Kigeli IV Rwabugiri

Kigeli IV Rwabugiri (1840? - November 1895) was the king ("mwami") of the Kingdom of Rwanda in the late 19th century. He was among the last Nyiginya kings in a ruling dynasty that had traced their lineage back four centuries to Gihanga, the first 'historical' king of Rwanda whose exploits are celebrated in oral chronicles. He was a Tutsi with the birth name Rwabugiri. He was the first king in Rwanda's history to come into contact with Europeans. He established an army equipped with guns he obtained from Germans and prohibited most foreigners, especially Arabs, from entering his kingdom.
Rwabugiri held authority from 1853 to 1895. He died in November 1895, during an expedition in modern-day Congo, shortly after the arrival of the German explorer Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen. His adopted son, Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, was proclaimed the next king.
By the end of Rwabugiri's rule, Rwanda was divided into a standardized structure of provinces, districts, hills, and neighborhoods, administered by a hierarchy of chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly Tutsi at the higher levels and with a greater degree of mutual participation by Hutus.
He defended the borders of the Rwandan kingdom against invading neighboring kingdoms, slave traders, and Europeans. Rwabugiri was a warrior king and is regarded as one of Rwanda's most powerful kings. Some Rwandans see him as the last true King of Rwanda due to the tragic assassination of his successor Rutarindwa and coup by his stepmother Kanjogera who installed her son Musinga. By the beginning of the 20th century, Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure.
Rwabugiri is sometimes attributed for the tactics used by the RPF during the Rwandan genocide to retain Tutsi superiority.
Pre-colonial Rwanda.
Tradition has it that the kingdom of Rwanda was originally occupied by a number of Bantu chieftainships which were conglomerated during the 10th century by Tutsi pastoralists from the North who brought ideas of caste systems and a political society. By the 19th century, the state had become much more centralized. Rwabugiri established a royal court that collected labor dues and claimed tributary food in Rubengera around 1870. This served the purpose of channeling food across the country and becoming a center of commerce. During periods of food shortages, most of the country would suffer while the very rich Tutsi who resided in Rubengera would be able to find food and livestock. The royal court was prepared for this situation usually, however, and controlled the production of produce as to always create a surplus. This was meant to serve as a famine strategy. This surplus would then be distributed by the king's order to the poorest citizens in exchange for their labor
Expansion.
Ethnicity became an important factor during the period of state expansion that began in the late 19th century. Rwabugiri gained increasing control over land, cattle, and people in Central Africa. Rwabugiri not only saw a personal increase in power over the land, but also consolidated power among political elites that became known either officially or informally as Tutsi. Previously, they had mostly been local chieftains who were now finding themselves as part of a complex network that allowed the Mwami to build national cohesion in newly acquired regions. The appointed chieftains were occasionally met with local resistance. For example, in the Northwest region the Balera group challenged the power of the Nduga who had been appointed to the region by the royal court. The contestation was along clan, rather than ethnic, lines, as both groups were considered Tutsi under the then ethnic understanding. During this period, there was an increase in the long-standing traditions of "ubuhake" and "ubureetwa", a practice of vassalage under which labor and resources are exchanged for political favor. Many of the lands that Rwabugiri had annexed, such as Bugoyi, Bwishaza and Kingogo in the east had no previous contact with Tutsi pastoralists and had been entirely inhabited by Hutu. The period following annexation saw a heavy influx of Tutsi into these areas. At first, the relationship between Tutsi and Hutu in these areas were mostly peaceful and commercial. After Rwabugiri instated a stronger administrative machinery, however, he used force to pacify resistance which led to a series of brutal encounters between Hutu and Rwabugiri's forces.
German Colonial influence.
Rwanda was unlike other African states in that was it initially not divided among the colonial powers during the Berlin Conference in 1884. Instead, Rwanda was assigned to the German Empire in the later 1890 conference in Brussels. Still, there were no expeditions made until 1893, when the German explorer, Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen led an expedition into Tanzania. Germany had made little effort to establish a colonial administration at the time, as they had limited forces in East Africa, and Rwanda was a densely populated territory with an existing strict administrative network. The death of Kigeli IV, however, and the subsequent coup weakened the state and opened a window for German direct colonization in 1897.
Last True Rwabugiri.
After Kigeli IV died, his son Rutalindwa was declared king. The new mwami's queen mother, however, was not his biological mother but was another wife of Kigeli IV; Kanjogera of the Bega clan. Rutalindwa's birth mother was from a politically weak clan, the Abakono. The Nyiginya Clan, to which the old and new mwami belonged, was also weak at this particular time because Kigeli IV had killed chiefs from this lineage of clans who had showed too much independence. As such, the Bega clan was in a unique position after the death of Kigeli IV to change the status quo and assume power. Together with her brother Kabare, chief of the Bega clan, Kanjogera carried out a coup d'état at Rucunshu where Rutalindwa was killed and Kanjogera's own son, Musinga, was named mwami under the name Yuhi V Musinga. Kanjogera and her brother were effectively in charge at his point, as Musinga was still too young to rule. The two continued to purge the Nyinga who had survived Kigeli IV's purge, as to avoid the possibility that they would return to power. It was under this conflict that German colonialists began to exercise control over the Mwami by supporting their royal forces.
Bibliography.
Léon Delmas. " Généalogie de la Noblesse du Ruanda." Kabgaye, 244 pp.


Louis Alphonse Koyagialo

Louis Alphonse Daniel Koyagialo Ngbase te Gerengbo (23 March 1947 – 14 December 2014) was a Congolese politician. He was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with responsibility for the Ministry of Postal Services, Telephones, and Telecommunications in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito. Following the resignation of Prime Minister Muzito, Koyagialo was Acting Prime Minister from 6 March to 18 April 2012, prior to the appointment of Augustin Matata Ponyo.
Governor of Shaba.
Koyagialo originated from the same part of Equateur Province as President Mobutu Sese Seko. Under Mobutu, Koyagialo was Governor of Shaba Province (since renamed as Katanga Province) from 1986 to 1990.
In April 2006 he published a book describing the massacre of students at the University of Lubumbashi in 1990. The book claims that only one student is known to have died. This is the official government position. Other sources give varying estimates of the number of students who died, with Amnesty International suggesting that the figure is between 50 and 150.
Political career under Kabila.
Koyagialo was appointed acting secretary general of President Joseph Kabila's political cartel.
In a minor shuffle announced on 11 September 2011, he was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for PTT.
On 14 October 2011 he visited the headquarters of the Independent National Electoral Commission, INEC, to sign the Code of Conduct for the up-coming elections on behalf of Joseph Kabila, who did not attend in person.


Sir Guy Campbell, 5th Baronet

Colonel Sir Guy Theophilus Halswell Campbell, 5th Baronet OBE, MC (18 January 1910 – 19 July 1993) was a British soldier. Sir Guy's branch of the Campbell baronets, of St Cross Mede, were created in 1815 with Sir Guy Campbell, 1st Baronet.
Background.
He was the eldest son of Sir Guy Colin Campbell, 4th Baronet and his first wife Mary Arabella Swinnerton Kemeys-Tynte, daughter of Halswell Milborne Kemeys-Tynte. In 1960, he succeeded his father as baronet. Campbell was educated at St. Aubyns Preparatory School, Rottingdean, Eton College and the University of St Andrews.
Career.
Campbell was commissioned into the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in 1932. With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, he was attached to the Camel Corps of the Sudan Defence Force, commanding the 2nd and 7th Nuba Battalions. Serving in Abyssinia, he was wounded and received the Military Cross in 1941. A year later he was promoted to captain and in 1945, he acted as brigadier in the Force's headquarter. Campbell was sent to the British embassy in Cairo as adviser to Ralph Bunche and to Folke Bernadotte in 1948 and subsequently was despatched to Ethiopia, where he was awarded a gold medal by Emperor Haile Selassie. In 1951, he was transferred to the King's Royal Rifle Corps.
He was appointed to command the Kenya Regiment at the beginning of the Mau Mau Uprising in 1952. Campbell was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1954. After another two years he was appointed head of the military mission in Libya until 1960. He was put on the reserve list in August and was granted an honorary colonelship. Five years later, having reached the age limit, he retired.
Family.
On 17 August 1956, he married the musical comedy star Lizbeth Webb (whose real name was Elizabeth Holton). They had two sons: Lachlan Philip Kemeys Campbell, an artist and illustrator ("Eton Colours, When It Happened In Scotland," and "When It Happened In Britain"), born in 1958, who has three children, Archie, Georgia and Ivo; and Rory Charles Fitzgerald Campbell, an opera singer and actor who owns the entertainment company Encore Management Ltd., born in 1961, who has a daughter, Olivia.
When Campbell died at the age of 83, he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his elder son Lachlan.


