Basmanny District

Basmanny District () is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. Population:
The district extends northeast from Kitai-gorod, within the radial boundaries of Vorontsovo Pole Street and Yauza River in the south and Myasnitskaya Street and Novaya Basmannaya Street in the north. It also includes the territory of Lefortovo Hospital on the opposite, southern bank of Yauza (between the river and Gospitalny Val Street). Historical Lefortovskaya Square also lies within Basmanny District, on the "northern" side of Yauza.
The district contains Kursky Rail Terminal, historical areas of Khitrovka, Clean Ponds, Red Gates (shared with Krasnoselsky District), German Quarter and Basmannaya Sloboda. It retains memorial buildings of Petrine Baroque, Neoclassicism and Art Nouveau periods. Its history is closely associated with Peter I of Russia, Matvey Kazakov and Alexander Pushkin. The district is home to Russia's largest engineering college, Moscow State Technical University.
History and architecture.
Kitai-gorod to Garden Ring.
Central part of the district, with radial Myasnitskaya Street, Pokrovka Street and Solyanka Street, was gradually urbanized since the 15th century. Central street, known as Maroseika and Pokrovka, was part of a royal route to country estates in Izmailovo and hosted court gardens and nobility; by 1638, 62 of 83 households belonged to upper classes (Sytin, p. 103). At the same time, it was popular among foreigners; however, in 1643 the Church persuaded Tsar Alexey to limit foreign presence and by 1652 all Catholics and Lutherans had to relocate to German Quarter, 2-3 kilometers north-west on the same route.
Most of the area burnt down in the Fire of 1812 and was rebuilt in neoclassical style. Notable 18th-century buildings include Menshikov Tower, a unique Petrine Baroque church that rivalled Ivan the Great Bell Tower in height, and late Baroque Apraksin-Trubetskoy palace (22, Pokrovka Street).
Date of foundation of Ivanovsky Convent (4, Zabelina Street) remains unknown; it was used as a high security prison for state prisoners like Maria Shuiskaya, wife of deposed Vasili IV of Russia, and Darya Saltykova. Present-day cathedral and towers were built by Mikhail Bykovsky in 1861. Nearby Moscow Choral Synagogue (10, Bolshoy Spasoglinischevsky Lane) was completed in 1906.
Armyansky Lane, in the beginning of Pokrovka Street, has been a hub of Moscow's Armenian community since the late 18th century, starting as the base of Lazarev merchant family of Armenian descent. Lazarev's Institute of Oriental Languages, founded in 1814, has been an official school for Russian diplomats since 1827; today, its neoclassical building houses the embassy of Armenia. Nearby Maly Zlatoustinsky Lane was home to Matvey Kazakov's home and workshop (recently demolished).
Southern end of central Basmanny District hides the infamous Khitrovka - former "bottom of Moscow" between present-day Pokrovsky Boulevard, Khokhlovsky Lane and Solyanka Street. Khitrov market, set up in the 1820s, became a flophouse district in the 1860s and a gang land by the 1880s, concentrating thousands of former peasants who failed to adjust to city life. Many original buildings of Khitrovka still stand, although the market and the infamous flophouses were replaced college buildings.
In Soviet period, reconstruction of Basmanny District lagged behind that of western districts. In the 1930s, Basmanny lost landmarks like Red Gates and Assumption Church in Pokrovka, but overall city fabric remains unchanged, with an irregular maze of lanes and two-story historical buildings. Apartment buildings on the boulevards, instead of demolition, were expanded in depth and height, retaining original finishes.
Basmannaya Sloboda.
"Basman" in the 17th century referred to a particular sort of bread supplied to the court and troops, however, historians argue that Basmannaya sloboda was too large for bakers alone. This sloboda occupied the beginning of Staraya Basmannaya Street, while the present-day Novaya Basmannaya Street was known as Kapitanskaya (Captain's) sloboda and housed the officers of "European" troops established by Peter I. Church of St. Peter and Paul in this area was built in 1705–1723 to the draft made by Peter himself, in early Baroque style (the church technically stands in Krasnoselsky District).
Previous rulers travelled to their country estates via Staraya Basmannaya, however, Peter changed this habit in favor of Novaya Basmannaya, adding to the popularity of this street among the nobles. In the middle of the 18th century, when nobility was relieved from compulsory service, both streets were redeveloped with suburban estates of families like Rumyantsevs and Golitsyns. In the 1750s, they commissioned Dmitry Ukhtomsky to build the extant church of Martyr Nikita, the largest example of Baroque architecture in Moscow.
The area burnt down in 1812; some homeowners rebuilt their lots in stone, while others could allow only wooden buildings. Vasily Pushkin, uncle of Alexander Pushkin, owned such single-story wooden house at 36, Staraya Basmannaya. The poet himself was born in nearby Malaya Pochtovaya Street (exact location of his birthplace remains disputed and was previously stated as either 40 or 57, Baumanskaya Street).
In the 1900s-1910s, both streets acquired 5-7 storey apartment buildings in Art Nouveau and Neoclassical Revival styles. Most notable is 15, Staraya Basmannaya by Vasily Schaub with Fyodor Schechtel artwork and clear Vienna Secession features, built to order of Moscow's only Persian property developer (Naschokina, p. 432). In Soviet period, most of this architecture survived, excluding the blocks near the Garden Ring, which now house Ivan Fomin's constructivist "Tank Engine Building" (Ministry of Railways).
German Quarter.
Original German Quarter emerged between present-day Baumanskaya Street and Lefortovskaya Square in the late 16th century and was repopulated with Europeans of all nations after 1652, becoming then known as New German sloboda. By 1672, it had three Lutheran and two Calvinist churches (Sytin, p. 310) and numerous factories.
Tsar Peter, who grew up in nearby sloboda behind Yauza River, was a frequent guest in this settlement and built a palace for Franz Lefort (which later passed to Alexander Menshikov). The palace currently housed military archives. Present-day old hall of Moscow State Technical University, established in 1830, incorporated this palace, as well as former Alexander Bezborodko palace rebuilt by Domenico Giliardi.
After the fire of 1812, property changed owners, and by 1826 foreigners virtually disappeared from the former German Street (present-day Baumanskaya Street), replaced by local merchants and craftsmen. The district quickly industrialized, especially after Emancipation reform of 1861. Notable additions in the Soviet period were the TsAGI buildings in Radio Street and the numerous expansions of Technical University.
In the late 1990s, the area became the site of Lefortovo tunnel construction, completing the Third Ring freeway. February 23, 2006, a roof of Baumansky market in the center of German Quarter collapsed, killing 56. The land, cleared of rubble, is still vacant, used for storing impounded cars.
Economy.
Tupolev has its head office in the district.
Name.
Comes from Kazan Tatar nicknames Basman 15th-16th centuries in Russia called the bread prepared for the royal court. Word of Turkic origin, from the verb meaning "to push" ( , basyrga): the bread was "printed" on it squeezed the coat of arms.


Once Upon a Honeymoon

Once Upon a Honeymoon is a 1942 romantic comedy/drama starring Cary Grant, Ginger Rogers, and Walter Slezak, directed by Leo McCarey, and released by RKO Radio Pictures. It was nominated for the Oscar for Best Sound Recording (Stephen Dunn).
Plot.
In the days leading up to World War II, Katie O'Hara (Ginger Rogers), an American burlesque performer masquerading as American socialite "Katherine Butt-Smith", pronounced byüt-smith, is about to marry Austrian Baron Von Luber (Walter Slezak). Foreign correspondent Pat O'Toole (Cary Grant) suspects Von Luber of being a Nazi sympathizer and tries unsuccessfully to get information from Katie by deceit, but is warned off by Von Luber.
Undaunted, O'Toole follows the couple to Prague, where O'Hara and Von Luber marry. After the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, the Von Lubers travel to Warsaw, where the Baron sells arms to Polish General Borelski (Albert Bassermann). O'Toole warns the General of the dangers of trusting in Von Luber. When the General tries the weapons he finds out he has been sold duds and plans to notify his government. When the Germans invade Poland, the weapons prove to be defective. Von Luber is arrested on suspicion but warns his young bride not to worry because no one will be able to bear witness against him. Soon after, the General is assassinated along with a young Nazi the Baron has chosen to sacrifice. While the Baron is in jail O'Hara and O'Toole decide to flee the country. However, O'Hara has given her passport to her Jewish maid Anna, so that the woman and her two children may escape the country. O'Hara and O'Toole escape to Norway, Holland, Belgium and Paris, all of which sequentially fall to the Germans with the clandestine help of Von Luber.
In Paris, O'Hara and O'Toole go to have new passports made. They meet Gaston Le Blanc (Albert Dekker), an American counterintelligence agent posing as a photographer. LeBlanc persuades O'Hara to return to the Baron and work as a spy. Von Luber becomes suspicious due to O'Hara's persistent questioning. O'Toole agrees to broadcast pro-Nazi propaganda after the Baron threatens to turn O'Hara over to the Gestapo. O'Toole is then contacted by American counterintelligence who ask him to accept the offer and betray the Baron. When O'Hara is found with LeBlanc, who is shot by two Nazi agents, she is placed under house arrest. Anna finds her in the hotel and aids in her escape. O'Toole goes on the air, but after O'Hara shows up at the studio, he cleverly manages to make it look as if the Baron is trying to overthrow Hitler. Von Luber is arrested, and Pat and Katie sneak away.
They board a ship for America, but Katie later runs into Von Luber on board; the Baron was able to talk his way out of his troubles. Now he is on his way to the United States to continue his subversive activities. They struggle and Von Luber falls overboard. O'Hara tells O'Toole and hesitantly he agrees to tell the Captain. The Captain turns the ship around to search for Von Luber, but when O'Hara says that Von Luber cannot swim, the Captain happily turns the ship back towards America.
Production.
"Once Upon a Honeymoon" was Walter Slezak's first American film.
Reception.
The film was a hit, earning RKO a profit of $282,000.


