East Redmond, Washington

East Redmond was a short-lived town in King County, Washington that existed from 1956 to 1965. The town, then located to the east of Redmond in the Seattle metropolitan area, was formed as a result of a land use dispute between neighbors. East Redmond, with a population of fewer than 400 people, was found to have not met the state's minimum population requirement for incorporation and was dis-incorporated by a decision of the Washington Supreme Court in 1965.
History.
The King County government entered into an agreement with the Dincov family in 1954 to operate a gravel mine on their East Redmond property for use in constructing Interstate 405. The Dincovs' neighbors, in opposition to the gravel mine, proposed to form an incorporated town in order to halt operations. A special election was held on August 14, 1956, and 108 residents voted in favor of incorporating East Redmond as a fourth-class town, while 67 opposed. The town's government passed an ordinance that prohibited the county's gravel mine operations, leading King County to seek a restraining order against the town. East Redmond officials threatened to arrest county employees violating the ordinance, and the requested temporary restraining order was denied by a Superior Court judge. The county was eventually denied an injunction that removed the town from interfering with the mine, due to expired and lapsed permits.
In February 1957, the King County Board of Commissioners received a petition signed by Snoqualmie Valley residents asking for the dis-incorporation of East Redmond. The petition concerned the maintenance of Novelty Hill Road, which ran through East Redmond towards the Snoqualmie Valley, which would be too expensive for East Redmond to maintain; the petition also alleged that the town had created a speed trap on the road. Another petition was presented to the town council that month, signed by 125 of its 375 residents hoping to trigger a dis-incorporation election. The election was called off after a ruling by a Superior Court judge after the discovery of signatures that did not match voter registrations, as well as withdrawn signatures, which reduced the number of petitioners to below the majority of registered of voters. Residents of the Novelty Hill Road area unsuccessfully attempted to secede from East Redmond through a special election in May 1957; "The Seattle Times" reported that some residents had voted in favor of staying in East Redmond in order to be eligible to vote for dis-incorporation at a later date. A petition to dis-incorporate a majority of the town was certified in June, and the county scheduled a vote on the matter in October. East Redmond voted 164 to 24 to dis-incorporate three-fourths of the town, leaving only 50 residents and . The town annexed the following month, including the Dincov gravel mine, to extend the city's boundaries to Lake Sammamish.
In March 1962, King County Prosecutor Charles O. Carroll filed a court action on the request of a Superior Court judge and 42 East Redmond residents that challenged the validity of East Redmond's fourth-class status. Two years later, on March 10, 1964, the Superior Court ruled that the incorporation was invalid for several reasons: the incorporated town was , but state law limited fourth-class towns to a size of ; the town did not meet the minimum population of 300 required for the status; and the incorporation vote had taken place outside of the proposed town, in neighboring Redmond. East Redmond's government, then conducting a regular election, appealed to the State Supreme Court, who heard the case in early 1965. The State Supreme Court affirmed the Superior Court's decision on July 1, 1965, declaring that the town was illegally incorporated and thus invalid.
East Redmond became the second town in King County history to be dis-incorporated, following Ravensdale in the 1920s. The area remains unincorporated, as part of the Union Hill-Novelty Hill census-designated place.
Geography.
At the time of its incorporation, East Redmond had a total size of ; it was three times larger than the neighboring town of Redmond. By the end of 1957, the town shrunk to just over , due to residents voting to dis-incorporate.
Demographics.
The 1960 census counted a population of 203 people in East Redmond.
At the time of its dis-incorporation, the population of East Redmond had declined to 185. An unofficial population count by the Washington Secretary of State in 1956 estimated that the town had 516 residents, but after the 1957 dis-incorporation vote, the town's population was reduced to 225 by 1958. The town was the smallest incorporated place in King County for most of its existence.
Government.
The town operated under a council–manager government, with a town manager and honorary mayor chosen from the five-member elected town council. East Redmond was the only fourth-class town to operate under the government, whilst others used a mayor–council government.


Portuguese Mexican

The Portuguese arrived in Mexico during the Spanish colonial period. Many of them were sailors, conquistadors, clergy, and members of the military. Later Portuguese arrivals included pirates in conflict with Spanish leadership. Today, the country's largest Portuguese community is concentrated in Mexico City, especially in the Colonia Condesa, home to many restaurants and bars popular with people of Portuguese origin.
History.
The first Portuguese to arrive in New Spain was Sebastián Rodríguez de Oliveira, a companion of Hernán Cortés. The Portuguese were a significant presence in New Spain, particularly during the Iberian Union. A notable portion of the immigrants were Portuguese Sephardi Jews fleeing the Spanish Inquisition.
Portuguese immigrants had no difficulty adapting into New Spanish society because they were Catholics and accountable to the Spanish Crown for taxation. During the Mexican War of Independence, Mexicans did not distinguish between Spanish and Portuguese colonists who were on the side of the Spanish Crown, many of whom were killed or expelled. Only those who wanted to remain loyal to The Spanish Crown were expelled or returned to the Iberian Peninsula, while others stayed and integrated into Mexican society remained and lost touch with the Old World.
Portuguese immigrants were granted preferential naturalization times (requiring two years of residence instead of five) in 1993. The preferential naturalization time was granted due to historical and cultural connections and was previously given to Latin Americans (1917) and Spaniards (1939).
According to the 2000 Censo General de Población y Vivienda, there were 311 Portuguese-born residents of Mexico.


Cypress Inn, Tennessee

Cypress Inn is an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Tennessee, United States. It is located near the Alabama state line and is along the Natchez Trace Parkway.
History.
Historical records state that the Cypress Inn was the name of an inn along the Natchez Trace. The area grew into a community; even though the inn no longer exists, the name of the community is Cypress Inn. Much of the land has been owned by the same families for decades. Common Cypress Inn surnames include Holt, Dodd, Berry, Darby, Craig, Montgomery, Pigg, Braunius, and Craig.


Baron Baltimore

Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore, County Longford, was a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1625 and ended in 1771, upon the death of its sixth-generation male heir, aged 40. Holders of the title were usually known as Lord Baltimore for short.
History.
The title was granted in 1625 to Sir George Calvert, and it became extinct in 1771 on the death of Frederick, 6th Baron Baltimore. The title was held by six members/generations of the Calvert family, who were proprietors of the palatinates Avalon in Newfoundland and the colonial proprietary Province of Maryland (later the American State of Maryland).
A reference to "Lord Baltimore" is to any one of the six barons and most frequently in U.S. history to Cecil, 2nd Baron Baltimore, after whom the city of Baltimore in Maryland was named, which took place in his lifetime due to his family's holdings. His father had supported colonization of the territory, and his younger brother Leonard Calvert was the first Governor of Maryland.
Political power.
As holders of an Irish peerage, the Lords Baltimore had a seat, if they wished to take it up, in the medieval-founded Irish House of Lords, which was abolished in 1801 when the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland came into being. Irish peerages were usually awarded to major landowners likely to support the status quo in Ireland, others involved in the various economic, social, and military campaigns in Ireland, such as the Plantations of Ireland, and finally also as a way of giving people in Great Britain the honour of a peerage which did not also grant a seat in the English, later British, House of Lords, thereby excluding them from sitting in the House of Commons at Westminster. Irish peers ranged between people owning little or no property in Ireland to those having their main homes and large estates there.
Family seats and abodes.
In the British Isles, the family's main home was a landscaped mansion and estate ("park") in the Home Counties. In 1705, the 4th Baron sold to the Crown a house and gardens (owned by virtue of his wife) known as Woodstock Park, which was promptly demolished and replaced by Blenheim Palace, a site regally granted to the victorious Duke of Marlborough as a gift. It swiftly became the only private mansion termed a palace in England; however, this loss was partially recouped when the 4th Baron inherited an additional manor house and farm in Epsom, Surrey, on the death of his distant cousin Lady Ann(s) Lewknor (née Mynne), his father having already owned, since 1692, from the death of Elizabeth Evelyn (née Mynne), a mid-17th century-built neighbouring fine house known as Woodcote Park. Its ownership in the family passed down to the heirs of the 6th Baron. His latter-day home in London itself was on Russell Square:
Other notable Calverts.
The Lords Baltimore had notable early siblings and descendants:
17th century
18th century
Early 19th century
Mid 19th century
Legacy.
There are many locations in Maryland named after the Barons Baltimore ("Lords Baltimore"), including Baltimore County, Baltimore City, Calvert County, Cecil County, Charles County, Frederick County, Leonardtown, St. Leonard, and Calvert Cliffs. There are also Charles Street and Calvert Street in Baltimore.
The wife of The 2nd Baron Baltimore, Anne Arundell's namesake Queen survives in that of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. His name survives also in that of Cecil County, Maryland, Cecil Avenue, Cecil Elementary School and Calvert Street in Baltimore, along with another Calvert Street (alley) in Brooklyn (a South Baltimore city neighborhood bordering suburban Anne Arundel County) and Calvert Street in Washington, D.C..
Harford County is named for Henry Harford (1758/1760–1835), the illegitimate son of Frederick, 6th and last Baron Baltimore (1731–1771). Leonardtown, Maryland, now county seat of St. Mary's, is named for the younger brother of the Cecil, 2nd Lord Baltimore, the 28-year-old Leonard Calvert (1606–1647), who arrived in the Colonial settling expedition of 1634 and set up the provincial government in the new capital of St. Mary's City.
The main downtown street in Cumberland, Maryland, is named Baltimore Street, along with Baltimore Avenue, the main north–south highway of commercial business along the Atlantic coast to the resort town of Ocean City. The Baltimore Road, which runs through the town of Bladensburg was made famous due to its role in the Battle of Bladensburg and the subsequent "Burning of Washington" during the War of 1812.
On the Avalon Peninsula in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador of the northeastern Dominion of Canada, there is a settlement named Calvert, and in nearby Ferryland there is a "Baltimore School". There are also several other towns and villages across North America in the several states with the name of "Baltimore", "New Baltimore" or "Old Baltimore".
A life-sized bronze statue on a granite pedestal of Cecil, 2nd Lord Baltimore (1605–1675), is located on the steps of the western end at the St. Paul Street entrance of the Baltimore City Circuit Court House, the third courts structure on the nearby colonial-era Courthouse Square site (located to the east along North Calvert Street), constructed 1896–1900 (now renamed the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. Courthouse since 1985 for a noted local and Civil Rights Movement leader, Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. [1911–1984], known as "The 101st Senator") in Baltimore, Maryland. The statue of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, sponsored by the Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Maryland, was dedicated November 21, 1908, and now faces a fountain and tree-shaded small plaza/park across the street, developed/laid out in 1964, between East Fayette and East Lexington Streets.
Before the American Revolution, a common flag used by military units of the colonial militia of the Province of Maryland was known as the Calvert Arms Flag. This flag had the original Union Jack from the Acts of Union 1707 as a canton in the upper corner, with a St. George's Cross and a St. Andrew's Cross to represent the patron saint of England and Scotland, respectively.
This Union Jack canton in the upper corner of the banner over the black and gold (yellow) chevrons depicted on the Calvert family's shield and coats-of-arms. Today, this historical colonial/provincial flag is often displayed throughout the state, especially at historical, heritage and festival events such as for the French and Indian War era, (1754–1763) at colonial Fort Frederick in Washington County in the mountainous western panhandle of the state.
The modern flag of the State of Maryland still bears the Calvert-Crossland family / Lord Baltimore coats-of-arms and shield, and has been used since the 1880s with the four quarters reunited after the tragic splits in the border states of the American Civil War, with the Northern Union Army regiments using the black and gold chevrons and the Southern Confederate States Army units using the red/white trefoil cross botonee.
In addition, numerous local businesses, companies and corporations use the "Baltimore", "Calvert", "Lord Baltimore", "Cecil", "Charles", "Benedict", and "Frederick" names for their identity and local connections.