Gendebelo

Gendebelo (also called Gende Belo) was an ancient Muslim trading city in Ethiopia. Its location was discovered in 2009 by a team of French archaeologists.
History.
Gendebelo was a medieval Muslim trading center thought to be lost. It was believed to situated about from Ankobar. Gendebelo was "a great mercantile city", where camel caravans brought all kinds of spices except ginger (which was grown locally) from the port of Zeila. Although Ethiopia is known as the second oldest Christian country in the world, about half of its population is Muslim. Gendebelo was a place of peaceful trade between the Christian and Muslim cultures.
Discovery.
In 2009, French archaeologists François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar and Bertrand Hirsch discovered the site as a medieval city now known as Nora, which has been abandoned for years except for the mosque.
An old Ajami manuscript helped the archaeologists determine the city's location. Italian scholar and Ethiopia expert Enrico Cerulli had found the manuscript in the Muslim city of Harar in 1936, where it was being used to wrap sugar. The archaeologists also used the writings of Alessandro Zorzi, a 16th-century Venetian explorer who had found the ruins of Gendebelo in the desert and referred to it as "the place where mules are to be unloaded and camels take over."


2008 Gabonese local elections

Local elections were held in Gabon on April 27–30, 2008, with 1,990 municipal and departmental councillors being elected.
Overview.
Prior to the election, a victory for the ruling Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) was expected. There were a total of about 850 lists presented in the elections, and campaigning ended at midnight on April 26. Results given by the Interior Minister, André Mba Obame, on May 3 showed the PDG winning 1,154 seats, while the opposition Gabonese Union for Democracy and Development (UGDD) won 161 seats. The Union of the Gabonese People (UPG) won about 90 seats, while many seats were won by independents.
According to Mba Obame, the PDG majority confirmed the voters' "commitment to the implementation of the political project" of President Omar Bongo. The results still had to be validated and proclaimed by the Constitutional Court. The councillors were to elect mayors within eight days of the formal proclamation of results.
Obame placed voter turnout at between 65% and 70%. Although reported high in most of the country, it was said to be low in Libreville, the capital, where it was estimated at about 17%.
There were 119 constituencies in the election, and the PDG was the only party to present candidate lists in all of them. In Libreville, the PDG won a plurality of seats but failed to win a majority, taking 42 of the 98 seats and winning in three of the six arrondissements. The PDG's best result in Libreville was obtained in the fifth arrondissement, where its list was headed by former Prime Minister Jean-Francois Ntoutoume Emane and it obtained 12 out of 16 seats. In the country's second city, Port-Gentil, the PDG won only 15 out the 63 seats, while the independent list of Mayor Séraphin Ndaot Rembogo won 28.
Following Obame's announcement of results, the Rally for Gabon (RPG), which is part of the presidential majority, held a protest against the results, alleging that various means were used to skew the vote in favor of the PDG. It demanded that the vote in Libreville be cancelled and that the electoral system be reformed.
The President of the Constitutional Court, Marie Madeleine Mborantsuo, announced final results on May 7, confirming the PDG's victory, with its numbers largely unchanged from those given by Mba Obame a few days earlier. Emile Moussavou Moundziegou, a PDG deputy who was accused of destroying a ballot box, was penalized by being barred from office for five years. Additionally, the Court ordered an investigation of violence that occurred in Lemboumbi-Leyou Department in the south-east and in the commune of Mitzic in the north, noting that any elected candidates who were involved in this violence would also lose their mandates.
On May 8, the government set the election for mayors of municipalities and for the presidents and vice-presidents of departmental councils for May 20; the election for mayors of arrondissements was to be held on May 25.
The election for mayors of municipalities and for the presidents of departmental councils was held on May 23, and Ntoutoume Emane was elected unopposed as Mayor of Libreville. He received 84 votes; the remaining 14 votes were invalid. Four deputy mayors were also elected: Michel Teale of the PDG, Christian Odou Mba of the Rally of the Gabonese People (RPG), Eloi Ndzondo of the Circle of Liberal Reformers (CLR), and Léandre Zué of the PDG.


Roosevelt Johnson

David Roosevelt Johnson (died October 23, 2004) was a Liberian who led a rebel group during the country's civil war. He was a member of the Krahn ethnic group.
A former teacher, Johnson joined the rebel group United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy (ULIMO) soon after the war began. ULIMO split into two factions in 1994: United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Kromah faction (ULIMO-K) led by Alhaji G.V. Kromah and the United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy-Johnson faction (ULIMO-J), which was led by Johnson.
Johnson had 6 sons in Liberia. Jotham, his eldest, would take care of the rest of his brothers while Johnson had been on rebel missions. Nigel, Justin, Rob, Hye and Igor had lived without knowing much about their father, as Johnson had hardly been home to care for them.
Fighters loyal to Johnson triggered the first major violation of the Abuja Accord in December 1995, resisting ECOMOG deployment around the diamond mines near Tubmanburg. He was dismissed from the ULIMO-J leadership in early 1996.
Like many involved in the Liberian civil war, Johnson was known to use mercenary fighters to further his causes. One notable example was his funding of Joshua Milton Blahyi, commonly known as General Butt Naked. The General commanded a brigade of drunken or otherwise intoxicated young teenage boys who would fight naked or in women's clothing because of a belief that it would protect them from bullets. Such was the mix of politics, semi-religious belief, uneducated leaders, drugs and utter fall of civil society that typified the Liberian conflict.
In September 1998, following several government accusations that he planned a coup d'état, Johnson's faction in Monrovia was attacked by President Charles Taylor's security forces, resulting in brutal clashes that saw most of his followers being killed. He managed to flee to the American embassy, where another shootout occurred as Taylor's fighters attempted to prevent him from finding sanctuary on the embassy grounds. Johnson, his son, and his few surviving followers were allowed into the embassy however, where they were protected by U.S. guards until being evacuated to Ghana.
He eventually relocated to Nigeria. He was charged with treason and convicted in absentia, in April 1999. He died in 2004 in Nigeria.


