandparents of Lyndon B. Johnson, Joseph Wilson Baines (1846–1906) and Ruth Ament Huffman Baines (1854–1936). They constructed the exterior of the house out of prefabricated concrete blocks made locally by Basse Blocks.
Bank of Fredericksburg.
120 E. Main Street
The Richardsonian Romanesque style bank building was designed in 1889 by architect Alfred Giles. He also designed two other structures in Fredericksburg, the old courthouse now known as the Fredericksburg Memorial Library, and the William Bierschwale house on Bowie Street.
 A fourth design by Giles is the 1893 Morris Ranch Schoolhouse at Morris Ranch in Gillespie County.
Christian Crenwelge Place.
Designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1979, marker number 10023, the house at 312 W. Schubert is a Victorian-style Sunday House constructed in 1902. In 1872, German farmer and cabinetmaker Christian Crenwelge bought the property at a sheriff's sale, and temporarily operated a molasses factory here before building the home on the property.
Dangers Stone House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1974, Marker number 10027.
213 W. Creek Street
The Rev. Gottlieb Burchard Dangers arrived from Germany on June 20, 1845, on the ship "Johann Dethardt". He moved to Fredericksburg in 1849, becoming the second Protestant minister in town. Rev. Dangers constructed this fachwerk house in 1851. An additional two rooms and a cellar were added later.
Domino Parlor.
Designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, marker number 10029, the stone structure business establishment at 222 E. Main Street, with its vaulted ceiling and cellar, was built in the early 1850s by John Schmidtzinsky. When H.R. Richter had a jewelry store and music store in the building, he held concerts in the front room. The building has also been home to the Domino Parlor restaurant.
Fredericksburg College Building.
Designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1971, marker number 10040, the building at 108 W. Travis Street was erected and organized in 1874 by the German Methodist Mission Conference of Texas and Louisiana -Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The hand-cut stone building housed an institute of higher learning which operated 1876–1884 and had 250 students at its peak.
Fredericksburg Social Turn Verein (Turner Hall).
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1994, Marker number 10043.
103 W. Travis
The Turnvereins, or athletic clubs, were begun in Germany by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn in 1811, and were brought to the United States by the Forty-Eighters political refugees. In Texas, it became two words, Turn Verein, and served as social, political and athletic centers. The German founders of the clubs in Texas were usually civic leaders, teachers, scientists and artists. Turners helped popularize bowling in the United States, advocated physical education and fitness, and lobbied local school boards for the inclusion of physical education classes in the curriculum. The Fredericksburg Social Turn Verein was established in 1871, with a gymnastics school and a 9-pin bowling alley. In 1872 the club began annual Christmas celebrations. The Turners instituted the City Volunteer Fire Department in 1883. The Fredericksburg Social Turn Verein moved to 103 W. Travis Street in 1909, and remains active as one of the city's oldest continuing organizations.
Gillespie County 1885 Jailhouse.
Located at 117 San Antonio Street and designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, marker number 10021, Gillespie County's first jail was a by building erected in 1852. John Raegner and John Walch constructed the second jail out of stone and iron near the courthouse for $413.50. It measured by . Ludwig Schmidt built the third jail in 1859 for $800. It measured by , constructed out of stone, and had four rooms and a cellar. A fourth jailhouse was built in 1874, and burned down in 1885, with one fatality being a prisoner.
The 1885 jailhouse is often referred to as the fourth jail, but is in actuality the fifth. C. F. Priess and Brothers Builders were contracted to build the two-story limestone structure, and construction costs came in at $9,962. The ground floor served as a holding area, as well as living quarters for the jailer. The second floor had two steel-clad cells, and maximum-security cells.
When the new Gillespie County Courthouse was built in 1939, the jail was on the third floor. Currently, a free-standing structure is in place.
Adolph Gold House.
This house, at 212 E. Travis Street, was built in 1901 by Adolph Gold as part of an early subdivision; the house is constructed of native limestone and Basse Blocks. It was designated a recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1990, marker number 10046.
Gold-Grobe House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1989, Marker number 10047.
418 N. Llano Street
Peter Gold Sr. built the original one-story native limestone house in 1902. In 1914, Friedrich William Grobe purchased the house and added a second story with Basse Blocks.
Gun Cap Factory.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1964, Marker number 10050.
306 W. Main Street
Gunsmith Engelbert Krauskopf and silversmith Adolph Lungkwitz manufactured gun caps at this location during the Civil War.
Carl Henke House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1978, Marker number 10052.
116 E. Travis Street
Carl Henke was born Fredericksburg in 1848 and is believed to be the first boy baby born to the new German colonists. In 1874, he built the original native limestone structure for John Schmidt, in Sunday House style with an outside stairway. Henke purchased the house from Schmidt in the 1880s, and added a west-wide wing in 1911.
Keidel Memorial Hospital.
254–258 E. Main
In 1909, Dr. Albert Keidel, son of Fredericksburg's first physician Dr. Wilhelm Victor Keidel, built Keidel Memorial Hospital. Albert Keidel died in 1914. Dr. Victor Keidel purchased the building in 1919, sold it in 1923 and bought it back in 1937. He adapted it to create the Keidel Memorial Hospital. The "Keidel Clinic" served the people of Fredericksburg until the larger and more modern Hill Country Memorial Hospital opened in 1971. The Keidel Memorial Hospital building now houses a Gourmet Kitchen Store, Der Kuchen Laden, owned by the granddaughter of Dr. Victor Keidel. Rathskeller restaurant is located in the basement space. Original furnishings of the building are cared for by Gillespie County Historical Society.
Kiehne-Hermann Home.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1976, Marker number 10065.
405 E. Main Street
German immigrant Frederick Kiehne built this hand-cut limestone, adobe brick and timber home in 1850. Kiehne was a local blacksmith and Gillespie County commissioner. He enlarged the house a decade later. Walter Foerster owned the house in the 1930s and made an additional enlargement. It was restored by Maria and Ronald Herrmann in the early 1970s.
Kloth-Ludwig Home.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, Marker number 10067.
414 E. Main Street
The native combination commercial-residential limestone building was constructed c. 1870 on property owned by John Adams Alberthal. Christian Kloth purchased the home in 1878. Upon his death in 1904, it was inherited by his daughters.
Johann Joseph Knopp House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1971, Marker number 10066.
309 W. Schubert Street
On a site purchased for $70 in gold, Johann Knopp and his wife Katherina Stein Knopp built this native limestone house in 1871. The house was restored in 1939 and remodeled in 1968.
Kuenemann House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1998, Marker number 11893.
413 W. Creek Street
Believed to have been built in 1846 by Heinrich Schupp. Frederick Kuenemann purchased this fachwerk house in 1866. Over the years, many additions and improvements were made by the Kuenemann family. By 1929, it was a private residence and nursing home.
Loeffler-Weber House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1971, Marker number 10072.
508 W. Main Street
Log cabin built in 1846–47 by Gerhard Rorig. Noted cabinetmaker Johann Martin Loeffler added typical rock and half-timber rooms and cooking fireplace, 1867; his son-in-law, J. Charles Weber, in 1905 restored the southeast lean-to. Restored 1964 by Mr. and Mrs. George A. Hill, III Consultant: Albert Keidel, Architectural Designer.
Maier-Alberthal House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1983, Marker number 10078.
324 E. Main Street
Believed to have been constructed c. 1860, Anton Maier bought the stone vernacular building in 1866. He deeded the building to his son-in-law August Alberthal. The building has housed various businesses – grocery store, general store, soda water factory, auto repair shop, and house of worship.
Meckel-Hanus Building.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1986, Marker number 10081.
302 E. Main Street
Believed to have been built as a one-story stone structure in 1860, Henry Meckel purchased the building in 1886. Meckel built a second story of Basse Blocks. Dr. J.J. Hanus bought the building in 1927 for a hospital, and altered the outer facade in 1929. From 1949 through 1979, it was a Catholic convent. Restored 1983 by Joe, Pat and Eric Vance.
Meinhardt-Pfeil Home.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, Marker number 10082.
125 W. San Antonio
Albert and Doris Meinhardt built the two-story native limestone home c. 1850. Upon Albert's death, Doris sold it to G. Adolph Pfeil, who operated a blacksmith ship and soda water factory from the structure.
Moritz-Hitzfeld-Jacoby House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1987, Marker number 10085.
608 N. Milam
This Victorian native limestone house was built in 1907 for Edmund and Anna Moritz. The house was purchased by Levi and Caroline Hitzfeld in 1941. Felix and Emmy Jacoby purchased it in 1941.
Mosel-Jordan-Duecker Haus.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1986, Marker number 10087.
121 E. San Antonio
Johann Nicholas Mosel built a limestone structure, possibly as a Sunday House, on his 1847 grant from the German Immigration Company. August William Jordan bought the house in 1860. Henry Duecker bought the house to use as a Sunday House, and made frame additions.
Mueller-Petmecky House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1983, Marker number 10083.
201 S. Washington
It is believed the original two-room fachwerk house was built between 1848 and 1850, by colonist Willis Wallace on land from the German Immigration Company. Heinrich Mueller Jr. later bought the home. His son-in-law A.W. Petmecky built a limestone addition in 1895.
Old Central Drugstore.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1985, Marker number 10014.
124 E. Main Street
Swiss immigrant and jeweler-watchmaker Alphons Walter erected the building in 1905. Sold in 1909 to Robert G. Striegler it was operated as the Central Drug Store by various proprietors for over 70 years. In 1954, the telephone exchange leased the second floor to house its switchboard and personnel. The building has also been home to a photography business and doctors offices.
