Ikki (video game)

, is an arcade game originally released by Sunsoft in 1985. The game was released for the Famicom (Nintendo Entertainment System) on November 28 of the same year, and is a multi-directional scrolling action game which contains some elements of a top-down shooter. The game is known outside Japan as Boomerang and Farmers Rebellion. Its main character, Gonbe, makes a cameo appearance in "Atlantis no Nazo", another Sunsoft game.
The game was re-released as part of multiple compilations. A mobile phone version was published on September 19, 2003. A renewed version titled was released over the SoftBank Mobile and EZweb networks in July 2006.
Gameplay.
The game is set in medieval Japan, where a poor farming village is planning an insurrection to overthrow their feudal overlord. However, the only participants in the revolt are the player's character, , and the optional second-player character, , and the player battles against an army of ninjas instead of samurai and foot soldiers. The game displays text in the vertical direction, which was very unusual for a game of the period, and all in-game messages use speech reminiscent of jidaigeki films.
The character's movement is controlled with an 8-way joystick, and pressing the single button allows the player to attack by throwing a sickle. The direction in which the sickle is thrown cannot be determined by the player, and the weapon will automatically head towards the closest enemy. This forces an emphasis on avoiding attacks rather than attacking aggressively. The right side of the screen displays the player's points, along with a map of the level. The location of koban coins is displayed on this map, but players must circumvent walls and other barriers to go to those locations. This map is not included in the Famicom version of the game.
Enemy characters include a black or red ninja, bomber ninja, and wild boar (some of these enemies do not appear in the Famicom version). Red ninjas move faster than all of the other characters and are harder to hit, but yield twice as many points. The player loses a life when they come in contact with any of the enemy characters or projectiles. The game ends when the player loses with no lives remaining. A ghost (or yōkai) will also appear on occasion, and the player will be unable to throw their sickle if they come in contact with it. The ghost's effect will dissipate if the player touches the "jizō" or "komainu" statues which are present on some levels. A grotesque handmaiden may also appear on some levels, and coming in contact with this handmaiden will prevent the player from moving for a short period of time. Though the player can still attack with the sickle in this condition, it becomes impossible to dodge enemy projectiles, making it very difficult to progress. The handmaiden character does not appear in the i-appli mobile phone version.
A level is completed when the player picks up all eight gold koban coins which are spread throughout the map, or if they capture the "daikan" (Japanese feudal lord) that can randomly appear during the level. There are eight levels included in the original game, and the Famicom version contains four levels, with four more secret levels where the location of the coins is changed. The player returns to the first level after all eight levels are completed. Completing the cycle twice ends the game in the i-appli version, but the player can continue the game indefinitely in the Famicom version by choosing to ignore the coins and concentrate on fending off the enemies.
The opening animation was not included and the number of levels was decreased to half the original number in the Famicom version. However, several new items were made available. The bamboo spear allows the player to attack by thrusting the spear forwards, but players cannot throw the sickle or attack in other directions during this time. This becomes a disadvantage against enemies that use projectiles, so it is advantageous to ignore the item on some levels. Eating a daikon (Japanese radish) increase the player's speed, and obtaining an emakimono (Japanese scroll) gives the player an additional life. The leaf item allows the player to duplicate and become invincible, but their attack power remains the same. The smoke item allows the player to advance to the bonus level after completing the current level.
A "senryōbako" (Japanese treasure chest) appears in non-Famicom versions of the game, and the character's animated expression changes to laughter when it is obtained. However, the player cannot move while this animation lasts, making them very vulnerable to projectile attacks. Like the bamboo spear in the Famicom version, the treasure chest can actually hinder the player's progress. However, the bamboo spear awards the player bonus points when obtained, and the number of points gained by killing enemies increases while the player is in possession of the spear.
Players can advance to the bonus level if they obtain an onigiri. In the Famicom version, the bonus level is accessed by obtaining the smoke item from the jizō statues. The bonus level is played by catching onigiri thrown in random trajectories by a sennin. The player gains bonus points for every onigiri that they manage to catch, and an extra life is awarded if the player successfully catches all 10 onigiri. However, the character's slow movement makes it difficult to catch all 10 onigiri unless the players cooperate in the multiplayer mode.
In the mobile phone version, the narrower width of the game screen makes it easier for the player to catch all 10 onigiri, but the onigiri are thrown at a noticeably faster speed. This type of bonus game became a fixture for SunSoft products, and appears in other games like "Dead Zone" (1986) and "Tenka no Goikenban: Mito Kōmon" (1987).
The Famicom version consists of four different levels, with the fifth level being an alternate version of the first, the sixth being an alternate version of the second, and so on. The difficulty gradually increases as the game progresses, and the game levels loop infinitely. There is no ending screen for the game, and completion of level 99 brings the player to level 00, which is an alternate version of the fourth level. The player returns to level 01 after completing level 00. A "secret letter" appears on-screen after each of the first 8 levels in the Famicom version. The secret letters displayed are E, R, A, W, T, F, O, S, in order, and if the letters are read backwards as indicated in the game's instruction manual, they form the word "SOFTWARE." This code word was required for the gift campaign that was conducted during the game's initial release.
Reception.
Japanese essayist Jun Miura coined the term after playing the Famicom version of "Ikki". Regardless, the game still sold reasonably well and was one of Sunsoft's most popular products at the time. "Game Machine" listed "Ikki" on their August 15, 1985 issue as being the tenth most-popular arcade game at the time.
Legacy.
Re-releases.
The game was re-released for Microsoft Windows as part of the "Ultra2000 Sunsoft Classic games" compilation, which was released on June 29, 2001. The game has also been coupled with "Tōkaidō Gojūsan-tsugi" and "Yūyū Sunsoft kessaku-sen 2" (released July 2, 2004), and was coupled with "Super Arabian" for the PlayStation compilation "Memorial Series Sunsoft Vol. 1". This compilation was also released for the PlayStation Network download service for the PlayStation 3, and also became available on Nintendo's Virtual Console on January 16, 2007, for the Wii, on February 13, 2013, for the Nintendo 3DS and on May 22, 2013, for the Wii U
"Ikki Mobile".
The mobile version of "Ikki", titled was released by SunSoft in July, 2006, for the SoftBank Mobile and EZweb mobile phone networks. Though the content is identical to that of the previous versions, "Ikki Mobile" contains a series of minigames and a moe drawing trading card series, which can be purchased using the coins collected in the main game. The mobile version consists of 7 different levels, and several changes were made to the characters and graphics. The handmaiden character was revived from the i-appli version, and the bamboo spear has the added effect of deflecting enemy projectiles. The ghost enemy is no longer invincible, and the ninja and handmaiden change to kunoichi and princesses, respectively, as the game progresses.
The four minigames become available after the player has completed the 7-level cycle at least once. The first is a slot machine game, where up to 3 coins can be bet at one time. The second is a concentration game that requires 10 coins to play. Up to 5 mistakes are allowed per game, and picking the lucky card gives the player 10 bonus coins. The third game is a frog derby game, where the player bets up to 10 coins on the winning frog. The last minigame is the onigiri catching game that was the bonus level in the Famicom version. It also requires 10 coins to play. Though the content is mostly the same, it is impossible to catch all 10 onigiri, as some are thrown off the borders of the game screen. Small and large gold coins are thrown in addition to the onigiri, and 5 onigiri count for 1 gold coin while 5 small gold coins count for 1 large gold coin.
The gold coins collected during the game can also be used to buy packages of the in-game trading card series (capturing a feudal lord in the mobile version yields a bonus of 10 gold coins). Three random cards are included in each card package, and a set of card consists of 16 different cards. Each set of cards creates a single illustration, and the main game's difficulty increases every 48 cards collected. Completing two sets allows the player to access a special webpage from the title screen, where mobile wallpaper can be downloaded after a short survey.
Other appearances.
Gonbe appeared in the "Shanghai Musume: Mahjong Girls" for the iOS and Android in 2011, including a Sunsoft Characters. It is also was made in Joker card in "Moe Moe Daifūgō ~Zenkoku Bishōjo Meguri~" for the iOS and Android in 2012.
The setting and characters of "Ikki" are featured in Blaster Master Zero 2, an entry in Sunsoft's "Blaster Master" series developed and published by Inti Creates. Gonbei and Tae (based on their depictions from the 2013 novelization) are featured as Metal Attacker pilots on the planet Montoj, where they ally with protagonists Jason Frudnick and Eve to defeat the Mutant Overlord "Zavira" (from "Atlantis no Nazo") that had taken over the planet.


Chapter 7 (House of Cards)

"Chapter 7" (or "Episode 107") is the seventh episode of the first season of the American political thriller drama series "House of Cards". It premiered on February 1, 2013, when it was released along with the rest of the first season on the American streaming service Netflix.
Plot.
President Walker (Michel Gill) finally signs the education bill, earning Frank (Kevin Spacey) a major victory by affording him great influence with Walker. Vice President Jim Matthews (Dan Ziskie) expresses discontent with Walker, feeling sidelined within the administration. Matthews further questions Russo's (Corey Stoll) ability to run for governor of Pennsylvania, the office Matthews previously occupied.
Doug (Michael Kelly) receives a letter from Rachel Posner(Rachel Brosnahan), who asks for money and a place to live in order in return for her silence regarding Russo's DUI arrest. Frank turns his basement into Russo's "de facto" campaign headquarters while Russo continuously attends AA meetings with Doug. However, when confronting his past wrongdoings, Russo starts to have doubts about his campaign.
Frank contacts Christina (Kristen Connolly) to get back together with Russo and become his deputy campaign manager. Doug asks Nancy (Elizabeth Norment) to house Rachel until he finds a suitable place for Rachel. After not hearing from Frank for several weeks, Zoe texts him and asks his whereabouts. Frank tells her about Russo's campaign. She gives the scoop to Janine, who is considering leaving the "Herald" for Slugline. Frank visits Zoe's apartment and sees Lucas (Sebastian Arcelus) kissing her. Afterwards, Frank performs cunnilingus on Zoe while she is on the phone.
Cast.
Following is the list of billed cast.
Reception.
The episode received positive reviews from critics. Ryan McGee of "The A.V. Club" said, "The show now has earned enough goodwill to not dismiss that plot out of hand, even if it feels designed to either pay off something in four episodes or utterly snatch defeat from the jaws of victory at precisely the same time. The show hasn't had to get truly bloody when tying off loose ends yet." He further said, "it's probably time for the show to introduce some truly life-or-death stakes for this to move beyond interesting television into something truly compelling."


