Ezeolisa Allagoa

His Majesty Ambrose Ezeolisa Allagoa (24 August 1914 – 17 February 2003) was King of Nembe Kingdom from 1980 until his death. He is also by birth related to the Ossomari royal family through his grandmother Omu Okwei (the merchant queen of Onitsha). He succeeded his father His Royal Majesty Francis Ossomade Joseph Allagoa (Mingi X) Amanyanabo of Nembe on 12 April 1980, being styled His Royal Majesty Ambrose Ezeolisa Allagoa Mingi XI Amanyanabo of Nembe-Ibe Kingdom
Early life.
Ambrose Ezeolisa Allagoa MINGI XI was born on 24 August 1914, the second son of His Royal Majesty King Francis Ossomade Joseph Allagoa MINGI X and Madam Nwaokiri Rose Onyeka. He was educated at the Government School Owerri in 1927; the St Mary's Primary School in Port Harcourt (1927–32), and a pioneer student of Christ the King College (CKC) Onitsha (1933–36). He joined the Lincoln's Inn in November 1944 and was subsequently called to the English bar on 26 January 1950.
Political career.
After successfully being called to the English Bar in 1950, he returned to the city of Port Harcourt in the old eastern Region of Nigeria where the independence movement was growing. He served as Deputy Mayor of Port Harcourt Municipal Council between 1951 and 59, when he was elected as the 2nd Mayor of Port Harcourt Municipal Council taking over from Mayor Richard Okwosha Nzimiro in 1959. He served in this capacity for three years, giving the city of Port Harcourt the name Garden City.
He served his tenure as mayor of Port Harcourt where he invited the Prime Minister of Nigeria Sir Alhaji Tafawa Balewa and the Premier of the Eastern Region, Chief Michael Okpara to the city of Port Harcourt.
Working career.
Upon completion of his secondary school education at Christ the King College, Onitsha, young Ambrose successfully sat for and made distinctions in his senior Cambridge Certificate exam and was subsequently employed in the Civil Service of the then Eastern Region of Nigeria where he worked as a clerk in the judiciary of the Eastern Region government for a few years. He gained a lot of exposure and experience which were vital in his life. His working career took him to Lagos, Enugu and Port Harcourt where he served diligently as a clerk of court before proceeding to the Lincoln's Inn for his qualification as a lawyer.
On his return from England as a lawyer, he commenced his legal practice, setting up his Law firm in the oil rich city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. He had a successful career in the legal profession and this won him the respect and admiration of many lawyers. He was elevated to the bench as a High Court Judge in 1962 by the then Eastern Region of Nigeria Government where he served as a Judge of the Eastern Region in cities like Abakaliki, Nsukka, Ikot Ekpene, Umuahia, and Port Harcourt. In 1976, he was appointed the first indigenous Chief Judge of Old Rivers State in 1976. And the second Chief Judge of Rivers state. He retired three years later on 24 September 1979, having attained the requisite retirement age of 65 years.
His Lordship (late) H.R.M. Justice Ambrose Ezeolisa Allagoa is mostly remembered for the celebrated judgment in the famous Amakiri v. Iwowari case where he exhibited rare courage in the award of damages in favor of the injured journalist Amakiri.
Religion.
His maternal great grandfather (King Atamanya- Nzedegwu of Ossomari) invited Roman Catholic priests into his Ossomari Kingdom and the young Ambrose growing up in Ossomari became an adherent catholic faithful. His Majesty Ambrose Ezeolisa Allagoa was a devout Catholic; he fully identified with the objectives of the Roman Catholic Church and was a worthy knight of the Roman Catholic Church.
According to an oration presented by The Order Of the Knights of Saint Mulumba, KSM, Port Harcourt in honor of His Majesty the King:"“We recall the crucial role he played as a Catholic in post-war Rivers state. At the end of the civil war, Catholics generally were haunted in Rivers state. In spite of this unwholesome phenomenon, he not only stood firm in the Catholic Church, but also participated and supported the persecuted clergy. He assisted the Catholic Church immensely in identifying and recovering some of her properties at the end of the war in Rivers state. His full participation during Corpus Christi procession, in spite of acute challenges of age, epitomized his commitment to the Catholic faith.”"
Reign.
His Majesty Ambrose Ezeolisa Allagoa was crowned king on the 12th of April, 1980 in succession to his father and as Mingi XI he reigned for 23 years
. Upon the creation of Bayelsa state out of the old River state in 1996, he contributed immensely to the success of the newly created state. His Majesty was the Chairman of the Traditional Rulers Council both in Rivers State and in Bayelsa State where he moved to restore peace among the coastal communities.
Titles.
Monarchical style of King Ambrose Allagoa Amanyanabo of Nembe, Mingi the 11th


Conus saragasae

Conus saragasae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus "Conus", these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of "stinging" humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.
Description.
The size of the shell varies between 18 mm and 25 mm. The shell is conical, with a short, scarcely stepped spire. The pattern consists of three bands of reddish-brown with a few white dots; the upper one is on the shoulder. Between these bands appear others of the same color but reticulated with white. Shell up to 30 mm.
Distribution.
Only known from the west coast of São Vicente and the south coast of Santa Luzia. It is a Capverdian endemic and a species at high risk of extinction.


James Jackson (colonial administrator)

James Jackson was a British Army officer who served as the Acting Commandant of St Mary's Island from August 1829 to January 1830.
Military service.
Jackson was an officer with the 3rd West India Regiment. He was made an Ensign in 1822, a Lieutenant in 1824, a Captain in 1826, Brevet Major in 1841, and Major in 1842.
During his brief tenure as Commandant, he entered into a treaty with the King of Kombo, Tomani Bojang, for the surrender of fugitive slaves in certain circumstances. However, Gray notes, that treaty was almost exclusively honoured in the breach. It was never forwarded at the time to the government in London, and when it was discovered over a dozen years later, it was repudiated by the Secretary of State for the Colonies.


Asi Vassihon

Asi Vassihon (, born 31 July 1982) is an Israeli footballer playing for F.C. Ironi Ariel.
Career.
Vassihon immigrated to Israel in 1989 and began playing in the youth department of Maccabi Netanya until the season 2001-02, when he was chosen to the senior squad of Maccabi Netanya.
In 2006, he was loaned to Hapoel Nazareth Illit, then in the Liga Leumit, for one season, a loan that was later prolonged for two years. Vassihon was published, negatively, because of suspicion over selling games in the 2006-07 season. However, the affair ended as it began, and Vassihon was cleared of any wrongdoing.
In September 2009 he signed for Hapoel Kfar Saba. He played there for two and a half years until he got injured and was released from his contract in the end of 2011.
In January 2013 he returned to play football as he signed for Maccabi Kiryat Gat in Liga Alef.
International career.
Vassihon has represented his country as he won 6 caps in the Israel national under-21 football team, the first of which was on 29 January 2003, against Turkey.


List of heads of state of Chad

This is a list of heads of state of Chad since the country gained independence from France in 1960 to the present day.
A total of six people have served as head of state of Chad (not counting two Interim Heads of State). Additionally, one person, Goukouni Oueddei, has served on two non-consecutive occasions.
The current head of state of Chad is Chairman of the Transitional Military Council Mahamat Déby, since 20 April 2021.
Latest election.
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Busembatya, Uganda

Busembatya, sometimes spelled Busembatia, is a town in the Eastern Region of Uganda.
Location.
Busembatya is located on the northern edge of Iganga District. The town is located on the main Iganga–Tirinyi–Kamonkoli–Mbale Road. Its closest neighboring metropolitan area is the town of Namutumba in Namutumba District, a distance of approximately , by road, northeast of Busembatya. This location is approximately , northeast of Iganga, where the district headquarters are located.
Busembatya is approximately , by road, northeast of Jinja, the largest city in the Busoga sub-region. The coordinates of the town are 0°46'30.0"N, 33°37'30.0"E (Latitude:0.7750; Longitude:33.6250). Busembatya has an average elevation of , above sea level.
Population.
The Uganda national census of 2002 counted the population of the town at 11,553. In 2010, the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population at 15,200. In 2011, UBOS estimated the population at 15,700. In 2014, the national census and household survey, the population of Busembatya was enumerated at 14,431.
Overview.
Busembatya, which sits on a plateau surrounded by swamps, is known for growing rice. Busembatya's rice mills served most of Busoga before other areas in the sub-region were connected to the national power grid.
The town's inhabitants and residents in the surrounding villages keep domestic livestock which they allow to roam the streets, unattended. The local leaders have threatened to arrest animal owners who cannot zero-graze their animals.
The town is home to Busembatya Town Council Football Club (Busembatya TC FC), which plays in the Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA) Zone 10 mini soccer league.


Henry Huxtable

Henry Constantine Huxtable (8 March 1826 – 1871) was Bishop of Mauritius from 1870 to August 1871.


2nd Tangier Regiment

The 2nd Tangier Regiment was raised by the Charles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of Plymouth in 1680.
Part of the Standing army of King Charles II, the regiment's intended role was to help to garrison the Colony of Tangier, but that was evacuated four years later. After a number of changes of name, it became the 4th (The King's Own) Regiment of Foot when regimental numbers were introduced in the British Army in 1751.


Eleruwa

Eleruwa is the title of the traditional ruler of Eruwa in Western Nigeria. The current Eleruwa, Oba Samuel Adebayo Adegbola, was installed in 1998.


Alliance of Liberties

The Alliance of Liberties () was a political party in Morocco.
History and profile.
The party was founded by Ali Bel Haj in March 2002. It was a moderate and reformist party.
In the legislative elections of 27 September 2002, the party won 4 out of 325 seats. In the next parliamentary election, held on 7 September 2007, the party won 1 out of 325 seats.
The party became an observer member of the Liberal International at the latter's Marrakesh Congress in 2006.
It was dissolved and merged into the Authenticity and Modernity Party in 2008.


Iwindo

Iwindo was a district within the German colony of Kamerun, lying along the Ivindo River, presently in Gabon. Most of it was part of Neukamerun, a territory ceded by France to Germany as a result of the 1911 Morocco–Congo Treaty. Its administrative seat was Minkebe.
The 12th Company of the German Imperial Schutztruppe for Cameroon, newly formed in Yaoundé and under the direction of Captain Theodor von Heigelin, took control of Iwindo in the summer of 1912. By government decree of 17 January 1913 the station Akoafim, previously part of the district Ebolowa in "old" Kamerun, was added to the jurisdiction of the 11th Company. Heigelin received the management powers over the district.
The base of the Company was initially located in the military post Ngarabinsam, in former French territory. In April 1914, the administrative headquarters was transferred to Akoafim, and shortly before the outbreak of World War I to Minkebe.