Pape Log Cabin.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1974, Marker number 10092.
213 W. Creek
The Pape family was among the first colonists to arrive in Fredericksburg. The log cabin was built in 1846 from nearby post oak logs. It is believed the first roof was thatched grass
Patton Home.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, Marker number 10094.
107 N. Orange St.
Albert Lee Patton and his wife Emma Wahrmund Patton purchased property and built this native limestone house in 1876.
Albert Lee Patton Building.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1980, Marker number 10093.
222 W. Main
In 1897, Albert Lee Patton constructed a two-story native limestone building adjacent to his general store. The ground floor houses the Citizens Bank until it closed in 1932. The second floor was the Patton residence.
Pioneer Memorial Library (1882 Gillespie County Courthouse).
The Pioneer Memorial Library was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1967, Marker number 10045.
115 W. Main Street
Designed by architect Alfred Giles, it served as the Gillespie County Courthouse from 1882 until 1939. The building was later renovated with underwriting from Mr. and Mrs. Eugene McDermott and was dedicated as a public library in 1967.
Added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas on March 11, 1971, NRHP Reference #:71000935.
William Rausch House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1985, Marker number 10099.
107 S. Lincoln
William Rausch and his wife Olga Rausch bought this property in 1894, but did not build a house on it until 1906. At that time, they erected a native limestone house, with a central gable and jig-cut decorative trim.
Ressman-Boos House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1983, Marker number 10100.
511 E. Main Street
It is estimated that the earliest part of this fachwerk house was constructed in 1845. Later additions included log and clapboard construction. Christian and Katharina Ressmann purchased the home in 1866, and their family sold it in 1946 to Hilmar and Christian Boos.
Riley-Enderlin House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1987, Marker number 10102.
606 N. Adams
This home was built in 1909 by Franz Stein for Emil H and Bertha Riley. The home was purchased in 1912 by Civil War veteran Charles Enderlin, Sr.
Little Rock House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1965, Marker number 10103.
215B W. Main
Built shortly after the Civil War. School teacher Heinrich Ochs bought this house in 1868.
Schandua Building.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1979, Marker number 10109.
205 E. Main
This hand-hewn limestone building was erected in 1897 and served as a residence for John and Bertha Klein Schandua. The family lived on the second story, and the hardware store was on the bottom story. The Masonic Lodge used to meet on the second floor. The hardware store operated until 1972.
Pioneer Schandua House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1979, Marker number 10110.
111 E. Austin
Believed to have built before 1880, John Schandua purchased the house when he married Bertha Klein in 1883. The front room served at a bedroom and living area, while the back room was the children's bedroom. It was briefly used by the Bethany Lutheran Church.
Schmidt-Dietz Building.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981, Marker number 10111.
218 W. Main Street
In the 1860s Ludwig Schmidt this two-story stone building as a hotel. It was leased to Louis Dietz in the 1890s, who ran both the Central Hotel and Dietz Hotel out of the building. Charles Schwarz bought the building in 1899 to open a store. The building has also housed a saloon, doctors' and lawyers' offices, and a drugstore.
Schmidt-Gold House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981, Marker number 10112.
106 S. Lincoln
Lorenz Schmitz built this 2-1/2-story house in the 1860s. The house was enlarged to two floors in 1902 by Jacob Gold, Sr.
Schneider-Klingelhoefer House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1988, Marker number 101114.
714 Main Street
A typical German fachwerk design house, with a porch roof parapet, gable-end chimneys, and a decorative wood balustrade. This was built c. 1870 for German watchmaker-stonemason Ludwig Schneider. Louis Priess owned the house 1883–1890. Arthur Klingelhoefer bought the house in 1924 and a year later resided in it until his death in 1947.
Schwarz Building.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981, Marker number 10115.
216 W. Main
Charles Schwarz and his wife Mary constructed this native limestone commercial building in 1907. Schwarz General Merchandise and Dry Goods store was on the ground floor, and family living quarters were on the second floor. The building has since housed a variety of businesses and civic organizations.
John Peter Tatsch House.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1965, Marker number 10121.
210 N. Bowie Street
Corner of N. Bowie and W. Schubert Street. Built by John Peter Tatsch in 1856 using local stone. Tatsch, his wife Maria Elizabeth and their daughters emigrated from Irmenach in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany in 1852. Tatsch became a master cabinetmaker in Fredericksburg, and his work is highly prized by collectors of Texas primitive furniture. He built the house himself, and the house was recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey of the United States Department of Interior. The home's detailed plans were placed in the Library of Congress in 1936.
White Elephant Saloon.
246 E. Main
Famous for its elephant relief parapet and rich iron cresting, the native limestone building was constructed in 1888 by John W. Kleck. Originally part of a chain of gentleman's resorts, the building was operated as a saloon until Prohibition.
Churches.
Fredericksburg was founded on a tradition of religious tolerance. In 1847, Lyman Wight, with the blessing of John O. Meusebach, built a Mormon temple and founded the Zodiac community near Fredericksburg.
The Vereins Kirche was the first church in Fredericksburg, encompassing all religions under one roof. The majority of the initial settlers of Fredericksburg were of the Evangelical Protestant Church, but some were also Lutheran, Roman Catholic and Methodist. Catholics and Methodists broke away about 1848.
Bethany Lutheran Church.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1990, Marker number 10011.
110 W. Austin Street
On March 27, 1887, eighty families adopted a constitution for Die Evangelische Kirche (The Evangelical church). The congregation met in the Vereins Kirche until they moved their services to Southern Methodist Church. In 1889, they decided to build their own church on a piece of land which cost $200. The building was completed September 9, 1889. Its name was changed in 1932 to Evangelische Lutherische Bethanien Gemeinde. In 1938, the congregation erected a new church on a 3-acre site a block away. In 1954, the congregation adopted the English name Bethany Evangelical Lutheran Church.
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1977, Marker number 10019.
520 E. Main Street
Christian Methodist Episcopal Church began in the 1870s as the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church in an 1877 school house which doubled as a worship house for black families who resided in the area. In 1887 Oscar Basse deeded the lot to trustees William McLane, Silas Russel, James Scruggins, and James Tinker. The building was restored in February 1976, and dedicated as the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church.
First Methodist Church.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1972, Marker number 10038.
312 W. San Antonio Street
First Methodist Church of Fredericksburg was founded 1849 by the Rev. Eduard Schneider, with charter members: Melchior and Rosine Bauer, Johann and Margaretha Durst, Friedrich and Sophie Ellebracht, Ernst and Dorothea Houy, Ferdinand and Maria Kneese, Ludwig Kneese, Heinrich and Catharine Steihl, Jacob and Catharine Treibs, Fritz and Fredericka (Mary) Winkel. In 1855, during pastorate of the Rev. C. A. Grote, a 40 x native stone church was built.
Holy Ghost Lutheran Church.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981, Marker number 10056.
113 San Antonio Street
Evangelical Protestant Church of the Holy Ghost (Heilige Geist), later to be known as Holy Ghost Lutheran Church, split from the Vereins Kirche congregation in 1886. The cornerstone for the new church was laid in 1888, and the building was finished in 1893.
St. Barnabas Episcopal Church.
Designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1962, Marker number 10105.
W. Creek Street and S. Bowie Street
Architect: Overland Partners|Architects
St. Barnabas Episcopal Church began in 1946 as meetings in individual homes. President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson attended the 1964 groundbreaking for the church building. Lady Bird Johnson presented the church with a stone from St. Barnabas Church in Cyprus that she had received from Archbishop Makarios on a 1962 visit to the island nation. Mrs. Johnson was a member of St. Barnabas in Fredericksburg, which became the Texas home church for the Johnsons. The President took communion there.
St. Mary's Catholic Church and Our Lady of Guadalupe Chapel.
St. Mary's Catholic Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas in Texas on June 21, 1983, NRHP Reference #:83003143.
306 W. San Antonio
The Catholics began their congregation in 1846. After breaking away from the Vereins Kirche, they erected a log cabin church in 1848. Construction began on Marienkirche (old St. Mary's Church) in 1860. The cornerstone was laid June 1861. The native limestone building was complete November 1863, and a Native American was asked to ring its bell at the dedication. Our Lady of Guadalupe Chapel was built in 1919 to serve Spanish speaking residents of the area. Cornerstone for the new St. Mary's Catholic Church was laid July 4, 1905, built of native limestone in Gothic architecture. The church was completed in 1908.
Zion Lutheran Church.
The Zion Lutheran Church was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1964,
Marker number 10132
424 W. Main
Six Lutheran families broke away in 1852 and founded Zion's Evangelical Lutheran Church. On January 13, 1853, twelve founders signed its articles of organization. The cornerstones for the church were set on March 6, 1854, making it the oldest Lutheran Church in the Texas Hill Country.
Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools.
Headquartered in Fredericksburg, the Friends of Gillespie County Country Schools is a group of former students and members of the community, interested in preserving the old country schools, along with the community clubs, and the history of Gillespie County for future generations.