Louis de Silvestre

Louis de Silvestre (23 June 1675 – 11 April 1760) was a French portrait and history painter. He was court painter to King Augustus II of Poland, and director of the Royal Academy of Arts in Dresden.
Life and work.
Sylvestre was born in Sceaux, south of Paris, the third son of Israel Silvestre, the notable engraver and drawing-master to the Grand Dauphin himself. Louis was taught initially by his father, then trained under Charles Le Brun and Bon Boullogne; he completed his studies in Rome, where he met Carlo Maratta, whose work had a great influence on him.
After his return to Paris, Sylvester entered the Académie de peinture et de sculpture in 1702 and was appointed professor in 1706. The main works he painted at this time were "The Healing of the paralytic at the door of the Temple" (1703) and the portrait of Louis XV (1715).
Friedrich August II, the prince-elector of Saxony, met Silvestre when he was in France and offered him the chance to work at the court of his father Augustus II, King of Poland. The artist accepted the offer, obtained permission from Louis XV, and set off on April 23, 1716; by 1718 he was living in Dresden. Both Augustus II and his son were great admirers of Silvestre's work, and bestowed upon him, in the space of thirty years, every honour imaginable: he was appointed first court painter, then, in 1727, director of the Royal Academy of Arts; he was ennobled in 1741, as was his brother Charles-François.
During this period, Silvestre completed, with the help of his wife, Marie-Catherine Hérault, many oil paintings and frescos, either in Dresden or in Warsaw. He painted many portraits of the King and Queen, as well as those of other leading aristocrats. He was responsible for the most important works in the Palace of Dresden, notably, subjects drawn from Ovid's "Metamorphoses" for several ceremonial bedrooms and several ceilings. On the death of (1654–1725), Silvestre was made Director of the Art Academy in Dresden.
During the time he remained at the court of Dresden, Silvestre was known as much for his personality and his distinguished friends, as by his artistic talents. The great number of works that came from his brush and the generosity of his patrons allowed him to amass a considerable fortune, and, having achieved financial security, he retired and returned to France. Louis XV awarded him a pension of 1000 crowns and apartments in the Palais du Louvre itself. In 1752 he was appointed director of the Academy of Paris.
Louis de Silvestre died in Paris at the Palais du Louvre on 11 April 1760.
""As for art", says Mariette, "he was not a painter without merit, but his style had nothing that was new or too exciting; one saw only in him a good follower of Bon Boulogne.""
Amongst Silvestre's students was the painter Jean-Eleazar Schenau, who later became director of the Dresden Academy and of the Meissen porcelain factory. His daughter Marie-Maximilienne also became a painter.


Faith (British TV series)

Faith is a two-part British thriller political drama series written by Simon Burke and directed by John Strickland, first broadcast on ITV between 7 and 8 September 1994. The programme stars Michael Gambon as Peter Moreton, Susannah Harker as Holly Moreton and John Hannah as Nick Simon. The programme was broadcast over two nights for Wednesday and Thursday. "Faith" was released on DVD in United States on 8 November 2005 by Koch Vision.
This miniseries was produced by Central Independent Television for the ITV network.
Plot.
Peter Moreton, a high-ranking government official, scrambles to keep his secret style hidden from the world when his daughter purposely leaks his affair to a reporter she is dating. Nick Simon is the high-level reporter caught between his love for Holly Moreton, the daughter of Peter Moreton and his desperation to keep his job and land the biggest story of his career.


The Vengeance of Pancho Villa

The Vengeance of Pancho Villa ( or ) is a 1967 Spanish Western film directed by José María Elorrieta, scored by Federico Contreras and starred by John Ericson, Nuria Torray and Gustavo Rojo.


Full Circle (2008 film)

Full Circle is a 2008 full-length documentary film about the INS "Dakar", an Israeli Sea Corps submarine that disappeared in 1968, the wreckage of which was found in 1999.
The film was co-directed by Tony Klinger and Arnon Manor, and narrated by Rick Zieff.
The movie, which took ten years to make, premiered in the UK on 13 January 2008, in a charity showing in aid of World Jewish Relief.


Revolution at Sea saga

The Revolution at Sea Saga, sometimes known as the Isaac Biddlecomb Series, is a series of five novels written by James L. Nelson, published from 1997 to 2001. It centers around the exploits of protagonist Isaac Biddlecomb during the American Revolution, specifically the years 1775 through 1777.
Storyline.
The "Revolution at Sea" saga focuses on Isaac Biddlecomb and Ezra Rumstick, former smugglers for Isaac's surrogate father (and later father in law) William Stanton. Over the course of the series, Biddlecomb and Rumstick become increasingly involved with the naval aspect of the American Revolution, which brings them into contact with historical figures such as Benjamin Franklin and George Washington.
Installments.
The following titles represent the five novels in the "Revolution at Sea Saga":
The following title is not part of the "Revolution at Sea Saga", but uses several of the same characters:
Characters.
The following is a list of the major characters in the "Revolution at Sea Saga".
Isaac Biddlecomb.
The protagonist of the series, a merchant turned naval captain. Biddlecomb becomes increasingly successful in his naval endeavors over the course of the series, leading him to increased fame within the American Navy and the Revolution itself. In "Lords of the Ocean", Biddlecomb marries childhood friend Virginia Stanton. They have a son together, Jack Biddlecomb, who would later be the protagonist of "The French Prize", a sequel to the Revolution at Sea Saga.
Ezra Rumstick.
An old friend and shipmate of Biddlecomb's, Rumstick is a fierce revolutionary who becomes increasingly embroiled in the war, often while sailing alongside Biddlecomb.
Virginia Biddlecomb (née Stanton).
The rebellious daughter of William Stanton, Biddlecomb's employer and surrogate father, Virginia comes to love Biddlecomb and the two are married, eventually having a son together.
William Stanton.
An American merchant who employed first Biddlecomb's father, then Biddlecomb himself. Stanton was responsible for introducing Biddlecomb to Rumstick, and caring for Biddlecomb when his father was killed. Stanton later became Biddlecomb's father-in-law, and Jack Biddlecomb's grandfather.
Elisha Faircloth.
Commander of the marines aboard Biddlecomb's ship, the "USS Charlemagne".
Edward Fitzgerald.
Major Edward Fitzgerald is advisor to George Washington in "The Maddest Idea". Although his personality and character traits were created by the author, it is a historic fact that Washington had a right-hand man by the same name. In "The Maddest Idea", he is assigned with the job of flushing out the traitor who turned Biddlecomb over to the British; Fitzgerald appears again in "Lords of the Ocean".
Reception.
"Publishers Weekly" has praised "The Continental Risque" and "By Force of Arms", calling the first book an "engaging start to what promises to be a fine adventure series in a neglected milieu". The Bangor Daily News reviewed "Lords of the Ocean", writing that the series would appeal to "anyone who likes fast-paced stories of battles, boats and heroes". A reviewer for the Lodi News-Sentinel praised "All The Brave Fellows", saying it gave a fresh outlook to familiar material.
Patrick O'Brian said of the first book in the "Revolution at Sea Saga" "Authenticity runs throughout the book, carrying total conviction," and of the author, "...Nelson writes with the eagerness of a young man sailing his first command." He has also been called "one of today's most gifted historical novelists."


Caleb Powers

Caleb Powers (February 1, 1869 – July 25, 1932) was a United States Representative from Kentucky and the first Secretary of State of Kentucky convicted as an accessory to murder.
Early life.
He was born near Williamsburg, Kentucky. He attended the public schools, Union College in Barbourville, Kentucky, the University of Kentucky at Lexington, Kentucky and Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. He graduated from the Northern Indiana Normal School and Business Institute (now known as Valparaiso University) in Valparaiso, Indiana and attended the United States Military Academy in 1890 and 1891.
Powers studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1894 and commenced practice at Barbourville, Kentucky. He was the superintendent of public schools for Knox County, Kentucky 1894-1899. He was elected secretary of state of Kentucky in 1899 but was unseated after a contest.
Assassination of William Goebel.
Powers was convicted of complicity in the assassination of Governor William Goebel in 1900. The prosecution charged that Powers was the mastermind, having a political opponent killed so that his boss, Governor William S. Taylor, could stay in office. Among his attorneys were R. C. O. Benjamin and Frank S. Black. He was sentenced to prison. An appeals court overturned Powers' conviction, though Powers was tried three more times, resulting in two convictions and a hung jury. Governor Augustus E. Willson pardoned Powers in 1908. Powers had served eight years in jail. While in prison, Powers authored the 1905 book "My Own Story".
Congress and later life.
After leaving prison, Powers was elected as a Republican to the 62nd and to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1911 – March 3, 1919) but was not a candidate for renomination in 1918. He served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1912 and moved to Washington, D.C., and served as assistant counsel for the United States Shipping Board from 1921 until his death in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1932. He was buried in City Cemetery, Barbourville, Kentucky.
Caleb Powers married Laura Rawlings in January 1896 and she died six months later. He was survived by his second wife, Dorothy. He had one daughter, named Elsie.


