Chums (paper)

Chums was a boys' weekly newspaper started in 1892 by Cassell & Company and later, from 1927, published by Amalgamated Press. The publisher gathered the weekly paper into monthly and annual editions. The monthly versions were published on the 25th of the month, and up to November 1920 included all the content of the weekly editions. From then on, the monthly editions had all the story content of the weeklies, but left out the covers. This left a gap which was then filled by short stories, articles and even serials that were not included in the weekly edition.The serial ceased publication in 1941.
"Chums" was notably the sponsor of the Chums League, Chums Society of Stamp Collectors, Chums Scouts, the British Boy Scouts and the British Boys Naval Brigade/National Naval Cadets. "Chums" is one of the most highly sought-after boys' papers by collectors due to its distinctive and attractively illustrated red covers.
History.
Started by Cassell & Company in 1892 as a weekly newspaper for boys, it was apparently modeled on — and in competition for readers with — "The Boy's Own Paper", having articles and stories covering various topics. "Chums" launched with a serial "For Glory and Renown" by D. H. Parry and articles on football training, Harrow School, and Julius Caesar in Britain. Initially "Chums" had problems gaining readers but two serials, "The Iron Pirate", by first editor Max Pemberton in 1892, and "Treasure Island" by Robert Louis Stevenson in 1894, pushed the paper into some success. It is interesting to note that when "Treasure Island" was first published as a serial in "Young Folks" in 1881, it was not a success. Robert Leighton, a sub-editor, said that as a serial, it was a failure, as it took too long to get to the action.
Amalgamated Press buys.
Amalgamated Press bought "Chums" in January 1927 and continued it as a weekly. With the 2 July 1932 issue, its publishing schedule was reduced to a monthly issue. The last monthly issue was in July 1934 and became an annual publication issued in September. The serial ceased publication with its 9 September 1941 issue due to wartime paper shortages.
Format.
"Chums" was issued in three different formats, weekly, monthly, and annually. While initially published as a weekly paper, a monthly edition was issued including all the weekly issues with a color cover. Some material was only included in the weekly or monthly formats. In the weekly, this showed up as an eight-page article insert pages numbered i-viii. The monthly had a color print included.
Sponsorship of youth organizations.
Chums Scouts & British Boy Scouts.
"Chums"' "On the Watch Tower" news column reported on 11 September 1907 that Robert Baden-Powell's Brownsea Island Scout camp was proposed and his recommendation that Boy Scout groups should be formed. In the 12 February 1908 issue, the editor indicated there was a reader proposing to start a scout company under the "Chum Scout" name and suggested that they wear the 'Chums' League badge. In the next issue, the editor indicated more readers had written in about starting a League of Chums Scouts with a reply that they were in discussions with Baden-Powell. The following issue had an article on the Brownsea Island Camp by Baden-Powell and indicated future news on the proposed 'Chums' League of Scouts. However, the publication then fell silent on the 'Chum' Scouts. In October 1908, a recurring character, Waggles, made fun of boy scouts. The silence, then the turnabout to being negative may have stemmed from C. Arthur Pearson Limited launching "The Scout" paper which was denoted as "founded by" Baden-Powell and the "Official Journal" of Baden-Powell's own Boy Scout organization.
In June 1909, "Chums" started including boy scout stories. In the 30 June issue, the editor's column indicated that the Chum scouts patrols were still going "strong" and that a union of the various patrols was being considered. "Chums" announced the launch of the British Boy Scouts as a national organisation in the 21 July 1909 issue. A British Boy Scout column was included in future issues, later becoming a full page. Chums indicated in late December that the BBS had gained members in Australia, Africa, and Canada. "Chums" also includes some of the earliest references to "Sea Scouts". In mid-1911, the BBS column ended when the original BBS leaders, H. Moore and W.G. Whitby, left the BBS.
British Boys Naval Brigade / National Naval Cadets.
In March 1909, "Chums" sponsored The British Boys Naval Brigade, a uniformed youth organization for boys ages 10 to 17. With the Brigade's launch in May as a national organization, it changed its name to The National Naval Cadets. The organization's columns in "Chums" were of an instructional nature rather than a news journal. "Chums" was also used as an enrolment tool. By June articles on the National Naval Cadets subtitled it, first as "Scouts of the Sea" then later "Sea Scouts of the Empire".
The British Boy Scouts and National Naval Cadets were both headquartered in Battersea, London. "Chums" referred to them together as Chums United Service.
Writers.
The following list of authors is by no means complete:
Artists.
The following artist represent only some of those who illustrated stories in "Chums"


The New Archie and Sabrina Hour

The New Archie and Sabrina Hour (advertised as The Archie-Sabrina Show) is the seventh and final animated series featuring Archie Comics characters under the Filmation banner. The series premiered on NBC in September 1977, rebroadcasting segments from "The Archie Show", as well as brand-new segments featuring "Sabrina the Teenage Witch". The show's format featured three segments per episode: a 15-minute one, a 30-minute one, and another 15-minute one—with the segments separated by songs (two songs per episode) and the first segment invariably featuring and emphasizing Sabrina.
Filmation added two new characters into the show: a Latino teenager named Carlos and a robot that Dilton Doiley got from a space center and rebuilt named Q. Carlos only made a few appearances in the comics, beginning in "Life with Archie" #179 (March 1977). Q was Filmation's nod to "Star Wars". At the time, robots were starting to appear everywhere, even on primetime shows.
Low ratings caused the hour-long format to be shelved by October. The show was retooled, then divided into separate 30-minute shows: "The Bang-Shang Lollapalooza Show" featured Archie's Gang solving mysteries around Riverdale (each 30-minute segment), while "Super Witch" featured Sabrina solving mysteries using her powers (each pair of 15-minute segments); each show featured one song per episode. The low ratings continued, however, and all three shows were gone by the spring of 1978—thus ending the Archie Comics/Filmation partnership.
The new segments from this show are listed by Entertainment Rights as "The Archie and Sabrina Surprise Package".
Episodes.
Each hour-long episode was composed of three segments: An Archie short, a Sabrina short, plus a 30-minute Archie episode. Sabrina sometimes appeared in all three cartoons.
Home media.
In 2016, the complete series was released on Region 4 DVD in Australia and New Zealand as "The Archie and Sabrina Surprise Package".


Eunyul talchum

The Eunyul talchum is a type of "talchum", Korean traditional mask drama which has been handed down in Eunyul, Hwanghae Province, present North Korea. It is also one of "sandaenori", a mask dance that developed in Seoul and the mid-metropolitan region. It is designated as the No. 61 asset of the Important Intangible Cultural Properties by South Korea.
The mask drama consists of six acts – Lion Dance, Sangjwa Dance, Mokjung Dance, Old Monk Dance, and Dance of the Old Couple.


A Dark Lantern

A Dark Lantern is a lost 1920 American silent drama film produced and released by Realart Pictures. It is based on a 1905 novel of the same name by Elizabeth Robins.
John S. Robertson directed and Alice Brady and her then husband James Crane star.
According to the AFI Catalog, the film was shot at the Essanay studios in Chicago as that was where Alice Brady was appearing in a play at the time.
Plot.
As described in a film magazine, mistaking the intentions of Prince Anton (Denny) of Argovinia in seeking her hand, young English woman Katherine Dereham (Brady) suffers a great shock when his attentions culminate in a proposal that she be his morganatic wife, his country requiring an alliance with a royal princess. This, together with the blow of her father's death, shatters Katherine's nerves and causes a breakdown. She recovers under the rigid administrations of Dr. Garth Vincent (Crane). Her attitude of antagonistic exaggeration of his sternness that conceives it as sheer brutality makes her submission to the deep love he bears her a sorrowful task. His patience at last breaks her embittered spirit and sends her to his home, willing to accept his protection under compromising circumstances. The realness of his affection is at last revealed to her and Prince Anton, whose love for Katherine has made him risk his throne by divorcing his wife, is sent back to Argovinia.


Cantiga

A cantiga ("cantica", "cantar") is a medieval monophonic song, characteristic of the Galician-Portuguese lyric. Over 400 extant "cantigas" come from the "Cantigas de Santa Maria", narrative songs about miracles or hymns in praise of the Holy Virgin. There are near 1700 secular "cantigas" but music has only survived for a very few: six cantigas de amigo by Martín Codax and seven "cantigas de amor" by Denis of Portugal.
Cantiga is also the name of a poetic and musical form of the Renaissance, often associated with the villancico and the canción.


Brandun DeShay production discography

The following list is a discography of production by Brandun DeShay, an American rapper and record producer. It includes a list of songs produced and co-produced by year, artist, album and title.


Mayer (name)

Mayer is a common German surname and less frequent as a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Given or middle name.
A first or second Hebrew name, an alternative spelling of Meir:


Sir Howard Douglas Hall

Sir Howard Douglas Hall, commonly referred to as "The Old Arts Building", is the oldest university building still in use in Canada, completed in 1827. The building is named after Howard Douglas and is located on the Fredericton campus of the University of New Brunswick. The lobby of the building resembles a small museum due to the historic documents and other artifacts stored there. The Edwin Jacob chapel is also located in the lobby. The 'Great Hallways' of this building are filled with history as they are lined with portraits of past presidents of the university.
The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1951.
Affiliations.
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.