List of heads of state of Malawi

This is a list of the heads of state of Malawi, from the independence of Malawi in 1964 to the present day.
From 1964 to 1966 the head of state under the Malawi Independence Act 1964 was the Queen of Malawi, Elizabeth II, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. The Queen was represented in Malawi by a Governor-General. Malawi became a republic under the Constitution of 1966 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by an executive President.
Monarch (1964–1966).
The succession to the throne was the same as the succession to the British throne.
Governor-General.
The Governor-General was the representative of the monarch in Malawi and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Malawi without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government.
President of Malawi.
Under the country's 1966, 1994 and 1995 constitutions, the President is executive head of state. The first President was elected by the National Assembly, but later presidents were elected in direct popular elections for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy, the Vice-President becomes President.
Living former heads of state.
There are four living former Malawian heads of state:


Matiwane

Matiwane (died c.1830, uMgungundlovu), son of Masumpa, was the chief of an independent Nguni-speaking tribe, the amaNgwane, a people named after Matiwane's ancestor Ngwane. The amaNgwane lived at the headwaters of the White Umfolozi, in what is now northern KwaZulu-Natal. The cunning of Matiwane would keep the amaNgwane one step ahead of the ravages of the rising Zulu kingdom, but their actions also set the "Mfecane" in motion. After Matiwane's tribe was ousted from their homeland by Zwide or Shaka, they preyed on neighboring tribes and became vagrant marauders. They were eventually checked by an alliance of colonial and tribal troops, some of whom were refugees from Matiwane's earlier exploits. As a refugee Matiwane was at the mercy of the Basutos and Swazis, but eventually had to seek refuge with king Dingane, successor to Shaka. This despotic ruler put Matiwane to death shortly after Matiwane sought his protection.
Migrations.
Expecting an attack on his homeland, Matiwane moved some of his cattle herds westward. Soon afterwards, in 1817 or 1818, either Zwide or Shaka serving as Dingiswayo's general, attacked and plundered the amaNgwane and drove them across the Buffalo river. This was the onset of the "Mfecane" migrations in which tribes became displaced, and in turn displaced others in a series of internecine wars.
The destitute amaNgwane under Matiwane's leadership moved westwards, where they attacked the Hlubi, a larger kingdom built by Bhungane, in a quest to recover their cattle. Matiwane's patrols trapped and killed their chief Mthimkhulu c.1818, causing the Hlubi tribe to scatter in different directions. Some Hlubi abandoned their homeland and fled north or west, or joined Shaka, but some merged with the amaNgwane. Still others joined a coalition of refugees, the Fengu, who settled on the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony. The Hlubi rued this catastrophe, referring to it as the "izwekufa" ("country of death"), and ascribed it to an act of witchcraft.
For the next three to four years Matiwane became the overlord of the upper Thukela region, near present-day Bergville, as he incorporated smaller tribes like the Bhele (relations of the Hlubi) and Zizi.
In 1821 or 1822 Matiwane, expecting an attack from Shaka, fled over the Drakensberg and drove the Tlokwa tribe of chieftainess Mantatese (mother of Sekonyela) from their land in the Harrismith-Vrede region. Sotho tribes of the interior were also attacked, who fled to the region of Lesotho, where they joined the ranks of Moshoeshoe I. When Matiwane turned south and threatened Moshoeshoe I, he sought the protection of Shaka and sent him tribute. Matiwane established himself at Mabolela hill, near present day Clocolan, and Moshoeshoe complained to Shaka that this prevented him from sending tribute. Shaka dispatched Moselekatse to attack Matiwane, who had to retreat before the impi's advance. They fled southwards to the lands of the Umtata tribe, which they once again plundered. Matiwane became a fugitive again in 1828, when his people were defeated by colonial troops under the command of Major Dundas and Colonel Somerset.
Death.
Dingane allowed his residence on the "Hlomo amabutho" ridge, less than a kilometer from his royal kraal uMgungundlovu, but before long had him killed. Dingane posthumously appointed him as the "devil chief" and "great chief of the wicked", and had scores of his own enemies executed at "KwaMatiwane", the Place of Matiwane.


Economic League (South West Africa)

The Economic League () was a German political party in South West Africa.
History.
The party was established shortly before the 1934 elections by German members of the Legislative Assembly who had walked out of the Assembly when the South West African branch of the Nazi Party and Hitler Youth had been banned and their leaders deported.
The elections saw the Economic League nominate four candidates for the 12 elected seats. Although it received almost 20% of the vote overall, it won only one seat, Okahandja. The party did not contest any further elections.


Order of the Shield and Spears

The Order of the Shield and Spears "(Ekitiibwa ky'Amafumu n'Engabo)" is the Kingdom of Buganda's highest honour. It was established by Daudi Cwa II of Buganda, Kabaka of the Buganda, for the purpose of recognizing excellent service to the kingdom. It is awarded annually by the Kabaka of Buganda.
History.
The Order of the Shields and Spears was established on 8 August 1927 by Daudi Cwa II of Buganda, Kabaka of the Buganda, for the purpose of recognizing excellent service to the kingdom. The order's medals was created on 26 May 1937.
It is awarded to Bugandan subjects and foreign nationals.
Classes.
The order consists of the following classes of merit:


First Cabinet of Southern Rhodesia

On 1 October 1923, Sir Charles Coghlan took charge as the first Premier of the Southern Rhodesia after the referendum in 1922 which decided not to join the Union of South Africa but chose responsible government instead.
List of Ministers.
Following is a list of the 8 ministers of the First Cabinet
As well as financial matters, the Treasurer ran the postal, telegraph and telephone services, as well as customs and excise. The Attorney-General was responsible for the police and prisons as well as legal and judicial affairs.
Ministers were permitted to prefix their names with "The Honourable".
The High Commissioner retained his nominal authority over Southern Rhodesia, but his powers were mostly devolved upon the Governor in Council.


Zinkpo

 Zinkpo, also called the Throne of Dahomey, was a royal throne from Dahomey, present-day Benin. It was one of the main objects on display in the Nacional Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro. The object also received the names "zingpogandeme" (seat of the king) and "zinkpojandeme" (seat with braided decoration). It is estimated to have been produced at the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It was exposed in a central showcase in the Kumbukumbu Room, of which was the main highlight.
The dimensions of the throne were: 100 x 70 x 40 centimeters. The number in the inventory of 1844 was 6,000, identified as an "African ruled throne, wood carved".
It was a replica of the throne of the seventh king of Dahomey, Kpengla. It was given as a gift by ambassadors of the king Adandozan for the, at that time, prince John VI de Portugal in 1810 or 1811 and integrated to the Royal Museum, former name of the National Museum, in 1818. It was in the exhibition "The Diplomacy of Friendship", which precisely gathered African gifts to John, the Clement.
It was destroyed in the fire of 2018.