Lecompton Constitution

The Lecompton Constitution (1859) was the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. It never went into effect.
The Lecompton Constitution was drafted by pro-slavery advocates and included provisions to protect slaveholding in the state and to exclude free people of color from its bill of rights. Slavery was the subject of Article 7, which protected the right to slave "property", and prevented the legislature from emancipating slaves without their owners' consent, and without full compensation to their owners. It was initially approved in a rigged election in December 1857, but overwhelmingly defeated in a second vote in January 1858 by a majority of voters in the Kansas Territory. The rejection of the Lecompton Constitution, and the subsequent admittance of Kansas to the Union as a free state, highlighted the irregular and fraudulent voting practices that had marked earlier efforts by bushwhackers and border ruffians to create a state constitution in Kansas that allowed slavery.
The Lecompton Constitution was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and was followed by the Leavenworth and Wyandotte Constitutions, the Wyandotte becoming the Kansas state constitution. The document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James H. Lane and other free-state advocates. The territorial legislature, which because of widespread electoral fraud consisted mostly of slave owners, met at the designated capital of Lecompton in September 1857 to produce a rival document. Free-state supporters, who comprised a large majority of actual settlers, boycotted the vote. President James Buchanan's appointee as territorial governor of Kansas, Robert J. Walker, although a strong defender of slavery, opposed the blatant injustice of the Constitution and resigned rather than implement it. This new constitution enshrined slavery in the proposed state and protected the rights of slaveholders. In addition, the constitution provided for a referendum that allowed voters the choice of allowing more slaves to enter the territory.
Both the Topeka and Lecompton constitutions were placed before the people of the Kansas Territory for a vote, and both votes were boycotted by supporters of the opposing faction. In the case of Lecompton, however, the vote was boiled down to a single issue, expressed on the ballot as "Constitution with Slavery" v. "Constitution with no Slavery." But the "Constitution with no Slavery" clause would have not made Kansas a free state; it merely would have banned future importation of slaves into Kansas (something deemed by many as unenforceable). Boycotted by free-soilers, the referendum suffered from serious voting irregularities, with over half the 6,000 votes deemed fraudulent. Nevertheless, both it and the Topeka Constitution were sent to Washington for approval by Congress.
A vocal supporter of slaveholder rights, which he believed necessary to prevent Southern secession, President James Buchanan endorsed the Lecompton Constitution before Congress. While the president received the support of the Southern Democrats, many Northern Democrats, led by Stephen A. Douglas, sided with the Republicans in opposition to the constitution. Despite Douglas’s objections the Kansas statehood bill passed the Senate on March 23, 1858 by a vote of 33 to 25. Douglas was helped considerably by the work of Thomas Ewing Jr., a noted Kansas Free State politician and lawyer, who led a legislative investigation in Kansas to uncover the fraudulent voting ballots. A new referendum over the fate of the Lecompton Constitution was proposed, even though this would delay Kansas's admission to the Union. Furthermore, a new constitution, the anti-slavery Leavenworth Constitution, was already being drafted. On 4 January 1858, Kansas voters, having the opportunity to reject the constitution altogether in a referendum, overwhelmingly rejected the Lecompton Constitution by a vote of 10,226 to 138. And in Washington, the admission of the state of Kansas with the Lecompton Constitution was rejected by the federal House of Representatives in 1858. Though soundly defeated, debate over the proposed constitution had ripped apart the Democratic Party. Anson Burlingame delivered a fiery speech in the U. S. House of Representatives, March 31, 1858, condemning those in favor of Lecompton, as "An Appeal to Patriots Against Fraud and Disunion". Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1861, just as soon as the pro-slavery senators who had blocked it withdrew from the Senate, because their states had seceded.


Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration of Ukraine

The Plan on Priority Measures for European Integration of Ukraine was an action plan issued by the Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine on March 12, 2013 for integration of Ukraine with the European Union (EU), adopted by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (of the second Azarov Government) (No. 73-р) on February 13, 2013, and entered into force by the Decree of President Viktor Yanukovych (No. 127/2013).
The plan was aimed to facilitate the process of preparation of Ukraine signing their Association Agreement with the EU, which was planned for 28 November 2013. On 21 November 2013, the Ukrainian government suspended preparations for signing an Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement with the European Union, which led to the start of the Euromaidan protests in November 2013. Ukrainian Prime Minister Mykola Azarov stated that the issue that blocked the signature of the EU deal was conditions proposed for an International Monetary Fund loan being negotiated at the same time, which would require large budget cuts and a 40% increase in gas bills. On 7 December 2013, the IMF clarified that it was not insisting on a single-stage increase in natural gas tariffs in Ukraine by 40%, but recommended that they be gradually raised to an economically justified level while compensating the poorest segments of the population for the losses from such an increase by strengthening targeted social assistance. The same day, IMF Resident Representative in Ukraine Jerome Vacher stated that this particular IMF loan was worth 4 billion US Dollars and that it would be linked with "policy, which would remove disproportions and stimulated growth".
Structure.
The plan includes measures for implementing conditions set by the EU for signing the agreement:
Aftermath.
On 21 November 2013 a second Azarov Government decree suspended preparations for signing of Ukraine's Association Agreement with the EU. (Opposition to) this (21 November 2013) decree started the Euromaidan protest movement in November 2013 that eventually led to the 2014 Ukrainian revolution with the ousting as President Yanukovych and the dismissal of the second Azarov Government and the exile in Russia of Yanukovych, Prime Minister Azarov and several other second Azarov Government ministers.


United States v. Simms

United States v. Simms, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 252 (1803), was a United States Supreme Court case. It was one of a series of cases dealing with the applicability of previous laws in the newly created District of Columbia.
Background.
Prior to the creation of the District of Columbia in 1801, Virginia created a private right of action to enforce most of its criminal statutes. It was illegal in Virginia to operate a billiards parlor, a faro table, or any of a number of other gambling operations from one's house. The law provided that the penalty would be a fine of 150 pounds payable to "any" party that would file suit against the operator.
When the District of Columbia was formed the acts of Congress that created the district, also created a contradictory legal situation. They held that within the portion of the District of Columbia that had previously been Virginia territory the laws of Virginia would continue to apply. However, it also held that all suits for breach of the peace or other laws within the district must be prosecuted in the name of the United States and that fines would be payable to the United States. This led to a contradiction because the Virginia law, which was supposedly still in force, had no such requirement.
Decision.
The Court held that it was the object of Congress not to change in any respect the existing laws further than the new situation of the District rendered indispensably necessary. Thus "qui tam" remedies enacted before the creation of the District should persist.


Friedrich Wilhelm Opelt

Friedrich Wilhelm Opelt (9 June 1794 – 22 September 1863) was a musicologist, a mathematician, and an astronomer. At one point, he held the title of Geheimrat (the title of the highest advising officials at the Imperial, royal or principal courts of the Holy Roman Empire).
Biography.
Friedrich Opelt was the son of a weaver who specialized in fustian and owned a weavery mill. After he successfully completed his education at the City School of his home town in Rochlitz, he learned the trade of a weaver as his father wished. During this time, a musical autodidact, he could often accompany, on organ, the church service at the (City Church). Through further autodidactic studies, he learned French and Russian, in addition to several other languages. His financial successes at trade shows (Leipzig, Frankfurt) gave him the idea to expand his businesses, which were eventually halted during the Napoleonic Wars.
Occupation.
After the German Campaign of 1813, Opelt became employed in the Municipality of Dresden as a tax auditor, and a few years later he was appointed as tax collector in Radeberg. In 1824 he became the county tax collector for Wurzen, and eight years later he was appointed as county tax collector to Plauen. The peak of Opelt's tax-auditing career was in 1839, during which he became a high-ranking member of the county council in Dresden.
In 1847, Opelt became the Second Director of the Saxon-Bavarian Railway Company in Leipzig. The following year, he became a privy financial adviser to the royal treasury in Dresden. In the spring of 1863, he resigned from all his posts and retired into private life.
Opelt died at the age of 69 years on September 22, 1863 in Dresden.
Works.
As an author:
As a translator:


Ferdinand Jung

Ferdinand Jung (24 January 1905 – 2 December 1973) was a German Communist activist who resisted the Nazi government in the 1930s and spent a good deal of time in prisons and concentration camps. In later life he found himself in the political mainstream in his country's second one-party dictatorship and became a senior politician.
Life.
Early years.
Jung was born early in the twentieth century into a working-class family in Waltershausen, a small manufacturing town in south-central Germany which since 1815 had built up a reputation as a centre for doll and toy making. He attended school locally till 1919 and then found work in Walternshausen in one of the town's doll factories. He also took work in a factory producing rubber articles, which was another niche industry that had settled in the town. A period of unemployment followed from 1922 till 1924, after which he worked in the rubber industry, in the potash industry with Wintershall AG in nearby Merkers and on the railways, based in Walternshausen. There was a further period of unemployment between 1929 and 1933.
Politics.
Early during the 1920s Jung joined the recently created Young Communists (KJVD / "Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands"), and in 1924, the year of his nineteenth birthday, he also joined the Communist party, becoming an active member of the Red Front Fighters (RFB /"Roter Frontkämpferbund"). Between 1924 and 1929 he was a political leader within the Young Communists: within the Communist Party, between 1931 and 1933 he was party head for the Waltershausen sub-district and a political leader in the party's .
Nazi years.
Germany underwent significant regime change in January 1933 when the NDSDAP (Nazi Party) took power, and lost little time in imposing the country's first twentieth century one-party dictatorship. A feature of the new government's leadership was a powerful capacity for hatred: Chancellor Hitler had for many years been particularly vitriolic on the subject of Communists. After Jung's house had been searched in February 1933 Jung himself went into hiding and lived illegally successively in Friedrichroda, Tambach-Dietharz and Gotha. During this time he was working closely with Erich Hohnstein. The two of them both undertook courier work for The (now illegal) Party, and were involved in the illegal production of the Thüringer Volksblatt" (newspaper).
In July 1933 he moved to Erfurt, where the (illegal) regional party leadership had appointed him as an itinerant instructor. His work in this capacity concentrated initially on Suhl, Zella-Mehlis, Schmalkalden and Meiningen. Later his party work also took in Eisenach, Mühlhausen and the Erfurt conglomeration. On 10 February 1934 the Gestapo arrested him. Half a year later, in June 1934, he was convicted of high treason in Jena, and given a three-year prison term.
He served his sentence in the prison at Untermaßfeld after which, in March 1937, instead of being released he was merely transferred to the . He was then moved to Lichtenburg and then, from July till August 1937 Buchenwald. He was finally released from the concentration camp system in April 1939 and then, till April 1945, worked in Gotha in the guilding and roofing trades. He also worked at different times as a steel cable maker and as a driver.
War had resumed in September 1939 following a Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact that opened the way for a repeat partition of Poland between the two dictatorships. It ended in May 1945 with the central part of what had been Germany, including Thuringia, under Soviet Military Administration. In 1945 Jung became a member of the Communist Party regional leadership team in Erfurt. Between June and September 1946 he was employed as the manager at the Employment Office in Waltershausen: then from October 1945 till January 1946 he served as deputy administrator ("Landrat") in Gotha. Between February 1946 and October 1948 he served in Weimar-Erfurt as First Secretary of the People's Solidarity organisation, a non-parliamentary Mass movement after the Leninist model, focused in this instance on funding and administering care for the elderly.
Soviet administration.
The end of the war had appeared to signal an end to one-party dictatorship, but within the Soviet occupation zone in April 1946 the contentious merger of the KPD and more moderately left-wing SPD prepared the ground for a return to one-party rule. Ferdinand Jung was one of many Communists who lost little time in signing their membership across to the resulting Socialist Unity Party (SED / "Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands"). From 1946 he was a member of the party's regional leadership for Weimar-Erfurt.
The German Democratic Republic.
From November 1948 till January 1952 Jung was in charge of the SED (party)'s Business Department in the state of Thuringia. Meanwhile, formally in October 1949, the Soviet occupation zone became the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic, many of its constitutional arrangements directly modeled on those of the Soviet Union itself. An important feature of the country's power structure was the "leading role" of the party which meant that both at the national and regional levels, administrators and ministers (who were generally already party members) were expected to carry out party policy. Decisions came from the party, party power being ever more firmly centralised in Berlin. Ferdinand Jung retained his party post in Thuringia until 1952 when the of government was abolished, powers being transferred up the line to the centre or down to local bodies. Between 1952 and January 1953 Jung served as First Secretary of the Party Leadership in Meiningen, a midsize town in the administrative district of Suhl. Then, in January 1953 he embarked on a year of study at The Party's "Karl Marx" Academy.
Ferdinand Jung<br>Awards and honours
In 1954/55 he was empowered as a trainer in the Central Governance department of the party's powerful Central Committee. Returning to regional government, from September 1955 he served as Second Secretary in the party district leadership of Suhl. Between 1958 and 1967 he was also listed as a district councillor in Suhl. However, in September 1963 he was badly injured in a motor accident, as a result of which, in May 1964, he resigned his party post.
Between 1964 and 1969 Ferdinand Jung headed up the "Commission for Research of the local Workers' Movement" for the party leadership in Suhl, and he was also Chairman of the "Commission for the Care of Deserving Elderly Party Members".