Adigrat massacres

The Adigrat massacres were mass extrajudicial killings by the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) that took place in and near Adigrat in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia during the Tigray War. These included 59 civilians executed in Zalambessa on 18 November 2020, 8–15 in Hawzen on 25 November, 80–150 at the Maryam Dengelat church near Idaga Hamus on 30 November, and 13 boys aged 12–15 in an incident around 1–14 December 2020.
Massacres.
According to Jan Nyssen, a Belgian physical geographer who collected testimony from "credible, direct eye witnesses" who had reached Mekelle and reported their experiences by telephone, repeated mass extrajudicial killings took place in and around Adigrat during the Tigray War in late November and in December 2020 by Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF).
November 2020.
On 18 November, the EDF killed 59 civilians in their houses in Zalambessa.
On 21 November, shortly after capturing Idaga Hamus, the EDF executed 24 civilians.
After the EDF took control of Adigrat itself, the EDF took 12 civilian men to the edge of the town and executed them. Official Ethiopian federal sources said that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) took control of Adigrat on 21 November.
On 25 November, the EDF executed 8–15 civilians after handcuffing them at the Addis Pharmaceutical Factory in Adigrat and 8 civilians in their houses in Hawzen.
On 30 November, the EDF killed between 80 and 150 civilians in the compound of Maryam Dengelat church 5 km south-west of Idaga Hamus, according to Nyssen. Europe External Programme with Africa (EEPA) reported the number of executions by the EDF at the Maryam Dengelat church as 150, with an unknown date.
December.
On 2 December, 17 teenagers and young men were taken from Sasun Betehawariyat, near Idaga Hamus, by EDF soldiers to help to loot the Goda Bottle and Glass Share Company, near Hadish Hiwot. Teame Hagos and Negasi Berihu tried to escape and were immediately shot dead. The other 15 were executed in the evening. The EDF withdrew on 31 December and the families of the victims held a formal gathering for mourning.
Around 1–14 December, 13 boys from Tokot village near Idaga Hamus, aged 12–15, were forced to help EDF soldiers in loading a truck and were then executed. (This seems redundant with the Goda massacre above)
In late December, Zenebu, a witness from Hawzen interviewed by Associated Press, stated that she saw 70 bodies of people lying on the ground who she recognised. She stated that a 12-year-old boy in Hawzen had been killed by soldiers after carrying out errands for them. She attributed the killings to the ENDF, Amhara forces and the EDF. She identified EDF members as Eritrean based on cheek markings and their dialect of Tigrinya.


Dinosaur deposits of Niger

The Dinosaur Deposits of Niger can be found in the Agadez Region, Tchirozérine Department, of Niger.
Site description.
The isolated area of dinosaur deposits in Agadez Region consists of well-preserved skeletons over a wide area.
World Heritage Status.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on May 26, 2006, in the Mixed (Cultural + Natural) category.
References.
Gisements des dinosauriens - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-03.


Conus grahami luziensis


Wallie Babb

Wallie Babb (born 3 December 1940) is a hurdler who represented Northern Rhodesia. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1964 Summer Olympics.


Peter Royston (bishop)

The Rt Rev Peter Sorenson Royston (6 June 1830 - 28 January 1915)
was a Bishop of Mauritius.
Born in London on 6 June 1830 and educated at St Paul’s and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was ordained in 1853 and began his career as a Resident Tutor at the Church Missionary College in London. After that he was the incumbent of the CMS Chapel, Madras and then of St Thomas’, Mauritius. He was Bishop of the country from 1872 to 1891 when he resigned through ill health. Afterwards, an Assistant Bishop within the Diocese of Liverpool he died on 28 January 1915 at Worthing.


2008 Anjouan presidential election

A presidential election was held in Anjouan on 15 June and 29 June 2008 following the 2008 invasion of Anjouan to oust Mohamed Bacar as President of Anjouan. The election was won by Moussa Toybou, who defeated Mohamed Djaanfari in the second round.
About 128,000 people were eligible to vote, and there were 240 polling stations. Five candidates were qualified to contest the election: Bacar Abdou (deputy for Mutsamudu), Bastoine Soulaimane (a judge and former president of the Anjouan Court of Appeal), Mohamed Djaanfari (former vice-president of the Assembly of the Union of the Comoros), Moussa Toybou (a former minister in Said Mohamed Djohar's government) and Soundi Abdoulatuf (a French military veteran). These candidates were approved by the Constitutional Court on May 20.
Voting for the first round on 15 June, although scheduled to begin at 7am, was delayed by an hour in the main cities, Mutsamudu and Domoni, due to the late arrival of ballot papers or electoral officials. First round turnout was placed at 42.79%.
Djaanfari (with 42.3%) and Toybou (with 42.5%) advanced to the second round on 29 June 2008, separated by only 88 votes. The other three candidates received between 5.8% and 4.6%.
Toybou was considered a newcomer to politics. He said that he knew "the mechanisms to lift Anjouan out of under-development", and he supported allowing some of those who served under Bacar to remain in administrative roles due to their experience and the need for reconciliation. He also enjoyed the support of President of Comoros Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, while Djaanfari was better known to the local population due to his prior political work.
Campaigning for the second round began on June 21. Toybou won the run-off with 52.37% to Djaanfari's 47.63%, with a turnout of 48.98%; the results had to be validated by the Constitutional Court within three days. Djaanfari contested the result. Turnout in the second round was reportedly higher than in the first one.
The final official result, as confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 3 July 2008, was:
Toybou was to be sworn in on 5 July 2008.


LoveRealm

LoveRealm is a Christian social networking platform. It was founded by triplet brothers and medical doctors Yaw Ansong Jr. and Yaw Ansong Sr. The company originates from Accra, Ghana, and has employees from Europe and the US. The social network entered beta in 2016.
The site has a mentorship feature where users are assigned to mentors whose role is to guide and assist them in personal growth. Additionally, users can post their problems and share prayer requests to other members.
History.
LoveRealm was started by Yaw Ansong Jr. after he realized the need for the Christian online network, where they could support each other and share their belief in a protected space.
"I was at a point in my life where I was at my lowest; and I realized that I had struggles and weaknesses and all this started when I found myself in an environment outside my country where there was not many Christians. I thought to myself if Christians could connect to each other wherever they are and also have a platform where they could encourage each other then it could go a long way to help them," said Dr. Ansong to Deutsche Welle.
The pre-launch ceremony of the social network website was done at the Pentecost Convention Centre at the Pentecost Students Association (PENSA) conference on 9 January 2016. At the pre-launch ceremony founders got the feedback from randomly selected users before opening up to the world. After initial target of few hundred test users, the website crashed due to the huge interest. Later the issue was fixed by adding space for 2000 more initial users.
On 30 August 2016, the social networking company launched a mobile version of their website for Android users in Google Play Store. Shortly after the mobile app launch, it reached over 20,000 users.
Eight months after opening access to the public, the platform recorded its first 50,000 users.
Controversies.
On 4 January 2016, BBC published a story explaining that Ghana was to get a "sin-free" alternative to Facebook. LoveRealm's CEO responded by saying that the network was providing a spiritual social network experience for Christians and not to build "a salem of righteous people".
The platform ensures faith-based content by censoring and removing “un-Christian content”, such as nudity or violence, with its built-in monitoring algorithm blocks.


William Howley Goodenough

Lieutenant-General Sir William Howley Goodenough (4 April 1833 – 24 June 1898) was a British Army officer who became General Officer Commanding North-West District.
Military career.
Born the son of Edmund Goodenough, Head Master of Westminster School, Goodenough was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 20 June 1849. He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 April 1851, to captain on 1 January 1856 and to major on 20 July 1858. He fought and was wounded at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 25 March 1869, he became military attaché in Vienna in 1871.
He commanded the artillery during the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882. He went on to be Inspector-General of Royal Artillery in August 1886, General Officer Commanding North-West District in July 1889 and General Officer Commanding, Chatham District in April 1890. His last appointment was as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope in December 1894, in which capacity he briefly acted as Governor of Cape Colony in 1897, before retiring in October 1898.


Albert van Breugel

Albert van Breugel was the acting commander of the Cape of Good Hope between April 1672 and 2 October 1672. He succeeded Governor Pieter Hackius after his death on 30 November 1671. Between Hackius's death and Breugel's appointment, the administration in the Cape was overseen by the Political Council.
Biography.
Van Breugel was appointed merchant and secunde (second in command) at the Cape in 1672. As the newly appointed Governor, Isbrand Goske, had not then arrived, he acted in his place until 2 October 1672. After Goske took control, it soon became apparent that he was not happy with the way Van Breugel handled the administration. Goske was specifically dissatisfied with how he handled the Company's books and kept them up to date. In February 1676, the VOC Commissioner Nicolaas Verburg decided to send Van Breugel to Batavia, since his administration showed a big financial deficit.
After arriving in Batavia in August 1676, the Council of Justice acquitted him of Goske's charges. During 1680 he was elected a member of the College of Schepenen of Batavia and in January 1684, with the title of senior merchant, he became secunde in Banda, only to retire at his own request a month later due to ill health. He was succeeded by Hendrik Crudop.


John Shaw Rennie

Sir John Shaw Rennie (12 January 1917 – 12 August 2002) was a British civil servant and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East's Commissioner-General from 1971 to 1977.
Early life.
John Rennie was born in Glasgow and educated at Hillhead High School, Glasgow University and Balliol College, Oxford. In 1951 Rennie was appointed Britain's deputy colonial secretary for Mauritius. He was the British Resident in Vanuatu from 1955 to 1962. From 1962 to 1968 he was Governor of Mauritius, overseeing Mauritius' transition to independence. From 1968 to 1971 Rennie was UNRWA deputy Commissioner-General under Laurence Michelmore, who persuaded then-U.N. Secretary-General U Thant to appoint Rennie as his successor.


Kalemba Rockshelter

The Kalemba Rockshelter is an archaeology site located in eastern Zambia, at coordinates 14°7 S and 32°3 E. Local tradition recalls the use of the rock shelter as a refuge during the time of Ngoni raiding in the 19th century. The site is known for various rock paintings as well as advanced microlithic use.
History of research.
The Kalemba rockshelter is an archaeological site located in eastern Zambia, discovered in 1955 by R. A. Hamilton and then reported to the former Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. But it wasn’t until 1971 that the site was excavated by D.W. Phillipson. Over 30 meters in height, the rock shelter is formed by an outcrop of granite gneiss. Facing the Chipwete valley, on the north-west side the rockshelter has a height of 4.5 meters, maximum, and extends through an open area for protection. The flat surface is located near the north-east side of the rockshelter; closed off on all sides, it has a steep rocky headland on the main hillside. The north and south-west of the rockshelter provide an extension of floor living space as well as a decent vantage point that overlooks the upper Chipwete valley. A second, smaller, less protected shelter has a floor of and adjoins, at the southwest end of the main shelter. Entrance from the north end of the main shelter or from the hills at the southern corner allows for easy access to both rock shelters. Paintings are located at both shelters; with a distance of 12 meters located at the rear wall of the main shelter and under the south western overhang lies a smaller panel.
Excavation.
Originally, the excavation at Kalemba was restricted to a grid of 10 squares, however, an extension was needed in order to avoid collapse around the side walls. The excavation was divided into two parts due to a fallen boulder that lies equidistant to the wall of the main shelter. A total of thirteen separate soil horizons were identified. In order for Philipson and members part of the excavation to gain access to the lower levels, they had to add an additional extension to the excavation to the north-west. Ultimately, the excavation had covered a total area of . Charcoal was collected for radiocarbon dating as well as soil samples for pedagogical analysis. However, after some time the excavation had to be deserted at a depth of due to unsafe condition with the side walls. To further the excavation, it was necessary to remove boulders weighing about 25 tonnes with the use of a block and tackle. It is assumed that the richest deposits are located underneath those boulders. Unfortunately, the resources necessary to deal safely and successfully with the situation of the boulders were not available to D.W. Philipson in 1971, therefore, the excavation had to come to a halt.
Stratigraphy and dating.
Radiocarbon dates suggest that human occupation covered about 37,000 years at Kalemba. If the hypothesis that dates GX-2767 and GX-2768 are better represented by the dating to around 13,000 years BCE, then according to Phillipson,Phillipson the remaining dates are consistent and form a series that suggests several periods of occupation that follow: period 1, before 35,000 years BCE; period 2, c. 25,000 to 21,000 years BCE; Period 3, c. 15,000 to 11,000 years BCE, and period 4 < 6,000 years BCE.
Finds.
Flakes.
The flakes are based on 1243 whole flakes with random samples taken from roughly 100 specimens. To name a few of the flakes discovered, there are curved back geometric which represent roughly 30 percent of the retouched implements found. Pointed lunates were also discovered which represent an even larger portion of curved backed geometric category, 59 percent to be exact, none of the pointed lunates bear an eared projection at the tip, however, in the more recent periods, the tip on one is more emphasized. Another type of flake discovered was the deep lunate with a mean length of and only thirty three of these specimens being collected. Only seventeen of asymmetrical lunate was collected having a mean length of . A couple of microliths were discovered, twenty seven trapezoidal microlith with a mean of and fourteen triangular microliths with a mean length of .
Ground stone artefacts.
Eleven axes, two pestles, four stones and one linguate object were collected according to Phillipson. The linguate object as well as the stone were the only ones of that type to be found in Eastern Zambia in archaeological context.
Hammerstones. anvils, rubbing and grinding stones.
About thirty seven knapping hammers were collected, thirty two of them were unbroken and weigh anywhere from a piece. Out of all the knapping stones only one was quartz and a preferred type of hammer—pieces of flattened ovoid shape were apparent in the discovery. Twelve pounding stones were collected, with maximum dimensions of and a mean of . Four anvils were collected, three being quartz and one on chert cobble. Seven rubbing stones were collected and only one grinding stone. However, the grinding stone was thick and was grounded to a depth of twelve mm. The last use for the grinding stone was for a red pigment.
Bone artifacts.
Three headed pins were collected and discovered to be produced from the long bones of a large bird. Eight straight bodkins and two curved bodkins were found which vary from oval to circular. One of the curved bodkins seem to be a small sharpened rib while the other being a completely worked indeterminate bone. Two complete conical points were collected and in length; indicate origins of splinter bone. A needle was also collected, however, it is assumed that it isn’t entirely natural. Finally, one carved bone tool was discovered originating from a bird's long bone being in diameter.
Shell artifacts.
Fourteen disc beads, one pendant and one disc were collected at Kalemba. Four of the beads were made from achatina shell, one was made from water snail shell, and the remaining nine were made from an indeterminable land snail. The shell disc, was a broken half of a water snail shell. And the shell pendant was also made from water snail shell, but it is assumed it was lost or discarded before it was actually completed.
Pottery.
Only three complete vessels were collected, but remains of 392 potsherds were also discovered. 100 of the sherds were decorated at the rim, but the remaining 292 were undecorated body sherds.
Metal objects.
Four pieces of worked iron metal were found. A ring and wire were present. The ring being in diameter with a rectangular band . The wire was in length and a diameter of maximum.
Features.
Features discovered during the excavation include: Four human burials (graves) and numerous remains of pole and bamboo-framed shelters.


Archaeology of Pemba Island

Pemba Island is a small island off the coast of Tanzania. Inhabited since 600 AD, the island has a trading, agricultural, and religious history that has contributed to the studies of the Swahili Coast trade throughout the Indian Ocean.
The first evidence of inhabitation is in the seventh century AD at a site called Tumbe on the northern end of the island. Linguistic and archaeological data suggest there is potential that the first inhabitants migrated from the mainland. Towns continued to be founded around the island after Tumbe, and agricultural and ceramic artifacts show the people were farmers.
600–1000 AD.
The main site on the island between 600 and 1000 AD was the city of Tumbe. There is ample evidence that this city was a trading center in the Indian Ocean. Clustered around the main city were smaller sites dating to the 8th to 10th centuries AD. The archaeobotanical evidence from Tumbe and the surrounding areas point to an agriculture system focused on pearl millet. Rice, legumes, coconut and other tree nuts were found to have been important contributors to the agricultural economy.
Ceramics were an important part of the society at Tumbe. The pottery found at Tumbe is part of the Early Tana Tradition (ETT). This pottery tradition is decorated with triangles and intersecting lines. This tradition is also found in southern Tanzania, northern Kenya, southern Mozambique and the Lamu Archipelago. This connects Pemba Island with civilizations all along the East African coast. The ceramics from Tumbe are also notable in the types of vessels that were found. Many of the ceramics that have been found are necked jars with graphite decoration. Many of the ceramic artifacts found at Tumbe were pieces of imported pottery. The pieces were mainly from Sasanian-Islamic and Siraf storage vessels.
Shell beads were another important export from Tumbe. Although the beads do not normally survive, the number of tools used to make the beads, bead grinders, can be used as a good estimation for bead production. In one excavation at the site, 3,600 bead grinders were found; far more than any other site on the East African coast. The high concentration of the grinders likely indicates that the beads were used for trade. It also shows that bead making happened in households rather than solely by specialized craftsmen.
1000–1300 AD.
After the apparent abandonment of Tumbe, the city of Chwaka was established just south of Tumbe. Archaeological surveys show that the stonetown of Chwaka started as a small village and grew into a large, densely populated town. The patterns of population show that while Chwaka grew, the surrounding areas became less populated suggesting a movement of people from the countryside into towns.
The town of Chwaka is thought to be the beginning of urban patterns on Pemba Island. When archaeologists first arrived to the site there were two standing mosques. One was a large congregational mosque while the other was a smaller mosque. According to oral history, the smaller mosque was built to honor a late ruler of the town. As the excavations took place, the number of important structures grew. In all, there were a total of four mosques, at least ten stone tombs, and one significant stone home over a 500-year period. Along with the stone structures, the homes found were mainly of earthen materials.
The four mosques were all built at different times. The first was built in the eleventh century right around the time of the occupation of the site. The second stone mosque was built on a bluff in the thirteenth century. It was later enlarged and possibly remained standing until the site was abandoned. In the fourteenth century the first mosque was demolished and the third was built at the site. This mosque was much larger and more elegant than the first. An elaborate mihrab and vaulted ceilings were sophisticated for a town of Chwaka’s size. Similar to the second mosque, the third was later renovated to include more prayer space and an additional wash area. The last mosque built on the site was small and was built in the fifteenth century. The dedication to building and improving upon the mosques suggest the investment of the community as a whole, one, or many, wealthy patrons, or a combination of both.
While the small number of stone homes suggests that Chwaka had a small number of mercantile elites, the large number of stone tombs suggests a large religious elite population. Another indicator of a larger class of religious elites is the dedication to the stone architecture and design of the mosques. While the mosques have been damaged and the stone tombs are all in different stages of disarray, there is one excellent example of a Swahili pillar tomb.
Other towns throughout the island were established at this time as well. Mkia wa Ngombe, Mduuni, and Mtambwe Mkuu were established around the same time as Chwaka. Mkia wa Ngombe was a town of similar size to Chwaka and had mosques and elite homes as Chwaka did. Mkia wa Ngombe has some of the most extensive ruins on the Island. Mduuni was a smaller town among a set of eight others of similar size and composition around the island.
Mtambwe Mkuu.
Mtambwe Mkuu is a site in northwest Pemba and features many stone structures including a town wall, a mosque, tombs, and homes. The earliest evidence of occupation is in the eleventh century and continued, prosperously and uninterrupted until the fifteenth century. In the nineteenth century it was reoccupied. An excavation revealed a hoard of over two-thousand gold and silver coins dating to the tenth and eleventh centuries below the floor of a home at the site proving Pemba was involved with the trade networks of the time.
The site where the coins were found was pointed out to the archaeological team by local people that had previously found coins in the area. The hoard of coins was found buried in the floor of a hut. Around eight hundred coins were found at the surface while six hundred and fifty-eight were found in the excavation.
Eight of the excavated coins were gold. These coins determined an estimated date of 1066 AD for the hoard. All of the gold coins, except for one, originated from the Fatimid Caliphate or were imitations of coins from the Fatimid Caliphate. The other gold coin was a dinar from the Abbasid Caliphate. The coins were minted in cities throughout the Mediterranean in the modern day countries of Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, and Lebanon demonstrating Pemba’s economic ties to the region.
Six hundred and fifty of the excavated coins were silver. Each of the coins had a name on one side and a religious motto on the reverse. This pattern is similar to that of the coins from Kilwa, an island off the coast of modern day Tanzania. The names on the coins are the same as those of rulers found in the "Kilwa Chronicle" as well. These similarities and the findings of similar coins to the Mtambwe series in Kilwa link the two economies.
Influence of Islam.
Throughout the Swahili coast many people converted to Islam throughout the first millennium AD. The speed of this religious conversion has been thought to be the result of the building of trade relations with Muslim merchants. This center of religion in the towns may have been a large factor for the movement of the populous from rural areas to the towns. The large efforts to build the four mosques at Chwaka show the dedication to religion. The possible enticement of a cohesive religious community may have made towns like Chwaka ideal.
Portuguese colonization.
The Portuguese arrived to Pemba Island in the sixteenth century. When they arrived the number of sites on the island began to decline sharply. There was tension on the island and throughout the East African coast between the Portuguese and the indigenous populations causing both sides began to build fortresses.
Upon their arrival, the Portuguese noted that coastal towns were politically independent from each other. This caused them to wage an attack on one city at a time. While the Portuguese were attempting to unify the coast, the opposition from Arabs and the local people caused them to fail.
Omani rule.
After the failed Portuguese attempt at unification, the Omani took over the East African coast, including Pemba Island. The eighteenth century brought an increase in the number of occupied sites and a returned political stability to the region. This stability was even greater when the Omani Sultan, Said bin Sultan, moved the capital to Zanzibar during the nineteenth century.
Under Omani rule, a system of taxation was established as well as a trading organization. The slave trade market grew quickly throughout the East African coast and eventually Pemba Island made trading contracts with European countries and the Americas. Because of the centralized trade, the prosperity of the towns on Pemba was declining. In the late eighteenth century many on the islands turned to agriculture as a different economic strategy. Sugar and cloves had an expanding international market and agriculture allowed them a different option of trade goods.
When the British banned the slave trade in the nineteenth century, the economies of the main slave trading ports of East Africa, Zanzibar and Pemba, suffered. While they could not trade slaves, they could trade and export the products of slave labor. This caused many to move from maritime industries to subsistence farming and the development and growth of plantation farming. Due to this change, new infrastructure had to be built on the island including new roads and new small towns on the interior of the island. This success is the reason the Omani Sultan moved his capital to Zanzibar, bringing with him both economic and political success and stability.
Trading contacts.
Pemba and Zanzibar were connected to many different areas of Europe, Africa and Asia through trade as early as the first century. According to the "Periplus of the Erythean sea," the leader of each town was also in charge of that town’s economic and trade system. The "Periplus" also notes that the Greeks, and other traders, would trade with the island for ivory, tortoise shell, rhinoceros horn, palm oil, cinnamon, frankincense, and slaves. In return, the people on Pemba would receive awls, glass, wheat, wine, daggers, and hatchets.
Other documents show Pemba was trading with multiple areas on mainland Africa and in Asia. Artifacts that support this data include pottery and glass from Asia, China and Europe as well as ochre linked to mainland Africa.
Current archaeology.
Archaeological research on Pemba and throughout the Swahili coast has long been focused on sites with visible stone structures. This means that sites with earthen and less-permanent architecture get neglected from research. Based on new research, however, these first millennium sites are now understood as important to understanding the development of second millennium stone towns.
The major challenges for surveying on Pemba are related mostly to the topography and vegetation of the island. It is a hilly island and has dense clove and coconut plantations as well as forests. Along with that there are many inlets that may be difficult to reach. These difficulties result in limited surveying done on the island.


Usman Nagogo

Emir Alhaji Sir Usman Nagogo dan Muhammadu Dikko (1905 – March 18, 1981) was Emir of Katsina ("Sarkin Katsina") from May 19, 1944, until his death. A Fulani from the Sullubawa Clan, he succeeded his father, Muhammadu Dikko, as Emir, and was succeeded by his son, Muhammadu Kabir Usman.
Education.
Nagogo commenced his education under Islamic scholar Attahiru, who taught the future Emir and his brother in Katsina's Gambarawa Quarters. He commenced his elementary education in 1921 at Katsina Provincial School, but was interrupted by his father's visit to England, where the two met King George V of the United Kingdom. He graduated from the provincial school in 1923, after which he taught there for six months.
Political career and reign as Emir.
Nagogo was appointed to position of Native Authority Police Chief in 1929; during his term he expanded the police department by erecting new buildings and hiring more officers. In 1937, he became the District Head of Katsina Metropolis.
Nagogo was officially installed as the tenth Emir of Katsina by Arthur Richards, Governor of Northern Nigeria, on May 19, 1944, although he had succeeded his deceased father to the position in March. The same year, he visited England, Egypt, India, and Burma; in Burma, he met with Nigerians in the Royal West African Frontier Force (fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the Chindits).
On January 12, 1946, King George VI of the United Kingdom appointed him as a federal minister of the colony. He was a regional minister without portfolio from 1952 until the military coup of 1966, which one of his sons, Hassan Katsina was involved in.
Life President of the Nigerian Polo Association, Nagogo was one of pioneers of indigenous Nigerian polo; as of 2002, his handicap of +7 is still the highest of any African. He was at one point chairman of Muslim religious organization Jama'atu Nasril Islam (JNI).
Family.
Nagogo's mother was Hassatu, from Katsina.
One of Nagogo's sons, Muhammadu Kabir Usman (born January 1928), succeeded his father as Emir upon Nagogo's death, and was Emir as of 2006; Kabir received his name from Arab cleric Sherif Gudid, a friend of Nagogo. Another son, Hassan Katsina (born 1933), joined the Nigerian Army, eventually rising to the position of Major General.
Honours.
Nagogo was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1948 New Year Honours, and invested as a Knight Commander of the Order (KBE) in the 1962 New Year Honours. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1953 Coronation Honours.