Air Headquarters East Africa

Air Headquarters East Africa (or AHQ East Africa) was a command of the British Royal Air Force (RAF) formed on 19 October 1940 by expanding AHQ RAF Nairobi. On 15 December 1941, the command was reduced to Group status as No. 207 (General Purpose) Group. On 16 November 1942, Air H.Q. East Africa was reformed by raising No. 207 Group back to Command status again.
East African Campaign.
The onset of the East African Campaign in 1940 led to a significant buildup in what became Air HQ East Africa. The Italians held Ethiopia and Eritrea and quickly seized British Somaliland. Lieutenant General William Platt, Commandant of the Sudan Defence Force, commanded the forces invading Italian East Africa from Sudan during the campaign.
In Sudan, the Royal Air Force's (RAF's) Air Headquarters Sudan (Headquarters 203 Group from 17 August, Air Headquarters East Africa from 19 October) under the ultimate command of the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) Middle East, had 14 Squadron, 47 Squadron and 223 Squadron (Vickers Wellesley bombers). A flight of Vickers Vincent biplanes from 47 Squadron performed Army Co-operation duties and were later reinforced from Egypt by 45 squadron (Bristol Blenheims). Six Gladiator biplane fighters were based in Port Sudan, for trade protection and anti-submarine patrols over the Red Sea and the air defence of Port Sudan, Atbara and Khartoum and army support. In May, 1 (Fighter) Squadron South African Air Force (SAAF) arrived, was transferred to Egypt to convert to Gladiators and returned to Khartoum in August. The SAAF in Kenya had 12 Squadron SAAF (Junkers Ju 86 bombers), 11 Squadron SAAF (Fairey Battle bombers), 40 Squadron SAAF (Hawker Hartebees), 2 Squadron SAAF (Hawker Fury fighters) and 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron (Hawker Hardy). Better aircraft became available later but the first aircraft were older and slower, the South Africans even pressing an old Vickers Valencia biplane into service as a bomber.
On 1 November 1940, a communications unit, Air HQ East Africa Communications Squadron, was established at RAF Nairobi; it was disbanded at RAF Eastleigh on 15 December 1941.
The South Africans faced experienced Italian pilots, including a cadre of Spanish Civil War veterans. Despite its lack of experience, 1 SAAF claimed 48 enemy aircraft destroyed and 57 damaged in the skies over East Africa. A further 57 were claimed destroyed on the ground; all for the loss of six pilots—it is thought the unit was guilty of severe over-claiming. From November 1940 to early January 1941, Platt continued to apply constant pressure on the Italians along the Sudan–Ethiopia border with patrols and raids by ground troops and aircraft. Hawker Hurricanes and more Gloster Gladiators began to replace some of the older models. On 6 December, a large concentration of Italian motor transport was bombed and strafed by Commonwealth aircraft a few miles north of Kassala. The same aircraft then proceeded to machine-gun from low level the nearby positions of the Italian Blackshirts and colonial infantry. A few days later, the same aircraft bombed the Italian base at Keru, fifty miles east of Kassala. The Commonwealth pilots had the satisfaction of seeing supply dumps, stores, and transport enveloped in flame and smoke as they flew away. One morning in mid-December, a force of Italian fighters strafed a Rhodesian landing-strip at Wajir near Kassala, where two Hawker Hardys were caught on the ground and destroyed and of fuel were set alight, four Africans were killed and eleven injured fighting the fire.
Orders of battle.
In January 1943, Air H.Q. East Africa became a sub-command of the RAF Middle East Command, itself a sub-command of the Mediterranean Air Command.
Post war.
Postwar commanders included:
AHQ East Africa included in November 1945 a large number of small support units, Nos 1586 and 1414 Meterological Flights; 249 Squadron at Eastleigh; RAF Station Mombasa with 15 Embarkation Unit, No. 3 Section Air Ministry Directorate-General of Works (AMDGW); an RAF Unit at Mogadishu (to which a squadron of 324 Wing from Sudan, 213 Squadron, was dispatched as the Ogaden was being returned to Ethiopia in mid-1948, Lee FFME 40); 105 Maintenance Unit at Thika with a detachment, at Gilgil; and smaller units at Dar es Salaam, Diego Suarez, Kisumu, Mauritius, Nairobi, Pamanzi, Port Reitz (No. 1345 Anti-Malarial Flight); Seychelles, Tabora, and Tulear (an RAF Unit and a Marine Craft Section).
Air H.Q. East Africa was disbanded on 15 September 1951, reformed on 1 February 1961, and disbanded on 11 December 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s the RAF in East Africa was reduced to a single station, RAF Eastleigh, and about 500 personnel. RAF stations at Kisumu, Thika, and Mombasa (RAF Port Reitz) were thus eventually closed. No. 214 Squadron RAF made a six-month detachment to Eastleigh in 1951, during the Mau Mau Uprising. No. 1340 Flight RAF used the Harvard in Kenya against the Mau Mau in the 1950s, where they operated with 20 lb bombs and machine guns against the insurgents.
Units from the 1950s included:
The Air Officer Commanding served as air advisor to a number of former British territories in the region.


Horace Byatt

Sir Horace Archer Byatt (22 March 1875 – 8 April 1933) was a British colonial governor. In the early part of his career he served in Nyasaland, British Somaliland, Gibraltar and Malta. Later, he served in British East Africa, becoming the first governor of the British mandate of Tanganyika. He was then the governor of Trinidad and Tobago.
Biography.
Byatt was born 22 March 1875 in Tottenham, Middlesex to school teacher Horace Byatt M.A., of Midhurst, Sussex (where he taught H. G. Wells at Midhurst Grammar School) and Laura (née Archer). He attended Lincoln College, Oxford, obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1898. Following university, he began a career in the Colonial Service. In 1898 he began working in Nyasaland (what is now Malawi), and in 1905, he went to British Somaliland. He was appointed commissioner and commander-in-chief of British Somaliland in 1911, serving until 1914, when he became Colonial Secretary in Gibraltar. From 1914 to 1916 he was lieutenant-governor and Colonial Secretary of Malta.
From 1916 he was an administrator in British East Africa, and in 1920 he became the first governor of the new British mandate of Tanganyika. In Tanganyika he was responsible for the transfer of power between the Germans and the British, following World War I. Byatt was noted as a liberal governor with sympathies towards African interests. He was governor and commander in chief of Trinidad and Tobago between 1924 and 1929.
Personal life.
He married Olga Margaret Campbell of Argyll in 1924 and they had three sons:
Horace Byatt died 8 April 1933 in London, aged 58.
Byatt's Bush Squirrel ("Paraxerus vexillarius var. byatti"), a rodent endemic to Tanzania, was named after Byatt.


Second Al-Thani Cabinet

The Second Cabinet of Abdullah Al-Thani was approved on 22 September 2014 by Libya's democratically elected House of Representatives. The Libyan Supreme Court ruled on 6 November 2014 that the cabinet was "unconstitutional". Prime Minister al-Thani and his government offered their resignation on 13 September 2020 in response to the 2020 Libyan protests. In the context of the Libyan Civil War, the Second Al-Thani cabinet was generally referred to as the Tobruk government.


Odumase Dynasty

Odumase Dynasty is the reigning royal house of the Manya Krobo Traditional Area in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The monarch of the Odumase Dynasty is the "Konor", or paramount chief.


Staats Model School

The Staats Model School is situated on the corner of Lilian Ngoyi (previously Van der Walt) and Nana Sita (previously Skinner) Streets in Pretoria, Gauteng Province, Republic of South Africa. It originated from a school established in 1893 to train teachers in the Zuid Afrikaansche Republik, or ZAR. Alfred Fernandez Harington was appointed English master on 1 October 1895.
Sytze Wierda, chief architect of the ZAR, designed the building in 1895, and its construction was completed by Te Groen in 1896. The structure consists of brick and Stinkwater sandstone and adheres to the Neo Dutch Renaissance school of architecture.
On 11 October 1899 the school closed as a result of the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War. During the war the building functioned as a hospital for Boer soldiers and as a prison for British officers. The escape of Winston Churchill, war correspondent and later British prime minister, from the building has become legend.
The school regained some life from 1901 as "Pretoria High School", and from 1902 to 1909 as the "Pretoria College for Boys", which later became "Pretoria Boys High School". In 1910 the college moved to larger premises and the Staats Model School building housed several other schools after that, including, in 1946, the ‘Hamilton Primary School’ (Robert Hamilton was a well-known businessman and benefactor of the school). The Library Services of the Transvaal Education Department, or TED, moved in during 1951.
The building was declared a national monument on 8 April 1960.


Ndawula of Buganda

Ndawula Nsobya was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda between 1724 and 1734. He was the nineteenth (19th) Kabaka of Buganda.
Claim to the throne.
He was the fifth son of Kabaka Juuko Mulwaana, Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned between 1680 and 1690. His mother was Nandawula Kabengano of the Nsenene clan, the fifth of his father's six wives. He ascended to the throne upon the death of his cousin. He established his capital at Lubaga.
Married life.
He is reported to have married seven (7) wives:
Issue.
Kabaka Ndawula is reported to have fathered ten (10) children; eight (8) sons and two (2) daughters:
The final years.
Kabaka Ndawula died of old age around 1734, at the Kasajjakaliwano Palace, at Lubaga. He is buried at Musaba, Busiro.
Quotes.
"Ndawula himself was a man of peace; he reigned long and had a very large family. The turbulence of Ndawula's numerous sons broke the tranquil atmosphere he had established in the country."


Lists of rulers of Ghana

This is a list of rulers and office-holders of Ghana.


