Spokane Garry

Spokane Garry (sometimes spelled Spokan Garry) ( 1811 – 1892) was a Native American leader of the Middle Spokane tribe. He also acted as a liaison between white settlers and American Indian tribes in the area which is now eastern Washington state.
Early life and education.
The future Spokane Garry (whose Spokan name was Slough-Keetcha) was born at the junction of the Spokane and the Little Spokane Rivers in or around 1811. He was the son of the tribal chief of the Middle Spokanes, whose name is given by various sources as Illum-Spokanee, Illim-Spokanee and Ileeum Spokanee.
When white settlers arrived in the area in 1825, the boy was one of two chosen by the Hudson's Bay Company to be taught at an Anglican mission school at Fort Garry, Rupert's Land (now Winnipeg, Manitoba), which was run by the Missionary Society of the Church of England. Before he left for Manitoba, he was renamed "Spokane Garry" in honor of his tribe and the deputy governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, Nicholas Garry. His baptism on June 24, 1827 is said to be the first Protestant baptism of a non-white person west of the Rocky Mountains. He was accompanied by another boy known as Kootenais Pelly, who became Garry's closest friend at the school.
The students learned English at Fort Garry and were also taught new forms of survival skills. Garry enjoyed learning, but found adjusting to the new life difficult. One story relates that he was once disciplined for disobedience by being whipped with a switch while an older white student held him. Garry became afraid and clenched his teeth only to realize afterwards that he had bitten into the ear of the student holding him. The student waved off the inadvertent attack, leading Garry to realize for the first time that white settlers could be well-intentioned, but also that resistance to authority would likely be futile.
Chief Illim-Spokanee died in late 1828. When spring arrived, Garry and Pelly left the mission school and began the arduous trek back to the Spokane River so that Garry could assume the position of chief of his tribe.
Return to Spokane.
Upon their return to Spokane in the fall of 1829, Garry passed on what he had learned at Fort Garry to both his people and to the neighboring peoples of the Columbia Plateau. They returned to the mission the next spring, bringing five other students with them. In 1831 Garry was sent back to the West to notify the Kootenais of Pelly's death, which had taken place at Easter; instead of returning to the Red River afterwards as expected, however, he travelled on to Spokane and never returned.
Garry spent much of the next few years preaching his simple Anglican faith in the Columbia Plateau and teaching his people methods of agriculture which he had picked up at the Red River settlement. He found that his new position within the tribal hierarchy created a stronger sense of duty to his people and a need to ensure their peaceful co-existence with white settlers. At this time he married a woman who he renamed Lucy.
In the 1840s the Spokanes were visited by a number of missionaries. Rev. Samuel Parker of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was impressed by the piety of the peoples of the region, but other Protestant missionaries thought less highly of the Indians' typical activities, while Catholic missionaries were hostile to both. None were successful in converting the Spokanes to their denominations of Christianity. However, the missionaries' denunciation of Spokane Garry's simple but "primitive" faith was said to have lessened his reputation among the Christians and possibly among his people. His decision to take a second wife was also viewed negatively.
Later years.
In the mid-1840s Garry joined the first Walla Walla expedition. While there, the party found themselves short of trading goods and went into the mountains to hunt for hides. A white man named Grove Cook killed a young Christian member of the party named Toayahnu, who was the son of Piupiumaksmaks the chief of the Walla Wallas. The apparent unwillingness of the Indian agent at Walla Walla, Elijah White, to prosecute the crime enraged the Indians; tensions worsened after the Whitman Massacre of 1847. Garry, a wealthy man by the standards of his tribe, attempted to keep the peace between the two groups.
On October 17, 1853, Garry met with Isaac Stevens, the newly appointed Governor of Washington Territory. Stevens later professed himself surprised that Garry could speak both English and French fluently, but also wrote that he found himself frustrated by Garry's unwillingness to speak frankly.
Two years later, Stevens summoned the Walla Walla, Nez Perce, Cayuse and Yakama tribes to negotiate a treaty, as well as asking Garry to attend as an observer. The chiefs agreed on a treaty and it seemed there would be peace, but soon the Yakama decided against allowing the whites to take their land and began to prepare for war against the United States. They recruited younger members of the Spokanes, but Garry was able to prevent his men from joining the impending battle. He could not stop the war, though, which began on September 23 with the deaths of several miners on the Yakima River and of A.J. Bolton, the special agent to the Yakamas.
When Stevens heard that war had broken out, he went immediately to the Spokane village and demanded to speak to Garry. The chiefs of the Coeur d'Alenes, the Spokanes, and Colvilles, as well as the leaders of the local French Canadian community were also in attendance. Stevens promised friendship, but asked the Spokanes to decide immediately between signing a treaty that would hand most of their land over to the whites or declaring war against the United States. He said in part:
Garry made an impassioned speech itemizing all the grievances the Indians had and their unwillingness to give up their ancestral lands for the benefit of the whites. Stevens, finding himself unable to win the argument, retreated, and the Spokanes kept their lands.
In the following years Garry worked to keep the peace between the Spokanes and white settlers. His attempts to negotiate a new treaty with the territorial government were ignored; Stevens instead encouraged the Spokanes to abandon their traditional lands and take up individual ownership under the Indian Homestead Act of 1862. The Spokanes did not receive a reservation under the terms of the treaty they finally signed in 1887.
Later life and legacy.
Garry continued teaching well into old age and advising his people until he allegedly gave into gambling and drinking. During his final years he spent much of his time living in his teepee on the Spokane River. He died in 1892.
In 1961 Dudley C. Carter created a carving of Garry on the site of St. Dunstan's Church of the Highlands in Shoreline, Washington in honor of a biography of Garry written by the then vicar of the congregation.


