John Bastwick

John Bastwick (1593–1654) was an English Puritan physician and controversial writer.
He was born at Writtle, Essex. He entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on 19 May 1614, but remained there only a very short time, and left the university without a degree. He travelled and served for a time as a soldier, probably in the Dutch army. He then studied medicine abroad, and took the degree of M.D. at Padua. Back in England in 1623, he settled at Colchester, where he practised as a physician.
He was a Latin stylist, and began a career as controversial with Latin works. In 1634 he published in the Netherlands two anti-Catholic Latin treatises: "Elenchus Religionis Papisticae", an answer to a Catholic called Richard Short; and "Flagellum Pontificis", an argument in favour of Presbyterianism. The latter came under the notice of William Laud. He had Bastwick brought before the Court of High Commission, where he was convicted of a "scandalous libel", was condemned to pay a fine of £1,000 and costs, and was imprisoned in the Gatehouse Prison until he should recant. In 1636 Bastwick published "Πράξεις τῶν επισκόπων, sive Apologeticus ad Praesules Anglicanos", written in the Gatehouse against the high commission court.
In 1637 he produced in English the four parts of his "Letanie of Dr. John Bastwicke", in which bishops were denounced as the enemies of God and the tail of The Beast. For this publication he was summoned before the Star Chamber. The request for a work in English came from the publisher John Wharton. The "Letanie" was printed by a Dutch press for John Lilburne, who had been brought to the Gatehouse in 1636 by the clothier Thomas Hewson and minister Edmund Rosier. Lilburne was just finishing an apprenticeship with Hewson, and smuggled the text abroad, but was betrayed by his assistant in importing the "Letanie", John Chilliburne who worked for Wharton. At the time Bastwick was comfortable enough in prison, living with his wife and family and complaining that he ate roast meat only once a week.
Similar proceedings were taken against William Prynne for his "Histrio-Mastix", and Henry Burton for "seditious" sermons. Bastwick's voluminous defence, which was also published, aggravated his case. He was found guilty, and along with the other sentenced to lose his ears in the pillory, to pay a fine of £5,000, and to be imprisoned for life.
Bastwick was afterwards moved to Star Castle, Isles of Scilly. From there in November 1640 he was released by order of the Long Parliament, and in December entered London in triumph. Reparation to the amount of the fines imposed was ordered to be made to him (2 March 1641). In 1642, as the First English Civil War broke out, Bastwick was a captain of the Leicester trained bands, and on 22 July he was taken prisoner by the royalists at Leicester, and sent prisoner to York.
Soon at liberty again, he published in 1643 a "Declaration demonstrating ... that all malignants, whether they be prelates, &c., are enemies to God and the church". The Parliamentary success in the war brought by 1645 a new relationship into being between the Presbyterians and other Protestant groups, classified as Independents, such as the emerging Quakers and Congregationalists. Bastwick with Prynne was a hard-liner on the Presbyterian side; Burton wanted a less harsh approach, and by then Lilburne was a very popular Independent, beginning to found the Levellers.
Bastwick with Colonel Edward King arranged for Lilburne to be arrested on 19 July 1645 for words he had said against the Speaker of the House of Commons; he was in custody until October. In 1648 Bastwick published two bitter tracts against the Independents, and in defence of himself against Lilburne.
Bastwick died in 1654. Richard Smith, in his 'Obituary,' gives 6 October 1654 as the date of his burial.


Elections in Yugoslavia

In Yugoslavia, elections were held while it had existed as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the first one being in 1918 for the Provisional Popular Legislature of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which was preceded by local elections of National Councils in former Austria-Hungary, including the elections in Vojvodina and Montenegro for local parliaments) and the last being the parliamentary (National Assembly and half of the Senate) election of 1938. Women were not eligible to vote. After the 1918 indirect ones, the 1920 parliamentary election was the first direct one. Parliamentary elections were held in 1923, 1925 and 1927, while with the new constitution a "de facto" Lower and Upper House were introduced in 1931 (the Senate next to the National Assembly). The 1931 elections were not free, as they were handled under a single-course dictatorship, while the 1935 and 1938 were held under limited basic democratic principles.
The country was occupied and broken up by the Axis Powers in 1941. After the war, a referendum between two political options in 1945, also being the only referendum held in the old Yugoslav state. It was also the first time that Yugoslavia introduced women's right to vote. The referendum was found dubious and criticized for taking place under even worse conditions than the previous elections. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia ran unopposed, and in turn promulgated a new Constitution in 1946 that abolished the monarchy and transformed the country into a Federative Republic, also ending multi-party elections.
Nevertheless, elections were held on several occasions. Candidates were, however, proposed only by the League of Communists or by the Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia as formally non-partisan candidates. Originally, only one candidate was proposed to the electorate. The first elections were held on November 11, 1945, and the second in 1950. A new Federal Electoral Law was introduced on September 9, 1953, and it defined electoral units, the number of deputies in individual republics' parliaments, the candidate requirements (excluding party affiliation) etc. The number of candidates proposed to the electorate was also permitted to exceed one, allowing for competitive elections. This kind of elections were held in 1953, 1958, 1963, 1969, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, and 1989.
With the fall of Communism, a multi-party system was reintroduced in 1990. These were held in each of the constituent republics:
According to results, support for the former member parties of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia on the federal level at that point was between 35 and 40%.
Serbia and Montenegro remained together after the dissolution of Yugoslavia and kept its name until 2003, with the last remnant of Yugoslavia ending upon Montenegro's independence in 2006.
Elections (1974 to 1990).
From 1974 to the dissolution of the country from 1990 to 1992, the Assembly was bicameral and was made up of a Federal Council and a Republican Council elected to four-year terms.
The Federal Council was elected by a complicated indirect delegate system through the popular front Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia. The Federal Council was composed of 220 members. Its members were elected from the six republics (with 30 members each) and the two autonomous provinces (with 20 members each).
The Republican Council was composed of 88 members. Its members were elected from the six republics' assemblies (with 12 members each) and the two autonomous provinces' assemblies (with 8 members each). The deputies would then serve double mandates in their own assemblies and the Republican Council.
After elections an initial joint session of both councils of the Assembly would vote in a new Federal Executive Council, which also functioned on a four-year term.
Regular federal elections set for 1990 were never held before the country dissolved. Over the course of 1990 each constituent republic adopted democratic constitutions which allowed for political parties other than the League of Communists, and subsequently held multi-party elections. Due to the complicated political system, a new democratic electoral system could not be agreed upon by the Presidium (representing the republics, some of which were openly campaigning for independence and whose interest in Yugoslav reform was moot), the Executive Council (which had dissenting internal opinion about reform), and the Assembly itself which was made up of the old communist cadre.