Axum massacre

The Axum massacre (also: "Aksum massacre" or "Maryam Ts'iyon massacre") was a massacre of about 100–800 civilians that took place in Axum during the Tigray War. The main part of the massacre occurred on the afternoon and evening of 28 November, continuing on 29 November, with smaller numbers of extrajudicial killings taking place earlier, starting from 19 November and during the weeks following the 28–29 November weekend. The massacre was attributed to the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) by Amnesty International, Associated Press, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Adigrat University lecturer Getu Mak.
The main massacre consisted of indiscriminate shooting by the EDF throughout Axum. The bodies were brought to churches, including the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion ("Maryam Ts'iyon"), for burial. Due to a tight communication blockade, news of the massacre was only revealed internationally in early January 2021 after survivors escaped to safe locations. The EHRC visited Axum from 27 February to 5 March 2021.
Before 18 November.
Pro-federal-government sources claimed that the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) gained control of Axum Airport on 11 November 2020.
Arrival of ENDF and EDF in Axum.
18 November.
Heavy shelling of Axum and the cutting of transport and communication links in Axum started on 18 November according to the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC). There were MiG airstrikes, tank attacks and artillery shells fired into the mountains around Axum and the town. Local administration and Tigrayan Special Forces withdrew.
14 civilians were killed that day.
19–27 November.
Debretsion Gebremichael, head of the Tigray People's Liberation Front in power in the Tigray Region prior to the Tigray War, stated on 19 November that fighting was taking place in the town of Axum itself, but that the TPLF was still in control of the town. The ENDF claimed to have taken full control of Axum the following day. On 22 November, images, video and text asserting that the TPLF had damaged Axum Airport runway were published. The TPLF denied the claim. BBC News satellite image analysis suggested that the damage occurred between 19 and 23 November. On 29 November, Debretsion claimed that the TPLF had retaken control of Axum.
The EHRC stated that the ENDF and the Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) entered Axum on 19 November. Starting that day, some ENDF and EDF members looted Saint Mary Hospital and Axum Referral Hospital and destroyed equipment that they did not loot. The COVID-19 wing of Axum Referral Hospital was looted by the ENDF and EDF. From 18 to 20 November, 41 people died in the two hospitals as a result of "physical injuries, blood loss and the lack of adequate medical treatment"; and 126 people had "medium to heavy physical injuries".
Amnesty International stated that extrajudicial killings started in Axum on 19 November. A witness interviewed by Martin Plaut stated that after the EDF entered Axum, EDF soldiers immediately shot the few people who were on the streets. Residents were later able to exit their houses, but were then victims of theft and forced to help in looting. The EDF executed about seven to ten residents per day.
Getu Mak, a lecturer from Adigrat University, was three weeks into a four-week high-school pupil software training workshop in Axum when the 4 November Northern Command attacks occurred. Getu dated the first day of shelling as 19 November 2020, starting at 14h00. Many residents fled and some sought shelter and slept at the Maryam Ts'iyon church. According to Getu, the EDF left Axum, continuing to Adwa, while the ENDF destroyed the , an international luxury hotel. The EHRC stated that ENDF troops left Axum on 25 November.
Massacre.
The EDF returned to Axum on 26 November in trucks with Eritrean markings. After a while they left the city and went to the Mai Koho mountain and a checkpoint on the Shire side of the city. About 50–80 Eritrean soldiers once again entered the city the next day on 27 November. They began major looting of shops throughout the city and broke into entire hotels, jewellery shops, boutiques, etc. Two flour factories were also destroyed. On the evening of the same day, some Tigray militiamen arrived and stayed at the Yeha Hotel.
The next day on 28 November, from about 06:30 or 07:00, the pro-TPLF Tigray militia, armed with rifles, and supported by some of the residents, attacked the EDF stationed near the TV transmitter on Mai Koho mountain immediately east of the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion ("Maryam Ts'iyon"). At 17:00, the Tigray militia was just about to finish the Eritreans off when another division of about 2,000 EDF troops arrived. They came from Adwa and were sent to support the EDF troops in Axum. Their arrival forced the militiamen to flee and drop their weapons. At least two militiamen were reported injured. The militia claimed they killed about 40 – 45 Eritrean soldiers.
Two thousand more EDF had arrived by 17:00. They started firing indiscriminately on a massive scale against the civilian residents of Axum. A witness quoted by "Libération" dated the arrival of EDF soldiers to 26 November and stated that the main indiscriminate, mass shooting in the streets of Axum occurred on 28 November. A deacon at Maryam Ts'iyon church, interviewed by "Associated Press" (AP), also dated the main massacre, both in the church and on the street, to 28 November, and accused the EDF of being the perpetrators. The Tigray militia fled when the EDF reinforcements arrived. The shooting of civilians by the EDF continued "all night". Two Amnesty International witnesses estimated the start time of the massacre as 14:00 and 16:00.
The witness quoted by Martin Plaut stated that Eritrean soldiers asked "Why did you fight us? OK, now you have it!". Plaut interpreted the EDF's motivation for the massacre as revenge for the fight with the Tigray militia.
On 29 November, the EDF went from house to house, looting and murdering two hundred youths and suspected militia members. Shooting at the Maryam Ts'iyon church took place on 29 November according to Plaut's witness.
The EHRC gave a similar report as the weekend of the 28–29 November as being the dates of the main massacre, estimating a lower limit to the number of civilian victims for which it had "gathered evidence" as "more than one hundred", and attributing the killings of the weekend to the EDF.
On 30 November, Plaut's witness was in the church. "Government" representatives and federal police arrived by helicopter. The police convinced the EDF to allow residents to pick up the corpses. The witness estimates 300–400 "young people" were buried during the day time of 30 November 2020, and more in the evening.
Woinishet, born in Axum and based in the US, visited Axum during the events, and later escaped to Addis Ababa. Her interview was published in English on 20 January 2021. According to Woinishet, on an unspecified date after the Tigray War started, two thousand Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF) soldiers entered Axum in tanks and carried out a massacre, firing indiscriminately without warnings. The witness stated that "the entire city from the bus station to the park was covered in bodies". She stated that the EDF soldiers said that they had been ordered to kill all Tigrayan males older than four. The EDF, according to Woinishet, killed soldiers, priests and farmers, burned crops and ordered farmers to kill their livestock.
Woinishet stated that EDF soldiers were "completely in charge of the situation" and that the ENDF soldiers observed without interfering, "seem[ing] like they were afraid".
Location and numbers.
Getu Mak attributed the role of the Maryam Ts'iyon church as being the place where 720 corpses were buried, without specifying the date of burial. He stated that "hundreds" of youths and militia members were extrajudicially executed in the 29 November house-to-house EDF raids.
The witness quoted by "Libération" stated that after the 29 November house-to-house looting and executions occurred, residents were forbidden from burying the corpses for three days. The witness later helped to carry 300–400 bodies to be buried. The church deacon who talked to "AP" confirmed that the killings by the EDF continued after the initial massacre. On the day he talked to "AP" in early February 2021, the deacon buried three victims of the killings. The deacon estimated 800 civilians executed on the weekend of 28 November, and "thousands" in total.
A witness who spent two months "going from village to village on foot" around the Tembien and Naeder Adet areas stated in "Ethiopia Insight" that some of the killings were done by EDF soldiers who killed people in their homes. According to the witness, a priest from Maryam Ts'iyon church stated that on one particular day, 243 victims had been buried, and that people who tried to pick up corpses were shot.
Amnesty International compiled a list of the names of "well over 200" people killed on 28 and 29 November and known personally by the witnesses and survivors interviewed. Four different men who helped to transport cartloads of bodies to churches reported carrying 45, 30, 21–40 and 50 bodies. One witness estimated seeing 400 bodies on 30 November.
In its preliminary report based on its 27 February to 5 March 2021 visit to Axum, the EHRC said that it had evidence for over a hundred victims.
On 19 March 2021, in a video by Channel 4 News posted on Channel4.com, Jamal Osman promised to present a report on the Axum massacre. He estimated a lower number of casualties than those in other reports, stating, "The international community talked about, [what] had happened in Axum, where 43 people were killed. We also met relatives of the victims who were killed there."
Priest Wolde Mariam detailed the Axum Massacre, horrified about the ~800 people had been killed.
Looting.
The EDF looted Axum "systematically and on a massive scale, leaving residents without food or drink", medicine and cars. The looting started on 19 November, and intensified after the 28–29 November massacre.
Perpetrators and order of command.
Amnesty International, on the basis of interviews with 41 survivors and witnesses, 20 others with "knowledge relevant to the situation", and satellite imagery from October, November and December 2020 for cross-checking, attributed the massacre to the EDF in its 26 February 2021 report. Earlier, EDF troops were attributed as the perpetrators of the church and street massacres by "Associated Press" (AP), Getu Mak, Martin Plaut's witness. The ENDF was attributed responsibility in early January reports by EEPA, Nyssen, and "Le Monde".
The EHRC, based on its visit to Axum from 27 February to 5 March 2021, in which it conducted interviews with "survivors, 45 families of victims, eyewitnesses and religious leaders", held a group discussion with 20 residents, talks with local kebele officials, and discussions with medical staff of the Saint Mary and Axum Referral Hospitals, attributed the 28–29 November weekend massacre to the EDF.
Getu Mak attributed responsibility for delayed burial to the EDF, stating, "I saw a horse cart carrying around 20 bodies to the church, but Eritrean soldiers stopped them and told people to throw them back on the street."
Mhretab, interviewed by "AP", stated that ENDF soldiers observed the massacre without intervening. When asked why they were failing to stop the massacre, they stated that they had orders "from above", which "AP" interpreted to mean that senior federal Ethiopian officials were responsible for the non-intervention order.
Motivation.
Plaut interpreted the motivation for the massacre to be revenge for the fight between a Tigray militia and the EDF during the day of 28 November.
EDF soldiers stated that the 28–29 November massacre was done to frighten the population and discourage repeats of the 28 November attack against them by the Tigray militia. Statements included, "If you have a gun, give us, if not, we will continue this massacre" and "If you keep following the TPLF and try to fight us again we will kill you and we will do the same as yesterday."
Reporting and evidence.
Slow communication and early reports.
With a ban on journalists entering the Tigray Region continuing as of 11 January 2021, news of the massacre was first provided by survivors arriving in Mekelle after walking by foot about . In early January 2021, Europe External Programme with Africa (EEPA) dated the massacre to 15 December and Belgian physical geographer Jan Nyssen dated it to 17–20 December. In its January reports, EEPA attributed the massacre to the ENDF and Amhara militia and located the main massacre to the square around the church. EEPA's early report stated, "More detail has been released on the massacre at the Maryam Zion Church in Aksum. On Tuesday, 15th of December, Ethiopian federal troops and Amhara militia approached the Maryam Zion Cathedral in Aksum. The church was full, and 1,000 people may have been in the building or the compound surrounding it. A confrontation happened after which people were forced to come out on the square. The troops opened fire and 750 people are reported to have been killed." Plaut's early report was similar, stating, "As the crowd milled around, there was further shouting and the troops opened fire on the protesting crowd. As many as 750 people are reported to have been killed." The initial attribution was to the ENDF and Amhara militia, not the EDF.
In late January, Laurie Nathan of the University of Notre Dame's Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies called the reports "credible, though unverified." Nathan said that the details were not clear, and would not be, until the United Nations or a human rights NGO safely entered the area and conducted an investigation.
Evidence and witnesses.
Around 24–25 February 2021, the Transitional Government of Tigray and military authorities in Axum planned to move 6000 internally displaced people from the university in Axum to Shire, and to tamper with the evidence related to war crimes, prior to international media visiting. Orders for tampering with the evidence were issued by federal authorities, according to "Eritrea Hub".
Amnesty International's initial report was published on 26 February 2021. Amnesty stated that the massacre could "amount to crimes against humanity" by the EDF. Eritrean human rights campaigners, such as Vanessa Tsehaye, have contributed to the Amnesty International report titled "Ethiopia: The Massacre in Axum". Tsehaye was promoted to Amnesty International's Horn of Africa Campaigner position in late January, one month before the report was released.
Human Rights Watch (HRW) published a report on the massacre on 5 March 2021, based on interviews with 28 witnesses and survivors and the analysis of videos. HRW attributed the massacre to the EDF and called for an independent investigation into "war crimes and possible crimes against humanity". HRW's evidence for attributing the massacre to the EDF was based on the Eritrean licence plates of the perpetrators' vehicles, the dialect of Tigrinya spoken by the perpetrators, and their uniforms and characteristic footware.
The EHRC published its preliminary report on 23 March 2021. The report was based on its visit to Axum from 27 February to 5 March 2021, in which it carried out extensive interviews with survivors, victims' families, eyewitnesses, local residents and officials and medical staff. The EHRC agreed with Amnesty International and HRW that the massacre could amount to crimes against humanity by the EDF.
Cultural heritage risks.
Historians and archeologists expressed concern that the Ark of the Covenant and the church architecture, significant in the history of Christianity, were at risk of damage or destruction.
Reactions.
Eritrea.
Government.
Both Eritrean and Ethiopian authorities reject the claim of a massacre occurring in Axum's St. Mary of Zion Church, deeming it a "fabrication". Both governments also reject the accusations of targeted civilians and churchgoers. The BBC reached out to Eritrea's ministry of information, with Minister Yemane G. Meskel labeling "the accusations as 'preposterous' and 'fabricated'".
Citizens and diaspora.
Eritreans in the international community questioned the Amnesty report for having 41 witnesses, who, according to these Eritreans, are of suspicious repute. Sara Isaias writes, "In a report that spanned over 25 pages, Amnesty went into quite some detail about killings that were supposed to have happened a day or two before the holiest of days in the Orthodox calendar... without providing a shred of tangible evidence. The entire report was based on anonymous and unsubstantiated sources.". They call for a third-party independent investigation into the alleged event, so as to prevent the 41 witnesses potentially being affiliated with the Tigray People's Liberation Front.
The Eritrean diaspora has raised criticisms in the validity of reporting around the alleged massacre, citing inconsistencies between media sources. For instance, inconsistencies were found regarding one particular victim who had in one article claimed to having been maimed and raped by an ENDF soldier with Eritrean soldiers rescuing her. A BBC report highlights, "On 3 December, the teenager said that a soldier, dressed in an Ethiopian military uniform, entered their house demanding to know where the Tigrayan fighters were...They said the Eritreans had tended to their wounds".
Conversely, in another article by Al Jazeera, a video was posted with the same victim alleging that Eritrean soldiers had raped and maimed her. These two allegations were reported one day apart from another. Members of the UK Eritrean diaspora have assembled a Change.org Petition: "Peace Loving Eritreans in the UK are sending a message to BBC Tigrinya to stop the fake news". As of March 2021, the petition by Rahel Weldeab has 6,649 signatures.
Poland.
On 22 January 2021, in response to the massacre, the Polish Foreign Ministry stated, "We strongly condemn the perpetrators of this barbaric crime committed in a place of worship. We expect the Ethiopian authorities to immediately take all possible measures to clarify its circumstances and punish the perpetrators."
United Kingdom.
In early January 2021, British member of parliament David Alton informed the British Foreign Secretary about reports of the massacre and tabled a question in parliament.
United States.
Catholic News Agency brought attention to the EEPA reports in the US in late January 2021.