Sitka Historical Museum

The Sitka Historical Museum, formerly known as the Isabel Miller Museum is the city museum of Sitka in the U.S. state of Alaska.
Run by the Sitka Historical Society, it is located in the Harrigan Centennial Hall in downtown Sitka. Its collection focuses on Sitka's history from the Tlingit people, through the European explorations and Russian era and after. The museum also has extensive collections and archives not on display, accessible by staff for research purposes.


Fort Hoskins

Fort Hoskins was one of three "forts" (which were actually unfortified posts) built by the U.S. Army to monitor the Coastal Indian Reservation in Oregon in the mid- 19th century. The Fort Hoskins Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in Hoskins, Oregon.
History.
The post was begun in 1856 on the Luckiamute River under the supervision of then Captain Christopher C. Augur. Fort Hoskins was finished in 1857 with then-lieutenant Philip Sheridan in charge, and was named after Lt. Charles Hoskins, who had died in the Mexican–American War. The fort was located about 19 miles northwest of Corvallis. The community of Hoskins took its name from the fort.
Fort Hoskins was garrisoned by a number of companies of soldiers throughout its short existence, and future Union Civil War Generals Christopher Columbus Augur and Phil Sheridan were stationed there. Captain Augur was assigned to Fort Hoskins as its first post commander from 25 July 1856 to 2 July 1861 and added to the records of life at the fort where he and his growing family became the first occupants of their newly constructed residence on Fort Hoskin's "Officer's Row." 2nd Lt. Phil Sheridan oversaw the construction of Fort Hoskins during this period. Two soldiers who were stationed at the fort during the American Civil War kept journals of their experiences: Royal A. Bensell and William M. Hilleary. Their accounts are of unmitigated boredom and dampness, but they provide a good picture of 19th-century life in the area.
Fort Hoskins played an indirectly important role in local and state history because of the leadership of several out-of-state soldiers who decided to stay in the area after they were mustered out of the army. Several placenames in the area, such as Kings Valley, are connected with these soldiers. The fort never saw any action, though a bloodless insurrection by the natives at Yaquina Bay was put down by the soldiers. After the Civil War ended it was discovered that Fort Hoskins had been an outpost of interest to the former Confederate government. Fort Hoskins was abandoned in 1865.
Archeological site.
The site of the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.
In 2002, Benton County has opened the site as Fort Hoskins Historical Park. In 2012, the fort commander's house was moved back to its original site at Fort Hoskins from nearby Pedee, where it had been moved after the fort was closed. In 2015 Benton County approved funds for an exterior restoration of the house.


Five Oaks Museum

Five Oaks Museum, formerly known as the Washington County Museum, is a history museum in Washington County, Oregon, United States. It is located at the Rock Creek campus of Portland Community College (PCC), north of Beaverton, Oregon. From 2012 to 2017, its public exhibit space was located in downtown Hillsboro, Oregon, before it was moved back to PCC, its pre-2012 location and where the museum's research facility had already been located.
Opened in 1975, the museum is operated by the Washington County Historical Society with a mission of preserving the history of the area. The museum's site at PCC's Rock Creek Campus also includes a research library and is home to the original Washington County Jail built in 1853.
History.
In the 1930s, local historian Albert E. Tozier donated his collection of artifacts, books, maps, and other items to the county historical society. Beginning in 1939, the artifacts were displayed at Hillsboro's Carnegie Library. In 1956, the Washington County Historical Society was incorporated.
In 1962, the society looked at using Shute Park as a possible home for their museum, temporarily moved their collections to the park's pavilion. Then in 1975 the county decided to start a formal history museum. From 1975 to 1987, Washington County owned and operated the museum. During that time the museum was in downtown Hillsboro, Oregon, at the Heidel Home.
In 1982, a new museum was built at the Portland Community College (PCC) campus at Rock Creek, and it opened in January 1983. Then in September 1987 the Washington County Historical Society took over operations at the museum. In 2007, the museum began a $1.7 million expansion of the facility to more than double the size of the museum. The museums annual fundraiser featured Oregon State Beavers basketball coach Craig Robinson as the master of ceremonies in 2009 and raised around $90,000 for the museum.
2012 move.
In 2012, the museum moved into a space at the Hillsboro Civic Center, in a return to downtown Hillsboro, with the first exhibits at the new location opening in November 2012. The new space covered on the second floor in the commercial portion of the center. After signing a fifteen-year lease, the museum was set to complete $1.5 million in improvements to both the new space and the former location at PCC. At the time of the opening of the Civic Center space, museum officials said a lot of work to prepare the new site for the regular exhibits remained to be undertaken, and that it was likely to be 2014 before all of the exhibits were moved from PCC to downtown Hillsboro, with the then-new space in downtown to be used mainly for temporary, special exhibits in the meantime. One of the first of these was a traveling NASA exhibit of the Hubble Space Telescope.
The former museum building at PCC underwent renovations in 2014–2015, and continued in use as a repository for the county archives and an historical research facility.
After the departure of the exhibit "Hubble Space Telescope: New Views of the Universe" in May 2013, a new featured exhibit on the history of the development of the Silicon Forest in Washington County was installed, opening in April 2014. An exhibit exploring the history of the Bracero Program was also a featured exhibit. To coincide with the inaugural season of the Hillsboro Hops minor league baseball team, the museum opened an exhibit in June 2013 spotlighting the history of baseball in the county.
The museum fired director Sam Shogren in June 2014; the director in 2016 was Mark S. Harmon. The museum closed for several weeks in February 2015 to retrofit exhibit walls for seismic upgrades.
2017 move.
In September 2017, the museum's board voted to leave the Hillsboro Civic Center location in downtown and move its exhibits back to PCC Rock Creek. The increase in attendance that the 2012 move to downtown Hillsboroa higher-profile, more accessible locationhad been expected to generate failed to materialize. The museum closed permanently at the Hillsboro Civic Center in September and reopened at PCC Rock Creek on October 25, 2017.
2020 rebrand.
In January 2020, the Washington County Museum was renamed Five Oaks Museum, in honor of a local historic site.
Details.
The museum received 5,000 visitors annually at the PCC Rock Creek campus location's facility. When located at the Hillsboro Civic Center, the museum operated a small store, selling books about local history, historical toys, and an assortment of other small gift items. The PCC Rock Creek location is the Robert L. Benson Research Library with over 25,000 images, more than 1,400 maps, and over 500 books along with other historical records and newspapers. The Rock Creek location also serves as the collection storage facility housing over 40,000 artifacts and items of historical significance to the County's history, and is open by appointment only.
Collections, exhibits, programs.
On exhibit at the museum's PCC Rock Creek site is the original Washington County Jail built in 1853. This structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places from 1986 until 2008. Previously located at the county fairgrounds, the structure was rehabilitated and moved to the museum in 2004. The by jailhouse was originally located inside the museum, but was moved outside when the museum was expanded in 2007.
Other artifacts in the collections range from everyday items such as sewing machines, to a wedding dress of a local prominent family. The museum's other exhibits include "This Kalapuya Land" that focuses on the Native Americans of the area, "Washington County in a Nutshell" that features artifacts from throughout the county's history, and a changing exhibit along with visiting collections. Visiting exhibits have included "Oregon is Indian Country" from the Oregon Historical Society, among others.
Formerly, the museum hosted an annual plowing event named the Draft Horse Plowing Exhibition to demonstrate farming before mechanized agriculture. However, the event has moved to Champoeg State Park. Washington County Museum also educates the local community on the history of the county including use of a mobile museum.