Dave Meyers videography

This is a list of music videos directed by Dave Meyers.


The Top Ten Club

The Top Ten Club was a music club in Hamburg's St. Pauli district at Reeperbahn 136, which opened on 31 October 1960 and kept its name until 1994.
In 1961, the Beatles performed 92 times at the Top Ten Club.
History.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Reeperbahn 136 was the location of the "Grand Hippodrom and Café" of Carl Richter Later it was called "Hippodrom" and belonged, together with the bar, to Herbert Eckhorn. In 1960, the heir to the hippodrome, Peter Eckhorn (* 12 February 1939 in Hamburg; † 19 May 1979), decided to close the hippodrome, rebuild it and reopen it with a new name as a music club. The Top Ten Club was opened on 31 October 1960 by Peter Eckhorn and his manager Horst Fascher. After disagreements, Peter Eckhorn separated from Horst Fascher shortly afterwards. Fascher then worked as a waiter in a restaurant in the "Große Freiheit", where he persuaded Manfred Weissleder to turn the former "Stern" cinema into a music club, the Star-Club, becoming his manager.
The Beatles at "The Top Ten Club".
The Beatles, who, until 31 December 1960, were under contract with Bruno Koschmider, the owner of Kaiserkeller, often visited Top Ten Club, where Tony Sheridan performed with his "Jets". They also played together occasionally, which Bruno Koschmider found out about. On November 21, 1960 George Harrison was deported to England by the police, because at the age of 17 he was too young to work in a nightclub after midnight. It is assumed that it was Bruno Koschmider who tipped off the police because he was annoyed that the Beatles were unfaithful to him and wanted to switch to the Top Ten Club. So, Harrison had to go back to Liverpool.
On 29 November 1960, Paul McCartney and Pete Best were arrested for attempted arson. They were said to have set fire to a condom when they packed their personal belongings in Bruno Koschmider's Bambi cinema, were they slept, to bring them to the Top Ten Club. Best and McCartney spent three hours in the Davidwache Police Station, and were deported on 1 December 1960. Lennon on 10 December and Sutcliffe in February 1961, also returned to Liverpool.
The Beatles appeared back at the Top Ten Club with Tony Sheridan from 1 April 1 to 1 July 1961. The Beatles and Tony Sheridan performed continuously for 92 nights in the Top Ten Club. It should have been exactly 503 hours on stage. They played seven hours a night, eight hours at weekends. There was a fifteen-minute pause after each hour. Each member of The Beatles were to be paid 35 deutschmarks.
 documented the Beatles' visit to the Top Ten Club in 1961. The reportage did not appear in Quick until 1966. photographed the Beatles by chance when he commissioned a trade union newspaper in Ten Club Top. Some of the photos were sold, in mid-seventies, for 30,000 pounds to Paul McCartney.
Afterwards.
From 1994 there has been about ten changes of ownership, and the club name changed just as often. The names adopted were: MC-Music Club, new Top Ten Club, Soap Opera, The Irish Harp, La Cage (1997 to 2001), Titty Twister (a name based on the bar Titty Twister in the film From Dusk Till Dawn, from 2002 to 2003), Golden Stars (2003), Glam (2003 to 2005) and La Rocca (2005 to 2006).
Since 2008 the name has been "moondoo", and the operator is "Lago Bay Betriebsgesellschaft mbH".
In 1994, the "London Club Dome", in Tufnell Park in the London Borough of Islington district, was transformed into the Top Ten Club for the film Backbeat.


Kate Howarde

Catherine Clarissa Howarde (28 July 1864 – 18 February 1939), better known as Kate Howarde, was a notable actor, playwright, producer and director. She is best known for her play "Possum Paddock" (1919). The talented Howarde also played a part in numerous roles as a playwright in over 10 plays from 1914-1938. She was the first Australian woman to direct a feature film.
Early and personal life.
Howarde, was born on 28 July 1864 to parents Edward George Jones and Harriett Hannah in England before migrating to New Zealand as a child.
Kate married her first husband William Henry de Saxe who was a musician; the pair married in Christchurch, New Zealand on 28 April 1884. The couple had one child together, Florence Adrienne (born 5 December 1884). Years went by and Saxe and Howarde separated. The registry has no exact dates when she separated from her first husband.
On 26 November 1904, the Kate Howarde Dramatic Theatre company opened for a season at Perth's Theatre Royal, the line up included Scottish comedian and singer Elton Black, the pair hit it off and the two were later married. Records do not show how long Black had been in the country prior to the pair getting married. Shortly after, in May 1905, the pair set their sights for America and remained overseas for some four and a half years. Howarde died from cerebral thrombosis on 18 February 1939.
Career.
The late 1890s saw big things for Howarde when she adopted the stage name Kate Howarde; she began touring Australia and performing in different settings such as tents and halls. She formed a company which consisted of her two younger brothers and her sister. Kate Howarde and her company continued touring Australia and New Zealand up until 1905. The company was involved in such things as occasionally staged pantomimes and burlesques some of which included "Sinbad the Sailor" (1897), "Little Jack Sheppard", "Aladdin" and "Diavolo".
Howarde's big break came with the play "Possum Paddock" which was released in 1919. The play was written, produced and presented by Howarde. The play brought such success she decided to turn it into a film, which she also starred in, produced, co-directed and co-scripted along with Charles Villiers. This was the first Australian feature film to be co-directed by a woman, making Howarde a female pioneer within the emerging Australian film industry. The film was set to be released on 29 January 1921.
The success of "Possum Paddock" gained her stardom in the business which led to a 10-month tour across several companies. Howarde did not make any more films but continued to write many more plays with her company which were also great success, the last play she wrote was "Judgement of jean Calvert" before her death in 1939.


Jody Folwell

Jody Folwell-Turipa (born 1942, Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico) is a Native American potter and artist.
One of nine children in the Naranjo family of Santa Clara potters and other artists, Folwell is one of the best-known avant-garde Pueblo potters. Lee Cohen, the late owner of Gallery 10 in Santa Fe and Scottsdale, referred to Folwell as the "first impressionist potter" for her "innovative, off-round, uneven-lipped, asymmetrical polished pots". Folwell is known for her use of social commentary and satire in her pots.
In 1984, she collaborated with Chiricahua Apache sculptor Bob Haozous to create a pot that received the Best of Show award at Santa Fe Indian Market. Fowler's pots are in the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian.
Folwell has two daughters, Susan Folwell and Polly Rose Folwell, who are both accomplished potters. In 2009 and 2010 the Heard Museum featured works by all three women in their "Mothers & Daughters: Stories in Clay" exhibition. Folwell’s mother, Rose Naranjo, was also a respected Santa Clara potter.
Of her work, Folwell has said, "I think of each piece as an artwork that has something to say on its own, a statement about life. I think of myself as being a contemporary potter and a traditionalist at the same time. Combining the two is very emotional and exciting to me."
Exhibits.
"Hearts of Our People: Native Women Artists", (2019), Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.


Tamara Lobova

Tamara Lobova was a Soviet cinematographer who was one of the first women to take up the trade. She was married to fellow DP Anatoli Golovnya; the pair shot many films together.


Goswin van der Weyden

Goswin van der Weyden or Goossen van der Weyden (1455–1543) was a Flemish Renaissance painter active in Antwerp. He was one of several artists from Brussels who assisted in the transmission to Antwerp of the traditions of the Brussels school founded by his grandfather, Rogier van der Weyden. He thus played an important role in the founding of the Antwerp school.
Life.
He was born in Brussels and was the grandson of Rogier van der Weyden. He probably trained in the workshop of his father Pieter who was a son of Rogier van Weyden. He later left Brussels and lived in Lier from 1492. Here he led a successful workshop. He completed various commissions for the local Saint Gummarus Church.
He finally moved to Antwerp in 1500. He became a poorter (citizen) of Antwerp in the year 1499-1500 under the name ‘Goessen vand[er] Weyden'. He likely enrolled in the Antwerp's Guild of Saint Luke in the guild year 1500-1501 (the records of the Guild for that period have apparently been lost). He took on a number of apprentices beginning in the year 1503-1504 and the last one in 1522-1523. His son, Rogier was also one of his pupils.
Goswin operated a large workshops in Antwerp. He lived for a long time in the Huidevettersstraat in Antwerp a property of the Abbey of Tongerlo. He painted various works for this monastery, some of which have been preserved. He was still alive in 1538.
Work.
The known oeuvre of Goswin van der Weyden is limited. Whereas about 40 works have been attributed to the artist, many of the attributions are not unanimously accepted. Attributions of works are based on a few works for which there are documents to prove the authorship. His best documented works are the (1507, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten Antwerpen), The Life of Saint Dymphna (1505, The Phoebus Foundation), both painted for the Abbey of Tongerlo, and (1513, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin) painted for the same abbey in 1513.
Goswin was not an innovator. His style is archaic as it continues that was established by his grandfather Rogier and continued by his father in Brussels. He shows some influences of other artists such as Gerard David.


Songs of Our Fathers

Songs of Our Fathers is an album by American musicians David Grisman and Andy Statman, released in 1995. It's a collection of Jewish songs, many of which are more than 100 years old. Much of the music is influenced by the Jewish instrumental folk music of Eastern Europe known as Klezmer.
Track listing.
All songs Traditional.