James Mpanza

James Mpanza (1889–1970) was a squatter camp leader in Johannesburg, South Africa from the mid-1940s until the late 1960s. In 1944 he led the land invasion that resulted in the founding of modern Soweto. Mpanza is known as 'the father of Soweto'.
Life.
Mpanza was born on 15 May 1889 in Georgedale, today part of Cato Ridge. His father Ventile Mbihlana Mpanza, an ox cart driver, and his wife Evelyn had four children but their eldest son died before manhood. Mpanza studied until year 6 at Georgedale Primary School before qualifying with a third class teaching certificate at Indaleni in Natal.
He was a clerk and interpreter at a solicitors office when he was eighteen, he was falsely convicted of fraud in 1912. He came to notice when he was accused of murder in 1915 of an Indian shopkeeper called Adam. He appealed his own case arguing that he was somewhere else at the time. He was reprieved but he still had a life sentence. He served thirteen years in jail moving from place to place as he misbehaved and attacked warders. At Cinderella prison in Boksburg at the end of World War One he became a Christian and wrote a short book on his ideas and began preaching to his fellow prisoners.
In 1927 he was released and he made his living by teaching in Pretoria before he moved to Orlando, Johannesburg in 1934. He would ride a horse through Orlando giving rise to an air of eccentricity. In 1937, he formed the Orlando Boys' Club, which was renamed Orlando Pirates Football Club in 1939. He would send a proposal in 1958 to the City of Johannesburg for a stadium in Orlando which resulted in the construction of Orlando Stadium in 1959.
He held public meetings at his home in Orlando, which is now commemorated as James Mpanza House. In April 1944, despite being seen as controversial, he persuaded 8,000 people to follow him from Orlando to create a new township called Sofasonke Township with himself as unofficial mayor. By 1946 there were 20,000 people squatting there and Mpanza charged a fee to join the camp and to claim a site and then there was a fee of two shillings and sixpence every week. In return the squatters had their own police force. Mpanza operated informal courts at his Orlando home where family disputes could be settled. Conditions however were poor and there was no health service. The death of Mpanza's son, Dumisani, was put down to poor medical care. The squatters had left the slums of Orlando but their plight will still not certain and Mpanza got the nickname of "Sofasonke" ("we shall all die") as he added his opinion of their outlook if they had no help. It was this rhetoric that got him the nickname but it also encouraged the funding necessary to convert this shantytown into the town of SOuth WEstern TOwnships" or Soweto. It was not just rhetoric however as he used his loyal following to create supportive candidates for the Orlando Advisory Board.
Mpanza successfully appealed against a government deportation order that would have exiled him in Natal. This allowed him to continue to influence the Orlando Advisory Board. He later helped to set up the Soweto Urban Banto Council in the 1960s which reduced his importance.
Mpanza was interested in horse racing and owned his own racehorses in the Orange Free State and in the Transvaal, but because of the laws at the time he had to hire white jockeys to race them.
Legacy.
Mpanza died in 1970 at his home in Orlando East and he was given a large civic funeral and buried in Jabulani, Soweto Doornkop cemetery. Mpanza's Sofasonke Party still thrived and in 1971 it supplied the majority of the council. Twenty years later it was still a force in South African politics. The "traditional courts" or makgotla that operated informally in Soweto are thought to have come from the "parents courts" that Mpanza operated at his own house.
The James Mpanza House where his family lived after his death was given a blue plaque to mark his contribution to the history of South Africa.


Frederick Crawford (colonial administrator)

Sir Frederick Crawford (9 March 1906 – 27 May 1978) was a British colonial administrator.
He was Governor of the Seychelles between 1951 and 1953. He was Deputy Governor of Kenya from 1953 to 1957 during the Mau Mau uprising. He was Governor of Uganda from 1957 to 1961.
He became a director of the Anglo-American Corporation and a resident of Rhodesia. His passport was withdrawn by the British government on 9 May 1968, while he was visiting London, because of his implicit support for Rhodesia's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence, which Britain and the United Nations had deemed illegal.


Portendick

Portendick is an abandoned coastal city in western Mauritania. It was located in the Ouad Naga Department of Trarza Region. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Portendick had a significant port for the gum arabic trade; however, by the 19th century trade from the port became unsustainable due to the area's arid, desert climate and lack of drinking water. As of 1916, all that remained of the city was a small group of huts.


Lothagam North Pillar Site

The Lothagam North Pillar Site, registered as GeJi9, is an archaeological site on the west side of Lake Turkana in Kenya dating to the Pastoral Neolithic. It is a communal cemetery, built between 3000 BCE and 2300 BCE by the region's earliest herders. It is thought to be eastern Africa's largest and earliest monumental cemetery.
The main burial mound is flanked by megaliths, stone circles, and cairns and is believed to hold the remains of hundreds of individuals. Many of the people buried at Lothagam North were adorned with stone beads, ivory, animal teeth, rings or other ornaments.
Background.
The site is the oldest of six known pillar sites in the area and was in use for almost five hundred years.
It is hypothesized that towards the end of African humid period, nomadic peoples would return to the site to bury their dead. The changing climate caused the lake to recede revealing fertile land for herbivores to feed on. The use of the site ended with the end of the humid period. The change in the climate may have forced the local inhabitants to move elsewhere.
Recent research published in the "Journal of Anthropological Archaeology" has argued that the cemetery was for all members of this community, not just the leaders. Each person was buried in a central mortuary cavity approximately deep. At the bottom of the mortuary cavity, pits with additional burials were carved into soft sandstone bedrock. Many burials were covered by sandstone slabs brought in from elsewhere.
The cemetery was a planned, multi-generational project.


White people in Zambia

White people in Zambia or White Zambians are people from Zambia who are of European descent and who do not regard themselves, or are not regarded as, being part of another racial group.
Background.
In 1966, three years after Zambian independence, 70,000 people of European origin lived in the country, with 18% of the White community living in the capital Lusaka. Half of the White population lived in the Copperbelt region to the north near the border with the Congo's Katanga Province.
In the 1960s, White Zambians tended to favour white-minority rule in Rhodesia and the apartheid system in South Africa, although small numbers prevented them from establishing a similar form of government in Zambia. At the Copperbelt mines, 6,500 expatriate workers held South African citizenship. White Zambians made up the second-largest group of immigrants moving to South Africa by 1967, fearful of the changing political climate in Zambia.
The Black African-led government of Zambia pursued a non-racial policy that allowed White residents of the country, as they were not automatically granted citizenship by birth; to register as Zambian citizens within two years of independence, however this did not guarantee that citizenship would be awarded. President Kenneth Kaunda criticised continued racial discrimination in the Copperbelt area in a speech delivered in October 1966. Following the speech, 23 Whites were deported for inspiring "racial and industrial unrest". White Zambians remained disproportionately represented in the armed forces of the country until a suitable number of qualified Black personnel could be trained to replace them; until 1972 most of the senior military officers, including the commander of the Zambian Army, were White. For a number of years afterwards, White Zambians were explicitly barred from enlisting in the armed forces; they were also granted a blanket exemption from conscription.
Modern day.
In 2014, Zambia had a White population of European origin which numbered approximately 40,000. Since independence, the community has never exceeded 1.1% of Zambia's population. Many long term residents have voluntarily retained South African or British nationality. However, only about 40,000 hold Zambian citizenship. Guy Scott, a White Zambian citizen and former Vice President, became Acting President of Zambia after the unexpected death of President Michael Sata.


Operation Parthenon

Operation Parthenon was a British plan for military intervention in Zanzibar following the 1964 revolution. The operation was authorised by the British Commanders Committee East Africa on 30 January. The main objectives were to restore law and order in Zanzibar and to prevent the radical left-wing Umma Party from taking control of the government from the moderate Afro-Shirazi Party. The forces assigned to the operation included two aircraft carriers, three destroyers, a Royal Fleet Auxiliary vessel, 13 helicopters, 21 transport or reconnaissance aircraft, a battalion of Foot Guards, a battalion of Royal Marines and an independent company of paratroopers. The plan was to launch a helicopter and parachute assault of Unguja, Zanzibar's main island, before proceeding to take the smaller island of Pemba. If it had been carried out, Parthenon would have been the largest British airborne and amphibious operation since the Suez Crisis of 1956. Parthenon was scrapped around the 20 February and replaced with Operation Boris.
Origins.
The Zanzibar Revolution occurred on 12 January 1964 when 600–800 mainly African men led by John Okello and supported by the Afro-Shirazi and Umma Parties overthrew Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah and his largely Arab government. This resulted in civil disorder; looting of Arab-owned property; and organised killings of Arabs. The ASP, led by Abeid Karume, and the Umma Party, under Abdulrahman Mohamed Babu, formed the Revolutionary Council to govern the country. Following these events several western governments, who suspected the revolutionaries had the backing of Cuba, the People's Republic of China and other communist countries, made plans for the evacuation of their citizens. The United States carried out an evacuation of 61 of its citizens, including 16 NASA employees at a satellite tracking station, on 13 January. Following the American evacuation the US government stated that it recognised that Zanzibar lay within Britain's sphere of influence and that it would not intervene further. The US did, however, urge that Britain co-operate with other African Great Lakes countries to restore order on the island.
The first British military presence in Zanzibar was HMS "Owen", a survey ship diverted from the Kenyan coast, which arrived on the evening of 12 January. The frigate HMS "Rhyl" and Royal Fleet Auxiliary ship RFA "Hebe" joined "Owen" at Zanzibar on 15 January. The arrival of HMS "Rhyl" caused some concern to the revolutionary government as she carried a company of troops from the first battalion of the Staffordshire Regiment who had been sent to Zanzibar from Kenya due to inaccurate reports that security there was deteriorating rapidly. The "Hebe" exacerbated the situation as she had just finished removing stores from the naval depot at Mombassa and was loaded with weapons and explosives; as a result the Royal Navy refused to allow representatives from the Zanzibari government on board to search the ship, prompting rumours that she was an amphibious assault vessel.
These forces completed a partial evacuation of British citizens from the island on 17 January. Shortly after this HMS "Rhyl" was dispatched to Tanzania with the Staffordshire Regiment company to quell riots in the Tanzanian Army; HMS "Owen" collected a company of Gordon Highlanders to replace them. On 30 January the British Commanders Committee East Africa authorised Operation Parthenon, whose objective was to restore law and order in Zanzibar should the Revolutionary Council fail to do so. Specifically there was a concern that the radical left-wing Umma Party, supported by Okello's armed militia, would oust the more moderate members of the ASP from government and seize control.
The operation.
Operation Parthenon would have been a full-scale assault on the revolutionary forces defending Zanzibar to prevent the Umma Party from cementing its control of the island. It would have involved forces far in excess of previous plans which concentrated on the evacuation of and protection of European citizens. The Operation would have involved the landing of British land forces by parachute and helicopter on the island of Unguja to secure the airport before repeating the process on Pemba. The operation plans required a maximum of two aircraft carriers, three destroyers, "Owen", 13 helicopters and 21 transport or reconnaissance aircraft. The land forces would have been provided by the second battalion of the Scots Guards, 45 Commando of the Royal Marines and one company of the second battalion of the Parachute Regiment. If it was carried out Parthenon would have been the largest British airborne and amphibious operation since the Suez Crisis. The two carriers selected for the operation were HMS "Centaur" and which were transferred to the region in readiness. With the revelation, around 20 February, that communist troops may have trained the Zanzibar revolutionaries the British planners decided that a different mix of forces was required for the task and Operation Parthenon was replaced by Operation Boris.


Damara Christian Democratic Party

The Damara Christian Democratic Party was a political party in Namibia, initially known as the Damara Action Group. The party was formed in 1978 and led by Theophelus Arend.
The DAG had joined the Action Front for the Retention of Turnhalle Principles (ACTUR), however in 1979, it withdrew from ACTUR.
It later joined the Namibia People's Liberation Front, but withdrew in 1986.


Nyaika of Toro

Rukirabasaija Kasunga Kyebambe Nyaika was Omukama of the Kingdom of Toro, from 1866 until 1871 and following a brief period in hiding, from 1871 until 1872. He was the third (3rd) Omukama of Toro.
Claim to the throne.
He was the fourth (4th) son of Rukirabasaija Kaboyo Omuhundwa Kasusunkwanzi Olimi I, the first Omukama of Toro, who reigned between 1822 and 1865. There is no mention of who his mother was. He killed his elder brother Rukirabasaija Kazana Ruhaga, in 1866, and ascended the throne by force.
Married life.
Not much is written about the married life of Omukama Kyebambe Nyaika.
Offspring.
Omukama Nyaika is said to have fathered fourteen (14) sons, including the following:
His reign.
He was forced to flee when the Kingdom of Toro was invaded by an army from Buganda, in support of Kato Rukidi I, who rebelled against his uncle (Nyaika), briefly seized the throne and declared himself Omukama. After a few months, Kato Rukidi I was overthrown by his subjects and Omukama Nyaika returned to the throne.
The final years.
Omukama Nyaika died in 1872.


The Big Six (Ghana)

The Big Six were six leaders of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), the leading political party in the British colony of the Gold Coast, known after independence as Ghana. They were detained by the colonial authorities in 1948 following disturbances that led to the killing of three World War II veterans. They are pictured on the front of the Ghana cedi notes.
The Big Six.
They were known as the Founding Fathers of present day Ghana. The members of the Big Six were:
Background.
AWAM boycott.
An organized boycott of European imports took place in January 1948. The aim was to get the foreign traders known as the Association of West African Merchants (AWAM) to reduce the prices of their goods. This was followed by a series of riots in early February 1948. The boycotts were scheduled to end on 28 February 1948, a day that has become significant in the history of Ghana. AWAM has become a term synonymous with cheating or profiteering in Ghana.
Christianborg cross-roads shooting.
On 20 February 1948, Dr. Nkrumah and Dr. J. B. Danquah met and addressed World War II veterans who had been agitating for their end-of-service benefits following World War II at the Palladium Cinema, Accra. These veterans had fought with the Gold Coast Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force and had not been paid their gratuities on their return home. Nkrumah and Danquah both gave their support and encouraged the veterans in their protest over their post-war neglect.
On 28 February, what became known as the "Christianborg Cross-Roads shooting" occurred. Some Second World War veterans marched to the Christianborg Castle, the seat of the colonial government. They intended submitting a petition to the Governor, Sir Gerald Creasy about their poor conditions, unpaid war benefits and neglect. Police Superintendent Colin Imray, a British police officer, ordered the veterans to disperse, but they refused. He then ordered his men to open fire on the unarmed soldiers and, when they refused, opened fire himself killing three of them namely, Sergeant Cornelius Frederick Adjetey, Private Odartey Lamptey and Corporal Attipoe. This led to another round of riots and looting in Accra during which foreign (European and Asian) stores were looted. The riots lasted for five days.
Arrest of the Big Six.
On the same day, following these disturbances, the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) leaders sent a cable to the Secretary of State in London.
"...unless Colonial Government is changed and a new Government of the people and their Chiefs installed at the centre immediately, the conduct of masses now completely out of control with strikes threatened in Police quarters, and rank and file Police indifferent to orders of Officers, will continue and result in worse violent and irresponsible acts by uncontrolled people.</blockq are prepared and ready to take over interim Government. We ask in name of oppressed, inarticulate, misruled and misgoverned people and their Chiefs that Special Commissioner be sent out immediately to hand over Government to interim Government of Chief and People and to witness immediate calling of Constituent Assembly."
They also blamed Sir Gerald Creasy (whom they called "Crazy Creasy") for the riots due to how he handled the country's problems.
On 1 March 1948, the Riot Act was read. Thereafter, a Removal Order was issued by Sir Gerald for the arrest of the six leaders of the UGCC who were held in the remote northern part of the Gold Coast following their arrests. A commission of enquiry named the Watson Commission and chaired by Mr Brian Otwerebemah was established to investigate the riots. Members of the Watson commission included Dr Keith Murray, Mr Andrew Dalgleish and Mr E. G. Hanrott.
Following their incarceration, the nationalists became known as the Big Six while their popularity increased.
On 8 March 1948, some teachers and students demonstrated against the detention of the Big Six but these demonstrators were dismissed. Upon his release, Dr. Nkrumah set up a secondary school, Ghana National College in Cape Coast, for the dismissed staff and students.


Anglican dioceses of Nakuru

The Anglican dioceses of Nakuru are the Anglican presence in and around Nakuru, west-central, north-east and south-central Kenya; they are part of the Anglican Church of Kenya. The remaining dioceses of the Church area in the areas of Mombasa, of Maseno, and of Mount Kenya.
Diocese of Nakuru.
Nakuru diocese was founded in 1960 from the Diocese of Mombasa, and has since been split twice: to create the Diocese of Eldoret in 1983 and Nyahururu in 1998. It now includes the missionary area of Baringo, which has a suffragan bishop. The Cathedral of the Good Shepherd lies in Nakuru town.
Diocese of Eldoret.
The Diocese of Eldoret was erected from Nakuru diocese in January 1983, and has since been split twice: to create Kitale in 1997 and Kapsabet in 2015.
Diocese of Kitale.
The Diocese of Kitale was erected from Eldoret diocese on 1 July 1997. Since 2017, Lodwar missionary area, geographically within Kitale diocese, has been under the care of a missionary bishop, suffragan to the Bishop of All Saints, the Primate of All Kenya.
Diocese of Nyahururu.
Created from Nakuru diocese on 1 January 1998, the Diocese of Nyahururu has since been split once: to create the Maralal missionary area (now diocese) in 2009.
Diocese of Kericho.
In 2008, Kericho diocese was erected from an area of Nakuru diocese for which Sapit had been responsible as suffragan since 2004. The area had previously been the Narok missionary area of Nakuru diocese.
Diocese of Maralal.
The Diocese was founded in 2015; it had become a missionary area in 2009, before which it was part of Nyahururu diocese. As a missionary area, it was under the care of Lesuuda (since 1 March 2009) as a suffragan of the Primate.
Lodwar Missionary Area.
Cleti Ogeto has been the suffragan bishop of All Saints' Diocese for the Lodwar Missionary Area — the Bishop of Lodwar — since before 2010. The territory now in the missionary area was previously of Kitale diocese.
Baringo Missionary Area.
Musa Kamuren was consecrated a suffragan bishop of Nakuru diocese in 2015. He serves as Bishop of Baringo, which missionary area was and is part of the Diocese of Nakuru.
Diocese of Kapsabet.
The Diocese of Kapsabet was erected on 1 January 2016 from Eldoret diocese. Its pro-cathedral is St Barnabas, Kapsabet.


Ruhinda of Ankole

Ruhinda was the first Omugabe of Nkore, a king-like position,in Nkore, a kingdom in present-day Uganda that was renamed Ankole in colonial times.
He is descended from the Bachwezi Dynasty of the Empire of Kitara. Ruhinda was a son of Ndahura, the last Chwezi king.


Public Works Department (Nigeria)

The Public Works Department of Nigeria also known as P.W.D. was the agency of the colonial government responsible for building and maintaining government buildings and property, roads, rail tracks, bridges, harbours and aerodomes. Its first director was appointed in 1896, in the preceding years, the department was under the guidance of the Surveyor-General.
Public works department in British colonial territories performed various functions, PWD carried out new constructions as stipulated in a budget as well as maintenance of government buildings, harbors, vehicles, sewage, water supply and equipment and furnishing connected to the projects. In addition, PWD provided technical advise to other departments in the colony.
One of the early projects of the department was laying rail tracks from Lagos to Ibadan, in addition, it executed construction of motorable dirt and gravel roads, the first of which began construction in 1905 as a feeder to the railway. Between 1925 and 1926, PWD began developing a trunk road system in the colony and in 1926, metalling and tarring of the Lagos - Abeokuta road was in progress.
Branches.
Roads and bridges.
The initial road projects began in 1906 as developments out of the railway as it was extended from Lagos to other locations north of the colony. Paths were cleared for road developments linking Ibadan to Oyo, Osogbo to Ilesha and Ede to Iwo. After the great war, a road linking Lagos to Ibadan was built, and between 1922 and 1923, a route linking to Ibadan with Benin through Ife, Ilesha and Akure was completed.and in the East a route to Onitsha from Enugu through Owerri was constructed. In 1926, PWD was responsible for 2,900 miles of motorable services, but those roads were built with minimum standards and many were only motorable during dry seasons.
Other efforts of the department include the construction and management of a road bridge over River Challawa in Kano, the bridge was opened in 1928 having eight steel spans, a 150 feet span and remaining seven spans were 100 feet each. In addition, the 2,306 feet long Carter bridge, the first bridge linking Lagos Island with the mainland was opened in 1901 and managed by PWD.
In 1926, a Central Roads Board sanctioned a programme to develop a road trunk system and feeders roads that are fit for modern vehicles, subsequently, designs were drawn to create a route connecting Lagos with Kano, and improve on the route linking Oshogbo, Benin and Asaba via Ilesha was also approved. Improvement were made to enlarge the Lagos to Abeokuta route and a route was created linking Abeokuta to Ijebu-Ode. Other new or improvement projects included Lokojo to Okene, Port Harcourt to Aba, Abakaliki to Ogoja, Jebba to Share, Zungeru-Bida, and Keffi to Nasarawa. Included in the new program were plans to replace wooden bridges with steel and iron. Trunk A roads linking major town and cities were handled by PWD and were later called federal roads, while the feeder roads were handled by native aiuthorities.
Waterworks.
The department also managed major waterworks project and was directly involved in the provision of pipe borne water to communities in Lagos, Enugu, Kano, Kaduna and Jos. The first waterworks plant was built in Lagos; flow of water from Iju River was diverted into two settling tanks each capable of holding four million gallons before it was allowed to flow through sand filters and then pumped into an underground reservoir. In Enugu, the waterworks project used infiltration galleries to draw water from a spring before it is stored in a water reservoir.
Other facilities managed by the division included Ogunpa Waterworks, Port Hasrcourt, Aba and Okenne waterworks.
Electricity.
The department was the pioneer provider of electricity in Nigeria, the first project was in Lagos and electricity was primarily used for street lighting. The power was generated from generators that were coupled with alternators. The division expanded with the installation of the Iddo power plant. In 1946, electrical division was separated from PWD to form the Nigerian Government Electricity Undertaking.
Buildings.
PWD had a building division that constructed and maintained houses for European and African staff, hospitals, post offices, and barracks for the police and Royal West African Frontier Force. The houses of European and African employees were built according to standards set by PWD and were numbered from Type 1 to Type 10.
In 1931, the building branch began to develop a residential estate for African government staff in Yaba, Lagos, the construction of Yaba College of Technology, then known as Yaba Higher College began during this period.
Sawmill and workshops.
The department managed a sawmill operation at Ijora, Lagos, obtaining softwoods, mahogany and hardwoods supplies from local sources and pitch pine from foreign sources. Product from the sawmill were used by the joinery furniture unit within the complex. The division also incorporated a training school for carpenters and built workshops in major cities of the country such as Enugu, Port Harcourt, and Kaduna. The workshops were equipped with woodworking machinery for manufacturing and maintenance.
Mechanical.
The mechanical branch maintained departmental vehicles, moving equipment and mechanical equipment.
Stores.
The stores branch under the leadership of a chief storekeeper was in charge of storage of valuable equipment and coordination of equipment use among other branches
Aerodromes.
The branch was initiated in the mid 1930s when Imperial Air Mail Services desired regular services between Nigeria and United Kingdom.
Structure.
PWD was headed by the director of Public Works, who was assisted by regional assistant directors manning three provinces. In the 1920s, three assistant directors where in charge of the Northern, Southern and Western areas and within each area were divisions and sub-divisions.
Sports club.
Through the establishment of various sports and recreational facilities for black and white employees across the country, PWD and other government agencies with the werewhithall to fund such facilities contributed to the growth of football in Nigeria. In 1929, a football team was founded in Lagos which later competed in a Lagos league and the football league of the Nigerian Football Association. NFA's first president, an architect was an employee of the department.


List of rulers of the Akan state of Akuapem


List of wars involving Gabon

This is a list of wars involving Gabon.


Melville Wallace

Melville Wallace (22 December 1887 – 1 September 1943) was a South African sports shooter. He competed in the team free rifle event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.


Royal regalia in Nigeria

The Royal regalia are the attributes of power of the monarchs of the traditional states in Nigeria.
History.
Modern Nigeria is a federation, composed of a plethora of governorates and kingdoms. Some of the latter had a huge significance in the history of Nigeria before they were subdued by the British during Colonial Nigeria. Nevertheless, even today, their principal rulers have been able to maintain their religious, cultural and, to a certain extent, political influence.
Description.
The regalia used by these monarchs was and is still normally an object or collection of objects of a symbolic significance, such as a coat, robe, mantle, or costume with headgear of same shape or fashion.
For example, the ceremonial crown of an Oba of the Yoruba people is a cap made out of glass beads embroidered on plain weave striped and printed cotton over a metal frame.
Other objects included in a comprehensive list of regalia could be small to medium-sized statues, such as those found in the Benin Kingdom.
The regalia often had more than merely a political significance. In the southern kingdoms most especially, it was vital for the performance of religious rituals. In this case, the ruler was seen as a link between the world of the living and the spiritual hereafter. Furthermore, in the north, the Muslim emirs and sultans had religious functions as spiritual commanders. The regalia in this case did not have any connotations of a metaphysical nature, but was seen primarily as a symbol of the power of the ruler concerned.
The regalia today would be kept at the respective capital cities, usually in the palace or palaces of each state.
In April 2005, an exhibition was shown at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, which featured a selection of regalia from 16 states, including Sokoto, Kano, and Borno. The exhibition was organised by the Federal Ministry of Information. An exhibition of photos by George Osodi in London demonstrated an array of Nigerian monarchial styles. Another exhibition took place at the Newark Museum in 2015..
A controversy involving some of the crown treasures in question which is currently raging is the celebrated case of the Benin bronzes, sacred items of mostly metallic statuary that were taken by the British colonial powers after their war against the Kingdom of Benin in the 19th century. The bronzes were used for various royal rituals, and were of the highest importance in the traditional religion of the Edo.


Emirate of Harar

The Emirate of Harar was a Muslim Kingdom founded in 1647 when the Harari people refused to accept Imām ʿUmardīn Ādan as their ruler and broke away from the Imamate of Aussa to form their own state under `Ali ibn Da`ud. Prior to its invasion by Shewan forces under Menelik II, the League of Nations noted that the Harar kingdom made up the area between the rivers Awash and Shebelle while the Ogaden was a tributary state. Originally however the Harar Emirate composed of present-day Somaliland and to south of eastern Ethiopia including the Arsi Province. Harar also dominated trade in Shewa. Harar's influence began shrinking in the nineteenth century possibly due to lack of resources and famine. Like all Muslim states in the area, the Emirate of Harar was technically under the protection of the Ottoman Empire. Egypt annexed the Emirate of Harar in 1875. The British Empire defeated the Khedivate and occupied its territories in 1882 including Harar, but the British agreed to evacuate Harar and essentially cede the city to the Ethiopian Empire's sphere of influence in exchange for assistance against Mahdist forces in Sudan. As per the terms of their agreement (the Hewett Treaty), the British withdrew from Harar in 1884, leaving the city to the son of the former Emir of Harar with a few hundred rifles, some cannon and a handful of British trained officers. The Emirate would be finally destroyed and annexed by the armies of Negus Sahle Maryam of Showa (the future Emperor Menelik II) in 1887 following the Emirate's defeat at the Battle of Chelenqo.


Mubukwanu

"Mulena Yomuhulu Mbumu wa Litunga" Mubukwanu (died c. 1840) was a High Chief of the Lozi people, King of Barotseland in Africa. He quarrelled with his brother Silumelume.
Biography.
Family.
Mubukwanu was a son of the Chief Mulambwa Santulu and grandson of Chief Mwanawina I.
His younger brother was Chief Silumelume, successor of their father.
According to Mutumba Mainga, Mubukwanu was the father of Sipopa Lutangu.
Reign.
Mubukwanu wanted to be a king and he began to rule after Silumelume was killed. It is possible that Mubukwanu ordered murder of his brother.
Mubukwanu was also the 6th Chief of Nalolo, but was defeated and exiled by the Makololo, after their conquest of Barotseland. He then fled into hiding on Lipu Island.
He was poisoned by his wife at Lukulu Fort, ca. 1840.
Children.
Mubukwanu had six sons:
Imasiku was proclaimed king at Lukulu Fort after death of his father, but was defeated by the Makololo and fled with his followers across the Kabompo River, settling in the Lukwakwa country.


Ngarikutuke Tjiriange

Ngarikutuke Ernest Tjiriange (born July 12, 1943) is a Namibian politician, a member of the National Assembly and former secretary-general of the ruling SWAPO Party. He also served in the Namibian cabinet from 1990 to 2010, first as Minister of Justice, then without portfolio, and then as Minister of Veteran Affairs.
Career.
Tjiriange, born in Windhoek, studied law at Leningrad State University and received a doctorate from Kiev University in 1973. After doing research at the International Institute for Labour Studies in Switzerland in 1974 and the International Institute of Human Rights in France in 1975, he was an assistant professor at the United Nations Institute for Namibia in Lusaka, Zambia from 1977 to 1982. He became the principal legal advisor of SWAPO in 1970.
Tjiriange was a SWAPO member of the Constituent Assembly, which was in place from November 1989 to March 1990, immediately prior to Namibia's independence. At independence in 1990, he became a member of the National Assembly.
He became Minister of Justice in 1990, serving in that post for thirteen years; he was additionally Attorney-General from March 2000 to January 2001. He was nominated as Secretary-General of SWAPO by President Sam Nujoma at the party's August 2002 congress, and he was elected to that post. It was decided at the congress to make the position of Secretary-General a full-time job, but Tjiriange remained Justice Minister until May 8, 2003, at which point he was instead appointed as Minister without Portfolio. In the November 2004 parliamentary election, he was first on SWAPO's candidate list. He resigned from the National Assembly, as well as from his post as Minister without Portfolio, in February 2005 in order to receive payment of a pension; however, he was reappointed as Minister without Portfolio by the newly sworn in President Hifikepunye Pohamba on March 21, 2005. The opposition Congress of Democrats was critical of the decision to keep Tjiriange in the Cabinet without a ministerial portfolio, arguing that he would effectively receive a salary out of taxpayer money for doing party work as SWAPO Secretary-General. On October 4, 2006, he was appointed by Pohamba as Minister of Veterans' Affairs upon the creation of that ministry.
At SWAPO's November 2007 congress, Tjiriange failed to be re-elected to the party's Politburo. On January 27, 2008, he was elected as SWAPO's Secretary for Environment at a meeting of the Central Committee.
Ngarikutuke Tjiriange announced in September 2009 that he would withdraw from active politics to devote more time to farming, but remained a member of the central committee and the secretariat of the Swapo Party.
In his farewell speech on the 16th of March 2010 for the National assembly, Ngarikute urged his successors to deal with the land question, in particular the access to grave sites of ancestors.
After his resignation, Tjiriange presented himself as a prominent advocate against legislation for equal rights of homosexuals in Africa. His prominent presence in the media has earned him a re-entry into politics as of April 2012 when he was appointed special adviser to Home Affairs and Immigration Minister Rosalia Nghidinwa to bring about all-round improvement at the Ministry.


Geoffrey Majiwa

Geoffrey Majiwa is a former mayor of Nairobi.
He represents the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). He is also the Baba Dogo ward Civic Councillor. On August 3, 2009 he retained his mayoral seat beating Mutunga Mutungi of the Party of National Unity in a Nairobi City Council poll.
He stepped aside on October 26, 2010 after being charged for his alleged involvement in a cemetery land corruption scandal.