Leavenworth Nutcracker Museum

Leavenworth Nutcracker Museum is a museum dedicated to nutcrackers, located in Leavenworth, Washington. Founded by Arlene Wagner and her husband George in 1995, the museum housed over 7,000 nutcrackers in 2020. Wagner studied ballet under Alexandra Danilova, and subsequently became a ballet instructor. She taught multiple productions of "The Nutcracker", and became enamored of nutcrackers. She began collecting them during the 1960s. The museum's building is of a Bavarian style and has an area of 3,000 square feet; it is situated above Wagner's shop Nussknacker Haus, which sells nutcrackers.
Wagner came to be known as "the Nutcracker Lady". The Museum was featured on the NBC program "Today" in 2000. In 2001, the museum became a part of the National Heritage Foundation. David Evangelista favorably reviewed the museum in a piece for an A&E Network special in 2003. Wagner wrote a book, "The Art and Character of Nutcrackers", which discusses 1,000 pieces from the museum. In December 2009, the museum was featured on the "Sunday Morning" program of "CBS News". On November 8, 2010, Wagner became the first guest featured on Conan O'Brien's late-night television program on TBS, "Conan".
The Leavenworth Nutcracker Museum has received favorable reception in the book "You Know You're in Washington When...", where the authors recommended it as the best location to learn about the art and engineering of nutcrackers. Wagner's book "The Art and Character of Nutcrackers" was also given positive mention in the book. Wagner was consulted as a resource for the book "Nutcracker Nation". Authors Ken and Dahlynn McKowen recommended the museum in their book "Best of Oregon & Washington's Mansions Museums & More".
History.
The curator of the museum is Arlene Wagner. Wagner (born 1925) founded the Leavenworth Nutcracker Museum with her husband George in 1995, as a non-profit organization. Wagner had previously worked as a ballet instructor, and supervised productions of "The Nutcracker". She learned ballet from Alexandra Danilova. The museum's website notes, "just as Clara in the ballet became entranced with the wooden figure with the big teeth, so did Arlene." She started her collection of the toy soldiers as a child. During the 1960s, Wagner began to purchase various kinds of nutcrackers. The museum's building is of a Bavarian style and is of an area of 3,000 square feet; it is situated above Wagner's shop Nussknacker Haus, which sells nutcrackers.
Wagner came to be known as "the Nutcracker Lady". The museum was featured on the NBC program "Today" in 2000. Arlene and George Wagner ceded their collection in 2001 to the National Heritage Foundation so that the museum would be maintained in the event of their deaths; however Arlene Wagner retained her position within the museum. David Evangelista favorably reviewed the museum in a piece for an A&E Network special in 2003. In 2003, the museum had a collection of 3,028 artifacts. By 2007 the collection had grown to over 5,000 pieces. In 2010, it contained over 6,000 nutcrackers, including pieces from the 16th century. Nutcrackers are represented in the museum from 38 different countries. The museum contains the greatest amount of collected nutcrackers in the United States, including a nutcracker made in Germany that stands six feet tall. It was manufactured for Wagner by Karl Roppl from Oberammergau, Germany, and made from a solid piece of linden wood.
A bronze Roman piece c. 200 BC to 200 AD, discovered in 1960, is one of the oldest in the museum. Wagner bought the item from Rik Gijsen, a Netherlands-based antiquities dealer. The piece was acquired by the museum in April 2006. Approximately 1,000 of the nutcrackers from the museum are highlighted in a book by Wagner, "The Art and Character of Nutcrackers". The museum is open to visitors in the afternoon, from May to October; it is open to the public on weekends during the period from November to April. Arlene and George Wagner traveled the globe in search of nutcrackers for the museum: "That's all we do! My husband and I have never been on a cruise. We just got back from Europe yesterday, hunting for nutcrackers. We went to the Netherlands. We attended a couple of very big European antique shows. We also had nutcrackers waiting for us to pick up – very valuable 16th and 17th century ones."
In December 2009, Wagner and her museum were featured on the "Sunday Morning" program of "CBS News". Judith Hole, a "CBS News" producer, discovered the museum through an online search, and got in touch with the curator for further research on the news piece. Journalist Rita Braver of CBS interviewed Wagner about the museum. A CBS camera crew filmed inside the museum and documented its collection. Wagner observed, "they took pictures and asked questions – everything from the nutting stones that are supposedly from 4,000 to 8000 years old, clear up to the modern ones." She noted of the CBS crew, "They were very interested in the old ones, and how the 'Nutcracker' ballet influenced the collecting of nutcrackers in America."
Wagner appeared as the first guest on the premiere of Conan O'Brien's TBS program "Conan", on November 8, 2010. On his website, O'Brien had arranged an online survey of potential first guests with Wagner being listed on the website among candidates including Jack Nicholson, Pope Benedict XVI, Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, Vladimir Putin, and the Sultan of Brunei. During the poll, O'Brien posted to his Twitter account, "If the Nutcracker lady wins, I'm in trouble." In an interview with "KING-TV", Wagner replied, "Why would he be in trouble? I think I should do just fine on his show." She noted the production staff of "Conan" had contacted her, "They just called us out of the blue." She explained, "Many people think nutcrackers are just for Christmas, but they're not." Wagner stated she intended to present O'Brien with a gift of an Irish nutcracker from her collection.
Reception.
Writing in "You Know You're in Washington When...", Sharon Wootton and Maggie Savage characterize the Leavenworth Nutcracker Museum as, "The best place in America to admire nutcracker mechanics, art, and creativity". The authors write of Wagner's book "The Art and Character of Nutcrackers", "It shows the breadth of construction styles and materials, often capturing the cultural milieu behind each nutcracker's form." Wagner's work is used as a reference in the book "Nutcracker Nation" by Jennifer Fisher. The museum is recommended in the book "Best of Oregon & Washington's Mansions Museums & More". Authors Ken and Dahlynn McKowen note, "This is a fun museum in a fun town." Arlene Wagner is regarded as a "national authority" on the subject of nutcrackers.