Humboldt Post Office

The historic Humboldt Post Office building is located at the corner of Main Street and 6th Avenue in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada. The building is storeys with a 4-storey bell and clock tower. Designed by the chief architect of the Department of Public Works, David Ewart, the building is the last surviving of a series of very similar buildings under a common theme on the prairies. The building originally housed a post office, customs, and weights and measures office on the ground floor; customs and inland revenue offices and an office for the commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) on the second floor, while the third floor housed caretaker's quarters and RCMP offices quarters.
The building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1977. It was also designated a municipal historic site in 1984. In 2010, a conservation plan was developed for the building.
The building is currently used to house the Humboldt & District Museum and Gallery.


List of cultural icons of France

This List of cultural icons of France is a list of links to cultural icons of France.


Dogmatic (film)

Dogmatic is a 1999 Canadian-American TV film that aired on May 30, 1999 on ABC as part of season 43 of the anthology series "Wonderful World of Disney". It stars Michael Riley as an advertising executive who switches bodies with a dog. It was directed by Neill Fearnley.
"Dogmatic" was filmed in Canada in 1996.


National Order of Merit (Bhutan)

The National Order of Merit was founded by King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuck on 7 November 2008.
Award.
It is awarded as reward for distinguished and meritorious services to the state.
Ranks.
It is composed of three classes :
Insignia.
The "badge" of the medal is a medallion with right-profile image of the King, inside an eight-petals stylised flower, itself inside an eight-pointed stylised star, simply hanging from a ribbon. The whole medal is in gold, silver or bronze, according to the rank.
The "ribbon" of the medal is dark orange with lighter orange borders


Noriega production discography

Noriega is a reggaeton producer alongside Luny Tunes. The following is an incomplete list of almost every song he has produced.
2002.
Héctor & Tito - A La Reconquista
Las Guanábanas - Guillaera
Magnate y Valentino - Rompiendo el Hielo
2003.
Ivy Queen - Diva
Tego Calderón - El Abayarde
Vico C - En Honor A La Verdad
DJ Nelson Presenta: Luny Tunes & Noriega - Mas Flow
Los Matadores del Genero
MVP
Yaga & Mackie - Sonando Diferente
2004.
DJ Nelson Presenta: Noriega - Contra la Corriente
Las Guanábanas - Collection Two
Tego Calderón - El Enemy de los Guasíbiri
Zion & Lennox - Motivando a la Yal
Baby Rasta & Gringo - Sentenciados
Desafío
Eddie Dee - 12 Discípulos
Divino - Todo A Su Tiempo
Ivy Queen - Real
2005.
Angel & Khriz - Los MVP's
Ivy Queen - Flashback
Ricky Martin - Life
Alexis & Fido - The Pitbulls (album)
2006.
Alexis & Fido - Los Reyes Del Perreo
Tito "El Bambino" - Top of the Line
2007.
Tito "El Bambino" - It's My Time
Ivy Queen - Sentimiento
Ivy Queen - Sentimiento: Platinum Edition
2008.
Arcangél - El Fenómeno
Erre XI -
El Roockie - Semblante Urbano
2010.
Ivy Queen - Quiero Amanecer Contigo (Unreleased)
2011.
Gocho - Mi Musica
2012.
Ivy Queen - Musa


Monuments of Japan

 is a collective term used by the Japanese government's Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties to denote Cultural Properties of Japan as historic locations such as shell mounds, ancient tombs, sites of palaces, sites of forts or castles, monumental dwelling houses and other sites of high historical or scientific value; gardens, bridges, gorges, mountains, and other places of great scenic beauty; and natural features such as animals, plants, and geological or mineral formations of high scientific value.
Designated monuments of Japan.
The government "designates" (as opposed to "registers") "significant" items of this kind as Cultural Properties (文化財 "bunkazai") and classifies them in one of three categories:
Items of particularly high significance may receive a higher classification as:
As of February 2019, there were 3,154 nationally designated Monuments: 1,823 Historic Sites (including 62 Special Historic Sites), 415 Places of Scenic Beauty (including 36 Special Places of Scenic Beauty), and 1,030 Natural Monuments (including 75 Special Natural Monuments). Since a single property can be included within more than one of these classes, the total number of properties is less than the sum of designations: for example Hamarikyu Gardens are both a Special Historic Site and a Special Place of Scenic Beauty.
As of 1 May 2013, there were a further 2,961 Historic Sites, 266 Places of Scenic Beauty, and 2,985 Natural Monuments designated at a prefectural level and 12,840 Historic Sites, 845 Places of Scenic Beauty, and 11,020 Natural Monuments designated at a municipal level.
Alterations to the existing state of a site or activities affecting its preservation require permission from the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs. Financial support for purchasing and conserving designated land and for the utilization of the site is available through local governments.
Designation criteria.
 The Agency for Cultural Affairs designates monuments based on a number of . A monument can be designated based on multiple criteria.
Registered Monuments.
A separate system of "registration" (as opposed to "designation" hereabove) has been established for modern edifices threatened by urban sprawl or other factors. Monuments from the Meiji period onward which require preservation can be registered as . Members of this class of Cultural Property receive more limited assistance and protection based mostly on governmental notification and guidance. As of April 2012, 61 monuments were registered under this system.


North Carolina lunar sample displays

The North Carolina lunar sample displays are part of two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of the state of North Carolina by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.
Description.
Apollo 11.
The North Carolina Apollo 11 lunar sample display commemorative podium-style plaque consists of four "Moon rock" rice-sized particle specimens that were collected by Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in 1969 and a small North Carolina state flag that was taken to the Moon and back on Apollo 11.
The four "Moon rocks" weigh about 0.05 grams total. They are encased in a clear plastic button the size of a coin which is mounted to a wooden plaque approximately one foot square on a small podium pedestal display. The small podium plaque display also has mounted on it a small North Carolina state flag that had been taken to the Moon and back, which lies directly below the "goodwill Moon rocks". The small podium plaque display was given to the people of the state of North Carolina as a gift by President Richard Nixon. Similar lunar sample displays were also distributed to all the other states of the United States and all the countries (at the time) of the world.
The sample display is in the collection of the North Carolina Museum of History in Raleigh. It is not on public exhibition.
Apollo 15.
A 3.9 billion year old sample collected by David Scott on August 1, 1971 is on display near a full-size mockup of the Lunar Module in the Museum of Life and Science in Durham. The sample is encased in pyramid shaped lucite.
Apollo 17.
The North Carolina Apollo 17 lunar sample display commemorative style plaque, measuring 10 by 14 inches, consists of one "Moon rock" particle specimen that was cut from lunar basalt 70017 and a North Carolina state flag. The basalt 70017 was collected by Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt on the Moon in 1972. Once lunar basalt 70017 was brought back to Earth from the Moon, the basalt Moon rock was cut up into small fragments of approximately 1 gram. The specimen was encased in a plastic ball and mounted on the wooden plaque along with the Missouri state flag which had been taken to the Moon and back by the crew of Apollo 17. The plaque was then distributed in 1973 by President Richard Nixon to the state of North Carolina as he did that year to the other 49 states (the same as for the Apollo 11 plaque gifts). This was done as a goodwill gesture to promote peace and harmony.
History.
The North Carolina Apollo 17 "goodwill Moon rocks" plaque display that was given to the state of North Carolina in 1973 was lost for decades and eventually found by accident in a drawer at the North Carolina Department of Commerce. The Department had stored the Apollo 17 North Carolina "goodwill Moon rocks" display in unknown locations for some 30 years, from 1973 to 2003. In 2003 a new employee came across it in a desk drawer in his new office. The clear plastic ball with the 1 gram goodwill Moon rock encased in it was detached from the plaque display. The new employee was a colleague of Christopher Brown, professor at North Carolina State University, and asked permission to lend the North Carolina Apollo 17 plaque display and "Moon rock" to Brown, who is head of the University's Research Development Department and director of the North Carolina Space Grant. Upon receiving the materials on loan, Brown showed the "goodwill Moon rocks" display to hundreds of students from 2003 to 2010. In 2010 Brown presented both the plaque and "goodwill Moon rock" to the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences for public exhibition in the museum's new wing, where the North Carolina Apollo 11 lunar sample plaque display was already on display.


Ardelia Ripley Hall

Ardelia Ripley Hall (1899–1979) was a cultural affairs officer at the United States Department of State from 1946 to 1964, where she specialized in post-World War II restitution of Nazi-looted art.
Born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, she attended Smith College and Columbia University for her bachelor's and master's degrees, respectively.
In 1945, Hall was appointed as the Consultant in the Division of Cultural Cooperation for Japan and Korea, acting as a liaison between Roberts Commission and the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives officers in the Pacific Theater. After briefly serving as an MFAA officer in Europe, she began working as the Fine Arts & Monuments Adviser to the State Department, where she remained until her retirement in 1964. She was "the driving force at the State Department for postwar restitution between 1946 and 1962."


Fatgums production discography

The following songs were produced by Fatgums.