Spalatro


Dana Complex

Dana Complex is a building complex in Satu Mare, Romania. The structure has two separate buildings linked together by a skybridge. The smaller 7 story buildings has 500 parking spaces and offices and the larger 15 story tower of to have a mall, a commercial area and 127 residential units.


Maaike Braat-Rolvink

Maaike Braat-Rolvink (1879-1959) was a Dutch painter.
Biography.
Braat-Rolvink née Rolvink was born on 12 March 1907 in Arnhem. She studied at the "Kunstoefening" (Art Exercise Academy) in Arnhem. Around 1930 she traveled to Paris and studied with Gaston Balande. She was married to the sculptor (1908-1982). Her work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale "Onze Kunst van Heden" (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. In 1959 she received a silver medal from the city of Paris for her entry to the "Salon Féminin" at the "Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris". She was a member of the "Federatie van Verenigingen van Beroeps Beeldende Kunstenaars" (Federation of Associations of Professional Visual Artists) in Amsterdam. She was also a member of "De Zeester".
Braat-Rolvink died on 23 August 1992 in Amsterdam.


Willem I Lock

Willem I Lock is a monumental lock in Amsterdam-Noord.
Location.
Willem I Lock is just across the IJ from railway Station Amsterdam Centraal. The lock is on the IJ-end of the Noordhollandsch Kanaal, the other end is near Den Helder, where the Wadden Sea and North Sea meet. The location of Willem I lock is explained by the desire to place the IJ-end of the canal as close as possible to the Port of Amsterdam. For this it was built on the headland Volewijck, sticking out into the IJ.
History.
First plan for a lock near the IJ.
In late 1818 an inland waterway connection was established between Nieuwediep and Amsterdam. The complete connection could only be used by barges and small vessels that could lower their masts. However, the northernmost section could also be used by ships which could pass the (later) navy lock at Nieuwediep.
That same year, King William I asked Inspector General Jan Blanken for proposals that would enable ships to reach Alkmaar, and to pass it. The king also asked how ships could reach Amsterdam from there. Jan Blanken made several recommendations. One of the works that he proposed was a lock between Purmerend and Buiksloot near the Tolhuis at the Achterdigting. This lock was not constructed.
Ordering and construction of Willem I Lock.
In 1819 the final plans for the Noordhollandsch Kanaal were made. The year started with the municipality of Amsterdam demanding locks of 40 Amsterdam feet wide for the canal. An Amsterdam foot is 0.2831 m. 40 Amsterdam feet is 11.324 m. An 1819 drawing by Jan Blanked indeed shows such a narrow lock, with fan gates on the large lock chamber. This narrow lock was not constructed.
In June 1819 the 'First proposal for the immediate construction of the Great Amsterdam Canal' proposed the immediate tender of a double lock near Tolhuis at the IJ, in July 1819. On 29 July 1819 the construction of a double lock near the Tolhuis was tendered at the same time as an identical lock at Purmerend. Somewhat later, on 5 May 1820 the works to dig the actual canal, mainly by expanding the Buikslotervaart and Purmerender Vaart were tendered. At the same time the construction of the Buiksloot Flood Gate, at Buiksloterdijk, was tendered.
Already in 1820 the lock was known as Willemssluis, or Willem Lock, after the king. On 19 July 1821 the king visited the locks. It was the first time that water was let into the chamber of the big lock. Near the lock was a tent with models of the locks and other works of the canal. This was the official opening of the lock, but it was not entirely finished. On 4 September 1822 the maintenance of the lock was tendered for 6 years, and in November 1823 the inside of the lock gates still had to be finished. On 13 December 1824 the frigate HNLMS Bellona entered Willem I Lock to commence the first trip on the completed Noordhollandsch Kanaal.
Soon Willem I Lock got facilities like a small harbor on the other side of the Tolhuis.
The passage of Steam Frigate Wassenaar.
In late April 1857 the new, and therefore not fully loaded, steam frigate HNLMS "Wassenaar" arrived before Willem I Lock. She did not fit the lock. Therefore, Buiksloot Flood Gate was closed, and water let in from the IJ, making the stretch of the canal from there level with the IJ. The amount of salt water that entered the polder this way was quite considerable. On 2 May 1857 "Wassenaar" was pulled through.
On 3 May "Wassenaar" then used Purmerend Lock without any problem, even though the two locks were the same size. The explanation that was given, was that at Willem I Lock the water level decreases while the ship went through, while at Purmerend it increases. Which would make that at Willem I Lock the bow and stern of Wassenaar would hit the top of the lock gates. On the other hand the extremities 'naturally' caused less trouble with the rising water at Purmerend. A possible different explanation is that at Willem I Lock the gates were much higher. At the IJ side these were 2.80 m above AOD, and that was again 1.1 m above Waterland level, so the set of gates at the IJ-side would be 4 m high behind "Wassenaar", when she reached Waterland level. The Purmerend gates did not have to keep out the sea, and the lock itself bridged a difference of only 52 cm in summer.
Construction of Willem III Lock.
On 27 July 1856 the government appointed a commission to investigate how the Noordhollandsch Kanaal could be made completely suitable to the needs of commerce and navy. One of the questions it had to answer, was how it could make the Noordhollandsch Kanaal suitable to service the largest type of commercial ship. One of the recommendations of the commission was the construction of a new lock next to (i.e. east of) the existing Willem I Lock.
This would become Willem III Lock of 110 m long, 18.20 m wide and 7.33 m deep below Amsterdam Ordnance Datum. Willem III Lock was ordered on 23 May 1861, and finished on 15 December 1864. It had two consecutive lock chambers of 65 m and 45 m. As long as nothing else was changed on the Noordhollandsch Kanaal, there would never be any need to regularly combine the two lock chambers. However, in case that the already underway North Sea Canal project would fail, the Willem III Lock would already be prepared to become part of a much bigger Noordhollandsch Kanaal.
Rebuilt of Willem I Lock (1864-1868).
On 16 December 1864, only one day after Willem III Lock had been commissioned, Willem I Lock was decommissioned, and cut of by a dam, so it could be repaired. It soon proved that the damage to the lock was indeed as serious as had been deduced from the influx of salt water in the polder. The wooden floor had suffered so much from the shipworm that it was decided to replace it with a brick floor. The damage to the vertical brickwork was also extensive.
The extensive damage also makes clear why the extra Willem III Lock was built. According to J.F.W. Conrad, Willem III Lock had to be build, because the situation with the defective lock exposed the port of Amsterdam to the high risk of a sudden total blockade of shipping. The alternative was to repair the lock, but the defects were so serious, that repairs would also take an unacceptable amount of time.
On 25 June 1868 the small lock was reopened. On 12 December 1868 the large lock was reopened. Meanwhile the names (Willem I Lock) and (Willem III Lock) were officially introduced on 6 October 1864.
Characteristics.
Double lock.
Willem I lock was a double lock. Double locks are rather common to British canals, and are also found in North America. The main objective of 'doubling' is to increase speed, as well as to increase the chance that a ship finds a set of open lock gates. The peculiar aspect of Willem I locks is that it was a combination of a large lock next to a small lock. This was also true for other locks on the canal: Purmerend Lock and Koopvaarders Lock at Nieuwediep.
The locks on the canal faced a special challenge. The Noordhollandsch Kanaal was created by using existing waterways. Its locks had to serve a handful of big ocean-going ships a day, as well as a much larger amount of small boats that already used the waterways before they became part of the canal. For ships, the locks were not double, because they could only use the large lock. Smaller vessels could also use the large lock. However, this was very inefficient. Another aspect of using the locks was that at high tide, it led to the infiltration of salt water in the polders. It's therefore safe to assume that small vessels would seldom use the large lock.
Original dimensions (1824).
The 1824 dimensions of the big lock were: length of lock chamber 72.34 m, width 15.70 m, depth 6.83 m below Amsterdam Ordnance Datum and 5.73 m below Waterland summer level. The length of the lock chamber seems surprising, but it's not the usable length to which ships were able to use the lock. The same writer gives the length of both lock chambers at Purmerend as significantly shorter, i.e. 65.90 m for the large lock chamber. The explanation is in that Willem I lock had a third pair of gates that opened towards Waterland. These were only used when the ebb at the IJ was so (exceptionally) low that it was below the Waterland level. At Purmerend only one of the sets of outer gates opened towards the outside of the lock. Still the length of the lock chamber was a bit different than at Purmerend. In 1864, shortly before the rebuild, this was given as 65.41 m, together with a width of 15.56 m.
Still, the effective length of the lock was smaller than 65.41 m, because one pair of gates swung inside. The area which was not bothered by gates opening to the inside was only 56.86 m long, see 1865 floor plan.
The 1824 dimensions of the small lock were: length of lock chamber 25.05 m, width 5.65 m, depth 3.45 m below Amsterdam Ordnance Datum and 2.35 m below Waterland summer level. The ebb gates of the small lock chamber were behind the gates on the IJ, and therefore did not make the lock chamber longer. On the Waterland side the small lock had fan gates, which can be opened against the high water. This gave the opportunity to drain higher grounds just like a sluice can do, i.e. so lower lying beds get deepened by creating an extra strong current. These fan gates later deteriorated, and were replaced by a set of gates on the outside, slightly lengthening the lock chamber.
1868 Dimensions.
After the rebuilt, the large lock measured 65.08 by 14.75 m with a depth of 6.50 m below AOD. With again three pairs of gates.
The small lock had been made much longer at 50.25 m. It was narrowed to 5.37 m and a depth of 3.25 m below AOD. After the renovation it had lost the fan gates, and had four pairs of normal gates.
Willem I Lock today.
The later Willem III lock has been cut off from the canal, and no longer functions. In 1992 the small lock of Willem I lock was decommissioned. In 1995 the maintenance of Willem I lock was transferred to North Holland province.
The large lock chamber of Willem I Lock is now in use by commercial and recreational vessels. After the lock became a national monument, the province decided in 2009 to restore the small lock for recreational use and use in managing the water. Plans are underway to enable operation from a distance.
External Links.
Willem I Lock in the Rijksmonumentenregister at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands


Bryggen inscriptions

The Bryggen inscriptions are a find of some 670 medieval runic inscriptions on wood (mostly pine) and bone found from 1955 and forth at "Bryggen" (and its surroundings) in Bergen, Norway. It has been called the most important runic find in the twentieth century. Before the find of these inscriptions, there was doubt whether the runes were ever used for anything else than inscriptions of names and solemn phrases. The Bryggen find showed the everyday use that runes had in this area, and presumably in other parts of Scandinavia as well. Another important aspect of the find was that many of the inscriptions were obviously at least as recent as the 14th century. Previously it was believed that the use of runes in Norway had died out long before.
The inscriptions have numbers for Bergen finds, mostly "B" followed by three figures.
Many of the inscriptions follow the formula "Eysteinn á mik", ("Eysteinn owns me," B001), and were most likely used as markers of property - like modern day name tags. Some contain short messages of different types, such as "Ást min, kyss mik" ("my darling, kiss me," B017) and others have longer messages such as business letters and orders. Yet others contain short religious inscriptions, often in Latin, such as "Rex Judæorum In nomine Patris Nazarenus" (B005) and may have been intended as amulets.
The inscriptions are currently kept at "Bryggens Museum" in Bergen, and some are on display.
Bibliography.
Spurkland, Terje (2005): "Norwegian Runes and Runic Inscriptions", Translated by Betsy van der Hoek, Boydell Press, Woodbridge


Roos Vonk

Roosje (Roos) Vonk (Leiden, 4 November 1960) is a Dutch professor (Dutch title: "hoogleraar") of social psychology at the Radboud University in Nijmegen author, and motivational speaker.
Life and work.
Vonk studied psychology at Leiden University. She received her PhD in 1990 for her dissertation "The cognitive representation of persons: A multidimensional study of Implicit Personality Theory, impression formation, and person judgments". In 1999 she became professor at the Radboud University Nijmegen. In addition to her work at the university, she popularized psychology by means of books, articles, and lectures for the general public.
Vonk published on ingratiation, vulnerable egos, impression formation, intimate relationships, power and leadership, self-esteem and self-knowledge. In her research on ingratiation, she showed that we are all very sensitive to this and often do not notice when we are being flattered, even when there is a lot at stake. Because people typically ingratiate those with higher status and can be less friendly towards subordinates (the kiss-up and kick-down pattern), the behavior of people towards those with lower status is seen as more informative about how someone really is - a finding that is applied in recruitment and selection of personnel by Laszlo Bock, head of HR at Google. Vonk also wrote about human weaknesses, such as overconfidence and "emotional incontinence", and ways to facilitate self-improvement. She worked with Kristin Neff, a pioneer in the field of empirical research on self-compassion, and she translated Neff's test for self-compassion to Dutch.
From 2005 till 2008 Vonk was chairperson of animal welfare organisation Wakker Dier. Vonk also regularly writes opinion pieces with criticism on intensive livestock farming in Dutch newspapers. In 2010, she was the initiator and coordinator of a plea for more sustainable livestock farming by more than hundred Dutch professors from all disciplines. The plea described in detail the problems of greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen, animal diseases, and animal welfare.
In August 2011, a press release was issued by Vonk, Marcel Zeelenberg and Diederik Stapel of Tilburg University about an investigation into the psychological meaning of meat. In this they concluded that meat eaters are less social and more selfish than non-meat eaters. A few weeks later, Vonk offered her apologies about the press release, because professor Stapel had used falsified data. Professor Stapel was put on administrative leave on 7 September After an internal investigation, the Radboud University concluded that Vonk was not guilty of fraudulent behavior. However, she was reprimanded for publishing premature conclusions related to data she had not verified.


Old Town Square execution

Old Town Square execution () was the execution of 27 Bohemian leaders (three noblemen, seven knights and 17 burghers) of the Bohemian Revolt by the Austrian House of Habsburg that took place on 21 June 1621 at the Old Town Square in Prague.
After the Prague Defenestration in 1618 and subsequent Protestant uprising of the Bohemian estates against the Catholic Habsburgs resulted in Thirty Years' War and a final defeat in the Battle of White Mountain, Habsburgs took their revenge and executed some of the key leaders of the uprising, although with some others the punishment was reduced and some were pardoned.
Execution.
The execution of the 27 leaders of the Bohemian Estates Uprising began on 21 June 1621 in Prague on the Old Town Square. The executioner was an utraquist, so they could pray before the execution. Joachim Andreas von Schlick was beheaded first. This was followed by the execution of Jan Jesenius, whose tongue was cut out first, then he was beheaded. His body was quartered and the parts impaled on stakes. Jan Jesenius was punished most severely for several reasons: firstly, he persuaded Hungary to break up with the emperor and secondly, he wrote a political-philosophical treatise "Pro vindiciis contra tyrannos" (en: "Can a tyrant be overthrown by people?"). Others were beheaded by the sword; some of them had their right hands cut off first. The members of the Unity of the Brethren were hanged, which was the most disgraceful death for them.
Headless bodies were handed over to the families, who buried them. Twelve heads were put into iron baskets and attached by the executioner to the Old Town Bridge Tower. The heads hung there until the invasion of the Saxon army took place here in 1631.
City clerk Mikuláš Diviš was nailed to the gallows by the tongue for one hour for welcoming Frederick V of the Palatinate on his arrival to Prague. Some nobles involved in the uprising escaped into exile, such as Jindřich Matyáš Thurn. Martin Fruwein z Podolí (, ) was also expected to be executed, but he was found dead before the execution.
Consequences.
Execution was only one of the consequences of the Bohemian Revolt, which failed. Other consequences were the possession of the Bohemian royal crown in the hands of the Habsburgs (now hereditary), which meant another nearly 300 years of their domination. Another major consequence was the subsequent recatholization, and since 75-90% of Bohemians were Protestant, it meant a great emigrant wave (which was the majority of Bohemian intelligence). The German language was made fully equal to the Czech language, so Germanization of the entire population (not only the nobility) was also carried out.
The executioner's sword, on whose blade the names of eleven executed are engraved, is in the collections of Hus House (Husův dům) in Prague. However, it is likely that it is a fake sword, as in the list on the blade is engraved the name of Jan Kutnauer, who was actually hanged.
At that time there was a struggle for balance in Europe, Europe was divided into Catholic and Protestant, absolutist and estates monarchy. The uprising itself triggered a conflict to which the powers were already heading. Execution in the Old Town Square celebrated Spanish-Catholic party the triumph of victory. Eventually, in the Thirty Years' War, there were no winners or losers, leaving only a ruined Europe.


Grote Kerk (Breda)

The Grote Kerk or Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekerk (Church of Our Lady) is the most important monument and a landmark of Breda. The church is built in the Brabantine Gothic style. The tower of the church is 97 meters tall. The plan is in the shape of a Latin Cross.
History.
The first notice of a stone church in Breda is from 1269. In 1410, the construction of the church started with the choir. In 1468, the church was ready but in 1457 the old tower collapsed and between 1468 and 1509 the current tower was built. They continued building until 1547 when the church was finished in its current shape.
In 1566, the Reformation took place and the church was no longer Catholic. In 1637, the church became Protestant.
The tower spire burned in 1694 and the current spire was built in 1702. From 1843 onwards many restorations took place, the last big restoration took place from 1993 until 1998.
The organ in the Grote Kerk of Breda is one of the largest organs in the Netherlands and its history goes back to the 16th century. At that time, the organ only possessed 16 stops. After being displaced several times, the organ arrived at its present location in the church in 1712. After restoration of the church between 1904 and 1956, a new organ was ordered from D.A. Flentrop in Zaandam. In 1969, the new organ was inaugurated.
Nowadays the church also serves as an event hall. Throughout the year there are hundreds of different events being held at the church. With room for 1000 people and in the center of the city, this is an ideal event location. Some of the events are annually recurring and some are just held once. As an example, in 2019 there was a foodtruck festival held inside the church and also a lot of fairs.
Prince chapel.
The Prinsenkapel (Prince chapel) north of the choir is the old mausoleum of the van Nassau-Dillenburg dynasty, ancestors to the Dutch Royal Family, the House of Orange-Nassau. The chapel was built from 1520 until 1525 on orders of the Lord of Breda, Henry III of Nassau-Breda. Seventeen family members are buried in the chapel.
When William of Orange died the plan was to bury him also in the chapel, but Breda was at that time occupied by the Spanish. William of Orange and most of his descendants were buried in the mausoleum in the New Church in Delft.
Vault paintings.
A special part of the chapel are the vault paintings from 1533. The frescos are made by the Italian painter Tommaso di Andrea Vincidor (a student of Raphael).
Restoration.
The restoration of the chapel took five years. In 2003 the chapel was reopened to the public. The vault paintings were completely restored, all adaptations from later periods were removed and the original painting restored.


Eddy Wynschenk

Eddy Wynschenk (July 18, 1927, Amsterdam, the Netherlands – December 16, 2003) was a Holocaust survivor who became renowned throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond for sharing his story, frequently, at schools throughout Northern California. Before the Russian Army liberated Holocaust survivors from the Auschwitz death camp in January 1945, he was forced to go on a death march. During the march he suffered frostbite. Using scissors, nurses cut off his numb, frostbitten toes to save his life at the Dora-Nordhausen camp. Speaking to students, he got angry often, and often cried as well. But sharing his Holocaust story with students became his mission in life.
Early life.
Wynschenk was the youngest of four children whose father was a wholesale dealer in fruits and vegetables. When the Nazis occupied the Netherlands in 1940, Wynschenk’s father lost his business. Wynschenk was separated from the rest of his family after they were arrested in 1943. His two sisters were in hiding, but they turned themselves in after learning their younger brother was without his parents. His sisters did not survive. He arrived in the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands, alone, and then was deported to Auschwitz. Wynschenk never again saw any of his immediate family.
Wynschenk was put to work in Birkenau, the killing facility of Auschwitz. In a speech to the Holocaust Center of Northern California, Wynschenk later described how he was selected to work on the train platform where the Jews first arrived. After large transports of Hungarian Jews were forced off the trains, Wynschenk had to go aboard the cattle cars and empty them of whatever possessions the Jews had left behind, then load what was left behind onto trucks. Afterwards, he was selected to work in a coal mine in Furstengrubbe, an Auschwitz sub-camp.
As World War II drew to a close and Allied liberators closed in upon Auschwitz, Wynschenk was among thousands of prisoners forced from the camp and into a death march by the Nazis. The prisoners wended their way westward. After three days of trudging through freezing mud on their forced death march, and ten more days cramped among many other prisoners in an open convoy, the teenage Wynschenk's toes turned black from gangrene. He was not yet eighteen years old –and weighed a mere 75 pounds– at the end of World War II in 1945, when two nurses cut off his toes. No anesthetic was used, but Wynschenk was so numb that he did not feel anything. His toes were thrown into a fire. Afterwards, his unique gait became easily recognizable.
After liberation from the death camp, Wynschenk returned to the Netherlands, by which time his entire immediate family had been killed. He never graduated from high school. He married four years later, in 1949.
Coming to America.
In 1956, Wynschenk and his wife immigrated to the United States, first to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he worked in a leather factory. The Wynschenks moved to the San Francisco Peninsula in 1957, had two children, and subsequently divorced. Wynschenk remarried, to a survivor of a Japanese concentration camp in Indonesia. Wynschenk worked in the insurance business.
On a mission.
Wynschenk never talked about his past, until after receiving a phone call in 1972 from a religious-school teacher. The teacher had discovered that Wynschenk was a Holocaust survivor from his son, Mike. Few Holocaust survivors were making their stories known at the time. The teacher asked the elder Wynschenk to speak to the class about his story, but he became angry instead, and promptly refused. But then he reconsidered. “He became determined for people to know his story and spoke to many, many schoolchildren over the years,” said Adrian Schrek, of the Holocaust Center of Northern California, “He touched many children over the years.”
Wynshenk received numerous letters from appreciative students who heard him, and many inviting him to speak. “I get goosebumps when I read them. I cry. The kids open up from deep inside. They touch me with their love, power, their strength.” In 1988, he was invited to a middle school in Galt, California, after a student there brought in a newspaper article about him. “Usually I get letters after I talk to schools,” he then told the "Jewish Bulletin of Northern California", but the students had already written him more than a hundred letters. When he and his wife went to Galt, they were welcomed with a banner that said “Welcome, We Love You.”
Wynshenk was awarded an honorary high school diploma in 1989, from Earl Wooster High School in Reno, Nevada, where a month earlier his talk had held students spellbound for two hours.
In 1997, Wynschenk went to tell his story at a church in San Bruno, California, but was confronted by five Holocaust deniers who insisted his story was a hoax. But the audience would have none of it. “The kids stood up roaring, roaring, roaring. Eighty kids, as if on cue, stood up and said ‘Shut up, get out of here,’" according to Wynshenk. The crowd then began to chant, “Eddy, Eddy, Eddy,”
Survivor's guilt.
Wynschenk was haunted by survivor’s guilt, according to Louis de Groot of the Holocaust Center, who described him as “very scarred from his wartime experiences. There were very few people who understood him. He never was able to really conquer the damage that had been inflicted on him. He lived with a lot of guilt.” That his sisters came out of hiding on his account, only to be killed themselves, “was a very big burden that he carried,” de Groot said.
Quote.
“Whenever I talk about the Holocaust, I look to the sky, because that’s where the six million went.”