Joe Ben Wheat Site Complex

Joe Ben Wheat Site Complex is a set of archaeological sites dated from AD 600 to 1300 that are located near Yellow Jacket in Montezuma County, Colorado. The complex is also known by its collective site ID of 5MT16722. In 2004, the Joe Ben Wheat Site Complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Discovery.
A farmer named Mr. Stevenson found a piece of pottery at the site of a house that had burned down near the town of Yellow Jacket, Colorado. In 1953 he sent the pottery to Joe Ben Wheat, Curator of the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History. Wheat recognized that the pottery was probably dated AD 500-750 and accepted an offer from Stevenson to investigate the property in the Mesa Verde region of southwestern Colorado.
Excavation.
Wheat performed eight excavations at the three sites that make up the Joe Ben Wheat Site Complex.
Stevenson Site (5MT1).
Stevenson Site (Site ID 5MT1) is a small Basketmaker III Era village (AD 675–700) of 4 semi-subterranean dwellings, arranged in two semi-circular arcs, with 28 pit-rooms that were used for work rooms and storage. In the center of the arcs were plazas. A large open-air ramada is also located at the site.
Also known as the "Stevenson Site" after the farmer who had found the pottery, Wheat changed the original name to a methodical name using the Smithsonian nomenclature, 5MT1, which consists of: 1) the number "5" for the state of Colorado, 2) the two letter abbreviation of "MT" for Montezuma County, and 3) a sequentially assigned site number, "1" for the first excavation.
Porter Pueblo (5MT2).
Porter Pueblo (Site ID 5MT2) consists of 3 or 4 dwelling groupings from Pueblo II Era through Pueblo III Era (AD 1060-1280).
Site 5MT3.
Site 5MT3. The largest of the three sites excavated, it is multi-component pueblo with occupation components dating between AD 600 and 1300. The site consists of four [[pit-house]] structures with associated storage rooms. The site was abandoned for three centuries then became occupied again.
Wheat's work at Yellow Jacket spanned over 30 years (1954–1991). These three sites, 5MT1-3, had unusual and interesting features never been seen before and were a great discovery of the Mesa Verde region.
External links.
[[Category:Native American history of Colorado]]
[[Category:Ruins in the United States]]
[[Category:Post-Archaic period in North America]]


Jane Frazier

Jane Frazier or Fraser was a woman captured by Native Americans in the 18th century. She lived in a log house built in 1754 just beyond the Cumberland, Province of Maryland city limits. On October 1, 1755, while returning to her home from the Fort Cumberland Trading Post several miles away, Jane was captured by Native Americans and taken to the Miami River in Ohio. She escaped and returned 18 months later to learn that her husband John had remarried because he thought that she was dead. Jane’s husband took her back and sent his second wife home to her father.
Ruby Frazier Frey, a descendant, wrote a book called "Red Morning" telling of Jane’s experiences. The Frazier house was destroyed in the 1960s, but a marker designates its location. The former Jane Frazier house was on Route 51, Cumberland, Maryland.
Jane Frazier (formerly Jane Bell and Jane McClain) was born January 1, 1735 in Winchester, Virginia and died April 14, 1815 in Schellsburg, (Bedford Co.) Pennsylvania. In 1754 she married John Fraser (born in 1721 in the Highlands of Scotland, died April 16, 1773 in Bedford, Pennsylvania) and moved to Tibbitts Creek in Maryland. In 1759, John and Jane Fraser moved near Fort Bedford. They had eight children: Benjamin, Margaret, William, James, Jane, Catherine, Mary, and Amelia. After the death of John Fraser, Jane married Richard DeKapt1 (which became Dunlap) and had one daughter: Agnes.
References.
1 Richard Delapt is the correct reading of DeKapt. See Orphan's Court Records, Bedford County, Pennsylvania, Docket 2, p. 23.


Lester Burry

Lester L. Burry (1898–1977) born Safe Harbour, Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland.
A United Church Minister.
Lester Burry was baptized Methodist in 1898 and ordained a minister by the Newfoundland Conference of the Methodist Church in 1924.
The Newfoundland Conference of the Methodist Church entered into union with the United Church of Canada at the time of its inception in 1925, although the Dominion of Newfoundland did not enter into confederation with Canada until 1949
Politics.
Burry was the National Convention Delegate for Labrador from 1946 to 1948. He was the first politician ever elected to represent Labrador. During the National Convention, he was one of a group of Delegates who advocated for Confederation with Canada.
In 1947, he joined the Ottawa Delegation, which visited Parliament Hill to negotiate the Terms of Union for Confederation with Canada. The delegations members (With their districts) were:
Post-Confederation.
From 1959 to 1960, Burry served as President of the Newfoundland Conference of the United Church.


Huron Tract

The Huron Tract Purchase also known as the Huron Block, registered as Crown Treaty Number 29, is a large area of land in southwestern Ontario bordering on Lake Huron to the west and Lake Erie to the east. The area spans the counties of Huron, Perth, Middlesex and present day Lambton County, Ontario in the province of Ontario.
The Huron Tract was purchased by the Canada Company, an agent of the British government, to be distributed to colonial settlers of Upper Canada. Influenced by William "Tiger" Dunlop, John Galt and other businessmen formed the Canada Company. The Canada Company bought one million acres (4,000 km2) of land west of the then London district and called it the Huron Tract. The Canada Company was the administrative agent for the Huron Tract.
An Act of Parliament in 1825 incorporated the Canada Company with the Huron Tract settlement objective as its primary goal. The Canada Company received its Charter in 1826, ceased business in 1951 and was dissolved in December 1953. The administration of the Huron Tract demonstrates the uniquely North American tendency to allocate to private enterprise, functions which would normally have been the Crown prerogative in Britain. Nevertheless, private enterprise and the ruling elite never quite separated in the case of the Huron Tract, the Canada Company and the Family Compact being almost synonymous until after the Rebellions of 1837.
Historic origins.
For 5000 years groups of 25 to 250 Huron, Algonquin and the Ojibwa historically used this land as tribal summer homes for communal fishing and hunting. To protect their way of life, the tribes led explorers north along the Nipissing Passageway. The waterways of Magnetawan River were the traditional access routes to Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River. Outside the Long Wood Purchase, the Crown wished also to purchase a larger tract of land known as the Huron Tract. The Chippewas of Chenail Ecarte, the Ausable River, and St. Clair River negotiated with John Askin, then Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for this tract.
The practice of distribution of Upper Canada land through government agencies began with John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada toward the end of the 18th century. In an attempt to discourage speculation and distribute land according to the prevailing paradigm, Upper Canada was divided into three separate categories: crown, clergy and township. 19 counties where identified with townships contained lots with concession roads.
While the land distribution scheme of John Graves Simcoe worked well for a few years, the issues of settlement became more complex and required more land. Moreover, the issue of Clergy Reserves became a controversial issue. Efforts to streamline the land distribution process resulted in the private enterprise Canada Company, while the Crown pursued the purchase of more Native land resulting in the Huron Tract among others.
Evolution of the Huron Block.
From the land bordering the Lake Huron, the following were selected by the First Nation Chiefs as reserved for their exclusive use:
The Canada Company acquired of the Huron Block, which came to be known as the Huron Tract. The tract, together with the Crown Reserves not leased in townships surveyed before March 1, 1824, formed the lands that they intended to sell.
In 1835, the Huron Block townships were transferred into the following counties:
The townships of the original Huron County have since devolved to the following counties:
The inclusion of the portions of land known as the Clergy reserves was cause for concern in the colony where the decisions about the Huron Tract had been made in isolation in Britain. The Family Compact and the Anglican Church in Canada led by Bishop John Strachan opposed this inclusion. After much lobbying, the influential bishop was able to return the lands to the Church. One of the seeds of discontent that led to the Rebellion of 1837 was sown in this decision.
Township name provenance.
The Huron Tract was divided into 21 townships in 1824. Five townships were named for senior members of the British government: Colborne, Goderich, Hay, Stanley and Stephen. The remaining townships were named for members of the Canada Company Provisional Committee. The exception is Easthope Township which was divided into North and South, as it was felt that the original division was too large. The original surveys were conducted by Deputy Provincial Surveyor John McDonald, although Goderich Township was surveyed by Deputy Provincial Surveyor David Gibson.
Directors Edward Ellice, Simon McGillivray, Hart Logan and Henry Usborne, had lived in Canada at various times.
Edward Stanley, the 14th Earl of Derby visited Canada in 1824.
The following townships were named for the Canada Company's Provisional Committee members of 1824.
Conditions of sale for parcels of land.
No person, except United Englishmen, Loyalists (on the separation of the United States from Great Britain, those who preserved their allegiance to the British Crown and fled to Canada, were entitled to 200 acres of land each, by Act of Parliament), or those entitled by existing regulations to the Government free grants, can obtain any of the waste Crown lands otherwise than by purchase. The sales take place under the direction of a Commissioner on the first and third Tuesday of every month in the different districts. The lands are put at an upset price, of which notice is given at the time of advertising the sale, and the conditions are one-fourth of the purchase-money paid down; the remainder at three equal annual instalments, with interest at 6 percent, payable on and with each instalment: when this is completed, a patent for the lands is issued, free of charge.
The conditions of sale for land in the Huron Tract were open to interpretation. Sir John Robinson, 1st Baronet, of Toronto, an important member of the 9th Parliament of Upper Canada, felt that those persons who automatically became American citizens after 1783 should be required to renounce their American citizenship to qualify as a Loyalist. The opposition, the Colborne Clique, had a different opinion and were able to sway a victory in defiance of the Family Compact and Sir John Robinson's position. This issue is one of many that led to the Rebellion of 1837. Another issue pertinent to the conditions of sale, was who qualified for the Government free grants and who did not.
Plaque.
"Pioneers of the Huron Tract 1828-1928"
Commemorating the life work of the men who opened the roads, felled the forests, builded the farmsteads, tilled the fields, reaped the harvests—and of the women who made the homes, bore the children, nursed them, reared them, brightened and ennobled domestic life in the Huron Tract during a hundred years.
Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada.
Geography.
In 1841, the Huron Tract was with another parcel about to be added that would take the total to over 1.7 million acres (6,900 km2). The Huron Tract would eventually total .
William "Tiger" Dunlop describes the land as loamy, or, sandy loam with a limestone gravel on the verge of the lakes. The whole of the area is characterised as covered with considerable vegetable mold. Dunlop also describes the bedrock as a recent formation of limestone varied with sandstone.
Minerals.
Lakeshores featured detached masses of rock of the Serpentine group. Granite in red, silver and gray were visible. Pyrite or "fools gold" could be seen embedded in clay slate, particularly at Kettle Point.
Rivers.
The major rivers within the Huron Tract are:
Land features.
The ecozone of the former Huron Tract is "Mixedwood Plains". Although very little of the originally heavily forested area still stand, some isolated pockets of the old forest remain. They consist of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, yellow birch, red pine, sugar maple, Quercus rubra(red oak), bassword and white elm. Historically, the southwest area of the Huron Tract contained a small portion of Carolinian forest or deciduous trees.
A large cedar swamp was located in the townships of Ellice, Logan, McKillop, terminating in Hullett.
The largest area is known as the Ellice Swamp and the Gads Hill Swamp. Both are located between Milverton and Stratford Ontario. Ellice Swamp is . Gad Hill Swamp is . Ellice and Gads Hill are primarily owned by the Upper Thames River Conservation Authority; the northern section of Ellice Swamp being owned by the Grand River Conservation Authority
A smaller area is known as Hullet Swamp or Hullett Provincial Wildlife Area. Currently the Hullett Provincial Wildlife Area is along the South Maitland River in the heart of Huron County.
Environmental significance.
The former Huron Tract was once home to significant wetlands, swamps and one of the largest deer yards in Ontario. Presently 3.4% of the former Huron Tract is wetland. Ellice Swamp is a Class 2 Provincially Significant wetland. Of other interest in the area are the Class 1 wetland Dorchester Swamp, the Class 2 wetland Sifton Bog and Golspie Swamp.