The St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and Restasis patent

Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe v. Mylan Pharms. Inc., 896 F.3d 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2018) is a United States Patent case, decided by the CAFC, deciding whether or not indigenous tribes' sovereign immunity extended to patent lawsuits.
In September 2017, the American pharmaceutical company Allergan agreed to transfer six pharmaceutical patents for the ophthalmic form of the drug Restasis to the St. Regis tribe of the Mohawk people. At the time, the St. Regis tribe viewed this blockbuster deal as a new, viable supply of income outside of their primary source, the gambling industry. Following the deal, Allergan received an onslaught of criticism from outside companies and politicians such as Rep. Trey Gowdy, chairman of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, who said that the deal, "'impair[s] competition across the pharmaceutical industry.'"
Case details.
In 2017, Texas intellectual property lawyer Michael Shore established that the principle of sovereign immunity applied to Inter partes review, which gives sovereign entities legal immunity to administrative patent challenges in front of the patent trial and appeal board (PTAB). Following this development, the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe made the decision to reach out to Allergan, whose patents covering Restasis were the subject of both a federal district court lawsuit and 18 pending inter partes review proceedings in front of PTAB, regarding a patent-transfer deal. On September 8, 2017, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and Allergan executed a deal that officially transferred patent ownership to the tribe. The agreement guaranteed that Allergan has license to the patents at an annual royalty rate of $15 million per year in addition to an up-front charge that amounted to $13.75 million. This was a landmark deal, as never before had a Native American tribe been given full ownership of a patent by way of a major American corporation.
Soon after the deal was struck between Allergan and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, several generic drug companies began the process of filing cases against Allergan regarding the deal. The generic drug companies challenged both the validity of the Restasis patents and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe's ability to protect the patents with sovereign immunity. A court hearing was arranged and held on February 23, 2018 to decide the fate of the deal.
Case verdict.
On February 23, 2018, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office deemed the Restasis patents invalid and rejected the St Regis Tribe's ability to use sovereign immunity to protect the Restais patents. Following the announcement, both Allergan and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe appealed the ruling. PTAB defended their decision by arguing the exclusive licenses sold back to Allergan were so significant that the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe was essentially giving ownership back. Despite how Allergan and the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe characterized the sale of the patents, PTAB deemed Allergan as the creator of the patent and therefore the primary owner which invalidated any sovereign immunity the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe had over Restasis patents. The nullifying of the patent deal between Allergan and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe effectively closed a loophole in the Hatch-Waxman Act that could have been opened by the deal. The Hatch-Waxman Act prevents pharmaceutical companies from having exclusive rights to a particular drug. The act allows and makes it easier for generic versions of drugs to be made, preventing unaffordable drug prices. If the deal was passed, other pharmaceutical companies could have exploited the loophole and partnered with other sovereign entities such as tribes or state universities in order to maintain exclusivity to drug patents. With this exploitation of the Hatch-Waxman Act, generic medication would not be able to hit the market. Since branded drugs usually lose more than 40% of their value when generic counterparts hit the market, this deal likely would have led to an increase in drug prices across the pharmaceutical industry.
Aftermath.
Following the court hearing, Allergan and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe referenced the Collateral Order Doctrine in court to appeal the case verdict prior to a final decision. A "stay" (a pause in legal proceedings) was placed on the review of the Restasis patents by PTAB. The stay was granted to Allergan and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe immediately after the court appeal on the application of sovereign immunity to the Restasis patents. The appeals court heard oral arguments for the protection of the Restasis patents. The Supreme Court issued a final verdict in the case in April of 2019 that the Restasis patents cannot have sovereign protection from IPR. It is expected that generic versions of the Restasis drug will hit the market. Wall Street analyst Ronny Gal predicts that the Restasis drug "will lose half its revenue this year".