Stedelijk Gymnasium Haarlem

The Stedelijk Gymnasium Haarlem or the Latin School of Haarlem is a secondary school in Haarlem, Netherlands. The school was founded in 1389 and is therefore one of the oldest schools in the world. The school offers voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (Preparatory Scientific Education) exclusively and is an independent gymnasium enrolling 822 students and 95 teachers, for a teacher/student ratio of 8.6.
Admission.
The Latin School of Haarlem subscribes to a selective admission policy. A prospective student is required to provide for sufficient material e.g. standardized test scores and a primary school teacher's recommendation. The overall score of the National Standardized Test (Cito-eindtoets) most Dutch students take at the end of sixth grade has to be 85%>. If the student in question does not meet the requirements he or she is not eligible for admission.
History.
In 1389 a Latin school was begun north of the St. Bavochurch in the Schoolsteeg. After the Siege of Haarlem when the city council seized all Catholic possessions, the school moved in 1592 to the quarters of the old Dominican Order monastery located behind the City Hall. The current school is still located there on the Prinsenhof, that can be reached via the Jacobijnestraat. It still offers a classical curriculum, including studies in Latin and Greek.
The first rector recorded is 'Meester Gheraerde de scoelmeester' in 1301. In 1389 the city was given the privilege of appointing the rector together with the pastor of the Bavo. The rector was paid by the fees paid by students. He also took in students from outside the city and received extra fees for room & board. From his income, he paid the teachers (ondermeesters) himself. The basis for education was the 'artes liberales', whereby parts of the Trivium were given in Latin and the Quadrivium included music, since the choir boys needed to sing in church. For boys studying theology, Hebrew lessons were given in addition to Latin (Greek only became available from 1522). Students wanting to continue their studies, needed to leave the country before the Leiden University was founded in 1579. According to the archives of the "Heilige Geest", a religious institution formerly located at what is now the Hofje van Oorschot, they had a fund from 1502 to 1577 (the "Satisfactie") for sending good students to Cologne to further their studies there. In 1553, when the school had been run by Junius, they even petitioned Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor for the right to found a university in Haarlem, but this was never answered. After the Satisfactie van Haarlem in 1577, the books of all the monasteries and cloisters in Haarlem were given to the Latin school and the rector Cornelis Schonaeus (1540–1611) took two weeks to draw up the inventory list. This same Schonaeus was the one who was in charge of moving the school from the schoolsteeg to the current location in 1583. He almost lost his job when the council decided to start a "collegie" or university there, but perhaps because Leiden had already been founded, this never happened. He did complete a major reorganization of the school that was then placed in the hands of his successor, Theodorus Schrevelius.
During the years 1864-1875 and again from 1925–1933, the school merged with the Hogere Burger School (Haarlem), due to a decrease in enrollment.
The Stedelijk Gymnasium Haarlem was the last school in the Netherlands where lessons were taught on Saturday mornings. This was finally discontinued in the school year 2000-2001. The Prinsenhof itself is a historic "Hortus Medicus", that used to contain medicinal herbs tended by the students, but is now a grassy garden - with a weeping beech in the middle - tended by the city parks service. A historic statue to Laurens Janszoon Coster that was originally located on the city square, was moved here in 1823 to make way for a new one. Also located in the hortus is a small "peace temple" that was originally placed in 1648 to commemorate the Peace of Münster.
Campus.
The campus is located in the old city center of Haarlem. The Latin School occupies two separate building on opposite sides of the Prinsenhof in Haarlem. This arrangement means that public space is a large part of school life. The complex built in 1865 by J.E. van den Arend is restored recently.
Haarlem Model United Nations.
The Latin School of Haarlem hosts an annual Model United Nations conference which is organised by the Haarlem Model United Nations Organisation: the Haarlem Model United Nations Conference (HMUN). The Haarlem Model United Nations Organisation is a nonprofit organization run by students of the Stedelijk Gymnasium Haarlem and the Board of Directors.
The Haarlem MUN conference is a three-day conference during which students from schools in the Netherlands and other countries are assigned delegations consisting of countries or non-governmental organizations that they will represent during the conference. They do so in various councils and assemblies, similar to the ones of the real United Nations.
In accordance with the policy of their assigned country or non-governmental organizations the students are involved in lobbying, debating, writing resolutions, and all things normally done by adult diplomats.


Zuiderkerk (Enkhuizen)

The Zuiderkerk, also called Sint-Pancraskerk is a late Gothic hall church in Enkhuizen, in the Netherlands, currently used by the Protestant Church in the Netherlands.
History.
In 1422 the citizens of Enkhuizen received permission from John III, Duke of Bavaria, to tear down the old church of Oostdorp, a village outside the Westfriese Omringdijk (the dyke that protects the area) that had flooded. The new church was dedicated to Pancras of Rome, and building commenced in 1422 or 1423 in a patch of reed. It was reported that the building site had to be raised considerably, and that the walls were as high as the foundation walls were deep. It was mostly finished by 1458; the upper part of the 75-meter tall tower was finished in 1524, but by 1595 the tower was leaning six or seven feet and had to be set straight. Church and tower still dominate the cityscape. The tower is owned by the city of Enkhuizen and was restored and renovated in 1992.
One of the church's more notable preachers was Cornelis Cooltuyn, known as the "father of the Dutch Reformation". He became pastor of the Zuiderkerk in 1555, when Balthazar Platander, still loyal to the Roman-Catholic church, was pastor of the nearby Westerkerk. Cooltuyn's was the larger congregation, but his orthodoxy was questioned and in 1557 he was forced to leave Enkhuizen for Alkmaar.
Plans for a reorganization of part of the church were presented in 2012, and in 2014 the expansion was done; it included the reorganization of the space by the Chapel of the Cross, on the north side of the church, and the addition of spaces including a day care and a kitchen.
Paintings.
Biblical scenes were painted on the vaults in 1484, but after the Reformation they were painted over, in 1609, when the church had been taken over by Protestants. The paintings were uncovered in the 20th century.
Pipe organ.
The organ's oldest parts (fragments of pipes and some of the registers) date from the 16th century, and indicate that at that time there was already an organ present. Work was done on the organ in 1593, and in 1621 it was expanded and changed significantly, and the casing dates from that year as well. The three-register pedal board was built in 1688 by Johannes Duyschot. In 1737 the casing was expanded by Pieter de Nicolo. Organ builder Heinrich Hermann Freytag was in charge of an extensive renovation in 1799. The organ was restored between 1988 and 1990 by Flentrop in Zaandam, which restored the organ to its 1799 condition.
Church bells.
The two church bells are tuned C0 and A1. The largest, the C, was made by Geert van Wou in 1509, and its inscription reads, "SALVATOR IS MYN NAEM * MYN GHELUIT SY GODE BEQUAEM * GERHARDUS DE WOU ME FECIT ANNO DOMINI MCCCCCIX" ("Salvator is my name; may my sound please the Lord"). Originally cast for the city's Westerkerk, it was placed in the Zuiderkerk in 1653, and is connected to the carillon. The smaller bell, the A, was made by Pieter and François Hemony, and is inscribed "BENEDICAT TERRA DNM. LAUDET ET SUPEREXALTET EUM IN SAECULA F&P HEMONY ME FECIT Ao. 1648" ("O let the Earth bless the Lord: let it praise him, and magnify him for ever", Benedicite). Until 1936 this bell alerted citizens in case of fire.
Carillon.
The church's carillon was also constructed by the Hemony brothers, and consisted of 52 bells; since then bells have been replaced and added onto. The tuning system is the meantone temperament, which was usual in the 17th century. Of the current 54 bells around 20 date from before 1800. In the beginning of the 20th century a new system to operate the carillon was installed by Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry, which had a keyboard that allowed for more expressive playing with less effort.


Driek van Wissen

Driek van Wissen (12 July 1943 – 21 May 2010) was a Dutch poet. He was born in Groningen. On 26 January 2005 he was chosen as the "Dichter des Vaderlands" (Poet Laureate of the Netherlands), following Gerrit Komrij. In 1987 the Dutch literary magazine "De Tweede Ronde" honored him by awarding him the Kees-Stip Prize for his career work and use of light verse. Van Wissen also published under the pen-name Albert Zondervan. He was a teacher in Hoogezand- Sappemeer at the Dr. Aletta Jacobs College from 1968 till 2005. He died in May 2010 in Istanbul.


List of mayors of Zagreb

This article contains a list of people who have served as mayor or president of the Zagreb Assembly, the capital of Croatia.


Het Grote Songfestivalfeest

Het Grote Songfestivalfeest (English: "the Big Songfestival Party") was a Dutch television concert programme starring artists of the Eurovision Song Contest from the past sixty-four years and a pre-event prior to the 2020 Eurovision Song Contest, which was to be held in Rotterdam prior to its cancellation. The concert took place on 15 December 2019 at the Ziggo Dome, in Amsterdam, Netherlands. Tickets were on sale via Ticketmaster. The event was produced by PilotStudio in collaboration with the Dutch broadcaster, AVROTROS and was broadcast on New Year's Day 2020.
Presenters.
The show was originally planned to be hosted by Dutch Eurovision commentators Cornald Maas and Jan Smit, however the latter had to withdraw due to illness and was later replaced by one of his Eurovision 2020 co-hosts, Edsilia Rombley. Rombley, who represented the Netherlands in the 1998 and 2007 contests, also performed her entries during the concert. Former Dutch spokesperson Emma Wortelboer and Tim Douwsma, and Junior Eurovision Song Contest commentator Buddy Vedder also appeared as presenters during the show to introduce some of the acts.
Performances.
Thirty-one Eurovision acts from seventeen countries participated in the concert.
Withdrawn artists.
The original list of the performers also included Willeke Alberti, the Dutch representative at the Eurovision Song Contest 1994, who missed the show because of an illness. Eurovision winners Finnish hard rock band Lordi (2006) and Russia's Dima Bilan (2008) were appealed to perform, but later they cancelled their participation. Helena Paparizou was also invited, but she couldn't make it because she was having a live broadcasting with "The Voice of Greece". She sent a video message in which she sang the refrain of her 2005 winning song "My Number One".
Broadcasting.
In the Netherlands, "Het Grote Songfestivalfeest" aired on 1 January 2020 on NPO 3 at 20:25 and on BVN at 21:40 (CET). The concert was later broadcast in Greece on ERT1. The first part aired on 29 February, with the second following the next day. The concert also aired in Australia on 10 May at 20:30 (AEST) on SBS Viceland. The concert was known as "The Road To Eurovision 2020: The Winners" and was part of an alternate Australian Eurovision broadcast that took place from 10–17 May 2020 due to the cancellation of the Eurovision Song Contest 2020.


Eduard van Beinum

Eduard Alexander van Beinum (; 3 September 1900 – 13 April 1959, Amsterdam) was a Dutch conductor.
Biography.
Van Beinum was born in Arnhem, Netherlands, where he received his first violin and piano lessons at an early age. He joined the Arnhem Orchestra as a violinist in 1918. His grandfather was conductor of a military band. His father played the double bass in the local symphony orchestra, the Arnhemse Orkest (later Het Gelders Orkest). His brother Co van Beinum was a violinist, and the two brothers performed as a violin-piano duo in concerts. As a student at the Amsterdam Conservatoire, he gained conducting experience with several concerts by amateur ensembles in Schiedam and Zutphen. He also conducted concerts by the choir of the church of St. Nicholas in Amsterdam.
Concertgebouw Orchestra.
Van Beinum was the conductor of the Haarlem Orchestral Society from 1927 to 1931. He first conducted the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam, in 1929. He became second conductor of the orchestra in 1931, under the supervision of Willem Mengelberg. In 1938 he was named co-principal conductor, alongside Mengelberg. After World War II, Mengelberg was dismissed as principal conductor because of controversy over his (still-disputed) behavior and attitude towards the Nazi occupiers in the Netherlands. According to Kees Wisse, van Beinum "detested the Nazis and kept himself as aloof as he could." Van Beinum refused to conduct a 1943 benefit concert for the Nazis, and threatened to resign as co-principal conductor if forced to conduct that event. Van Beinum did receive a reprimand after the post-war de-Nazification activities, but this was not so severe as to keep him from his post with the Concertgebouw. Van Beinum remained as sole principal conductor of the orchestra after the war.
In 1947, van Beinum became principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO), but left after two successful seasons. According to Michael Kennedy in his biography of Sir Adrian Boult, van Beinum was "not well", which led the LPO to seek Boult as a successor to him. In general, van Beinum suffered from health problems, including a heart condition, which left him unable to conduct for much of the 1950–1951 season of the Concertgebouw Orchestra.
Van Beinum made his US guest-conducting debut in 1954, with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He took the Concertgebouw Orchestra on its first U.S. tour later in 1954. In 1956, the year of van Beinum's 25th anniversary with the Concertgebouw Orchestra, he was invested as a Grand Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau, and also received an honorary doctorate from the University of Amsterdam. Van Beinum's recordings with the Concertgebouw Orchestra are available on the Philips and Decca labels. Outside of the Netherlands, he also served as music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic from 1956 to 1959.
Van Beinum suffered a fatal heart attack on 13 April 1959, on the Concertgebouw podium while rehearsing the orchestra for a performance of Johannes Brahms' Symphony No. 1. He was buried in Garderen, in the Veluwe region, where he maintained a residence. After his death, the Eduard van Beinum Foundation was established in 1960.
Van Beinum was married to Sepha Jansen, a violinist with the Concertgebouw Orchestra. In 2000, their son, Bart van Beinum, published a book about his father, "Eduard van Beinum, over zijn leven en werk". In 2004, Truus de Leur published her biography of van Beinum, "Eduard van Beinum, 1900-1959 - Musicus tussen musici" ('Eduard van Beinum, 1900-1959 - Musician among musicians'). In the course of her research, de Leur commented on her research to look for negative as well as positive aspects about van Beinum's personality:
External links.


Emile Ratelband

Emile Albert Rudolf Ratelband (born 11 March 1949) is a Dutch television personality, "positivity guru" and former politician for Leefbaar Nederland.
Biography.
Emile Ratelband was born in Arnhem on 11 March 1949. He has eight children in 2019.
In 2002, Ratelband started his own political party, Ratelband List (in Dutch, "Lijst Ratelband"), after being rejected as lijsttrekker for Leefbaar Nederland. Ratelband List took part in the elections for the Tweede Kamer on 22 January 2003, but failed to win a single seat.
In November 2018, Ratelband began a court case in Arnhem, seeking to have his date of birth legally changed from 11 March 1949 to 11 March 1969. Ratelband has said, "You can change your name. You can change your gender. Why not your age?" His attempt was rejected by the court on December 3, 2018.
In July 2019, the "Journal of Medical Ethics" published an article defending the view that in some cases people should be allowed to change their official age.


Jacob Larwood

Herman Diederik Johan van Schevichaven (14 October 1826 – 1918) who wrote as Jacob Larwood, was a Dutch non-fiction author.


List of governors and heads of state of Fiume

This is a list of governors of the Corpus separatum of Fiume (formally known as "City of Fiume and its district"), heads of state of the Free State of Fiume and prefects of the Province of Carnaro (now modern Rijeka and its surrounding area, in Croatia).


Oranjeboom Brewery

The Oranjeboom Brewery () was founded in Rotterdam in 1671. The brewery there closed in 1990, with production shifted to Breda. That brewery was sold to Interbrew in 1995 and was closed in 2004 by InBev, Interbrew's successor. Production of the brand Oranjeboom was moved to the Dommelsch brewery. In October 2013 Oranjeboom was relaunched as a "quirky" new European style lager.
History.
The brewery dates from 1671, and started with the merger of two Rotterdam breweries, De Dissel and van den Oranjeboom; it was originally housed on the Coolvest, in the center of town.
Late 19th-century developments in the Dutch brewing industry all involved the then-new process of brewing lager, which used a yeast with the capability of cool fermenting; this allowed for production year-round, but required significant investments in modern technology and cold storage. In 1872 the brewery was owned by Willem Baartz, who was looking to get into the lager market. Baartz approached Gerard Adriaan Heineken but instead got involved in a new venture that led to the founding of Heineken's Bierbrouwerij Maatschappij. By 1882 Oranjeboom had been sold on to the (Protestant) brewing company "De Gekroonde Valk", one of the first breweries in the Netherlands to brew lager. In 1885 a brand-new brewery was opened on Oranjeboomstraat in the Feijenoord district, then a new development south of the city. The city named the street for the brewery, which around the turn of the century was an important employer providing over 200 jobs, and one of the largest breweries in the country. After World War II, several other breweries were bought to meet demand and stay competitive: De Wereld (Raamsdonk, 1948), Wertha (Weert, 1960), Zuidhollandse Bierbrouwerij (The Hague, 1960), Phoenix (Amersfoort, 1961), and Barbarossa (Groningen, 1964). None of these breweries remain.
In 1967 Oranjeboom was taken over by UK company Allied Breweries, which made an important acquisition in 1968 when it bought the brewery De Drie Hoefijzers in Breda, a town with a long history of beer brewing. The Breda brewery took on the name Oranjeboom. In 1973, the brand Oranjeboom was replaced by Skol, which was deemed to be a more attractive name for the European market, but it was a failure, and the brand name Oranjeboom was reintroduced in 1982. The plant in Rotterdam was closed in 1990, and in 1995 the Breda brewery was sold to Belgian beer giant Interbrew, which modernized the plant, but poor results in 2001 led to the plant's closure in 2004, (at a loss of 335 jobs), with production moved to Belgium and to the (Dutch) Dommelsch Brewery.
Ownership.
With the exception of the Benelux area the tradename Oranjeboom is owned by United Dutch Breweries. It was previously owned by Allied Breweries of the UK.
Beers.
The Oranjeboom brewery mainly produced Oranjeboom pils and other lagers, and also Trio Stout. Oranjeboom Breweries were also the manufacturers of the popular Dutch Gold beer, which is one of the best-selling lager beers in retail around the Republic of Ireland.
The main beer produced under the brand name is Oranjeboom Premium Pilsner - a 5% ABV lager. There is also an Extra Strong 8.5% ABV version, a Super Strong 12.0% ABV version as well as lower strength and alcohol-free versions and a bokbier sold under the brand name.