Lac La Biche Mission

The Lac La Biche Mission (officially Notre Dame des Victoires / Lac La Biche Mission) is an historic Site is located on Lac la Biche in Alberta, Canada.
The mission was established in 1853 by Oblate missionaries in what is now the town of Lac La Biche, Alberta, it was moved to its current lakeside location in 1855.
The mission introduced agriculture, boat building, saw milling, and other pre-industrial skills to First Nations people living in the area. The site currently has several historical buildings and displays. Guided tours are available. The Lac La Biche Mission is a Provincial Historic Site (Alberta) and a National Historic Site .
Convent.
Built in 1894, the convent is the oldest building on Lac La Biche Mission site. It was constructed from sawn timber cut at the Mission sawmill.
The convent was used as a school, chapel, and hospice as well as the residence for nuns, orphans, and other students. The convent currently houses several displays including the Métis Room. It is part of the Priests Dining Room, which has a part of the original wall with paint made from algae and calcimine. The Archaeology Display is currently in a room that was once a part of the kitchen. This room showcases items found after the 2009 Rectory Fire, as well as items pulled from the lake during the archaeological digs. It has on display a large collection of photos featuring former students who attended school.
Education.
Between 1856 and 1864, students attended the Lac La Biche Missionschool sporadically. In 1862, the Sisters of Charity (Grey Nuns) arrived and began teaching First Nations children in the convent. However, once the Les Filles de Jésus (Daughters of Jesus) arrived at the Mission in 1905, they established a school for local children as well as for boarding students. The Oblates wanted all children to learn together so there was no separation of race.
The Mission school taught mathematics, reading, religious studies, French, English, drawing, husbandry, and household skills. The sisters taught in the convent until 1961. After that, a schoolhouse was brought to the site. The schoolhouse remained in operation until 1963.


Nashville discography

This is the discography of the American musical drama television series "Nashville" (2012-2018) by Academy Award-winning screenwriter Callie Khouri and starring Connie Britton as "Rayna Jaymes" and Hayden Panettiere as "Juliette Barnes." The drama depicts an inter-related group of vocalists, songwriters, and music industry members who live in Nashville, Tennessee. All of the actors who portray singing characters perform their own vocals in the series.
In addition to Britton and Panettiere, other cast members who perform songs in the series include: Clare Bowen as "Scarlett O'Connor," Sam Palladio as "Gunnar Scott," Jonathan Jackson as "Avery Barkley," Charles Esten as "Deacon Claybourne," real-life sisters Lennon and Maisy Stella as "Maddie Conrad" and "Daphne Conrad," Chris Carmack as "Will Lexington," Will Chase as "Luke Wheeler," and Aubrey Peeples as "Layla Grant." Many recurring or guest cast members also provide vocals.
The "Nashville" music track lists performers under a group listing of "Nashville Cast", with the actors performing vocals co-listed with "Nashville Cast" on the track listing. Some songs are performed by multiple actors (i.e., "Love Like Mine", "Telescope") and are differentiated by which actor performs on the track. Additionally, there are versions designated as radio mixes, Alternate Versions, and Acoustic Versions for some songs. There is one song, "Fame," sung by Hayden Panettiere, which did not appear in an episode, or on an album, but was aired during The Oscars as a full-length music video to promote the show and then later released as a digital download. Similarly, none of the songs which are heard on the album "Christmas with Nashville" appear on the series (with the exception of "Baby, It's Cold Outside" as sung by Connie Britton and Will Chase).
For the first season, "Midas touch" producer T-Bone Burnett, Khouri's husband, was Executive Music Producer and shared scoring duties with Keefus Green. Burnett was heavily involved in the production of songs for the show.
Starting with the second season, Executive Music Producer duties were performed by singer-songwriter Buddy Miller, who assisted Burnett during the first season. W. G. Snuffy Walden took over the duties of episodic scoring, with additional music by A. Patrick Rose; the two composers share "music by" credit from "They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy Anymore" onwards, with Will Walden providing additional music beginning with "She's Got You."
Unique to the show is the music supervision and curation that connects the TV show with the authentic, rich singer-songwriter country music community, which is localized in Nashville where the show is shot.


Josephine Rector

Josephine Rector (September 25, 1885 in Indiana – October 1, 1958 in Castro Valley) was an American scriptwriter and actress. Working for the Essanay company based in Oakland, Rector had a short career in the silent film period of cinema, with all her known films released from between 1911 and 1914 for the Essanay company. She is sometimes also referred to as Mrs. Hal Angus, after her second husband, Hal Angus, whom she married after leaving Essanay in 1914.
She entered the film industry after discussing story ideas with the actor Jack O'Brien. She sold her first scripts to Essanay when it was located in Los Gatos in 1910-1911. She has also worked with George Kirke Spoor, distributor of screen equipment and Gilbert M. Anderson, or "Broncho Billy" Anderson, an actor, director and producer, who is the cowboy star in most of the films she worked in. Ultimately, Rector decided not to move to Hollywood, which became the centre of the film industry, and ran a flower shop in Hayward, California in later life. Most of her films are now lost, and none of her original scripts are known to survive.
Early life.
Rector, born as Josephine Pickel, grew up in Montana where her father was a miner. She had no problem with Western culture since she was used to riding horses, and outdoor activities. In the 1890s, Josephine used to follow her father, a miner, over the Chilkoot Pass to retrieve some gold in the waters of the Yukon. This lifestyle helped her with her acting, later on, in the Essanay Company, who specialized in Western-style films.
Career.
Josephine Rector started working with Essanay before they moved their second office in Niles. She later met Jack O'Brien, Anderson's secretary, around the beginning of 1911, in Los Gatos, California. She wrote her first film, "Across the Plains", in 1911. Rector discussed her ideas of writing to O'Brien, who encouraged her to send them to "Hayward Daily Review"'s account. Not long after that, her colleague Anderson, and company, left San Francisco, while Josephine stayed to live with both her sons. Gilbert M. Anderson was a difficult individual to work with on set and when he asked Rector to come to San Francisco, she replied: "No, I’ve had enough of you". When her oldest son died around that time, she was rehired seven months later by the same crew, who moved back to San Rafael for work. Anderson realized how valuable Josephine's work is to the company and asked her: "Send all the stories you have and also let me know how your account stands… I appreciate your work and realize you are a great help to us".
On April 1, 1912, they set up camp near the Wesley Hotel where they would film. She then worked with them one more time in San Rafael and became the head of the scenario department, in April 1912, in Niles, where she also acted in a couple of parts. She started working with them for fifteen dollars a week and would sometimes be in front of the camera too. Rector would make sure Essanay was ready with all the scripts needed. She had her own office in the Essanay studio, located in Niles, where she writes her scripts. Josephine left the Essanay organization on April 1914.
In May 1914, after marrying Hal Angus, a fellow actor, they worked for the Pacific Motion Picture Company, a company in which they created in order to make films. Unfortunately, it was not successful. In 1915, she worked for the Yolo Film Company. Later on, she ran a flower shop until 1926 with Hal, in Hayward, California and after that, she became a housewife.
Interviews.
Several months before she died, Rector confirmed, in an interview, that she equally liked acting as much as writing and was remembering the times when there were no doubles.
In an "Oakland Tribune" interview, a few decades later, Josephine Rector reveals that some of the best scripts were inspired by pulp magazines from the Oakland Public Library. "The Dance at Eagle Pass" (1913), one of Rector's greatest work, refers to one of these magazines.


Tragic Hunt

Tragic Hunt (Italian: Caccia tragica) is a 1947 Italian drama film directed by Giuseppe De Santis and starring Vivi Gioi, Andrea Checchi and Carla Del Poggio. It was part of the wave of postwar neorealist films. It was one of two produced by the ANPI movement along with "The Sun Still Rises" from the previous year.
Future filmmakers Michelangelo Antonioni and Carlo Lizzani co-wrote the script. The film's sets were designed by the art director Carlo Egidi.
Plot.
After the Second World War, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, a cooperative has been founded by peasants. War has destroyed the country. A group of bandits, with former Nazi-collaborator Daniela, known as 'Lili Marlene' (Vivi Gioi), holds up the truck where the money of the cooperative is travelling. All the peasants search for the thieves in a tragic hunt.
Awards.
It won two Nastro d'Argento as Best Director and Best Supporting Actress (Vivi Gioi).


Aniba (Nubia)

Aniba was a village in Nubia, about 230 km south of Aswan. The place is today flooded by the Lake Nasser. In ancient times it was an important town and called Miam. The region around the town was one of the most fertile in Lower Nubia.
Earliest remains at Aniba date around 3000 BC and belong to the A-Group culture. A few cemeteries belonging to them were found. In the Middle Kingdom (about 2000 to 1700 BC) the region was ruled by Egyptians and in the Twelfth Dynasty there was built a fortress with a small town. At the beginning of the New Kingdom (about 1550 BC) the town was extended and was about 200 x 400 m big, with a wall and gates. During the New Kingdom the town grew and had several suburbs. Within the town proper stood the temple for "Horus of Miam". When excavated it was only badly preserved but might be a foundation of the Middle Kingdom. North of the town there still stood a Nubian village belonging to the C-Group Culture.
Around the town were huge cemeteries, some of them belonging to Nubians, but other tombs were erected in purely Egyptian style. It is not known for sure whether the people buried here were Nubians that adopted Egyptian culture or whether these were Egyptians. One rather simple tomb belonged to the Viceroy of Kush Pinehesy, an important person also known from other sources. There is even a decorated rock cut tomb belonging to the "deputy of Lower Nubia" Pennut. The latter office had most likely its headquarter in Aniba.