Alumni Hall (Vanderbilt University)

"For Confederate Memorial Hall, see Memorial Hall, Vanderbilt University."
Alumni Hall is a historic building on the campus of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. It was built in 1925 in the Collegiate Gothic style and designed by Henry C. Hibbs. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011. The building was renovated in 2013 and is currently used as a student center.


Third Republic of Venezuela

The Third Republic of Venezuela is the reestablished Republic of Venezuela declared by Simón Bolívar in the year 1817, during the Venezuelan War of Independence. The beginning of the Third Republic of Venezuela is attributed to the period after the Guyana Campaign, during which the republicans restored democratic institutions in Angostura. The Republic ended after the Congress of Angostura of 1819 decreed the union of Venezuela with New Granada, to form the republic of Gran Colombia.
Venezuela would become once again an independent republic after its separation from Gran Colombia in 1830, with José Antonio Páez as President.


Camp Chopunnish

Camp Chopunnish was the first major camp on the Lewis and Clark Expedition's return voyage. It is located in Idaho County, Idaho, along the north bank of the Clearwater River, it is now part of the Nez Perce National Historical Park. It was named after Lewis' name for the Nez Perces tribe native there. In the expedition journals it was also called Long Camp (because of the duration of the stay) and Camp Kamiah (for its location).
History.
The expedition departed Fort Clatsop, near present-day Astoria, Oregon in March 1806, after a dismal winter near the Pacific coast. By May 3, they had arrived back among the Nez Perce tribe, but determined that because of snow it was too early to cross the mountains on the Lolo Trail over the Bitterroot Mountains. From mid-May to mid-June the expedition stopped at Camp Chopunnish, stocking food for the mountain crossing.
On June 10 the group moved to a camp on Weippe Prairie in preparation for crossing the Lolo Trail, which, after an initial failure, was crossed in the last week in June.
In 1902, when historian Olin D. Wheeler visited the site, he could still see the sunken circular ring where Lewis and Clark had established their camp. Since that time, however, the integrity of the site has been destroyed. A large sawmill now covers it, and numerous other buildings are located in the vicinity. The area may be viewed from an unmarked turnout on U.S. 12 along the opposite, or southside of the river.


Pathkiller

Pathkiller, (c 1720 to January 8, 1828) was a Cherokee warrior, town chief, and Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. He also served as a colonel under Andrew Jackson in the Tennessee militia during the Creek War.
Warrior life.
Pathkiller (with some backing by Britain) fought against the Overmountain Men and American Wataugan frontiersmen settled in the Washington District at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. Afterward, he joined with Dragging Canoe and the Chickamauga Cherokee faction fighting in the Cherokee–American wars, until the conclusion of hostilities in 1794.
Pathkiller fought for Morgan's "Regiment of Cherokees" commanded by Colonel Gideon Morgan against the Red Stick Indian uprising during the Creek War (October 7, 1813—April 11, 1814), a frontier extension of the War of 1812.
Cherokee national leader.
Pathkiller was the last "hereditary chief" of the Cherokee. He was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation (from 1811–1828).
A description of Cherokee Council sessions was given by the missionary, Ard Hoyt, on a visit to the seat of Cherokee government in October, 1818:
After 1813, the "de facto" authority in the Cherokee Nation had shifted to Charles R. Hicks, who was the first chief of partial European descent. Pathkiller remained chief (in title only) through 1828, basically a figurehead. Pathkiller and Hicks both were mentors to John Ross, having identified the talented young mixed-blood Cherokee of Scots-Irish descent as the future leader of the Cherokee people. After the tribe formed a constitutional republic, Ross was elected principal chief in 1828.
Burial sites.
There is a grave site for chief Pathkiller (died January 8, 1828) in the woods just outside the fenced Garrett family cemetery next to the Coosa River in Centre, Cherokee County, Alabama. This is in close proximity to his known residence at the time of his death and near the former Turkeytown, where he was chief. There is also a second, monument-style table-tomb burial site for a Colonel Pathkiller (died 1827)—which was previously recorded in the region as a tomb of an "unknown Indian"—located in the present day Calhoun, Georgia area, at the site of the old Cherokee town of New Echota.


Vanderbilt University registered student organization non-discrimination policy

Vanderbilt University requires registered student organizations to allow all students to enroll as members and to allow all members to seek leadership positions. The adoption of this provision, commonly called a "non-discrimination policy," has sparked controversy among religious groups. Though federal law provides a non-discrimination exemption for fraternities and sororities, religious organizations are not granted the same exemption.
Background.
In 2010, the Supreme Court passed a ruling declaring that educational institutions can refuse to recognize religious student organizations that do not admit all members into the organization. In November 2010, the "Vanderbilt Hustler" reported allegations that two members of Vanderbilt's Beta Upsilon Chi fraternity were asked to leave based on their homosexual orientation, an orientation prohibited by the Beta Upsilon Chi Code of Conduct. Following this controversy, the university opted to uphold the non-discrimination policy in favor of the homosexual students which sparked a divide among the university's Catholic and Christian student groups. Ultimately, of the 30 Christian groups previously on campus, 17 opted to remain on campus and abide by the policy, while 13 moved off campus.


Timeline of Villahermosa

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Villahermosa in Centro Municipality, Tabasco state, Mexico.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the Spanish Wikipedia."