Black River (settlement)

The Black River settlement was a British settlement on the Mosquito Coast of present-day Honduras. It was established in 1732 by a British colonist named William Pitt (likely a distant relative of contemporary British politician, William Pitt the Elder). The settlement, made on territory claimed but never really controlled by Spain, was evacuated in 1787 pursuant to terms of the Anglo-Spanish Convention of 1786. The Spanish then attempted to colonize the area, but the local Miskitos massacred most of its inhabitants on September 4, 1800. The settlement was abandoned, and its remains can still be seen near the village of Palacios in the Honduran department of Gracias a Diós.
Geography.
The Mosquito Coast of present-day Honduras and Nicaragua was a tropical tangle of swamps and lagoons in the 18th century, much as it still is today. The area was first explored by Christopher Columbus in 1502. The area where this settlement was established is a lagoon near the mouth of what was then called the Black River, Río Negro, or Río Tinto, but is now known as the Sico River (or Río Sico). The lagoon is in the northwestern corner of the Honduran department of Gracias a Dios, between the Caratasca Lagoon and the present-day port city of Trujillo, which was then the site of a small Spanish settlement.
At the time of its settlement, the sand bar at the river mouth was sufficiently high to prevent the passage of most ocean-going ships of the time, a feature that significantly aided the settlement's defence and longevity.
17th century.
Early attempts by the Spanish to settle the area were frustrated by the terrain, tropical conditions, lack of valuable resources, and hostile natives, in particular the Miskito Indians. The first British contacts in the area were in 1633 by colonists of the Providence Company who had settled the islands of San Andrés and Providencia. Since they were principally interested in trade with the natives, the Miskitos reacted more favorably to them. On the capture of those islands by the Spanish in 1641, some of the colonists probably fled to the shore and were taken in by the natives. The region was also a stopping point for pirates, and its population became somewhat more mixed when a slave ship foundered in the area, eventually resulting in a mixed-race zambo population.
An informal relationship was established between Miskito rulers and British colonial administrators in Jamaica, in which Miskito leaders traveled to Jamaica or even England to receive education and have their status confirmed. In the late 17th century, British pioneers began logging in the area that is now Belize, to the great annoyance of Spanish authorities, who made numerous largely fruitless attempts to evict British settlers from that area. During the War of the Spanish Succession early in the 18th century, there were reports of British settlers living on the Mosquito Coast.
During the 1720s the Spanish made numerous attempts to eliminate the British presence on the Belize shore. Many of the settlers retreated, either inland, or to the Mosquito Coast, when the Spanish came in force, and generally returned after the Spanish left. In 1732, one of these British loggers, William Pitt, decided to stay. Pitt's exact lineage is uncertain, but he was probably descended from Thomas Pitt, whose descendants also include William Pitt the Elder, a contemporary of the settlement's founder.
British settlement.
Pitt realized that the Black River area provided an ideal location for a settlement for several reasons. One was that the immediately surrounding land could be cultivated, providing crops for food and export, and there was a rich supply of jungle and sea product to export. The area had a number of water channels leading inland to facilitate (illegal, according to the Spanish) trade with the local natives. Finally, the entrance to the lagoon from the sea was a narrow channel blocked by a shifting sand bar, making a seaborne attack virtually impossible.
Early years.
By 1739 the settlement had grown to the point that Spanish authorities recognized it as a credible threat to their claims, and considered military action against it. Rising tensions between Britain and Spain that led to the War of Jenkins' Ear led Jamaica's military governor to request Pitt's assistance in gaining Miskito support in the event of military action, sending Lieutenant Colonel Robert Hodgson to negotiate an agreement with them. Hodgson used Black River as a base for raids against Spanish settlements during the war.
The settlement received a more permanent British military presence in 1744 after the war widened into the War of the Austrian Succession. It remained untouched during the war, despite demands from King Philip for its removal. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, which ended the hostilities, specified that colonial territories should be restored to the "status quo ante bellum". Spain interpreted this to include the abandonment of British settlements on all of its claimed territory in Central America, while the British claimed that, since Spain had never controlled the area, it was not Spanish territory to return. The British military fortified the lagoon entrance and maintained a small company of infantry at the settlement, but withdrew it in 1751 due to a lack of manpower.
Seven Years' War.
When the Seven Years' War broke out in 1756, Hodgson was sent back to Black River, and its fortifications were beefed up. According to a Spanish report, the settlement had 213 palm-thatched houses, 100 white inhabitants, 600 slaves, and 3,000 armed Miskito and zambos living nearby, along with 30 British regulars. A report prepared by Hodgson in 1757 numbered the white British population of the entire coast at more than 1,000. In the same report, he valued that year's exports from the coast at £25,000, and described the community as an effective entrepôt for direct trade with the natives, and also indirect trade with the Spanish, all supplied by cargos whose origins were sometimes of dubious legality.