Tricking

Tricking is a method for indicating the tinctures (colours) used in a coat of arms by means of text abbreviations written directly on the illustration. Tricking and hatching are the two primary methods employed in the system of heraldry to show colour in black and white illustrations.
Origin.
Heraldry has always had some methods to designate the tinctures of arms. The earliest such method was blazon, which is describing the arms by words. The earliest surviving blazon is from the work of Chrétien de Troyes from the late 1100s. The English heraldry system still uses a form of blazon almost unchanged since the reign of Edward I.
Traditionally, images in heraldic manuscripts such as rolls of arms and armorials are all coloured. With the spread of the printing press, woodblock printing and copperplate engravings in the 1400s, there arose the need for designating the colours in uncoloured illustrations as well, since printing in full colour was too labour- and cost-intensive. As a rule, two main methods were applied to achieve this – tricking, or giving designations to the tinctures after the initials of the given colours; and hatching, which is ascribing designations to the tinctures by means of lines and dots. While the first method was introduced and developed by the heralds, the second model was developed and adopted by the heraldists. In addition, some other methods were also in use such as giving designations to tinctures by using the numbers from 1 to 7.
Up to the 1500s, heraldic sources designated tinctures with the regular names of the colours. By the middle of the century, heraldic writers started using the initials of the tinctures after the initials of the given colours. Almost simultaneously, Don Alphonsus [Francisco] Ciacconius, a Rome-based Spanish Dominican scholar, named the tinctures after their Latin initials. "Or" was designated with "A", for ; "argent" with "a" for ; "azure" with "c" for ; "gules" with "r" for ; and "vert" by "v" for . Though the sign for "sable" ( in Latin) was not present in his system, traditionally it was designated with the black colour itself.
Decline.
Since the early 17th century, tricking declined. However, it is sometimes still in use, mainly in British heraldry.
Heralds did not like hatching, since tricking was much easier to write and engrave. The College of Arms gave preference to tricking even beyond the 17th century, sometimes even on the coloured and hatched images. However, tricking's letters were often traced badly since they were not always immediately understood, thus leading to erroneous interpretations.
Otto Titan von Hefner, a 19th century German herald, maintained that the first traces of hatching on the woodcuts began during the 15th and 16th centuries. Both tricking as well as hatching was applied by Vincenzo Borghini, a Benedictine monk, philologist and outstanding historian. He drew a difference between the metals and the colours on the woodcuts of his work by leaving the places blank on the arms for all metals; similarly all colours were hatched by the same way, as the colour vert is being used today. Besides this, tinctures were designated in the fields and on the ordinaries and charges by tricking: R–rosso–"gules", A–azure–"azure", N–nigro–"sable", G–gialbo–yellow ("Or"), and B–biancho–white ("argent"). Notably, "vert" was not present on the arms presented by him.


Chagrin (surname)

Chagrin is a Hebrew-language surname. Notable people with the surname include:


Pinpeat

The Pinpeat () is the largest Khmer traditional musical ensemble. It has performed the ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples of Cambodia since ancient times. The orchestra consists of approximately nine or ten instruments, mainly wind and percussion (including several varieties of xylophone and drums). It accompanies court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious ceremonies. This ensemble is originated in Cambodia since before Angkorian era.
The pinpeat is analogous to the pinphat adopted from the Khmer court by the Lao people and the piphat ensemble of Thailand.
Etymology.
According to Chuon Nath's Khmer dictionary, the 'Pinpeat' is composed of the Sanskrit terms vina/ pin () referring to the pin (harp), which was formerly used as the premiere instrument in this ensemble, and vadya/ padya/ peat () referring to an ensemble of instruments.
According to Sonankavei, the professor from the Department of Music of the Cambodian Royal University of Fine Art, the word "pinpeat" is derived from the combination of two musical instruments including "pin" (harp) and "vadya"/ "peat", referring to a genre of kong called "kongpeat."
The Laotian adoption of Khmer pinpeat is called pinphat. The term piphat was also used among Cambodians familiar with the Thai language; this can be attributed to the former annexation of the northern provinces of Cambodia, however, Pinpeat in fact originated from Cambodia.
History.
The history of the pinpeat can be traced back to the origins Khmer music. The orchestra and its lead instrument of that era, the pin (harp), were introduced to early Khmer kingdoms from India, where the pin was depicted far back as the Gupta period (3rd century a.d. – 543 a.d.). An example from that era can be seen in a relief at the Pawaya site in modern Madya Pradesh, India. The pin may have been introduced to Cambodia in its first kingdom, Funan; however, few structures and evidence remain from this period.
The earliest surviving depiction of the pin in Cambodia is dated to the 7th century on the temple at Sambor Prey Kuk, part of another Khmer kingdom known in Chinese record as Chenla, the successor of Funan. This instrument appeared in Hindu religious art in temples from the 7th to 13th centuries A.D. The instrument was frequently seen being depicted on the walls of Sambor Prey Kuk, Banteay Chhmar, Bayon, and other Khmer temples. During the Angkor era (9th — 15th centuries a.d.), it was played in the royal Khmer ensemble and disappeared at the end of 12th century
Although the pin disappeared from pinpeat ensemble for some 800 years, the Khmer still called this kind of ensemble what it had been called since the ancient time. In 2013, the pin was revived by Patrick Kersalé, a French ethnomusicologist and Sonankavei, a Cambodian musical craftsman and professor. Modern musicians have begun experimenting, reincorporating the pin into the pinpeat, its place in the Angkorian court 800 years ago.
In 2014, more than 200 paintings were revealed at Angkor. The pinpeat ensemble was depicted in two hidden images discovered on the magnificent temple's wall. One of two images that depicted the pinpeat ensemble can be seen clearly through computer-enhancement and it is identical to today's pinpeat orchestra, including the absent pin. Pipeat was also regarded as the royal ensemble and accompanied in Khmer traditional and royal festivities in the post-Angkorian periods until today.
The pinpeat, in its form originating in India, consisted of four musical instruments, the pin (harp), (Khloy) flute, (samphor) drum, and chhing (small cymbals), based on an Indian epic. The narration said that "One day, Shiva [who] resides in the gods assembly on the summit of Kailasa, intended to perform a dance. So he ordered Uma to reside on the golden throne, Sarasvati to play pin (vina), Indra to play the flute, Brahma to play chhing (cymbals), Laksmi to sing, and so that other devas and asuras would watch the performance..." Later on, more musical instruments were added or replaced by others and developed to form a unique Khmer musical ensemble.
Today, the pinpeat incorporates "kong" gong chimes, such as the kong von thom, as lead instruments. This dates back as far as the Angkorian period, when there was a group of musicians called the "kongpit/ kongpeat". Organized music in this period was centered around religious and royal organizations. On one side, two groups of musician served the Khmer brahmins and the buddhists, while on the other side, the pinpheat reflected the power of the Angkorian monarch.
The pinpheat may have debuted in Southeast Asia during the first Khmer kingdom of Funan (1st-6th century AD). During that kingdom's existence, Indian religions, culture and traditions were introduced to Southeast Asia, beginning as early as the 1st century a.d. During the Funan period, there was a group of musicians called "pinpang", and the pin was used as an instrument in the group. During the reign of Funan king Fan Chan (or Fan Siyon), 225-250 a.d., the country "entered relations" with the Murunda Dynasty, who ruled Kalinga in India.
King Fan Chan is also known today for establishing relations with a ruler in Southern China during the Three Kingdoms period, sending as a present some musicians and products of the country to the "Kingdom of Kra Vo under the reign of the King Sun Chorn" (sometimes labeled "Chinese Emperor") in Southern China in 243 a.d. Another record mentioned the Khmer musicians from Funan which visited China in 236 CE. The Chinese emperor was so impressed that he even ordered the institute of Funanese music near Naking. Another Chinese source also mentioned the famous music of Funan (Cambodia) that became popular and was played at the courts of Sui and Tang dynasties. This “Funan music” was a ritual music and dance form with Buddhist coloring from the pre-Angkorian kingdom of Funan (Khmer, Nokor Phnom).
Instruments used in Pinpeat ensembles.
This list presents instruments which are or have been used in various Pinpeat ensembles.
Type of Pinpeat Ensemble.
Pipeat ensemble divided into different type depend on the instruments accompanied in its ensemble.
Pinpeat Vong Touch (Small Pinpeat Ensemble).
This small Pinpeat ensemble was thought to be the initial Pinpeat orchestra played since its origin until today, consisted of a few musical instruments such as:
- Pin (obsolete)
Pinpeat Vong Thum (Big Pinpeat Ensemble).
Since its introduction from India, the initial Pinpeat ensemble had been developed as more musical instruments were added or replaced by other local instruments. In the 3rd century, more instruments were added to the ensemble by Khmer craftsman and musicians. There we can see the emergence of various percussive instruments into the initial Pinpeat ensemble such as roneat thung, roneat dek, kong vong touch, sralai touch..
The insert of these local instruments into the initial Pinpeat ensemble (small pinpeat ensemble) make the music made by the ensemble more flawless, gentle, and melodious than it previously do. This ensemble is called Pinpeat Vong Thum (Big Pinpeat Ensemble) with more instruments:
- Pin (obsolete)
List of Pinpeat songs.
Today, there are more than 250 Pinpeat songs being researched based on a document found in the street of Phnom Penh in 1979 after Khmer Rouge collapsed. These songs narrated various stories such as describing love, nature, Khmer daily life and its neighbors, and else. While some specific musics are used to accompany in Khmer traditional dances and theaters.
Pinpeat musics used for Khol Masked Drama and Sbek Thom (Khmer Shadow theatre).
Sathukar is the principle Cambodian Pinpeat music plays for the opening of Khmer traditional festivities and rituals. Sathukar accompanies in Cambodian Royal Ballets, Masked Drama, Shadow Theatre, and many other traditional dances and rituals. The music list below is played in accordance to various episodes in Masked Drama and Shadow theatre.
Significance.
All kind of Pinpeat ensembles play significant role in Cambodian society and daily life since its origin.
The small Pinpeat ensemble is accompanied in various Cambodian national festivals, Buddhist celebrations, traditional dances, traditional drama, funeral, and other rituals.
While the big Pinpeat ensemble play more role and significance than the previous. These roles include:


Zile

Zile, anciently known as Zela () (still as Latin Catholic titular see), is a city and a district of Tokat Province, Turkey. Zile lies to the south of Amasya and the west of Tokat in north-central Turkey. The city has a long history, including as former bishopric and the site of the Battle of Zela, which prompted the phrase "Veni, vidi, vici." Today the city is a center for agricultural marketing and tourism.
History.
Historically, Zile has been known as Zela (), Zelitis (), Zelid, Anzila, Gırgırıye (Karkariye), Zīleh, Zilleli, Zeyli, and Silas (). Zile castle, the only solid castle in Anatolia, was built by Roman commander Lucius Cornelius Sulla. The castle contains the Amanos temple, and is called "silla", meaning "respected". In Semra Meral's "Her Yönüyle Zile", she claims that the name "Zile" came from "Zela", stemming from "Silla".
Ancient City.
According to recent archaeological research, there is evidence of human habitation since Neolithic times in Zile. In his book "Geographica", Strabo claimed that Zela was founded by Semiramis, a legendary Assyrian queen. By 548 BC, Zela and greater Anatolia were under the rule of Achaemenid Persian Empire. Persian rule saw construction of a portion of the Royal Road in the area, and of temples to the Persian gods Anahita, Vohu-Mano, and Anadates in the city itself. Darius I of Persia divided the largest Anatolian state of that time, Cappadocia, into two, with Zela remaining in Pontus Cappadocia, the northern region.
Classical Era.
After roughly 200 years of Persian rule, Alexander the Great captured Zela from Darius III of Persia as a result of the Battle of the Granicus (334 BC). Following Alexander's death in 323 BC and the collapse of his empire, Zela passed to the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's dominion. It controlled the area for 200 years, but by 100 BC, its power in the region started to collapse. As a consequence, King Mithridates VI of Pontus attacked and took Zela in 88 BC, and ordered the killing of all Romans living there. This led the nearby Cappadocians to call on Rome for help. The Roman army, under Sulla's command, fought and defeated Mithradates in the First Mithridatic War. Mithridates attacked Zela again in 67 BC with the help of his Armenian ally Tigranes the Great, king of Greater Armenia, initiating the Third Mithridatic War, which ended with victory by the Romans under Pompeius Magnus and the suicide of Mithridates in 63 BC. In Pompey's settlement of Pontus, Zela received a civic constitution and a sizable territory thus transforming from its previous status as a temple domain to a city.
In 49 BC, civil war broke out between Julius Caesar and Pompey. While the Romans were distracted by this, Pharnaces II of Pontus, son of Mithridates, decided to seize the opportunity and take revenge for his father. His attack on Zela was halted by Julius Caesar in the bloody Battle of Zela (47 BC). While Caesar's army suffered great losses, Pharnaces's was completely destroyed in five hours. After this victory, Caesar sent his famous message to the Roman Senate: "Veni Vidi Vici", meaning "I came, I saw, I conquered". Caesar's words were written on a cylindrical marble column and placed in the city castle.
According to Strabo, Zela had the temple of Anaïtis (), who was also revered by the Armenians.
Middle Ages.
In 241, the Sassanid king Shapur I, attacked the Romans and defeated Roman Emperor Valerian, thus capturing Zela. From 241 to 1071, Zile was conquered many times by the Byzantines and Sasanids. Under Byzantine rule, Zile became a (now Titular Latin) bishopric of Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasya in the former Roman province of Helenopontus (see below).
Zela was conquered by Danishmend Melik Ahmet Gazi in 1071 and, since, has belonged to the Turks, who suppressed the bishopric. In 1174, Anatolian Seljuks captured the city from Danishmends under Izzettin II Kılıçaslan. After the collapse of the Anatolian Seljuks, the Eretna Emirate was founded in Zile's district in 1335. The Ottomans defeated Ertans in 1397 under the rule of Sultan Bayezid I, integrating Zile into their empire.
Modern History.
During the course of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 (also known as Turkish War of Independence), some supporters of Sharia (strict Islamic law) seized power in Zile and attacked the barracks of new Turkish Republic's army. The soldiers were forced to retreat to the city castle and consequently asked for help from the Çorum battalion. The battalion reached the city in four days and upon their arrival they started bombing the city so as to force the rebels to surrender. As a result of heavy bombardment, Zile suffered a great fire which led to the loss of two thirds of its infrastructure and most of its forest cover. Finally, the army managed to put down the rebellion and regained control. Since then, Zile has been a rural district in Tokat province of the Republic of Turkey.
Ecclesiastical history.
Zela, in the Roman province of Helenopontus (civil diocese of Pontus), was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Amasea, in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.
The following Suffragan Bishops of Zela are historically documented :
Titular see.
The diocese was nominally restored no later than the 18th century as Latin Titular bishopric of Zela (Latin = Curiate Italian) / Zeliten(us)
It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents:
Demographics.
Zile had a population of 110,139 as of the 2004 census; 52,640 in the city centre and the remaining population in 116 nearby villages. However, the population of Zile has been decreasing as a result of emigration due to the high unemployment rate. According to 2007 census, Zile has a population of 68,937; just 36,154 in the city centre and remaining 32,783 live in the surrounding villages.
Attractions.
There are several columns in the center of the castle, but some researchers claim that the actual column with Caesar's famous words was stolen, and the thieves have not been found yet. There are many other historical buildings and artifacts from Hittites, Lycians, Persians, Greeks, Romans and Turks in Zile. Among these, Zile castle, the Roman theatre, Ulu Camii and Çifte Hamam are the most famous. Kaya Mezarı, Kusyuva, Çay Pınarı, Imam Melikiddin Tomb, Seyh Musa Fakih Tomb, Elbaşı Mosque, Mast Tumulus, Namlı Hisar Kale, Anzavur Caves, Hacı Boz Bridge, Koç Taşı and Manastry in Kuruçay are also popular.
The remains of the Roman theatre are visible to the east of the citadel hill, together with some rock tombs. Two Ottoman baths, the Yeni Hamam and the Çifte Hamam, date from the 16th and 17th century and the Hasan Aga Madrasah was built in 1497. The Boyaci Hasan Aga Mosque with its stalactiform prayer niche dates from 1479 and the Seyh Musa Fakih Tomb is also very old with 1106 or 1305 given as possible construction dates.
Mast Tumulus, an ancient site located in Zile, is of special importance since it hosts the palace of a Hittitite ruler, earthenware utensils and Hittite hieroglyphics.
Geography.
Zile covers an area of within its city limits and has an elevation of . Turhal, Çekerek, Artova, Kadışehri, and Amasya are all towns located near Zile. The city is mostly surrounded by a fertile plain called "Zile Ovası" crossed by the Yeşil River and can produce harvests twice a year. South of the city, however, are the Deveci Mountains (1,892 m / 6,207 ft high), Güvercin Çalı, and Hüseyin Gazi Hill. Zile once had a great forest covering most of the plain, but during the 1950s, the city lost much of its forest because of the excessive breeding of goats and the use of wood for heating purposes. However, there is a recent study to plan reforestation in the area.
The city's water supply is provided by the Çekerek River, flowing from Zile to Çekerek and the Büyükaköz dam which was constructed on the Çatak river. The Süreyyabey Dam and hydroelectric plant is under construction and will provide electricity and water for irrigation in the area.
Climate.
Zile's weather is influenced by the narrow coast land of the Black Sea Region to the north, bringing humidity, and by the Central Anatolia inland plateau to the south, with its low rainfall and cold winters. Summers are hot and dry, while the winters are snowy and cold. The weather is hot throughout the months of June to September, as the average summer maximum is 28 °C (83 °F), and the average minimum is 13 °C (56 °F), and is cold throughout the months of December to February as the average winter maximum is 7 °C (45 °F), and the average minimum is as low as -3 °C (27 °F). Northerly winds are responsible for humid climate from April to June. It is usually rainy during the months of April, May, June, November and December.
Economy.
Historically, coal was mined in Zile.
Agriculture, trade, and livestock are the main economic activities of Zile. Zile is a center of cereal production such that she is one of the biggest exporters of wheat, barley, lentil and common vetch in the Black Sea region. Zile is famous for its grapes, leblebi, cherry, and fruit gardens. The annual Cherry Festival is very famous in Tokat, Sivas and Yozgat. People of Zile don't use their grapes to produce wine, but pekmez - a syrup-like liquid mixed from different kinds of fruit-juices.
The students of Zile Dinçerler School of Tourism and Hotel Management of Gaziosmanpasha University play an important role in city's economic activities. The industry of Zile is developing rapidly. Since 1996, there has been a major movement from agriculture to industry. Anatolian Tigers constructed 55 factories whose major products include textiles, sugar beet, furniture, tomato sauce, leblebi, marble and shoes.
The municipality and the European Union have had a joint project to increase the tourism potential of Zile and to transform the city into a tourism destination. The project is funded by the EU and includes advertisements as well as education of local people about tourism.
Education.
The city boasts 100% literacy in the city centre and over 90% in surrounding villages, with public and Imam Hatip schools, and a roughly 1:27 student-teacher ratio. There are 126 primary and secondary schools with 14,373 students and 540 teachers. Zile Dinçerler Lisesi, Dinçerler 75th Year Anatolian High School and Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi provide high school education in Zile. There are also four professional high schools providing technical education.Gaziosmanpasa University' s Zile Dinçerler School of Tourism and Hotel Management is also located in Zile. By the end of 2008, with the donations of Serafettin and Cemalettin Dincer, schooling will gain totally new educational premises including a modern and luxurious hotel building which will be also used for practical education by students.
Media and social life.
In Zile, theatres and concerts are conducted at a movie theatre whose capacity is 850 people. Along with national TV channels and radios, there is one local TV channel and two radio stations that keep Zile people up to date on current events. Zile has three local daily newspapers ("Özhaber", "Zile Postası", "Gündem") and daily newspapers sell around 4000 copies per day.
Transportation.
Zile is linked by highways with the cities of Tokat and Amasya and is near the Sivas-Samsun railway.


List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ontario

This is a list of National Historic Sites () in the province of Ontario. There are 273 sites designated in Ontario, 39 of which are administered by Parks Canada (identified below and on the cluster pages listed below by the beaver icon . Of all provinces and territories, Ontario has the greatest number of National Historic Sites, and the largest number under Parks Canada administration, with a dense concentration in southern Ontario. The five largest clusters are listed separately:
Numerous National Historic Events also occurred across Ontario, and are identified at places associated with them, using the same style of federal plaque which marks National Historic Sites. Several National Historic Persons are commemorated throughout the province in the same way. The markers do not indicate which designation—a Site, Event, or Person—a subject has been given. The Rideau Canal is a Site, for example, while the Welland Canal is an Event. The cairn and plaque to John Macdonell does not refer to a National Historic Person, but is erected because his home, Glengarry House, is a National Historic Site. Similarly, the plaque to John Guy officially marks not a Person, but an Event—the Landing of John Guy.
This list uses names designated by the national "Historic Sites and Monuments Board", which may differ from other names for these sites.


Stoa of Eumenes

The Stoa of Eumenes was a Hellenistic colonnade built on the South slope of the Acropolis, Athens and which lay between the Theater of Dionysus and the Odeon of Herodes Atticus The gallery was donated to the city of Athens by the king of Pergamon, Eumenes II (197–159 BC), around 160 BC. Vitruvius makes reference to the building when speaking about the purpose of stoai erected near theatres that served as a refuge for the spectators in inclement weather conditions or as stores for theatre props.
History.
The Stoa of Eumenes was constructed south of the Asklepieion staircase and the peripatos, on an artificial terrace of 9m x 13ms. To retain the pathway to the north an arched retaining wall was constructed along the northern edge of the site. Along this wall, the remains of which now dominate the site, the arcade was built. A substantial part of its northern wall, which is made from breccia and limestone and faced with Hymettian and Pentelic marble, is still preserved. Today, the ancient level of the stoa floor has been restored, with many of the pillars of the ground floor colonnade still in place. The foundations on which the arcade was built is located to the northwest of the Choragic Monument of Nikias and on the same level as the broad terrace in front of the stoa which is 32 m wide at its eastern end and 20 m west. To the south, it is bordered by a retaining wall, a considerable part of which has been preserved.
The arcade was two-storey, 163 m long and 17.65 m wide. The ground floor facade was formed by a colonnade with 64 Doric columns, while along the lengthwise axis of the building there was a second series of 32 columns of the Ionic order. On the upper storey, the exterior colonnade had the equivalent number of double-semicolumns of Ionic order and the interior columns had the rather rarer type of capitals, the Pergamene order. The two floors were connected externally by two stairs that formed at either end of the arcade. Viewers from the lower part of the theatre had access to the ground floor of the gallery through the western parodos The Stoa of Eumenes bears a great resemblance to the form of the Stoa of Attalos in the Ancient Agora of Athens erected by Eumenes' brother, Attalos II.
As a careful study of the fragmentary remains of the capitals and cornice showed that the building was for the most part made of a kind of island marble from which most of the buildings in Pergamon were built, while it is not found in other Athens buildings. Most of the architectural members of the arcade would likely have been built in Pergamon and shipped to Athens.
In the 2nd century AD, the western end of the Eumenes Stoa was connected to the Odeon of Herod Atticus by a staircase at the eastern end of its interior. The gallery was in use until the 3rd century AD, when it was destroyed and its material used in the construction of the Valerian wall. In the middle of the 13th century, the northern retaining wall of the arcade was incorporated into the Rizokastro Wall built around the Acropolis rock.
The ruins of the Stoa of Eumenes were uncovered by the Archaeological Society of Athens in the years 1877-78.


Gormley

Gormley (Irish: "Ó Goirmleadhaigh") is a surname of Irish origin. The main sept of the clan originated in what was Tyrconnell, now mainly County Donegal, Republic of Ireland, in the west of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The Ulster branch of the clan were chiefs of the "Cenel Moen" and originated in what is now the barony of Raphoe in East Donegal, an area known in Gaelic times as "Tír Moen". The common ancestor and progenitor of these Gormleys was Moen son of Muireadach, son of Eoghan (who gave his name to Tyrone), son of Niall of the Nine Hostages.
Different septs and spellings.
In the "Annals of the Four Masters" and in the "Topographical Poems" of O'Dugan and O'Heerin, the name is spelt "Ó Goirmleadhaigh"; the "Annals of Loch Cé" write it "Ó Gormshuil" and "Ó Gormshuiligh": the editor (William Hennessy) writing in 1871 states that the latter was then anglicised O'Gormooly, but Gormley is universal today. The name means “blue spearman”.
In the Partry Mountains of County Mayo in the West of Ireland is found a sept also called Gormley, Gormaly and Gormilly. The Irish form of this family's name is "Ó Goirmghialla" or possibly "Ó Gormghaille", both Irish forms meaning “blue hostage”. They were chiefs of this area along with the Darcy or Dorcey family. The present parish of Ballyovey, also called the parish of Party, shows the location of this ancient territory in Mayo. In the area of Lough Key, County Roscommon, we find families of the name (O') Gormaly or Gormally. O'Donovan says that these are quite distinct from the O'Gormleys of County Tyrone and that the Irish form of this name is "Ó Garmghaile". It is likely that this family is of the same stock as the Mayo sept, but it is unclear if both are related to the main sept of Ulster.
In seventeenth century records they are found both as O'Gormley and Mac Gormley, located chiefly in counties Armagh and Londonderry in modern-day Northern Ireland, but also in County Roscommon and County Westmeath, Republic of Ireland. Gormleys today are chiefly found in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, and surrounding areas.