Fanny Kelly

Fanny Kelly (1845–1904) was a North American pioneer woman captured by the Sioux and freed five months later. She later wrote a book about her experiences called "Narrative of My Captivity among the Sioux Indians" in 1871.
Early life.
Fanny Wiggins was born in Orillia in Lower Canada of the British North America (now Ontario, Canada) in 1845. In 1856, her parents, James and Margaret Wiggins, relocated their family to the new town of Geneva in the soon-to-be state of Kansas. Along the way, her father died of cholera, leaving the family to settle in Geneva on their own.
In 1863, Fanny married Josiah S. Kelly, also of Geneva, a farmer and discharged Union soldier at least fifteen years her senior. Josiah hoped that a change of climate would aid his failing health, so he, Fanny, and her seven-year-old niece and adopted daughter, Mary Hurley set out on May 17, 1864 for the region that is now Idaho or Montana. With them were two black servants, Franklin and Andy, and the Kellys' twenty-eight-year-old neighbor, Gardner Wakefield. A fellow traveler, a Methodist clergyman named Mr. Sharp, joined them a few days later. A couple of weeks after that, William and Sarah Larimer and their eight-year-old son Frank, with whom the Kellys were acquainted, left a large wagon train to accompany them. The party was later joined by Noah Daniel Taylor, who drove the Larimers' wagon.
Captivity.
On July 12, the ill-fated party had crossed Little Box Elder Creek in Wyoming on the Oregon Trail when they encountered a large group of "about two hundred and fifty" Miniconjous and Hunkpapas, reported by Fanny Kelly to be "painted and equipped for war", led by their war chief, Ottawa. By Kelly's account, vastly outnumbered, the immigrants tried to placate the warriors. By the one Sioux account, the Indians had gone to see the white man's "Holy Road" (the Oregon Trail) that they had heard about, met some whites, and ate and smoked with them. While they were eating, a Sioux messenger arrived, reporting that U.S. soldiers had killed some of their relatives on the Missouri River, apparently putting their heads on poles. The Sioux, agitated, then shot some of the emigrants, with Sharp, Taylor, and Franklin being killed immediately. Wakefield was seriously injured. Josiah Kelly, William Larimer, and Andy got away, while the two women and two children were taken captive. Another wagon that happened on the scene by chance sped off, at the cost of one person's life. The Sioux then proceeded to loot the five wagons.
Josiah Kelly and Andy separately made their way to the protection of a large wagon train some miles away, as did the people of the other wagon that had passed by. They later found William Larimer, with an arrow wound to the arm, and Wakefield with three arrows in him, but still alive. After a couple of days, the party made its way to Deer Creek Station, where there was an army garrison.
Meanwhile, the prisoners attempted to escape. The very night of their capture, Fanny Kelly had Mary Hurley slip away in the darkness. Fanny herself tried to follow, but was caught and beaten. Mary's scalped and arrow-ridden body was found a few days later and buried by her uncle. The Larimers did manage to escape the next night. They were reunited with William Larimer at Deer Creek Station. When he had recovered from his wound, the family returned to Kansas.
Her own account of her ordeal.
According to Fanny, she was nearly killed by an old chief for losing his pipe, which she had dropped and broken. She managed to dispel the wrath of her captors by presenting them with some banknotes, telling them of their value. Another life-threatening quarrel ensued when she innocently accepted a gift of stockings from the brother-in-law of the old chief, inadvertently committing a social blunder. Angered, the chief killed one of his brother-in-law's horses. The brother-in-law sought to retaliate by aiming an arrow at Fanny, but a young Blackfeet named Jumping Bear snatched his bow away, aborting the immediate danger to her; the quarrel ended with the chief giving his brother-in-law another horse in return for the one killed.
The band arrived at their home village, only to be attacked by a Union Army force led by Brigadier General Alfred Sully. Fanny was hustled away with the rest of the women and children. Freedom was not to be so quickly gained. After several days of pursuit, Sully's men gave up. When the Sioux returned to their homes, they were so angered at their losses, they threatened to burn Fanny at the stake. At a council to decide her fate, Ottawa spoke up for her, and she was spared. She became Ottawa's "exclusive property". She described him as being "over seventy-five years of age, and partially blind".
One day, a Sioux named Porcupine arrived at the camp, bearing a letter from Captain Marshall of the Eleventh Ohio Cavalry detailing the attempts that had been made to rescue her. Porcupine had been offered a reward to help free her, but he chose not to do so, refusing even to take back a message to the Army.
On September 5, a large band of Sioux attacked part of a wagon train led by Captain James L. Fisk taking settlers to what is now Montana; the attack was repulsed, the whites suffering twelve deaths to six by the Sioux. The Sioux made Fanny exchange letters with Captain Fisk, hoping to get him to lower his guard against further attack, but since the Sioux were illiterate in English, Fanny was able to warn Fisk of their intentions. Fisk tried unsuccessfully to ransom her, but he promised to spread the news of her situation.
The old chief Ottawa went away on a journey, and Fanny was sent to live in another village with an elderly couple. While there, she met and spoke several times with the chief "Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses". She later found out he had been given two expensive outfits by her husband as ransom for her release, but had instead reported to Mr. Kelly that he could not find her.
General Sully had been sent to stop the Indian attacks on settlers beginning in 1862. The Sihasapa became weary of the fighting and offered peace. Informed by Captain Fisk of Fanny's plight, Sully insisted she be freed as part of the agreement, even though the Sihasapa protested she was being held by the Oglala. In November, Sihasapa warriors, including the prominent leader Kill Eagle, went to the Oglala camp to negotiate for Fanny's release, but the Oglala resisted the idea of giving her up. The Sihasapa proceeded to take Fanny away without Oglala permission. When the Oglala pursued them to reclaim her, the two groups parleyed. It was eventually agreed that the Sihasapa would be allowed to keep Fanny.
Fanny was taken to a Sihasapa village. She found out that other groups, having learned of the reward offered for her return, had been trying to buy her. White traders in four wagons came to purchase her release at one point; all but one were killed. Fanny began to fear that the Sihasapa intended to attack Fort Sully and not give her up after all.
One day, Jumping Bear, who had protected her when she was first captured, visited her, reminding her that he had saved her life, and saying he wanted to be "more than a friend" to her. Fanny asked him to take a letter from her to General Sully; he reluctantly agreed. In the letter, she warned of a planned attack using her return as a ruse to gain entry to the fort. Though Fanny never saw Jumping Bear again, the letter he delivered for her led to her eventual release.
A large contingent of Sihasapa warriors took her to Fort Sully, a journey of some two hundred miles. On December 9, a group of eight to twelve chiefs escorted her into the fort; the gates were shut behind the small party, precluding the attack that Fanny believed to have been planned. Fanny was free, after five months of captivity. Two months later her husband joined her at Fort Sully, and confirmed to her that their daughter was dead.
Alternate account.
According to several books, Fanny did not live with the aged Ottawa. Despite her claim that "I had never suffered from any of [the Oglallas] the slightest personal or unchaste insult", by other accounts, she was sold to a Hunkpapa Sioux named Brings Plenty to be his wife. So pleased was he with her docile demeanor, especially compared to Sioux women, that he named her "Real Woman", and it was only with great difficulty that Fanny was prised away from him by no less than Sitting Bull. In this version of events, Fanny was returned safely to Fort Sully under Sitting Bull's protection.
Later life.
Fanny and her husband returned to Geneva, then moved, first to Shawneetown, then to Ellsworth, Kansas. There, an outbreak of cholera claimed Josiah Kelly, who succumbed on July 28, 1867. Their child was born after Josiah's death.
She was persuaded to go live with the Larimers, who had settled in Wyoming. While there, however, she claimed her manuscript was stolen for the purpose of plagiarism. Sarah Larimer published a book about her own brief experience in 1870 called "The Capture and Escape; or, Life among the Sioux". Fanny had to resort to litigation.


Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)

Isaac Daniel Roosevelt (September 29, 1790 – December 24, 1863) was an American businessman and the paternal grandfather of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Early life.
Isaac Daniel Roosevelt was born on September 29, 1790 in New York City, He was the son of businessman and politician James Roosevelt (1760–1847) and Maria Eliza Walton (1769–1810), the daughter of Admiral Gerard Walton (d. 1821) and a descendant of Wilhelmus Beekman, who was the treasurer of the Dutch West India Company, Mayor of New York City, Governor of Delaware from 1653 to 1664, and Governor of Pennsylvania from 1658 to 1663.
His paternal grandparents were merchant and politician Isaac Roosevelt (1726–1794), a New York State Assemblyman and the New York State Constitutional Convention, and Cornelia Hoffman. He was the 3x-great-grandson of the first Roosevelt in America, Claes Maartenszen Van Rosenvelt (d. 1659).
Personal life.
In 1825, he married Mary Rebecca Aspinwall (1809–1886), daughter of John Aspinwall (1779–1847) and Susan Howland (1779–1852). They had two sons:
He died on December 24, 1863, at the age of 73 in Hyde Park, New York.
Descendants.
His eldest son, James Roosevelt I, was the father of diplomat James Roosevelt Roosevelt (1854–1927), with Howland, and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882– 1945), with Delano. Younger son, John Aspinwall, was the father of tennis players Grace Walton Roosevelt (1867–1945) and Ellen Crosby Roosevelt (1868–1954).
Legacy.
Roosevelt's house at the center of his Rosedale estate, is known today as the Isaac Roosevelt House and still stands on Riverview Circle in Hyde Park. The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, along with a cottage and boathouse on the Hudson River nearby.


Mary Philipse

Mary "Polly" Philipse (July 3, 1730–1825) was the middle daughter of Frederick Philipse II, 2nd Lord of Philipsburg Manor of Westchester County, New York. Of Anglo-Dutch extraction, she was a wealthy heiress, possible early love interest of George Washington, and New York City socialite. Married to an ex-British army colonel, her Loyalist sympathies in the American Revolution reshaped her life.
At the age of 22 she inherited one-third of her father's roughly "Highland Patent", which sprawled from the Hudson Highlands on the west bank of the lower Hudson River to the Connecticut Colony in the east.
In 1758 she married in New York Englishman Roger Morris (January 1727 – September 1794), who had fought extensively in the French and Indian War.
With Roger's appointment to the Governor’s Council of the Province of New York the couple became pillars of the local establishment. A year after their marriage Morris had a large country estate, "Mount Morris", built in northern Manhattan between the Hudson and Harlem rivers in what is now Washington Heights.
The family lived there until 1775. Roger fled to England at the onset of the Revolution. In October, 1779, the New York Act of Attainder, or Confiscation Act named landowners who acted injurious to the state, declared them guilty of "overt acts of high treason," and stated they shall "suffer death" without the right of judicial recourse. Only three women were named traitors in the American Revolution, convicted under this New York law of "high treason". Mary (Philipse) Morris was one of them. The United States Constitution later forbid legislative bills of attainder: in federal law under Article I, Section 9, and in state law under Article I, Section 10. In 1779, the government of the Colony of New York seized both Morris' personal property and Mary's inheritances. Mary escaped to England at the close of the war. Despite assurance of restitution in the 1783 Treaty of Paris no compensation was forthcoming. The family relocated to England.
It was later found that a provision in the couple's prenuptial agreement creating a life trust transferable to their children had protected her Highland Patent inheritance from the 1779 bill of attainder. In 1809 the Morris heirs finally received from John Jacob Astor £20,000 sterling for their rights to the disputed lands.
Mary died in York, England at the age of 96. A monument is erected over her grave at St Saviour’s Church there.
Highland inheritance.
Mary was, along with her elder brother Philip, older sister Susanna (1727–1822), and younger sister Margaret (1733-1752), a one-quarter heir to the roughly "Highland Patent" of her father (later to become known as the Philipse Patent, and in time today's Putnam County of southeastern New York).
Margaret Philipse died intestate, and her share of the Patent was equally divided among her named living siblings. A redistribution of the land among them was done in 1754.
The Washington legend.
George Washington was a Colonel in service to the British Army during the French and Indian War, serving from 1753 to 1758.
He was acquainted with Joseph Chew (b. 1725), a Colonial merchant and port surveyor in New London, Connecticut, through Chew's brother Colby, who served in Washington's Virginia Regiment. Chew was a friend of the Robinson and Philipse families. In early 1756 Washington had shared company with then retired Captain Beverley Robinson and his wife Susanna, Mary's elder sister. Mary, known as "Polly", had caught Washington's eye. In 1756-1757 Chew wrote several letters to him, which survive and begat the legend of a doomed Washington/Mary Philipse love. Washington's letters to Chew – or Polly – have never surfaced.
Chew often stayed at the Philipse Manor house, the family seat on the Hudson in today's Yonkers, during his trips to Boston, and visited with Mary at the Robinson home on the Hudson in the Philipse Patent. Among his letters were the following passages:
According to Washington biographer Henry Cabot Lodge, Washington fell in love in apparently short order with heiress Mary Philipse. Douglas Southall Freeman writes a match between George and Polly had been considered a possibility.
Within a year of his mention Mary and Roger Morris were married.
American Revolution.
Morris and his family lived in Mount Morris from 1765 until 1775, when the American Revolution began. A Loyalist, Morris went to England at the start of the war, while his wife and family stayed at the family Manor house in Yonkers. Between 14 September – 20 October 1776, General George Washington used the Morris mansion as his temporary headquarters. There is no record of any communication during the war between Washington and Polly.
Morris returned to New York in 1777, after the city had been captured by the British. In 1779, estates of 58 prominent Loyalists, including the Morris home and Mary's share of the Philipse Patent, were confiscated by the Commissioners of Forfeiture of the New York Colony. Despite assurance of restitution in the 1783 Treaty of Paris compensation was not forthcoming.
After the war.
Before wedding, Philipse and Morris had signed a prenuptial agreement that shared a life lease of the estate between husband and wife, transferred to their children after their death. After the war it was subsequently shown in court that as a result the Morris share of the Philipse Patent was vested in their children and had not been reached by New York's bill of attainder. Unfortunately, a resolution ground along for decades before progress was made.
In 1809 America's first robber baron, John Jacob Astor, bought the interest of the Morris heirs, which included Polly, for this property for £20,000 sterling, then brought suit against the State to recover the lands – or at least the rents due upon them – from the former tenant farmers who had been able to acquire their holdings from the Colonial government of New York for a fraction of their value during the dark days of the Revolution when the Continental Army was desperate for funds.
Astor's gambit failed, but the Morris family was able to retain his payment. It was not until 1832 that Astor was paid some $561,000 by the state of New York to drop his claims.
Family.
The Morrises had two sons and two daughters. Sons Amherst and Henry Gage both served in the Royal Navy, as a lieutenant and rear-admiral, respectively.