Willemina Ogterop

Willemina Ogterop (1881–1974) was a Dutch-American artist and stained glass window designer who almost 500 windows in 80 locations.
Biography.
Ogterop was born in Maastricht in the Netherlands in 1881. After migrating to California in 1918 with her husband and four children, she worked in the Cummings Art Glass Studio in San Francisco as their principal designer from 1928 to 1953, designing nearly 500 stained glass windows, and creating more than 200 works of art in other media.
There are more than 80 venues, primarily Christian churches, in six states of the US which contain her stained glass works; however, the great majority of her windows are in 40 cities and towns in California, in addition to a total of 9 churches in the states of Nevada, Washington, Oklahoma, Iowa, and Louisiana. She donated three works of art to India, two of which can be found on public display: the woodcarving "Satyagraha" in the National Gandhi Museum in New Delhi and a stained glass plaque depicting a poem in Sanskrit by the Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore, which is in the Tagore Museum at Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, Bolpur, West Bengal, India. The "Nehru Window" - honoring India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru - and delivered to him in 1946 by his sister, Mrs. Pandit, has never been located.
In addition to her prodigious professional art work, she created hundreds of oil and water color paintings, ink, pencil and chalk drawings and woodcarvings - many of which remain today, treasured by her grand and great-grand children. Her earliest album of drawings was done in 1892 at the age of 11. She attended an art academy and a teacher training school in Amsterdam, before departing Holland, alone, at the age of 21 for South Africa. She lived in South Africa from 1903 to 1905, traveled to East Africa, Ceylon and Bombay, and lived in Indonesia from 1905 to 1907, before returning to Holland. She kept detailed journals all her life, which form the basis of our extensive knowledge of her fascinating, adventurous and highly productive life.
Willemina Ogterop was a multiculturalist and internationalist who was active in many peace and humanitarian organizations. She wrote her "Philosophy of Living" and felt that Buddhism was the most sensible and inclusive religion of all.


Anton van Dale

Anton van Dale (Anthonie, Antonius) (8 November 1638, in Haarlem – 28 November 1708) was a Dutch Mennonite preacher, physician and writer on religious subjects, described by the contemporary theologian Jean Le Clerc as an enemy of superstition. He was a critic of witch-hunting.
His "De oraculis veterum ethnicorum dissertationes" (1683) was an influential work on oracles, which he argued against the supernatural and the role of the Devil in the pagan oracular tradition. In this he was followed two decades later by Fontenelle, who wrote his "Histoire des oracles" as an adaptation and popularized version of van Dale's work.


Johann Bachstrom

Jan Fryderyk or Johann Friedrich Bachstrom (24 December 1688, near Rawitsch, now Rawicz, Poland - June 1742, Nieswiez, now Nyasvizh, Belarus) was a writer, scientist and Lutheran theologian who spent the last decade of his life in Leiden. His surname is sometimes spelt Bachstroem or Bachstrohm. He mostly wrote in Latin, German, and French (with his given names adjusted to "Joannis Friderici" and "Jean-Frédéric" as appropriate), while in English biographies he can appear as "John Frederic Bachstrom". Since he is best known for his publications while he was in the Netherlands, he is often mistakenly described as a Dutch physician and writer.
Early life.
Bachstrom was born in 1688 the son of a barber near Rawicz, Poland. By 1708 he studied theology in Halle and since March 1710 in Jena in Germany. He moved to Stroppen in Silesia to become a preacher, but was refused based on doubts about his orthodoxy. In 1717 he became a professor at the gymnasium of Toruń. He was expelled from this city after a heterodox sermon had resulted in much disorder. He moved to Wengrow, then a centre for Reformation movements in Poland, where he combined the offices of physician and pastor. By 1729 he, somehow, was in Constantinople where he established a printing shop and undertook to translate the Bible into Turkish. This led to much consternation and he was once more compelled to flee a city.
Leiden and treatise on scurvy.
He may have gone directly to Leiden, from where his studies appeared from the early 1730s. Many of his opinions appear common sense but ahead of his time. For example, he promoted that women should be allowed to become medical doctors and that sailors should be taught to swim before taking off to sea. Most famously, he urged the use of fresh fruit and vegetables to cure scurvy. In his 1734 book "Observationes circa scorbutum" ("Observations on Scurvy"), he wrote that:-
This publication preceded James Lind's celebrated experiment on scurvy by 13 years and Lind's publication "A treatise of the scurvy" by 19 years, and he has been called "the one light of the era who, more than any other writer for centuries before or decades after, truly understood scurvy as a deficiency disease." Bachstrom's book probably was dismissed in its time as it did not fit in the then prevailing holistic views in medicine, which sought to explain all diseases by a single theory and to cure them by a universal cure.
Novelist.
In 1736/37 he published, anonymously, a novel describing a utopian society established by shipwrecked religious dissidents (the "Inqviraner") near an unnamed North-African mountain range, in which complete religious freedom existed. The novel drew from his own experiences of his time in Constantinople and on French and British novels, like Montesquieu's Lettres persanes and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.
At the urging of Jesuits, presumably for his liberal opinions on religion, he was imprisoned and killed (by strangulation) in Nieswiez in Poland–Lithuania (now Belarus) in 1742.


Hans Cohen

Hans Herman Cohen (3 February 1923 – 14 May 2020) was a Dutch microbiologist. He was director-general of the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) between 1984 and 1986. As a microbiologist Cohen worked on development of polio vaccines in the Netherlands.
Career.
Cohen was born in Groningen on 3 February 1923. He was born to a non-religious Jewish father and Protestant mother. His father assumed his mother's faith. His uncle on father's side was David Cohen. During his childhood Cohen wished to become a pediatrician. After attending the gymnasium he enrolled at the University of Groningen to study medicine. Due to his Jewish sounding surname he was expelled in 1941. Cohen, being only half Jewish, evaded further measures and worked as a medical analist for the next several years. Directly after the end of World War II he resumed his studies, obtaining his title of doctorandus in 1950. In 1953 he obtained his PhD.
In 1953 he started working for the "Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid", a predecessor of the RIVM. His initial wish was to start working on a polio vaccine but he was rebuffed as there was not yet a government vaccination order. However, during the 1950s and 1960s he worked on the development of the Salk polio vaccine. In the 1970s Cohen together with Jonas Salk and Charles Mérieux founded the Forum for the Advancement of Immunization Research (FAIR). He was pivotal in the introduction of the DPT vaccine in the Netherlands. At the onset of the discovery of HIV/AIDS Cohen noticed abnormalities in the blood values and stopped the import of blood to the Netherlands.
During his time as director-general of the "Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid" he oversaw the merger with two other institutes per 1984, which resulted in the formation of the RIVM. Per 1 January 1984 he was appointed director-general of the RIVM. His term ended in 1986. The Dutch Council of Ministers subsequently nominated him as head of the . He held this position for ten years.
In 1992, after a minor polio outbreak in the Netherlands, he protested against the offer of a free polio vaccine to around nine million persons not in risk groups, calling it a "waste of money".
Cohen was elected a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980. In 1986 he was named Commander in the Order of Orange-Nassau.
Cohen died of the consequences of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands on 14 May 2020 in Bosch en Duin, aged 97. He had suffered from dementia for the last three years of his life.


Yegor Tolstoy

Count Yegor Petrovich Tolstoy ; 19 July 1802 – 12 March 1874) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant-general, senator, and governor of Taganrog, Kaluga, and Penza.
Military career.
Son of Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy, Yegor Tolstoy was born on 9 July 1802 (Old Style) in the Tolstoy family. He received home education and in 1819 enrolled to serve in the Uglitsk regiment. In 1821, he was transferred into the regiment of chasseurs of the Leib Guards. Tolstoy was aide-de-camp to general Alexander von Neidgart, and was stationed in Laibach (Ljubljana) during the Congress, where he was appointed head of the Russian headquarters of the detachment against Piedmont. In 1826, Count Tolstoy participated in the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828, serving as aide de camp to Mayor-General Prince Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov. On 21 April 1827 Tolstoy was appointed aide de camp to the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. During the campaign of Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, he was awarded with an Order of St. George of the 4th degree and the rank of colonel for the action in the siege of Anapa. He was awarded with a golden sword for the restoration of the communication between the main army and the corps of general Loggin Rot in July of the same year; and was wounded in the head during the Siege of Varna.
In 1831, Yegor Tolstoy participated in the military actions against Polish rebels during November Uprising and was awarded with an Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree for the seizure of Warsaw.
Government Work.
In 1835 Count Tolstoy received an appointment at the Ministry of Interior and gave his resignation in 1840. In April 1851, he was appointed governor of Kaluga, and on 27 April 1854 - governor-general of the city of Taganrog. Tolstoy held this office until September 1856 and participated in the defense of the city from bombardments and landing operations during the Siege of Taganrog in 1855. On 31 August 1859 he was appointed governor of Penza and on 4 August 1861 – Russian senator. In 1870, Tolstoy was decorated with an Order of St. Alexander Nevsky for the 50 years of service.
Count Yegor Tolstoy died on 12 March 1874.


Sadet Karabulut

Sadet Karabulut (born 28 April 1975) is a Dutch politician and former
civil servant and trade unionist of Kurdish descent. As a member of the Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij), she has been an MP since 30 November 2006. She focuses on matters of social affairs (poverty reduction, social assistance, purchasing power, child benefits), female emancipation, and social integration.
Biography.
Karabulut was born as the daughter of a Turkish-Kurdish guest worker. Her parents were of Alevi origin, but at home religion did not play an important role, and in her teens Karabulut decided that she did not believe in God.
Karabulut studied public administration at Erasmus University Rotterdam and political science at the University of Bordeaux. She was active in the Dutch National Students' Trade Union (LSVb), and board member at the Orion Foundation (Public Kingma School for special education). Since 2005, she has been a member of the Socialist Party. From March till November 2006, she was a member of the municipal council of Amsterdam.
In February 2013, Karabulut stated she would refuse to pledge loyalty to the soon-to-be-King, Dutch Crown Prince Willem Alexander, during his inauguration ceremony. She cited that the procedure was overly ceremonial as she had already pledged allegiance when she was admitted to the House of Representatives. She is also a convinced republican.
From August to November 2013, Karabulut temporarily left the House of Representatives on a maternity leave and was replaced by Tjitske Siderius. She returned later that year. During the 2017 Dutch general election Karabulut was on the SP's candidate list's fifth place. When parliamentary leader Emile Roemer stepped down in 2017, she announced her candidacy to lead the party in his stead. However, the majority of the parliamentary group chose Lilian Marijnissen, former leader Jan Marijnissen's daughter.
Karabulut is a leading member of the Dutch branch of the Democratic Workers' Clubs Federation (Demokratik Isci Dernekleri Federasyonu, DIDF).
Conflict in the Gaza Strip and call for intifada.
In response to the 2008–09 Gaza War, SP Members of Parliament Harry van Bommel and Karabulut together with Gretta Duisenberg marched in a 3 January 2009 demonstration 3 januari 2009 against the Israeli occupation of Palestine, calling upon Palestinians to launch an intifada (uprising) against Israel. Both chanted the slogan "Intifada, intifada, free Palestine". This led to criticism from the VVD, PVV and the Centre Information and Documentation Israel (CIDI, a Zionist organisation). SP parliamentary leader Agnes Kant also reprimanded Van Bommel and Karabulut. On 5 January 2009, Van Bommel stated that their call for an intifada had been misunderstood; he and Karabulut had meant a "non-violent intifada".


Yellow-star house

The yellow-star houses were a network of almost 1,950 designated compulsory places of residence for around 220,000 Budapest Jews from 21 June 1944 until late November 1944. Both the houses and their residents were obliged to display the yellow star by Budapest mayoral decree.
Unique in the Holocaust.
Although houses reserved for Jews were occasionally marked in Germany, and Nazi-occupied France and the Netherlands, the Hungarian legal prescription of marking all Budapest houses in which Jews were obliged to reside with a yellow star was unique in the history of the Holocaust.
Antecedents.
A series of anti-Jewish laws and decrees introduced from 1938 onwards gradually excluded Jews from participation in intellectual professions, banned marriages and sexual relations between Jewish men and non-Jewish women, and designated individuals as ‘Jewish’ on the basis of family lineage, thus defining those who had converted to Christianity as Jews.
On 25 November 1940, Hungary joined the Axis, and declared war on the Soviet Union on 27 June 1941.
Jewish men and others defined as ‘politically unreliable’ were conscripted for forced labour in auxiliary roles from 1941 onward. By 1942, tens of thousands of Jewish forced labourers had been sent to the Eastern Front to face arduous conditions.
In a bid to stop her wartime ally from leaving the war, Germany troops occupied Hungary on 19 March 1944. Former Hungarian ambassador to Berlin Döme Sztójay was appointed Prime Minister by Regent Miklós Horthy, and Adolf Eichmann and his commando also arrived in Budapest on the same day.
From 5 April 1944, all individuals defined as Jewish and over the age of six were obliged to wear a 10 x 10 cm yellow Star of David on their outer clothing.
In May 1944, the Hungarian Interior Ministry limited Jews’ access to bath houses, hotels, restaurants and cinemas, and prescribed certain times of day when Jews were allowed to buy rationed groceries.
Creation of the yellow-star houses.
On 16 June 1944, with the aim of forcibly relocating and concentration the Jewish community of Budapest, which just under one-quarter of the city’s population Ákos Farkas, the mayor of Budapest issued the first decree and a list of over 2,600 designated yellow-star houses. The deadline for moving in was midnight on 21 June 1944.
A second Budapest mayoral decree issued on 24 June 1944 attached a final list of 1,944 designated yellow-star houses.
In the intervening period, residents submitted petitions to Budapest Metropolitan Council: non-Jews wanted their houses removed from the list, while Jewish residents wanted their houses added. Compared to the first June 16 list of houses, the second list contained far fewer houses on the western Buda side of the Danube.
Mass relocation was overseen by the police and the Jewish Council in Hungary.
The 1,944 yellow-star houses functioned as compulsory places of residence for Budapest Jews until late November 1944 when, following the Arrow Cross takeover of power on 15 October 1944, Jews were moved into the 7th district ghetto, or to a ‘protected’ house in the 13th district, where neutral states in World War II (Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, and the Vatican), as well as the Italian diplomat Giorgio Perlasca, and the International Committee of the Red Cross provided protection for those holding protection documents in 119 ‘protected’ houses, 98 of which were also yellow-star houses.
Further reading.
Nick Barlay, "Scattered Ghosts: One Family’s Survival Through War, Holocaust and Revolution" (London: IB Tauris, 2013)
Tim Cole, "Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto" (London and New York: Routledge, 2003)
Zsuzsanna Ozsváth, "When the Danube Ran Red" (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2010)
Máté Rigó, 'Ordinary Women and Men: Superintendents and Jews in the Budapest yellow-star houses in 1944-1945’, "Urban History", vol. 40, no. 1., February 2013, pp. 71–91
Ernő Szép, "The Smell of Humans: A Memoir of the Holocaust in Hungary", translated by John Bátki (Budapest: Corvina and Central European University Press, 1994)
Béla Zsolt, "Nine Suitcases", translated by Ladislaus Löb (London: Pimlico, 2005), pp. 317–24


Caspar Sibelius

Caspar Sibelius (9 June 1590 – 1 January 1658), was a Dutch Protestant minister.
Biography.
Sibelius was born in Elberfeld (near Wuppertal) and was trained in Herborn and Siegen before attending Leiden University to study theology under Gomarus and Arminius, and Hebrew under Coddaeus. On his return he became minister in Randerode (where he married the mayor's daughter Maria Klock, in 1610), Geilenkirchen and Gulik. In 1617 he was sent to the Hague, where he received a stipend for preaching in Nijmegen. He was called the same year to Deventer, where he stayed for 30 years until leaving service in 1648.
In 1618 he attended the Overijssel Synod in Vollenhove and was chosen there to represent Overijssel in the Synod of Dordrecht, though he returned sick with fever in 1619 to Deventer. He was later chosen as revisor of the New Testament and Apocryphal gospels. In 1633–1634, he worked on the translation of the Staten-Bible in the house of Antonius Walaeus, professor of religion, on the Rapenburg in Leiden. He was there along with the original living translators, and the paid observers:
Appointed revisors who were unable to come that day:
Sibelius died in Deventer.


Berg en Broeksche Verlaat

The Berg en Broeksche Verlaat is a canal lock in Rotterdam between the River Rotte and 2 peat bogs. It was built in 1866 and has Rijksmonument status.