Gao Wenbin

Gao Wenbin () (c. 1921 – 7 September 2020) was a Chinese historian, translator, university professor, and jurist. He was notably the last surviving member of the Chinese delegation which represented the Republic of China at the Tokyo Trial to probe the Japanese war crimes during World War II.
Career.
Gao pursued his higher studies in the Anglo-American law and graduated from the Soochow University (Suzhou) in 1945 just after the surrender of Japan which eventually ended the World War II.
After the end of World War II, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East was initiated and Chinese prosecutor Xiang Zhejun planned to recruit English translators to translate the bulk of mass evidence which he found about Japanese deeds in China. The evidence was originally available in the Chinese language. Gao Wenbin's teacher Liu Shifang, a renowned lawyer and professor at Shanghai Soochow Law School who was also a classmate of the Chinese prosecutor Xiang Zhejun recommended Gao Wenbin to be the translator for Xiang Zhejun. Wenbin was appointed after passing a translation test conducted by Xiang Zhejun.
Gao Wenbin was also appointed as one of the prominent members of the Chinese delegation at the Tokyo Trial in 1946 due to his technical fluency with the Anglo-American law and also for his sound knowledge in both English and Japanese languages. He was responsible for collecting evidence regarding the Second Sino-Japanese War. Later he went onto serve as the secretary for Xiang supporting him with translations of documents.
In 1952, he was arrested by one of the teachers of the Soochow University Law School terming him as a "special suspect" and was sentenced to a minimum of ten years of labour reform. Prior to his arrest, he served in the Foreign Affairs Department of the Shanghai Naval Management Committee.
He joined the China Democratic League in 1985. In 1990s, he was invited to deliver lectures for over one and a half years at the University of Maine School of Law and at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. He also taught maritime law and international law at the Shanghai Maritime University.
Death.
He died of a prolonged illness in the Shanghai First People's Hospital at the age of 99.
He remained as the last person to have witnessed the Tokyo Trial. Prior to his death, he lived in an apartment in the Dong Changzhi Road, Shanghai.


Landgericht (medieval)

The Landgericht (plural: "Landgerichte"), also called the "Landtag" in Switzerland, was a regional magistracy or court in the Holy Roman Empire that was responsible for high justice within a territory, such as a county ("Grafschaft"), on behalf of the territorial lord (e.g. the count).
Background and function.
These judicial bodies emerged during the Frankish period. There were usually several thingsteads ("Dingstätten") at which they would take place. It was thus a focal point for exercising the 'law of the land', the "Landrecht". Arnold argues that, by 1200, the institutions of the "Landfriede", the hereditary county and the "Landgericht", if not identical, had "emerged as a collective legal structure "par excellence" which the princes exercised personally or through delegate judges from amongst their vassals, "ministeriales" and officials.
There were very different interpretations of the term "Landgericht" regionally. It corresponded to the term "Landrecht", with which it was used synonymously, to distinguish it from other legal terms such as "Stadtrecht" ("town rights"), "Lehnsrecht" ("feudal rights") etc. During the course of its development the term encompassed both royal juridical courts as well as the those of other lords with relatively small areas of responsibility. There were imperial, royal, princely, ecclesial (monastic) and other "Landgerichte".
In the Middle Ages, the "Landgerichte" came to have an enormous importance for the organisation and exercise of lordship, especially when one takes into account that about 90% of the population around the year 1300 were rural. There was a great variety of manifestations of the "Landgerichte" in the Middle Ages. Not until the emergence of a hierarchy of courts in the 16th century and the restructuring as part of citizens’ reforms of the 19th century was it possible to define and describe different types of "Landgerichte".
Terminology.
The word "Landgericht" was also used to describe the territory over which the court exercised its responsibility. In addition, it can also describe the building in which a "Landgericht" is housed. In addition, there were regional terms for such courts; for example, the Gogericht in Saxony; the Freigericht in Westphalia, the Hesse and southwest Germany; and the Zentgericht in Franconia, and parts of the Duchy of Bavaria and Lotharingia.
Organisation.
Originally, all free men who were resident or owned land within the "Hundertschaft", the "Go" or the "Pflege" were obliged to participate in the court ("thing"). From the mid-13th century "ministeriales" were also liable. County courts ("Grafengerichte") under the king's ban ("Königsbann") met every 18 weeks and were to be attended by all jurors ("Schöffen"). Every prince and lord who had been given juridical authority by the king, were to hold a "Landgericht" every 18 weeks, which had to be attended by all those over 24 living in the associated judicial district ("Gerichtssprengel") or who owned a house in the same.
The "Landgericht" was responsible for property (freehold, estates) and inheritance, freedom processes and allegations of crime by the princes, their families and retinue against free men. The court personnel usually comprised the judge ("Gerichtsherr"), the presiding "Landrichters" (as representatives of the judge), a group of court 'members' ("Beisitzer") and a court usher ("Gerichtsbote") as an assistant.


Willie Stuckey


John Fielding

Sir John Fielding (16 September 1721 – 4 September 1780) was a notable English magistrate and social reformer of the 18th century. He was also the younger half-brother of novelist, playwright and chief magistrate Henry Fielding. Despite being blinded in a naval accident at the age of 19, John set up his own business and, in his spare time, studied law with Henry.
Appointed Henry's personal assistant in 1750, John helped him to root out corruption and improve the competence of those engaged in administering justice in London. They formed the first professional police force, the Bow Street Runners. Through the regular circulation of a police gazette containing descriptions of known criminals, Fielding also established the basis for the first police criminal records department.
When Henry died in 1754, John was appointed magistrate at Bow Street in his place, becoming renowned as the "Blind Beak", and allegedly being able to recognize three thousand criminals by the sounds of their voices. He also continued to develop his ideas on crime prevention and youth employment, helping to found the Asylum for Orphan Girls in Lambeth in 1758. He was knighted in 1761.


Mason County, Kentucky slave pen

The Mason County, Kentucky slave pen played a very important role in the American slave trade, confining slaves who were intended to go farther south for sale. This slave pen was recovered from a farm in Mason County, Kentucky, United States, which was owned by a slave trader named John W. Anderson, who played a significant part within the American domestic slave trade. Anderson bought his farmstead in 1825, and after several years he and his family built a mansion and converted the old house into slave quarters. In the early 1830s, he converted the slave quarters into a slave pen.
This slave pen has since been donated to the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center after being carefully taken apart and rebuilt by preservationists. It addresses the participation of individuals and institutions in the slave trade and the serves as a major centerpiece in the Freedom Center, demonstrating the importance of the Midwest in the slavery system.


Adolf Grimme

Adolf Berthold Ludwig Grimme (31 December 1889 – 27 August 1963) was a German politician, a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was Cultural Minister during the later years of the Weimar Republic and after World War II, during the early years of the Federal Republic of Germany. During the Third Reich, he was arrested as a member of the German Resistance and sentenced to prison. After the war, he filed a legal complaint against the judge who had condemned him and others. After years of delays, the case was dropped by the prosecutor.
Life before 1945.
Grimme was born in Goslar, Prussian Hanover, the son of Louise, née Sander (1858–1952) and Adolf Grimme (1854–1906), a train station master. In 1908, he began studying philosophy and German studies, attending universities in Halle, Munich and Göttingen. He was also involved in the free student reform movement. He finished, passing his state exams in philosophy in 1914. In 1922, he became a member of the SPD. He began teaching in 1924. He then became a senior teacher ("Oberstudienrat") in Hannover and in 1925, he became the superintendent in Magdeburg. He became the assistant Minister at the Prussian Ministry of Culture, and a year later, the vice president of the provincial school council of Berlin and Mark Brandenburg. In 1930, he became the successor to Carl Heinrich Becker, serving as the last Culture Minister of a democratically elected state government in Prussia. He was removed from this position on 20 July 1932 when the state government was deposed in the Prussian coup.
Grimme belonged to the Covenant of Religious Socialists. In 1942, his house was searched because of his connections to the Red Orchestra and he was arrested by the Gestapo. In 1943, he was brought before the Reich court martial. A good defense strategy, which mainly consisted of ratting on his fellow Red Orchestra members, enabled him to avoid the death penalty facing him and he was sentenced to three years in a labor prison (Zuchthaus), condemned for "failure to report an attempt at high treason". The Gestapo failed to uncover his participation in the German Resistance as author of many fliers then in circulation. Under the Third Reich, the crime of Wehrkraftzersetzung was punishable by death. Grimme's prison term was spent at the prisons in Luckau and Fuhlsbüttel.
After the war.
Although not given to revenge, on 15 September 1945 Grimme filed a complaint with the state's attorney against Manfred Roeder for his involvement condemning to death or imprisonment 49 members of the Red Orchestra, including Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Hans von Dohnanyi, Arvid Harnack and Günther Weisenborn.
Dated 12 May 1951, the final report by Hans-Jürgen Finck, Lüneburg state's attorney, about the investigation into the complaint filed by Grimme and other surviving Red Orchestra members came to the conclusion that the Reich court martial trials had been conducted "in accordance with the law" ("ordnungsgemaß") and the defendants correctly sentenced to death. "The basis of the 'Red Orchestra'... was treason. Treason... has ever and in all ages been regarded as the most ignominious crime. ... Also the 20 July Plot was in profound measure fueled by treason and espionage." The report further stated that the military opposition had "assumed... an enormous amount of guilt". Other German men disagreed with Hitler and the war, but nonetheless "did their duty as soldiers and in administration and the economy... [and] certainly would have rejected with outrage... being placed in the same league with men like Beck, Canaris, Oster [and] von Dohnanyi."
The case, also pursued by Weisenborn and Greta Kuckhoff, was delayed by the state's attorney in Lüneburg until the end of the 1960s, when it was dropped.
Grimme was a member of the postwar "appointed Landtag" organized by the British military government in their occupation zone. It existed for just a few months, from 23 August 1946 to 8 December 1946. After the British created the German state of Lower Saxony, he became a member of the appointed Landtag of Lower Saxony, which existed from 8 December 1946 to 28 March 1947. When the elections were held, he became a member of the first elected Landtag, later becoming the first Minister of Culture of Lower Saxony. On 15 November 1948 Grimme was named the first General Manager of Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk. In 1956, he retired to Degerndorf am Inn in the municipality of Brannenburg.
A well-known quote from Adolf Grimme is "A socialist can be a Christian. A Christian must be a socialist."
Legacy.
Over the decades since his death, Grimme has become a "name without a history". An annual television prize, the most prestigious in Germany, is named for him, the Adolf Grimme Award. Known since 2010 as the Grimme Award, it was first awarded by the City of Marl training institute in 1964. In 1973, a media institute named after Grimme was founded in Marl, and has given out the Grimme Award since 1977, expanded in 2001 to include new media. A biography about Grimme was published in 2008, helping to "return the missing history" to Grimme's name.


Lex Heinze

The Lex Heinze (Latin: "Heinze Law") was a controversial law of 1900 amending Germany's Reich Criminal Code, named after the Berlin pimp Heinze, who was accused and convicted of committing "bodily injury resulting in death". It censored the public display of the "immoral" in artworks, literature and theatre and made pimping a criminal offence. After numerous public protests and resistance by several circles within the liberal middle class and the Social Democrats, the Reichstag passed a looser version of the draft law and added a "morality clause" into the Reich Criminal Code as a compromise proposal.


The Tokyo Trial (film)

The Tokyo Trial () is a Chinese film released in 2006.
Plot.
This film was directed by Gao Qunshu and is about the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after Japan's surrender in World War II. The movie presents the trial from the point of view of the Chinese judge Mei Ju-ao.
The director and his crew spent more than a year doing research to finish the script, which is based on historical data. It cost 18 million yuan (2.25 million U.S. dollars). This film hired actors from 11 countries, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Japan and other places, including actors such as Kenneth Tsang and Damian Lau. They recreated court scenes from the trial in Chinese, English and Japanese.
It was shown in cinemas and around 100 universities across mainland China to mark the 75th anniversary of the start of Japan's invasion of China.
Reception.
According to "People's Daily", "Ten days after its debut on September 1, the film about the trial of Japanese war criminals had raked up 10 million yuan (1.25 million U.S. dollars) at the box office, despite competition from Hollywood blockbuster ""."


International Military Tribunal for the Far East (film)

International Military Tribunal for the Far East is a 1983 Japanese documentary film on the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, directed by Masaki Kobayashi.
Awards and nominations.
26th Blue Ribbon Awards


Seren Serengil

Seren Serengil (born 6 April 1971) is a Turkish TV presenter, singer and actress. She was born in Istanbul, Turkey, and has acted in films and TV series. Her father Öztürk Serengil was an actor, theatre performer and showman. She has two brothers Timur Serengil and Cengizhan Serengil. She also has a little sister named Seray Serengil. She's an aunt to Melisa and Yagmur Serengil
Personal life.
Serengil was born on 6 April 1971 at the Istanbul American Hospital. She made her acting debut as a child actress in the 1977 movie "Sarhoş", alongside her father Öztürk Serengil. In the same year, she started to perform at Gar Casino together with her father.
After two failed attempts, on 3 April 2009 Serengil gave birth to a daughter from her marriage to Musa Aytun. Their daughter, whom they named Stephanie, was born prematurely and died four days later on 7 April.
In 2017, Gülben Ergen sued Seren Serengil due to the comments she had made about Ergen's private life on Star TV's program "Duymayan Kalmasın", and in October 2017 a court in Istanbul ruled that Serengil "could not come closer than 30 meters to Ergen, could not insult her or commit any violence against her" for six months. The court eventually sentenced Serengil to a three-day imprisonment in January 2018.
Serengil, who married Yaşar İpek in May 2018, announced her pregnancy through IVF in August 2019. Later that month, she filed for divorce from her husband and revealed that he had not been by her side during her pregnancy. On 1 September 2019, Serengil announced her pregnancy had ended in miscarriage. The couple's divorce was finalized in September 2020.


Katzenberger Trial

The Katzenberger Trial was a notorious Nazi show trial. A Jewish businessman and leading member of the Nuremberg Jewish community, Lehmann (Leo) Katzenberger, was accused of having an affair with a young "Aryan" woman, and on 14 March 1942 was sentenced to death. The presiding judge at the trial, Oswald Rothaug, was later tried at the Nuremberg trials (see Judges' Trial) and sentenced to life imprisonment. The Katzenberger Trial later formed the basis of a subplot in the 1961 film "Judgment at Nuremberg".
Background.
Together with his two brothers, Leo Katzenberger (born 28 November 1873 in Maßbach near Bad Kissingen) owned a large shoe wholesale shop as well as some thirty shoe shops throughout southern Germany. He was a leading member of the Nuremberg Jewish community, and from 1939 was chairman of the Nuremberg Jewish Cultural Organization. He had a long-standing friendship with a young photographer, Irene Seiler (née Scheffler), who rented rooms in an apartment house the Katzenbergers owned and which was situated next to the firm's offices. Local gossips had for years claimed that Seiler and Katzenberger were having an affair.
Trial.
An unknown person denounced Katzenberger to the authorities, and he was arrested on 18 March 1941 under the so-called "Rassenschutzgesetz", or Racial Protection Law, one of the Nuremberg Laws, which made it a criminal offence as "Rassenschande" ("racial defilement"), prohibiting Aryans from having sexual relations with Jews. Katzenberger consistently denied the charges, as did Irene Seiler, who claimed the relationship between them was that of a father and daughter. The investigating judge initially concluded there was too little evidence to proceed with the case.
The investigation had, however, attracted the attention of Oswald Rothaug, a judge known for his severity and fervent support for Nazism, who arranged for the case to be brought to him. He recognised the publicity such a trial would generate and saw it as a way to display his Nazi credentials and further his career. He sent out tickets for the trial to all the prominent Nazis in Nuremberg.
No conclusive evidence was presented during the trial that Katzenberger and Seiler had ever had an affair (Seiler had been Katzenberger's tenant since 1932), let alone that it had continued up until and during the war. The law at the time did not call for the death sentence for breaking the "Rassenschutzgesetz". The normal sentence would have been a term of imprisonment of several years. However, the "Volkschädlingsgesetz", a wartime law, allowed capital punishment if one made use of wartime regulations such as the blackout to commit a crime. Based on a single eyewitness account that Katzenberger had been seen leaving the Seiler apartment "when it was already dark", Rothaug applied this law to pass a death sentence against Katzenberger.
Aftermath.
Leo Katzenberger was guillotined at Stadelheim Prison in Munich on 2 June 1942. Irene Seiler was found guilty of perjury for denying an affair had taken place and sentenced to two years' imprisonment—in accordance with Hitler's wishes, women were not charged under the Racial Protection Law, but could be charged with perjury or obstruction of justice.
Even among some Nazi officials, the tenuous grounds on which Katzenberger had been sentenced to death caused disquiet. Oswald Rothaug was moved to a state attorney's job in Berlin in 1943 because the Justice Minister, Otto Georg Thierack, considered him unfit to be a judge. In 1947 he was placed on trial by the Americans, partly for his role in the Katzenberger trial, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was released in December 1956, aged 59, and died in Cologne in 1967.


Associations Law

The Associations Law was a law in Iraq, which legally regulated political parties. The law was promulgated on 1 January 1960. Prior to the adoption of this law, political parties had been banned since 1954. The law came into force on 6 January 1960 (Army Day).
Under this law, a party applying for legal status at the Ministry of Interior should have at least ten members (all Iraqi citizens) and at least 50 supporters. Article 4 of the law stated that an association registered under the law could not have goals that were incompatible with the independence and national unity of Iraq or the republican and democratic character of the state.
On 9 January 1960, four political parties applied for registration under the new law; the National Democratic Party, the Democratic Party of Iraqi Kurdistan, main Iraqi Communist Party (i.e. the "Itihad ash-Sha'ab" group) and Daud as-Sayegh's splinter Iraqi Communist Party. On 2 February 1960 two more parties applied for recognition, the Islamic Party and the Hizb ut-Tahrir. On 11 February 1960 the Republican Party applied for recognition and on 29 June 1960 the National Progressive Party submitted its application. The parties awarded recognition were as-Sayegh's Communist Party, the National Democratic Party, the Democratic Party of Iraqi Kurdistan (all on 10 February 1960), the Islamic Party (26 April 1960) and the National Progressive Party (29 July 1960). The mainstream communists, Hizb ut-Tahrir and the Republican Party remained illegal entities. The mainstream Communist Party tried to register itself a second time on 15 February 1960, under the name 'People's Unity Party', but were again turned down on 22 February 1960.


Ellis v. United States

Ellis v. United States may refer to:


Cobbetts

Cobbetts LLP was a British corporate law firm, with offices in Birmingham, Leeds, London and Manchester. Its main areas of work were dispute resolution, real estate, corporate and employment law.
Cobbetts had total revenues of £45.4 million in 2011/12, the 62nd-largest of any UK-based law firm in that financial year. Cobbetts entered administration in January 2013 and in February the bulk of its assets were acquired by rival Manchester-based law firm DWF LLP.
History.
Cobbetts was founded in Manchester during the first half of the nineteenth century as Cobbett, Wheeler and Cobbett by the sons of William Cobbett, the journalist and polemicist. It became Cobbett Leak Almond after the acquisition of Leak Almond and Parkinson in 1987. The firm shortened its name to simply 'Cobbetts' in 1996.
Further mergers with Read Hind Stewart of Leeds and Lee Crowder of Birmingham followed in 2002 and 2004 respectively. The London office was opened in 2004 to service corporate clients acquired through niche Manchester firm Fox Brooks Marshall in 2003.
On 30 January 2013 it was announced that Cobbetts would be entering administration, having filed a notice of intention to appoint administrators on 28 January 2013, and was now up for sale.
On 31 January 2013 it was announced that the Manchester-based law firm DWF had agreed to acquire the bulk of Cobbetts' assets in a "pre-pack" transaction. The acquisition was completed on 7 February 2013. Cobbetts' finance litigation practice and debt recovery team Incasso did not form part of the acquisition, with the former moving to Leeds-based firm Walker Morris and the latter being acquired by the Redditch-based debt recovery firm HL Legal.


Patrick Bermingham

Patrick Bermingham (c.1460–1532) was an Irish judge and statesman of the Tudor period who held the offices of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland. He was a firm supporter of English rule in Ireland and enjoyed the confidence of Henry VIII, who regarded him as a mainstay of the Irish administration.
Background.
He was born in Corbally, County Meath, into the Meath branch of the leading Anglo-Irish dynasty of Bermingham, which was founded by Meyler de Bermingham about 1270. Patrick's grandfather, a member of the Carbury branch of the family, settled in Meath where he acquired by marriage estates at Dardistown; the family also held lands at Johnstown, County Kildare.
Not much is known about Patrick's own parents, except that they had another son, John, who was the elder. Patrick, like many younger sons of landed families, chose the law as his profession, probably following in the steps of his cousin Philip Bermingham, who was Lord Chief Justice of Ireland in the 1480s. He entered Lincoln's Inn in 1478. On the death of his brother John in 1483 he inherited the family estates. He resided in England for some years but returned to Ireland before 1503.
Career.
He became a clerk in the Court of Exchequer (Ireland); from this relatively junior position he rose quickly to the office of Lord Chief Justice in 1513. For the next twenty years Irish politics was dominated by the struggle between the faction led by 9th Earl of Kildare, who succeeded to his father's title in 1513, and his opponents; Elrington Ball states that Bermingham was one of the few public figures who remained above partisan politics, his sole aim, as far as can be judged, being to maintain peace and order. This is borne out by the favourable account of Bermingham's conduct given by the Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Surrey, who spent much of 1520–21 putting down an insurrection which he suspected, with good reason, had been instigated by the Earl of Kildare. Norfolk praised Bermingham and Patrick Finglas, the Lord Chief Baron, as "the best willed and most diligent to do the King's Grace true and faithful service of all the learned men of this land".
Bermingham was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, was made a member of the Privy Council, and as a mark of special favour was given a fresh patent as Lord Chief Justice under the Great Seal of England. As another mark of Royal favour, he was given permission to leave Ireland whenever he wished. This was a significant privilege at a time when the movements of Irish officials , even those considered loyal to the Crown, were carefully watched, and all foreign travel, even a simple crossing to England, required permission from the Crown.
After Norfolk's recall to England, Bermingham worked closely with the Archbishop of Dublin, Hugh Inge, and later with Inge's his successor John Alen. For a time Bermingham, Archbishop Alen and the Prior of Kilmainham, John Rawson (later Viscount Clontarf), were said to form an inner "council of three" within the main Privy Council. Despite Kildare's rather dubious loyalties, Bermingham was sensible enough to see that his great power and influence made it impossible to exclude him from a prominent share in the Irish Government, and that English rule in Ireland had been weakened by his four-year detention in England. In 1528 he and Inge wrote to Surrey, now Duke of Norfolk, lamenting the chaos in Ireland "since the Earl of Kildare's departing from hence", and severely criticising the misrule of Kildare's deputy Richard Nugent, 4th Lord Delvin. Perhaps in part due to Bermingham's pleas, Kildare did return to Ireland, only to quarrel bitterly with Archbishop Alen and with Norfolk's successor as Lord Deputy, Sir William Skeffington. When Bermingham died in 1532 the political situation in Ireland was as unsettled as ever.
Marriage and children.
He married Katherine Preston, daughter of Robert Preston, 1st Viscount Gormanston and Janet, daughter of Sir Richard Molyneux. They had several daughters, and one son William, who married Margaret St Lawrence, daughter and heiress of Thomas St. Lawrence, Attorney General for Ireland, by whom he had eight children, including Patrick, his eldest son and heir.
Character.
Ball praises him as a man of integrity and moderation, who was dedicated to the maintenance of good order in Ireland.


Rufus McCain

Rufus Roy McCain (July 7, 1903 – December 3, 1940) was a prisoner at Alcatraz who attempted escape with Henri Young and Arthur Barker in 1939.
Attempt.
On the night of January 13, 1939, McCain, with Young, Barker, and two other men, attempted escape from the Rock. The guards started to fire shots at Arthur Barker. Barker eventually died and the others were recaptured. McCain and Young were sentenced to almost 22 months each in solitary confinement.
After Young and McCain returned to the normal prison population, McCain was assigned to the tailoring shop and Young to the furniture shop located directly upstairs.
Death.
On December 3, 1940, Young waited until just after the count to run downstairs and stab McCain with a sharpened spoon. McCain fell quickly into shock and died five hours later. Young refused to disclose his motive for the murder.


Old Perry County Courthouse (Ohio)

The Old Perry County Courthouse is a historic government building in the village of Somerset, Ohio, United States. Built in the 1820s as a courthouse, it is one of Ohio's oldest existing buildings constructed for that purpose, and it has seen the controversy of a county seat war. For much of its history, it has served as Somerset's village hall, and it is located within a federally designated historic district.
Historic context.
The village of Somerset was established in 1810 by settlers from Somerset, Pennsylvania at the spot on Zane's Trace located midway between Lancaster and Zanesville. Seven years later, parts of Fairfield, Muskingum, and Washington counties were merged to create Perry County, and the house of a Somerset resident was named the first temporary courthouse. In 1819, the county government arranged for the erection of a building in Somerset; while most of the building was used for a jail, it also included a courtroom and space for some county offices. Ten years later, the present building was constructed on the village's public square; officials quickly found it to be insufficiently large for their needs, so until a new jail was built adjacent to the courthouse in 1848, some offices remained in the jail.
As the village of New Lexington grew in importance, its residents began to agitate for the county seat to be moved to their community. From 1851 to 1859, the state legislature passed three separate laws to permit the county seat to be moved; contentious elections and a decision by the Supreme Court of Ohio saw the county seat move to New Lexington, back to Somerset, and finally back to New Lexington. After it ceased to be used as a courthouse, the building was leased to Somerset for use as its village hall. It has outlasted its successor; the original courthouse in New Lexington became too small for the county's needs by the late 1880s and was replaced by the current courthouse in 1888.
Architecture.
The Old Perry County Courthouse is a two-story brick building with a stone foundation constructed at a total cost of $6,600. It originally measured , although the construction of the jail led to its modification. A cupola sits atop the building, which measures five bays wide on the front. None of the names of its architects and builders are known. Although the original central doorway survived into the 1950s, the other two doors in the facade were replaced by that time; they had been repurposed to permit direct access to the second floor, which had been converted into spaces for an American Legion post, a library, and a barbershop. No dormer windows pierce the hip roof, which was likely covered with slates when built. Wooden trim decorates the cornice and the eaves. Inside, nothing survives of the original floor plan. The building sits on the northwestern corner of the junction of Main and Columbus Streets, facing southeast into the public square.
Inscription.
One of the most distinctive elements of the courthouse is an inscription carven into the stone lintel over the main entrance: "Let Justice be done. If the Heavens should fall". This unusual text has received widespread attention and provoked speculation regarding both its meaning and its origin. Legend suggests that the phrase was originally intended to read "Let Justice be done "though" the Heavens fall" but was changed by the stonemason, who ran out of room for the longer word. In his "Historical Collections of Ohio", Henry Howe spends most of his sparse description of the courthouse on this phrase, which he portrays as a former Somerset resident's primary memory of the building. Another author, writing in 1901, pronounced the phrase "wonderful" but remarked on its unusual wording:
Meanwhile, a biography of Somerset native General Philip Sheridan, deeming the inscription a grammatical error, repeats a legend that blames a foreigner for the mistake — when the village council met to determine what motto should be carven into the stone, they failed to agree on a text, so they turned to a highly educated German who was resident in the village. This German, who believed himself to have been wronged in a recent lawsuit, suggested the phrase and insisted that the county judge (who had presided over the recent lawsuit) must take credit for it. As a result, when the error was observed a year later, the judge came under such heavy criticism that he was forced to move out of state. Elsewhere, the phrase has been viewed more kindly: as a "quaint, old Irish bull", or as simply as the creation of a well-meaning pioneer who was possessed of bad rhetoric.
Preservation.
As a typical representative of Ohio's early courthouses, and as the oldest building in the former Northwest Territory in continuous governmental use, the building has benefited from a state-funded restoration project. In 1975, much of Somerset was designated a historic district, the Somerset Historic District, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places; the courthouse was one of the most important contributing properties in the district. It is one of just two surviving first-generation Federal courthouses in the state, along with the Old Meigs County Courthouse in Chester.


Neuberger Committee

The Neuberger Committee was a committee set up to examine the law and practice surrounding super-injunctions in English law. It reported in May 2011.


Henrik Carstensen

Henrik Carstensen (30 October 1753 – 15 September 1835) was a Norwegian businessman, timber merchant and shipowner. He served as a representative at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814.
Henrik Carstensen was born on the island of Risøya near the town of Risør in Nedenes county, Norway. Henrik Carstensen went to sea in his younger years and was a captain by 1775. From 1780, he was skipper on his own ship. In 1788, he started trading in Risor in Søndeled, where he ran both a lumber and shipping business. In 1799, he purchased ("Egelands jernverk") at Eikeland in Gjerstad. Over time, he bought forested acreage estates, operated sawmills and a distillery. In 1833 he retired from the business, which he conferred upon his nephew, Carsten Henrik Carstensen (1796–1852), whom he had adopted in 1821.
He represented Øster Risøer at the Norwegian Constituent Assembly in 1814 where he followed the union party ("Unionspartiet"), but later supported the independence party ("Selvstendighetspartiet").


Godbout v Longueuil (City of)

Godbout v Longueuil (City of), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 844 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision where the Court found that the city of Longueuil that required all permanent employees to reside within the municipality was in violation of both the "Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms" and the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms".
Background.
Michèle Godbout was hired as a dispatcher for the Longueuil police force. As part of her employment she was required to sign a declaration that she would reside within the city and if she were to move outside of the city her employment would be terminated without notice. Initially she had lived within the city but soon bought a house in the nearby town of Chambly. When she refused to move back in she was fired.
Before the Superior Court of Quebec, the parties argued primarily as to whether the "Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms" and the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms". Judge Turmel ruled that because the employment contract constituted a matter of private law between an employer (here the city of Longueuil) and an employee, neither charters applied, in so far as such rights as granted by the charters can, under civil law be willingly waived by contract.
Reasons of the court.
Justice La Forest, writing for the Court, held that the restriction on residency was unconstitutional.
La Forest began by considering the question of whether the Canadian Charter applied to municipalities. He found that it did as they were government entities. He noted that municipalities were run by elected officials and were accountable to the public, they had the power to collect taxes, and they had the power to make laws which they derived from the provincial government. In addressing the municipality's argument that the residency requirement was merely a private employment contract and not a governmental function, La Forest J. found that once a body is labeled governmental, that body cannot use colourable devices or organize activities to avoid Charter responsibility.
La Forest considered the validity of the law under section 7 of the Canadian Charter. He identified section 7 as protecting personal autonomy which includes the choice of selecting one's home. At no time did Godbout waive that right, even in signing the employment contract that contained the residency restriction. He further found that the restriction did not conform to the principles of fundamental justice as there was no compelling reason to have such a restriction.
Finally, La Forest found that the selection of a places of residence was within the meaning of "private life" which is protected under section 5 of the Quebec Charter.


William Hankford

Sir William Hankford KB (or Hankeford) (c. 1350 – 1423) of Annery in Devon, was an English lawyer, and Chief Justice of the King's Bench from 1413 until 1423.
Origins.
His parentage is not known, but he came from a gentry family which originated at and took its name from the estate of Hankford, near Bulkworthy in the parish of Buckland Brewer, North Devon.
Career.
He was educated at the Middle Temple, appointed serjeant-at-law in 1388 and king's serjeant in 1389. He was employed by the Earl of Devon from 1384, and repeatedly as a royal justice and commissioner in southern England. In 1394 he accompanied King Richard II (1377–1399) to Ireland. He served as Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland from 1395 to 1396.
In 1397, King Richard II decided to strike back at the Lords Appellant, a group of noblemen who years earlier had partly usurped royal authority, and had executed several of Richard's favourites. The next year Hankford was among the justices consulted concerning the validity of a legal ruling from 1387 which had declared the Appellants' actions unlawful and treasonable. Hankford expressed his support for the rulings, and said he would have ruled the same way himself.
Marriage and children.
By 1380 he had married a certain Cristina, possibly the heiress of the de Stapledon family of the estate of Annery, in the parish of Monkleigh, Devon, according to the Devon historian Tristram Risdon (d.1640). Hankford or his recent ancestor had certainly acquired the estate of Annery, though whether through inheritance by marriage or by purchase is unclear. He had the following children:
Death and burial.
Hankford died on 12 December 1423, while still in office. A peculiar legend is associated with his death, based on a strong local tradition, reported by both Robert Danby (d. 1474) and Raphael Holinshed (d. 1580). Allegedly Hankford had instructed his forester of his estate at Annery to shoot with an arrow anyone entering his forest, only himself deliberately to wander into the forest at night, where accordingly he was shot. His death thus appears possibly as a noble form of suicide, which would not debar him from Christian burial. As late as the 17th century there was still a tree-stump known locally as "Hankford's Oak" where the judge supposedly was killed. Whether the story is true or not, Hankford had certainly written his testament only two days before his death. He was buried in Monkleigh church, to which he had contributed extensive rebuilding, and his ornate Easter Sepulchre monument survives in the Annery Chapel in Monkleigh Church.
Sir William Hankford's ornate Easter Sepulchre monument survives against the south wall of the Annery Chapel, in Monkleigh Church.


James C. Lucas

James Crittenton Lucas (June 11, 1912 – November 28, 1998) was an American criminal who served a life sentence in Alcatraz. He is best known for being part of an attempted escape from Alcatraz Penitentiary in 1938, and for attacking Al Capone in the prison's laundry room on June 23, 1936.
Biography.
Lucas was originally sentenced to thirty years' imprisonment for robbing First National Bank in Albany, Texas, and violation of the Dyer Act (interstate trafficking of stolen vehicles). He arrived at Alcatraz in January 1935 from the Texas State Prison and was known there as James "Texas Bank Robber" Lucas.
Attack on Capone.
On June 23, 1936, Lucas stabbed Al Capone in the back with a pair of scissors from the prison barber shop. Capone had been working in the laundry area away. Lucas was sent to solitary confinement for his attack on Capone. After being stabbed, Capone turned and grabbed Lucas and threw him into the wall. The inmates were angry with Capone for not taking part in an inmate strike.
Alcatraz escape attempt.
In the spring of 1938, James Lucas, Thomas R. Limerick and Rufus Franklin planned an escape from Alcatraz. Their escape plan began by incapacitating an unarmed guard supervising a work detail on the top floor. Once the supervisor was rendered unconscious, the convicts would escape through a window to the rooftop, where they would incapacitate an armed guard and leave the island via a seized police boat. They enacted their escape plan on May 23, 1938 in the prison's mat shop, where they assaulted Custodial Officer Royal Cline with hammer blows to his head. They proceeded to the roof, where armed guard Harold Stites (who was later killed in the 1946 Battle of Alcatraz) shot both Franklin and Limerick, although Lucas wasn't shot. Other guards arrived at the scene. Franklin, Limerick, and Lucas were cornered and surrendered to the guards.
Cline died of his injuries the next day, and Thomas Limerick, the other wounded convict, also died. Lucas and the other surviving convict, Rufus Franklin, were tried for murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Lucas spent six years in isolation for the incident. He was transferred a few years later, and paroled in 1958. Lucas had a brief stay in prison at McNeil Island for parole violation. He was given a presidential commutation of sentence and released. He later worked in the oil business. He died in 1998 in Sacramento.


Cory Maye

Cory Jermaine Maye (born September 9, 1980) is a former prisoner in the U.S. state of Mississippi. He was originally convicted of murder in the 2001 death of a Prentiss, Mississippi police officer Ron W. Jones, during a drug raid on the other half of Maye's duplex. Maye has said he thought that the intruders were burglars and did not realize they were police. He pleaded not guilty at his trial, citing self-defense. Nevertheless, Maye was convicted of murder and was sentenced to death. Maye's case attracted little attention until late 2005, when "Reason" magazine senior editor and police misconduct researcher Radley Balko brought it to light on his blog "The Agitator". Balko's research raised several questions about Maye's conviction and in particular about the reliability of medical examiner Steven Hayne, who performed the autopsy on Jones and testified at the trial. According to Maye's supporters, his conviction also brought up issues such as the right to self-defense, police conduct in the War on Drugs, racial and social inequities in Mississippi and whether he received competent legal representation.
On September 21, 2006, Maye's death sentence was unexpectedly overturned by Judge Michael Eubanks, who ruled that Maye had received incompetent legal representation during his sentencing phase, and ordered a new sentencing hearing. Maye was sentenced to life in prison. On November 17, 2009, the Mississippi Court of Appeals ruled that Maye's constitutional right of vicinage was violated when Judge Eubanks refused to return the case to Jefferson Davis County, where the alleged crime occurred. The "en banc" court reversed Maye's conviction and remanded the case for a new trial. The State of Mississippi appealed to the Mississippi Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. On December 2, 2010, the Mississippi Supreme Court issued its decision, in which it held that Maye was entitled to a new trial on the ground that the trial court had improperly refused to issue a self-defense instruction that would have highlighted for the jury Maye's right to act in defense of his infant daughter, who was present in the home on the night of the police raid that led to the shooting.
On July 1, 2011, Judge Prentiss Harrell signed a plea agreement in which Maye pleaded guilty to manslaughter; Maye was then sentenced to ten years in prison, time he had already served. Maye was transferred to Rankin County, Mississippi for procedural paperwork and out-processing and was released on July 18, 2011.
Biography.
Maye was unemployed at the time of the raid. He and his girlfriend Chanteal had been renting a duplex apartment for less than two months and had actually occupied it for only a few weeks at the time of the raid. Maye kept their 18-month-old daughter while his girlfriend worked at her regular job.
Maye had no criminal record until he was convicted of killing Jones.
Death of Officer Jones.
At 11 p.m. on the night of December 26, 2001, Ron Jones along with other police officers and an agent employed by the Pearl River Basin Narcotics Task Force, a four-county police agency responsible for drug enforcement, went to Maye's duplex for the purpose of drug interdiction. Jones, though not a member of the task force, had received a confidential tip that large quantities of marijuana were being stored and sold in the apartment of Jamie Smith, who lived in the other half of the duplex. The officers obtained search warrants for both apartments. Whether the warrants legally allowed for a no-knock entry is still not clear.
Smith was arrested without incident. Although some illicit drugs were found in his home, Maye's former attorney, Rhonda Cooper, says Smith was never charged with drug possession or distribution. They found a little more than a gram of marijuana, most of it old and ashen—at worst a misdemeanor. Jefferson Davis County District Attorney Claiborne "Buddy" McDonald says he does not remember Smith being charged or convicted.
There is disagreement about what happened next. The officers then either served the warrant on Maye's half of the duplex (later, prosecutors would say both were served simultaneously) or entered what they thought was another door to Smith's in search of more contraband.
Four of the officers who took part in the raid testified they knocked on Maye's door and identified themselves as law enforcement officers. Maye testified he heard neither knocks on his door nor anyone announce themselves. Maye testified he was asleep on a chair in the living room when he heard a crash, prompting him to run to his daughter's bedroom and ready a .380 caliber pistol that he kept boxed and unloaded on top of a tall headboard. When Jones entered the bedroom, Maye fired three times. Jones was wearing a bulletproof vest, but one bullet hit just below the vest, and the injury proved fatal.
Jones, the son of Prentiss' then police chief, was not a regular member of the narcotics task force, but a K9 officer for the Prentiss police department. Trial testimony showed that when Jones exited the apartment and fell to the ground outside, his pistol was holstered.
Trial.
Maye had no criminal record, and wasn't the named target of a search warrant. Police initially concluded they had found no drugs in Maye's side of the duplex, but later claimed that one smoked marijuana cigarette was in the apartment along with a plastic bag containing "traces" of the drug.
The trial was held in neighboring Marion County, after Maye's lawyer successfully argued for a change of venue. But his lawyer's original request and agreement for the venue change had been to Lamar County, an adjoining county that is 88% white. When she belatedly realized her error, Maye's trial lawyer tried unsuccessfully to have the trial moved back to Jefferson Davis County. Although the trial judge refused the request to return the trial to Jefferson Davis County, he did again change the venue to Marion County where the trial was subsequently held. Of the 12 jurors subsequently selected, two were African American.
Maye testified that it was dark in his apartment when he heard someone breaking into the back door, which was located in the bedroom. "That's when I fired the shots," Maye said. "After I fired the shots, I heard them yell 'police! police!' Once I heard them, I put the weapon down and slid it away. I did not know they were police officers."
The weapon used was stolen approximately one year prior to the shooting. Maye claims it was given to him by a friend. Mississippi law indicates that it is justifiable to kill another in an act of reasonable self-defense. It also provides that the killing of a police officer is not capital murder if the killer had no knowledge that the victim was a police officer.
The prosecution claimed that officers announced at the front door and then at the back door of Maye's residence. He and his lawyer say that they only identified themselves as police "after" he had shot Jones. The defense tried to show Maye did not know the persons breaking in were police officers, and that he was acting to protect his infant daughter in the bedroom. In mitigation the defense argued Maye's lack of a criminal record and his young age (21).
The jury took five hours to convict Maye on the capital murder charge. The same afternoon, Marion County Circuit Court Judge Michael Eubanks sentenced Maye to death by lethal injection.
Incarceration.
Maye entered MDOC on January 26, 2004. He was incarcerated in the State of Mississippi's male death row in Unit 32, a part of the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Sunflower County, and later in the Delta Correctional Facility in Greenwood, Mississippi.
Controversy.
While researching related material, columnist and blogger Radley Balko ran across Maye's case and blogged his initial findings. Other bloggers across the political spectrum picked them up. Balko wrote extensively on the Maye case, posting updates regarding Maye's court dates, findings, decisions, et al., and illustrating what he felt were the many inadequacies and errors with both the initial search of Maye's home, his legal representation, and the unfit nature of the jurors, among other complaints. Balko's attention to and prolific reporting on the case are widely credited with Maye's eventual release.
Counsel.
Maye's original attorney, Rhonda Cooper, had never tried a capital murder case before she represented Maye. Maye's family fired Cooper after Maye's conviction.
Maye is currently represented by Bob Evans, the original public defender in the case. Evans is the public defender for Jefferson Davis County, and was concurrently the public defender for the town of Prentiss, seat of Jefferson Davis County, until January 10, 2006, when he was fired by the Prentiss Board of Aldermen. According to the mayor of Prentiss, Charles Dumas, Evans' dismissal was directly related to his representation of Maye.
The Washington, D.C., law firms of Covington & Burling, Pafford Lawrence & Ross, and the Vernia Law Firm, as well as professor Orin Kerr of The George Washington University Law School represent Maye "pro bono publico".
Terry R. Cox, Certified Legal Investigator (CLI) of The Lonewolf Group Legal Investigation & Consulting of Booneville, Mississippi, was engaged by Maye's counsel to assist in the post conviction investigation of the case. Cox was instrumental in tracking down the "unknown confidential informant" who acknowledged his involvement and later testified at a hearing in the matter which proved instrumental in the court setting aside the death penalty.
Discrepancies in police and court records.
Since Jones died, it is impossible to know how thoroughly he investigated the tip he received before passing it along. He claimed he had observed unusually heavy traffic at the residence, but left no written record of when he made those observations (important since Maye had only moved into the apartment a few weeks before the raid). The credibility of the informant is not known beyond Jones' statement that information he had previously provided had led to a single arrest. It also appears that Jones and a colleague did not verify the tip, which is typically done by making a controlled drug buy.
Jones' affidavit for the warrants names Smith but not Maye, referring only to "person or persons unknown" in the other apartment. Both apartments are described using the same language.
Times have been changed on official records of when evidence was collected from both apartments. Characteristically for what was initially a major drug arrest, Smith's apartment was swept immediately afterwards. However, several changes made to the documents for Maye put the time of that evidence collection at 5:20 a.m., several hours after the raid.
Maye's family and his attorney also accused officers of beating him while he was in custody after his arrest. His mug shot, taken the day of the shooting, shows Maye with a prominent swollen and discolored right eye. Officers and prosecutors denied that any beating occurred.
Appeal.
Maye's appeal was argued before the Mississippi Court of Appeals on June 4, 2009; on November 17, 2009, the court set aside his conviction and ordered a new trial on the grounds that he was denied his right to have the trial conducted in the county of the alleged crime.
On June 24, 2010, the Mississippi Supreme Court granted petitions for writ of certiorari filed by both the State of Mississippi (arguing that the Court of Appeals' decision to grant Maye a new trial was erroneous) and Maye (arguing that the Court of Appeals erred in not vacating his conviction entirely and dismissing the charges for insufficient evidence, and advancing alternative grounds for a new trial).
On December 2, 2010, the Mississippi Supreme Court vacated the Court of Appeals' decision and granted Maye a new trial on the grounds that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury as Maye had requested on the nature of self-defense and defense of others (i.e., his daughter).
Plea Agreement.
On the morning of July 1, 2011, Maye was offered and accepted a plea agreement. Judge Prentiss Harrell of the 15th Circuit Court of Mississippi signed the agreement under which Maye pleaded guilty to manslaughter in exchange for a ten-year sentence, which was decreed to be time served. Maye was then transferred to Rankin County, Mississippi for procedural paperwork and out-processing, and was released on July 18, 2011.


Wilhelm Kling

Wilhelm Kling (7 February 1902 – 17 November 1973) was a Communist Party of Germany (KPD) functionary, and later an associate in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in East Germany.
Kling was born in Bammental in the Grand Duchy of Baden. He completed his training as a salesman in 1916-1921, and was an employee in Dortmund until 1924. He worked for various building companies until 1928, was unemployed until 1929, and was the editor of the newspaper "Berlin am Morgen" between 1929 and 1933.
From 1922 to 1924, Kling was a member of the Association for Defence against Anti-Semitism in Germany ("Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus in Deutschland"). As of 1923, he was active in various capacities for the KPD in the subdistrict ("Unterbezirk") of Dortmund, and later in the subdistrict of Berlin.
From March 1933, after Adolf Hitler and the Nazis had taken power, he was unlawfully engaged in the KPD's information service, which led to his arrest in July 1935. In October 1936, he was sentenced to six years in labour prison ("Zuchthaus") in the "Volksgerichtshof's" last public proceedings. Until 1945, he was imprisoned in, among other places, Plötzensee Prison in Berlin, Brandenburg-Görden and Bayreuth, as well as in Aschendorfer Moor, Sachsenhausen and Mauthausen concentration camps.
In 1945-1946, he joined the KPD-SED in Berlin and was a colleague in the SED Central Committee. As leader of the subdivision known as "Functionaries in State and Commerce", he was instrumental in the expropriation of business and war crimes enterprises. Between 1953 and 1961, he was the acting director of the German Economic Institute ("Deutsches Wirtschaftsinstitut"), and after that, until 1969, an associate of the Agitation Commission at the SED Central Committee's Politburo.
Kling received the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1965, and the Order of Karl Marx in 1967, both East German honours. He died in Berlin.


Red Army Military Law Academy

Red Army Military Law Academy (later Soviet Army Military Law Academy) () is a military higher educational institution of the Soviet Army that was designed to train officers for military tribunals and military prosecutor's offices, being active from November 5, 1939 to May 18, 1956. It was formed the base of the Military Law Department of the All-Union Law Academy. It was then transformed into the Military Law Department of the Lenin Military-Political Academy, and was eventually inherited by the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.