Hiep Thi Le

Hiep Thi Le (; February 18, 1971 – December 19, 2017) was a Vietnamese-American actress and restaurateur. She is best known for her portrayal of Le Ly in the film "Heaven & Earth" (1993).
Early life.
Le was born in Da Nang, South Vietnam. In 1978, her father became a refugee who defected from Vietnam to Hong Kong. When Le was 9 years old, she fled Vietnam with her mother and sister.
We were told by my mom that we had to go look for Dad, and that he had gone to someplace called 'America', which we interpreted was the city across the river, since it had lights.
Along with approximately 60 other refugees, hid in a secret compartment behind a galley pantry on a fishing boat sailing to Hong Kong to reunite with their father.
Sometime during the night, just as we arrived at a Vietnamese checkpoint, my sister woke up and started screaming for our momma ... Everyone thought we were going to die", she says. That night, a fishing boat captain grabbed her screaming 7-year-old sister and put a knife to her throat. Le witnessed it and it scarred her for life. "Tears rolled down her face, but there was no more crying ... I thought her eyes were going to fall out of their sockets", she says. Her sister survived, and when they both reached port, they stayed in a Hong Kong refugee camp. They eventually reunited with her father in Hong Kong. Le's entire family — her parents and five children — were eventually reunited in Northern California.
Eventually, Le moved to Oakland, California as a child, where her mother worked at a French-Vietnamese restaurant. She graduated from Oakland High School. She attended the University of California, Davis with a major in physiology.
Le originally had plans to graduate in June 1993 and pursue a career in science. As a college student, she went to an open casting call in Northern California "because all my friends were doing it for fun" and ended up being cast in the leading role of Oliver Stone's third Vietnam film, "Heaven & Earth" (1993), set amid the turmoil of the Vietnam War.
Acting career.
"Heaven & Earth".
Le was one of 16,000 Vietnamese-Americans seen by casting scouts for Oliver Stone's "Heaven & Earth" and was finally chosen for the starring role (of Le Ly Hayslip). "I don't know how I got here ... My cousin heard about these auditions for a movie, and I just went with a friend to see what it was about. They kept calling me back." In the film, she plays a woman who ages from 13 to 38, who is raped and tortured in Vietnam and who becomes an abused housewife, mother, and businesswoman in the United States.
According to Stone, "Our people saw her, put her on video, thought she was electric, and flew her down to Los Angeles. I thought she was charismatic. We worked with her, put her on video with other actors, introduced her to Tommy Lee Jones and Joan Chen and Haing S. Ngor, and then we put her on film. We tested her out for about five months, continuously, and she won the role. I didn't send her to any acting school. I didn't feel that it was necessary; she was a natural."
Although the film required Le to age over 30 years and cast her opposite a number of accomplished American and Asian actors, the untrained actress received excellent reviews citing her sensitivity and actorly grace as Hayslip. In his review of the film, "Los Angeles Times" film critic Kenneth Turan described her as "nonprofessional but very capable."
When Le was asked what she had learned from her experience with the film: "I have grown a lot. I have grown so much in the past two years, but the experiences that I went through throughout my whole life really made me what I am today."
Later career.
Le subsequently appeared in "Bugis Street" (1995, released in the United States in 1997) and co-starred in the little-seen "Dead Man Can't Dance" (1997). Le made an appearance in the 1999 film "Bastards".
She appeared in "Green Dragon" in 2001, opposite Patrick Swayze and Forest Whitaker.
Career as a restaurateur.
After a long career in the film industry, Le opened up The China Beach Bistro, a Vietnamese restaurant in Venice, Los Angeles in 2002. After 10 years at that location, Hiep closed China Beach and opened Le Cellier, a French-Vietnamese fusion restaurant on the Venice and Marina del Rey border in 2012. "Although it's not easy to find out here, French-Vietnamese food dates back to the 18th century ... This unique cuisine combines the fresh herbs of Vietnamese food with the fine heritage of country French cooking", Le said. As of 2016, she owned the restaurant Le Cellier with Mark Van Gessel and Bernard Louberssac.
On February 23, 2014, Le appeared on the Food Network game show "Chopped", competing in the eighteenth-season episode "Beer Here!" Although she survived the appetizer round, she was eliminated in the entree round.
Death.
Le died on December 19, 2017 in Los Angeles from stomach cancer at the age of 46. Despite having a fairly short resume, she was acknowledged in the "In Memoriam" segment at the 90th Academy Awards.


Travancore Fanam

The Travancore Fanam was a type of money that was issued by the State of Travancore, now mainly a part of Kerala in South India. The Fanams (also spelt "Fanoms") and Chuckrams (or "Chakrams") were known to be some of the smallest coins in the world. The word Fanam appears to be an Anglo-Germanic sound shift from the word "Panam", which means money in Dravidian languages. Historically, the Fanam and Chuckram coins were the regular unit of currency in medieval Travancore and appear to have been extensively used for trading in the region of South India. The words Fanam and "Panam" literally mean money and are still used as a synonym for wealth in Kerala in the native language of Malayalam.
History.
The "Panam" (English: Fanam) coins were part of the traditional coinage of Kerala, and the time from when these coins were issued is not known. The "Panam" coins rose in popularity some time in the 13th century CE and remained one of the most popular currencies in circulation in the following centuries. Other versions of the Fanams are also known to have been minted in Kerala by the kingdoms of Cochin and Kozhikode. The adjoining States in modern day Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Sri Lanka are also known to have had their own versions of the Fanams. By the 18th century, the reduction in precious metal content had rendered the Travancore Fanam coins so small that they had become difficult to count. They were counted by pouring them in a pile onto a counting board (called "palakas") and shaking them into the holes on the surface of the board.
The modern version of the Travancore Fanams were introduced into circulation around 1800 (975 M.E.) with a value equal to 4 Chuckrams. These modern versions were minted in Trivandrum (now called Thiruvananthapuram) with the aid of stamping presses obtained from Madras Presidency. Later issues were minted using presses procured from England. While the older versions of the Fanams were based on gold or silver, these newer coins were primarily based on silver. They were issued until 1946–47 remaining in circulation until 1949 before being replaced by the Indian Rupee and Anna system.
Inscriptions.
Older issues of the "Panam" coins are inscribed with various symbols representing religious deities or nature, but issues from the 1860s onwards often had the names or insignia of the reigning monarch in English. The Fanam coins, when written in English, appear to display something similar to an Anglo-Germanic sound shift (called Grimm's law) from the traditional term "Panam". "Panam" literally means money in several Dravidian languages of South India and is still extensively used to refer to wealth.
The year, when printed on the Fanam coins was based on the Malayalam calendar (and corresponding Malayalam Era – M.E.) which begins circa 825 CE. Therefore, the year of issue of the coin can be found by adding 825 to it.
Example – The year of issue of a coin showing 1000, will be 1825 C.E. (or A.D.). Therefore, the year of issue of the coin with year 1116, as depicted in the images, will be 1940–41.
7 Fanams made up one Travancore Rupee, while the Fanam was composed of 4 Chuckrams. These Chuckrams were further divided into 16 Cash.
Thus,


Michelle Leslie

Michelle Leslie (born 1981), who previously worked under the name Michelle Lee, is an Australian interior designer and former model. Leslie gained prominence as a catwalk model in 2000, working for stores including David Jones. That same year, she was a finalist on the television series "Search for a Supermodel" and the runner-up for Miss World Australia.
In 2005, Leslie was arrested in Bali after police reported discovering two ecstasy tablets in her handbag. She was convicted and sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Upon returning to Australia, Leslie stated police had planted the drugs in her bag and then demanded a US$25,000 bribe to avoid going to prison, which she could not afford to pay. While in custody, Leslie dressed in Islamic clothing, stating she did so to shield herself from both the media and sexual assault from corrections officers. The decision faced a backlash from some Muslims, who accused her of using Islam as a stunt to gain the court's favour. Leslie's arrest and her choice of clothing in custody resulted in considerable attention from the Australian media.
After returning to Australia, Leslie travelled to Cambodia to help raise money for local orphanages. She returned to the catwalk in Australia in 2006, but struggled to find regular work as a model following the publicity from her arrest. In 2007, she launched a line of clothing for dogs, and the following year, began a career as an interior designer.
Early career.
Michelle Leslie was born in Adelaide, South Australia, to Albert and Violeta Leslie. Violeta was a nurse and one of 12 siblings born in the Philippines. Albert played for the Australian basketball team, and met Violeta while on a layover in the Philippines before travelling to the Olympics. Violeta emigrated to Australia, and Albert went on to become an assistant coach to the Adelaide 36ers. A self-confessed tomboy when young, Leslie was educated at Sacred Heart College in Adelaide, and became interested in modelling only after her father gave her a course at a modelling school as a 15th birthday present. She enjoyed it enough to undertake a second course, and shortly thereafter left school in order to pursue a full-time modelling career. She soon emerged as one of the "most prominent catwalk and catalogue models" in Adelaide, working for stores such as David Jones, Harris Scarfe and Myer.
In 2000, she appeared as one of the 20 finalists in the first series of the Australian "Search for a Supermodel" reality show, and was first runner-up in the 2000 Miss World Australia pageant held in Darwin. She was "catapulted on to the international catwalk" when Asian Australian models became in demand. As a result, she gained work within Asia, appearing under the name "Michelle Lee". She also moved to New York temporarily in 2003 for modelling opportunities. Off the catwalks she gained prominence as one of the two models involved in a 2004 advertising campaign for Antz Pantz underwear and, prior to this, as the face of the Crystelle lingerie brand.
Arrest and trial.
On 21 August 2005, Leslie was travelling in a vehicle to an open-air dance party at Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park on the Indonesian island of Bali. Police stopped the vehicle and reported discovering two pills in Leslie's handbag. Forensic tests subsequently found the pills to be the drug ecstasy. Urine tests conducted at the time of her arrest showed no evidence of the use of the drug; a later blood test found traces of amphetamines. According to Indonesian police, Leslie stated the pills were given to her by a friend, "Mia". Mia was later revealed to be Nameera Azmaan, who was also a model based in Singapore and working for Chic Management, the same agency Leslie worked for. Leslie denied making the allegation, and Azmaan also denied any involvement. Leslie denied other statements attributed to her by police reports, including that she had been taking ecstasy for a year and could not enjoy parties without it. Police reports also stated she declared her religion as Christianity upon her arrest.
According to Balinese newspapers, Leslie was arrested while in the company of a son of the then Coordinating Minister for the Economy Aburizal Bakrie and two unidentified men, one said to be the son of a man with "strong influence in the law and justice system". Police gave "vague and contradicting" reports regarding who Leslie was with when she was arrested, with media alleging this was an attempt to protect their identities. Leslie was one of five people arrested by police during their raid that night; according to Leslie's lawyers, two of the people arrested quickly bribed their way out of any further trouble.
The incident marked the third arrest of Australians in Bali on drugs charges in twelve months following the Schapelle Corby and Bali Nine cases, and resulted in considerable media attention. Her arrest prompted then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer to warn Australians about the dangers of drug possession while travelling in Asia, and led then Australian Prime Minister John Howard to comment that Australians caught with drugs "can't expect the Government to bail them out."
In October 2005, it was reported that Leslie's lawyers had provided a report from a Sydney doctor stating that Leslie was addicted to prescription medication. Under Indonesian law this would allow her to be tried as a "user"; the maximum sentence for a user is three months' imprisonment, whereas the maximum penalty for possession is 15 years. Leslie was tried in the Denpasar District Court, and was found guilty of using a prohibited substance on 18 November. She was ordered to pay court costs and sentenced to three months in jail but, due to the three months already spent in custody, was freed from Kerobokan Prison on 19 November. She was deported from the country due to her conviction. Leslie flew out of Bali to Singapore, where she spent time with friends and family before returning to Sydney.
Return to Australia.
Professor Catharine Lumby, then head of media studies at the University of Sydney, said many Australians would have sympathy for Leslie, and predicted she would be highly sought out by companies for modelling after returning to Australia, as she would be perceived as a "cult figure". Leslie declined to sell her story upon her return to Australia, on the grounds she believed she would face further criticism for profiting from the ordeal. She instead gave unpaid interviews to "60 Minutes" and "New Idea", the latter of whom donated money to a Cambodian orphanage she was raising funds for; Leslie received an AU$70,000 payment from "New Idea" for an interview while she was still in prison prior to being convicted.
In the "60 Minutes" interview, Leslie professed her innocence, noting that she had been detained for several minutes at the police road block and would have had plenty of time to better conceal or throw away two ecstasy tablets. She instead freely gave her handbag to police on request, whom she accused of planting the drugs and then demanding a US$25,000 bribe to make the charges disappear. Leslie believes police targeted her on the belief she was wealthy and well-connected because she was a model; her parents had to mortgage their home to help pay her legal fees, which came close to AU$300,000. Leslie states police tampered with her blood to make it test positive for drugs in front of her and her lawyer, and mocked her when she protested. Her lawyer subsequently advised her to plead guilty, saying that such tactics were commonly used by police in Bali and she would likely spend 15 years in prison if she maintained her innocence.
Islam controversy.
During her incarceration, Leslie announced through a spokesman that she had converted to the Islamic faith eighteen months prior to her arrest. Leslie chose to wear a burqa on one occasion when she appeared in court, and opted to wear Islamic dress, such as a hijab, until she was released. Her conversion and choice of dress sparked debate among Australian Muslims, some of whom accused her of using Islam as a stunt to gain the court's favour. Her lawyer offered an apology to any Muslims who were offended, saying that Leslie had worn the clothes to avoid unwanted attention from the prison guards and journalists. Professor Tim Lindsey, then director of the Asian Law Centre at the University of Melbourne, stated that wearing Islamic clothing would make no sense as a legal defence, as Indonesian prisons were full of "Muslims convicted by Muslims". Criticism also emerged when she was seen wearing tight-fitting clothing on her departure from the prison. After her release Leslie stated she had no regrets regarding how she conducted herself in prison, though apologised for any offence caused by wearing the burqa.
The Australian Federation of Islamic Councils initially stated they had no problem with Leslie being a Muslim; their president Ameer Ali recommended that she refrain from returning to her former career as "a model for lingerie and underwear" after returning to Australia, as such behaviour was "not allowed in Islam". In the "60 Minutes" interview, Leslie stated she wore Islamic clothing because she was afraid of being sexually assaulted by male prison guards, and to protect herself when she faced the media. When asked if she had even been a Muslim, she replied "Yeah, but I don't really know what makes you or not makes you a Muslim. I'm not a practising Muslim, no." Following the "60 Minutes" interview, Leslie's former friend Norah Cullen told journalists Leslie fabricated the story about being a Muslim, and only wore the burqa to conceal her face from the media. Cullen, a Muslim herself, had previously told journalists Leslie's conversion to Islam was genuine.
Later career.
Upon her return to Australia, Leslie left her then modelling agency, Chic Management, to sign with Max Markson. Shortly thereafter she travelled to Cambodia to help raise money for the charity Krousar Thmey, meeting with King Norodom Sihamoni and spending time in local orphanages. Leslie arrived back in Australia shortly before Australian Fashion Week, and returned to the catwalk there for the first time in April 2006, modelling swimwear for designer Michael Azzollini.
Leslie had several modelling jobs after returning to Australia, but struggled to find steady work as a model. In 2007, she launched a range of clothing for dogs, "Miyow & Barkley". Working with her friend Traci Griffith, they experienced early success when their first range of clothing and accessories sold out shortly after being launched. In 2008 she launched an interior design business, Michelle Leslie Design, which she was still running as of December 2018.
Personal life.
In September 2003, Leslie began a relationship with Scott Sutton, heir to the Suttons Holden chain of Holden dealerships in Sydney. Leslie separated from Sutton in July 2007, and began dating magazine publisher Adam Zammit the following month. Leslie and Zammit were married in New Zealand in October 2012, but separated two years later. In October 2016 she met singer Daniel Johns via a mutual friend. Following months of media speculation as to whether they were dating, the couple went public with their relationship in July 2017.


Sourindra Mohun Tagore

Raja Sourindra Mohun Tagore or Sourindro Mohun Tagore CIE (1840, Pathuriaghata - 5 June 1914, Calcutta) was a Bengali musicologist who came from an upper-class family from Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent; that also later produced Rabindranath Tagore. He studied both Indian and western music theory and published extensively on the topics. He founded the Bengal Music School and Bengal Academy of Music. A staunch supporter of the British Empire and its agencies in India, he was commissioned to set Indian translations of "God Save the Queen" to Indian tunes.
Biography.
Sourindro was the son of Hara Kumar Tagore and a younger brother of Jotindro Mohun Tagore belonging to the Pathuriaghata branch of the Tagore family. His family owned extensive lands including the battleground of Plassey and the pilgrimage site Ganga Sagar. He studied at the European-model Hindu College in Calcutta and took an interest in music, both Indian and western. He published a book on music at the age of fifteen, developed a system of musical notation for Indian music and set up the first Indian music orchestra in Calcutta. He collected musical instruments from India and donated many to museums across the world. He received an honorary Doctorate of Music from Philadelphia (1875) and Oxford (1895).
Music and writings.
In 1877 the declaration of Queen Victoria as Empress of India led to the creation of the national anthem of "God Save the Queen". In 1882 a National Anthem Committee was created at the suggestion of Francis Harford. In 1883 he wrote "On the Good That May Result to England and India from the Establishment of "God Save the Queen" as a National Anthem in Her Majesty's Eastern Empire". A translation of the wording of the anthem was made by Mirza Mohammed Bakir Khan of Bishop's College, Calcutta into Arabic and Persian. These were then further translated into many other Indian languages. The problem of singing the anthem in a style that would suit Indian musical taste was however vexing and the committee chose the foremost authority on Indian music to help- "a letter will immediately be forwarded to Dr. Sourindro Mohan Tagore, of Calcutta, the principal authority upon Hindu music, requesting him to secure the services of the best native composer, and a melody which shall at once suit Oriental taste and the measure of the translated hymn." The idea was supported by others like Sir Henry Rawlinson. Sourindra Mohun produced no less than twelve different variations of the anthem based on lum jhijhiti, behag and nagara kirtana styles. In one variant he chose rag sahana which he claimed was the "favourite melody of the Mahomedan Emperors of India." Tagore also claimed that Indians always supported rule by Kings and he published a book, "Hindu Loyalty", with extracts from old Sanskrit sources on the need for rule by Kings. He dedicated the book to Augustus Rivers Thompson and supported the ideas of Canon Harford that the anthem would help earn loyalty. It has been noted that a major motivation for Sourindra Mohun to work with the National Anthem Committee was to align his family and social group with that of the colonial rulers. He also set some poems by Lord Lytton to Indian tunes in "A Few Lyrics Of Owen Meredith Set to Hindu Music, with Added Words and Signs Noting the Two-Part Form of the Tune in Hindustani Music and a Tal Pattern". He also published on "The Caste System of the Hindus" (1884) and noted its antiquity and justified its role in Indian society.
Among Sourindra's published works was a translation of Kalidasa's Malavikagnimitra. He founded the Bengal Music School in 1871 and the Bengal Academy of Music in 1881. He was made Fellow of the University of Calcutta and a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire in 1880 apart from being given the title of "Raja". He was decorated Knight Commander of the Royal Order of the Crown of Italy and several other Royal recognitions from Sweden, Netherlands, Wurtemberg and Austria.
In 1877, he made an initiative to renew musical ties with Japan by sending three musical instruments to the Emperor Mutsuhito of the Meiji Era to help bring the musical traditions of two nations together.
In 1884, in order to promote the interest in and study of Indian music in other countries, he donated numerous collections of Indian instruments to institutions in North America and Europe including the Royal College of Music, London. Tagore worked to establish an annual award at the college, the Tagore Gold Medal, which is still given to "the most generally deserving pupil(s)".


List of Roman Catholic churches in Bohol

Roman Catholic churches in Bohol are a distinct group of churches established during the early Spanish colonial period on the island-province of Bohol in the Philippines. Four of these churches – Baclayon, Loboc, Loon, and Maribojoc – have been declared National Cultural Treasures for their cultural, historical and architectural importance to the Filipino people.
On October 15, 2013, one of the largest earthquakes to hit Bohol struck the island with epicentre near Sagbayan, Bohol, severely damaging the centuries-old churches in Baclayon, Dauis, Dimiao, Loay, Loboc, Loon and Maribojoc. Loon church, reputed as the largest in Bohol and one of the oldest, was destroyed and turned into a pile of rubble by the shaking and accompanying soil liquefaction, as was that of Maribojoc – completely levelled to the ground with nothing left standing.
The earthquake also destroyed newer churches made of reinforced concrete. San Isidro Labrador church in Tubigon lost its façade and other structures in the church complex. St Michael parish church of Clarin, also made of reinforced concrete, collapsed, leaving just the bell tower and the front of the church standing. Inabanga church also collapsed leaving just the façade and back of the building.
The two diocese in Bohol (Diocese of Tagbilaran and Diocese of Talibon both under the Archdiocese of Cebu) plans to restore all the churches destroyed by the earthquake.
Alburquerque.
The Alburquerque Church traces its beginnings as a visita of Baclayon Church. The parish was formally inaugurated in 1869. It was partially damaged when a 7.2-magnitude earthquake struck Bohol and other parts of Central Visayas last October 15, 2013. The church was declared a National Historical Landmark by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in 2014.
Antequera.
The present Nuestra Señora del Rosario (Our Lady of the Holy Rosary) church of Antequera was started in 1896 under the orders of Father Francisco Vega. He ordered the foundation to be constructed of sea stones cut into tablets. Construction was halted due to the 1898 revolution and the fall of the Spanish government. It was continued by 1908 and the church building, which was made of stone reinforced with cement direct from Rome, was completed in 1914 and inaugurated in December the same year. It was the first church in Bohol built with the use of cement.
The 1914 neoclassical church still stands with little renovation and some improvements. Traces of the 1896 church foundation is still evident on some unfinished plaster on the lower ends of the church's outer walls. It is not of massive stone and smaller compared to the churches of other towns in Bohol. A notable feature of the church is its belfry situated on the left hand side of the church, which has a decorative dome roof with a statue of Jesus with outstretched arms at its peak.
In August 2012, the church was repainted from white with blue and gold trims to a bright peach color with white trims.
Candijay.
The municipality of Candijay was established in 1879 together with its establishment as a separate parish under the Recollects. They left in 1898 because of the change of government, but returned at the request of the town and stayed till 1937.
The parish was put under the patronage of Saint Joseph whose feast day is May 19. The present Candijay Church is neogothic in style as evinced by its tower and windows. The church is made of concrete. The church recently added a portico in front.
Clarin.
During the 2013 Bohol earthquake, the church of Clarin again collapsed leaving just the recently built bell tower and façade.
Corella.
The municipality of Corella was established in the year 1884 and was named after the town of Corella in the province of Navarre, Spain. The parish of Corella was established by the Recollects led by Fr. Jose Cabanas. Its first parish priest, Fr. Felix Guillen, started the construction of a stone church in 1884. The church was dedicated to Nuestra Señora Del Villar (Our Lady of Villar), who is also the patron saint of Corella, Spain. The church was completed in 1886 under Fr. Nemesio Llorente. The convent and two stone school buildings were constructed under the direction of successive priests. The feast day of Nuestra Señora Del Villar of Corella, Bohol is 27 April, while in Corella, Spain, it is 15 days after Easter. The people of Corella are predominantly conservative Roman Catholic.
Through the years the church became dilapidated and a new church was constructed in the year 1924 with the help of all parishioners.
Dauis Church.
The Dauis church has retained its Spanish architecture although it has a semi-modern façade. Its façade and portico collapsed during the 2013 Bohol earthquake.
Dimiao.
Following the Bohol quake of 2013, the church received heavy cracks, displacing the ceiling of the church with a possibility of collapsing. The walls of both the left and right wings of the transept cracked open, and large portions of the outer stone finishes in various areas of the church exterior fell down. 2014, the structure is still left standing unsafe and untouched by the local residents, only priests and authorities of the church convent are allowed to enter the severely damaged church.
Inabanga.
The church of Inabanga was reduced to piles of rubble during the earthquake of October 15, 2013 with only the façade standing. The church's galvanized iron roofing material had earlier been replaced with heavier tile roofing, which is not practical in an earthquake-prone country. The townsfolk blamed the new tile roof for the collapse of the church.
Loay.
The church of Loay was severely damaged after the 2013 Bohol earthquake; its façade collapsed and the roof caved in.
Loboc.
The façade-portico of Loboc church collapsed during the earthquake of October 15, 2013. Its freestanding church tower also collapsed leaving less than half the tower standing.
Maribojoc Church.
The 1886 Maribojoc church crumbled to the ground entirely during the 2013 Bohol earthquake.
Tagbilaran.
During the earthquake of 2013, the church was slightly damaged.
Tubigon.
This old church is located in the heart of Tubigon which is dedicated to Sr. San Isidro Labrador.There is no exact date of the construction of the church but some people spotted it in the year 1886 and its bell tower from 1928 to 1934. Inside, you can see of another masterpiece of Ray Francia including the Dome of the Sky, The Blessed Holy Trinity, Some of the important events in Jesus' life, the 7 sacraments, Heaven and St. Isidore and his wife.
The church was heavily damaged by the 2013 Bohol earthquake; its façade & back collapsed.
With the help of NHCP, they rehabilitate it based on true original style of the altar which consists of retablos just like ones of the Basilica del Santo Niño in Cebu.


Dhammazedi

Dhammazedi (, ; c. 1409–1492) was the 16th king of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom in Burma from 1471 to 1492. Considered one of the most enlightened rulers in Burmese history, by some accounts call him "the greatest" of all Hanthawaddy kings. The former Buddhist monk, educated in the rival kingdom of Ava in his youth, was a trusted adviser and son-in-law of Queen Shin Sawbu. At age 48, he left the monkhood after he was selected by Shin Sawbu as the heir apparent, and was married to one of the queen's daughters. He immediately became the de facto ruler of the kingdom as Shin Sawbu handed over all administrative duties to him.
During Dhammazedi's long reign, the Mon-speaking kingdom reached the peak of its golden age. Under his wise rule, the kingdom, unlike the rival Ava Kingdom, was peaceful, and profited greatly from foreign commerce. His reign was a time of peace and he himself was a mild ruler, famous for his wisdom. A collection of his rulings, "Dhammazedi Pyatton", survives. The kingdom also became a famous center of Theravada Buddhism, with strong ties to Ceylon, and resumed the practice of sending missions to Buddhagaya. His religious reforms later spread throughout the country. He maintained friendly relations with Yunnan.
According to DGE Hall, "He was a Buddhist ruler of the best type, deeply solicitous for the purification of religion. Under him civilization flourished, and the condition of the Mon country stands out in sharp contrast with the disorder and savagery which characterized the Ava kingdom."
He died in 1492. He was honored as a saint and a pagoda was erected over his bones. He was succeeded by his eldest son Binnya Ran II.
Historiography.
Various Burmese chronicles report different dates for the key events of his life.


Shivagrha inscription

The Shivagrha inscription is an inscription from the Medang Kingdom of Central Java, dated in "chandrasengkala" (chronogram) "”Wwalung Gunung sang wiku”", that is, the year 856 CE (or 778 in the native Saka Calendar). The inscription was inscribed by order of Dyah Lokapala (Rakai Kayuwangi) right after the end of Rakai Pikatan's reign, and gave a detailed description of a grand temple compound dedicated to Shiva called "Shivagrha" ("the House of Shiva"), corresponding to the Prambanan temple compound.
A public water project to change the course of a river near Shivagrha Temple is also mentioned in this inscription. The river, identified as the Opak River, now runs north to south on the western side of the Prambanan temple compound. Historians suggest that originally the river was curved further to east and was deemed too near to the main temple. The project was done by cutting the river along a north to south axis along the outer wall of the Shivagrha Temple compound. The former river course was filled in and made level to create a wider space for the temple expansion, the space for rows of "pervara" (complementary) temples.
Also mentioned is that the King (Pikatan) was a Shivaist, in contrast to his queen consort Pramodhawardhani, who was a Buddhist. The inscription mentions a battle for royal succession against Jatiningrat (Rakai Pikatan), the rebel having made a fortress of hundreds of stones for refuge. This fortress are connected to the site of Ratu Boko. Traditionally Balaputradewa was thought as the person that led the war against Pikatan. However, this theory was revisited as it was more likely that it was Rakai Walaing pu Kumbayoni that challenged Pikatan authority as the new monarch of Medang Mataram kingdom. Rakai Walaing was a powerful landlord that claimed to be the descendants of king that once ruled Java.
Today the inscription is displayed in the National Museum of Indonesia, Jakarta, under the inventory number No. D.28.


Gangadeva

Gangadeva (also known as Gangeyadeva) was the second ruler of the Karnat dynasty of Mithila. He succeeded his father Nanyadeva as King in 1147 and ruled until 1187.
Rule.
There is controversy surrounding the succession of the throne of Mithila following Nanyadeva's death as he was recorded as having two sons, Malladeva and Gangadeva however most inscriptions and manuscripts detail Gangadeva's rule only. The Pratap Malla inscription of Kathmandu details that Gangadeva came to the throne in 1147 and was considered to be a very brave King. He was a contemporary of King Madanpala of the Pala's of neighbouring Bengal and led attacks against them regaining some of the territories that had been lost during Nanyadeva's reign while also gaining new territory. The "Ramacharitam" also details that both Nanyadeva and Gangadeva claimed some sort of political authority in Gauda as he was declared as "Gaudadwhaj".
Following the downfall of the Palas, the Sena dynasty came into power in neighbouring Bengal and Ballala Sena was also a contemporary of Gangadeva but led no attacks on Mithila.
Gangadeva was also notable for his administrative reforms and added Darbhanga as an additional capital of the Karnat dynasty along with Simraungadh. The village of Gangapur Rajni in Madhepura district of Bihar was named after Gangadeva.


Futago Kofun

The is a Kofun period burial mound, located in the Sakurai neighborhood of the city of Anjō, Aichi in the Tōkai region of Japan. The tumulus was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1927, and its borders were expanded in 1955.
Overview.
The Futago Kofun is a "two conjoined rectangles" type (), located in the on the Hekikai Plateau in Yahagi River basin in western Mikawa. It is the second largest in the prefecture after the Shōbōji Kofun in Nishio, and the largest of the Sakurai Kofun Group, which also includes the Himeogawa Kofun and twenty other tombs. The tumulus has a total length of 81 meters. The anterior portion has a width of 36 meters and height of 6.7 meters and the posterior portion has a width of 45 meters and height of 10 meters. The summit is flat, and there is a square protrusion about 15 meters square on the east side of the anterior portion, which may have been used as a stage for ceremonial purposes. What appears to be a space for an altar is still in its original form at the west foot. The tumulus is estimated to be around the last half of the 3rd to the first half of the 4th century due to the lack of "haniwa" or "fukiishi". Remnants of a moat remain along its western side.
The Futago Kofun first appears in academic literature in 1887, at which time it was crowned by the small Sakurai Tenjin Jinja Shinto shrine. It was excavated in 1936 and again in 1959 and 1990. In 2003, the Anjō City Board of Education conducted a survey by excavating a total of five trenches. This excavation confirmed the presence of a circumferential moat ten meters wide and one meter deep on the north side of the tumulus. No grave goods have been excavated, but only some fragments of Sue ware pottery.
The site is about 10 minutes on foot from Horiuchikōen Station on the Meitetsu Nishio Line.


Salakau

Salakau (), which means 369 in Hokkien, also known as "Sah Lak Kau", is a street gang or secret society based in Singapore. The numbers 3, 6 and 9 add up to 18, which was the name of an older gang; the number signified the 18 arhats (principal disciples) of Shaolin Monastery. As one of the oldest and most prominent gangs in the country, they are known to take part in many illicit activities such as narcotics, extortion, prostitution and white-collar crime— and many of their members have been in and out of prison for violent attacks and rioting. They have a renowned gang chant sung in Hokkien that's usually accompanied by techno beats. It was reproduced for Royston Tan's teenage gangster flick "15", albeit with direct references to the gang edited out.
History.
In the early 1970s till late 1980s, Salakau attacked rival gangs and started many turf wars . Salakau recruited many members from Indian and Malay communities after relaxing the Chinese-only rule. In the 1970s, more Malays were reported to be joining after being introduced to gang members during tea dances in discos. This was because Malay gangs were smaller and less structured due to the drastic drop of the Malay population and increase of the Chinese population.
Salakau also made profits from narcotics, extortion, prostitution, white-collar crime and legitimate businesses. Attacks on rival gangs such as the '303' gang (Sakongsa in Hokkien), the Omega gang, and the 18 SYH gang were somewhat of a routine occurrence. The police cracked down on gang activity in the early 1980s and gang wars came to a screeching halt as many of the leaders were jailed. Many other notorious 'headmen' fled to neighbouring countries or were killed in gang attacks. In the 1990s, some teenagers in "pseudo-street gangs" claimed affiliation to Salakau to be "cool" but did not engage in activities as violent as those engaged in by the real gang; in 1993, there were at least nine separate teenage gangs calling themselves 'Salakau'. However, in the late 1990s and early dawn of the millennium, the gang gained strength as many of the jailed leaders were released, and several of the members had succeeded in scaring off many rival gangs from territories. Gang attacks once again became common and rioting cases shot up. Cases of murder involving gang attacks and riots were steadily increasing and the police tightened its noose on the gangs. Singapore's Secret Society Branch dedicated most of its resources to halt the gang violence and managed stopping a considerable number of members. Slowly but surely, the gang violence receded and many members were put in prison.
Law enforcement.
Salakau predominantly holds the territories as mentioned, but gang activity has slowed down considerably due to the Singapore Police Force (SPF) having a better understanding of the gang networks and sufficient resources. The Secret Societies Branch (SSB) of the SPF has made efforts to control the secret societies in recent years. The SSB regularly conducts surprise raids or checks on nightspots, and public places known to be gang territories to deter any potential offenders. Under Singaporean criminal law, a person found guilty of being a member of an unlawful society may be punished up to a maximum of five years imprisonment and five strokes of the cane. Sentences are usually doubled or even tripled for anyone with significant leadership and authority in any unlawful society in Singapore.
Incidents.
Murder of U-18 footballer Sulaiman bin Hashim.
On 31 May 2001, after celebrating the 18th birthday of one of their members, eight male members of Salakau, all of Malay descent and aged between 18 to 21, decided to launch a surprise attack on the rival gang Sakongsa (303), who were roaming around Boat Quay. The gang later spotted three Malay teens walking along Boat Quay, and presuming the youths as members of the rival gang, the Salakau, led by their 21-year-old gang leader Norhisham bin Mohamad Dahlan (born on 18 May 1980), went to attack the three youths and began to grievously assault one of them, leading to the unfortunate teen's death while the two others boys (one of whom was stabbed on the back by a gang member) managed to escape to inform the police. Autopsy results showed that the boy was stabbed a total of 13 times, with two separate fatal knife wounds on his neck and chest.
The three teenagers whom the Salakau gang attacked, they were in fact not gang members but local football players belonging to National U-18 team. It was a case of mistaken identity. The murdered victim was identified to be 17-year-old Sulaiman bin Hashim, who was a striker in the soccer team while the other two were his friends Muhammad Shariff bin Abdul Samat (better known as Shariff Abdul Samat), 17, and Mohammed Imran bin Mohammed Ali, also 17. Sulaiman was merely five days away from his 18th birthday when he was killed.
Within more than a year from May 2001 to June 2002, the police managed to arrest six of the eight attackers (including the gang leader Norhisham), who were all charged with murder, while the remaining two others - identified as Muhammad Syamsul Ariffin bin Brahim and Sharulhawzi bin Ramly respectively - fled Singapore and went on the run till today.
The arrested six members were eventually convicted of lesser charges of rioting, voluntarily causing grievous hurt and culpable homicide not amounting to murder. Five of them (including Norhisham) were sentenced to fixed prison terms ranging between 3 to 10 years and caning between 6 to 16 strokes of the cane, while the sixth member, Muhamad Hasik bin Sahar, received the most severe sentence of life imprisonment and 16 strokes of the cane as compared to his five other co-defendants.
Downtown East incident.
On 30 October 2010, 19-year-old Darren Ng Wei Jie was injured in a gang fight with members of the 369 gang. He was pronounced dead at the hospital after being brought there. 12 youths were arrested and sentenced with corporal punishment and incarceration subsequently, with 5 being charged on culpable homicide for their roles in the attack.
Bukit Panjang incident.
On 8 November 2010, seven youths were repeatedly slashed by a group of parang-wielding men in Bukit Panjang, in what appeared to be gang-related attacks. The victims, aged between 14 and 20, were attacked in two separate incidents. The victim of the first incident, a 20-year-old assistant technician, was slashed in the back and legs. The victims of the second incident were a group of 20 youths, who were surrounded by the attackers. In both instances, the assailants first asked their victims whether they were from a gang called "Pak Hai Tong". The victims were slashed when they denied association with the group. The gang members shouted "Salakau" before fleeing the scene. The attacker left then 15-year-old Brandon Lim Qian Da, hospitalized with a severed tongue while six from the second attack received outpatient treatment for their injuries.


Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II

Hajji Aji Prabu Anum Prince Surya Adiningrat, entitled Sultan Haji Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II bin Sultan Adji Muhammad Parikesit or also called Prince Praboe (24 October 1924 – 5 August 2018) was an Indonesian royal and politician who was Kutai Sultan of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate.
In 1999, the Kutai Kartanegara Regent, Syaukani Hasan Rais, intended to revive the Kutai Kartanegara ing Sultanate of Martadipura. The return of the Kutai Sultanate was not intended to revive feudalism in the region, but as an effort to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of the Kutai Kingdom as the oldest kingdom in Indonesia. In addition, the revival of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate tradition is to support the East Kalimantan tourism sector in an effort to attract domestic and foreign tourists.
On November 7, 2000, the Kutai Kartanegara Regent together with the Crown Prince of Kutai Aji Pangeran Praboe Anoem Soerja Adiningrat faced Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid at Bina Graha Jakarta to convey the restoration intentions, and approved it.
On September 22, 2001, the Son of the Crown of the Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate, H. Aji Prince Praboe Anoem Soerya Adiningrat was named the Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara with the title Sultan H. Aji Muhammad Salehuddin II. H.A.P. Praboe as the Sultan of Kutai Kartanegara was only held on September 22, 2001.
The coronation itself was acknowledged by all the relatives of the Koetai ing Martadipura Sultanate and the Kutai Kartanegara Regency Government. In fact, was built a palace located just behind the Mulawarman Museum the former palace or the old royal center.


Important Cultural Property (Philippines)

Important Cultural Property of the Philippines is a cultural property which has been singled out from among the innumerable cultural properties as possessing "exceptional cultural, artistic, and /or historical significance" to the Philippines.
It is the second level of protection after the classification of National Cultural Treasures.
The lists of cultural properties are declared by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical Commission of the Philippines, and the National Museum of the Philippines. Last list of important cultural properties was published on 15 December 2015.


Chitti Gatti

Chitti Gatti is a hamlet located in Gandhian (village) of Inayatabad union council, of Mansehra area, of Hazara, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Since early times, it is especially notable for two Hindu festivals which occur on 6th Phagan and on 1st Baisakh, as mentioned by an early Settlement Report;, dedicated to the worship of the deity Shiva. The present old Mansehra Shiva Temple here on this site, which has been recently restored, was originally constructed by a Raja of Jammu in the 1830s as an act of devotion. According to the latest archaeological research, there were probably earlier Hindu temples on this same site, but the ancient "Shiva Lingam" (or "Ling") inside the temple's precincts is truly ancient and at least 2000 years old. The temple and "Lingam" still attract many Hindu pilgrims and tourists each year, especially at the time of the annual "Maha Shivratri' festival.
The swati house is the famous house of this area and one of the biggest and most beautiful house in the district Mansehra and Abbottabad. Which is own by Tuyyab khan and Shakir khan s/o Aurangzeb Khan.
Here for reference the Zaid khan swati, Muhaz khan swati and Mohiz khan swati are the active person of this area.


Siege of Kajiki

The Siege of Kajiki was fought in 1549 the Shimazu clan besieged the castle of Kajiki in what is now Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. The siege succeeded and the castle was taken. The siege is notable for the first time "Portuguese derived" arquebuses were used in battle in Japan.
Shimazu Takahisa attacked the castle of Kajiki in Ōsumi Province, in southern Kyushu. Ijuin Tadaaki, a Shimazu vassal, used a gun provided by Tanegashima Tokitaka. Shimazu Takahisa earned the distinction of being the first Daimyō to use European firearms in battle.
Over the next few years, Shimazu Takahisa continued to expand Shimazu territory on the island of Kyushu.
References.
Sources
↑ Samurai Commanders 1, Stgephen Turnbull pg.49
↑ Samurai Sourcebook, Stephen Turnbull pg.78
↑ Samurai Commanders 1, Stephen Turnbull pg.49


Prince Basundhara of Nepal

Prince Basundhara Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal, GCMG (25 November 1921 – 31 August 1977) was a son of King Tribhuvan of Nepal.
Life.
Prince Basundhara was a son of King Tribhuvan and his second wife Queen Ishwari. The prince was educated under private tutors.
Flamboyant and handsome, Prince Basundhara was, in his day, one of the most popular members of the Nepalese royal family. The prince was greatly interested in sports. From 1962 to 1975, he was the president of Nepal Olympic Committee; he also served as the president of Royal Nepal Golf Club, and, from 1961 to 1975, was the chairman of National Sports Council.
He married Helen Rajya Lakshmi Devi on 17 June 1945 in Kathmandu, and they had three daughters:
He also married Ramola Devi (1923–2000), a writer ["pen name" Chhinnalata], in 1948 and they had a son and a daughter:
Prince Basundhara died on 31 August 1977, at the Bir Hospital, Kathmandu.


Pampanga Provincial Capitol

The Pampanga Capitol is the seat of government of the province of Pampanga in the Philippines. The original building was constructed shortly after the provincial capital of Pampanga was transferred from Bacolor to San Fernando in 1904. Annexes were added before the war. It was the site of a major battle between the Philippine Commonwealth troops and local guerrilla forces and the Japanese Imperial Army during World War II.
The Pampanga Provincial Capitol is one of the most beautiful civil architectural landmarks in the province.
History.
The original provincial Capitol grounds of Pampanga in San Fernando covered an area of about 12 hectares. The Capitol was erected in 1907-1908, during the administration of Governor Macario Arnedo and no expenses were spared from making the seat of the local government, truly an attractive tourist attraction in itself.
The expansive grounds are lush with landscaping, planted with mango and acacia trees, shrubs and flowering plants. The wooded area was named Silva Park, after the late provincial treasurer of Pampanga, Isabelo de Silva, who led in the drive to beautify the Capitol surroundings.
When the age of electricity reached the province, the major lanes and walkways were lined and lit with Doric-style electric lamps; a radio system was installed to entertain the visiting public.
One of the earliest structures stands in front of the Capitol Building—a stately statue of Gen. Maximino Hizon of Mexico, the highest ranking Kapampangan officer in the revolutionary army. He distinguished himself in many battles against the Spanish and American forces during the Philippine Revolution. Captured by Americans in June 1900, he was exiled to Guam together with other war leaders on 7 January 1901 and died there on 1 Sept. 1901. The patriot is depicted in full uniform, astride a handsome steed. The statue was installed in 1919, a donation of the Kapampangan people and the provincial government. As this picture shows, the monument was favorite ‘photo opportunity’ spot for many local visitors.
In 1929, an additional attraction—the Provincial Zoological Garden—was established, featuring a rare collection of caged exotic birds and rare animals for the public to enjoy. Tourists would even stop by Pampanga to view the mini-zoo en route to Baguio. The garden complemented the several tennis courts, the bandstand or glorietta, the clubhouse and the park benches.
Events.
When San Fernando played host to the biggest spectacle of the province in 1933, the Capitol Grounds became the venue for the Pampanga Carnival Fair and Exposition. The Carnival was meant to promote Pampanga as the richest market outside of Manila, with rich limitless agricultural, commercial and industrial possibilities. Pavilions of the 21 towns of Pampanga were put up, featuring the best and finest products of each community. The fair was capped with the election of Miss Pampanga.
Visitors from all over the country left the province very much impressed after having seen the events as well as the impressive venue. After the Carnival, a Rizal Memorial Forum was erected at the site of the provincial fair, at a cost of Php 18,000.
Most of these points of interest are long gone from the Provincial Capitol grounds—some destroyed by the War, others by overzealous reconstruction and expansion projects. Only the Hizon Monument at the Arnedo Park remains, now nearly a century-old, a mute witness to the scenic wonder of the place, that once marked the hallowed grounds of Pampanga’s Provincial Capitol.


Kuda Naga of Anuradhapura

Kuda Naga (a.k.a. Kunchanaga) was King of Anuradhapura in the 2nd century, whose reign lasted from 195 to 196. He succeeded his brother Cula Naga as King of Anuradhapura and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Siri Naga I.


Zaban-e Zanan

Zaban-e Zanan (, English meaning: "Women's Voice") was a radical women's periodical, published in Iran from 18 July 1919 until 1 January 1921, and edited by activist Sediqeh Dowlatabadi.
History.
In 1919 teacher and activist Sediqeh Dowlatabadi founded the magazine "Zaban-e Zanan". It was the third women's magazine to be published in Iran, and the first to be published outside Tehran - it was publsihed in Isfahan. It was preceded by: "Danesh (Knowledge)" published from 1910; "Shokufeh (Blossom)" published from 1913. The first issue was published on 18 July 1919 and started as a bi-weekly periodical. Each issue was four pages long. However due to demand it moved to weekly publication. It only published submissions from women and girls. The magazine was forced to close on 1 January 1921, due to its anti-British stance.
Reception.
From the outset, Dowlatabadi set out to create articles which would challenge "backwardness and feeble-mindedness" surrounding women's rights in Isfahan. The publication explicitly advocated for 'Unveiling' of women in Iran. As a result of this stance, the publication was attacked in other news outlets, and the premises were physically attacked with stones and with firearms. The magazine ended up being produced under police protection. Two years after its publication, it was banned for 13 months due to the explicitly anticolonial editorial of Dowlatabadi.
In 1921, Dowlatabadi moved to Tehran and re-established the magazine there. This iteration was under the same name, but published as a monthly 48-page magazine. This second edition was influential and gives insight into the lives of women in Iran across several decades.
Legacy.
In 2016, "Zaban-e Zanan" and Dowlatabadi's archives were the subject of an exhibition curated by Azadeh Fatehrad.


Mir Haibat Khan Tanoli

Mir Haibat Khan Tanoli was the Maternal cousin of Suba Khan Tanoli who support Suba Khan Tanoli in Third Battle of Panipat and he also fought against the Hindu Jats and Sikh. He was belong to Hindal Khan Tanoli section who was the brother of Pallal khan Tanoli where Suba Khan Tanoli belong after the death of Suba Khan Tanoli he become the ruler and chief of Tanawal which created so much problem between the two brother hood Hindal and Pallal section. One of the son of Haibat khan, Hashim khan Tanoli was also killed by the son of Suba khan tanoli.


Pyuthan District

Pyuthan District( , is a "hill" district some west of Kathmandu in Lumbini Province in midwestern Nepal. Pyuthan covers an area of with population of 212,484 in 2001 and 226,796 in 2011. Pyuthan Khalanga is the district's administrative center.
Geography and Climate.
Pyuthan borders Dang Deukhuri District to the southwest along the crest of the "Mahabharat Range" and extends about northeast through the Middle Hills to a 3,000+ meter ridge that is both Pyuthan's border with "Baglung district" of "Dhaulagiri Zone" and the main watershed between the (west) "Rapti" and "Gandaki River" basins. Pyuthan borders "Rolpa district" to the west. Of the two upper tributaries of the West Rapti River, Pyuthan contains all of "Jhimruk Khola" and the lower part of "Madi Khola" after it exits Rolpa. The Madi-Jhimruk confluence is in southern Pyuthan, in the Mahabharat Range.
The valley of Jhimruk Khola is the core of Pyuthan district. Its alluvial plain is intensively planted in rice during the summer monsoon. Wheat is grown as the winter crop. Madi Khola has eroded an inner gorge and is less suited to traditional irrigated agriculture.
Demographics.
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Pyuthan District had a population of 228,102. Of these, 96.1% spoke Nepali, 2.3% Magar and 0.7% Newari as their first language.
Administrative Divisions.
Pyuthan District is divided into 9 local level bodies in which two are municipalities and seven are rural municipalities:


John Hathorn Hall

Sir John Hathorn Hall (19 June 189417 June 1979) was a British colonial administrator.
During World War I, he served with the 8th Royal Munster Fusiliers and the 27th Infantry Brigade, rising to the rank of captain, and was awarded the Military Cross as well as the Belgian Croix de Guerre. He worked in the Ministry of Finance of the Egyptian Civil Service (Egypt then being a British protectorate) in 1919–1920. Subsequently he served in the Middle East Department of the Colonial Office and was awarded an OBE in the New Year Honours List of 1931.
In 1933 he was appointed Chief Secretary to the Government of Palestine (then a British Mandate under the League of Nations). On at least two occasions, in 1934 and in 1937, he served as Officer Administering the Government of Palestine during absences of the High Commissioner for Palestine.
His later service included the following posts:
After retiring from the colonial service, Sir John became a director of several companies, including the P&O and British India steamship lines, and the Midland Bank. A portrait of Sir John by Walter Bird is now part of the collection of the National Portrait Gallery.


Kuntala country

The Kuntala country is an ancient Indian political region that probably included the western Deccan and some parts of central and south Karnataka (erstwhile north Mysore). Kuntala coins are available since estimated 600-450 BCE. Kuntala formed one of the divisions of Southern India as late as 10th-12th centuries A.D. (other regions were:Chola, Chera, Pandya Tailanga and Andhra). Each developed its own culture and administration. The Talagunda inscriptions mention Balligavi and nearby regions as parts of Kuntala. Inscriptions in Kubaturu near Anavatti mention Kubaturu as the Kuntalanagara. Kuntala is revered as one of the three great countries of Chalukya period in inscriptions.
Scriptural references.
Kannada Mahabharata mentions the visit of Krishna and Arjuna to Kuntala during Ashwamedha when Chandrahasa was the king of Kuntala who sends two of his children along with Arjuna for the further campaigns.
Copperplates issued by the Yadavas of Devagiri mention the Nāgas as its oldest known rulers. Rashtrakutas, Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Chalukyas, Chutus, Vishnukundina have ruled Kuntala, as suggested by stone inscriptions and copperplates. Kuntala is identified with "" which is translated as settlements of the "s". Copperplates of Pulakeshin II speak of him as the king of three "s", Kuntala being one of the "Maharashtrakas" (other two being Vidarbha, and Konkan region of 99,000 villages.
Kalidasa mentions as Kuntala and the lord of Kuntala (as "") in his works.


Niliya of Anuradhapura

Niliya was King of Anuradhapura in the 1st century BC, whose reign lasted the year 47 BC. He succeeded Darubhatika Tissa as King of Anuradhapura and was succeeded by Anula.


Sultanate of Sintang

This is a List of rulers of Sintang in Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Overview.
The state of Sintang was ruled by an unnamed dynasty. The rulers were:


Kuba Uyezd

Kuba Uyezd (, ) was an administrative unit within the Baku Governorate of Russian Empire and then of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Azerbaijan SSR with its center in the city of Quba until its formal abolition in 1929 by Soviet authorities. The uyezd was located in northern part of the Baku Governorate, bordering Caspian sea to the east, Elisabethpol Governorate to the west, Dagestan Oblast to the north, Geokchai, Shamakhi and Baku uyezds to the south.
Geography.
Uyezd was located on the northern slope of the eastern part of Greater Caucasus mountain range, mainly consisting of 3 main parts: Mountains, which occupies most parts of the south-west, foothills, covering most of the uyezd from southwest to northeast, and lowlands, mostly in the areas bordering the Caspian sea. The highest point in the uyezd, Shahdagh, is located at the western part of the uyezd at 13,951 feet.
The three main rivers in the uyezd were Qudyal, Gilgil and Qusarchay. The Samur river formed the northern border.
History.
After the capture of the Quba Khanate by the Russian forces in 1806, during the Caucasus Campaign, the khanate was removed and was made a province of the Russian Empire. The uyezd was created in 1840 and was initially made part of the in the same year, and later part of the in 1846. Due to an earthquake in Shamakhi in 1859, the centre of the Shamakhi Governorate was moved from Shamakhi to Baku and the governorate was renamed Baku Governorate.
In 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Azerbaijan became part of Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. After the establishment of the Baku Commune in April 1918, clashes began in the city of Baku and other uyezds within the Baku Governorate, called the March Days, during which 12,000 Azerbaijanis and other Muslims and 2,500 Armenians died.
On 28 May 1918, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic declared its independence and the uyezd was kept as part of its administrative units. After the Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan in 1920, Azerbaijan was integrated into the Soviet Union and the uyezd was abolished by Soviet authorities in 1929.
Population.
According to the 1897 Russian Empire census, 183,242 people inhabited the uyezd, of which 15,363 lived in the city of Quba. The census recorded 70,150 native speakers of Azerbaijani, 46,430 speakers of Tat language, 44,755 speakers of Lezgian, 3,972 speakers of Judeo-Tat and 3,971 speakers of Russian.
The population rose to 189,916 people, of which 17,902 were urban and 172,014 rural.


House-Museum of Azim Azimzade

The house-museum of Azim Azimzade () is a memorial museum dedicated to the Azerbaijani artist and caricaturist, people's artist of the Azerbaijan SSR. It is located in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. The personal belongings of Azim Azimzade, including documents, photographs, and artistic works are exhibited in the museum.
History.
The museum was inaugurated in 1968 in a small apartment where the artist lived most of his life, however, the aging structure was ultimately unsuitable for this purpose. In this regard, the Ministry of Culture of Azerbaijan ordered the construction of the museum.
Exposition.
More than 2000 exhibits related to the artist's work are preserved in the museum. The exposition of the house-museum of A. Azimzade consists of 6 rooms, which showcased 4 types of the artist's works:


Malikussaleh

Malikussaleh (Arabic: الملك الصالح, ALA-LC: "al-Malik al-Ṣālih"; Acehnese: "Malik ul Saleh, Malikus Saleh"; literal meaning: "the pious king" / "the pious ruler") is an Acehnese who established the first Muslim state of Samudera Pasai in the year 1267. His original name was Mara Silu, Merah Silu, or Muerah Silu. It was said he saw an ant as big as a cat, he caught it and ate it. He named the place Samudera, meaning ocean in Sanskrit (samudra). King Mara Silu later converted to Islam, given an Ayyubid name of al-Malik al-Ṣālih. He married neighbour Perlak (Peureulak) Kingdom's daughter and had two sons. According to Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, he met the Islamic prophet Muhammad in dream thus accepts conversion of Islam. Another source claimed a prince Malik from Aceh sailed across the sea to Beruas (Gangga Negara) and established a sultanate there.
Islam's arrival.
According to Islamic Council of Victoria ICV, historians argue "that by the beginning of the 9th century Arab merchants and sailors, (and other Muslims) had begun to dominate Nanhai (Guangzhou) or Southeast Asian Trade." However, Malik's tomb is the oldest evidence known of the establishment in Indonesia, indicating his death in 1297.


Attahasa

Attahasa () is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language biographical film directed by A. M. R. Ramesh, based on the notorious forest brigand Veerappan. It was simultaneously filmed in Tamil as Vana Yuddham (). Kishore plays the role of Veerappan in the film, whilst featuring Arjun Sarja and Vijayalakshmi and Lakshmi Rai in the lead roles. After much delay in the theatrical release the film was opened to screens on 14 February 2013 all across the southern states of India to positive reviews.
Production.
In March 2011, A. M. R. Ramesh confirmed that his next directorial would be based on Veerappan and that he had completed the scriptment, while adding that Kishore had already agreed to play the lead role of Veerappan. Ramesh had been researching on Veerappan for 10 years and had spoken with several key people who were associated with him or involved in various incidents. Ramesh clarified that he would just present the real happenings, without taking any sides. Arjun won the role of the chief Special Task Force officer Vijayakumar. Initial reports claimed that Bollywood actress Rani Mukherji was considered for the role of Veerappan's wife, Muthulakshmi. Sources in July 2011 reported that Priyamani and Jayachitra were signed on to portray Muthulakshmi and the role of Chief Minister Jayalalitha, respectively. Priyamani denied being part of the project, adding that she was not offered the role. Subsequently, Vijayalakshmi was finalized for the role. Although Ramesh wanted Akkineni Nageswara Rao to play Kannada actor Rajkumar, who was kidnapped by Veerappan, Suresh Oberoi was eventually roped in, while Sulakshana would play his wife Parvathamma. Ramya was initially supposed to enact the role of a journalist, however the actress too dismissed the reports, following which Nikita Thukral was approached for the role. Lakshmi Rai then confirmed that she was offered the role. Bhavana Rao, known under her stage name Shikha in Tamil cinema, revealed that she was playing a character called Chandhini, who was considered as "Veerappan's right-hand". Nagappa Maradagi, who also was abducted by Veerappan, and Shivakumar Mugilan, who was part of Veerappan's gang, were involved in the making of the film.
Vijay Milton and Anthony were confirmed as the cinematographer and editor, respectively, while Sandeep Chowta was signed on to compose the film's score, although initial reports suggested that Yuvan Shankar Raja would be the music director.
Release.
The satellite rights of the film were secured by Sun TV. The film was given a "U" certificate by the Indian Censor Board. later it was dubbed in malayalam as "Veerappan" and the malayalam dub of this movie givened the satellite rights to Flowers TV channel.
Reception.
Srikanth Srinivasa of "Rediff" gave the film a rating of three out of five stars and praised the performance of Kishore as Veerappan in the film. Also, the role of the cinematographer was praised. Srinivasa concluded saying, "A M R Ramesh has made another visually captivating film, notwithstanding the flaws. The movie makes for quite an engaging watch with timelines and specific instances. Veerappan’s final encounter is interesting, making it an edge-of-the-seat thriller." IBN too praised the performance of all the departments in the film and call the film, a technically brilliant biopic of Veerappan.
Controversy.
Mysore based writer T. Gururaj, who wrote a book on Veerappan titled "Rudhra Narthana", filed a complaint against Ramesh for using his content in the film without his permission.
Veerapan's wife Muthulakshmi filed a case against the film's production company calling for its ban, as she felt her husband was portrayed in a bad light. The Supreme court of India asked the producers to pay Rs. 2.5 million to the widow. The film was then released during the course of the day.


Sanchi (tanker)

Sanchi was the final name of a 2008-built Panamanian-flagged Suezmax crude oil tanker that was operated by the National Iranian Tanker Company (NITC) under a variety of ship registries and names. On January 6, 2018, it collided with a cargo ship, "CF Crystal" in the East China Sea and caught fire. After drifting for eight days and several explosions "Sanchi" sank, causing extensive pollution.
Description.
"Sanchi" was a double-hulled crude oil tanker with an overall length of , beam of , and full-load draught of . With a deadweight tonnage of 164,154 tons, the vessel was a typical Suezmax tanker, a vessel able to transit the Suez Canal in a laden condition. "Sanchi" was powered by an MAN-B&W 6S70MC-C slow-speed diesel engine driving a fixed-pitch propeller and giving the tanker a service speed of .
History.
The ship was built in 2008 by Hyundai Samho Heavy Industries at Yeongam, South Korea, for the National Iranian Tanker Company. It was named "Saman" but was renamed "Sepid" one month after delivery. In June 2012, it was renamed "Gardenia" and reflagged from Malta to Tuvalu. In November 2012, the name was changed to "Seahorse" and in August 2013, to "Sanchi". The vessel was reflagged to Tanzania in April 2014 and to Panama in July 2016.
2018 collision.
On January 6, 2018, "Sanchi" collided with the cargo ship "CF Crystal" and caught fire. This occurred off of Shanghai, China in the East China Sea. "Sanchi" was travelling from Asaluyeh, Iran, to Daesan, South Korea. It was carrying natural-gas condensate (136,000 tonnes (960,000 barrels)) for South Korean petrochemical company Hanwha Total.
The fire burned for several days and part of the tanker exploded on January 10. After further explosions, "Sanchi" sank on January 14, 2018. The entire crew of 32 died, with one body recovered from the sea and two from an onboard lifeboat.
Extensive oil slicks were reported and the wreck, containing both cargo and fuel oil, lies in of water.


Ek Doctor Ki Maut

Ek Doctor Ki Maut () is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Tapan Sinha, which depicts the ostracism, bureaucratic negligence, reprimand and insult of a doctor and his research, instead of recognition. The film is based on the story "Abhimanyu" by Ramapada Chowdhury. This movie is loosely based on the life of Dr. Subhash Mukhopadhyay, an Indian physician who pioneered the In vitro fertilisation treatment just around the same time when another leading scientist Dr. Robert Edwards was conducting separate experiments in England.
Plot.
After years of painstaking research at the cost of his personal life, Dr. Dipankar Roy (Pankaj Kapur) discovers a vaccine for Leprosy. The news is flashed over television and overnight, an insignificant junior doctor receives international recognition. Professional jealousy and abuse of power threaten Dr. Roy, even as the Secretary of Health reprimands him for breaking the news to the press. He is asked to report to the Director of Health. Professional colleagues Dr. Arijit Sen and Dr. Ramananda invite him to a lecture but, it is merely a pretence to humiliate him. Dr. Roy suffers a mild heart attack, but he refuses to go to the hospital. His wife (Shabana Azmi) and a few others like Dr. Kundu (Anil Chatterjee) and Amulya (Irfan Khan) stand by Dr. Roy, but the harassment continues; a letter from a British foundation, John Anderson Foundation, is suppressed and Dr. Roy is transferred to a remote village. The last straw is two American doctors receiving credit for discovering the same vaccine. Dr. Roy is shattered. However, at the end, Dr. Roy gets an invitation from John Anderson Foundation inviting him to be a part of an eminent group of scientists working on other diseases. Dipankar Roy realizes that his research was fruitful. He also decides to accept the invitation as he just wants to work for the betterment of mankind.
Reception.
The film was greatly applauded among film critics and writers. Tapan Sinha, the director, was inspired by the life and death of Subhash Mukhopadhyay and dedicates this film to him.


Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck

Prince "Dasho" Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck (born 16 July 1984) is a Bhutanese prince. Born as the second son of the-King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuck, he was the heir presumptive to the throne of Bhutan until 5 February 2016, when his nephew Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck, his older half-brother and current King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck's son, was born.
Prince Jigyel Ugyen is the second son of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck from Queen Mother "Ashi" Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck. He has an older sister, Princess "Ashi" Sonam Dechen Wangchuck, as well as four half-brothers and four half-sisters.
Education.
He was educated at Yangchenphug Higher Secondary School, then Choate Rosemary Hall in Wallingford, Connecticut, USA, graduating in 2003. He read Modern History and Political Science at St Peter's College, Oxford, in the United Kingdom starting in 2003 and graduating in 2007.
Royal duties.
Sharing responsibilities with his siblings, Prince Jigyel Ugyen travels extensively to represent the King in various functions in Bhutan as well as abroad. In 2008 he travelled to the Smithsonian Folklife Festival where he delivered an opening address before roaming the festival area, and interacting with visitors. At the end of the festival, he travelled with several performers to attend the Bhutan Festival 2008 at the University of Texas at El Paso.
As the King's representative and President to the Bhutan Olympic Committee (BOC), he visited Copenhagen in order to attend the XIII Olympic Congress in 2009.
He was appointed to the Chairmanship during the 34th General Assembly of the Olympic Council of Asia, held in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan and will chair the committee for four years from 2015 to 2019. On 9 October 2018, His Royal Highness was elected as an International Olympic Committee member, whose candidature was linked to a function within the NOC, that is the Bhutan Olympic Committee.
Personal interests.
He and his brothers share interests in various sporting activities, such as archery, basketball, golf, football and cycling.
He initiated the Tour of the Dragon in Bhutan, a mountain bike race covering 268 km, from central to western Bhutan in 2010.
Humanitarian causes.
The prince with his sister, Princess "Ashi" Sonam Dechen, are collaborating in the Tarayana Foundation (TF) as board members. Founded by their mother, queen mother "Ashi" Dorji Wangmo, the foundation focuses on various efforts to reduce poverty in Bhutan. The prince is also the founder of Bhutan Philanthropy Ventures, a social enterprise established to support the Tarayana Foundation.


Iida Kofun group

The is group "kofun" burial mounds located in the Shimoida neighborhood of the city of Iida, Nagano in the Chūbu region of Japan. Thirteen tumuli have been collectively protected as a National Historic Site since 2016.
Outline.
In the Shimoina area of southern Nagano prefecture is a group of ancient burial mounds distributed on river terraces of the right bank of the Tenryū River. There were once more than 520 "kofun" in Iida, of which a total of 22 are collectively called the "Iida Kofun cluster". These tumuli consist of 18 keyhole-shaped () and four scallop-shaped tumuli. The presence of so many of this style of tumuli point to a very strong political and cultural connection to the ancient Yamato kingdom. The Iida tumulus group is presumed to have been built in the middle-late Kofun period in the latter half of the 5th century and the end of the 6th century. During this period, it is postulated that the Iida area was a major horse breeding base for the Yamato kingdom, and the introduction of horses led to the development of inland transportation networks and inter-regional trade, which is reflected in various aspects of each tumulus. Of the group, 11 keyhole-shaped and two scallop-shaped tumulus received National Historic Site designation in 2016.
The largest of these tumuli is the , also known as the Iinuma Tenjinzuka Kofun, which is a keyhole-shaped tumulus with a total length of 74.5 meters. The burial chamber is a lateral type stone corridor with an entrance to the west, with the total length of 13 meters. The entrance is blocked, but the back wall on the east side has been removed. The length of the chamber itself is 5.7 meters by 2.3 meters, with a height of 1.7 meters. It was opened in the Edo period, at which time bronze mirrors, beads, rings, horse harnesses, and pottery was excavated, but most of these artifacts have been lost. The temple of Uzai-ji, which partially encroaches on the tumulus, has preserved a golden ring and two bells from a horse harness. The tumulus was built in the middle of the 6th century. It was designated a Nagano Prefectural Historic Site in 1965.


Zayandeh River Culture

Zayandeh River Culture (تمدن زاینده رود, literally "Zāyandé-Rūd Civilization") is a hypothetical pre-historic culture that is theorized to have flourished around the Zayandeh River in Iran in the 6th millennium BC.
Archaeologists speculate that a possible early civilization existed along the banks of the Zayandeh River, developing at the same time as other ancient civilizations appeared alongside rivers in the region, such as the Sumerian civilization in Iraq and the Indus Valley civilization in ancient India.
The Zayandeh River Culture is considered as a very important Neolithic Iranian settlement, along with Ganj Dareh.
Link with Sialk and Marvdasht civilizations.
During the 2006 excavations, the Iranian archaeologists uncovered some artifacts that they linked to those from Sialk and Marvdasht.
Archaeological discoveries.
Previous archeological excavations in the Zayandeh River basin unearthed a 50,000-year-old cave containing Human and Animal remains.
"Following archaeological studies, we are going to excavate two historical hills, one of which is alongside Zayaneh River midway, and the other in the Gav khooni swamp." said Mohsen Javeri, head of archaeological studies of the Cultural Heritage of Isfahan.
According to Javeri, both of the selected hills of the site for belong to the pre-historic period, but their exact date is not yet known. During the 2004 excavations within the perimeters of Isfahan city, it was determined that the city dates back to earlier than the 6th millennium BC.


Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God, Volkovskoye

Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God - is an Orthodox church in Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk oblast.
The building was granted the status of regional significance on the 28th of December 2001 (the Sverdlovsk oblast Government Decree № 859). The object number of cultural heritage of regional significance is 661710983730005.
History.
The first wooden church was bought from Travyanskoye village and set in 1849. The building was renovated several times in the early 20th century. Later was decided to build a stone church. The document stated that the church was closed in 1936. During the Soviet period the church didn't function and stood abandoned.
A new stone church was located in the south-eastern part of the town in Volkovo village (nowadays it is a microdistrict). The building was constructed in 1914-1916 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. It was consecrated in 1916. One of the first priests was Eugene Landyshev. He was arrested in 1917: "Fr. (Father) Eugene is the publisher of a reference book for priests. He gives instructions how to deal with socialism, and also criticizes Bebel ".
Divine services were stopped in 1936. The building was used as a grain storehouse, later as the builders' offices of the Ural Aluminum Combine and Krasnogorskaya Cogeneration. By decision of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the church was again returned to believers in 1987. During this time the church came to desolation and was almost destroyed. Since 1988, the restoration is underway, the domes and gilded crosses are restored to their places, the interior painting is being restored. Regular services are held. On the 2nd of April 1988 the church was consecrated by Melchizedek, Archbishop of Sverdlovsk and Kurgan.
There is a Sunday church and parish school for children and a library.


Gayatri Rajapatni

Gayatri Rajapatni (circa 1276?—1350) was the queen consort of Majapahit's founder and first king Kertarajasa Jayawardhana, and also the mother of Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, the queen regnal of Majapahit. A devout Buddhist, she was the youngest daughter of Kertanegara, king of Singhasari.
She was an influential figure within Majapahit inner palace and later in her life acted as the matriarch of Majapahit's Rajasa Dynasty. Tradition mentioned her as a woman of extraordinary beauty with exceptional charm, wisdom and intelligence.
Early life.
Gayatri was raised as a princess in Tumapel palace, Kutaraja, the capital of Singhasari kingdom, East Java. Her name derived from Gayatri, the Hindu goddess personification of hymn and mantras. She was the youngest daughter of King Kertanegara. Her siblings are Tribhuwaneswari the oldest, Prajnaparamitha, and Narendra Duhita. Kertanegara did not have any son as his heir, instead he has four daughters, dubbed as the four Princesses of Singhasari. King Kertanegara was well known as a pious adherent of Tantric Buddhism, it is highly possible that Gayatri also exposed to Buddhism ideas and subsequently adhered the religion. Gayatri's eldest sibling, Tribhuwaneswari was betrothed to Prince Nararya Sangramawijaya (Raden Wijaya), still a relative of Kertanegara's extended family, and probably groomed to be his successor. According to tradition, Gayatri was mentioned as a keen and bright student in literature, social, political and religious matters.
In 1292 Gayatri witnessed the destruction of her home, the Singhasari kingdom, under the unsuspected attack of Jayakatwang, Duke of Gelang-gelang (Kediri). Yet she survived and escaped unharmed from the burning palace, immediately discarding her identity, hiding and blending herself among the captured servants and slaves. His eldest sister, Tribhuwana, managed to escape and reunited with her husband, Raden Wijaya, while her other sisters, Prajnaparamitha, and Narendra Duhita, were captured by enemy forces and held hostage in Kediri. For about a year she hid herself in Kediri palace posing as a servant.
George Coedes contends Raden Vijaya and Gayatri Rajapatni were married before the Jayakatwang revolt, during which she was killed.
Raden Wijaya in 1293 cunningly using the aid of invading Mongol forces manage to destroy Jayakatwang forces in Kediri, and finally liberated Gayatri and rescued her captured sisters. Prince Nararya Sangrama Wijaya ascended to the throne in regnal name as King Kertarajasa Jayawardhana in November 1293, and established Majapahit kingdom. He took Gayatri as his wife, also Gayatri's sisters; Prajnaparamitha, and Narendra Duhita, concluding all of Kertanegara's daughters as his consorts. This action was probably motivated to strengthen his claim to the throne as the sole successor of Kertanegara by removing possible contests of the princesses suitors. Another opinion suggested that his marriage to Prajnaparamita and Narendra Duhita was just a formality, an act of compassion to save the family's reputation, since it is probably during their captivity in Kediri, the two princesses suffered severe abuses and harassment that physically and psychologically scarred them beyond marriage.
Life as queen consort.
Gayatri was one of King Kertarajasa's five wives. Other than Gayatri's three sisters, the Kertanegara's daughters princesses of Singhasari, Kertarajasa also took Dara Petak, the princess of Malayu Dharmasraya kingdom as his wife and named her Indreswari. Among these queens, only she and Indreswari bore Kertarajasa's children, while Tribhuwaneswari, Kertarajasa's first wife and other wives seems to be barren. Indreswari bore Kertarajasa a son and thus an heir, Jayanegara, while Gayatri bore him two daughters, princess Gitarja and Rajadewi.
Tradition mentioned that Gayatri is Kertarajasa's favourite, thus earned her a new name "Rajapatni" or "Raja's (king's) consort or companion", praised the couple as a perfect match, as far as comparing the couple as the incarnation of celestial couple; Shiva and Parvati. She seems to take interest in Adityawarman, Jayanegara's cousin of Malayu Dharmasraya lineage. She carefully see through Adityawarman's education and career development, and became his sponsor and patron.
Life as queen dowager.
After the death of her husband, King Kertarajasa in 1309, her step son, Jayanegara, rose to become the next monarch. During the reign of Jayanegara, Gayatri seems to take the role as dowager queen, as an influential matriarch figure of Majapahit inner circle within the palace. During this years she oversaw the rise of capable Gajah Mada's career, and probably become his sponsor, patron and protector, recruiting Gajah Mada into her daughter, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi's side as a trusted officer.
Later life.
At a certain point of time during the last years of Jayanegara's reign, Gayatri renounced her worldly affairs and retired as a "Bhikkuni" (Buddhist nun). After the death of Jayanegara in 1328, she was then the sole surviving elder of Majapahit royal family since her sisters and Indreswari all already died. Responsible for the succession of Majapahit throne, Gayatri appointed her daughter Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi to rule the kingdom on her behalf in 1329.
In 1350, Gayatri Rajapatni died in her vihara (monastery), subsequently Queen regnant Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi abdicated her throne in favor to her son Hayam Wuruk that ascended the throne in the same year. Her death marked the ascend of Hayam Wuruk to the throne since Tribhuwana Tunggadewi was only become queen regnant on behalf of Gayatri.
The Nagarakretagama written in 1365 by Prapanca during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, Gayatri's grandson, describe the elaborate and solemn "Sraddha" ceremony dedicated for the departed spirit of revered Gayatri Rajapatni. She was enshrined in several temples and posthumously portrayed as Prajnaparamita, the Mahayana Buddhist female boddhisattva of transcendental wisdom. Some inscription mentions the lofty offering and ceremony performed by Adityawarman and Gajah Mada to honor the spirit of late Gayatri Rajapatni, suggested that both men owed their career to Gayatri Rajapatni's patronage.


Tengku Permaisuri of Selangor

The Tengku Permaisuri of Selangor is the title given to the royal consort of the Sultan of Selangor that are not of royal blood.
Status.
According to the Laws of the Constitution of Selangor 1959, the consort of the Sultan that are not of royal blood may be given the title Tengku Permaisuri of Selangor if she fulfilled certain criteria. She must be legally wedded wife of the Sultan in accordance with Muslim religion, a Malay and professed the Muslim religion.
She is entitled to an amount of allowance that are determined by the Selangor State Legislative Assembly, which will be charged under the Consolidated Fund.
Title and style.
The style used by the reigning consort is "Duli Yang Maha Mulia" or its English equivalent, Her Royal Highness.
For example, the full style and title of the reigning Tengku Permaisuri is "Duli Yang Maha Mulia Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin, Tengku Permaisuri Selangor" or in English; "Her Royal Highness Tengku Permaisuri Norashikin, the Tengku Permaisuri of Selangor".


Deo Raj

Deo Raj, was a zamindari (estate) situated in what is now Aurangabad district of Bihar. The Deo Raj family were notable for being the protectors of Deo Sun shrine (Deo Surya Mandir).
Origins.
In the 14th and 15th century, there was a migration of Sisodia Rajputs from Mewar to South Bihar. These migrant Rajputs along with local Hindu Rajas played an important role in freeing the numerous Hindu shrines and temples from the Muslim rule
 They eventually became the founders of the Deo Raj estate.
The Deo Rajas were among a number of Rajput migrant groups to arrive in Southern Bihar and they replaced the previous Umga chiefs who had fallen to Muslim invasion.
Relations with the British.
The zamindars of the Deo estate generally maintained cordial relations with the British. They refused to join other rebellious zamindars in the 1781 rebellion and the 1857 rebellion. They also refused to join the nearby tribal uprisings including the Santhal rebellion. It is notable that the Rajas of Deo did not provide help to Kunwar Singh despite Raja Fateh Narayan Singh, the then ruler of Deo, marrying his daughter of to Kunwar Singh.


Narapati of Prome

Narapati of Prome (, ; died February 1539) was king of Prome from 1532 to 1539. He seized the throne after his father Bayin Htwe was taken captive by the Confederation of Shan States in 1532 back to Upper Burma. Bayin Htwe escaped after the Confederation's leader Sawlon was assassinated by his ministers, and returned to Prome (Pyay), c. May 1533. But Narapati shut the gates against his father, who soon died in the adjoining forests.
Narapati remained a nominal vassal to Confederation controlled Ava. Although his authority did not extend beyond the immediate region around Prome, he became ensnarled in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). Narapati was an ally of King Takayutpi of Hanthawaddy, and was married to Takayutpi's sister. Narapati provided shelter to the fleeing Hanthawaddy troops in 1538–39. When Toungoo troops attacked a heavily fortified Prome, Narapati asked for help from the Confederation in Ava. The Confederation troops broke the siege, but refused to follow up on the retreating Toungoo armies.
Narapati formed an alliance with Mrauk U Kingdom of Arakan by sending his sister and his queen (Takayutpi's sister) to King Min Bin of Mrauk U. (Takayutpi had died soon after the battle.) Narapati too died soon after. He was succeeded by his half-brother Minkhaung.
Ancestry.
The following is his ancestry as reported in the "Hmannan Yazawin" chronicle, which in turn referenced contemporary inscriptions. His parents were double cousins.


Beijing Social and Economic Research Institute

Beijing Social and Economic Research Institute was the first independent political think tank in China, which was created in 1986 by members of the Beijing Spring group, in an aftermath of the Democracy Wall events of 1978–79. It closed after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.


Hasandong Formation

The Hasandong Formation is an Early Cretaceous (Aptian to Albian) geologic formation in South Korea. It has been dated to the late Aptian and earliest Albian, between 118.0 ± 2.6 Ma and 112.4  ± 1.3 Ma. Dinosaur remains diagnostic to the genus level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. Tracks of the pterosaur ichnogenus "Pteraichnus" have also been recovered from the unit.