Venetians Movement

Venetians Movement ("Movimento Veneti") was a Venetist separatist cross-party political movement which aims to promote independence regardless of individual political positions such as left or right, in a democratic and nonviolent way. The complete name of the movement, which was founded on 26 November 2006 in Padua, was Venetians Movement for the Independence of Venetia ("Movimento Veneti par ła Indipendensa de ła Venetia"), but it was commonly known also as The Venetians ("I Veneti"). The movement demands independence for the so-called Venetia, a country that would be composed of all the territories of the historical Republic of Venice, covering the current Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, some Provinces of Lombardy (Brescia, Bergamo, Cremona and Mantova), a portion of Trentino (see chart).
Differently from other Venetist parties such as Liga Veneta, Liga Veneta Repubblica and North-East Project, Venetians in Movement did not present itself to elections, because it recognizes that the already high number of independentist parties was not bringing much results in favour of independence. A possible future transformation into party was scheduled in its statute, however, only when the socio-political situation provides favourable conditions. Moreover, the movement did not recognize the inclusion of Veneto in Italy in 1866 by a possibly rigged referendum, as claimed by some Venetist historians such as Ettore Beggiato and Gianpaolo Borsetto. According to the Venetians' website FAQ page, although Italian law is de facto in force in Veneto, the independence of Veneto did not imply breaking the unity of Italy because Veneto is not formally a part of Italy ("«We do not secede or break away from Italy because, in order to do so we should be part of it»") for a number of reasons. First, "«Italy was proclaimed without the Venetian lands»", consequently "«Italy's existence does not depend on the Venetian land. Even without the Venetian land, Italy would still be united, as it was united before adding Veneto»". Second, the annexation of the Venetian land was not legitimized by any military conquest: "«Italy did not win, its allied won»". Third, the annexation was not legitimized by any democratic vote: "«a referendum was required for the annexation" [...but it] "was neither free, nor secret»". Fourth, "«the annexation took place two days before the vote»". Fifth, "the political unity of the Italian Peninsula is not even reached today", as the Peninsula is still split in three States: "«Italian Republic, Vatican City State and Most Serene Republic of San Marino»".
One of the founding members of the movement, Gianluca Busato, launched the Venetian National Party (PNV) in 2007. In the run up of the 2009 municipal elections, The Venetians invited Carlo Covi of Venetian Agreement to a convention, leading some to think that this was an endorsement. Shortly after in fact, in November 2009 the movement joined other Venetist parties, including Venetian Agreement and Liga Veneta Repubblica, in forming Veneto Freedom. However, as soon as in January 2010, the coalition disbanded and its independentist core formed a more coherent outfit, the Party of the Venetians, which was later merged in September 2010 with the PNV to form Veneto State, a united Venetist-separatist party. A leading member of The Venetians, Giustino Cherubin, was elected president of the new party.
Leadership.
The "Minor Conséjo", named after one of the institutions of the late Republic of Venice and also known as National Council, functions as executive secretariat of the party. It was composed by Patrik Riondato, Ivan Salvador, Giustino Cherubin and Fabrizio Disarò.


Group of Nine (Portugal)

The Group of Nine () was a group of nine moderate military officers in the Portuguese Armed Forces, led by Melo Antunes, who participated in the Movimento das Forças Armadas that brought about the Carnation Revolution.
The progressive group published in August 1975 a manifesto, known as the "Documento dos Nove", to clarify the political positions and ideologies within and outside the Armed Forces.
The original signatories were nine prominent figures in the 1974 Revolution: Ernesto Melo Antunes, Vasco Lourenço, Pezarat Correia, Manuel Franco Charais, Canto e Castro, Costa Neves, Sousa e Castro, Vítor Alves, and Vítor Crespo. This military group refused to accept the socialist and social democratic models that were prevalent at the time. Instead, the group offered another model of socialism based on political democracy, pluralism, personal liberties and fundamental human rights. This group represented a moderate faction of the MFA, and supported the "Aliança Povo/MFA. Para a construção da sociedade socialista em Portugal" document, which they presented on 8 July 1975.
The group was supported by the principal political parties at the time (PS, PSD and CDS) and opposed by forces aligned with the far-left of the political spectrum linked to Prime Minister Vasco Gonçalves and Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho.
The environment that existed in Portugal during the summer of 1975 (referred to as the Verão Quente), affected the tense conditions where radical military officers occupied parachute company bases, making a response from military forces controlled by the Group of Nine. The military response was presented to Francisco da Costa Gomes (President of the Republic at the time) who broadcast the state of events for the region of Lisbon. Vasco Lourenço (member of the MFA Coordinating group), Jaime Neves (commander of the Comandos of Amadora) and Lieutenant Colonel António Ramalho Eanes (forces coordinator for the Group of Nine, and future president). Also, from here, Salgueiro Maia left with colleagues in the EPCS for Lisbon to support the positions of the Group of Nine. From many, this was the date the PREC terminated.