George Church (sport shooter)

George Church (11 May 1890 – 18 March 1951) was a South African sports shooter. He competed in the team free rifle event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.


Mosambaye Singa Boyenge

General Mosambaye Singa Boyenge, born Alexandre Singa Boyenge on October 10, 1932 in Eastern Province (Democratic Republic of Congo) and died on July 21, 2001 in Kinshasa, was a Congolese soldier and statesman.
Career.
He became a lieutenant in 1960, at the independence of the former Belgian Congo, and rose to the rank of army general in January 1980.
After the fighting of the secession of Katanga in 1963, those against the rebellion of the troops of the East a year later, the confrontation in Kivu and in the Eastern province of Jean Schrame and the war of "80 days" where it succeeds to repel the invaders from Zairian territory, he was appointed military governor of Shaba (present-day Katanga) at the end of the so-called "6-day" battle in 1978.
General Singa Boyenge also held political office in the Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR). In the diplomatic field, he was also a military attache at the Zaire embassy in Rome in 1969, and ambassador of Zaire in Uganda in 1970.
On June 11, 1975, as chief of the gendarmerie at that time, he led a revolutionary commission to investigate the coup d'état against the government (now known as "The coup d'etat monté et manqué"). This commission arrested several army officers, accused of conspiracy against Mobutu (attempted assassination), high treason and disclosure of military secrets.


Kfir Zokol

Kfir Zokol (, born 31 July 1982) is a retired Ethiopian-born Israeli footballer.
Career.
Kfir made his debut for the senior side of Maccabi Netanya in the end of the 1999–00 season. At the start of the 2000-01 season he suffered a serious knee injury from a nasty tackle by Joško Bilić. He missed the entire season after he had to go through surgery.
His breakthrough season came in 2002-03 when he was an important part of the successful season Netanya had. In the end of the season he won a cap for the Israel U-21 team and it seemed he was on his way to the top of Israeli football. In the middle of the 2003-04 season Kfir suffered another injury and after that got loaned to teams from the lower divisions until he was released from his contract in Netanya. By most supporters of Netanya he is still regarded as one of the most talented players to never fulfil his full potential.
In 4 seasons with Netanya he managed to play 79 games, score 10 goals and also provided 2 assists in all club competitions.


Namayingo

Namayingo is a town in Namayingo District in the Eastern Region of Uganda. It is the site of the district headquarters.
Location.
Namayingo is on the mainland in the Busoga sub-region and is approximately , by road, southeast of Bugiri, the nearest large town. This is approximately , by road, southeast of Jinja, the largest city in the Busoga sub-region.
Namayingo Town is located along the "Musita–Mayuge–Lumino–Majanji–Busia Road", approximately , southwest of Busia, the nearest large city. The coordinates of Namayingo are 0°20'42.0"N, 33°52'48.0"E (Latitude:0.3450; Longitude:33.8800). Namayingo Town sits at an average elevation of above mean sea level.
Overview.
The town of Namayingo is small and dusty and lacks public running water, electricity, or a sewer system. The public roads are notoriously bad, prompting a public demonstration numbering about 200 people in January 2013.
In 2020, the Musita–Lumino–Busia Road, which passes through town and has been under improvement to class II bitumen standard since 2015, was commissioned in November 2020, upon completion of those renovations. The renovated road has led to faster travel times and improved the ease of doing business in Namayingo Town, Namayingo District and surrounding communities.
Population.
In September 2002, the population census put the population of Namayingo at 8,332. In August 2014, the national population census put the population at 15,741.
In 2015 the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) estimated the population of the town at 15,900. In 2020, the population agency estimated the population of Namayingo Town at 17,300 people. Of these, 9,100 (52.6 percent) were female and 8,200 (47.4 percent) were male. UBOS calculated the annual growth rate of the town's population to average 1.70 percent, between 2015 and 2020.
Points of interest.
The following additional points of interest lie within the town limits or near its borders:
1. The offices of Namayingo Town Council
2. The offices of Namayingo District Local Government
3. Namayingo Central Market
4. Buyinja Health Centre IV, a government healthcare facility owned by the Uganda Ministry of Health, administered by the Namayingo District Administration.
5. Musita–Mayuge–Lumino–Majanji–Busia Road, passing through town in a general west to east direction.
6. "Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church", in Buhemba sub-county, approximately , southwest of town, off of the Namayingo–Maruba Road.


Adam Tas

Adam Tas (1668 – June 1722) was a community leader in the Cape Colony at the turn of the 17th century, and is best known for his role in the conflict between Cape Governor Willem Adriaan van der Stel (son of the former Governor Simon van der Stel) and the Free Burghers at the Cape of Good Hope.
Overview.
Adam Tas (pronounced "Ah-dum Tuss") was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. One of his aunts and her German husband, Henning Hüsing, came to the Cape in search of fortune. When he was 29 (1697), Tas joined them and stayed at Meerlust, their Stellenbosch home. Two years later he was appointed Standard Bearer to the Burgher Infantry. In June, 1703 he married Elizabeth Von Brakel, the wealthy widow of Joris (Hans Jürgen) Grimpen, who owned a collection of farms in the district.
Tas became secretary of the "Brotherhood", which viewed the Dutch East India Company (VOC) administration at the Cape as corrupt and dictatorial. Like other senior VOC officials, the governor, Willem Adriaan van der Stel also owned a farm, Vergelegen. These VOC officials soon started a corrupt trading monopoly with the VOC which seriously hampered the free burghers' ability to make a living. By 1705, a third of all the farms in the colony belonged to just 20 officials. Tas and Hüsing drafted a petition, accusing local VOC officials of abusing the company's trading monopoly, and managed to persuade 63 of the 550 Cape free burghers to sign it. Without informing the local officials, the signed petition was sent directly to the VOC headquarters in Amsterdam.
The petition was rejected and Van der Stel became aware of its existence. Tas was arrested on 28 February 1706, escorted in chains to Cape Town, and convicted. Van der Stel had parts of Tas’s diary copied (13 June 1705 through 27 February 1706) as evidence. (Large fragments of this copy was rediscovered in 1911 by A.C.C. Lloyd, a librarian at the National Library of South Africa) After he was convicted, Tas was thrown in the "Black Hole" - a damp dungeon completely devoid of any light located in the Castle of Good Hope.
However, since 31 of the signatories were Huguenots, and because the Netherlands was at war with France, the rejected petition generated belated concern in Amsterdam. The fear was that the discontent might convince some to become spies for the French. The VOC dismissed van der Stel, and ordered his return to the Netherlands (23 April 1707). VOC officials were subsequently forbidden to own any land at the Cape of Good Hope.
Thirteen months into his incarceration Tas was released. Upon gaining his freedom, Tas named his home "Libertas" (Latin: freedom) in honor of the occasion, and allocated a new meaning ("Tas is Free!") to the name. The property, located on the outskirts of Stellenbosch is currently part of a strawberry farming operation. It includes a homestead extended by a later owner with the date of 1771 on the Cape Dutch gable.


Dominic Yahaya

Sir Dominic Gambo Yahaya KSM (born January 10, 1950) is the current monarch of Atyap Chiefdom, a Nigerian traditional state in southern Kaduna State, Nigeria. He is also known by the title "Agwatyap III".
Early life and education.
Yahaya was born in Taligan, Atyapland, "in the defunct" Northern Region, British Nigeria (now southern Kaduna State, Nigeria) on 10 January 1950.
He began his educational career in 1958, attending St. Pius' (now LEA) Primary School, Taligan (Magamia) between 1958–1964; St. Mary's (now Government) Secondary School, Fadan Kaje between 1965–1969; Barewa College, Zaria between 1970–1971; and then proceeded for an advanced level education at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria between 1972–1975, where he graduated with a B.Sc. (Hon.), Second Class Upper Division in Geography and between 1977–1979, obtained an M.Sc. in Urban and Regional Planning from the same institution. He has also attended several courses, workshops and seminars at home in Nigeria and overseas.
Yahaya got married to Miss Justina on November 30, 1979.
Career.
Yahaya began working with the Kaduna State government after the year-long compulsory national service with the National Youth Service Corps, in 1976 and became:
He also became:
Hence, he came back to work with:
He then became:
Yahaya was then appointed as Chairman of the Interim Management Committee, Zangon Kataf Local Government Area between June 20, 2011 - November, 2012; and
Memberships and awards.
Memberships.
Yahaya had been a de facto member of the:
He is also a registered Town Planner.
Awards.
He was awarded:
State detention.
After the Zangon Kataf disturbances of May 1992 in which at least 21 indigenous Atyap people were arrested and left in detention without charge or trial under Decree 2 of 1984 enacted by the Nigerian military government, Dominic G. Yahaya (then a civil servant) was one of those unjustly detained and kept separately in a group of six before later being separated including Bala Ade Dauke (the then District Head of Zangon Katab and future "Agwatyap I"), Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd.), ACP Juri Babang Ayok (rtd.), Major John Atomic Kude (rtd.), and Peter Lekwot (younger brother to Maj. Gen. Z. Lekwot - who alongside Elias Manza and others were sentenced to death), as "Special Class" prisoners.
Kingship.
Yahaya, at the demise of HRH Agwam Dr. Harrison Yusuf Bungwon, "Agwatyap II" was chosen to be the next "Agwatyap" of Atyap Chiefdom, to lead the Atyap people. On Saturday, November 12, 2016 he was handed over the staff of office by the Kaduna State governor in the Atak Njei palace.


Rhodesia national football team


Liberty Monument (Seychelles)

The Liberty Monument is an historic monument in Victoria, Seychelles. It was erected in celebration of the Seychelles' independence from Britain.
History.
It was unveiled by James Michel on 29 June 2014 during an independence day celebration as a replacement of the "Zonm Lib" (English: free man) statue which was erected in 1978.
Design.
The Liberty Monument was designed and sculpted by Tom Bowers and was cast in bronze at the Bronze
Age Foundry in Cape Town, South Africa. It depicts a man and a woman holding over their heads the national flag.


Elections in Southern Rhodesia

Elections in Southern Rhodesia were used from 1899 to 1923 to elect part of the Legislative Council and from 1924 to elect the whole of the Legislative Assembly which governed the colony. Since the granting of self-government in 1923, Southern Rhodesia used the Westminster parliamentary system as its basis of government. The Political party (or alliance) that had most of the seats in the Legislative Assembly became the government. The person in charge of this bloc (the head of government) was the Premier, later renamed Prime Minister, who then chose his cabinet from his elected colleagues.
Legislative Council.
Prior to the grant of responsible government, Southern Rhodesia was governed by a Legislative Council from 1899 which consisted of some nominated and some elected members. The nominated members were appointed by the British South Africa Company, and consisted of the executive which ruled the colony; the number of elected members increased throughout the period as the number of white people in the colony increased.
Legislative Assembly.
Following the grant of responsible government in 1924, Southern Rhodesia's Parliament was unicameral, consisting of the Legislative Assembly on its own. Once Acts were passed by the Legislative Assembly, they were passed to the Governor to give assent on behalf of the British monarch. The Assembly had 30 seats until the 1961 constitution, when it was increased to 65 (50 constituencies and 15 districts). It was presided over by a Speaker; Southern Rhodesia differed from UK practice in that the Speaker was an "ex officio" member of the Legislative Assembly.
Electoral qualifications.
1899–1923.
The colony of Southern Rhodesia took its base law from that of Cape Colony, suitably modified to retain European settler control. The base requirement was that an elector be a British subject, male, aged 21 or over, and able to write their own name and address and sign their name on the registration form. There were then three requirements which qualified voters.
a) Owner of a registered mining claim in Southern Rhodesia.
b) Occupier of immovable property valued at £75.
c) Receiving in Southern Rhodesia wages or salary of £50 "per annum".
Under b) and c), voters must also have had six months residency in Southern Rhodesia.
In 1912, the literacy requirements were raised to require voters to write at dictation 50 words in the English language, if required by the registering officer. The means qualification under b) was raised to £150 and under c) to £100 "per annum". Women were enfranchised in 1919, deemed to possess the same means qualification as their husbands.
1923–1961.
The same qualifications were continued under responsible government. In 1928, the dictation test was eliminated, and, in 1938, the means qualifications were lifted from pensioners. The means qualifications were not raised until 1951, when the value of property required was increased to £500, and the annual wage requirement to £240.
In 1957, the residential qualification was raised to two years in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and the language requirement was raised to demand the ability to read and comprehend English. The means qualifications were changed to create upper and lower rolls and to allow for educational achievements to count towards means. Property ownership was required to have been held for two years and the mining claim qualification was eliminated.
1961 constitution.
Following the enactment of the 1961 constitution, there were two voter rolls that were available to voters. The 'A' roll was the more important, with qualification dependent on meeting a financial and educational means test; voters had to be 21 years of age and possess either an annual income of 792 Rhodesian pounds or more or real estate property worth at least 1,650 pounds – this qualification was lowered to 528/1,100 pounds if the voter had completed a primary education, or 330/550 pounds if the voter had completed a four-year secondary education. Appointment to the office of "chieftain" or "headman" by the government gave automatic access to the A roll. Despite a certain flexibility, the vast majority on the A roll were European. The 'B' roll had a lower set of financial and educational qualifications; voters had to be 18 years of age and possess an annual income of 264 pounds or property worth 495 pounds (reduced to 132/275 if the person completed two years of secondary education, 198/385 if the person was 30 years or older, or 132/275 if the person was over 30 years of age and had completed primary education). Ministers of religion as well as Kraal chiefs with a following of at least 20 heads of families automatically gained access to the B roll. The vast majority eligible for the B roll were African, although a few were European. African nationalists rejected the constitution and successfully persuaded most eligible African voters not to register.
Which roll an elector was on affected the value of their vote in a constituencies and districts. Both the rolls voted for each type of seat. For the constituencies, if the B roll total exceeded one-fifth of the total votes, it was devalued to a maximum of one-fifth. In practice, this never happened, due to the African nationalist campaign to boycott elections. For the districts, if the A roll total exceeded one-fifth of the total votes, it was devalued to a maximum of one-fifth. This was always the case.
1970 constitution.
In the 1970 constitution, the electoral system was changed with the 'B' roll being abolished. Instead, the electorate were segregated by race with European, Asian and mixed citizens meeting certain income and property qualifications – an annual income of 1,800 dollars or more for the past two years "or" immovable property worth 3,600 dollars or more, with either demand lowered by a third if the person had completed four years of secondary education – voting in 50 constituencies, with Africans meeting lower qualifications – an annual income of 600 dollars or more for the two past years "or" immovable property worth 1,200 dollars or more, with either demand lowered by a third if the voter had completed "two" years of secondary education – voting in eight. In addition, there were eight seats elected by an electoral college of African tribal chiefs. Prime Minister Ian Smith justified this setup on the grounds that the vast majority of black Rhodesians had no experience with the democratic system. White Rhodesians feared that rapid transition to majority rule might yield similar hardships to those experienced by the other newly independent African states such as Ghana, Tanzania, Uganda, and Nigeria. Smith proposed a gradual inclusion of Africans, increasing as the African population got to understand the system. This was based on the contributions to the fisc, hence the 50-16 split in the 66-seat chamber, with a new Rhodesian Senate being instated as well. Critics counter that this was simply a strategy to perpetuate European settler rule for as long as possible, and whether this transition would have happened over the next few decades is unclear.
Elected governments.
From 1924 to 1933, the Rhodesia Party (a renaming of the 'Responsible Government Association' which had campaigned for the grant of autonomy) dominated the government. In 1933, the Reform Party, a modestly progressive group, won the election, but within a year the more right-wing part of the party including its leader had merged with the Rhodesia Party to create the United Party. This party remained in power until 1962 when it was defeated by the Rhodesian Front.
From the 1965 election up to the end of Rhodesia in 1979, all of the 'A' Roll seats and European seats were won by Rhodesian Front candidates. These wins were clearly the will of the white voters who felt that the Rhodesian Front was the best choice to lead Rhodesia through the difficult years of sanctions and guerilla war. The 'B' Roll seats were held by Tribal Chiefs and independent candidates. These results ensured a Black African being the Leader of the parliamentary opposition.


W.H. Biney

Nana William Hamilton Biney was a Ghanaian businessman who built a large stevedore company in Lagos.
Biney was a philanthropist and a generous businessmen who had friends all over the country. His house in Lagos served as a residence for many traditional rulers vising the then capital.
Life.
Biney was born in the Gold Coast, what is now Ghana, in 1896. After his elementary education in the Gold Coast, he went to Sierra Leone and attended the Wesleyan Boys High School, Freetown, completing studies in 1904. Biney immigrated to Nigeria in 1911 and settled in Lagos. He initially worked as a bookkeeper for Miller Bros but in 1918, he left the firm and began working as a sub-contractor to Elder Dempster.
A pioneer in stevedoring, he founded W. Biney and Co. in 1918 as a labour contracting firm providing loading and offloading services at the quay to firms such as UAC. The company started with two sheds and expanded as port activities grew. The company was also involved in the offloading of kerosene and petrol at the Ijora Wharf from firms such as Vacuum Oil Company, and it later added railway contracting services. In 1959, the firm was involved in the establishment of a stevedoring business in Tema, Ghana. The firm was highly respected and up till 1964, was the sole contractor handling loading and offloading of cargo in Apapa.
Biney was also involved in labour related activities. In 1941, he established a privately funded labour registration bureau and a bulletin on labour issues.
Biney established a zoo, the first privately owned zoo in Nigeria. He was also a boxing patron and horticulturist. He served as a founding member of the Island Club.
The nana was the holder of a Ghanaian traditional chieftaincy. He died in the 1970s.