Puritan Passions

Puritan Passions is a 1923 silent film directed by Frank Tuttle, based on Percy MacKaye's 1908 play "The Scarecrow", which was itself based on Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story "Feathertop". The film stars Glenn Hunter, Mary Astor, and stage actor Osgood Perkins. It follows the play faithfully, except that Osgood Perkins' character is called Dickon in the play and Dr. Nicholas in the movie, and Justice Gilead Merton is renamed Justice Gilead Wingate in the film. It is the only theatrical film version – so far – of Percy MacKaye's play, though there were previously two silent film versions of Hawthorne's original story.
Plot.
Goody Rickby is impregnated by the wealthy Gilead Wingate, after which he refuses to accept the responsibility of fatherhood. Goody decides to use black magic to get revenge on Wingate. She succeeds in summoning Satan before her, and together they concoct a scheme to punish the man who wronged her. Satan creates a living being from a scarecrow and the creature adopts the human identity of "Lord Ravensbane" so that he can function unsuspected in society. Satan instructs his creature to seduce Wingate's niece Rachel and fool the villagers into believing the Wingates are all witches. Ravensbane develops emotions and a soul, however, and "genuinely" falls in love with the young lady, foiling the Devil's plans.


Anne Bauchens

Anne Bauchens (February 2, 1882 – May 7, 1967) was an American film editor who is rembered for her collaboration over 40 years with the director Cecil B. DeMille. In 1940, she won the Academy Award for film editing
Personal life.
Originally Roseanne Bauchens, she was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Otto Bauchens and Louella McKee. She had a brother named Harry. She never married.
Hollywood career.
Bauchens was trained as an editor by DeMille, and shared her first credit with him on the film "Carmen" (1915). Prior to 1918, DeMille had edited, as well as directed, his films. After "Carmen" and "We Can't Have Everything" (1918), Bauchens no longer shared the editing credits with DeMille. She edited DeMille's films for the rest of their long careers, through the film "The Ten Commandments" (1956).
When the Academy Award for Best Film Editing was created in 1934, Bauchens received one of the three nominations for her editing of "Cleopatra". She later won the Academy Award for "North West Mounted Police" (1940) and became the first woman to win the Oscar in that category. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing again twice, first for "The Greatest Show on Earth" (1952) and then for "The Ten Commandments" (1956). In total, Bauchens is credited with editing on 43 films directed by DeMille and on 20 films with other directors.
Despite her long career and her series of awards, the characterizations of Bauchens as an editor are not invariably flattering. Margaret Booth, another film editor, has been quoted as saying in 1965 that "Anne Bauchens is the oldest editor in the business. She was editing for years before I came into the business. DeMille was a bad editor, I thought, and made her look like a bad editor. I think Anne really would have been a good editor, but she had to put up with him — which was something."
Filmography.
NOTE: Some films were released/premiered at the end of a given year, but not copyrighted until the beginning of the following year. The sources themselves are inconsistent as to which date they applied to a given film. Either date might be used in the title of its corresponding Wikipedia article.


Omani people

Omanis () are the nationals of Oman. Omanis have inhabited the territory that is now Oman. In the eighteenth century, an alliance of traders and rulers transformed Muscat (Oman's capital) into the leading port of the Persian Gulf. Omani people are ethnically diverse; the Omani citizen population consists of many different ethnic groups. The majority of the population consists of Arabs, with many of these Arabs being Swahili language speakers and returnees from the Swahili Coast, particularly Zanzibar.
Additionally, there are ethnic Balochis, Lurs, Persians and Mehri. There are also Omanis from South Asia like the Lawatis and others. Moreover, in Dhofar, Sur and Muscat, people of Black African origin can be found. They are the descendants of the slaves who were brought from Africa centuries ago.
Omani citizens make up the majority of Oman's total population. Over one and a half million other Omanis live in other areas of the Middle East and the Swahili Coast.
Agriculture.
Most Omanis live in farming villages that are located in either the fertile valleys of Oman's mountainous interior, or along the eastern coast. Interior farmers grow dates, fruits, and grains, while coastal villagers either fish in the Gulf of Oman or work on date palm plantations. Village homes are usually made of concrete blocks, mud brick, or wood and palm thatch. In rural areas, men wear white robes, turbans, and knives in brightly colored sashes.
Society.
The Omanis live in modern family units. Their society is patriarchal, or male-dominated.
Economy.
Most Omanis live in villages, cities and towns. Their lifestyle has a wider variety of occupations, stronger family ties and respected women rights. They are more concerned with hospitality than with property, wealth, and education.
Most live in older whitewashed houses and are employed as officials, laborers, merchants, and sailors. An increasing number of them are also working in the petroleum industry.
In 1970, Oman's new sultan introduced several developmental programs to help modernize the country. These included developing the oil industry; building new roads, hospitals and schools; and establishing adult literacy programs.
Emigration to the Swahili Coast.
Omani presence in the Swahili Coast can be traced since the Nabhani dynasty. In the late seventeenth century, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman after Saif bin Sultan, the imam of Oman, defeated the Portuguese in Mombasa, in what is now Kenya.
Large numbers of Omanis settled in the Swahili Coast — especially after 1832, when the Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan moved his court to Zanzibar. To the Omanis, the region became a land of economic opportunity.
Omanis who migrated to the Swahili Coast looked forward to a better life. The Omani community in the Swahili Coast grew and became financially successful.
Omanis stopped moving to Zanzibar after a revolution occurred in Zanzibar in 1964. The Omani descendant, sultan of Zanzibar, Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown, and thousands of Omanis were killed, among many other Arabs. Soon after the revolution, many Omanis fled Zanzibar to avoid persecution and returned to their ancestral homeland in Oman, but others chose to remain on the Swahili Coast.


The Fenyeit Freir of Tungland

 is a comic, satirical poem in Scots by William Dunbar (born 1459 or 1460) composed in the early sixteenth century.
The title may be rendered in modern English as A Ballad of The False Friar of Tongland, How He Fell in the Mire Flying to Turkey.
The poem mocks an apparent attempt by John Damian, the abbott of Tongland, to fly from a wall of Stirling Castle using a pair of artificial wings. While pillorying this event, Dunbar makes a broader attack on Damian's character, depicting him as a habitual charlatan.
The text of the poem is preserved in the "Bannatyne Manuscript" and, partially, in the "Asloan Manuscript".
Historical context.
John Damian was an Italian-born cleric who came to Scotland, at the start of the sixteenth century and became a protégé of King James IV. From 1501 he is recorded receiving payments from the King and is referred to as "The French Leich" and "The French Medicinar", suggesting that he practised medicine in some form. He was made abbot of Tongland Abbey in Kirkcudbrightshire. His involvement with the natural sciences is confirmed by the alchemical experiments he carried out, at the King's expense, in Stirling in 1503.
William Dunbar was a makar who was also close to James IV. In his youth, he had accompanied diplomatic missions to France and England and from 1500 was employed at the Royal court, often writing poetry which dealt with courtly events. Dunbar's poem "The Birth of Antichrist" seems to be a second satire of John Damian with its reference to a flying abbot clothed in feathers.
Damian's career was described by the later historian John Lesley.
Lesley records that, in 1507, Damian declared that he would travel to France by flight faster than a recently departed Scots embassy. He then leapt from a wall wearing his feathered costume and landed heavily, breaking a femur.
He then records that Damian explained his failure to achieve flight thus;
or, in English:
Lesley compares Damian's exploit to a mythical King Bladud, but no further explanation for the Abbot's actions is given.
The poem.
"The Fenyeit Freir of Tungland" is composed in verse in the form of a dream vision and forms a supposed biography of John Damian up to and including his attempt at flight. The tone of the poem is consistently humorous and scurrilous. Passages of fanciful fiction are mixed with elements of truth, albeit exaggerated for comic effect. In these respects it bears a strong resemblance in style to the contemporary literary form of flyting.
Synopsis.
The poem opens in formal, aureate style, with Dunbar declaring that, at dawn, he had a dream.
The mood quickly becomes scurrilous. Although he will never be explicitly named, John Damian appears in the dream and is described as having Turkish origins,
Damian is accused of having killed a cleric in Italy in order to acquire his habit and so impersonate him. This seems to be the origin of the epithet .
Damian is then supposed to have fled from Lombardy to France once his true identity was discovered. There, he pretended to be a physician, hiding his Italian origins.
He is then accused of having no skill in bloodletting and being obliged to flee again.
He arrives in Scotland, where he continues his medical malpractice.
It is suggested that, after being appointed as an abbot, he neglected his religious duties in favour of alchemy.
After the failure of his alchemical work, he decides to fly back to Turkey with a coat of feathers. He takes off, observed by marvelling birds who compare him to mythical characters.
The birds attack. During an extended descriptive passage, each species adopts a different tactic. They peck him, claw him, pluck his hair and tear at his wings.
In a particularly scatological detail, the panic-stricken Damian loses control of his bowels above a herd of cattle,
Deprived by the birds of his "plumage", he falls into a midden, "sliding up to the eyes in muck".
Damian hides in the mud for three days while the carrion birds search for him.
Dunbar is then woken by the dawn chorus. To his frustration, his vision of Damian is "taken with the tide".
Interpretation.
It is unclear how much of the poem is truthful and how much is exaggeration or fiction.
Certain episodes, such as the long and elaborate description of Damian's attack by a flock of outraged birds, are obvious fantasy.
Some of Dunbar's details are however corroborated by other documents. Principally, the Treasurer's accounts confirm that John Damian did indeed practice medicine and also dabbled in alchemy. Bishop Lesley's history gives further corroboration.
Dunbar's clear intention is to mock his target by any means available and so the reader must be the final judge of what is true and false in the poem.


Sydney W. Clarke

Sydney Wrangel Clarke (1864 - 1940) was a British lawyer and magic historian.
He is most well known for his book "The Annals of Conjuring". It was originally published in the "Magic Wand" magazine (1924-1928). Four book copies were printed in 1929, making original copies excessively rare. It was reprinted in 1983 and 2001.
He was the chairman of the council for The Magic Circle, a position he held until 1935.


Portus Adurni

Portus Adurni was a Roman fort in the Roman province of Britannia situated at the north end of Portsmouth Harbour. It was part of the Saxon Shore, and is the best-preserved Roman fort north of the Alps. Around an eighth of the fort has been excavated.
It was later converted into a medieval castle known as Portchester Castle.
Identification.
The name "Portus Adurni" appears only in the list of Saxon Shore forts in the 5th-century "Notitia Dignitatum", and the name is usually identified with Portchester, although it has occasionally been identified with the Roman fort at Walton Castle, Suffolk (which has now been washed away by the sea). "Portus Adurni" may be identical with the "Ardaoneon" listed in the "Ravenna Cosmography", and Rivet and Smith derive both names from the British "ardu-" meaning "height". This derivation fits Portchester (which lies beneath Portsdown Hill) better than a flat location such as Walton Castle.
Roman fort.
The fort was built during the 3rd century as part of the so-called Saxon Shore forts to protect the southern coastline of Britain, possibly from Saxon raiders. It occupies a commanding position at the head of Portsmouth Harbour. The fort is square, enclosing an area of 9 acres (36,000 m²) with outer walls 20 feet (6 m) high, 10 feet (3 m) thick, 210 yards (200 m) long and constructed of coursed flint bonded with limestone slabs. Square-shaped forts became widely used during the 3rd century, being highly practical and defensible. Portus Adurni has towers all along the walls, as well as towers that angle out at the corners. Historians feel this paramount concern for defensibility may reflect the seriousness of the Saxon raids during this time, or the defensive pressures of the Carausian Revolt (see below). The gates of Portus Adurni are of particular interest: they are indented inwards, so as to trap the enemy in an area exposed to walls on three sides; this technique became widely used from the Augustinian age to the fall of the Empire.
Unusually for a building of this period, most of the walls and bastions are complete. It has lost only four of its bastions. The walls themselves have been quarried to provide stone for later additions, but from the outside at least they appear much as they did when they were first erected. The walls were built in sections, by groups of gangs, which explains the different textures as you walk along the outer perimeter.
History.
The Saxon Shore forts, including Portus Adurni, were built during the mid to late 3rd century amid increased instability in north-eastern Gaul and the Rhineland, eventually leading to the Roman evacuation of that area. The forts were intended to maintain control over the region, and monitor shipping and trade, as well as defending against raids from across the English Channel. These forts became defensive holding points for the rebel Carausius, who in 285 was given the task of solving the Saxon piracy problem in the English Channel. When Carausius was charged with keeping the pirates' booty for himself, he retreated to Britain and proclaimed himself Emperor. The revolt went on for almost 10 years while other Roman generals tried and failed to dislodge him, until he was eventually murdered by Allectus, one of his aides, in 293, and Britain was finally taken back by 296. We do not know who built Portus Adurni. While some of the Saxon Shore forts were built under previous commanders and emperors, some were built by Carausius during his revolt. Evidence suggests that Portus Adurni was built during the time of Carausius. Many of the coins uncovered at the site were minted by Carausius as emperor during his revolt.
Anglo-Saxon high-status residence.
Even after the departure of the Roman Army Portus Adurni's location and strong walls made it attractive as a fortress. The fort became an Anglo-Saxon high-status residence with great hall and tower. Later the Roman gateways were rebuilt as well. Portchester is listed as one of thirty-three fortified burhs in the Burghal Hidage, believed to date from the reign of Edward the Elder, who reigned from 899 to 924 AD.
Later history.
The circuit walls of the fort became the outer bailey wall of a Norman castle and later medieval palace. It was used as a gaol during the Napoleonic Wars. Its exceptional condition can therefore be attributed to the fact that, despite short periods of abandonment and longer periods of neglect, the fort was occupied for almost sixteen centuries. The site is owned by the Southwick Estate but managed by English Heritage, and is open to visitors throughout the year.
External links.


English novel

The English novel is an important part of English literature. This article mainly concerns novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a significant part of their lives in England, or Scotland, or Wales, or Northern Ireland (or Ireland before 1922). However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to novels in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate.
Early novels in English.
The English novel has generally been seen as beginning with Daniel Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" (1719) and "Moll Flanders" (1722), though John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress" (1678) and Aphra Behn's "Oroonoko" (1688) are also contenders, while earlier works such as Sir Thomas Malory's "Morte d'Arthur", and even the "Prologue" to Geoffrey Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" have been suggested. Another important early novel is "Gulliver's Travels" (1726, amended 1735), by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, which is both a satire of human nature, as well as a parody of travellers' tales like "Robinson Crusoe". The rise of the novel as an important literary genre is generally associated with the growth of the middle class in England.
Other major 18th-century English novelists are Samuel Richardson (1689–1761), author of the epistolary novels "Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded" (1740) and "Clarissa" (1747–48); Henry Fielding (1707–1754), who wrote "Joseph Andrews" (1742) and "The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling" (1749); Laurence Sterne (1713–1768), who published "Tristram Shandy" in parts between 1759 and 1767; Oliver Goldsmith (1728–1774), author of "The Vicar of Wakefield" (1766); Tobias Smollett (1721–1771), a Scottish novelist best known for his comic picaresque novels, such as "The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle" (1751) and "The Expedition of Humphry Clinker" (1771), who influenced Charles Dickens; and Fanny Burney (1752–1840), whose novels "were enjoyed and admired by Jane Austen," wrote "Evelina" (1778), "Cecilia" (1782) and "Camilla" (1796).
A noteworthy aspect of both the 18th- and 19th- century novel is the way the novelist directly addressed the reader. For example, the author might interrupt his or her narrative to pass judgment on a character, or pity or praise another, and inform or remind the reader of some other relevant issue.
Romantic period.
The phrase 'Romantic novel' has several possible meanings. Here it refers to novels written during the Romantic era in literary history, which runs from the late 18th century until the beginning of the Victorian era in 1837. But to complicate matters there are novels written in the romance tradition by novelists like Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, George Meredith. In addition the phrase today is mostly used to refer to the popular pulp-fiction genre that focusses on romantic love. The Romantic period is especially associated with the poets William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, George Byron, Percy Shelley and John Keats, though two major novelists, Jane Austen and Walter Scott, also published in the early 19th century.
Horace Walpole's 1764 novel, "The Castle of Otranto", invented the Gothic fiction genre. The word gothic was originally used in the sense of medieval. This genre combines "the macabre, fantastic, and supernatural" and usually involves haunted castles, graveyards and various picturesque elements. Later novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the Gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her most popular and influential work, "The Mysteries of Udolpho" (1794), is frequently described as the archetypal Gothic novel. "Vathek" (1786), by William Beckford, and "The Monk" (1796), by Matthew Lewis, were further notable early works in both the Gothic and horror genres.
Mary Shelley's novel "Frankenstein" (1818), as another important Gothic novel as well as being an early example of science fiction.
The vampire genre fiction began with John William Polidori's "The Vampyre" (1819). This short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem "The Giaour". An important later work is "Varney the Vampire" (1845), where many standard vampire conventions originated: Varney has fangs, leaves two puncture wounds on the neck of his victims, and has hypnotic powers and superhuman strength. Varney was also the first example of the "sympathetic vampire", who loathes his condition but is a slave to it.
Among more minor novelists in this period Maria Edgeworth (1768–1849) and Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866) are worthy of comment. Edgeworth's novel "Castle Rackrent" (1800) is "the first fully developed regional novel in English" as well as "the first true historical novel in English" and an important influence on Walter Scott. Peacock was primarily a satirist in novels such as "Nightmare Abbey" (1818) and "The Misfortunes of Elphin" (1829).
Jane Austen's (1775–1817) works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century realism. Her plots, though fundamentally comic, highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security. Austen brings to light the hardships women faced, who usually did not inherit money, could not work and where their only chance in life depended on the man they married. She reveals not only the difficulties women faced in her day, but also what was expected of men and of the careers they had to follow. This she does with wit and humour and with endings where all characters, good or bad, receive exactly what they deserve. Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew's "A Memoir of Jane Austen" introduced her to a wider public, and by the 1940s she had become accepted as a major writer. The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture. Austen's works include "Pride and Prejudice" (1813) "Sense and Sensibility" (1811), "Mansfield Park", "Persuasion" and "Emma".
The other major novelist at the beginning of the early 19th century was Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832), who was not only a highly successful British novelist but "the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century ... [and] a European figure". Scott established the genre of the historical novel with his series of Waverley Novels, including "Waverley" (1814), "The Antiquary" (1816), and "The Heart of Midlothian" (1818). However, Austen is today widely read and the source for films and television series, while Scott is less often read.
Victorian novel.
It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English. A number of women novelists were successful in the 19th century, although they often had to use a masculine pseudonym. At the beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in three volumes. However, monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens' "Pickwick Papers" in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837. Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element, whether it was a plot twist or a new character, so as to maintain the readers' interest. Both Dickens and Thackeray frequently published this way.
The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of social novel, also known as social problem novel, that "arose out of the social and political upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832". This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization, and the social, political and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity. Stories of the working class poor were directed toward middle class to help create sympathy and promote change. An early example is Charles Dickens' "Oliver Twist" (1837–38).
Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s with the two novels already mentioned. Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor, but in a good-humoured fashion, accessible to readers of all classes. One of his most popular works to this day is "A Christmas Carol" (1843). In more recent years Dickens has been most admired for his later novels, such as "Dombey and Son" (1846–48), "Great Expectations" (1860–61), "Bleak House" (1852–53) and "Little Dorrit" (1855–57) and "Our Mutual Friend" (1864–65). An early rival to Dickens was William Makepeace Thackeray, who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him, but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively for "Vanity Fair" (1847). In that novel he satirizes whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It features his most memorable character, the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp.
The Brontë sisters were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published but were subsequently accepted as classics. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The sisters returned to prose, producing a novel each the following year: Charlotte's "Jane Eyre", Emily's "Wuthering Heights" and Anne's "Agnes Grey". Later, Anne's "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" (1848) and Charlotte's "Villette" (1853) were published. Elizabeth Gaskell was also a successful writer and first novel, "Mary Barton", was published anonymously in 1848. Gaskell's "North and South" contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south. Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, Gaskell usually frames her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes: her early works focused on factory work in the Midlands. She always emphasised the role of women, with complex narratives and dynamic female characters.
Anthony Trollope (1815–82) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works are set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire, including "The Warden" (1855) and "Barchester Towers" (1857). He also wrote perceptive novels on political, social, and gender issues, and on other topical matters, including "The Way with Live Now" (1875). Trollope's novels portrayed the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England.
George Eliot's (Mary Ann Evans (1819–80) first novel "Adam Bede" was published in 1859. Her works, especially "Middlemarch" 1871–72), are important examples of literary realism, and are admired for their combination of high Victorian literary detail combined with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow geographic confines they often depict.
An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy (1840–1928). A Victorian realist, in the tradition of George Eliot, he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry by Romanticism, especially by William Wordsworth. Charles Darwin is another important influence on Thomas Hardy. Like Charles Dickens he was also highly critical of much in Victorian society, though Hardy focussed more on a declining rural society. While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life, and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898, so that initially he gained fame as the author of such novels as, "Far from the Madding Crowd" (1874), "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886), "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" (1891), and "Jude the Obscure" (1895). He ceased writing novels following adverse criticism of this last novel. In novels such as "The Mayor of Casterbridge" and "Tess of the d'Urbervilles" Hardy attempts to create modern works in the genre of tragedy, that are modelled on the Greek drama, especially Aeschylus and Sophocles, though in prose, not poetry, a novel not drama, and with characters of low social standing, not nobility. Another significant late 19th-century novelist is George Gissing (1857–1903) who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903. His best known novel is "New Grub Street" (1891).
Important developments occurred in genre fiction in this era. Although pre-dated by John Ruskin's "The King of the Golden River" in 1841, the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald, the influential author of "The Princess and the Goblin" and "Phantastes" (1858). William Morris was a popular English poet who also wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the nineteenth century. Wilkie Collins' epistolary novel "The Moonstone" (1868), is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language, while "The Woman in White" is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels. H. G. Wells's (1866–1946) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like "The Time Machine" (1895), and "The War of the Worlds" (1898) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians, and Wells is seen, along with Frenchman Jules Verne (1828–1905), as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre. He also wrote realistic fiction about the lower middle class in novels like "Kipps" (1905) and "The History of Mr Polly" (1910).
20th century.
The major novelists writing in Britain at the start of the 20th century were an Irishman James Joyce (1882–1941) and two immigrants, American Henry James (1843–1916) and Pole Joseph Conrad (1857–1924). The modernist tradition in the novel, with its emphasis "towards the ever more minute and analytic exposition of mental life", begins with James and Conrad, in novels such as "The Ambassadors" (1903), "The Golden Bowl" (1904) and "Lord Jim" (1900). Other important early modernists were Dorothy Richardson (1873–1957), whose novel "Pointed Roof" (1915), is one of the earliest example of the stream of consciousness technique and D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), who wrote with understanding about the social life of the lower and middle classes, and the personal life of those who could not adapt to the social norms of his time. "Sons and Lovers" (1913), is widely regarded as his earliest masterpiece. There followed "The Rainbow" (1915), though it was immediately seized by the police, and its sequel "Women in Love" published in 1920. Lawrence attempted to explore human emotions more deeply than his contemporaries and challenged the boundaries of the acceptable treatment of sexual issues, most notably in "Lady Chatterley's Lover", which was privately published in Florence in 1928. However, the unexpurgated version of this novel was not published until 1959. Then in 1922 Irishman James Joyce's important modernist novel "Ulysses" appeared. "Ulysses" has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement". Set during one day in Dublin in June 1904, in it Joyce creates parallels with Homer's epic poem the Odyssey.
Another significant modernist in the 1920 was Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), who was an influential feminist and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream-of-consciousness technique. Her novels include "Mrs Dalloway" (1925), "To the Lighthouse" (1927), and "The Waves" (1931). Her essay collection "A Room of One's Own" (1929) contains her famous dictum; "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".
But while modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were also many fine novelists who were not modernists. This include E.M. Forster ((1879–1970), John Galsworthy ((1867–1933) (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932), whose novels include "The Forsyte Saga", Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) author of "The Old Wives' Tale", and H. G. Wells (1866–1946). Though Forster's work is "frequently regarded as containing both modernist and Victorian elements". E. M. Forster's "A Passage to India" (1924), reflected challenges to imperialism, while his earlier works such as "A Room with a View" (1908) and "Howards End" (1910), examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of Edwardian society in England. The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling ((1865–1936), a highly versatile writer of novels, short stories and poems and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907).
A significant English writer in the 1930s and 1940s was George Orwell (1903–50), who is especially remembered for his satires of totalitarianism, "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1949) and "Animal Farm" (1945). Evelyn Waugh (1903–66) satirised the "bright young things" of the 1920s and 1930s, notably in "A Handful of Dust" (1934), and "Decline and Fall" (1928), while "Brideshead Revisited" (1945) has a theological basis, setting out to examine the effect of divine grace on its main characters. Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) published his famous dystopia "Brave New World" in 1932, the same year as John Cowper Powys's (1872–1963) "A Glastonbury Romance". Samuel Beckett (1906–89) published his first major work, the novel "Murphy" in 1938. This same year Graham Greene's (1904–91) first major novel "Brighton Rock" was published. Then in 1939 James Joyce published "Finnegans Wake". In this work Joyce creates a special language to express the consciousness of a character who is dreaming.
Graham Greene was an important novelist whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s. Greene was a convert to Catholicism and his novels explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world. Notable for an ability to combine serious literary acclaim with broad popularity, his novels include, "The Heart of the Matter" (1948), "A Burnt-Out Case" (1961), and "The Human Factor" (1978). Evelyn Waugh's (1903–66) career also continued after World War II, and in "1961 he completed his most considerable work, a trilogy about the war entitled "Sword of Honour". In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published "Under the Volcano", while George Orwell's satire of totalitarianism, "1984", was published in 1949. One of the most influential novels of the immediate post-war period was William Cooper's (1910–2002) naturalistic "Scenes from Provincial Life" (1950), which was a conscious rejection of the modernist tradition. Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell (1905–2000) whose twelve-volume cycle of novels "A Dance to the Music of Time" (1951–75), is a comic examination of movements and manners, power and passivity in English political, cultural and military life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire "Lucky Jim" (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel "Lord of the Flies" (1954), explores how culture created by man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island; philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels that deal with such things as sexual relationships, morality, and the power of the unconscious. Her works including "Under the Net" (1954), "The Black Prince" (1973) and "The Green Knight" (1993). Scottish writer Muriel Spark's also began publishing in the 1950s. She pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. Her first, "The Comforters" (1957), concerns a woman who becomes aware that she is a character in a novel; "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie" (1961), at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future to see the various fates that befall its characters. Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel "A Clockwork Orange" (1962), set in the not-too-distant future, which was made into a film by Stanley Kubrick in 1971. In the entirely different genre of Gothic fantasy Mervyn Peake (1911–68) published his highly successful Gormenghast trilogy between 1946 and 1959.
Immigrant authors played a major role in post-war literature. Doris Lessing (1919) from Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), published her first novel "The Grass is Singing" in 1950, after immigrating to England. She initially wrote about her African experiences. Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing right through the century, and won the Nobel prize for literature in 2007. Salman Rushdie (born 1947) is another among a number of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with "Midnight's Children" 1981, which was awarded both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Booker prize, and named Booker of Bookers in 1993. His most controversial novel "The Satanic Verses" (1989), was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. V. S. Naipaul (1932-2018), born in Trinidad, was another immigrant, who wrote among other things "A House for Mr Biswas" (1961) and "A Bend in the River" (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Also from the West Indies George Lamming (born 1927) is best remembered for "In the Castle of the Skin" (1953). Another important immigrant writer Kazuo Ishiguro (born 1954) was born in Japan, but his parents immigrated to Britain when he was six. His works include, "The Remains of the Day" 1989, "Never Let Me Go" 2005.
Scotland has in the late 20th-century produced several important novelists, including James Kelman (born 1946), who like Samuel Beckett can create humour out of the most grim situations. "How Late it Was, How Late" (1994), won the Booker Prize that year; A. L. Kennedy (born 1965) whose 2007 novel "Day" was named Book of the Year in the Costa Book Awards. In 2007 she won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature; Alasdair Gray (1934–2019) whose "" (1981) is a dystopian fantasy set in his home town Glasgow. Another contemporary Scot is Irvine Welsh, whose novel "Trainspotting" (1993), gives a brutal depiction of the lives of working class Edinburgh drug users.
Angela Carter (1940–1992) was a novelist and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. Writing from the 1960s until the 1980s, her novels include, "The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman" (1972) and "Nights at the Circus" (1984). Margaret Drabble (born 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who has published from the 1960s until this century. Her older sister, A. S. Byatt (born 1936) is best known for "Possession" published in 1990.
Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are "Money" (1984) and "London Fields" (1989). Pat Barker (born 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's most highly regarded writers. His works include "The Cement Garden" (1978) and "Enduring Love" (1997), which was made into a film. In 1998 McEwan won the Man Booker Prize with "Amsterdam", while "Atonement" (2001) was made into an Oscar-winning film. McEwan was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 2011. Zadie Smith's (born 1975) Whitbread Book Award winning novel "White Teeth" (2000), mixes pathos and humour, focusing on the later lives of two war time friends in London. Julian Barnes (born 1946) is another successful living novelist, who won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for his book "The Sense of an Ending", while three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker Prize.
Among popular novelists Daphne Du Maurier wrote "Rebecca", a mystery novel, in 1938 and W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) "Of Human Bondage" (1915), a strongly autobiographical novel, is generally agreed to be his masterpiece. In genre fiction Agatha Christie was an important writer of crime novels, short stories and plays, best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. Christie's novels include "Murder on the Orient Express" (1934), "Death on the Nile" (1937), and "And Then There Were None" (1939). Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers, while Georgette Heyer created the historical romance genre.
Survey.
In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled "The Big Read" in order to find the "nation's best-loved novel" of all time, with works by English novelists Tolkien, Austen, Pullman, Adams and Rowling making up the top five on the list.


Polish American Historical Association

The Polish American Historical Association (PAHA), founded in 1942, is a scholarly association dedicated to the study of Polish American history and culture. Originally a section of the larger Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, PAHA soon became an independent organization. On September 11, 1942, historian Oskar Halecki proposed an autonomous historical institution and chose Miecislaus Haiman of the Polish Museum of America in Chicago as its founding president. Since 1944, PAHA publishes "Polish American Studies", an interdisciplinary journal focused primarily in social science and the humanities relating to American Polonia. It is edited by James S. Pula, who also edited PAHA's recent "The Polish American Encyclopedia" (McFarland Publishing, 2011).
PAHA is recognized as a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization (EIN 362729972) and is headquartered in New Britain, Connecticut, with a membership of scholars and individuals interested in Polish immigrant history from around the world. One of PAHA's main functions is to maintain liaison with scholars throughout the world and promote research. The organization also encourages and assists local Polish American programs. PAHA'S MISSION STATEMENT identifies the following goals:
Structure.
The current Officers and Board of PAHA include:
Publications.
In addition to its scholarly journal, "Polish American Studies", edited by Prof. Anna Jaroszynska-Kirchmann (for the previous 30 years edited by Prof. James Pula), the organization publishes a semi-annual "PAHA Newsletter", and a blog with current news and brief articles pertaining to the history of Polish immigrants in America (edited by Dr. Maja Trochimczyk. PAHA also supports the publication of books on Polish and Polish American subjects by the Ohio University Press. The association has also sponsored its most substantial publication, "The Polish American Encyclopedia," edited by Prof. James Pula and published in 2011 by McFarland Books to a great critical acclaim.
Conferences.
PAHA sponsors an annual conference, in conjunction with the American Historical Association, which serves as a forum for research in the field of ethnic studies. The 73rd Annual Meeting took place in Atlanta, Georgia, in January 2016. The list of earlier Annual Meetings is posted on PAHA Website.
Awards.
Each year at its annual meeting, PAHA bestows a series of award honoring individuals and organizations for their contributions to the Polish American cultural and social life and to its history and the arts. The Halecki Prize honors books, the Haiman Award - distinguished scholars, the Amicus Poloniae - individuals not of Polish descent dedicated to the cause of Polonia, the Swastek Prize - the best article published in Polish-American Studies, and the Skalny Civic Achievement Awards - contributions to Polonia's community. PAHA also bestows Creative Arts Awards, Distinguished Service Award, and Graduate Student Award(s). The Awards and their honorees are described below.
The Oskar Halecki Prize.
The Oskar Halecki Prize "recognizes an important book or monograph on the Polish experience in the United States." It commemorates one of the co-founders of PAHA, historian Oskar Halecki (1891-1973).
The Haiman Award.
The Miecislau Haiman Award of the Polish American Historical Association is "offered annually to an American scholar for sustained contribution to the study of Polish Americans." These awards commemorate a historian, writer, journalist, translator and Polonia activist, Mieczyslaw (Miecislau) Haiman (1888-1949), who was the first director of the Polish Museum of America, and the first historian of American Polonia.
List of the Haiman Award Winners:
Creative Arts Awards.
PAHA's Creative Arts Award, established in 1999, "recognizes contributions in the field of creative arts by individuals or groups who have promoted an awareness of the Polish experience in the Americas."
List of Winners:
The Swastek Prize.
The Swastek Prize is awarded annually for the best article published in a given volume of Polish American Studies, the journal of the Polish American Historical Association. This award, established in 1981, is named in honor of Rev. Joseph V. Swastek (1913-1977), the editor of Polish American Studies for many years, and a past president of the Polish American Historical Association.
List of Winners:
Amicus Poloniae Award.
The Amicus Poloniae Award, established by PAHA in 2001, "recognizes significant contributions enhancing knowledge of Polish and Polish-American heritage by individuals not belonging to the Polish-American community."
Skalny Civic Achievement Award.
Since 1991, PAHA's Civic Achievement Awards has honored "individuals or groups who advance PAHA’s goals of promoting research on and awareness of the Polish experience in the Americas."
Distinguished Service Award.
This award is given occasional to a member of PAHA who has rendered valuable and sustained service to the organization.
Graduate Student Research Paper Award.
The Graduate Student Research Paper Award recognizes outstanding research into Polish-American history and culture by a young scholar in the humanities or social sciences. The winner receives a travel grant to present the paper at the PAHA Annual Meeting.
Young Scholar Travel Grant.
The Young Scholar Travel Grant will replace the Graduate Student Award and was presented for the first time in 2017 at the Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado.
Special Projects.
PAHA serves as an archival institution, and makes appeals for memoirs and historical artifacts among Americans of Polish descent to aid in its historical research. PAHA secured archival storage space at the Central Connecticut State Library with strong interest in acquiring firsthand memoirs and documents from the postwar Polish American diaspora and their current descendants.


Ministry for Culture and Heritage

The Ministry for Culture and Heritage (MCH; ) is the department of the New Zealand Government responsible for supporting the arts, culture, built heritage, sport and recreation, and broadcasting sectors in New Zealand and advising government on such.
History.
The Ministry of Cultural Affairs had been created in 1991; prior to this, the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) had provided oversight and support for arts and culture functions.
MCH was founded in 1999 with the merger of the former Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the history and heritage functions of the DIA, as well as some functions from the Department of Conservation and Ministry of Commerce. The purpose of the merger of functions and departments was to create a coherent, non-fragmented overview of the cultural and heritage sector, rather than spreading services and functions across several departments.
Minister for Cultural Affairs Marie Hasler oversaw the transition of functions into the new agency. Opposition Labour MP Judith Tizard, who would later serve as an Associate Minister for the ministry in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand, accused the restructure of being "all hype, no substance," lacking the funding and human resource necessary to be effective.
At the time of its establishment, the minister responsible for the ministry was the Minister for Culture and Heritage. This position is now titled the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage.
Functions.
The ministry advises the government on policies and issues relating to the arts, culture, heritage, sport and recreation, and broadcasting sectors. It funds 17 other agencies which also support these sectors, looks after war monuments and memorials and war graves throughout New Zealand, and is involved in a number of projects promoting and documenting New Zealand history.
Guardianship.
In 2014 the ministry became the guardian of the TVNZ Archive collection on behalf of the crown. It appointed Ngā Taonga Sound & Vision as the initial archive manager. The TVNZ Archive collection contains over 600,000 hours of television spanning almost 55 years of New Zealand's public television history. It includes iconic New Zealand content such as documentaries, dramas, sports programmes and every TVNZ news broadcast from December 1986 to 2014. In a 2014 briefing to Minister Craig Foss, the ministry noted that the long-term preservation of the TVNZ Archive collection did not align with the broadcaster's business needs and that transferring the collection to the crown would allow for the proper preservation of the collection. Both the ministry and TVNZ explicitly wanted to ensure the archive was preserved and that it was made increasingly available for re-use through online streaming and other means.
History and heritage.
The ministry supports research into and promotion of New Zealand history. This includes publication of New Zealand history books and e-books, and a number of websites. The ministry's managed sites include:
David Green, a historian working for the ministry, discovered that significantly more New Zealand personnel were engaged in the Gallipoli Campaign than had been recorded in Fred Waite's official history, "The New Zealanders at Gallipoli". Waite's number of some 8,500 men was corrected to approximately 18,000 in September 2013.
Tohu Whenua Landmarks that tell our stories is a partnership between MCH, the Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga and the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The programme promotes and encourages people to visit New Zealand's historically and culturally important places. Landmarks has been launched so far in Northland and Otago.
Legislation.
The ministry is also responsible for overseeing dozens of current acts and regulations. These include:
Ministers.
The ministry serves three portfolios, three ministers and two associate ministers.


Sostratus of Cnidus

Sostratus of Cnidus (; ; born 3rd century BC), was a Greek architect and engineer. He is said to have designed the lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (c. 280 BC), on the island of Pharos off Alexandria, Egypt. This claim is disputed.
Strabo writes that the lighthouse was dedicated and presumably funded by Sostratus, a friend of Egypt's ruler, Ptolemy. Pliny says that Sostratus was the architect and that Ptolemy graciously allowed him to "sign" the monument.


List of Indiana state historical markers in Scott County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Scott County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Scott County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 16 historical markers located in Scott County.


London to Brighton

London to Brighton is a 2006 British crime drama thriller film written and directed by Paul Andrew Williams.
Plot.
The film opens with a woman and child, Kelly and Joanne, bursting into a London toilet. Joanne is crying and Kelly has a black eye. Eventually Kelly gets them on a train to Brighton, and it is clear they are running from someone.
Joanne is an eleven-year-old runaway who is procured by a reluctant Kelly into having sex with an old violent mobster who is a paedophile. Kelly's pimp, Derek, bullies her into complying, but it all goes horribly wrong, and the old mobster is killed, presumably by one of the girls. The older man's son, Stuart, then forces Derek to find the girls. The film follows the duo's flight from London in the wake of what has happened.
Arriving initially in Brighton, Kelly visits her friend Karen and tries to earn enough money through prostituting herself to help Joanne afford the train to Devon, where the child's grandmother lives. The two are eventually tracked down by her pimp and his associate and taken to meet Stuart at a secluded field. Upon arrival, Kelly's pimp and associate are made to dig two graves, presumably for the girls. However, Stuart decides that the girls are the victims in this episode and decides instead to kill Kelly's pimp and associate. The film ends with Kelly and Joanne arriving at Joanne's grandma's house in Devon. Kelly watches from a distance as the girl and the grandmother hug, then turns away.
Critical reception.
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 67% of critics gave the film a positive appraisal based on 27 reviews. Metacritic reported that the film had an average score of 55 out of 100 based on seven appraisals, indicating "favourable reviews".
Awards and nominations.
The film won a British Independent Film Award for Best Achievement in Production. Williams won the Golden Hitchcock award at the Dinard Festival of British Cinema, the New Director's Award at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, Best Feature Film at the Foyle Film Festival, and a Jury Prize at the Raindance Film Festival.


Order of Saint John (disambiguation)

Order of Saint John or Knights Hospitaller is a chivalric order of the Crusades and early modern period, after 1530 also known as "Knights of Malta"
Order of Saint John may also refer to:


National Treasure (North Korea)

A National Treasure (국보; 國寶 : ) is a tangible artifact, site, or building deemed by the Government of North Korea to have significant historical or artistic value to the country.
History.
The first list of Korean cultural treasures was designated by Governor-General of Korea in 1938 during the Japanese occupation with "The Act of Treasures of the Joseon dynasty".


Ancient Egyptian Retainer Sacrifices


Life After Tomorrow

Life After Tomorrow is a 2006 American documentary filmExecutive producers Motty Reif and Chris Kelly, produced and directed by Gil Cates Jr. and Julie Stevens, who played Tessie in the 1979 and Pepper in the 1981 Broadway productions, about the lives of the women who had once played Little Orphan Annie or one of the other orphans in the musical "Annie".
On March 24, 2006, the film was premiered at the Phoenix Film Festival where it won awards for both Best Documentary and Best Director.


Silsangsa

Silsangsa Temple () is a temple of the Jogye Order located in Namwon, North Jeolla Province, South Korea. The temple is a branch temple of the Geumsan Temple in Iksan. Although the temple is legally situated in Namwon, it is also quite near the Hamyang county of South Gyeongsang Province. It is exceptional since this temple is in a field, as opposed to most Korean temples, which are located in mountainous areas.
It is said that the temple was constructed in the era of Heungdeok of Silla by the great monk Hongcheok (, fl. 830), a student of Zhiyi, after he returned from Tang China. Since the king himself showed deep faith and devoted himself with the Crown Prince in this temple, the place became highly celebrated, eventually becoming the founding location of the Silsang school of Chan Buddhism. Silsangsa is the oldest temple among the Nine mountain schools.
The temple faced a period of decline during the Joseon era when the structures were destroyed by fire. From this point on, the temple was shut down, although it was later restored three times during the eras of Sukjong of Joseon, Sunjo of Joseon and Gojong of Korea. However, the temple never returned to its previous grand scale.
The Korean War harmed parts of the temple, as fighting forces often passed through the area, but most of the cultural relics remained intact.
Cultural relics.
The three-tier stone pagoda in the temple is registered as National Treasures of South Korea 10. Also designated as treasures are ten relics from the Silla era, which is the largest number of cultural relics found in a single temple. A Buddha statue on site is tall, the largest steel statue in the Korean Peninsula.


The Goldwyn Follies

The Goldwyn Follies is a 1938 Technicolor film written by Ben Hecht, Sid Kuller, Sam Perrin and Arthur Phillips, with music by George Gershwin, Vernon Duke, and Ray Golden, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin and Sid Kuller. Some sources credit Kurt Weill as one of the composers, but this is apparently incorrect. "The Goldwyn Follies" was the first Technicolor film produced by Samuel Goldwyn.
The movie, which features Adolphe Menjou, Vera Zorina, Edgar Bergen (with Charlie McCarthy), Andrea Leeds, Kenny Baker, Ella Logan, Helen Jepson, Bobby Clark and the Ritz Brothers, depicts a movie producer who chooses a simple girl to be "Miss Humanity" and to critically evaluate his movies from the point of view of the ordinary person. The style of the film is very similar to other musicals of its era, including the "Gold Diggers" series and others. The film is an effective satire on Hollywood and has some excellent numbers choreographed by George Balanchine.
This was the last film score written by George Gershwin before his death on 11 July 1937. "The Goldwyn Follies" was released on 20 February 1938. The movie was nominated for an Oscar for Best Score as orchestrated by Edward B. Powell under the musical direction of Alfred Newman, as well as Best Interior Decoration.
Soundtrack.
Songs include:
Reception.
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
However, the film was included in the 1978 book, "The Fifty Worst Films of All Time (and How They Got That Way)", by Harry Medved, Randy Dreyfuss, and Michael Medved.


Polly Ann

Polly Ann (also known as The Little Reformer and Pernickety Polly Ann) is a lost 1917 American silent comedy-drama film produced and distributed by the Triangle Film Corporation. It was directed by Charles Miller and stars Bessie Love.
Plot.
In rural New Hampshire, Orphan Polly Ann (Love) leaves the poor farm to work at the village tavern, run by Jud Simpkins (Lockney). When a traveling theater troupe comes to town, actor Hubert de Courcey (Foss) convinces Polly Ann to become an actress and leave with them. Village schoolteacher Howard Straightlane (Lee) intervenes, and takes Polly Ann under his wing. When a sick relative in Boston sends for Polly Ann, she goes to care for the relative, and nurses him back to health. When she learns that this relative and Howard are uncle and nephew, Polly Ann facilitates a reunion between them. The uncle then gives his blessing for Polly Ann and Howard to marry.
Reception.
Although the plot was considered unoriginal by its reviewers, the film did well at the box office.