William Howe De Lancey

Colonel Sir William Howe De Lancey (1778 – 26 June 1815) was an officer in the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He died of wounds he received at the Battle of Waterloo.
Early life.
De Lancey's ancestors were Huguenots who had emigrated from Caen, France to America following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. His grandmother Phila Franks De Lancey was an Ashkenazi Jew.
Born in New York City, De Lancey was the only son of Stephen De Lancey (1748–1798), who was clerk of the city and county of Albany in 1765, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st New Jersey loyal volunteers in 1782, afterwards chief justice of the Bahamas, and in 1796 governor of Tobago; and who married Cornelia, daughter of the Rev. H. Barclay of Trinity Church, New York. He was the grandson of Major-General Oliver De Lancey Sr. (1708–1785) and a great-grandson of Etienne de Lancey, who became known as Stephen Delancey (1663–1741).
He married in Edinburgh, on 4 April 1815, Magdalene (1793–1822), one of the three daughters of Sir James Hall of Dunglass, fourth baronet (1761–1832), and his wife Lady Helen Douglas (1762–1837), a daughter of Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk. De Lancey and Magdalene had no issue.
De Lancey's father, Stephen, and many other members of the De Lancey family of New York, were supporters of King George III during the American Revolution. The United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Paris officially ending the war in 1783, and as a result the De Lancey property was confiscated and the family was forced to flee to England.
A number of De Lanceys and their friends, including Stephen's family, moved to Beverley, Yorkshire, where William Howe De Lancey attended Beverley Grammar School. The family later resided in London. William attended Harrow School from 12 December 1789 until December 1791. In 1798, his father, who was serving as Governor of Tobago, died at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, while travelling to England to rejoin his family.
Early military service.
De Lancey obtained a cornetcy in the 16th Light Dragoons on 7 July 1792, and was promoted Lieutenant on 26 February 1793. His name appears in the returns for a short time as adjutant at Sheffield. He purchased an independent company on 25 March 1794 and was transferred to the newly raised 80th Regiment of Foot, which he accompanied to the East Indies in 1795. On 20 October 1796 he was transferred to a troop in the 17th Light Dragoons, of which his uncle, General Oliver De Lancey, was then colonel, but appears to have remained some time after in the East Indies.
In 1799 he was in command of a detached troop of the 17th Light Dragoons in Kent, and on 17 October in that year was appointed major in the 45th Regiment of Foot, the headquarters of which were then in the West Indies. He appears to have been detained on service in Europe until the return home of the regiment, soon after which, in 1802, he was transferred to the permanent staff of the quartermaster-general's department as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general. No departmental record of his services is extant.
Peninsular War.
De Lancey was stationed for some time at York and in Ireland, and afterwards proceeded to Spain, and as assistant quartermaster-general, and later as deputy quartermaster-general, with various divisions of the Peninsular Army, rendered valuable service throughout the campaigns from 1809 to 1814. He was mentioned in despatches for his conduct at the passage of the Douro and capture of Oporto in 1809; at the siege and capture of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1811; and at the Battle of Vittoria in 1813, when he was deputy quartermaster-general with Sir Thomas Graham. After the peace he was created K.C.B. On 4 April 1815 he married Magdalene, second daughter of Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet of Dunglass, and sister of Captain Basil Hall.
Waterloo Campaign.
On the return of Napoleon Bonaparte from Elba, De Lancey was appointed deputy quartermaster-general of the army in Belgium, replacing Sir Hudson Lowe, whom the Duke of Wellington disliked. He arrived in Brussels on 9 May. From the moment news reached Wellington that the French had crossed the border De Lancey was busy. Although invited, he and his wife, who had arrived a day or two before, were unable to go to the Duchess of Richmond's ball. On the 17th when the allied army retreated from Quatre Bras to Waterloo he allocated the positions that the troops were to occupy by ordering stakes placed in the ground where the regiments were to be for the next day's battle, which according to S. G. P. Ward writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was "to the rear, apparently, of the ground originally chosen by the duke".
On 18 June 1815, during the Battle of Waterloo, while he was talking to the Duke of Wellington, De Lancey was struck in the back by a ricocheting cannonball leaving his skin unbroken but causing fatal internal injuries. Believing him dead, Wellington wrote in his dispatch of the battle that his death was "a serious loss to His Majesty's service, and to me". The Duke of Wellington gave the following version of the occurrence to Samuel Rogers:
De Lancey was taken to a peasant's cottage in the village of Waterloo, where, after a delay of 24 hours due to the misinformation that he was dead, he was tenderly nursed by his young wife. A week later, on 26 June, he succumbed to his injuries, which included eight broken ribs. Magdalene de Lancey left a manuscript account of his last days, which was published in 1906 under the title of "A Week at Waterloo in June 1815". De Lancey was buried in the Saint Josse Ten Noode cemetery, on the Louvain road, a mile from Brussels, and when that cemetery was destroyed in 1889 his remains were reinterred in the crypt under the British Waterloo Campaign Monument in the cemetery of Evere, three miles north-east of Brussels.
"Fair lady's love, and splendid fame,
De Lancey did enthral.
His loyal heart alike they claim,
They sigh to see him fall."
Family.
Magdalene de Lancey married again in 1817 Captain Henry Harvey, Madras infantry, who retired in 1821. She died in 1822 giving birth to her third child. A sister of De Lancey, widow of Colonel Johnston, 28th Regiment of Foot, married on 16 December 1816 Lieutenant-general Sir Hudson Lowe, and was mother of Major-general Edward W. De Lancey Lowe.
Cultural references.
William Howe De Lancey was played by Ian Ogilvy in the 1970 epic film Waterloo.
De Lancey also featured in the BBC's 2015 adaptation of Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell, played by Mark Edel-Hunt.


Alexander McCormick Sturm

Alexander McCormick Sturm (June 23, 1923 – November 16, 1951) was an American artist, author, and entrepreneur who co-founded in 1949, the American firearm maker, Sturm, Ruger & Co. Sturm provided the start-up money and designed the Germanic heraldic eagle that is found on Ruger guns. Sturm came from a prominent Connecticut family, and his wealthy mother was of the McCormick mercantile family. He was a Yale University graduate. Not long after the company had begun to succeed financially and gain traction, Sturm died from viral hepatitis.
Early life and education.
Sturm was born in Westport, Connecticut, to sculptor, author and Yale football star Justin Sturm and Katherine "Kit" McCormick. He had one younger brother, Justin Jr., known as "Dusty". His mother's brother Alexander Agnew McCormick Jr. was a World War I officer and pilot. As a writer and artist, he was known for his two illustrated children's books—"The Problem Fox", and "From Ambush to Zig-zag"—both published before he graduated from Yale; and for his lavish playboy lifestyle. A reviewer for "The New York Times" described "The Problem Fox" as "marvelous", and "a little masterpiece."
While a student at Yale, Sturm liked to dine at the best hotel in town, while other students would eat at the school dining hall. One of his classmates from his undergraduate days at Yale recalled:He would go to New York regularly on the weekends. His clothes were all custom-tailored, and he was a Renaissance type, with all kinds of talent. An artistic sense, a true brilliance, were in his genes. Alex was a voracious collector: guns, canes, swords, heraldry.Although Sturm preferred to stay indoors, he was an accomplished polo player.
Co-founds "Sturm, Ruger & Co.".
He is perhaps best known today for his $50,000 seed-money investment in co-founding Sturm, Ruger & Co. in 1949 that was prompted by his interest in guns and his friendship with William Batterman Ruger. Ruger provided the technical know-how as a gunsmith, and business acumen; Sturm provided the Germanic heraldic-based red eagle logo and all of the financial backing necessary for starting the fledgling firearms business.
Ruger once stated,I remember Sturm and I going to New York. We invited Warren Page of "Field & Stream" magazine to join us for lunch so we could tell him about the pistol. Page was looking forward to meeting Alex; he expected an impressive person, which Alex was, but not in the way Page expected him to be. Alex was an odd fish in those days. He had a beard, wore green suits with all sorts of bells and whistles on them — cuffed sleeves and so on — and he had a marvelous manner. He gave you the general impression of being a prewar German baronial type. He was actually a very artistic and sensitive person, but he also looked like a bull in the woods and was quite strong.
Marriage.
During World War II, Sturm was an officer with the Office of Strategic Services in Washington D.C. While in D.C., he met Paulina Longworth, the daughter of Alice Roosevelt Longworth.
Sturm and Longworth married in 1944, with his brother Dusty serving as best man. They had one daughter, Joanna Mercedes Alessandra Sturm, born in 1946. Longworth had helped launch Sturm, Ruger & Co., stuffing envelopes with Sturm on Sunday afternoons, and giving moral support to the two partners. The couple lived in Sturm's home in Westport, which was situated near his parents' house on property that the family owned.
Death.
Sturm became seriously ill in 1951 with viral hepatitis and died after a ten-day stay in the hospital. He was 28 years old. The Sturm, Ruger trademark, which had been a red eagle, was changed to a black eagle by his friend Bill Ruger to mourn the death of his business partner.
Sturm's wife died in January 1957, at the age of 31, from an overdose of sleeping pills. Their daughter was raised by Paulina's mother, Alice Roosevelt Longworth.