The Spanish did not enter into the Seven Years' War until 1762. While King Charles ordered the taking of Black River and Belize, the British capture of Havana effective scuttled the idea, and the Miskitos raided many Spanish settlements, ranging as far as Costa Rica. While the 1763 Treaty of Paris secured British logging rights in Belize, it contained language concerning the Mosquito Coast settlements similar to that in the 1748 treaty, setting the stage for further conflict. When a Spanish representative arrived to oversee what the Spanish believed to be the agreed destruction of Black River's fortifications, he was shown a letter from London containing the British interpretation of the treaty language; only the intervention of Pitt and James Ottaway, the military commander, prevented his killing at the hands of the Miskitos.
Prosperity and internal friction.
Over the following years the settlement continued to grow and prosper. Trade (legal and illegal) flourished, and plantations grew around the town. A 1771 report put the coast's white population around 200, with 90 of those at Black River. There were about 900 slaves, and more than 100 people of mixed blood, and the settlements documented exports had risen substantially since the 1757 report. The settlement began to expand more rapidly in the 1771 with major investments led by James Lawrie, a British captain who had been posted to the coast several times.
While the land occupied was purchased from the Miskito, these new acquisitions led to grumbling among the Miskito about the fairness of the price they were getting for the land. This led the British superintendent, Robert Hodgson, Jr, (the son of Hodgson and Pitt's daughter Elizabeth), to attempt the establishment of a land title registry and political structures that other British colonies possessed. This led to internal divisions within the independent and free-spirited settlers, and demands for Hodgson's recall. The Jamaican governor delayed until increasing complaints about Hodgson, among them affidavits concerning his attempt to gain possession of Great Corn Island by driving out its settlers,* were reviewed and relayed to London that orders were issued in 1775 for his recall. *Ref. CO/137/66 p.92, British National Archives.
Later years.
James Lawrie was appointed the settlement's superintendent in 1776, and governed it until its final evacuation in 1787. A Spanish captain reported in that year that the town, which he was able to see from his ship, had four wood-construction houses with shingled roofs, a hospital, and an active sawmill and shipyard. Black River continued to be the economic center of the shore, which, although it was still economically viable, had suffered somewhat from a decline in the value of its exports. The ongoing uncertainty over its legal status was also becoming of increasing concern to politicians in London, especially when Spain entered the War of American Independence in 1779, citing among other reasons the British failure to evacuate the coastal settlements in 1763.
Settlers and natives participated in the British capture of Omoa in October 1779, but Spanish colonial authorities recaptured the fort there after its garrison was reduced by tropical disease. Most of Black River's military garrison, and a large number of Miskito allies, were recruited to participate in Britain's disastrous 1780 expedition against Nicaragua. The Spanish took advantage of the settlement's weakened defences to raid it, scattering its inhabitants and destroying some of its fortifications. While a large garrison was left at Black River upon the abandonment of the San Juan expedition, it was reduced in late 1781.
In March 1782, more than 1,300 Spanish troops led by Matías de Gálvez, the Captain General of Spanish Guatemala arrived, overwhelming the British garrison that then numbered just 21 men. Lawrie resisted as best he could, but the arrival of even more Spanish troops, he abandoned the fortifications and fled with his men through the jungle to Cape Gracias a Dios. He was eventually able to regroup a force of about 800 locals. Combined with a supporting force from Jamaica led by Edward Marcus Despard, he returned to Black River, where the Spanish garrison had been significantly reduced by disease. Lawrie and Despard regained control of Black River, taking more than 700 Spanish prisoners.
End of British control.
The 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the war confirmed Spanish sovereignty over Belize, but again contained ambiguous language concerning the coastal settlements. This revived the old arguments that the settlements were not part of the "Spanish Continent" that the treaty referred to, and the British moved in 1785 to begin fortifying the area again. A strong show of force by the British moved the Spanish to request negotiations on the issue. In the Convention of London, signed 14 July 1786, Britain agreed to evacuate the Mosquito Coast in exchange for an expansion of rights in Belize.
James Lawrie supervised the evacuation of the shore. A total of 2,650 people were evacuated from the shore. Most of whom went to Belize, but others went to Jamaica, Grand Cayman, and Roatán. Control of Black River was formally turned over to Spanish authorities on 29 August 1787 by his son (and grandson of founder William Pitt) William Pitt Lawrie.
Spanish settlement.
The Spanish acquired a settlement with a main road about a mile in length, with plantations extending along the waterways in the area, and two sugar mills. They brought in settlers from the Canary Islands to take over the settlement, but it was an economic failure. Spanish attempts to run the settlement on a purely legitimate basis (without the illicit trade that flourished under the British) were not successful, and their trade with the natives was hampered by not providing goods useful to the natives for trade or other purposes, and by ongoing British smuggling.
The settlement came to a final end when a band of Miskito warriors descended on the town on the morning of 4 September 1800, and slaughtered many of its inhabitants. Those that survived fled overland to Trujillo.
Legacy.
In the village of Palacios, which now extends along the edges of the lagoon with an airport, remnants of the colony are still to be seen. Cannons of the era are there, as are the remains of the sugar mills. An overgrown cemetery contains the resting place of the settlement's founder, William Pitt.