Royal Order of the Omujwaara Kondo

The Royal Order of the Omujwaara Kondo (English: Order of the Coronet Wearer) is the oldest and highest royal order of the Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom and is awarded solely by the Omukama (King) of Bunyoro. It is a single-grade honour, separated into two classes - Class I and Class II. Class I is limited to other royal families of the world and heads of state, while Class II is open to all persons.
The Order was recognised as an "old-established Order of distinction" in the 1955 Bunyoro Agreement signed jointly by Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen on behalf of the British Government and the Omukama (King) Sir Tito Gafabusa Winyi IV.
The Order is one of three royal orders established or reformed in 2010 as a part of a modernization process in the Kingdom.
History of the Order.
The first recorded recipient of the Order was Kasaru, the interpreter of Omukama Rukidi of Bunyoro, who ruled in the late 15th century, and therefore the Order is believed to be more than 500 years old. It was normal that recipients of the Order were awarded ownership of land and it was believed that they obtained a special divine power called mahano with the admission into the Order.
Recipients were awarded an Ekondo "(English:coronets)" and other regalia, and had special seats during ceremonies of the Kingdom. Recipients were not allowed to eat common food like potatoes and beans, instead they were expected to follow a special diet, containing primarily meat, poultry and other finer/rare foods.
When awarded the Order, recipients obtain the title of "Omujwaara Kondo" "(English: Coronet wearer)" and became an Abajwaara Kondo "(a member of the group of Omujawaara Kondos)". It was also normal to award recipients with elaborate headdresses made from beard and skin of the Colobus Monkey.
The Order has, compared to European standards, more characteristics of a title of nobility (the award being a title and a coronet) than of an Order of Chivalry. When the British conquered the Kingdom however, the Bunyoro Agreements of 1933 and 1955 between the Kingdom and the British Government recognized the Omukama's power to award this ancient honour, which was then classified as an "Order of Distinction".
After Uganda gained its independence from Britain in 1962, Omukama Sir Winyi IV continued to award the honour until 1967, when the Kingdoms were abolished by dictator Milton Obote. The Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara was restored on June 11, 1993 with the enthronement of H.M. Solomon Iguru I, son of H.M. Omukama Sir Winyi IV of Bunyoro, the Omujwaara Kondo, similar to the other traditional honours of Bunyoro-Kitara, is once again being awarded.
The Order is listed as a "Non-Ruling Dynastic Honor and Order of Merit" by the Augustan Society.
Current Order.
Originally, when being awarded the Order, recipients would swear an oath of loyalty to the King, and drink a bowl of milk with the King, but now the drinking of milk is optional. How the tradition of drinking milk started is not known, but it is believed to have ties with the former large herds of Ankole cattle, which were an important part of Bunyoro economy, history and culture.
The Order was revised on March 22, 2010 by Solomon Iguru I, in an attempt to modernize it. Since then the honour has been updated to be a breast star that is 90 millimeters in diameter. This star is worn at Empango ceremonies or other appropriate formal occasions, and member of the Order sits in a special place of honour during the Empango events. Traditionally the Order was only given to men, but since its restoration in 2010, women are also allowed admittance into the Order. The traditional ban on eating beans, potatoes and other vegetables has also been removed. Also recipients must be minimum 25 years of age. The honour is normally granted two times a year, once during the Empango ceremony (which most often is on June 11 each year) and the other on H.M. Solomon Iguru I's birthday on June 18.
The Order may be compared to, for example, the highest grades of the Order of Dannebrog or the Order of the Thistle. On account of its heritable nobility, it has been likened to a Baronetcy in the British Honours system.
Privileges and responsibilities for recipients.
Section 5(b) of the Order's current statutes grants all recipients the style "The Most Honourable". However, persons entitled to an existing style that supersedes "The Most Honourable" will retain it within the Order's records. Second, per the aforementioned Section, a recipient is entitled to use the title of Omujwaara Kondo. Official authorization is granted for a male recipient to translate Omujwaara Kondo into "Crown Knight" in English and a female recipient may translate this into "Crown Dame". Third, the post-nominal of "OOKB" may be used after an honouree's name, which stands for (O)rder of the (O)mujwaara (K)ondo of (B)unyoro-Kitara Kingdom.
Heraldic privileges.
Additionally, per Section 20 of the Order's statutes, persons who receive the honour are also entitled to the right to display certain heraldic privileges. This section reads:
"20. Heraldry of Members. Heraldry has historically been limited in Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom, with the exception of the Kingdom having an armorial achievement in the ensign of its historical flag and His Majesty the Omukama having similar heraldry. However, to honour some Members whose ancestors maintained heraldic customs, by authorization of His Majesty the Omukama, all Members of the Order who desire to have heraldry are entitled to display supporters and top their helm with a basic coronet if they desire to signify their status as Members."
Intergenerational transfer rules.
In accordance with both the historical traditions of The Order of the Omujwaara Kondo and its modern statutes, the honour is inherited by the original grantee's eldest child of the same sex at the moment of the original grantee's death or renunciation of the honour. Intergenerational transfer rules for the honour are described in Statute 8. For male grantees, the honour passes by patrilineal primogeniture (from male to male) and for female grantees, the honour passes by matrilineal primogeniture (from female to female).


Nathaniel Griffith Lerotholi

Nathaniel Griffith Lerotholi (1870 – 23 June 1939) was the paramount chief of Basutoland from 11 April 1913 when he succeeded his brother Letsie II until his death in 1939. He was succeeded by his son Simon Seeiso Griffith.


Battle of Ngomano

The Battle of Ngomano or Negomano was fought between Germany and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I. A force of Germans and Askaris under Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck had recently won a costly victory against the British at the Battle of Mahiwa, in present-day Tanzania and ran very short of food and other supplies. As a consequence, the Germans invaded Portuguese East Africa to the south, both to supply themselves with captured Portuguese materiel and escape superior British forces to the north.
Portugal was part of the Entente and a belligerent, employing troops in France and Africa; so a force under Major João Teixeira Pinto was sent to stop von Lettow-Vorbeck from crossing the border. The Portuguese were flanked by the Germans, while encamped at Ngomano on 25 November 1917. The battle saw the Portuguese force nearly destroyed, with many troops killed and captured. The capitulation of the Portuguese enabled the Germans to seize a large quantity of supplies and continue operations in East Africa until the end of the war.
Background.
By late November 1917, the Germans in East Africa were left with few options if they wanted to continue the war. They were outnumbered drastically and were split up into several different columns. The two largest of these, under Theodor Tafel and Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, were completely cut off from each other. Although von Lettow-Vorbeck's column had defeated a large British force at the Battle of Mahiwa he had lost a large number of troops and expended virtually his entire supply of modern ammunition. With only antiquated weapons and no means of resupply, von Lettow-Vorbeck decided to invade Portuguese East Africa in hopes of acquiring sufficient supplies to continue the war. There was no legal impediment to this attack; acting at Britain's request, Portugal had seized 36 German and Austro-Hungarian merchant ships anchored in front of Lisbon on 24 February 1916 and Germany had declared war on Portugal on 9 March 1916.
Although Tafel's force was intercepted by the Allies and capitulated before reaching the border, von Lettow-Vorbeck and his column was able to reach the Rovuma River. Facing supply shortages, the German general then reduced his force by dismissing a large number of Askaris, who could not be adequately equipped, as well as a number of camp followers. With his reduced force, von Lettow-Vorbeck made plans to attack the Portuguese garrison across the river at Ngomano. The Portuguese force was a native contingent led by European officers under João Teixeira Pinto, a veteran with experience fighting in Africa. Rather than prepare defensive positions, the Portuguese had begun building a large encampment upon their arrival at Ngomano on 20 November. Pinto had at his disposal 900 troops with six machine guns and a large supply cache but his inexperienced force was no match for von Lettow-Vorbeck's force, which crossed the river with between 1,500 and 2,000 veterans as well as a large number of porters.
Battle.
At 07:00 on the morning of 25 November, the Portuguese garrison at Ngomano received word from a British intelligence officer that an attack was about to commence. Nevertheless, when the attack came they were unprepared. In order to distract Pinto and his men, the Germans shelled the camp from across the river with high explosive rounds. While the artillery attacked the camp, the Germans moved their forces upstream and crossed the Rovuma safely out of sight of Pinto and his men. The Portuguese did not resist von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces when they crossed the river and remained encamped at Ngomano. The Germans were easily able to flank the Portuguese positions and completely envelop them with six companies of German infantry attacking the camp from the south, south-east and west.
Having been forewarned about the attack, the Portuguese commander had been able to begin preparations for the assault; however, he had planned on receiving a frontal assault and when the force came under attack from the rear he was completely surprised. The Portuguese attempted to entrench themselves in rifle pits, but they became disoriented after Pinto and several other officers were slain early in the engagement.
The Germans had very little in the way of heavy weapons, as they had discarded most of their artillery and machine guns due to lack of ammunition. Despite the chronic ammunition shortage von Lettow-Vorbeck was able to move four machine guns up close to the rifle pits, using them only at close range to ensure his ammunition would not be wasted. The inexperience of the Portuguese proved to be their downfall; despite their firing over 30,000 rounds, German casualties were extremely light, including only one casualty among their officers. Taking heavy casualties, having lost their commanding officer, and finding themselves hopelessly outnumbered, the Portuguese finally surrendered despite the fact that they had enough military supplies to continue the action.
Aftermath.
The German casualties were light, with only a few Askaris and one European killed. The Portuguese, on the other hand, had suffered a massive defeat and by failing to prevent von Lettow-Vorbeck's force from crossing the Rovuma allowed him to continue his campaign until the end of the war. Estimates of Portuguese casualties vary, with some sources providing figures of over 200 Portuguese killed and wounded and nearly 700 taken prisoner; other writers state around 25 Portuguese killed along with 162 Askari, with almost 500 captured. The prisoners of war were used by the Germans as porters for the 250,000 rounds of ammunition, six machine guns and several hundred rifles that were also captured. With this equipment, the Germans managed to completely resupply their force. Von Lettow-Vorbeck abandoned and destroyed the majority of his force's German weaponry for which he had no ammunition and armed his troops with Portuguese and British weapons. Portuguese uniforms seized from the captured prisoners were used to replace the ragged old German ones that the force had previously worn.
Von Lettow-Vorbeck did not stay at Ngomano for long and soon marched his force south to attack more Portuguese positions, leaving only one company at Ngomano as a rearguard in case the British decided to follow him into Portuguese East Africa. His force won several more victories while seizing even more supplies and ammunition before moving back into German East Africa in 1918.


Belgika

'La Belgika was a trading company that was active in the Congo Free State and the Belgian Congo. It produced, processed and exported commodities such as rubber, palm oil and coffee, and imported basic goods needed by the local people, which it sold in a network of stores.
Foundation.
The limited partnership "Vandenvinne et cie" was founded on 15 November 1894.
It had an initial capital of 150,000 francs.
In 1896 it was renamed "Comptoir d'exportation et d'importation Belgika", and on 20 June 1899 it took the name "Belgika, comptoir colonial".
The administrative headquarters were in Brussels and the operational headquarters in Stanleyville ( Kisangani).
Activities.
The company was mainly active in the eastern Congo.
It engaged in farming and livestock, and had coffee, rubber and oil palm plantations, including of rubber trees on Ile Bertha and of rubber trees in Kibombo.
It processed and exported coffee, rubber, palm oil, rice and cotton.
The company ran stores were it sold basic goods to the local people.
The subsidiary Belgikaor was set up in 1931 with a capital of 15 million francs, raised to 30 million francs in 1947.
Its purpose was to prospect for minerals in the Lowa and Pangi regions.
In 1947 it produced over of refined gold as well as other minerals.
In 1932 Belgika and the Minière des Grands Lacs Africains (MGL) founded the "Société Minière du Lualaba" (Miluba), whose deposits in the mining area of the "Compagnie du chemin de fer du Congo supérieur aux Grands Lacs africains" (CFL) were exploited by Cobelmin.
In the late 1930s the commissioner of Orientale Province, Rodolphe Dufour, was the target of concerted and virulent attacks from La Belgika and the Kilo-Moto Gold Mines delivered by their influential representatives André Gilson, also president of the Association of Belgian Colonial Interests, and by General Georges Moulaert.
They claimed that he failed to support colonial interests and caused great damage as a result.
In 1952 Belgika had capital of 103 million francs.
It employed 23 Europeans and 3,400 Africans.
A 1952 tourist guide showed that La Belgika had a hotel and provided car rentals with drivers.
At the end of the 1950s La Belgika employed 83 European agents and 15,000 Africans, mostly in the Orientale Province, Maniema District and Kivu District.
It had over of coffee, palm oil and rubber plantations with various factories for processing coffee, palm oil, rubber, rice and cotton.
It had 250 local stores and three wholesale and retail stores.
It represented various European companies selling vehicles, machinery, insurance and travel services.