Port Said

Port Said ( "" ) is a city that lies in north east Egypt extending about along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, north of the Suez Canal. With an approximate population of 603,787 (2010), it is the fifth-largest city in Egypt. The city was established in 1859 during the building of the Suez Canal.
There are numerous old houses with grand balconies on all floors, giving the city a distinctive look. Port Said's twin city is Port Fuad, which lies on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal. The two cities coexist, to the extent that there is hardly any town centre in Port Fuad. The cities are connected by free ferries running all through the day, and together they form a metropolitan area with over a million residents that extends both on the African and the Asian sides of the Suez Canal. The only other metropolitan area in the world that also spans two continents is Istanbul.
Port Said acted as a global city since its establishment and flourished particularly during the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century when it was inhabited by various nationalities and religions. Most of them were from Mediterranean countries, and they coexisted in tolerance, forming a cosmopolitan community. Referring to this fact Rudyard Kipling once said "If you truly wish to find someone you have known and who travels, there are two points on the globe you have but to sit and wait, sooner or later your man will come there: the docks of London and Port Said".
Name.
The name of Port Said first appeared in 1855. It was chosen by an international committee composed of Great Britain, France, the Russian Empire, Austria, Spain and Piedmont. It is a compound name which composed of two parts: Port (marine harbour) and Said (the name of the ruler of Egypt at that time), who granted Ferdinand de Lesseps the concession to dig the Suez Canal.
Urbanized residents pronounce the first syllable following Arabic (); unurbanized residents pronounce it .
History.
Port Said was founded by Sa'id of Egypt on Easter Monday, April 25, 1859, when Ferdinand de Lesseps gave the first symbolic swing of the pickaxe to signal the beginning of construction. The first problem encountered was the difficulty for ships to drop anchor nearby. Luckily, a single rocky outcrop flush with the shoreline was discovered a few hundred meters away. Equipped with a wooden wharf, it served as a mooring berth for the boats. Soon after, a wooden jetty was built, connecting the departure islet, as it quickly became known, to the beach. This rock could be considered the heart of the developing city, and it was on this highly symbolic site, forty years later, that a monument to de Lesseps was erected.
There were no local resources here. Everything Port Said needed had to be imported: wood, stone, supplies, machinery, equipment, housing, food and even water. Giant water storage containers were erected to supply fresh water until the Sweet Water Canal could be completed. One of the most pressing problems was the lack of stone. Early buildings were often imported in kit form and made great use of wood. A newly developed technique was used to construct the jetties called conglomerate concrete or "Beton Coignet", which was named after its inventor Francois Coignet. Artificial blocks of concrete were sunk into the sea to be the foundations of the jetties. Still more innovative was the use of the same concrete for the lighthouse of Port Said, the only original building still standing in Port Said.
In 1859 the first 150 laborers camped in tents around a wooden shed. A year later, the number of inhabitants had risen to 2000 — with the European contingent housed in wooden bungalows imported from northern Europe. By 1869, when the canal opened, the permanent population had reached 10,000. The European district, clustered around the waterfront, was separated from the Arab district, Gemalia, to the west, by a wide strip of sandy beach where a tongue of Lake Manzala reached towards the sea. This inlet soon dried out and was replaced by buildings, over time there was no division between the European and Arab quarters.
At the start of the twentieth century, two things happened to change Port Said: in 1902, Egyptian cotton from Mataria started to be exported via Port Said; and in 1904 a standard gauge railway opened to Cairo. The result was to attract a large commercial community and to raise its social status. In particular a sizable Greek community grew up. In 1907, the quickly growing city had about 50,000 inhabitants, among whom were 11,000 Europeans "of all nations". During the First World War, Port Said became home to an important Allied hospital. Due to the strategic location of Port Said intersecting Europe, Africa and Asia, thousands of men were sent to this hospital. This included soldiers wounded as a result from the Gallipoli campaign in 1915. Following the end of the World War I, the directors of the Suez Canal Company decided to create a new city on the Asian bank, building 300 houses for its labourers and functionaries. Port Fouad was designed by the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The houses follow the French model. The new city was founded in December 1926.
Since its foundation people of all nationalities and religions had been moving to the city and each community brought in its own customs, cuisine, religion and architecture. By the late 1920s the population numbered over 100,000 people. In the 1930s for example there were elegant public buildings designed by Italian architects. The old Arab Quarter was swallowed up into the thriving city. Port Said by now was a thriving, bustling international port with a multi-national population: Jewish merchants, Egyptian shopkeepers, Greek photographers, Italian architects, Swiss hoteliers, Maltese administrators, Scottish engineers, French bankers and diplomats from all around the world. All lived and worked alongside the large local Egyptian community. And always passing through were international travelers to and from Africa, India and the Far East. Intermarriage between French, Italian and Maltese was particularly common, resulting in a local Latin and Catholic community like those of Alexandria and Cairo. French was the common language of the European and non-Arab population, and often the first language of children born to parents from different communities. Italian was also widely spoken and was the mother tongue of part of the Maltese community, since the ancestors of the latter had come to Egypt before the Anglicization of Malta in the 1920s. Multilingualism was a characteristic of the foreign population of Port Said, with most people continuing to speak community languages as well as the common French.
Since its establishment Port Said played a significant role in Egyptian history. The British entered Egypt through the city in 1882, starting their occupation of Egypt. In 1936 a treaty was signed between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt called the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936. It stipulated the British pledge to withdraw all their troops from Egypt, except those necessary to protect the Suez Canal and its surroundings. Following World War II, Egypt denounced the Treaty of 1936, leading to skirmishes with British troops guarding the Canal in 1951.
The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 occurred. Then in 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal Company. The nationalisation escalated tension with Britain and France, who colluded with Israel to invade Egypt, the invasion known in Egypt as the tripartite aggression or the Suez Crisis. The main battles occurred in Port Said, which played a historic role in the Suez Crisis. The withdrawal of the last soldier of foreign troops was on 23 December 1956. Since then, this day was chosen as Port Said's national day. It is widely celebrated annually in Port Said. The French-speaking European community had begun to emigrate to Europe, Australia, South Africa and elsewhere in 1946 and most of the remainder left Egypt in the wake of the Suez Crisis, paralleling the contemporary exodus of French-speaking Europeans from Tunisia.
After the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, also called the Six-Day War, the Suez Canal was closed by an Egyptian blockade until 5 June 1975, and the residents of Port Said were evacuated by the Egyptian government to prepare for the Yom Kippur War (1973).
The city was re-inhabited after the war and the reopening of the Canal. In 1976, Port Said was declared a duty-free port, attracting people from all over Egypt. Now the population of the city is 603,787.
Economy.
Port Said has been ranked the second among the Egyptian cities according to the Human Development Index in 2009 and 2010, the economic base of the city is fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fueling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal. It thrives on being a duty-free port, as well as a tourist resort especially during summer. It is home to the Lighthouse of Port Said (the first building in the world built from reinforced concrete).
Due to its excellent geographic location, Port Said is designed to attract logistics start ups along with import and export businesses.
In 2019, the city witnessed the construction of the New Suez Canal, led by the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.
East Port Said Industrial Zone.
The government provides a number of incentives to investors in the scheme including zero tax and duties on tools, machines and raw materials related to the production of goods for export.
Geography.
Climate.
Port Said has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to Köppen climate classification, but blowing winds from the Mediterranean Sea greatly moderates the temperatures, typical to the northern coast of Egypt, making its summers moderately hot and humid while its winters mild and moderately wet when sleet and hail are also common, yet less common than in Alexandria because Port Said is drier. January and February are the coolest months while the hottest are July and August.
The highest record temperature was , recorded on June 20, 1988, while the lowest record temperature was , recorded on December 25, 1979.
Port Said, Kosseir, Ras El Bar, Baltim, Damietta and Alexandria have the least temperature variation in Egypt, additionally, Mersa Matruh and Port Said have the coolest summer days of any other cities or resorts, although not significantly cooler than other northern coastal places.
Modern city.
Districts.
Modern Port Said is divided into seven districts:
There is also Port Fuad city under the jurisdiction of the Port Said Governorate forming metropolitan Port Said.
Education.
Colleges and universities.
Port Said has a number of higher education institutions. Port Said University is a public university that follows the Egyptian system of higher education. The most notable faculties of the university are the faculty of engineering and the faculty of science. In addition, the Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport is a semi-private educational institution that offers courses for high school, undergraduate level students, postgraduate. It is considered the most reputable university in Egypt after the AUC American University in Cairo because of its worldwide recognition from (board of engineers at UK & ABET in USA). Sadat Academy for Management Sciences is an Egyptian Public Academy under the authorization of the Ministry of higher education.
Schools.
Port Said contains about 349 schools in all different educational stages between governmental, experimental, private language schools beside French historical schools.
Transport.
Port.
The port of Port Said is the 28th-busiest seaport for container transport, the second-busiest in the Arab world (narrowly behind the port of Salalah in Oman), and the busiest container seaport in Egypt, with 3,470,000 TEU transported in 2009. The port is part of the Maritime Silk Road. It is divided into:
The port is bordered, seaward, by an imaginary line from the western breakwater boundary till the eastern breakwater end. And from the Suez Canal area, it is bordered by an imaginary line extending transversely from the southern bank of the Canal connected to Manzala Lake, and the railways arcade livestock.
Approach area.
Two breakwaters protect the port entrance channel: the western breakwater is about long, and the eastern breakwater is approximately .
Dwelling area.
The Suez Canal dwelling area is situated between latitudes 31° 21' N and 31° 25' N and longitudes 32° 16.2°' E and 32° 20.6' E. where vessels awaiting to accede Port Said port stay whether to join the North convoy to transit the Suez Canal to carry out stevedoring operations or to be supplied with provisions and bunkers. The dwelling area is divided into two sections:
The Northern Area is allocated for vessels with deep drafts. The Southern Area is for all vessel types.
Airports.
Port Said is served by Port Said Airport located about away from city centre.
The airport was reopened in February 2011 after being modernised to be fit for international flights. Scheduled flights from the airport ceased in 1996.
Motor highways.
There are three main highways that connect Port Said to other cities in Egypt:
Train.
The Port Said train station is on Mustafa Kamal Street and was built around 1904 when the Egyptian Railway Authority extended service in the region.
There are frequent train services from Cairo, Alexandria and other main Egyptian cities to Port Said. The travel time between Cairo and Port Said is about four hours while the Alexandria – Port Said route can be covered in about six hours. Intercity passenger service is operated by Egyptian National Railways. Tickets can be reserved online using the Egyptian National Railways website.
Ferry.
Port Said is linked by ferry to its twin city Port Fouad which is considered the Asian part of this Afro-Asian governorate "Port Said" on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal, the ferry is used to cross the canal between the two cities, holding both people and cars as well (for free). The time between the two cities across the canal by using the ferry does not exceed 10 minutes.
Other means of public transport.
Public buses are operated by Port Said Governorate's Agency for Public Passenger Transport. Private Transport also are available referred to as Micro Buses (14 seat minibus). White and blue saloon car taxicabs are comfortable, asking reasonable prices. Earlier trolleybuses existed in city.
Culture.
Libraries.
Port Said Library at the time of its inauguration reached about 14,000 books and was supplied by encyclopedias and modern references.
Theaters.
Port Said Has about 11 Cinema theatres.
Parks.
Port Said has 23 parks. which includes The Ferial Park 21904 square meter, The Farma Park 12469.4 square meter, The Khazanat Park 2000 square meter, The Aldawlia Park 8 Hektars.
Sports.
The main sport that interests Port Saidis is football, as is the case in the rest of Egypt and Africa, and Port Saidis are known for their enthusiasm in supporting the local team Al-Masry SC.
Al Masry Club Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Port Said. Built in 1954, it currently seats 17,988 and is used mostly for football matches, including the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship, 2006 African Cup of Nations, and 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup. The 2012 Port Said Stadium riot took place there.
The second most popular sport in Port Said is handball, and the city has a club called Port Said Club that won many local and African tournaments during the nineties.
Port Said Hall is an indoor hall located in the Sports City in Port Said. It hosts competitions of handball, basketball, and volleyball, and was used for the 1999 World Men's Handball Championship. It holds 5000 people.
Hockey, swimming, and other sports are also practiced on a lower scale.
Language.
Among speakers of Egyptian Arabic, the Port Saidi accent is unique. It is also called Abu Alarabi and Bambooti Accent.
Tourism.
Port Said is a main summer resort and tourist attraction, due to its public and private beaches, cosmopolitan heritage, Museums and duty-free port, beside the other landmarks like the Lighthouse of Port Said, Port Said Martyrs Memorial that has the shape of the Pharaonic ancient obelisks and the building of the Suez Canal Authority headquarter in Port Said, also Tennis island situated in lake Manzaleh is a destination that attracts tourists to enjoy visiting this ancient Islamic city which was demolished during the crusades.
Ashtoum el-Gamil is a national park and Natural Protected area
Location:
7 km west of Port Said on "Port Said-Damietta" coastal road (The Lake Manzalah is in connection with the Mediterranean through Ashtoum El Gamil .In front of the mouth of the Lake is located Tanees Island. All the area is a very important place for birds.) Area: 180 km2
Type: Nature Reserve
Year of establishment: 1988
Objective: Conservation of migratory birds
Management: The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA).
Nearby to El Gameel area will soon launch a real estate mixed use project named "Downtown Portsaid". The project will cater to both residents and tourists as well as investors in the area, and is anticipated to be an attraction hotspot.
Twin towns and sister cities.
Port Said is twinned with:


Introducing, Selma Blair

Introducing, Selma Blair is a 2021 American documentary film, directed by Rachel Fleit. It follows Selma Blair, adapting to new ways of living after revealing her multiple sclerosis diagnosis.
The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 16, 2021, where it won the Special Jury Award for Exceptional Intimacy in Storytelling in the Documentary Feature Competition.
Plot.
Selma Blair adapts to new ways of living after revealing her multiple sclerosis diagnosis.
Release.
The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 16, 2021. Prior to, Discovery+ acquired distribution rights to the film.
Reception.
The film received positive reviews from critics. It currently holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews.


South African heraldry

South African heraldry dates back to the 1650s, inheriting European (especially Dutch and British) heraldic traditions. Arms are borne by individuals, official bodies, local authorities, military units, and by a wide variety of organisations. South Africa has had its own heraldic authority since 1963, to provide armigers with legal protection, and to promote high standards of armorial practice.
Origins and history.
The first known armorial display in South Africa took the form of stone beacons bearing the Portuguese Royal Arms, which were erected along the coast by navigators who explored the sea route in the 1480s.
 Some of these beacons still survive.
17th–18th centuries.
Heraldry was introduced into the region by the Dutch, when they founded the first European colony, at the Cape of Good Hope, in 1652. Under Roman-Dutch law, everyone had the right to assume and bear arms, and many settlers bore personal arms, some of which are still borne by their descendants today.
The official arms of the Netherlands, and those of the Verenigde Oost Indische Compagnie, which ran the colony, were also used. There do not appear to have been any other corporate arms during the Dutch colonial period, but there is evidence of some use of military unit arms in the 1780s. Civic arms were introduced in 1804.
19th century.
British military forces occupied the colony during the Napoleonic Wars, and the Netherlands handed it over permanently to Great Britain in 1814. This brought the colony within the jurisdiction of the English College of Arms, the Scottish Lord Lyon and the Irish Ulster Office. British law regards arms as an honour which must be granted or recognised by one or other of these authorities, but as Roman-Dutch law was retained in the colony, it remained legal to simply assume arms at will. Those who wanted formal grants of arms could apply to one of the three British authorities.
As with language, music, and other cultural aspects, then, British and Cape Dutch (Afrikaner) heraldry existed separately side by side. This is still the case, though there has been some cross-pollination during the past half-century.
Amongst the native peoples of the region, hereditary signifiers were generally oral as opposed to pictorial in nature. Praise poetry traditions such as Isiduko and Isibongo provided peoples such as the Zulus and the Xhosas with symbolic capital in much the same way as heraldry did the British and the Cape Dutch.
European settlement spread to other parts of the region in the 1830s, as a result of Afrikaner dissatisfaction with British rule. Eventually, the region crystallised into four White-ruled territories: two British colonies and two Afrikaner republics. Their governments adopted official arms.
20th–21st centuries.
The UK conquered the two Afrikaner republics in the Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), and the four territories united in 1910 to form the Union of South Africa.
As self-government developed during the first half of the 20th century, some official attention began to be paid to heraldry.
In 1935, the Union government introduced a system of voluntary registration of "badges" by the Department of the Interior. It applied only to associations and institutions, such as schools and clubs, and several dozen of the more than 1300 items registered over the years were coats of arms. The Department of Education, Arts & Sciences took over as registrar in 1959.
The rise of Afrikaner nationalism during the 1930s and 1940s drew heavily on culture and tradition, and several books and articles on Afrikaner family history and heraldry were published during that period. As later research showed, the heraldic sources were generally not very reliable.
After an Afrikaner nationalist government took office in 1948, with a republic high on its agenda, steps were taken to bring order to the armorial chaos. Between 1949 and 1953, the four provincial administrations introduced systems of registering civic arms to protect them against usurpation. The defence force established its own heraldry office in 1954.
 In 1955, an inter-departmental conference recommended the formation of an official heraldic authority, and a committee appointed in 1956 recommended adopting the Swedish model, of a nominated council and an executive bureau, under the auspices of the state archives service.
The 1950s also saw an unprecedented number of English and Scottish grants of arms, to municipalities, corporate bodies, the Anglican dioceses, and a few individuals. With a republic in the offing, there may have been a feeling that it was "now or never".
South Africa became a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1961. A Heraldry Act was passed in 1962, and the Bureau of Heraldry and Heraldry Council were established in 1963. The Bureau took over from the Department of Education, Arts & Sciences and the provincial administrations as registering authority, and in addition to registering corporate and civic arms, it registers official and personal arms too. Arms have to be heraldically correct to qualify for registration, which remains voluntary.
 Matriculation, i.e. re-registration of personal arms for armigers' descendants, was authorised in 1969. Thousands of arms have been registered and matriculated over the years.
From 1963 to 1969, the Heraldry Act also provided for arms to be "granted" by the state president to official bodies and by the provincial administrators to local authorities. Grants were subject to Heraldry Council approval and were registered by the Bureau. (The Act has never authorised the Bureau to grant arms, only to register them.)
Since 1963, the Bureau has introduced many innovations, including lines of partition, charges drawn from South African fauna and flora and the African heritage and, in the early 1970s, a highly stylised, Finnish-influenced, artistic style.
Usage of arms.
Roman-Dutch law allows everyone to assume and bear arms, as long as no one else's rights are infringed in the process. Social status, or service to the country, are not requirements as they are in some other countries. There is therefore a wide range of armigers, including:
Personal arms.
As far as personal arms are concerned, there is full gender equality in both the form of arms and the principles of inheritance and transmission.
A woman can bear a full achievement of arms, i.e. shield and crest, and is not restricted to a lozenge without crest as is the case in England (although a woman can follow the English practice if she wishes). Mrs Selma Peimer was the first woman to register a full achievement of arms at the Bureau of Heraldry (in 1965).
A woman is entitled to inherit paternal arms, even if she has brothers. This is in contrast with English rules, where a woman inherits paternal arms only if her father has died without leaving any sons or descendants of sons to inherit the arms. There are several instances on record where an armiger's registered arms have been re-registered by both sons and daughters. The earliest instance was the Van Hoorn family in 1979 : Aalje van Hoorn's arms were re-registered by his three sons and his daughter.
The Pritchard family provides an instance of the arms of both husband and wife being re-registered by their children (son and two daughters) as quartered arms.
In 1996, during his presidency of the country, Dr. Nelson Mandela was invested as a member of the Danish Order of the Elephant by the Queen of Denmark. As he wasn't an armiger at the time of his investiture, he had a coat of arms developed by the Danish court herald which bore the colours of the South African flag. Although these arms were intended by Dr. Mandela to be subsequently used wherever a coat of arms was required internationally, he never had them registered in South Africa.
Regulation.
There is little regulation of heraldry in South Africa. Arms which have been registered at the Bureau are protected to the extent that a registered owner can take legal action against anyone who usurps or misuses his arms. In the case of the arms of the national and provincial governments, defence force units, and municipalities, offenders can also be prosecuted and fined, and ridiculing or showing contempt for the national arms is punishable by imprisonment.
Registration of arms is entirely voluntary.
Distinctive features.
South African heraldry has a number of distinctive features: