Jalsaghar

Jalsaghar ( "Jalsāghar", "The Music Room") is a 1958 Indian Bengali drama film written and directed by Satyajit Ray, based on a popular short story by Bengali writer Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay, and starring Chhabi Biswas. The fourth of Ray's feature films, it was filmed at Nimtita Raajbari, in Nimtita village, 10 kilometres from Murshidabad. Despite initial poor critical reception in India, Jalsaghar went on to win the Presidential Award for best film in New Delhi, and played a significant role in establishing Ray's international reputation as a director. It has since gained near-universal critical acclaim, and has come to be regarded by the cinema community as one of the greatest films of all time.
Plot.
"Jalsaghar" depicts the end days of a decadent zamindar (landlord) in Bengal and his efforts to uphold his family prestige while facing economic adversity. The landlord, Biswambhar Roy (Chhabi Biswas), is a just but otherworldly man who loves to spend time listening to music and putting up spectacles rather than managing his properties ravaged by floods and the government's abolition of the zamindari system after Independence. He is challenged by a commoner who has attained riches through business dealings, in putting up spectacles and organising music fests. This is the tale of a zamindar who has nothing left but respect and sacrifices his family and wealth trying to retain it.
Production.
"Jalsaghar" was based on a popular short story written by Bengali writer Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay. After the box office failure of "Aparajito", Ray desperately needed a hit film and decided to make a film based on both a popular piece of literature and a film that would incorporate Indian music. It was the first film to extensively incorporate classical Indian music and dancing. Ray began shooting in May 1957.
While in pre-production, Ray and his crew had difficulty finding a suitable location for Biswambhar Roy's palace. By chance they met a man who recommended the palace of Roy Chowdhurys in Nimtita, known as the "Nimtita Rajbari" and Ray decided to scout the location. To his surprise the palace was not only perfect for the film but just so happened to have once belonged to Upendra Narayan, whom Bandopadhyay had based his main character on when first writing the short story. Ray worked closely with composer Ustad Vilayat Khan on the film, although he was initially uncertain about the composer's musical choices and had to convince Khan to make more sombre music pieces for the film.
According to Ray, "The Nimtita palace was perfect, except that the music room–it did have one, for Ganendra Narayan's uncle Upendra Narayan Choudhury had been a patron of music much like the nobleman in our story–was not impressive enough to serve as the setting for the sumptuous soirées that I had planned." Therefore, the film's famed "jalsaghar" scenes were made inside the Aurora Film Corporation studio In Maniktala, Kolkata. The studio has now been demolished.
Reception.
Although the film received mostly poor reviews in India, it received the Presidential Award in New Delhi for best film. When the film was gradually released in Europe and the US in the early 1960s it became a critical and financial hit and helped establish Ray's international reputation, although Ray said that in 1958 he did not think that the film would be successful in foreign markets. "New Statesman" film critic John Coleman compared Ray to Jean Renoir and Marie Seton said that the film "challenged the whole convention of songs and dances in India cinema. Audiences...conditioned to the introduction of songs and dances as entertainment interludes and [as] dramatic and romantic stresses, had never before been confronted with...classical singing and dancing as integral focal points of realistic sequences." John Russell Taylor said that the film was "one of Ray's most masterly films, exquisitely photographed and directed with a complete, unquestioning mastery of mood ... For those willing to place themselves under its hypnotic spell it offers pleasures of unique delicacy." Roger Ebert hailed it as "[Ray's] most evocative film, and he fills it with observant details." In 1963 Bosley Crowther praised the "delicacy of direction ... [and] eloquence of Indian music and the aurora of "mise en scène"." However, that same year Stanley Kauffmann criticised the film, calling it "a deeply felt, extremely tedious film...the Indian music is simply uncongenial and tiresome to our ears." In 1965 Derek Malcolm called it Ray's "most perfect film." When the film was released in Paris in 1981 it was a surprise hit and led many French critics to adopt a new appreciation for Ray that had not been common in France up to that time. "San Francisco Chronicle" critic Edward Guthmann described it as "A wonderful tale of pride and the fools it makes of men." Werner Herzog said about "Jalshaghar" "The most amazing Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray and there’s one film, really beautiful, it’s called The Music Room... And it’s of phenomenal beauty and Ray really knew how to use music and create a drama around music."
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 100% based on 20 reviews with an average rating of 9.09/10.
Box office.
In 1981, the film was a box office success in France, where it sold 173,758 tickets, the highest for an Indian film up until "Salaam Bombay!" (1988).
Preservation.
The Academy Film Archive preserved "Jalsaghar" in 1996.
Home video.
In 1993, Merchant Ivory Productions restored the film and Sony Pictures Classics released it theatrically in New York with five other Ray films. It was released on VHS in 1995.
In July 2011, an HD digitally restored version of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection.


Kawagoe Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Musashi Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Kawagoe Castle, located in what is the city of Kawagoe in Saitama Prefecture.
History.
The domain had its beginning in 1590, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeated the later Hōjō clan in the Siege of Odawara. Hideyoshi awarded vast Hōjō holdings to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who enfeoffed Sakai Shigetada as "daimyō" of Kawagoe with a assessed "kokudaka" of 10,000 "koku". Shigetada was transferred in 1601, and the next daimyō was appointed in 1609.
Afterwards, the domain was reassigned every couple of generations to a large number of fudai daimyō clans, spending the longest time under the control of a branch of the Echizen Matsudaira clan (1767–1867) with a rating of 170,000 "koku".
The final "daimyō" of Kawagoe, Matsudaira Yasutoshi, served as domain governor until 1871, and was awarded the title of "shishaku" (marquis) under the "kazoku" peerage system. Kawagoe Domain subsequently became part of Saitama Prefecture.
Bakumatsu period holdings.
As with most domains in the han system, Kawagoe Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
See also.
List of Han


Ashalata Sen

Ashalata Sen (5 February 1894 - 13 February 1986) was an activist, poet, social worker, and a leading figure in the Indian independence movement.
Life.
Ashalata Sen was in 1894 to Bagalamohan Dasgupta and Manodasundari Dasgupta in Noakhali to a lawyer family. Her father was a lawyer at the Noakhali Judge's Court. She was drawn to literary works since childhood. At the age of 10, she wrote poems with nationalist fervor against the Bengal partition and was published in the "Antahpur" magazine. With encouragement from her grandmother, Nabashashi Devi, she entered at the political arena in 1905, at the age of 11, by joining the Swadeshi movement. "Uchchhvas, Utsa, Vidyut" and "Chhotoder Chhada" were some of the books penned by Sen.
In 1921, she joined the Non-cooperation movement by Mahatma Gandhi; and established a "Shiksha Ashram" in her home for women empowerment. In 1922, she joined the Gaya Congress as a delegate from the Dhaka district. She established the "Gandaria Mahila Samiti" in 1924, in collaboration with Sarma Gupta and Sarjubala Gupta, to further Gandhian philosophy and instill a feeling of nationalism in the women participants. In 1925, she became a member of the All India Katuni Sangh (AIKS) and started promoting the use of Khadi in nearby villages.
She died on 13 February 1986 at her son’s residence in New Delhi.


Arima Masazumi


2002 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 2002 in Singapore.


Bhimthadi horse

The Bhimthadi or Deccani horse is an almost extinct breed of Indian horses. It was developed in Pune district in 17th and 18th centuries during the Maratha rule by crossing Arabian and Turkic breeds with local ponies.
History.
The "Bhimthadi", also known as Deccani or "Deccan breed" gets its name from the vast Deccan Plateau in India. A major trade in arabian horses in the ports of Deccan began after the Bahamani Sultanate revolted against the Delhi Sultanate. Later in the period also the heavy war horses sought by the Mughals and the Sultans of the Deccan were always imported, especially from Iran.
The Bhimthadi breed was developed in Pune district in 17th and 18th centuries during the Maratha rule by crossing Arabian and Turkic breeds with local ponies. These horses proved excellent for Shivaji's forces in fighting the Mughal army in the hilly terrains of Western Maharashtra.
During their conquests in the 18th century, the Marathas were proud to claim that the Deccan horses had quenched their thirst with waters of the Indus
The warrior and Maharajah Maratha Yashwantrao Holkar (1776-1811) is reputed to have always battle mounted a mare named Mahua, of Bhimthadi breed.
It seems that the Marathas raised a specific breed from the end of 18th century. According to local oral tradition from early 19th century, the breed was crossed with 500 Arabian horses and mares, obtained by the Nizam and nobles of Hyderabad directly Arabia. The breed is described as "Bhimthadi" in British sources. The breed also had some genetic contribution Persian and Turkish varieties. The best Bhimthadi horses were reputed to come from the valleys of the Bhima and Nira rivers in the present day Pune district.
However, the breed was allowed to degenerate during British rule in India.
The government of Gujarat took an initiative in 2010 to perform research on saving Bhimthadi and other near extinct breeds.
In his description of the economy of India at the end of the 19th century, Sir George Watt was very impressed with this breed, he considers it one of the best in India. He reports that the best ponies are named "Dhangar" or "Khilari". The people see them as a separate breed, but Watt believes that this distinction comes from a difference in breeding practices, the breeders from the Dhangar community used to castrate their animals. The latter raise groups of 20 to 30 ponies.
After their conquest of Maratha territories, the British encouraged inhabitants of the Bombay area to continue horse breeding in order to restore the old characteristics that are useful to them in the breed, by investing from around 1827 about £100,000 in a stud farm in Alegaon Paga. The experiment was abandoned fifteen years later in 1842. Famines and various British conquests that hit the region in the 19th century wiped out the livestock of Marathas. In 1850, the so-called Deccan race of the south completely disappeared. In 1898, the British could no longer find these ponies for their regiments and therefore replaced them with mules, because the race was decimated during the second campaign of Afghanistan. In 1907, the race horse breeder, Sir Humphrey Francis De Trafford reported that the Deccani breed lives "bad days".
Livestock distribution.
The breed originates from the valley of the Bhima River in the Pune District, hence its name, Bhimthadi. Deccani has become extremely rare: in 1988, according to the count sent to FAO, they numbered less than 100. It was later added to the list of indigenous breeds of horses by FAO, around 1999, with Chummarti and Sikang, two other endangered breeds. CAB International (2002) 26 and other sources (2004) consider race to be "virtually extinct". Its threat level is still considered "critically endangered" by FAO in 2007, as well as the Uppsala University study conducted for FAO in 2010, which lists it as an Asian breed local population in critical danger of extinction. In 2014, the encyclopaedia Delachaux and Niestlé underlines the lack of information about this breed, presumed "very rare". In 2016, CAB International also cites it as "near extinct".


Rakshasa (amatya)

Rakshasa is a character in the ancient Indian Sanskrit-language play "Mudrarakshasa". In the play, he holds the post of "Amatya" (prime minister) in the Nanda and Maurya courts of Magadha and also served as Royal Friend of Dhana Nanda . Originally a minister of the Nanda king, he escapes during Chandragupta Maurya's conquest of the Nanda empire. He then makes several attempts to overthrow Chandragupta, but each time, he is outsmarted by Chandragupta's advisor Chanakya. Finally, he agrees to give up the resistance, and accepts the post of "amatya" in the Maurya court.
"Mudrarakshasa" biography.
Rakshasa appears in Vishakhadatta's play Mudrarakshasa.
In the "Mudrarakshasa", Chanakya feels insulted by the Nanda king, and overthrows him with help of his protege Chandragupta and another powerful king Parvateshvara (or Parvata). Nanda's prime minister Rakshasa escapes the royal capital Pataliputra, and makes seeveral attempts to overthrow Chandragupta. For example, he sends a vishakanya (poison girl) to assassinate Chandragupta. Chanakya makes this girl assassinate Parvata instead, with the blame going to Rakshasa. Parvata's son Malayaketu learns the truth about his father's death, and allies with Rakshasa. On another occasion, Rakshasa arranges for assassins to be transported to Chandragupta's bedroom via a tunnel. Chanakya notices a trail of ants carrying the leftovers of their food, and has them burned to death.
Absconding from Magadha.
For the task of getting Chandragupta Maurya killed, Amatya Rakshasa made an alliance with some of Chandragupta's enemies.
Rakshasa failed several times in his plan to get Chandragupta killed. He tried having some kings attack Pataliputra, the Maurya capital, but the plan failed due to Chanakya's intelligent tactics.
Meanwhile, Chanakya knew that it was dangerous for a clever leader like Amatya Rakshasa to hold a grudge against the king. Soon, Chanakya made plans to capture Amatya Rakshasa by luring him to return to Magadha. Chanakya spread rumors among certain people in Magadha, thanks to which he arrested one of Amatya Rakshas's associates. Chanakya knew that Amatya Rakshasa would come searching for his associate, or try to free him.
Becoming the Amatya of the Maurya Empire.
Rakshasa was tracked and captured finally by Chanakya, as per his plan. Chanakya told Rakshasa about his plan to make him the prime minister of Chandragupta's empire as Rakshasa had diligence and patriotism towards Magadha. Chanakya knew very well about Rakshas' efficient administrative skills and diplomatic tactics. Chanakya asked Rakshasa to become the Principal Amatya (Maha Amatya) of the Mauryan empire and to serve the kingdom with the same diligence and faithfulness he showed during the Nanda rule. Rakshasa was initially reluctant to do so. Chanakya convinced Rakshasa to become the Maha Amatya as he would be an extraordinary royal advisor. Finally, Amatya Rakshasa agreed to Chanakya for the benefit of Magadha. Amatya Rakshasa then realized Chanakya's dignity and overcame his enmity with him.


Timeline of Fukuoka

The following is a timeline of the history of Fukuoka City, Japan.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the Japanese Wikipedia."


Shugo

, commonly translated as “(military) governor,” “protector,” or “constable,” was a title given to certain officials in feudal Japan. They were each appointed by the "shōgun" to oversee one or more of the provinces of Japan. The position gave way to the emergence of the "daimyōs" (大名, feudal lords) in the late 15th century, as "shugo" began to claim power over lands themselves, rather than serving simply as governors on behalf of the shogunate.
The post is said to have been created in 1185 by Minamoto no Yoritomo to aid the capture of Yoshitsune, with the additional motivation of extending the rule of the shogunate government throughout Japan. The "shugo" (military governors) progressively supplanted the existing "kokushi" (civil governors), who were appointed by the Imperial Court in Kyoto. Officially, the "gokenin" in each province were supposed to serve the "shugo", but in practice, the relationship between them was fragile, as the gokenin were vassals of the "shōgun" as well.
"Shugo" often stayed for long periods in the capital, far from their province, and were sometimes appointed "shugo" for several provinces at the same time. In such cases, a deputy "shugo", or "shugodai" (守護代), was appointed.
Over time, the powers of some "shugo" grew considerably. Around the time of the Ōnin War (1467–1477), conflicts between "shugo" became common. Some "shugo" lost their powers to subordinates such as the "shugodai", while others strengthened their grip on their territories. As a result, at the end of the 15th century, the beginning of the Sengoku period, the power in the country was divided amongst lords of various kinds ("shugo", "shugodai", and others), who came to be called "daimyōs".
Famous "shugo" and "daimyō" clans of the Muromachi period.
Below is a list of some of the major clans that produced "shugos" and "daimyōs" during the Muromachi period, as well as the regions over which they ruled.


Kume no Wakame

 was a Japanese muraji and mother of Fujiwara no Momokawa, whose daughter became the Empress (posthumously) of Emperor Heizei, the 51st emperor of Japan. She married Fujiwara no Umakai, who died in 737, five years after Momokawa was born.
In the third month of Tenpyō 11 (739), she had an affair with Isonokami no Otomaro and was sent to Shimōsa Province. This caused a scandal which caused Isonokami to lose his standing and influence. In the sixth month of Tenpyō 12 (740), she was summoned to Kyoto, offered amnesty, and appointed to the rank of within the imperial court. She eventually moved up to the rank of before she died in the sixth month of Hōki 11 (780).
Between 733 and 741, she exchanged poetry with Atsumi no Ōkimi under the name . These can be found in volume eight of the "Man'yōshū".


Qingjie

Qingjie () or Qing () was a legendary leader of the Ji () clan, which eventually established the Zhou dynasty in ancient China. He is sometimes credited as a duke of Zhou or with founding the city of Bin.
Traditional accounts list his father as Duke Liu and his son as Huangpu(皇仆).He succeeded the throne after Duke Liu


Komagata ruins

The is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a Jōmon period settlement located in the Yonezawa neighborhood of the city of Chino, Nagano in the Chūbu region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1998.
Overview.
The Komagata site is located at an elevation of 910 meters on a well-watered plain south of Mount Kirigamine near the southwestern foot of Mount Yatsugatake. It is flanked by the Aizawa River to the west and the Oshimizu River to the east, and is about ten kilometers south of high-quality obsidian seams at the Hoshikuso Pass obsidian mine site.
This large-scale village appears to have been inhabited continuously from the Japanese Paleolithic period through the Heian period. The ruins covered by the National Historic Site designation include 106 pit dwellings from the middle of the early Jōmon period through the middle of the late Jōmon period (9000 to 4000 years ago), and many prehistoric storage pits. This settlement was a center for the production and trade of ornaments, arrowheads, and tools made from this volcanic glass. The site has been [[archaeological excavation| excavated}} 15 times from 1961 to 2015.
The site is marked by a stone monument, but there are no facilities at present for visitors. It is located approximately 15 minutes by car from [[Chino Station]] on the [[JR East]] [[Chūō Main Line]].
External links.
[[Category:Jōmon period]]
[[Category:History of Nagano Prefecture]]
[[Category:Chino, Nagano]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Japan]]
[[Category:Historic Sites of Japan]]


Gubazes II of Lazica

Gubazes II (, ) was king of Lazica (modern western Georgia) from circa 541 until his assassination in 555. He was one of the central personalities of the Lazic War (541–562). He originally ascended the throne as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire, but the heavy-handed actions of the Byzantine authorities led him to seek the assistance of Byzantium's main rival, Sassanid Persia. The Byzantines were evicted from Lazica with the aid of a Persian army in 541, but the Persian occupation of the country turned out to be worse, and by 548, Gubazes was requesting assistance from Byzantium. Gubazes remained a Byzantine ally during the next few years, as the two empires fought for control of Lazica, with the fortress of Petra as the focal point of the struggle. Gubazes eventually quarrelled with the Byzantine generals over the fruitless continuation of the war, and was assassinated by them.
Biography.
Early life.
Gubazes was of Byzantine descent through his mother, Valeriana. Tzathius' marriage to Valeriana seems to be the earliest recorded marriage between the Lazic and Byzantine elites. The custom of marrying Byzantine women, usually from the senatorial aristocracy, was common among the Lazic royalty: his uncle, the "king" Opsites (it is unknown when exactly he reigned), was married to a Byzantine noblewoman named Theodora. It is known that Gubazes had a younger brother, Tzath, who succeeded him on the throne, and an unnamed sister. Gubazes was married and had children, but neither the name of his wife nor of any of his offspring is known. The name of Gubazes's father is not known from the ancient annals. Professor Cyril Toumanoff, a specialist in Caucasian history and genealogy, has hypothesized that Gubazes was a son and direct successor of the king Tzath I, and that Opsites, his uncle, never actually ruled as a king.
The exact date of Gubazes's accession is unknown, but it must not have been much earlier than 541, when he is first attested as king of the Lazi. It is very likely that before his accession he had lived for several years at the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, for he is recorded to have been a "silentiarius", an influential position at the imperial palace; alternatively, but less probably, he may have been given the title as an honorary appointment after his accession.
Defection to Persia.
Lazica had been a Byzantine client state since 522, when its king, Tzath I, had rejected Persian hegemony. However, during the rule of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565), a series of heavy-handed Byzantine measures made them unpopular. In particular, the establishment of a trade monopoly by the "magister militum" (general) John Tzibus, which was regulated from the newly constructed fortress of Petra, drove Gubazes to seek once again the protection of the Persian shah, Khosrau I (r. 531–579).
In 540, Khosrau broke the "Eternal Peace" of 532 and invaded the Byzantine province of Mesopotamia. In spring 541, Khosrau and his troops, led by Lazi guides, marched over the mountain passes into Lazica, where Gubazes submitted to him. The Byzantines under John Tzibus resisted valiantly from Petra, but Tzibus was killed, and the fortress fell soon after. Khosrau left a Persian garrison at Petra and departed the country, but soon, the Lazi grew discontented: as Christians, they resented the Persians' Zoroastrianism, and they were greatly affected by the cessation of the Black Sea trade with Byzantium. The contemporary Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea reports that Khosrau, who was aware of Lazica's strategic importance, intended to resettle the entire Lazi people and replace them with Persians. As a first step, the Persian ruler planned to assassinate Gubazes. Forewarned of Khosrau's intentions, Gubazes switched his allegiance back to Byzantium.
Return to Byzantine allegiance.
In 548, Emperor Justinian dispatched 8,000 men under Dagisthaeus, who together with a Lazic force set siege to the Persian garrison at Petra. As the Persians were well provisioned, the siege dragged on. Dagisthaeus had neglected to keep watch over the mountain passes that led into Lazica, and a far larger Persian relief force under Mihr-Mihroe arrived and raised the siege. Yet, the Persians lacked sufficient supplies, and so, after strengthening the garrison at Petra and leaving a further 5,000 men under Phabrizus to secure its supply routes, Mihr-Mihroe left. In the spring of the next year, Gubazes and Dagisthaeus combined their forces, destroyed Phabrizus's army in a surprise attack, and pursued the survivors into Caucasian Iberia. In the same summer, they won another victory against a new Persian army led by Khorianes. The allies failed, however, to prevent another Persian army from reinforcing Petra, and Dagisthaeus was recalled and replaced by Bessas.
In 550, a pro-Persian revolt broke out among the Abasgians, a people that neighboured Lazica to the north. This provided an opportunity for a high-ranking Lazic noble named Terdetes, who had quarrelled with Gubazes, to betray to the Persians Tzibile, an important fort in the land of the Apsili, a tribe under Lazic suzerainty. The Apsili retook the fort, but refused to accept Lazic rule until persuaded to do so by the Byzantine general John Guzes. In 551, the Byzantines finally took and razed Petra, but a new army under Mihr-Mihroe was able to establish Persian control over the eastern part of Lazica. The Byzantine forces in Lazica withdrew west to the mouth of the Phasis, while the Lazi, including Gubazes and his family, sought refuge in the mountains. Despite enduring harsh conditions in the winter of 551/552, Gubazes rejected the peace offers conveyed by envoys from Mihr-Mihroe. In 552, the Persians received substantial reinforcements, but their attacks on the fortresses held by the Byzantines and the Lazi were repulsed.
Death.
Over the next two years, the Byzantines increased their forces in Lazica, but failed to achieve decisive success; Gubazes quarreled with their generals, and wrote to Emperor Justinian accusing them of incompetence following a defeat by the Persians. Bessas was recalled, but the other two, Martin and the "sacellarius" Rusticus, resolved to get rid of Gubazes. They sent a message to Constantinople accusing Gubazes of dealings with the Persians. Emperor Justinian, intending to question Gubazes himself, authorized the two generals to arrest him, using force if necessary. The two Byzantine generals then (September/October 555) invited Gubazes to observe the siege of a Persian-held fort, but when they met, John, Rusticus's brother, stabbed the king with his dagger. Gubazes fell from his horse, and one of Rusticus's servants gave him the finishing blow.
After Gubazes's murder, the Lazi stopped participating in operations against the Persians for a time, leading to the failure of a Byzantine attack against the fort of Onoguris. An assembly of the Lazic people informed Emperor Justinian of the events, requested that an investigation be launched, and asked that Gubazes's younger brother Tzath, at the time residing in Constantinople, be confirmed as their new ruler. The Byzantine emperor complied with their requests: a "leading senator" named Athanasius (perhaps the former praetorian prefect of the same name) was dispatched to investigate Gubazes's murder, and Tzath was sent to assume the Lazic throne. Athanasius's investigation cleared Gubazes of any suspicion of treachery; Rusticus and his brother John were found guilty and executed in autumn 556, but Martin was simply deposed from his post.


Britannia Prima

Britannia Prima or Britannia I (Latin for "First Britain") was one of the provinces of the Diocese of "the Britains" created during the Diocletian Reforms at the end of the 3rd century. It was probably created after the defeat of the usurper Allectus by Constantius Chlorus in AD 296 and was mentioned in the Verona List of the Roman provinces. Its position and capital remain uncertain, although it was probably located closer to Rome than Britannia II. At present, most scholars place Britannia I in Wales, Cornwall, and the lands connecting them. On the basis of a recovered inscription, its capital is now usually placed at Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) but some emendations of the list of bishops attending the 315 Council of Arles would place a provincial capital in Isca (Caerleon) or Deva (Chester), which were known legionary bases.
History.
Following the Roman conquest of Britain, it was administered as a single province from Camulodunum (Colchester) and then Londinium (London) until the Severan Reforms following the revolt of its governor Clodius Albinus. These divided the territory into Upper and Lower Britain ("Britannia Superior" and "Inferior"), whose respective capitals were at Londinium and Eboracum (York). During the first phases of the Diocletian Reforms, Britain was under the control of Allectus' Britannic Empire as part of the Carausian Revolt. At some point after the territory was retaken by Constantius Chlorus in AD 296, the Diocese of the Britains (with its vicar at Londinium) was established and made a part of the Prefecture of Gaul. The Britains were then divided among three, four, or five provinces, which seem to have borne the names Prima, Secunda, Maxima Caesariensis, and (possibly) Flavia Caesariensis and Valentia.
The placement and capitals of these late British provinces are uncertain, although the late-4th century List of Offices describes the governor of Prima as being equestrian rank (""), making the province unlikely to have been based in Londinium.
Describing the metropolitan sees of the early British church established by SS Fagan and "Duvian", Gerald of Wales placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western Britain, explaining its name by reference to the legendary Brutus's first settlements. Modern scholars disregard this gloss but generally agree in placing Britannia Prima in Wales, Cornwall ("Cornubia"), and the area connecting them. William Camden placed Prima to the south closest to Rome and this was generally accepted after the appearance of Charles Bertram's highly-influential 1740s forgery "The Description of Britain", which gave Prima borders south of the Thames and the Bristol Channel; his work was, however, debunked over the course of the mid-19th century.
Owing to an inscription discovered at Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) which refers to a rector of Britannia Prima named Lucius Septimius, Corinium is generally accounted as the provincial capital. The list of bishops who attended the 314 Council of Arles is patently corrupt but generally assumed to have mimicked the Roman administration: Camden proposed that Prima was based at London and Secunda at Caerleon and these were the two bishops apart from York. Bishop Stillingfleet and Thackery further proposed that scribal error had produced the bishop "de colonia Londinensium" ("from London colony") from original notes understood as "Civ. Col. Londin." when "Civ. Col. Leg. II" (Caerleon) was intended. (Others place the bishop variously in Lincoln, Chester, and Colchester.)
Legions.
The Second Augustan and Twentieth Valerian legions may have still been based at Isca Augusta (Caerleon) and Deva Victrix (Chester), although this is unclear.
Valentia.
Ammianus records that in the year 369 Count Theodosius established or refounded the province of Valentia (further attested in the List of Offices) from lands recaptured from "the enemy". Its location is a matter of scholarly debate, but some place it in northwestern Wales with its capital at Deva (Chester). If so, it was probably intended to counter the extensive Irish piracy and raiding occurring in late antiquity.


Tomono clan

The were a Japanese kin group in Shinano province during the Sengoku Period.
History.
The Tomono claim descent from the Ogasawara clan, particularly Ogasawara Nagakiyo.
The clan were weakened after involvement in the Adachi Yasumori affair in 1285. In the Sengoku period they became vassals of Takeda Shingen, but later became retainers of the Tokugawa after the Takeda fell in 1582.


List of years in Hong Kong

This is a list of years in Hong Kong.


Arima Kiyonori


Ashikaga Mochiuji

Ashikaga Mochiuji (, 1398–1439) was the Kamakura-fu's fourth Kantō kubō during the Sengoku period (15th century) in Japan. During his long and troubled rule the relationship between the west and the east of the country reached an all-time low. Kamakura was finally attacked by "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshinori and retaken by force. Mochiuji and his eldest son Yoshihisa killed themselves to escape capture.
Biography.
Mochiuji became "Kubō" while still a child after his father died suddenly of a disease. His violent and abrasive character from the beginning caused widespread resentment among his vassals. After disagreements with Mochiuji, his "kanrei" Uesugi Zenshū organized a rebellion against him (the so-called "Zenshū no Ran") with the aid of nearly half the "daimyōs" in the northern and eastern provinces. Thanks to this support, Zenshū could take Kamakura and Mochiuji had to flee. However, despite his pursuing goals similar to those of the shogunate, Zenshū was after all rebelling against his lord, so the shogunate had no choice but to send troops to stop him. In 1417, Zenshū and his allies found themselves surrounded at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū and Zenshū killed himself.
After this took place, Mochiuji attacked Zenshū's allies, which included families as the Oda and the Takeda, along with a few noble families from Musashi Province. The Ashikaga themselves thought Mochiuji's actions to be too much, and "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshinori in 1432 ordered his army to destroy Mochiuji. This led to Mochiuji and Yoshinori to battle it out during the Eikyō Rebellion in 1438. In the end, Yoshinori successfully put an end to Mochiuji's rebellion in 1439. Kamakura's "Kubō" committed seppuku at the temple of Yōan-ji, west of the city. The events in Kamakura however caused widespread resentment among Yoshinori's generals and one of them, Akamatsu Mitsusuke, murdered him in revenge.
Yōan-ji.
The road that in Kamakura turns right before Zuisen-ji's ticket counter leads to a stele marking the spot where used to stand. It was here that Mochiuji made his last stand against the shogunate, finally disemboweling himself to avoid the shame of being taken prisoner He is buried together with three other "kubō" in a small cemetery within Zuisen-ji (closed to the public). The stele reads:
When "Kantō Kubō" Ashikaga Ujimitsu died on January 11, 1398, he was given the posthumous name . His son Mitsukane built this temple and gave it his father's posthumous name. The temple's "oshō" Dombo Ushūō was a follower of Musō Soseki. On March 24, 1439, "Kubō" Mochiuji, a descendant of Ujimitsu, fought here against "shōgun" Yoshinori, was defeated and disemboweled himself. The temple was burned and never rebuilt. This is where it stood.
Erected by the Kamakuramachi Seinendan in March 1926
There is however also a 3.2 m stone traditionally supposed to be his grave also at Betsugan-ji, a former Ashikaga family temple in Ōmachi. On the stupa is carved the date 1439, the year of Mochiuji's death, however the tomb seems stylistically to belong rather to the precedent Kamakura period, and the attribution seems therefore dubious.
Mochiuji's eldest son Yoshihisa, 14 years old at the time, was also forced to kill himself at nearby Hōkoku-ji. His three younger sons however escaped to Nikkō and in 1440 were led by Yūki Ujitomo, head of the Yūki clan, to his castle in Koga, Shimōsa Province, and survived. When later his castle was attacked by the shogunate, they escaped. Two, Haruō-maru and Yasuō-maru, were caught and executed. The lone survivor, Mochiuji's fourth child Shigeuji, would later become the last "Kantō kubō".


Fujiwara no Tanetsugu

 was a Japanese noble of the late Nara period. He was the grandson of the "sangi" Fujiwara no Umakai, the founder of the Fujiwara Shikike. He reached the court rank of and the position of "chūnagon". He was posthumously awarded the rank of and the position of "daijō-daijin".
Life.
The "Shoku Nihongi" first mentions Tanetsugu in 766, when he was promoted from to . Two years later, in 768, he was appointed as governor of Mimasaka Province.
Thanks to the Shikike's staunch support of Emperor Kōnin's ascension, the family was successful in his court. Tanetsugu held various positions as a provincial governor, as well as civil and military roles, and was steadily promoted through the ranks, reaching in 781. After the deaths of his uncles Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu and Fujiwara no Momokawa, Tanetsugu came to represent the Shikike as the oldest grandson of Umakai.
Along with the ascension of Emperor Kanmu in 781, Tanetsugu was promoted to . With the Emperor's deep trust, Tanetsugu was promoted quickly, joining the "kugyō" with a promotion to "sangi" in 782. In 783, he was promoted to , and in 784 was made "chūnagon".
Nagaoka-kyō.
In 784, Kanmu wanted to move the capital away from Heijō-kyō. Tanetsugu recommended the location of Nagaoka-kyō as the spot for the new capital. By the Emperor's command, Tanetsugu inspected the site along with , , , , and Sakanoue no Karitamaro. Later that year, Tanetsugu was put in charge of the construction of the new capital. His appointment may have had the backing of his mother's family, the Hata clan, whose base of operations in Yamashiro Province was near the new capital site. Several members of the Hata clan were later promoted into the aristocracy based on their meritorious service in the construction.
Assassination.
In 785, soon after the move of the capital, Tanetsugu was shot with an arrow while supervising the construction, and died the next day. Emperor Kanmu was absent at the time, visiting Yamato Province. was first arrested for the assassination, and after an investigation ten more people were executed, including and . Ōtomo no Yakamochi, who had died a month before the incident, was identified as the ringleader and removed from the register of past officials. Several more people were implicated and exiled.
Later, Prince Sawara was disinherited from his position as crown prince and exiled to Awaji Province, but died en route. There may have been discord between Sawara and Tanetsugu, but whether Sawara was actually involved in the assassination is not clear. A number of the officials involved in the assassination, including Takanari, were employed in the Crown Prince's Quarters. This incident, along with the fear of Sawara's vengeful ghost, contributed to the decision to move the capital again to Heian-kyō a short time later.
Tanetsugu's final rank was , and he held the positions of "chūnagon" and director of the "Shikibu-shō". He was 49 when he died. Emperor Kanmu posthumously promoted him to and "sadaijin", and in 809 he was granted the additional posthumous position of "Daijō-daijin".


Takatsukasa Fuyumichi

, son of Morohira, was "kugyo" or highest-ranking Japanese court noble of the Muromachi period (1336–1573). He held a regent position Kampaku from 1367 to 1369. Fuyuie was his son. His daughter married Ichijō Tsunetsugu.


Numata Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Kōzuke Province (modern-day Gunma Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Numata Castle in what is now the city of Numata, Gunma.
History.
Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi awarded a 27,000 "koku" area of Numata to Sanada Masayuki. However, Yukimasa was based at Ueda Castle in Shinano Province, and thus entrusted the lands to his son, Sanada Nobuyuki. In the subsequent conflict between the Toyotomi and Tokugawa, the Sanada clan hedged its bets with Sanada Nobuyuki siding with Tokugawa Ieyasu and fighting against his brother, Sanada Yukimura at the Battle of Sekigahara. As a reward for his services, Sanada Nobuyuki was subsequently confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1600 as daimyō over the combined Ueda and Numata territories and his revenues were increased to 95,000 "koku". In 1616, Nobuyuki relocated from Numata to Ueda, entrusting Numata to his son, Sanada Nobuyoshi, but Numata was not officially recognized as a separate domain until 1656. The final Sanada daimyō, Sanada Nobutoshi, profited tremendously by under-representing his income to the shogunate and with the lumber trade. This enabled him to rebuild Numata Castle on a large scale with a 5-story donjon, and rebuilt the clan's residences in Edo on a large scale. The financial irregularities were eventually discovered, and the shogunate seized the domain in 1681.
In 1703, the domain was revived when a branch of the Honda clan was transferred from Shimosa Province, and ruled for three generations until they were transferred to Tanaka Domain in Suruga Province in 1730. In 1732, a branch of the Kuroda clan was transferred from Hitachi Province to Numata, and ruled over two generations to 1742.
The Kuroda clan was replaced by Toki Yoritoshi in 1742, formerly from Tanaka Domain and a former "rōjū", and the Toki clan would continue to rule Numata to the Meiji Restoration. During the Boshin War, the final daimyō, Toki Yorioki sided with the imperial forces and participated in the Battle of Aizu.
After the end of the conflict, with the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Numata Domain became "Numata Prefecture", which later became part of Gunma Prefecture.
The domain had a population of 47,177 people in 13,715 households per a census in 1681.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Numata Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Indian Liberal Party

The Liberal Party of India was a political organization espousing liberalism in the politics of India.
History and organization.
The Liberal party was formed in 1910, and British intellectuals and British officials were often participating members of its committees. The Indian National Congress, which had been formed to create a mature political dialogue with the British government, included both moderates and extremists. Many moderate leaders with liberal ideas left the Congress with the rise of Indian nationalism, and extremist leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
When the Montagu report of 1918 was made public, there was a divide in the Congress over it. The moderates welcomed it while the extremists opposed it. This led to a schism in the Congress with moderate leaders forming the "Indian National Liberal Federation" in 1919. The party (INLF) was founded by Surendra Nath Banarjea and some of its prominent leaders were Tej Bahadur Sapru, V. S. Srinivasa Sastri and M. R. Jayakar.
Tej Bahadur Sapru emerged as the most important leader among the Liberals. During the agitation against the Simon Commission, he launched the idea of an all-parties conference in India to prepare an agreed constitutional scheme. This resulted in the "Nehru Report" which proposed a constitution and persuaded the new Labour government in Britain to offer India a Round Table Conference.
A number of Liberals including Sapru and Sastri attended the first Round Table Conference (November 1930 to January 1931). They rallied the Indian Princes to the idea of an all-India federal union. Sapru and Sastri likewise attacked the communal issue, working primarily through Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The two Liberals' ultimate object was to secure a constitutional agreement, provisional if not final.
Politics.
The Liberals were moderate nationalists who openly pursued India's independence from British rule and resented the excesses of British imperialism. They preferred gradual constitutional reform to revolutionary methods as the means of achieving independence and because they attempted to secure constitutional reform by cooperating with British authority rather than defying it. Their goals and methods were inspired by British Liberalism. They aimed toward parliamentary democracy, including not only an institutional structure but a system of values which emphasized the achievement of national welfare through peaceable negotiation and compromise among competing public interests. Therefore, the Liberals regularly participated in the legislative councils and assemblies at the town, provincial and central levels.
The Government of India Act 1919 expanded the membership to the legislatures. The Liberals entered the new legislatures and attempted to make the reforms succeed so as to advance India far toward full self-government. They tried to persuade the British that Indians were a loyal opposition and well prepared for self-government, and trying also to build Indian self-respect and prove that revolutionary upheaval was unnecessary as well as dangerous. They urged for further constitutional reform, asking for an expanded Indian role in both provincial and central government. However, they had a minority position in the legislatures and hence were weakened.
In the legislative elections of 1923, most Liberal candidates were defeated, but some were returned in both the Center and the provinces, while even some of the principal leaders regained seats through nomination. Their influence during 1924–1926 depended largely on their relations with the other main parties in the Central Legislative Assembly, such as the Swaraj Party. The Liberals often voted with these other parties, though they usually went separate ways from the Swaraj Party on highly controversial issues. In general, however, they continued to occupy a slightly more conservative position than the other parties. In 1925, the Liberals joined the Swaraj Party to demand a Round Table Conference to discuss constitutional reforms.
The Liberals urged in advance that the Statutory Commission, scheduled under the terms of the Indian Reform Act of 1919 to review the case for further Indian constitutional advance, have both British and Indian members. However an all-English Commission was announced under Sir John Simon. The Liberals were among the first to denounce it and called for a boycott.


Fujiwara no Motohira

 was the second ruler of Northern Fujiwara in Mutsu Province, Japan, the son of Fujiwara no Kiyohira and the father of Fujiwara no Hidehira.
Fujiwara no Motohira is credited with expansion of Hiraizumi, the residence of Northern Fujiwara. In particular, he founded Mōtsū-ji, and his wife built Kanjizaiō-in which was adjacent to Motsu-ji. Both sites survived, though all the buildings from the Heian period were lost, and are currently listed as constituents of a World Heritage Site, Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi. He also expanded Chūson-ji, where he was buried, along with his father and his son.


Cavad

Cavad (also, Dzhavad and Dzhavat) is a village and municipality in the Sabirabad Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 3,151. It takes its name from the short lived Javad Khanate.


Kamegaoka Stone Age Site

The is an archaeological site in what is now part of the city of Tsugaru, Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan, containing the ruins of a Jōmon period settlement. The remains were designated a National Historic Site in 1944 by the Japanese government. It is also referred to as the "Kamegaoka Stone Age Site", although the remains discovered are from the final Jōmon period (1,000 – 300 BC), rather than the Japanese Paleolithic period, as the name would imply. It is located approximately 20 minutes by car from Goshogawara Station.
Overview.
The site is located on a tongue-shaped plateau at an elevation of seven to eighteen meters above surrounding lowland swamps along the left bank of the Iwaki River on the Tsugaru Peninsula in western Aomori Prefecture. The site contained pit dwellings, a graveyard with mounds and pit graves containing numerous grave goods, including many finished and unfinished Jōmon pottery pieces, clay figurines, lacquer objects and jade beads, including "magatama." Other artifacts include pottery painted in red and black and lacquerware in a distinctive style, based on which archaeologists have named this site a type site for the “Kamegaoka culture”.
One of the most famous objects found was a large clay figure ("Dogū"), discovered in 1887. Known as a "Shakōki-dogū", or "goggle-eyed type" figurine, it appears to be wearing some form of snow goggles, and has exaggerated, feminine buttocks, chest and thighs. It is now kept at the Tokyo National Museum, and is an Important Cultural Property. It is recognized internationally as a relic representative of Japan’s Jomon culture.
The site has been known and excavated since the Edo period, when clay figurines and pottery were discovered in 1622 when Tsugaru Nobuhira, the second "daimyō" of Tsugaru Domain built a fortification. Some examples of the ancient pottery was prized for the Japanese tea ceremony and some examples, along with clay figurines were even exported to Europe through Dutch traders at Nagasaki.
The site has been submitted for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List as one of the Jōmon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidō, Northern Tōhoku, and other regions


Shamakhi

Shamakhi () is the capital of the Shamakhi District of Azerbaijan. The city's estimated population was 31,704. It is famous for its traditional dancers, the Shamakhi Dancers, and also for perhaps giving its name to the Soumak rugs.
Eleven major earthquakes have rocked Shamakhi but through multiple reconstructions, it maintained its role as the economic and administrative capital of Shirvan and one of the key towns on the Silk Road. The only building to have survived eight of the eleven earthquakes is the landmark Juma Mosque of Shamakhi, built in the 8th century.
History.
Shamakhi was first mentioned as "Kamachia" by the ancient Greco-Roman Egyptian geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 1st to 2nd century AD. Shamakhi was an important town during the Middle Ages and served as a capital of the Shirvanshah realm from the 8th to 15th centuries.
Shamakhi maintained economic and cultural relations with India and China in the 12th century, and the excavation of pottery containers prove that Shamakhi also had relations with the Central Asian cities at around the same time. Copper coins found in Shamakhi during archaeological excavations, porcelain containers produced in China, caravanserais serving international trade, prove the role of ancient Shamakhi in the Silk Road.
The Catholic friar, missionary and explorer William of Rubruck passed through it on his return journey from the Mongol Great Khan's court. In 1476 Venetian diplomat Giosafat Barbaro, while describing the city, stated: "This [Sammachi] is a good city; it has from four to five thousand houses, it produces silk, cotton as well as other things according to its tradition.".
In 1500–1501, it was taken by the Safavid dynasty. Following the conquest of the area by the first Safavid ruler Ismail I, he allowed the descendants of Farrukh Yassar to rule Shamakhi and the rest of Shirvan under Safavid suzerainty. This lasted until 1538, when his son and successor, king Tahmasp I (r. 1524–1576), turned the territory into a full Safavid province and appointed its first Safavid governor. From then on, Shamakhi functioned as the capital of the Shirvan province. In 1562 Englishman Anthony Jenkinson described the city in the following terms: "This city is five days' walk on camels from the sea, now it has fallen a lot; it is predominantly populated by Armenians..." Adam Olearius, who visited Shamakhi in 1637, wrote: "Its inhabitants are in part Armenians and Georgians, who have their particular language; they would not understand each other if they did not use Turkish, which is common to all and very familiar, not only in Shirvan, but also everywhere in Persia". The Ottoman traveller Evliya Celebi visited the town in 1647 and described it as having In 1721, the Lezgins of the Safavid provinces of Shirvan and Dagestan, aided by the (rest of the) Sunni inhabitants of the area, sacked the city. They massacred thousands of its Shia inhabitants, apart from looting the city and robbing the property of its Christian inhabitants and foreign nationals, the latter which were mostly the city's many Russian merchants.
The Russian forces first entered Shirvan in 1723, as they invaded the Safavid Iranian territories in the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia during the Russo-Persian War (1722–1723), using the attack on their subjects in Shamakhi shortly before by the rebellious Lezgins as one of the pretexts. They however soon retired from the city, leaving it to Ottomans who possessed it in 1723–35, until Nader Shahs rise. In 1742 Shamakhi was taken and destroyed by Nader Shah of Persia reincorporating it back to Iran, and, who, to punish the inhabitants for their Sunnite creed, built a new town under the same name about to the west, at the foot of the main chain of the Caucasus Mountains. The new Shamakhi was at different times a residence of the Shirvan Khanate, ruled by semi-independent khans, but it was finally abandoned, and the old town rebuilt. In the mid-1700s, the population of Shamakhi was about 60,000, most of whom were Armenians. The Shirvan Khanate was finally annexed by Russia in 1805 during the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Qajar Iran was forced to irrevocably cede the sovereignty over the town to Russia, under the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813.
The British Penny Cyclopaedia stated in 1833 that "The bulk of the population of Shirvan consists of the Tahtar, or, to speak more correctly, Turkish race, with some admixture of Arabs and Persians. . . . Besides the Mohammedans, who form the mass of the population, there are many Armenians, some Jews, and a few Gipsies. According to the official returns of 1831, the number of males belonging to the Mohammedan population was 62,934; Armenians, 6,375; Jews, 332; total males 69,641. The prevalent language of Shirvan is what is there called Toorkee or Turkish, which is also used in Azerbijan". The same source also states that according to the official returns of 1832, the city of Shamakhi was inhabited by only 2,233 families, as a result of devastation from the sack of the city "in the most barbarous manner by the highlanders of Daghestan" in 1717. The Encyclopædia Britannica stated that in 1873 the city had 25,087 inhabitants, "of which 18,680 were Tartars and Shachsevans, 5,177 were Armenians, and 1,230 Russians". Silk production continued to be the main output, with 130 silk-winding establishments, owned mostly by Armenians, although the industry had considerably declined since 1864.
Shamakhi was the capital of the Shamakhi Governorate of the Russian Empire until the devastating earthquake of 1859, when the capital of the province was transferred to Baku. The importance of the city declined sharply afterwards. According to the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (vol. 77, p. 460, published in 1903), Shamakhi had 20,008 inhabitants (10,450 males and 9,558 females), of which 3% were Russians, 18% were Armenians, and 79% "Azerbaijani Tatars". With regard to religion, 79% of the population was Muslim, of which 22% was Sunni and the rest Shiite; the remaining 21% was "Armeno-Gregorian" (members of the Armenian Apostolic Church) and "Pravoslav" (Orthodox).
Weaving and rug making in Shamakhi.
Historically, Shamakhi was famous for its carpets of which decoration using the buta motif dominate as with other Shirvan carpets. Shirvan carpets are on display at some of the world's famous museums. Example of these are Shirvan (13th century) kept in Istanbul's Turkish and Islamic museum, Shirvan (15th century), kept in the East Region of the Berlin Art Museum, and Shamakhi (17th century) carpets kept in the Pennsylvania Museum of America.
Other artistic products include copper craft, pottery, tailoring, jewellery, woodworking, sculpture, and blacksmithery (blacksmiths were very popular in Alsahab). also developed in Shamakhi.
Geography.
Seismicity.
The city is located in the most seismic area of the Caucasus and was hit by powerful earthquakes in 1191 and 1859, which was so destructive that the capital of Shirvan was transferred to Baku twice. In 1872, the earthquake triggered emigration to Baku, where oil production had started in industrial proportions.
The 1667 earthquake is considered to have been the worst with a death toll of 80,000, with one-third of the city collapsed, according to the Persian merchants' reports. The last catastrophic earthquake was recorded in 1902, which destroyed the 10th-century Juma Mosque. Shamakhi is near the boundary of three plates.
Rivers.
Shamakhi is located in the central part of Shirvan, at an altitude of about above sea level, in a favorable geographical position. In the south of Shamakhi flows to Zongalavay, and in the east Pirsaatchay. The city is surrounded by Binasli, Gushhan from the north, Pirdiraki, and Maiden Tower-Georgia from north-west and Meysari Mountains from the west. These mountains can be considered as the city's natural defense fortifications. There are many springs that provide urban population and people of surrounding villages with drinking water because of located at the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.
Demographics.
Ethnic group.
The majority of the population is Azerbaijani, while Russians, Lezgins and Tats constitute other minorities. They speak the Azerbaijani language, Russian language, Lezgian language and Tati language respectively.
Religion.
The Juma Mosque of Shamakhi is the biggest religious building in the city. Through its history the mosque has been demolished or destroyed few times, but each time it has been rebuilt, most recently in 2009. It is the oldest mosque in the territory of Azerbaijan, and was built in 743–744. It is second in age in the South Caucasus after Derbent Juma mosque (built in 734). The mosque was registered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Azerbaijan as a historical and cultural monument of the country.
The mosque was restored several times in the Middle Ages Century during the Shamakhi earthquake in 1856 and 1902 was destroyed. First reconstructed was done by Gasim Hajibababayov and later by Iosif Ploško. The last restoration work at the mosque was carried out in 2010–2013.
Economy.
After the Decree "On measures to accelerate socio-economic development in the Republic of Azerbaijan", signed by Ilham Aliyev on 24 November 2003 and the "State Program on Socio-Economic Development of the Regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan" approved by the head of state, began to increase living standards in Shamakhi along with other regions.
Thus, at Shamakhi carpet shop where were installed 40 pieces of machine tools, which belongs to "Star" LTD, weave carpets such as "Guba-Shirvan", "Nakhchivan", "Garabagh" and "Tabriz". In 2005, at the Shamakhi TV Production Plant built by "Star" LTD, "Star" branded 37, 54, 72, 74 "LCD", "Plasma", "CV" and digital "Receivers" are produced based on spare parts of Toshiba "VCD"."Star" LTD has invested $10 million in the construction of the AzSamand mini-car production plant.
The building of the Historical-Ethnographic Museum named S.Shirvani was renovated and the bust of 12 great figures from the Shamakhi region was laid in the yard of the museum.
Culture.
In the 19th century, the town was famous due Shamakhi dancers, the principal dancers of the entertainment groups, similarly to tawaifs. The city is home to Shirvan Domes, a 15th-century mausoleum and graveyard located at the foot of Gulistan Fortress.
Music and media.
The music scene in Shamakhi can be traced back to ancient times and villages of Baku, generally revered as the fountainhead of mugham in the Azerbaijan.
Education.
Shamakhi Humanitarian College
International relations.
Twin towns and sister cities.
Shamakhi is twinned with the following cities:
Notable residents.
The city's notable residents include: philosopher Seyid Yahya Bakuvi, poets Seyid Azim Shirvani, Khaqani and Mirza Alakbar Sabir, mugham singers Alim Qasimov and Farghana Qasimova, actors Aghasadyg Garaybeyli and Abbas Mirza Sharifzadeh, architect Gasim bey Hajibababeyov, Armenian playwright and novelist Alexander Shirvanzade and others.


Noricum mediterraneum


Goi Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of the Edo period, located in, Kazusa Province (modern-day Chiba Prefecture), Japan. The domain was centered on what is now the city of Ichihara, Chiba. It was ruled for the entirety of its history by a branch of the Arima clan. The site of the Goi Domain "jin'ya" is now Goi Station on the JR-East Uchibō Line.
History.
Goi Domain was created on November 28, 1781, when Arima Ujiyoshi, the "daimyō" of Nishijo Domain in Ise Province relocated his "jin'ya" from Ise to Kazusa. He died two years later, at the age of 23, and his successors likewise had unusually short lifespans. His son Ujiyasu died at the age of 29, successor Hiroyasu at age 35 and son Ujisada at age 24. The 5th "daimyō" of Goi Domain, Arima Ujishige, decided to relocate his residence to Fukiage Domain in Kōzuke Province on April 17, 1842, and Goi Domain was thus dissolved.
As with most domains in the han system, Goi Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Kaetsu border castle ruins

The is the name for a group of ruined castles and sites along the border of what is now Ishikawa Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture connected with the Sengoku period conflict between the warlords Maeda Toshiie and Sassa Narimasa. The ruins were designated a National Historic Site in 2015.
Historical background.
In 1582, Toyotomi Hideyoshi defeated Akechi Mitsuhide and became successor to the assassinated Oda Nobunaga, who had been killed in the Honnō-ji Incident. Hideyoshi then destroyed Nobunaga's general Shibata Katsuie at the Battle of Shizugatake the following year. In 1584, he fought a largely inconclusive series of battles against a coalition of Oda Nobukatsu and Tokugawa Ieyasu called the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute. At the end of 1584, the warlord of Etchū Province, Sassa Narimasa declared fealty to Tokugawa Ieyasu, which placed him at odds with Hideyoshi's senior retainer, Maeda Toshiie, who was based in neighboring Kaga Province. Both sides fortified the border between their respective provinces and clashed on a frequent basis, with Sassa at one point invading Noto Province and taking Suemori Castle from the Maeda. Eventually, in 1585 Hideyoshi marched with an army to invest Etchū Province, laying siege to Tomiyama Castle and Sassa Narimasa was forced to surrender.
Overview.
The National Historic Site designation covers , which was built by the Maeda and , which was built by Sassa, and the on the mountain road connecting these two castles. In an archaeological excavation undertaken before the National Historic Site designation, remnants of dry moats, fortified gates, and earthen ramparts and musket balls made of lead from the Sonto mine in Thailand were found at both castle sites, and the old route of the road through the pass was identified. Traces of where the pass itself had been rendered impassible by a deep 25-meter wide cutting were also found.
The ruins of Kiriyama Castle are located at the top of a hill at an elevation of 139 meters between the Morishita River and its tributaries, the Kiriyama River and the Shimizu Tanigawa River. The castle area extended for about 200 meters east-to-west and 250 meters north-to-south, and excavation surveys have the remains of enclosures with dry moats, ramparts and fortified gates. The scale of moat at the eastern end of the castle is large, and it is highly possible that the castle was built or renovated in preparation for an attack from the Etchū side. The road running along the southern edge of the castle is a side road of the Hokkoku Kaidō highway and leads to Matsune Castle.
The ruins of Matsune Castle are located at the highest point of the Tonamiyama hill, which straddles the border between Kaga and Etchū. It is of uncertain foundation, and may have been the site of an earlier military camp under Kiso Yoshinaka in 1183. A fortification existed in the 15th century and was a base for the Ikkō-ikki uprising. Following the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the castle was seized by the forces of Sassa Narimasa and was quickly modernized. The Sassa army was also responsible for blocking the Obara Pass with its 25-meter cutting. The castle measured 140 meters east-to-west and about 440 meters north-to-south. During Hideyoshi's invasion of Etchū, the castle was taken by Murai Naganori, a vassal of Maeda Toshiie. It later became part of the territories of Kaga Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate and was abolished in 1615 under the shogunate's "One-country - One Castle" decree.


Aegyptus Primus


Kosegasawa Cave

The is a archaeological site consisting of a Jōmon period cave dwelling in what is now part of the town of Aga, Niigata Prefecture in the Hokuriku region of Japan. The cave was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1982.
Overview.
The cave is located in the upstream part of the Muroya River, a branch of the Jinna River, and was formed by erosion of a rhyolite outcrop on the river's left bank at an elevation of 200 meters. The cave is approximately 1.5 meters in width and extends for seven meters into the mountain. The interior was excavated from 1958 to 1959, during which time numerous examples of Jōmon pottery from the earliest stage of the Jōmon Period and the stone tools and hunting implements such as projectile points were discovered. The design of some of these artifacts indicated a similarity to projectile points found in the Primorsky Krai region of eastern Siberia.
The artifacts included many lithic flakes (stone waste generated during stone tool production), indicating that this site was a production base for such tools. These items are important materials for clarifying the origins of Jōmon culture and 1350 items were collectively designated an National Important Cultural Property in 2000. The artifacts discovered are displayed at the Nagaoka City Science Museum and at the Age Regional History Museum in former Kamikawa village.
The cave is located about 20 minutes by car from Tsugawa Station on the JR East Ban'etsu West Line. There are no facilities at site.


Revenue block

Revenue blocks, revenue circles, "firka", or "patwar circles" are the local revenue sub-divisions of the various districts of the states of India. These blocks should not be confused with the similar Panchayath union blocks (Blocks) and "taluks". The revenue blocks exist to simplify local administration, and each consists of a small number of revenue villages, governed by a Revenue Inspector. The Revenue Inspector is charged with a number of key administrative roles, most notably the identification and collection of tax revenue. Sometimes the land area in a revenue circle is identified as an ILRC (Inspector Land Revenue Circle) for administrative purposes. While Revenue blocks may be as large as or larger than a tehsil, revenue circles are generally smaller. In the state of Tamil Nadu alone, there are 1,349revenue blocks.


Tochibaraiwakage ruins

The is an archaeological site consisting of a cave dwelling in use during the Jōmon period, located in the Tochihara neighborhood of the village of Kitaaiki, Nagano in the Chūbu region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1987.
Overview.
The Tochibaraiwakage cave is located on the right bank of the Aiki River in a mountainous area at an elevation of approximately 960 meters, to the east of Mount Yatsugatake. It consists of three small rock shelters which were discovered in 1965. Each has a height, width and depth of only two to three meters; however, in the Jōmon period they had a width and depth of around eight meters and a height of six meters. The rock shelters face south. As the Aiki River was nearby and the surrounding mountains could provide a rich source of food, these shelters were inhabited for at least a thousand years.
Over the course of 15 archaeological excavations conducted from 1965 to 1987, the site was found to contain more than ten early Jōmon period human remains, mostly those of adults. Jōmon pottery, stone tools, bone or horn vessels, and many bones from food (mammals, reptiles, freshwater fish) were also been excavated, as well as preserved fragments of clothing. The site provided a great deal of materials for research in the early Jōmon period, and noteworthy was the sophistication of bone fish hooks and sewing needles indicating an unexpectedly high level of technology. Despite its distance from the sea, some of the bone tools were made from shark teeth, which indicates some form of long distance trade and communications. Another noteworthy find were the remains of two children, aged three and five from their dentation, who had been eating fruit of the Muku tree by the hearth when a rock fall from the ceiling crushed them to death. This was reported as the earliest known accidental death in Japan.
Some of the artifacts uncovered are on display at the Kitaaiki Village Archaeological Museum. Then site is located about eight minutes by car from Koumi Station on the JR East Koumi Line.


2005 in the Palestinian territories

Events in the year 2005 in the Palestinian territories.
Incumbents.
Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority)


2007 in Japan

Events in the year 2007 in Japan.


Hino Kunimitsu

 (14th century), or , childhood name , was the son of Hino Suketomo, the "dainagon" (high counselor) to Emperor Go-Daigo. Kumawaka himself was also an attendant to Emperor Go-Daigo, with whom he is sometimes thought to have had a pederastic relationship. He is best known for avenging his father by killing the lay monk Homma Saburō, who had Suketomo executed. Later, Kumawaka was sometimes portrayed in art as an example of filial piety.
Chronicle.
Much of what is known about Kumawaka comes from the 14th century chronicle "Taiheiki".
As the story goes, Kumawaka's father, Suketomo "dainagon", had been exiled to the island of Sado. Suspecting a conspiracy by the Imperial court, the Kamakura shogunate named Suketomo a major co-conspirator, and called for his execution. This order was relayed to the lay monk Homma Saburō, who presided over Sado island. The thirteen-year-old Kumawaka, who was in hiding at Ninna-ji, a main buddhist temple, caught wind of this news and traveled to Sado to be with his father one final time.
Having arrived at Sado island, he was granted an audience with Homma Saburō. However, Homma would not let Kumawaka see his father, but instead had him lodged in a nearby residence. Eventually, Suketomo was beheaded before Kumawaka got the chance to meet him. Kumawaka was entrusted with his father's cremated remains, and he had them delivered to Mount Kōya. Following this, Kumawaka feigned illness, and lay for several days in Homma's residence. During this time, he plotted his father's revenge.
Revenge.
One night, Kumawaka snuck out unarmed, expecting to kill Homma's son. Instead, he came upon Homma himself, asleep in a different room. In the room, a lamp was burning brightly, and Kumawaka feared that disturbing the light would wake the monk. To solve this, he opened the door slightly, allowing moths to swarm in and extinguish the light. He picked up Homma's sword, but kicked his pillow to awaken the monk, thinking, "...to kill a sleeping man is no different than stabbing a corpse". When Homma woke up, Kumawaka stabbed him in the chest and throat, and fled to hide in a bamboo grove. The guards, seeing small bloodstained footprints, went out in search of him. Faced with a deep moat, Kumawaka climbed onto a bamboo, and weighed down the tip of the plant, allowing him to drop over on the other side. He then headed for the harbor for a ship to take him back to the main islands.
Escape.
During the day, he hid in a field of hemp, where he observed over a hundred mounted men searching for him. Eventually, he came across an old monk, who, after listening to Kumawaka's story, carried him on his back to the harbor. At the harbor, the pair had great difficulty in finding a boat. When one vessel refused to heed the old monk's pleas for passage, the monk began chanting a prayer for the vessel to return. According to the text, a violent wind then appeared, threatening to capsize the boat. Seeing this, the boatmen cried out to the old monk to save them, and rowed back to shore. When they reached the shore, the winds calmed, and Kumawaka and the old monk got on the boat. The mounted pursuers had now caught up with them, and rode out onto shallow water in pursuit. However, the boat crew, ignoring their shouts, raised sails and journeyed safely to Echigo province.


Sakanoue no Korenori

 was a Japanese "waka" poet of the early Heian period. His exact dates of birth and death are unknown, but he was a fourth-generation descendant of Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.
He was one of the Thirty-six Immortals of Poetry and one of his poems was included in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu". Forty-one of his poems were ultimately included in the imperial anthologies.
He was the father of the poet .
During his own life he was known primarily as a champion "kemari" player. On March 2, 905, he and his colleagues kicked a ball 206 times without interruption at the Imperial Court, and were praised by the emperor.
He served as governor of Kaga Province.
Poetry.
One of his poems was included as No. 31 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":


Ryakunin

 was a after "Katei" and before "En'ō." This period spanned the years from November 1238 to April 1239. The reigning emperor was .


Sabirabad (city)

Sabirabad (also, Galagayin, Petropavlovka, and Petropavlovskoye) is a city in and the capital of the Sabirabad District of Azerbaijan. The city was renamed in honor of the poet Mirza Alakbar Sabir. Sabirabad is the administrative center of Sabirabad District of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 1935, the district received the status of subordinate city. Sabirabad is located on the right bank of the Kura River. In the vicinity of the city called Sugovushan, the Araz River is merged with the Kur River.
History.
According to Gulistan Peace Treaty of October 12, 1813, part of the khanates of Azerbaijan was occupied by the Russians. Mughan territory was also captured by Russia. As a result of the administrative territorial reforms carried out in Russia, a new territory - Javad Uyezd was set up in Baku in 1868. After the merger of Russia with Russia, a large group of Ukrainian peasants was transferred to Javad, and the settlement was named Petropavlovka since 1888. Petropavlovka was part of the Javad area (gaza) of the Baku province. In 1901 there were only 87 farms in that area, and in 1907 the number of Russian villages in those areas was 13. In 1913, there was a cotton-cleaning plant, two industrial enterprises-mills were put into operation. On May 1, 1920, Petropavlovsk became the local state power body of the Revolutionary Committee of the Djevatskoye Uyezd, after Azerbaijan joined Russia again. From May 1, 1921 to April 8, 1929, Sabirabad region operated as the Petropavlovsk district of Djevatskoye Uyezd . On April 8, 1929, by the decision of the VI All-Azerbaijani Soviet Congress, it was called the Petropavlovsk district of Mugan district. On August 8, 1930, according to the Central Executive Committee's decision # 476, the district system was abolished and Petropavlovsk became an independent region. Almost a year later, on October 7, 1931, by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of Azerbaijan, Petropavlovsk was given the name of Mirza Alakbar Sabir, the great poet of Azerbaijan, the founder of the public satire in our classical literature.
Creation of Sabirabad city.
Javad city.
Ancient Javad was one of the main points on the trade route between Europe and the East. A number of European and Russian travelers and diplomats traveled to Javad, including British Anthony Jenkinson (October 6, 1561), Russians Artemy Sukhanov (1551-1552) and Fyodor Kotov (August 1623), German Adam Olearius (March 31, 1637), Dutchman Jan Jansen Struys (1671-1672), Scottish John Bell, (7 December 1716), and went to Iran, crossing over a bridge over the ships bound by chains.
Some of them wrote here that the town was reminiscent of the city, they have seen many brilliant artisans who produced bricks, cane houses, mud-watered houses, gardens, carpets and various silk fabrics, and even saw weavers. Anthony Jenkinson's remarks, which were in Javad in the Safavid rule, are very interesting.
He writes in his October 6, 1562, that "The king's yard has a beautiful palace filled with all kinds of fruits." On his return from Iran in 1563, in Javad on April 6, he met with Abdulla Khan Ustajli, the Shirvan governor in his palace. She also receives a certificate from a gentleman, which permits free trade.
In his memoirs A.Jenkinson, reported that the mausoleum was written in his palace in Javad, and was confirmed by the seal of the 12th year of his reign and called himself the "king of Shirvan and Girgan". Javad was a large settlement in the 17th-18th centuries. Travelers Evliya Çelebi, İ.Lerx, I.Garberq, along with other Shirvan's sights, also saw Javad's "fabric and manufactures" combined with great feudal weavers who produced silk fabrics, carpets and other things, and wrote their own thoughts.
Javad has been an important point in the midst of the 19th centuries, on the sea and the dry trade routes used by the Europeans. Another line of the line called Astrakhan-Rasht road was "Shamakhi-Javad" and "Javad-Lankaran". The Javad's road also became very popular among the people.
Graf Valerian Zubov was camped near Javad on November 21, 1795 when he came to Azerbaijan with the tsarist forces. In this area where the two rivers met, they wanted to set up a city named Yekaterinoserd, to deploy two thousand soldiers there, to marry them with Armenian and Georgian daughters, to provide them with land and agricultural tools.
The ships coming from Astrakhan had to vacate their cargo here. They wanted to use this city as a contact point in Georgia, Ganja, Baku, Salyan, Shamakhi and trade with Iran.
On March 8, 1736, Nadir Shah was convened here in the place called "Sugovushan", in Galagain, with 100,000 attendees and 20,000 delegates from them. Along with the convention, the agreement, which was discussed with the Ottoman ambassador, was approved at the congress.
The name of Javad was given to a major uyezd. It has been a crucial point for a long time on the Kura ship. From the middle of the 19th century the "Baku-Salyan" and "Salyan-Astara" postings were opened. Meanwhile, Javad began to lose its previous significance slowly. But it remained a fishing point for a long time.
Sabirabad.
The history of Sabirabad city begins since 1868. There was a traditional weekly market (Thursday) in the area between the ancient Sugovushan and Galagain villages on Kur and Araz. The first two-storey building and orthodox church is built from the bricks to create a long-awaited city of Javad this year.
But later, the idea of rebuilding the city was abandoned.
In 1887, when Ukrainian villagers were transferred to Mughan, 26 families were settled in this settlement and the village was called Petropavlovsk. There were 87 farms here in 1901.
At the end of the 19th century, the village of Petropavlovka was built in the territory of the present city. In 1887, the Ukrainians began to move here.
The village began to develop in the early 20th century. On August 8, 1930 Petropavlovsk became the center of the district. On October 2, 1931 Sabirabad was renamed. In 1952, the settlement took its status as a city on December 4, 1959.
After the second half of the XIX century, Tsar Russia sent noble two brothers, Peter and Paul to give them instructions to cultivate cotton here.
They lay the basis of a shipyard and shipyard in the present-day Sabirabad city, at the intersection of the cotton plant and the current Heydar Hamidov street and Vidadi street, behind the secondary school named after S.Vurgun on near the junction of Kura Araz, near Javad, Galagain and Kurkandi villages. At that time, the river Araz was in the vicinity of the Kura River. When Pyotr and Pavel produced cotton at the factory, they were going to take the Kura river to the Caspian Sea and then to the Volga River and Russian cities through the ships.
Cotton should be harvested in nearby villages. In this way, by giving cotton seeds and other means to nearby villages, they were encouraged to plant cotton and to sign a contract for the purchase of the product.
Many professionals and other workers from Russia are brought here with their families to work at the plant and shipyard. Homes, including hospitals, clubs, and other public buildings are also being built in the area of the plant and port for their survival. Thus, in the territory of present Sabirabad one Russian village is formed. Despite the distortion of the facts, the logic of the Russian empire's policy is so appropriate. After the Turkmenchay treaty of 1828, the Russian Empire completed its occupation policy in the South Caucasus. The southern borders of the empire were known after agreeing with the Iranian kingdom.However, because of the lack of confidence in the protection of these borders, it was entrusted to the people who were deported from Russia and Ukraine. From the Nakhchivan to Astara, Russian villages were built along the entire border. In the territory of Sabirabad, Krasnoselsk (Kara Nuru), Pokrovka (Garatapa), Novodon (Navadan), Aleksandrovka (Shahriyar), Vladimirovka (Nizamikend), Khersonovka (Nasimikend) and other villages were built. The present Sabir canal was also drawn to the Araz River in order to grow crops and meet other water requirements in these villages. Newly populated Russian villages were also located around this canal. In order to undermine the idea of the local community, it was alleged that those who were moved here were expelled from their homeland. In fact, the climate of this place was favorable for their homeland to live.
In Siberia, Tyga, and other places in Russia for the exile, it is inexhaustible. It was part of the osvivatization (to own) policy.
The local population began to move here from neighboring villages and districts. After the earthquake in Shamakhi in the early twentieth century, a flow of Shamakhi people began and they constructed "Shamakhililar" neighborhood, cemetery and mosque here.
After the revolutionary movements in Iran were deposited, the Iranians immigrated here and settled here in the "hamshary" neighborhood.From western Azerbaijan, those who were deported by Stalin's orders were brought here.Meskhetian Turks also sheltered here.Thus, the population of Sabirabad was formed.
After the Tsar empire was replaced by the Soviet Empire, Lenin's attitude towards Azerbaijan was different from that of the previous Tsar. It is said that, after Lenin's coming to power, he did not recognize all the Tsar's treaties apart from the Turkmenchay Treaty. Even Stalin remained loyal to this treaty, and in 1945 Soviet troops were in Tehran, but did not merge Iranian Azerbaijan into the USSR. However, the purpose of the USSR was to capture the lands of neighboring countries in the name of spreading socialism worldwide. South Belarus, Western Ukraine, Bessarabia, Pribaltika were united into the USSR but Iranian Azerbaijan was not merged.
There was also a need for a factory to transform the raw cotton. The Tsar government entrusts this work to the Vagen brothers. They, in turn, invite experts from Germany to build a plant and put into operation in 1906.
Each year, the Kura and Araz rivers flooded the city, causing great damage to the surrounding villages. Thus, the USSR government made a decision to establish a brigade of only two units in the country. Then, as the technique increased, auto stations and tractor repair stations were also created. There were Russian neighborhoods around these offices. These neighborhoods, the surrounding area of the bus station, were called osvoenni.
Geography.
Anthropogenic sediments are spread.
The climate is related to the mild-warm semi-desert and dry desert climate. Basically, gray-grass soils are spread. The semi-desert plant prevails in the area. There is also a desert plant in some areas. It is found in saline soils in desert plants. In saline semidescopes often occurs on halophytes: black-brown, cherry orange. They form tuberous hills. Here, also, the Khazar shakhsevdisi, the cabbage rhinoceros, the caterpillar, as well as the one-year rugs - the salty bull and so on. plants are encountered. In the semi-desert group, wormwood, marginal and ephemeral semideserts are widely used in the region. Large areas of the Yovshan semi-arid zone are used under cotton and grain crops.
Population.
By January 1, 2018, the population of Sabirabad is 30,612 people.
Culture.
The architectural monument, known as Old Hamam, is located on Fizuli Street, 27. The building was built in 1901. At present, it is protected as a historical architectural monument and needs major repairs.
The monument known as "Shamakhi Mosque" was built in 1903 by residents of Shamakhi who moved to Sabirabad after the earthquake in Shamakhi.
Education.
The number of secondary schools is 8, the total number of secondary schools is 8, and the number of secondary schools is 1.
State Social and Economic College.
Sabirabad State Social and Economic College was established on the basis of Sabirabad Agricultural Technical School in accordance with the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers to improve the secondary vocational education network. There are 40 pedagogical workers in the college. The total number of employees is 93 people. At present 570 students study at the college on the following specialities:
Sabirabad Vocational High School.
Sabirabad Vocational High School was established in 1974 as a secondary vocational school, and in 1996 it was granted a high school status. Lisey is located in a 7-hectare area, has 1 study and 2 dormitories.
240 students study at the school.
There are 8 speciality groups:
38 students, including 24 teachers and 14 production trainers, are engaged in the training and retraining of pupils.
19 vocational cabinets were established at Vocational High School.
Sport.
The Sabirabad District Youth and Sports Department have been operating since 1994. Since its inception, the management has united around all sports organizations. Sabirabad Olympic Sports Complex was commissioned in 2008 on the initiative of President Ilham Aliyev. The commissioning of the Sabirabad OSC has made a great contribution to the development of the Sabirabad district. At present, Sabirabad Olympic Sports Complex is training freestyle wrestling, boxing, mini football, karate, simulator, ping-pong, swimming and athletics. Information on the activities of the Sabirabad District Youth and Sports Office can be obtained from the official website of the Department.
Football.
Currently, a football pitch with artificial coating has been built in our district. The construction of the second artificial paved area has been started. Our children's football team is in the age group of three. The Futsal team is playing in the country championship.
Wrestling.
There is a great interest in this kind of sport. Currently, about 500 adolescents and young people are engaged in freestyle wrestling. The wrestlers are the national champions Seyfulla Mehdiyev, Vugar Kerimov, Shahin Abbasov. Sabirabad RCS "KCIC's UGIM, the District Education Department's UGIM is engaged.
Boxing.
Boxing Sport has been created for two years. This kind of sports deals with about 50 teenagers and young people.
Karate.
Karate players have won various competitions, participating in republic championships.
Athletics.
Athletics is more popular in secondary schools. Rufat Mehdiyev is the national champion of this kind of sport.
Table tennis and swimming is the kind of sport in our district.


2003 loya jirga

A 502-delegate loya jirga convened in Kabul, Afghanistan, on December 14, 2003, to consider the proposed Afghan Constitution. Originally planned to last ten days, the assembly did not endorse the charter until January 4, 2004. As has been generally the case with these assemblies, the endorsement came by way of consensus rather than a vote. Afghanistan's last constitution was drafted for the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in November 1987.
Drafting the Constitution.
The Bonn Agreement of December 2001 required Afghanistan to draft and adopt a new constitution within 2 years. In October 2002, Interim President Hamid Karzai appointed a nine-member Constitutional Drafting Commission, chaired by then Vice-President Nematullah Shahrani. Over the next six months, this body drafted a new constitution, based largely on the 1964 Afghan constitution. The initial draft, written primarily by Abdul Salam Azimi (who would become Chief Justice of Afghanistan's Supreme Court in 2006) was not the subject of in-depth political consultation. In April 2003, Interim President Karzai passed a decree appointing a new 35-member Constitutional Commission and laying out a public consultation process. This commission travelled widely throughout the country and reworked the draft, which was not released to the public until November 2003, only weeks before the Constitutional Convention (Loya Jirga) was scheduled to begin. This process was supported by several international institutions that provided funding, mostly through the UN, and expertise.
Selecting the Loya Jirga delegates.
In July 2003, a Presidential Decree outlined the process for delegate selection for the Constitutional Loya Jirga (CLJ), stating that there would be 500 delegates, 344 elected by caucus at the district level, 64 women elected by caucus at the provincial level, 42 delegates from refugee, nomad, and minority communities, and 50 people (25 men, 25 women) appointed by President Karzai. The delegates included activists such as Shukria Barakzai, who campaigns for women's rights.
Issues addressed.
Issues involving substantial debate included whether Afghanistan should have a presidential or parliamentary system, whether Dari or Pashto should be the official language, and whether other local languages would be recognized, whether former king Mohammed Zahir Shah should maintain the title "father of the nation," how to address women's rights, whether Afghanistan should be a free market economy, and whether higher education should be free.
The heaviest debate surrounded the question of the presidential vs. parliamentary system. Interim President Hamid Karzai supported a draft constitution the created a presidential system, which would provide one nationally elected figure who could effectively direct the executive branch. Others argued that for an ethnically diverse country coming out of years of conflict - a power-sharing model with a strong President presented the best hope for national unity and reconciliation. At one point President Karzai threatened that he would not run for the office in 2004 if a parliamentary system or semi-presidential system was created. Members of the Tajik-dominated Northern Alliance accused Karzai of buying off opponents with promises of influential positions in a post-election government. On January 1, the loya jirga broke down when close to half of the assembly, consisting mostly of Uzbek, Tajik, Hazara and Turkmen minorities, boycotted the only ballot, forcing chairman Sibghatullah Mojaddedi to call for a 2-day adjourning.
Election of chairman, committees.
The Loya jirga was convened on 14 December, beneath a large tent at the newly refurbished technical university in Kabul. In the opening ceremonies, a dozen children in various traditional costumes waved Afghan flags and sang songs of peace, including "We are doves, waiting for peace, we are tired of fighting." Former king Mohammad Zahir Shah addressed the assembly. Then Mojaddedi was elected chairman, winning 252 votes, over Abdul Hafiz Mansoor's 154. Deputies were elected, but excluded women. Many of the 114 female delegates protested at not being represented in the secretariat. To assuage their concerns, Mojaddedi appointed Safia Sediqi to the fourth deputy position and two other women as deputies' assistants.
Members of constitutional commissions, supreme court and other government officials, and members of legal and human rights commissions were allowed to attend, but not vote. Provincial governors and top-ranking police, administration, and military officials were barred from the proceedings. Delegates were divided among ten committees to consider amendments to the draft constitution, which were submitted to a reconciliation council. Powerful militia leaders had been among the groups, often dominating the process.
On the third day, Malalai Joya , a female delegate from Farah Province, was temporarily evicted, having complained that the warlords would still be in charge of the new government. Her microphone was turned off when she suggested that some of the leaders should be tried in an international court. She remained under U.N. protection for several days because of death threats. Ms. Joya aroused controversy when she condemned the allocation of positions of influence at the council to certain faction leaders, including former president Burhanuddin Rabbani and Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, a deeply conservative Islamist.
Malalai Joya's Historical Speech.
On December 17, 2003, Malalai Joya, 25, from Farah Province delivered the following speech which received wide coverage in the media internationally:
"My name is Malalai Joya from Farah Province. By the permission of the esteemed attendees, and by the name of God and the colored-shroud martyrs of the path of freedom, I would like to speak for couple of minutes.
My criticism on all my compatriots is that why are they allowing the legitimacy and legality of this Loya Jerga come under question with the presence of those felons who brought our country to this state.
I feel pity and I feel very sorry that those who call Loya Jerga an infidel basis equivalent to blasphemy after coming here their words are accepted, or please see the committees and what people are whispering about. The chairman of every committee is already selected. Why do you not take all these criminals to one committee so that we see what they want for this nation. These were those who turned our country into the nucleus of national and international wars. They were the most anti-women people in the society who wanted to [makes pause] who brought our country to this state and they intend to do the same again. I believe that it is a mistake to test those already being tested. They should be taken to national and international court. If they are forgiven by our people, the bare- footed Afghan people, our history will never forgive them. They are all recorded in the history of our country."
Name controversy.
Delegates collected more than the necessary 151 signatures calling for the word "Islamic" to be removed from the draft constitution, suggesting "Republic of Afghanistan" instead. Despite enough signatures, the jirga's chairman Sibghatullah Mojaddedi refused to hold a vote and publicly called the deleagates "infidels", causing concern on freedom of speech.
Ratification.
After weeks of contentious debate, a walkout by the chair and hundreds of delegates, and dozens of amendments, the loya jirga ratified the constitution without taking a vote, but by consensus, on January 4, 2004.
Many delegates complained that the process had no specific criteria, that the rules of procedure were not followed, and that delegates were not properly prepared or educated about the issues. There were also complaints that many of the most important decisions were made by militia and party leaders, Karzai's favorites, and international representatives, such as US envoy Zalmay Khalilzad, behind the scenes.
A documentary film, "Hell of a Nation", produced and directed by Tamara Gould, Bonnie Cohen, and John Schenk, and aired on PBS's "Wide Angle" series covered the Afghan constitutional process in detail.


Konoe Kanetsune

, son of Iezane, was a "Kugyō" or Japanese court noble of the early Kamakura period. He held regent positions as follows:
With a daughter of Kujō Michiie he had a son Motohira.