Stephen Van Rensselaer House

The Stephen Van Rensselaer House at 149 Mulberry Street between Grand and Hester Streets in the Little Italy neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was built c.1816 in the Federal style by Stephen Van Rensselaer III. It was originally located on the northwest corner of Mulberry and Grand, but in 1841 was moved down the block to its current location. The two-story dormered house is typical of Federal-style row houses which were common at the time in Manhattan below 14th Street.
The house was designated a New York City landmark in 1969, and in 1983 was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
References.
Notes


Denham Island (British Columbia)

Denham Island is an islet north of Sonora Island (British Columbia) in Cordero Channel, near the mouth of Bute Inlet in British Columbia, Canada.
It was named after Admiral Henry Mangles Denham, a noted Royal Navy surveyor, by Captain Pender, master RN in 1864.


Pacific Gateway

The Pacific Gateway is a strategy of the Government of British Columbia to build new and upgraded road, rail, port and airport infrastructure which will provide importers with a reliable link in the North American supply chain and exporters with greater access to foreign markets. It is similar to the federal government's Asia–Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative.


St. James Episcopal Church (Hyde Park, New York)

St. James Episcopal Church is a parish church of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, located at 4526 Albany Post Road (U.S. Route 9) in Hyde Park, New York, across the street from the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site. The church is associated with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, whose family estate is located 2.7 miles south of the church. Roosevelt served in the vestry and as senior warden of the church, even during his presidency, and he, his wife Eleanor, and their family regularly attended service there whenever they were in Hyde Park.
Churchyard.
The churchyard contains the graves or memorials of a variety of notables, including several members of Franklin Roosevelt's family.


9th Parliament of British Columbia

The 9th Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from 1900 to 1903. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in June 1900. James Dunsmuir served as Premier until he resigned in November 21, 1902. Dunsmuir was succeeded by Edward Gawler Prior, who was dismissed by the lieutenant governor for conflict of interest. Richard McBride became Premier in June 1902.
John Paton Booth served as speaker until his death in February 1902. Charles Edward Pooley succeeded Booth as speaker.
Members of the 9th General Assembly.
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1900. This was the last election where political parties were not part of the official process, although a number of candidates declared party affiliations:
Notes:
By-elections.
By-elections were held for the following members appointed to the provincial cabinet, as was required at the time:
By-elections were held to replace members for various other reasons:
Notes:


George W. Tibbetts

George W. Tibbetts (January 22,1845 – March 8,1924) was a merchant and hops farmer in Washington during the mid-to-late 19th century. He was known as a critic of Chinese labor being used in place of white labor.
Riot in Issaquah.
Tibbetts served as Justice of the Peace in Squak, Washington, which is present day Issaquah. He gave a firsthand account to early historian of the west Hubert Howe Bancroft of the violence against Chinese hops pickers on the night of September 7, 1885 in Squak.
Tibbetts was charged as an accessory in relation to the case because he refused to help the Chinese on their way to the Wold brothers' farm but nothing ever came of the charges.
Tibbetts in the lodges.
Before the violence of 1885 Tibbetts helped found multiple lodges around the region. In October 1874 he helped charter one of the King County's earliest Patrons of Husbandry lodges. Later, after the violence at Squak, he chartered several other lodges in the Issaquah area. By the time it was called Gilman, no longer Squak, Tibbetts was a charter member of the Gilman Odd Fellows Lodge. In 1890 he was an original member of the Knights of Pythias lodge in Issaquah.
Mercantile work.
Tibbetts owned several businesses in Issaquah and was a well known merchant. In 1881 he built a large store and a hotel on his farm. The next year he established a stage coach line from Newcastle to Squak and eventually to North Bend. He operated his coach line in conjunction with the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad.
After the town of Squak/Gilman/Issaquah was platted Tibbetts built a two story building and moved his business into it. This was Issquah's first mercantile house, it would later be occupied by the Issaquah Coal Company.
In 1878 Tibbetts took over as town Postmaster from William Pickering, who had served since 1870. Tibbetts moved the post office into his store and remained in the position until 1886. In 1888 he, along with Isaac Cooper, Thomas Rowley and William Moore organized the Issaquah Water Company.


Zephyrin Engelhardt

Zephyrin Engelhardt, O.F.M., (born Charles Anthony Engelhardt; 1851–1934) was a German-born Roman Catholic priest and clerical historian of the Franciscan Order.
Life.
Charles Anthony Engelhardt was November 13, 1851 in Bilshausen, Hanover, Germany to Anthony and Elizabeth Engelhardt. His father was skilled in the manufacture of willowware. In 1852, the family emigrated to Covington, Kentucky. Charles was educated at St Francis Seraph College in Cincinnati, Ohio. He entered the Franciscan order in 1872 and was ordained in 1878. After ordination, Father Engelhardt taught for a year at St. Joseph's College, Cleveland, Ohio before becoming a missionary to the Menominee people in Wisconsin.
In 1887, Engelhardt went to New York, where he served as editor of the "Weekly Pilgrim of Palestine". The next two years, he was a missionary in Mendocino County, California. From 1894 to 1900, he was superior of the missions in northern Michigan and of the Indian Boarding School at Harbor Springs, Michigan. In 1895, he founded and was editor of "Anishinabe Enamiad". In 1900, he took charge of the Indian boarding school at Banning, California. The St. Boniface Indian Industrial School opened in 1890, providing vocational education to Cahuilla, Serrano, Luiseño, Kumeyaay, and other American Indians.
Engelhardt, known as the "Father of Mission History," compiled extensive histories of the twenty-one Spanish missions in Alta California as well as other Franciscan settlements in Baja California and Arizona during the first decades of the 20th century. Engelhardt's work is today considered to be the standard authority regarding California mission history. He also wrote a number of articles for the "Catholic Encyclopedia."
His many works include:
Engelhardt also worked with the Pomo Native Americans of Northern California and compiled the vocabulary of their language.


KFYF

KFYF, virtual and VHF digital channel 7, was a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Fairbanks, Alaska, United States. The station was owned by Tanana Valley Television Company. KFYF's transmitter was located north of Fairbanks and its programming was simulcast on low-power digital translator KFXF-LD (UHF channel 22). In January 2017, Northern Lights Media, a subsidiary of Gray Television purchased KFXF-LD, KXDF-CD, and KTVF from Tanana Valley Television Company, which subsequently took KFYF off-the-air.
History.
Channel 7 in Fairbanks was originally assigned to KSEV in 1984; it was not known whether it would be an independent or network station. KSEV never signed on, and it wouldn't be until 1992, when the station's owner, Bill St. Pierre, and a group of investors formed Tanana Valley Television, that channel 7 would begin broadcasting. The group put a low-power station, K07UU, on the air April 20, 1992 as the area's first commercial station (and fifth in general after KJNP-TV in 1981) since 1955, when KTVF and KATN started; until then, they had been the only two major network stations. The station upgraded to a full-power license with the call letters KFXF on February 27, 1995. It was the only Fairbanks television station that had never changed its affiliation.
In its early years, K07UU/KFXF ran programming from Canadian music channel MuchMusic during the overnight hours, and for a time in 1993–94 carried the "NBA on NBC". Until K13XD (now KXDF-CD) went on the air in August 1996, KFXF also carried a handful of CBS shows, such as "60 Minutes", "The Young and the Restless" and "Late Show with David Letterman" (as well as the championship game of the 1996 NCAA Final Four and 1996 Masters), after KTVF relinquished their longtime affiliation with the network for NBC on April 1. The station also ran UPN programs from 2000 until 2006, when that network merged with The WB to form The CW, which is shown on a digital subchannel of KATN. KFXF considered becoming a secondary affiliate to Fox's sister network MyNetworkTV, but passed on it.
In September 2010, KFXF became the first network station in Fairbanks to broadcast primetime programming in high-definition.
In July 2012, Tanana Valley Television took over the operations of the Fairbanks NBC affiliate KTVF under a shared services agreement. While KTVF retained its own studios, some of its internal operations were moved to KFXF's studios. This resulted in Fairbanks' commercial stations being controlled by just two companies.
On November 8, 2016, Northern Lights Media, the subsidiary of Gray Television that operates the Anchorage stations KTUU-TV and KYES-TV, announced that it would buy KFXF-LD, KXDF-CD (then known as KXDD-CD), and KTVF for $8 million in cash, pending FCC approval. The sale was completed on January 13, 2017. The full-power KFXF license was not included in the sale because Fairbanks has only five full-power stations, not enough to legally permit a duopoly between KFXF and KTVF. On January 11, 2017, Tanana Valley Television informed the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that it had taken the station dark. The call letters were changed to KFYF on February 9, 2017. KFXF-CD became the sole Fox outlet in the Interior.
On March 2, 2017, Tanaha Valley Television surrendered their license for KFYF back to the FCC, which cancelled it on March 10.
Digital television.
Digital channels.
The station's digital channel was multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion.
KFYF (as KFXF) shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 7, in January 2009. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 22 to VHF channel 7. The station has applied to increase power to 6.1 kilowatts. K13XD, as a low-power station, was not legally required to go digital at this time.


Rockport, Utah

Rockport is a ghost town in a narrow part of Weber Valley at the mouth of Three Mile Canyon in Summit County, Utah, United States. Located south of Wanship, it was inhabited for nearly a century before the creation of Rockport Reservoir, which covered almost the whole townsite.
Today, the area is home to the Lake Rockport Estates subdivision/development.
History.
The first European American settlers came to the area in 1860. They named their settlement "Crandall", renaming it "Enoch City" the next year. Freezing winter temperatures and deep snow made life difficult, but the pioneers stayed, building their own gristmill in 1863. In 1866, however, when the outbreak of the Black Hawk War caused widespread fear of Ute attacks, the colony was completely evacuated to Wanship. The next year they moved back, but built a rock wall around the entire settlement for defense. This wall, thick and high, changed Enoch City's name again, to "Rock Fort". Once the Ute troubles had passed, the wall was torn down and used to construct other buildings. No longer a fort, the town received its permanent name, "Rockport".
In 1872 a concrete building, made with Portland cement produced in nearby Hoytsville, was erected to house the first store in town, a general store which doubled as the post office. A rock quarry was developed, producing stone for many area buildings. A good source of fuller's earth was found in Rockport, and there was also a sawmill.
For many years the population of Rockport stayed over 100, but it finally declined in the 1940s. The post office and school were closed, but there were still 27 families living here in the 1950s when the government decided to construct the Wanship Dam. Despite the protests of these families and the majority of Summit County voters in a 1952 special election, the government purchased the entire valley in preparation for the construction of the dam. The lake it created, Rockport Reservoir, flooded the town. When the water level is low, old foundations and streets can sometimes be seen, but the only remnant of Rockport above the water is its little cemetery, sitting on a ridge above the lake. Some of Rockport's historic buildings were moved to Pioneer Village, at Lagoon Amusement Park in Farmington.