James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict

The James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict refers to the resistance by James Bay Cree to the James Bay Hydroelectric Project and the Quebec Government, beginning in 1971.
The First Phase.
The Quebec government announced plans in April 1971 for a hydroelectric project in the Baie-James region of northern Quebec. It followed typical practice of neither informing the Cree people living in the area, nor estimating the consequences of the development as far as they were concerned. The Cree decision to present a unified front in negotiations in order to protect their lands and future autonomy provided the foundation for increased contact between the different communities and the start of a regional identity for the James Bay Cree.
The Quebec Association of Indians, an "ad hoc" association of native northern Quebecers, won an injunction on 15 November 1973 blocking the construction of the hydroelectric project. They were represented by their lawyer James O'Reilly, who became one of the foremost experts in Indian law. The day after the Malouf judgement was issued, two appeals were launched, one against the merits of the Malouf judgement and one an application to the effect that the Malouf judgement should be suspended pending the hearing. One week later the Court of Appeal of Quebec heard the case. The three judges, Lucien Tremblay, Jean Turgeron, and P.C. Casey, suspended the Malouf judgement until the Court of Appeal was ready to hear the case. In 1974 the Court of Appeal overturned the Malouf judgement. Although the judgement was suspended seven days later and overturned in 1974, the Malouf judgement confirmed Quebec's legal obligation to negotiate a treaty covering the territory, even as construction proceeded.
The Grand Council of the Crees, representing the Cree villages of Northern Quebec, was created in 1974 to better protect Cree rights during negotiations with the governments of Quebec and Canada.
The governments of Canada and Quebec and representatives from each of the Cree villages and the most of the Inuit villages signed the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement on November 11, 1975. The Agreement offered, for the first time, a written contract which explicitly presented the rights of indigenous people. The result of the hydroelectric treaty became an example for future conflicts in other communities with issues of the same nature. It allowed hydroelectric development on Cree lands in exchange for financial compensation, greater autonomy, and improvements to health care, housing, and educational services. The Agreement strengthened the social and political position of the Cree, but drove a split between them and other native groups by establishing what was seen as an undesirable precedent by which native land claims could be resolved. The intention of the Cree was not to 'sell out' and sacrifice a part of their Cree culture to compensate for their place in Canadian society, but to secure and uphold as much of their rooted lifestyle and land as possible, maintaining the power of their native traditions while carefully amalgamating into the economically dominant society.
Even during these negotiations, construction of roads and dams for the hydroelectric projects never stopped for an appreciable length of time. The Cree had no legal way of stopping or suspending this development, so even if they had succeeded in obtaining complete recognition of their claims, much of the land would have already been flooded. They were well aware of the fact that the damage to their culture and land was inevitable, and desired reimbursement for its repair. Unfortunately, the federal and provincial governments repeatedly failed to fulfil the monetary promises made in the Agreement, and the Cree were forced to use their own compensation money for improvements, such as those to basic water and sewage systems, that would otherwise have waited a long time for a solution.
The new village of Chisasibi, on the southern shore of La Grande River, replaced the Fort George settlement on an island at the mouth of the river in 1981. The Fort George settlement itself had been home to people forced to relocate by earlier hydroelectric development.
The construction of first phase of the James Bay Project was completed in 1986.
The Second Phase.
In 1986 the Quebec government announced plans for the second phase of the project. The Grande-Baleine hydroelectric project involved the creation of three power plants and the flooding of about 1,700 square kilometres of land (3% of the Grande-Baleine watershed) upstream from the Whapmagoostui village.
The Grande-Baleine project represented a source of employment for the citizens of Quebec, and an alteration to the local ecosystem to environmentalists. For the Cree and Inuit in the area, however, the project would not only cause serious change to the environment, but would also have a social impact. Attempts to estimate the social impact of the hydroelectric projects (usually included within the environmental assessment) are complicated by unresolved dilemmas such as whether the changes were caused by the project itself or if they were beginning to happen before the project came to fruition.
With the Grande-Baleine project, the Cree community of Whapmagoostui found themselves facing new social changes that they had avoided up to that point. Unfortunately for the community, Hydro-Quebec and the sector of the government most involved in the project took the position that any social effects on the communities were not their problem, and would not impact decisions made regarding the project.
The Cree and Inuit worked together with environmentalists to protest the development, but the debate of the Grande-Baleine project was reduced to the issue of political power (whether the Inuit and Cree were to be allowed to exercise their interests in the development and what form it would take), instead of accommodating other (non-political) interests.
In 1991, under the direction of Grand Chief Matthew Coon Come, the Cree launched a very visible protest of the Grande-Baleine project in New York City.
Following agreements in 1989 and 1992 with the Governments of Canada and Quebec, a new Cree village, Oujé-Bougoumou, was created in 1992 for the 600 Cree of the Chibougamau area.
The Quebec government canceled the Grande-Baleine hydroelectric project in 1994, in part due to public concern about its potential impact on the environment and on First Nations communities.
Continuing Impact.
The Cree and the Government of Quebec signed the landmark Agreement Respecting a New Relationship Between the Cree Nation and the Government of Quebec, also known as La Paix des Braves, in 2002. Far more than an economic deal, this was seen as a "nation to nation" agreement. The agreement paved the way for the construction of a final element of the original James Bay Project, the Eastmain-1 power station.
The Cree and the Government of Quebec signed an agreement in 2004 providing for the joint environmental assessment of the Rupert River Diversion. The Rupert River Diversion was approved in 2007 and construction began.


Apostolic Prefecture of the United States

The Apostolic Prefecture of the United States () was the earliest Roman Catholic ecclesiastical jurisdiction to be officially recognized after the United States declared independence in 1776.
Previous British jurisdiction and American independence.
Before and during the American Revolutionary War, the Catholics in the Thirteen Colonies (not including Canada) were under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the bishop of the Apostolic Vicariate of the London District in England.
The war was formally ended by the Treaty of Paris, which was signed on September 3, 1783, and was ratified by the Congress of the Confederation (of the newly independent United States of America) on January 14, 1784, and by King George III of Great Britain on April 9, 1784. The ratification documents were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784. A petition was sent by the Maryland clergy to the Holy See, on November 6, 1783, for permission for the missionaries in the United States to nominate a superior who would have some of the powers of a bishop.
Nomination of John Carroll.
In response to that, Father John Carroll—having been elected by his brother priests—was confirmed by Pope Pius VI, on June 6, 1784, as Superior of the Missions in the thirteen United States of North America, with power to give the sacrament of confirmation. This act established a hierarchy in the United States and removed the Catholic Church in the United States from the authority of the Vicar Apostolic of the London District.
Approval by the Holy See.
The Holy See then established the Apostolic Prefecture of the United States on November 26, 1784.


Dallen Bounds

Dallen Forrest Bounds (August 9, 1971 – December 23, 1999) was an American serial killer. After killing two acquaintances, he barricaded himself with two women and ultimately committed suicide. Law enforcement officers have closed four murders in the Greenville and Pickens counties of South Carolina, and officials in the state of Washington suspect he was involved in several other murders.


Boerum Hill

Boerum Hill (pronounced ) is a small neighborhood in the northwestern portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, bounded by Schermerhorn Street to the north and Fourth Avenue to the east. The western border is variously given as either Smith or Court Streets, and Warren or Wyckoff Streets as the southern edge.
Smith Street and Atlantic Avenue are the neighborhood's main commercial districts. The Brooklyn High School of the Arts is in the neighborhood on Dean Street and Third Avenue. The neighborhood is part of Brooklyn Community District 2 and is served by the NYPD's 84th Precinct.
History.
Boerum Hill is named for the colonial farm of the Boerum family, which occupied most of the area during early Dutch settlement. According to the 1790 census, John Boerum's family owned at least two enslaved people.
Most of the housing in Boerum Hill consists of three-story row houses built between 1840 and 1870. Despite the "hill" in the name, the neighborhood is relatively flat; some parts sit atop former marshes that bordered Gowanus Creek. In the 1950s, all the neighborhoods south of Atlantic Avenue and west of Prospect Park were known generically as South Brooklyn. Boerum Hill in particular was sometimes called "North Gowanus." The name "Boerum Hill" was coined in early 1964 by Boerum Hill Association founder Helen Buckler, referencing the name of the colonial farmers.
From the early 1970s until about 2003, Boerum Hill was populated mostly by working class and middle-class families. In recent decades, since about the late 1990s, gentrification has changed the neighborhood to one of mostly upper-class individuals, though working-class families still reside in the immediate area.
In the early twentieth century, many of the buildings were run as boarding houses. Nearby was the union hall for ironworkers, who came to the city to work on bridges and skyscrapers. The north end of Smith Street was the center of New York City's Mohawk community, who came mostly from "Akwesasne" and "Kahnawake", Mohawk reserves in Quebec, Canada. (Akwesasne extends across national boundaries into New York state.) Many of the Mohawk men were ironworkers, while their wives worked at a variety of jobs and created the community for their families. For 50 years, the Mohawk families called their neighborhood "Little Caughnawaga," after the homeland of Kahnawake. Many families would travel back to Kahnawake in the summer.
The Boerum Hill Historic District was first recognized and designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on November 20, 1973, after many years of advocacy by the Boerum Hill Association. The Boerum Hill Historic District was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Many of its buildings are landmarked.
In 2012, Boerum Hill had the sixth highest neighborhood median home prices among all New York City neighborhoods, and the highest of any neighborhood outside Manhattan.
Culture.
Boerum Hill is known for its independent boutiques, restaurants and rows of brownstones. Boerum Hill is home of many artists who own art galleries in the neighborhood, including the "invisible dog" exhibition. Boerum Hill is home to many young families, and biking is popular in the neighborhood and nearby Prospect Park. The abundant cultural offerings (including The Invisible Dog Art Center, Roulette, Issue Project Room, and BAM), the thriving Smith Street restaurant row and Atlantic Avenue Design district.
The neighborhood has been featured in several contemporary creative works. It is the setting of Spike Lee's movie, "Clockers" (1995), which was filmed in the Gowanus Houses. It is the setting for two of Jonathan Lethem's novels: "Motherless Brooklyn" (1999), a crime mystery set on Bergen Street between Smith and Hoyt streets; and "The Fortress of Solitude" (2002), set primarily on one block in Boerum Hill (Dean Street between Nevins and Bond streets).
Library.
The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL)'s Pacific branch is at 25 Fourth Avenue near Pacific Street. Opened in 1905, it is Brooklyn's oldest Carnegie library.
Media.
WBAI 99.5 FM, a non-commercial, listener-supported radio station part of the Pacifica Network has studios and offices at 388 Atlantic Avenue.