John Yeamans

Sir John Yeamans, 1st Baronet (1611–1674) was an English colonial administrator described in his day as "a pirate ashore". He was an early leader and governor of the Province of Carolina.
Life.
Baptised on 28 February 1611 in Bristol, England, Sir John Yeamans was a younger son of John Yeamans, a brewer of Redcliffe, Bristol who died about 1645, and his wife Blanche Germain. The younger Yeamans was a colonel in the Royalist army during the English Civil War.
In about 1650 Yeamans migrated to Barbados, and within a decade he had become a large landholder there (he had held land in Barbados since 1638) a colonel of the militia, judge of a local court of common pleas, and by July 1660 he was on the council of that colony.
Carolina.
In the deteriorating economic conditions of the 1660s and 1670s many Barbadian planters sought better opportunities. In 1663 a number of planters in Barbados made arrangements with the proprietors of Carolina for establishing a colony at Cape Fear. The proprietors, by the exercise of their influence at court, secured a baronetcy for Yeamans, conferred on him 12 January 1665, and on 11 January 1665 they appointed him governor of their colony, with a jurisdiction extending from Cape Fear to San Mateo.
The region was named Clarendon County. Yeamans was also instructed to explore the coast south of Cape Fear. He sailed with three vessels from Barbados in January 1665, and reached Cape Fear, but sustained heavy loss on the way from rough weather. Accordingly, he soon returned to Barbados, leaving the management of the new settlement to a deputy, Captain Robert Sandford (whose lieutenant was Joseph Woory, Yeamans's nephew). However the colonists abandoned Clarendon by the autumn of 1667.
In 1669 another attempt at colonisation was made. Three ships of settlers were sent to Port Royal Island from the British Isles calling first at Barbados. Instructed by the proprietors to name a governor Yeamans named himself and joined the expedition until it reached Bermuda. In Bermuda he appointed the elderly William Sayle in his place and abruptly returned to Barbados. The expedition continued and successfully founded South Carolina's first permanent English settlement in April 1670.
Sayle died in March 1671. Before his death he nominated as his successor the deputy governor, Joseph West, and this appointment was approved by the colonists. Yeamans arrived in the new colony in 1671 and was disappointed not to be made governor immediately, and used his position as speaker of the colonies first parliament to harass West. He also started to build a plantation into which he brought 200 African slaves.
On 21 August 1671 the proprietors, to the great dissatisfaction of the colonists, appointed Yeamans to the governorship. He was proclaimed Governor of the English Province of Carolina at Charles Town on 19 April 1672. Early in his governorship at the bequest of the proprietors he initiated a land survey for what would become Charles Town and expanded his plantation.
The colony during his governorship suffered from internal dissensions, and was threatened both by the Spaniards and the Indians. The proprietors found fault with Yeamans as extravagant and indifferent to their interests. The colonists objected to his profits as an exporter of food-stuffs from Barbados. In May 1674 the proprietors replaced Yeamans with his predecessor Joseph West, but Yeamans apparently died before he received the notice. The minutes of the colony's Grand Council show that Yeamans presided as governor over a meeting on 3 August 1674, but minutes for the next meeting on 13 August 1674 report that Yeamans had died.
Yeamans family.
Sir John Yeamans married twice: firstly to – Limp, with whom he had five sons, and secondly on 11 April 1661 to Margaret Berringer, they had four children (two sons and two daughters). It is likely that Yeamans had Benjamin Berringer, his former business partner and husband of Margaret, poisoned just weeks before the marriage. However the death was investigated and Yeamans was cleared by the council.
Yeamans' many descendants were still in prominent positions in West Indies affairs at the start of the 20th century. John's younger brother, Robert, also received a baronetcy on 31 December 1666 but he left no children.
Yeamans' connection with the colony is still commemorated by the ancient mansion of Yeamans Hall, on Goose Creek, near Charleston. Sir John's considerable wealth in Barbados passed to his son, Major Sir William Yeamans, second baronet, and great-grandfather of Sir John Yeamans of Barbados, whose son, Sir Robert (d. 19 February 1788), was the last baronet.
Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Martin, the last colonial governor of the Province of North Carolina was a member of the same West Indies Yeamans family.
Yeamans was one of a large, often prominent, family named Yeamans or Yeomans of Bristol, England some of whom later became Quakers. One prominent member of the family was Robert Yeamans a sheriff of Bristol. In 1643 he plotted to seize a city gate and let in a Royalist army to overwhelm the Parliamentary garrison. The plot was discovered and he along with some fellow conspirators were executed by the Parliamentary military governor for treason. Robert Yeamans was not a close relation of Sir John.


Bardulia

According to some sources, Bardulia is the ancient name of the territories that composed the primitive Castile in the north of what later became the province of Burgos. The name comes from "Varduli", the name of a tribe who, in pre-Roman and Roman times, populated the eastern part of the Cantabrian coast of the Iberian peninsula, primarily in present-day Guipúzcoa. Some assert that the Varduil also encompassed or assimilated the Caristii and Autrigones.
It has been speculated that a possible expansion of the Basque territories—Late Basquisation, an expansion to the Basque Country in the 6th through 8th centuries—occasioned a westward migration of the Varduli to what the documents of the Low Middle Ages call "Bardulia".
"Bardulia" and "Castile".
The first written mention of "Bardulia" is a 10th-century chronicle that describes it as a former name for Castile. The "Chronicle of Alfonso III", written in Latin, uses the term four times, in various declensions. Similar passages recur in the texts of later chroniclers.
There are two variants of the "Chronicle of Alfonso III". Among the passages there are "Bardulies qui (quae) nunc uocitatur (appellatur) Castella" ("Bardulia, which is now called Castella") and "Barduliensem provintiam" ("the Bardulian Province") where King Ramiro I of Asturias was traveling to take a wife, and where he heard of the death of his predecessor Alfonso II.
The early 12th-century "Historia Silense" says of Ramiro I: "cum Bardulies, quae nunc Castella vocatur, ad accipiendan uxorem accederet." The 12th-century "Chronica Naierensis" and the forged donation to the bishops of Lugo and Oviedo (11th-12th century) also refer to "Bardulia".
In the first half of the 13th century, Lucas de Tuy twice mentions "Bardulia", as does Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, in an allusion to Ramiro, that on the death of Alfonso II, "in Bardulia pro accipienda uxore aliquandiu fecit moram" ("he stayed some time in Bardulia to take a wife"). In another place Jiménez de Rada closely parallels the "Chronicle of Alfonso III": "nobiles Barduliae, quae nunc Castella dicitur" ("nobles
of Bardulia, which is now called Castile").
The first "Crónica General" of Alfonso el Sabio, basically a compilation of earlier chronicles, makes four mentions of "Bardulia", and the Annales Compostellani, says that "Albutaman" (probably Abu-Otman, a distinguished general of Hisham I of Córdoba) died in 844 (Spanish era; 806 AD), in Pisuerga, "quando venit in Bardulias" ("when he arrived in Bardulia").
Addressing the claim that Bardulia was simply a scholarly term, the 20th century medievalist and statesman Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña defends Alfonso III from the charge of a scholarly error in equating Bardulia with early Castile, but his words leave the matter somewhat open: "It is very probable that Alfonso III did not commit a error of erudition in identifying Bardulia with Castile," and that "If there was an error in the identification of Bardulia with Castile, that error propagates from Castile itself in the 9th century, which is hard to reconcile with it being of [later] erudite origin.


Anti-Slavery Reporter

The Anti-Slavery Reporter was founded in London in 1825 as the Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter by Zachary Macaulay (1768–1838), a Scottish philanthropist who devoted most of his life to the anti-slavery movement. It was also referred to as the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, and in 1909 merged with the "Aborigines' Friend" to form the Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines' Friend. From 1981 the journal was again renamed the "Anti-Slavery Reporter", and as a publication of Anti-Slavery International continued to be published occasionally as simply Reporter.
Under Macaulay and its subsequent editors, the journal campaigned vigorously for the abolition of slavery throughout the world in the late 19th century. Later, it focused more on various forms of modern slavery.
It was initially published by the anti-slavery organisation founded in 1823 as the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, but after this wound up in 1838, came under the auspices of and published the Annual Reports of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (now known as Anti-Slavery International.)
History.
1823–1838.
From 1823 to 1838, the journal was published by the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, commonly referred to as "the Anti-Slavery Society".
Volume ii of the "Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter" is dated as commencing in June 1827 and ending in May 1828. It was printed in London for the "London Society for the Mitigation and Abolition of Slavery in the British Dominions" (officially the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions), and printed as a monograph in 1829.
The title remained "Anti-Slavery Monthly Reporter" until July 1830, dropping the "Monthly" to become "The Anti-Slavery Reporter" in August 1830 (Volume 3, No. 62?).
1839–1980.
In 1839 the new, internationally-focused British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society (BFASS) was founded, after the previous British Empire-focused organisation was wound up. A "new series", described as the 3rd series, started with volume 1, number 1 on 1 January 1846. The title pages for the volumes between 1846 and 1852 read "The British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter".
The journal merged with the "Aborigines' Friend" to form the "Anti-Slavery Reporter and Aborigines' Friend" in 1909, when the BFASS merged with the Aborigines' Protection Society to form the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society.
1981–2000s.
From 1981 the journal was called simply "Anti-Slavery Reporter".
It appears to have been published into the 1990s, on an annual or quarterly basis. An Anti-Slavery International publication in 2005 lists in its bibliography "Anti-Slavery International, "Reporter", London, various issues between 1999–2005", and states "Anti-Slavery International’s quarterly magazine the "Reporter" has been published since 1825 and continues to be a leading source of news and analysis in relation to slavery issues".
Description.
Under Macaulay and its subsequent editors, the journal campaigned vigorously for the abolition of slavery throughout the world in the late 19th century. Its articles include detailed reports of the activities of the abolitionists; reports of the Parliamentary procedures which ultimately led to the abolition of slavery throughout Britain and her colonies; and details of the political activities of pro- and anti-slavery supporters in other countries.


Battle off Texel

The Battle off Texel, also known as the Action off Texel or the Action of 17 October 1914, was a naval battle off the coast of the Dutch island of Texel during the First World War. A British squadron, comprising one light cruiser and four destroyers on a routine patrol, encountered the German 7th Half Flotilla of torpedo boats which was "en route" to the British coast to lay mines. The British forces attacked and the outgunned German force attempted to flee and then fought a desperate and ineffective action against the British force, which sank all four German boats.
The battle resulted in the loss of the German torpedo boat squadron and prevented the mining of busy shipping lanes, such as the mouth of the River Thames. The British had few casualties and little damage to their vessels. The battle influenced the tactics and deployments of the remaining German torpedo boat flotillas in the North Sea area, as the loss shook the faith of their commanders in the effectiveness of the force.
Background.
After the opening naval Battle of Heligoland Bight, the German High Seas Fleet was ordered to avoid confrontations with larger opposing forces, to avoid costly and demoralising reverses. Apart from occasional German raids and forays by German light forces, the North Sea was dominated by the Royal Navy which regularly patrolled the area. On 16 October 1914, information about activity by German light forces in the Heligoland Bight became more definite and the 1st Division of the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla (Harwich Force), consisting of the new light cruiser (Captain Cecil Fox) and four destroyers, , , and was sent to investigate. At 13:50 on 17 October, while steaming northwards, about to the south-west of the island of Texel, the 1st Division encountered a squadron of German torpedo boats, comprising the remaining vessels of the 7th Half Flotilla ("Korvettenkapitän" Georg Thiele in ) , , about ahead. The German ships were sailing abreast, about apart, on a bearing slightly to the east of the 1st Division. The German ships made no hostile move against the British and made no attempt flee; the British assuming that they had mistaken the ships for friendly vessels. The German flotilla was part of the Emden Patrol and had been sent out of the Ems River, to mine the southern coast of Britain including the mouth of the Thames but had been intercepted before reaching its objective.
The British squadron out-gunned the German 7th Half Flotilla. HMS "Undaunted"—an "Arethusa"-class light cruiser—was armed with two BL 6 inch Mk XII naval guns and seven QF 4 inch Mk V naval guns, in single mounts (most without gun shields) and eight torpedo tubes. "Undaunted" was experimentally armed with a pair of 2-pounder anti-aircraft guns, something most of her class lacked and at best speed could make . The four "Laforey"-class destroyers were armed with four torpedo tubes in two twin mounts, three 4-inch guns and a 2-pounder gun. The destroyers were slightly faster than the cruiser and could make about at full power. The German vessels were inferior to the British in other areas, the 7th Half Flotilla was composed of ageing 1898 class boats and had been completed in 1904. The German boats were nearly equal in speed to the British at . Each of the German vessels was armed with three guns, that were of shorter range and throw-weight than the British guns. The biggest danger to the British squadron was the five torpedoes carried by each German boat.
Battle.
Upon closer approach, the German vessels realised the nearby vessels were British and scattered, while "Undaunted"—which was closer to the Germans than the destroyers—opened fire on the nearest torpedo boat. This German vessel managed to dodge the fire from "Undaunted" by changing course but lost speed and the British force caught up. To protect "Undaunted" from torpedo attack and to destroy the Germans as quickly as possible, Fox ordered the squadron to divide. "Lance" and "Lennox" chased "S115" and "S119" as "Legion" and "Loyal" pursued "S117" and "S118". Fire from "Legion", "Loyal" and "Undaunted" damaged "S118" so badly that its bridge was blown off the deck, sinking her at 15:17. "Lance" and "Lennox" engaged "S115", disabling her steering gear and causing the German vessel to circle. "Lennox"s fire was so effective that the bridge of "S115" was also destroyed but the German torpedo-boat did not strike her colours.
The two central boats in the German flotilla, "S117" and the flotilla leader "S119", tried to hit "Undaunted" with torpedoes but "Undaunted" outmanoeuvred the German boats and remained unscathed. When "Legion" and "Loyal" had finished off "S118", they came to "Undaunted"s aid and engaged the two attackers. "Legion" attacked "S117", which fired its last three torpedoes and continued to engage with gunfire. "Legion" pulverised "S117", damaging her steering mechanism which forced her to circle before she was sunk at 15:30. At the same time, "Lance" and "Lennox" had damaged "S115" to the point where only one of the destroyers was needed. "Lance" joined "Loyal" in bombarding "S119" with lyddite shells. "S119" managed to fire a torpedo at "Lance" and hit the destroyer amidships but the torpedo failed to detonate. "S119" was sunk at 15:35 by gunfire from "Lance" and "Loyal", taking the German flotilla commander down with it. "S115" stayed afloat despite constant attacks from "Lennox", which sent a boarding party, who found a wreck with only one German on board who happily surrendered. Thirty members of the crew were eventually rescued from the sea by the British vessels. The action ended at 16:30, with gunfire from "Undaunted" finishing off the abandoned hulk of "S115".
Aftermath.
Analysis.
The battle was seen as a great boost of morale for the British as two days previous, they had lost the cruiser to a U-boat. The effect on British morale is reflected in its inclusion in the 1915 novel "The Boy Allies Under Two Flags", written by Robert L. Drake. The hospital ship , which had been sent out to rescue survivors from the sunken boats, was seized by the British for violating the Hague Convention rules on the use of hospital ships. The loss of a squadron of German torpedo boats led to a drastic change in tactics in the English Channel and along the coast of Flanders. There were fewer sorties into the Channel and the torpedo boat force was relegated to coastal patrol and rescuing aircrew. The British received a bonus on 30 November, when a trawler pulled up the sealed chest thrown off "S119" by Captain Thiele. The chest contained a codebook used by the German light forces stationed on the coast, allowing the British to read German wireless communication for long afterwards.
Casualties.
Despite the odds, no German vessel struck her colours and the flotilla fought to the end. The four ships of the German Seventh Half Flotilla were sunk by Harwich Force and over two hundred sailors were killed, including the commanding officer. Thirty-one German sailors were rescued and taken prisoner; a captured officer died of wounds soon after. Two more German sailors were later rescued by a neutral vessel. Only four British sailors were wounded and three of their destroyers were lightly damaged. "Legion" had one shell hit and one man was wounded by machine-gun fire. "Loyal" was hit twice and had three or four men wounded. "Lance" had superficial machine-gun damage and the other vessels were unscathed.
Order of battle.
Royal Navy.
3rd Destroyer Flotilla (detachment), Captain Cecil H. Fox, Captain (D)
"1st division, 3rd Destroyer Flotilla"
German Navy.
7th Torpedoboat Half-flotilla, "Korvettenkapitän" Georg Thiele, commander
References.
Books
Journals
Websites


Rijnland Internet Election System

RIES, for Rijnland Internet Election System, was a project and open source/open patent design and implementation of an Internet election system. RIES was used from 2004 to 2006 for formal elections of the Dutch District Water Boards, and in 2006 to allow expats to vote for the Dutch parliament elections through the Internet. Over 140,000 voters used Ries to cast their vote over the Internet, 19,815 of which were cast in the 2006 parliamentary election.
In June, 2008, based on the work of the group "We Don't Trust Voting Computers", Internet voting was banned in the Netherlands and RIES could no longer be used.
The source code was published in June, 2008, and was shown to have extensive security problems.


Purple People

The Purple People (Italian: Il Popolo Viola) were an Italian mass protest movement who, among other things, called for the resignation of now former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. The movement was disaffected with mainstream Italian politics, and identified themselves at demonstrations and rallies by wearing items of the colour purple, chosen because it was not associated with any major Italian political party. The group originated in October 2009 when a group of bloggers, gravitating around the anonymous figure of "San Precario" (English: "Saint Precarious"), an activist from Catania, Sicily, organised demonstrations using word of mouth, Twitter and Facebook.
In October, 2009, they launched the Facebook page "Una Manifestazione Nazionale per Chiedere le Dimissioni di Berlusconi", (English: "A National Demonstration to Ask for Berlusconi’s Resignation"), announcing a demonstration to take place in Rome on 5 December 2009. The page immediately reached an unexpected consensus. Only a few weeks after, more than 300,000 users had joined the page and had announced via Facebook their presence at the event, which would be called "No Berlusconi Day". Contemporaneously, hundreds of local groups sprung joining the initiative, both inside and outside Italy. Thousands of young Italians, forced by a high level of youth unemployment to leave the Country and move abroad, planned parallel campaigns in cities such as London, New York City, Paris, Sydney, and many others. Since then, thousands of people have attended several subsequent rallies.
The movement declined after the successful campaign of the referendum of 15 June 2011, but, as of May 2016, its Facebook page is still active, counting more than 420,000 users.


Carolina Salgado

Carolina Salgado (born 14 March 1977) is a Portuguese public figure best known for being a former partner of FC Porto's long-time chairman Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, and subsequently as a witness in "Apito Dourado".
Relationship with Pinto da Costa.
Born in Vila Nova de Gaia, Salgado became known as Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa's companion between 2000 and 2006, after he met her while she was working in a brothel, "Calor da Noite", as a part-time job. After the couple split, she published a controversial autobiography titled "Eu, Carolina" ("Me, Carolina", officially ghost written by a long-time friend and high school Portuguese teacher Maria Fernanda Freitas de Sousa – although the latter claims there were substantial changes from the manuscript) in December 2006, presenting some quarters of Portuguese football as a promiscuous world, and revealing details of her relationship with Pinto da Costa. It was alleged by Salgado and widely reported in the news media that Pinto da Costa, who was formally accused in the "Apito Dourado" (Golden Whistle) sports corruption scandal in June 2007, was tipped off to the investigation by one of his personal friends inside the police department in Porto conducting the investigation, Polícia Judiciária. This resulted in Pinto da Costa leaving Portugal to Spain with Salgado, hours before the police raided his house, where they did not find the documents they were looking for. Other serious accusations were made by Salgado, including match fixing, the bribing of referees with prostitutes, and Pinto da Costa's alleged ordering of the beating of Gondomar municipality councilman Ricardo Bexiga by two people. In addition, Salgado claimed that she was assaulted by Pinto da Costa's driver, who allegedly kicked her sister's pregnant belly. According to Salgado's own words, 6 April 2006 was the saddest day of her life, as she was (allegedly) kicked and slapped by Pinto da Costa.
Books.
The book "Eu, Carolina" ("Me, Carolina") made an impact on Portuguese news media and society. A film adaptation was made for cinema in 2007 with the title "Corrupção" ("Corruption"). The film was directed by João Botelho, starring Margarida Vila-Nova as the partner of a football club's chairman, portrayed by Nicolau Breyner.
In 2011, Salgado published another book, titled "Descida ao Inferno" ("Descent to Hell"), in which she describes her life as a "hell" since the end of her relationship with Pinto da Costa.
Personal life.
Carolina has a twin sister, Ana, and two children. In 2013, Salgado participated in the reality show Big Brother VIP.


Ralph Assheton (general)

Ralph Assheton (1596 – 17 February 1650) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1649. He was a general in the Parliamentary army in the English Civil War.
Assheton was eldest son of Sir Richard Assheton of Middleton (who died 1618) and a descendant of Ralph de Ashton of Middleton. He was admitted at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge on 22 May 1614 and was also admitted at Gray's Inn on 24 May 1614. He was awarded MA at Cambridge in 1615 on the visit of the King, and was incorporated at Oxford University in 1616.
In November 1640, Assheton was elected MP for Lancashire in the Long Parliament. He was an energetic supporter of parliament and the avowed leader of the Presbyterian party in Lancashire. In the Civil War he became a colonel-general in the parliamentary army and was commander in chief of the parliamentary forces in Lancashire. He was excluded from parliament in 1648.
Assheton died aged 54. His monumental brass in the Church of St Leonard, Middleton is the only brass in the UK of a Civil War officer in full armour.
Assheton's eldest son, Sir Ralph Assheton, 1st Baronet of Middleton, was created a baronet after the restoration.


Slavery in Germany


Ashe County, North Carolina

Ashe County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 27,281. Its county seat is Jefferson.
History of Ashe.
Historical evidence shows that Ashe County was inhabited by Native Americans, which included the Cherokee, Creek, and Shawnee tribes. Pieces of broken pottery, arrowheads, and other Native American artifacts have been found, indicating their presence. Most of these artifacts have been found in the Old Fields area of Ashe County.
The earliest Europeans to explore Ashe County were Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg – head of the Moravian Church in America – and his associates, Timothy Horsefield, Joseph Mueller, Henry Antes, Johan Merck, and Herman Loesch. Bishop Spangenberg wrote about his journey in Ashe in a diary that has been preserved by the Moravian church. He was given in Virginia as a place for his fellow Moravians to settle. The only one of Spangenberg's group to return and permanently settle in Ashe County was Herman Loesch. Other early settlers were David Helton, William Walling, William McLain and Daniel Boone, the famous pioneer. With the exception of Boone, these men and their families all settled in Ashe in 1771.
During the Revolutionary War one skirmish was fought in Ashe County, the Battle of Big Glades. The battle was fought in July 1780 between a force of Americans, led by Captain Robert Love, and a force of 150 British Loyalists on their way to Charlotte to join Lord Cornwallis, the British commander in the Southern colonies. The Americans won the skirmish.
In the 1780s, Ashe County was a part of the self-declared "State of Franklin", within the boundaries of its Washington County. The "State of Franklin" marked the beginnings of the State of Tennessee. The North Carolina legislature created Ashe County in late 1799 with an area of . Many family surnames noted in the 1800 Ashe County Census, Blevins, Hart, Bare, Barker, Stamper, Miller, Burkett, Gambill, Baldwin, and Ballou as a sample, are still present today. Ashe County was named in honor of Samuel Ashe, a Revolutionary patriot, a superior court judge, and the Governor of North Carolina from 1795 to 1798.
From 1807 to 1913, the county went through numerous boundary changes. In 1849, to form Watauga County, the southwestern part of Ashe County was combined with parts of Caldwell County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County. Ten years later in 1859, the eastern part of the remainder of Ashe County became Alleghany County.
Geography.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.7%) is water.
Ashe County is located in extreme northwestern North Carolina. The county is bordered by two states: Virginia on the north; and Tennessee to the west. The county is located entirely within the Appalachian Mountains region of North Carolina. Most of the county is located atop a rolling plateau that ranges from to above sea level. On the county's southeastern border the land drops sharply to about in neighboring Wilkes County, North Carolina. Numerous mountains and hills dot the plateau. In total, five mountains in the county rise to over 5,000 feet. A prominent landmark is Mount Jefferson, which is a State Natural Area and rises to , and towers more than above the towns of Jefferson and West Jefferson.
The county's main river is the New River, one of the oldest rivers in the world, and one of the few major rivers in the southeastern United States to flow primarily north instead of south, east, or west. There are 34 recorded creeks and streams that flow into the New River in Ashe County. In 1998 the river was designated an "American Heritage River" by President Bill Clinton, and it is famed for its beautiful rural scenery, clear water, fly fishing, and kayaking and canoeing.
Isolated by mountainous terrain from the remainder of North Carolina to the east, Ashe County was described in the 19th and early 20th centuries as one of the Lost Provinces of North Carolina.
Ashe County generally is known for its mountain scenery, and the tourism industry is an important mainstay of the county's economy. The Blue Ridge Parkway runs along the county's southeastern border. Ashe County has historically consisted of rural farmland, with numerous cattle and poultry farms. However, cattle farming in recent decades has given way to the industry of raising Christmas trees. Many cattle farmers have switched to growing Christmas trees, and in 1997, 2007, 2008, and 2012, an Ashe County Christmas tree was selected as the official White House Christmas Tree by the National Christmas Tree Association. The tree was put on display in the Blue Room (White House). As of 2014 Ashe County grows more Christmas trees than any other county in the Eastern United States.
Climate.
Ashe County, North Carolina has a considerably different climate than most of the Southeastern United States. Summers typically average around . Temperatures rarely exceed , but on rare occasions can reach the mid-90s as they did in 2012 – the most recent that 90+ was observed. + has never been observed. Summer nights are cool, and temperatures often dip to near even in July. In winter there is snow, averaging about for the towns of Jefferson and West Jefferson during the past thirty years. There has been only about 66 percent of normal snowfall observed over the past four winter seasons (2013-2017). Considerably more snow falls on the peaks and the western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. During the 2009–2010 snow season Jefferson received some of snow. Snow has been observed as early as around October 1 and as late as around May 1. Ashe County is also a very windy location especially in winter when several times per year the Jefferson Airport sees the wind gusting . In addition it does get very cold in Ashe County. In January 2014 the low temperature dipped below several times, the coldest being on January 30–31. Single digit temperatures, often just above zero Fahrenheit, are observed most winter seasons on occasion. The average winter high is in the 40s with an average low near . Ashe County often feels more like the northeastern United States when wind chill factors are also observed.
Demographics.
2000 census.
As of the census of 2000, there were 24,384 people, 10,411 households, and 7,423 families residing in the county. The population density was 57 people per square mile (22/km2). There were 13,268 housing units at an average density of 31 per square mile (12/km2).
The racial makeup of the county was:
2.42% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 10,411 households, out of which 26.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.40% were married couples living together, 8.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non-families. 25.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.75.
In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 19.80% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 27.70% from 45 to 64, and 18.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.90 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $28,824, and the median income for a family was $36,052. Males had a median income of $25,666 versus $19,983 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,429. About 10.10% of families and 13.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.30% of those under age 18 and 17.30% of those ages 65 and over.
2010 census.
As of the census of 2010, there were 27,281 people, 11,755 households, and 8,030 families residing in the county. The population density was 60 people per square mile (23/km2). There were 17,342 total housing units at an average density of 37 per square mile (12/km2). Of the total 11,755 housing units were occupied.
The racial makeup of the county was:
4.8% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 11,755 households, out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.75.
In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 10.5% under 10, 10.9% from 10 to 19, 9.9% from 20 to 29, 11.6% from 30 to 39, 13.8% from 40 to 49, 15.2% from 50 to 59, 14% from 60 to 69, 8.7% from 70 to 79, and 5.1% who were 80 years of age or older. The median age was 45.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.39 males.
The per capita income was $20,706 and the median household income was $34,056. 18.1% of the population was below the poverty level.
Communities.
Population ranking.
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Ashe County.
† "county seat"
Politics.
Owing to its rural character Ashe County is a strongly Republican county, if not historically comparable to geographically similar Avery or Mitchell. The last Democratic presidential nominee to carry Ashe County was Jimmy Carter in 1976, and the last to reach forty percent of the county's vote was Bill Clinton in 1992. Recent elections have seen Ashe, like almost all Appalachia counties, trend rapidly towards the Republican Party. Hillary Clinton won just 26 percent of the county's ballots in 2016.
Like most counties in North Carolina, Ashe County is governed by a five-member Board of County Commissioners. In the North Carolina House of Representatives, Ashe County lies in the 93rd District, which also covers Watauga County and is represented by Democrat Ray Russell. In the North Carolina Senate, Ashe County lies in the 45th Senate District, which also covers Alleghany, Avery, Caldwell and Watauga Counties and is represented by Republican Deanna Ballard.
Media.
The Ashe Post and Times is the newspaper of record for Ashe County, serving readers with the latest news and events throughout the county. It is a weekly, paid circulation newspaper that is published every Wednesday with breaking news posted immediately on ashepostandtimes.com. The newspaper is owned by Adams Publishing Group, which also owns the Watauga Democrat.
Notable people.
Ashe County has been home to, produced, or been visited by, several prominent people. It is the hometown of Monte Weaver from Helton who pitched for the Washington Senators and pitched a World Series game in 1933. After being traded from the Senators, he pitched for the Boston Red Sox, before being called into service in World War II. Weaver died in 1994. Albert Hash a well-known and beloved fiddler and instrument maker at one time resided in Lansing. Helen Keller visited an Ashe County native, Marvin Osborne, in 1944 when he was wounded in France in World War II. Loretta Lynn sang at the Central Food Market in West Jefferson in the late 1960s (the Central Food building formally housed a locally owned auto parts store and is now the location of a local restaurant). Roni Stoneman was a visitor to Ashe Park in the 1980s. In 1998, then-President Bill Clinton and his vice-president, Al Gore, held a ceremony on the banks of the scenic New River to designate it as an American Heritage River. After the ceremony, both men had lunch at the historic Glendale Springs Inn, also located in Ashe County. Fiddle player G. B. Grayson was born in Ashe County in 1887. Daniel Boone spent some time in the eastern part of Ashe County which is now Obids.


James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos

James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos PC (27 December 1731 – 29 September 1789), styled Viscount Wilton from birth until 1744 and Marquess of Carnarvon from 1744 to 1771, was a British peer and politician.
Background.
Chandos was the only son of Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos, and Lady Mary Bruce, daughter of Charles Bruce, 3rd Earl of Ailesbury. He studied at Westminster School in 1742–49a and at Göttingen University in 1750/1751.
Political career.
Chandos was Member of Parliament for Winchester from 1754 to 1761 and for Radnorshire between 1761 and 1768. He succeeded in the dukedom upon the death of his father on 28 November 1771.
He was a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to George, Prince of Wales from 1760 to 1764, the Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire in 1763–64 and 1771–80, sworn to the Privy Council on 12 May 1775 and appointed Lord Steward of the Household from December 1783 to his death in 1789.
Private life.
Chandos's first marriage was to Margaret Nicol (1736–1768), daughter of John Nicol of Colney Hatch and Minchenden House, and his wife Winifred Keck, on 22 March 1753. They set up a London home at 39 Upper Grosvenor Street, Mayfair.
Margaret inherited much of the great fortune acquired by her grandfather Sir Anthony Keck, and was the owner of a famous portrait of Shakespeare, which came to be known as the Chandos portrait following the marriage.
A decade after the death of his first wife, and having become Duke of Chandos in 1771, he married Anne Eliza Gamon, daughter of Richard Gamon of Datchworth Bury, Datchworth, on 21 June 1777. This second marriage produced the only child to survive to adulthood, Lady Anne Elizabeth Brydges (Lady Kinloss, died 1836) who married Richard Temple-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. They were the parents of Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos.
Chandos died in September 1789, aged 57, when the Dukedom became extinct. He was buried in St Lawrence Whitchurch in Canons Park, London. His widow was declared a lunatic and confined to their London home, Chandos House. After her death in 1813 the unexpired lease was sold.