History of green policies in Vancouver

1940–1950.
Post War II – Italian and Greeks build the water and sewage infrastructure for the city
1970–1980.
Heritage Preservation Act (Provincial NDP introduces this)
Development of South West False Creek
1980–1990.
Post Expo – high density urban development plan
Gordon Campbell elected Mayor – puts greater focus on the regional district


John Schuyler Crosby

John Schuyler Crosby (September 19, 1839 – August 8, 1914) (usually referred to as J. Schuyler Crosby) was an American military officer and government official. He was most notable for his service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. After leaving the Army, he served as United States Consul in Florence, Italy and as the fifth Governor of Montana Territory.
The descendant of several prominent families in New York, Crosby attended the University of the City of New York (now New York University), but left before graduating so he could take an extended world tour. Having served in New York's militia before the Civil War, when hostilities commenced he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Union Army's 1st Artillery Regiment. He was later promoted to first lieutenant and brevet captain, and served as assistant adjutant general under General Banks and assistant inspector general under General Philip Sheridan. He remained in the Army after the war, and received brevets as major and lieutenant colonel for his part in defending the U.S. border during the French occupation of Mexico and participation in Custer's campaigns during the Indian Wars.
After leaving the Army in 1871, Crosby worked as an engineer, and designed and oversaw construction of lighthouses, breakwaters, and other marine projects. He was U.S. Consul in Florence, Italy from 1876 to 1881, and Governor of Montana Territory from 1883 to 1884. From 1886 to 1889, Crosby served as U.S. First Assistant Postmaster General, and from 1889 to 1891 he was New York City's school commissioner.
Crosby died in Newport, Rhode Island on August 8, 1914 and was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery.
Early life.
Crosby was born to Clarkson Floyd Crosby (1817–1858) and Angelica Schuyler (1820–1896) in Albany, New York on September 19, 1839. He was a lineal descendant of Pieter Schuyler and the great-grandson of William Floyd, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.
He attended the University of the City of New York (now New York University), but left school before graduation to take a tour of South America, the Pacific Islands, the East Indies, and China.
Career.
Civil War.
At the beginning to the American Civil War he joined the Union Army and, having previous experience with the New York State Militia, was commissioned a second lieutenant in the First Artillery. His initial service was with the Army of the Potomac and he earned promotion to first lieutenant in August 1861. In 1862, Crosby was transferred to the Department of the Gulf and following the battles of Fort Bisland, Irish Bend and Vermillion Bayou was brevetted a captain for gallantry.
From 1863 until 1865, he served as assistant adjutant general under General Banks. During the Red River Campaign, Crosby earned a letter of thanks from President Abraham Lincoln for carrying dispatches through enemy territory to Admiral Farragut. Following the capture of Mobile, Alabama, Crosby transferred to become assistant inspector general under General Philip Sheridan.
Post-war.
Following the war, Crosby remained on Sheridan's staff as aide-de-camp and adjutant general. In this capacity he served along the Rio Grande during the French occupation of Mexico and during Sheridan's and Custer's campaigns during the Indian Wars. During his military service he was brevetted four times for gallantry. Crosby resigned from the army on January 1, 1871 as a brevet lieutenant colonel.
After leaving the military, Crosby went to work as a civil engineer building breakwaters and lighthouses. During this time he help found the Westchester Polo Club and, in 1875, won an international pigeon-shooting contest. On July 20, 1876, Crosby was with Vice-Commodore William T. Garner of the New York Yacht Club on the "Mohawk" when a sudden squall overturned the yacht. He was later presented a medal for his heroic efforts to save lives during the event.
Consul in Italy.
Crosby was appointed Consul for the United States delegation in Florence, Italy by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1876. While at this posting, he assisted the local government in the capture and prosecution of a group of forgers. For his assistance, on June 29, 1881, Crosby was awarded the Order of the Crown of Italy.
Governor of Montana Territory.
Crosby was nominated to become Governor of Montana Territory by President Chester A. Arthur. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 4, 1882 and took office on January 15, 1883.
Upon his arrival, Crosby indicated his commitment to the territory by making over US$20,000 of investments within Montana. Despite this level of dedication, the Republican governor still managed to antagonize the territory's Democratic majority through liberal use of his veto power. The most important example of his veto use was through the blocking of a bill authorizing the establishment of a system of cattle inspections and a cattle commission. Despite the veto, Crosby did take steps to halt cattle with Texas fever from being imported into the territory. Other activities pursued by the governor were a strong anti-crime policy, opposition to polygamy, and an effort to reduce lands held by Native Americans. He also played an important role in blocking cattle interests from gaining control of Yellowstone.
Crosby was an avid big game hunter. In this capacity, while governor, he organized one of the largest big game hunts in U.S. history, including dignitaries such as President Arthur, Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln, Senator George Graham Vest, and Daniel G. Rollins in the hunting party. Crosby submitted his resignation on November 11, 1884 in order to become First Assistant Postmaster General.
Later life.
Crosby held the position of First Assistant Postmaster General until March 1885. After leaving that post he moved to New York City where, from 1889 to 1891 he was the city's school commissioner. After completing his school job, Crosby traveled extensively until 1897. He was also active in the Grand Army of the Republic, Loyal Legion, Sons of the Revolution, and a variety of Washington D.C. and New York City social clubs.
Personal life.
On June 26, 1863, Crosby married Harriet Van Rensselaer (1838–1911), youngest daughter of General Stephen Van Rensselaer IV (1789–1868), who was the last patroon of Rensselaerwyck. She was the granddaughter of Stephen Van Rensselaer III and Margarita "Peggy" Schuyler, the daughter of Gen. and U.S. Senator Philip Schuyler. The marriage produced two children:
During his final years, Crosby suffered from declining health. On January 20, 1913, while he was in his sick bed, one of his servants suddenly became crazed and he was forced to fight off and subdue the knife wielding valet. Crosby died in Newport, Rhode Island on August 8, 1914. He is buried in Section 14, Lot 1 of Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York.
Descendants.
His grandson was Henry Sturgis Crosby (1898–1929), a bon vivant, poet, and publisher who for some epitomized the Lost Generation in American literature, who was married to Mary Phelps Jacob (1891–1970).


Master Lian Tzi

Master Lian Tzi is a Buddhist master in the Vajrayana tradition, lineage yoga master, Buddhist lecturer and published author. She was awarded the 2017 British Columbia Community Achievement Award, for outstanding community service. The British Columbia Achievement Foundation is an independent foundation established and endowed by the province of BC to celebrate excellence in the arts, humanities, enterprise and community service. Master Lian Tzi was recognized for her continuous work on improving the lives of disadvantaged youths, seniors, low-income families and the homeless in Vancouver's poorest neighborhood, the downtown eastside.
Master Lian Tzi is the current President of the Lotus Light Charity Society's Vancouver Chapter. She is also the founding President of Lotus Light Charity Society, an international charitable organization founded in Vancouver, British Columbia in 1993 with over 90 chapters worldwide with each chapter supporting local community causes and contributing to global humanitarian causes such was earthquake and famine relief. The charity’s mandate is education, medical assistance, social assistance, cultural awareness and emergency disaster relief. Master Lian Tzi is the presiding Buddhist master at Lotus Light Temple, one of the oldest Buddhist temples in historic Chinatown in Vancouver, BC Canada. In 2010, she established the Lotus Light Monastery in Richmond, BC Canada.
In July 2013, the Lotus Light Charity Society's Vancouver Chapter organized a public "World Peace & Harmony" charity event to promote the values of peace, harmony, compassion and selfless community service. The guest of honour was The Honourable Judith Guichon, OBC, Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia who was in attendance to deliver the event's keynote speech.
Master Lian Tzi established the Lotus Light Charity Society Vancouver Chapter's "Annual Winter Charity Drive" in 1986 and in subsequent years developed the Sleeping Bag program to distribute sleeping bags and winter care packages to the thousands of impoverished residents and homeless in the local Vancouver downtown eastside community, in partnership with the homeless outreach program of the Vancouver Police Department, BC Ambulance Service and other community service centers. She also established the Worldwide Annual Community Rice Donation program, which has contributed millions of pounds of rice since its inception in 1995 to food banks around the world, and has contributed over 300,000 lbs of rice locally to the Greater Vancouver Food Bank to date. On July 7, 2018, the first Saturday in July was officially declared "Lotus Light Community Caring Day" by City of Vancouver's Mayor Gregor Robertson and marked the charity's 25th anniversary serving the poorest and neediest residents in Vancouver.
A dynamic role model for community volunteerism and philanthropy, Master Lian Tzi continues to serve her community as an esteemed Buddhist teacher, a champion of the neediest members of society and a source of genuine inspiration for her dedication to charitable work through upholding the values of the Lotus Light Charity Society motto: "“through caring and learning, we help to build a better tomorrow”".
Master Lian Tzi has published a total of 16 books in her over twenty years of dharma teaching, and they are as follows: