2005 Togo protests and riots

The 2005 Togo protests and riots were demonstrations and rioting against the results of the presidential election and Faure Gnassingbe's takeover of power. Protests began in February with protesters demanding new elections and the end of the Gnassingbe dynasty. Around 100 were killed before the elections, but after the 2005 Togolese presidential election around 500 protesters were killed by Togolese Armed Forces, assisted by military-trained Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) militias.
Background.
Togolese President Gnassingbe Eyadéma died on 5 February 2005, and the Togolese Armed Forces immediately installed his son Faure Gnassingbé as president. The Army Chief of Staff, Zakari Nandja, said this was meant to avoid a power vacuum. The following day on 6 February, President of the National Assembly of Togo Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, who should have taken over as caretaker leader pending elections in 2 months per the Constitution of Togo, was dismissed and replaced by Faure Gnassingbe. The African Union (AU) described this as "a military coup" with both the AU and ECOWAS imposing sanctions on Togo. The Togolese government initially banned all protests for two months. However, about 1,000 people attended an anti-government rally in Lomé on 11 February 2005.
Tensions.
Gnassingbé lifted the government's ban on protests on 18 February and announced that there would be a presidential election in 60 days. Opposition groups called on Gnassingbé to step down and held large protests in Lomé, Aného, Sokodé and Sinkanse. On 25 February, Gnassingbé, citing growing domestic and international pressure, announced he would resign as president, resulting in ECOWAS lifting sanctions. Opposition supporters objected to the appointment of Bonfoh Abass as interim president instead of Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, accusing Abass of being too close to the Gnassingbé regime.
Violence and Protests.
The United Nations estimated that between 400 and 500 people were killed in electoral violence and mass riots. In May 2017, around 35,000 Togolese citizens fled to Benin and Ghana, citing abductions and
forced disappearances, which were believed to be politically motivated.
Casualties.
The amount of casualties is unclear but unofficial results and tallies are being reported. The United nations and Amnesty international have said that the military killed 150 protesters and the security forces and police killed 400 protesters. Government officials report that there are 22 deaths but opposition figures suggested there were 150-200 deaths. It is still unclear to this day about the casualties.
Aftermath.
Protesters have been describing the fear they’ve been living in for years and years after, protests started to protest. Anger is still growing on the streets. As of now, an investigation into the violence in Togo has been put in place and protests are banned.


United Kenya Club

The United Kenya Club is a social and residential club in central Nairobi, Kenya. Founded in 1946, the club was intended as a center for intellectual discussion among Kenyans supporting a nonracial Kenyan society and future. The club provides accommodations, food, and maintains a continued intellectual and political role in Kenya.
Founding.
The United Kenya Club was formed in 1946, intended as a center of mixed-race social gatherings in Nairobi, and an institution where African visitors to the city could find accommodation. In his memoir, Kenyan industrialist Madatally Manji wrote that the club was founded by twelve members with diverse racial backgrounds, and that the club's first president was the liberal governor of Kenya, sir Philip Euen Mitchell. The club was founded with the intention of including support for socialization and accommodation in reciprocity with other, similar clubs in east Africa. Initially founded at the site of a small structure on Whitehouse Road (now Haile Selassi Avenue) in Nairobi, the club later acquired a permanent structure on State House Road next to the University of Nairobi, where it remains.
Lectures and members.
In the early 1950s, the United Kenya Club was frequented by Kenyans who believed that future Kenyan society should be multiracial. In the 1940s and 1950s most east African and Kenyan establishments effectively separated racial groups, or, like the Nairobi Rotary Club, had highly conservative views on racial integration. In many cases, different races in Kenya might meet in public places but would not mingle. By contrast the United Kenya Club allowed Africans, Europeans and Asians to socialize together in public.
Many early members of the United Kenya Club would later, after Kenyan independence, go on to become prominent business people and government officials. The club included membership by prominent figures including Legislative Councilman Kirpal Singh Sagoo and jurist Anver Jeevanjee, and featured weekly lunch lectures on aspects of Kenyan life, including a report by labor leader Tom Mboya, a presentation by photographer John Karmali, and a talk by writer Josiah Mwangi Kariuki.


Movement for Socialist Democracy

Movement for Socialist Democracy (in French: "Mouvement pour la Démocratie Socialiste") was a political party in Burkina Faso. The MDS surged when the Burkinabè Communist Group split in April 1989. In March 1991 it took the name MDS. It became a founding organization of the ruling Congress for Democracy and Progress in February 1996.
The MDS was led by Jean-Marc Palm and Idrissa Zampaligre.


Lauren St John

Lauren St John (born December 1966) is an author born in Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. She is best known for her children's novels including "The White Giraffe" and "Dead Man's Cove" which won her a Blue Peter Book Award in 2011.
Life and career.
Lauren St John was born in December 1966 in Gatooma, Rhodesia (now Kadoma, Zimbabwe). When she was eleven, St John and her family moved to a nature reserve called Rainbow End's farm in Gadzema. It was later the focus of her memoir, "Rainbow's End" and many of her children's books are influenced by the nature reserve in which she grew up.
After studying journalism in Harare St John moved to London where she was the golf correspondent for "The Sunday Times" for almost a decade.
In 2011, St John won the Blue Peter Book of the Year Award for her book "Dead Man's Cove", about an eleven year old girl called Laura Marlin who becomes a detective. It is the first in a series of books. "Dead Man's Cove" was also shortlisted for a Galaxy National Book Award for Children's Book of the Year. The book was optioned by Centurion Television in 2016.
As well as writing, St John has also done work with the wildlife charity, Born Free Foundation. She became involved after contacting the Foundation while she was running a school conservation project called Animals Are Not Rubbish in 2009.
Children's fiction.
Early Readers series
Animal Healer series
Laura Marlin mysteries
Wolfe and Lamb Mysteries
Stand-alone novels
Young adult fiction.
The One Dollar Horse series
Stand-alone books
Adult fiction and non-fiction.
Fiction
Non-fiction


Dirk Jansz Smient

Dirk Jansz Smient was governor of Mauritius in the new settlement at Grand Port from 1666 to 1669, when he returned to Cape of Good Hope. He was replaced by George Frederik Wreede. In November 1676 he led a punitive expedition from Cape Town to a group of Hottentots led by Chief Goenema, which failed as they could not be located.


Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy

Sir Henry Charles Donald Cleaveland Mackenzie-Kennedy (1889 – 2 August 1965) was a British colonial administrator who was Governor of Nyasaland between 1939 and 1942, and 25th Governor of Mauritius from 5 July 1942 to 5 December 1948.
In 1930, Mackenzie-Kennedy was Chief Secretary of Northern Rhodesia. He was urged to deny the Ndola Welfare Association permission to meet, since mine owner might react unfavorably to an organization such as this being led by civil servants.
In June 1935, Mackenzie-Kennedy wrote to Sir Stewart Gore-Browne urging him to stand for election in Broken Hill. He said "Your duty is clear".
Family.
Henry Charles Donald Cleaveland Mackenzie-Kennedy was the son of Maj.-Gen. Sir Edward Charles William Mackenzie-Kennedy K.B.E. C.B. and his wife Ethel née Fuller. His birth was registered in the Sep Q of 1889 at Hastings, Sussex.
He married Mildred daughter of Rev. J. G. Munday and his wife Edith née Chadwick in 1919 in the Wandsworth registration district of London.


Idris I of Kanem

Idris I was a grandson of Mai Bir kachim and a descendant of Ibrahim Nikale. He established peaceful relationship with the Sao after four Kanem kings had been killed during conflicts with the Bornu indigenous ethnic groups or Sao. Idris I was a member of the Sayfawa dynasty.


Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi

Shehu Mustafa Ibn Umar El-Kanemi (son of Shehu Umar Ibn Muhammad of Borno) was the Shehu of Borno from 1974 to 2009.
Reign.
Mustapha El-Kanemi was born in 1924, fourth son of the 17th Shehu of Borno, Sir Umar ibn Mohammed El-Kanemi, and was brought up in Dikwa, Borno State.
He became secretary to the Wali of Borno in 1945, and subsequently worked in different departments of the Native Authority as the representative of the Shehu.
In 1952 he attended the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria where he studied Public Administration.
El-Kanemi was elected to the Northern Region House of Assembly in 1956, representing the Damaturu/Busari Constituency, and was re-elected in 1959. He was parliamentary secretary in the Northern Region during the Nigerian First Republic.
He returned to Maiduguri in 1966 and in 1970 was made district head.
He was appointed Shehu of Borno in 1974.
At one time he was vice president of the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs.
He was succeeded by Abubakar Ibn Umar Garbai El-Kanemi of Borno from the related family of the Dikwa Emirate.


Mageba kaGumede

King Mageba kaGumede (c. 1667c. 1745) was an early leader of the Zulu people of South Africa.
Mageba is said to have succeeded his twin brother Phunga as leader of the Zulu clan on Phunga's death in about 1727. (This succession between close brothers is reflected by references in Zulu praise poetry such as "Zulu ka Phunga no Mageba!" ("Zulus, children of Phunga and Mageba!") Mageba had at least two sons: Ndaba, who succeeded him as king, and Mpangazitha. Mpangazitha married his cousin, and it is from this marriage that the Mbatha clan as well as the Mageza clan descends.


Voltaic Communist Organization

Voltaic Communist Organization (, OCV) was a communist party in the country now known as Burkina Faso. It was founded in 1971 out of the student milieu. In 1978 OCV split in two, the pro-China Communist Struggle Union (ULC) and the pro-Albanian Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party (PCRV).


Chwa I of Buganda

Chwa I Nabakka was Kabaka (King) of the Kingdom of Buganda. He reigned during the mid 14th century. He was the 2nd Kabaka of Buganda.
Claim to the throne.
He was the son of Kabaka Kato Kintu, the first Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned in the early 14th century. His mother was Nambi Nantuttululu, of the Ngeye Clan. He ascended to the throne following the death of his father. He established his capital at Bigo Hill.
Marital life.
He married two wives:
The final years.
Kabaka Kintu abdicated and settled in Magonga. He is said to have disappeared. Up to today, his place of death and burial are unknown. Following his death, there followed a period of Interregnum under the Prime Ministers Walusimbi and his successor, Sebwaana. This period lasted until 1374.


Monarchy of Libya


Antongona

The archaeological site of Antongona is located in the Imamo Region of Madagascar, roughly 36 km west of Antananarivo and 6 km north of Imerintsiatosika.
Site Description.
Antongona consists of two main groups of archaeological sites dating from between the 16th and 18th Centuries AD, spaced roughly 300 m apart. Situated on natural rock formations, stone walls and doorways augmented the inherent defensive qualities of the rock formations constructed upon. From the center of the structure, a full 360° view was obtained of the surrounding landscape, further exemplifying the defensive quality of the sites.
World Heritage Status.
This site was added to the Tentative List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Madagascar on November 14, 1997, in the Cultural category.


Charles Pearson (priest)

Charles William Pearson (1847–1917) was a pioneer Anglican missionary in Uganda, and thus was one of the pioneers of the Church of Uganda. In his journey to Uganda, he was also a significant early traveler in the Sudan. He was later a parish priest in England.
Biography.
Early life.
He was born in Whitehaven, Cumberland, England, on 1847-12-07, son of William Pearson, a butcher, and his wife Sarah Johnson, and attended St. Bees Grammar School. Pearson had three brothers and two sisters. His younger brother Henry also became an Anglican priest.
Seafarer.
He was a merchant seaman for some years, and served as an ordinary seaman on the "Tenasserim", registered at Liverpool, for four voyages between 18 Oct 1867 and 29 Oct 1870. In 1872 he served as Third Mate on the "Paraguay", and served as Second Mate on several vessels between 1872 and 1874. He qualified as First Mate in 1875, but joined the "Brittania" in London as second mate for a voyage to Lisbon 28 April 1875. She was wrecked on Holy Island on 19 Oct 1875. He was discharged in London on 19 Oct 1875.
Missionary.
In 1876 he attended the Church Missionary Society College, Islington, and in 1878 led a party of four missionaries to Uganda to replace four who had died. The first party of CMS missionaries, led by Lt. G. Shergold-Smith, had landed at Bagamoyo in July 1876, but a year later two had been killed in a skirmish, and two others had died of fever.
Pearson and his companions, Robert William Felkin, John William Hall and the Rev. George Litchfield, travelled by ship to Suakim on the Red Sea. At Suakim, Hall was taken ill and had to return to England. From there, after crossing the desert, the remaining members of the party travelled up the Nile. They met Colonel Gordon in Khartoum, who tried to persuade Pearson to serve in Sudan instead. Pearson and his party reached Rubaga in Uganda on 14 February 1879, over nine months after setting out.
They were received at the court of Mutesa I, the Kabaka (King) of Buganda. A week later a party of French Roman Catholic missionaries arrived, and difficulties ensued as Mutesa played off Arab, British and French interests against each other. The Christian missionaries had, perhaps rather naively, not come prepared to be used as political pawns. Their denominational rivalry reduced the effectiveness of their message, as the Catholics refused to kneel for the Anglican prayers and vice versa.
Pearson appears to have been mainly occupied in translation work. After serving in Uganda for two years Pearson returned to England for health reasons, using the more conventional route via the East Coast and Zanzibar.
Ordination.
He then studied theology at Oxford, and was ordained deacon in 1886 and priest in 1887. He was assistant curate at St Ebbe's in Oxford for four years, and then worked for the Church Pastoral Aid Society (CPAS) in Nottingham for another three years.
In July 1893 he became Vicar of Walton, Aylesbury, where he remained until his death on 1917-06-20. He was known as a student of languages, and gained knowledge of 17 languages. He was eminent as a translator, and served several publishers and missionary organisations in that capacity.
Marriage and children.
He married Elizabeth Birkett in Oxford in 1882, and they had three sons and four daughters.


2009 Comorian legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in the Comoros on 6 December 2009, with a second round on 20 December. The elections were originally scheduled for July 2009, but were postponed until after a constitutional referendum was held in May 2009. They were then scheduled to take place on 29 November, but were delayed again. The result was a victory for the Baobab Movement, a coalition supporting President Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi.
Electoral system.
The elections were held using the two-round system with 24 single-member constituencies. The remaining nine seats in the Assembly of the Union were filled by appointees from the assemblies of the autonomous islands of the Comoros, Grande Comore, Mohéli and Anjouan, with each island selecting three members.
Campaign.
Most candidates supporting President Sambi campaigned as the Baobab coalition, named after their identifying symbol, the Baobab tree.


Governor-General of Mauritius

The Governor-General of Mauritius () was the acting head of state of Mauritius from 12 March 1968 when the country gained independence from the United Kingdom. Queen Elizabeth II was given the title Queen of Mauritius until 12 March 1992 when Mauritius became a republic. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch.
According to the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of Mauritius without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy, the Chief Justice served as Officer Administering the Government. Both British and Mauritian citizens held the post.
List of governors-general.
A list of Governors-General of Mauritius from 1968 to 1992.


Madam Yoko

Madam Yoko or Mammy Yoko (ca. 1849–1906) was a leader of the Mende people in Sierra Leone. Combining advantageous lineage, shrewd marriage choices and the power afforded her from the secret Sande society, Yoko became a leader of considerable influence. She expanded the Mende Kingdom and at the time of her death, she was the ruler of the vast Kpa Mende Confederacy.
Biography.
Madam Yoko, as a child called Soma, was born in 1849 in Gbo Chiefdomi.  She had three brothers Ali Kongo, Lamboi, and Goba. Her father was a warrior in the outward land. At puberty she was initiated into the Sande Society, where she was instructed in singing, dancing, medicine, and childbearing, along with other roles associated with being a wife and mother. After training for months, she was reintroduced into society as an adult with the name Madam Yoko.
          Madam Yoko married her first husband Gongoima, a warrior, and it is said that he may have been her cousin through her father. Yoko left Gongoima in the mid 1800’s because of his increase in jealousy and suspicion. Madam Yoko married her second husband Gbenje, he was a son of another Kpe Mende pioneer warrior and Chief of Taiamav. Yoko was Gbenje’s “junior wife” but, because of Yoko’s responsibility and her being able, Gbenje moved her up to senior wife. Gbneje grew sick and died, and Yoko underwent purification ceremonies for preparation to be remarried.
        Yoko remarried a powerful war chief named Gbanya Lango and because of his conflict with the British, Gbanya was arrested and Yoko was able to get him out by making a personal appeal to the governor. This is how Yoko got her start in politics. After getting her husband released, Gbanya used Yoko in diplomatic missions with the British, which helped her to gain and develop her reputation as a political figure. Gbanya also elevated Yoko up to “head wife” because of her hand in getting him released and aiding him in wealth through farming.vii When Gbanya died in 1878, Yoko succeeded him and became the “Queen of Sennehoo”.
        Madam Yoko rose to power in the late 19th century. While in power she unified and led a confederacy of Kpa Mende. She was able to gain control of all Kpa Mende (fourteen separate chiefdoms) by making alliances and using judicious force. Yoko used the Sande society by establishing a famous Sande Bush in Senehun to aid her in making her alliances. She did this by receiving young women through initiations where she trained them and then gave them away as a wife to leading men. Yoko’s Sande Bush gained so much popularity that mothers strove to get their daughters into her Bush. This was quite different from male chiefs; where Yoko was able to train the women and give them away in marriage, male chiefs were only able to receive a wife from a family. Yoko was also different from male chiefs in that she had the ability to make alliances with men by using the gift of sexuality directly, while male chiefs had to use women to make an alliance with another man. Male chiefs would also create alliances by taking daughters from a hundred or more leading families and marry them. This was a tactic Yoko could have used if she were a man.  Madam Yoko also made alliances with the British through her Sande Bush. She invited British officials to her town and had her Sande dancers dance for them. She also gave wives to native officers of the Frontier Police. Yoko also used her alliances with the British to help her advance in power, as mentioned in” Women, Culture and Society” Yoko was feared because she could call on the British. Yoko’s power also advanced through her use of manipulation on the British. For example, she had told the British that another chief and her rivalry, Kamanda, was allied with” a group of raiding Temne warriors". As a result, the British put the Temne down and deported their leaders and Kamanda.
       Aside from her ability to make alliances, it is said that Madam Yoko was extraordinarily strong in battle. It has been said that she used nearby rivers as a defense system and used a sword in defense against her enemies.
       In 1898, the British declared their Protectorate and a law was put in place ordering all chiefs to collect “5-shilling tax on every house in the land”. Yoko ordered her subchiefs to pay the new taxes. However, the people rebelled and blamed her for “spoiling the country” because of her support for the British. Instead of turning on the British to gain control of her people and popularity, she hid out in police barracks while her people tried to attack. As a result of her loyalty to the British she was awarded a silver medal by Queen Victoria. Madam Yoko ruled as Paramount Chief until 1906 when she committed suicide. Yoko did not have any children so, her brother Lamboi succeeded her.


Modibo Mohammed Al Kaburi

Modibo Mohammed Al Kaburi was an esteemed scholar of Fula descent from Timbuktu, Mali. A Cadi and Jurist, as well as a professor at the Sankore Madrasah, he was celebrated for his piety, becoming a companion with many of the most devout scholars at Sankore. He is remembered for having established the curriculum used by the later scholars at the university.


Abdullah II of Kanem

Abdullah II Kaday was the cousin of Ibrahim Nikale, he succeeded Nikale after he lost a power struggle with the Yerima, the leader of the north. He was also the king who brought a return to the patrilineal succession of the earlier Sefuwa kings.


HMSAS Afrikander

HMS "Tickler was a Royal Navy "Gadfly"-class flat-iron gunboat launched in 1879. She was transferred to Simon's Town in South Africa in 1885 and converted to a steam lighter in 1902. In 1919 she became HMS "Afrikander and was transferred to the South African Naval Service in 1923, becoming HMSAS "Afrikander. She was returned to the Royal Navy in December 1932 and re-named HMS "Afrikander II in 1933. She was finally broken up at Simon's Town in 1937.
Royal Navy gunboat.
"Tickler" was launched on 15 September 1879 as the last of the Royal Navy "Gadfly"-class flat-iron gunboats. She was listed at Portsmouth "for coastal defence" in 1881 and in 1885, during the Russian War Scare, she, "Gadfly" and "Griper" were towed to the Cape by the transports "Richmond Hill" and "Kimberley". She was recommissioned in South Africa in 1891. At Simon's Town in 1902 she was converted to a steam lighter.
Base ship, Simon's Town.
She was used as a base depot ship servicing the Royal Navy and South African Naval Services fleets in Simon's Town harbour and False Bay. She was renamed HMS "Afrikander" in 1919. When the South African Naval Service was created on 1 April 1922, all officers and men were nominally registered in the books of "Afrikander". This was required because the Naval Discipline Act stated that in order to be subservient to the Act, all members had to be serving on a HM Ship. The Act was amended in 1923 and "Afrikander" was then transferred to the Union of South African Seaward Defence Force as HMSAS "Afrikander." She was returned to the Royal Navy in December 1932 and renamed HMS "Afrikander II" in 1933.
Fate.
After decommissioning she was scuttled and sunk by gunfire from HMS "Daffodil", at Simonstown in 1937.


Wodage Zvadya

Wodage Zvadya (Hebrew: וודג' זבדיה; born 7 September 1973) is an Israeli long-distance runner who specializes in the marathon.
Biography.
He was an Ethiopian citizen until 1991 when he emigrated to Israel. He won the silver medal at the 2001 Summer Universiade. His best finish at the European or World Championships was a 22nd place at the 2002 European Championships. He also competed at the 2006 European Championships, the 2005, 2007 and 2009 World Championships and the 2001, 2002 and 2005 World Half Marathon Championships.
His personal best times are 14:07.14 minutes in the 5000 metres, achieved in July 1996 in Hechtel; 29:38.88 minutes in the 10,000 metres, achieved in May 1996 in Tel Aviv; 1:04:30 hours in the half marathon, achieved at the 2001 Summer Universiade in Beijing; and 2:16:04 seconds in the marathon, achieved in January 2004 in Tiberias.


Victoria Albis

Victoria Albis (d. "after" 1777), was a Senegalese signara. She belonged to the most famous of the signaras on the island of Gorée in French Senegal. She was one of the most powerful business people in contemporary Senegal.
The present Henriette-Bathily Women's Museum was built by her.


Chibudom Nwuche

Prince Chibudom Nwuche was born in Enugu into the royal family of Clifford Cheta Nwuche and Grace Ogbuta Nwuche. He is from Ochigba town in Ahoada East in the Local Government Area of Rivers State.
Nwuche began his educational career at St Cyprians State School in Port Harcourt where he obtained his First School Leaving Certificate. His secondary school education was at the Stella Maris College in Port Harcourt, Rivers State where he graduated with an Ordinary Level School Certificate in 1979. He then proceeded to his advanced Levels at Lansdowne College, Oxford, United Kingdom.
He was educated at the University of Keele between 1982 and 1985 where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in politics and philosophy, with subsidiary subjects in history and astronomy. Between 1985 and 1987, Nwuche obtained an LLB (Hons) in Law, with a Second Class Upper Division at Aberystwyth University after which he returned to Nigeria for the mandatory Bar Programme at the Nigerian Law School. He then obtained a master's degree in law (LLM) at King's College London specializing in shipping law, international finance, intellectual property and international commercial law.
Nwuche also attended several courses, seminars, and workshops within and outside the country on public policy, legislative matters, etc.
During his school days, he exhibited leadership qualities; having been appointed prefect in Secondary School. He was also elected President of the Nigerian Society while at the University of Keele, Staffordshire.
Work Experience / Positions of Responsibilities.
As a young man determined to make a mark, Nwuche, after his studies returned to Nigeria, has since then worked in various organisations and held posts in which he performed creditably. Some of these include:
In recognition of his impressive achievements in academia, legal practice, business and humanitarian services, the people of Ahoada East/Abua Odual Federal Constituency of Rivers State voted him in as their representative at the National Assembly in 1999. His colleagues also elected him as Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives on 4 June 1999. As Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives, he chaired the following committees:
He has led several delegations to various International Summits and Conferences. These include:
Prince Nwuche is the sponsor of the following Bills:
He is also noted for his commitment to the promotion of dialogue between the Organized Private Sector (OPS) and the National Assembly, especially with regards to local industrial capacity building within the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). He is also a facilitator of dialogue between a coalition of Non-Governmental Organizations and the Parliament on issues of media rights, and sustenance of a credible democratic system.
A community worker and grassroots activist, Prince Nwuche has played an important role in the passage of the Niger Delta Development Commission Act and the Onshore Offshore Dichotomy Bill. He has set up scholarships and grant schemes for indigent students and small/medium scale business men and women respectively.
Membership of organisations and boards.
Prince Nwuche is presently a member of several professional bodies. These include:
Titles, Honours and Awards.
Traditional titles
Publications.
Prince Nwuche has authored some academic works. These include:
Foundation.
Founder: Foundation for Youth Development


James Hennessy (diplomat)

Sir James Patrick Ivan Hennessy (born 26 September 1923) is a retired British diplomat and served as Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons from 1982 to 1987.
Early years.
Educated at Bedford School and then King's College, Durham (now part of Newcastle University), Hennessy joined the Royal Artillery in 1942, and was then seconded to the Indian Army from 1944 to 1946.
Career.
After the War, Hennessy joined what was then HM Overseas Service, serving initially in Basutoland, South Africa from 1948 in a number of roles, seconded in 1961 to the Office of the High Commissioner in Pretoria and taking on a number of positions in the government of South Africa. He retired from the Overseas Service in 1968 and was appointed to the Foreign Office, serving as Chargé d'Affaires to Montevideo, Uruguay for 1971–72, and then High Commissioner to Kampala, Uganda and non-resident Ambassador to Kigali, Rwanda, 1973–76. He served as Consul-General in Cape Town from 1977 to 1980, before ending his career as the last Governor and Commander-in-Chief of British Honduras (now Belize) from 1980–1981.
In 1982, Hennessy was appointed as the second ever HM Chief Inspector of Prisons, taking over from Bill Pearce, previously the Chief Inspector of Probation for Inner London whose tenure as HMCIP was cut short by illness. Hennessey served a five-year term until 1987. After stepping down as Chief Inspector to be replaced by Judge Sir Stephen Tumim, Hennessy served on the Parole Board for England and Wales until 1991 and as a Trustee of the Butler Trust until 1998.
Honours and recognition.
Hennessy was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1959 New Year Honours, promoted to Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1968 New Year Honours and to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 1982 New Year Honours. He was also made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1975 New Year Honours.


Theodor Leutwein

Theodor Gotthilf Leutwein (9 May 1849 – 13 April 1921) was colonial administrator of German Southwest Africa from 1894 to 1904 (as commander of its Schutztruppe, and from 1898, governor).
Life and career.
Born in Strümpfelbrunn in the Grand Duchy of Baden, he joined the Prussian Army in 1868. Following several promotions he achieved the rank of major in 1893. In 1894 he replaced Curt von François as commander of the Schutztruppe (Imperial Security Troop). His personal goal in German Southwest Africa was to create "colonialism without bloodshed". During his tenure there, Leutwein created a decentralized administration with three regional centers (Windhoek, Otjimbingwe and Keetmanshoop). The construction of the first railroad between Windhoek and the seaport of Swakopmund was built during his rule. In 1899 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel, rising to the rank of colonel in 1901.
His policies with the native Africans, which he called the "Leutwein System", was a mixture of diplomacy, "divide-and-rule" and military coercion. His relationship with the indigenous Namaqua and Herero tribes were tenuous at best. Conversely, he was often criticized by German colonists as being too lenient with the Africans. In 1904 an uprising by the Herero was the beginning of the end of his colonial leadership. Soon afterwards, Wilhelm II replaced Leutwein with the notorious General Lothar von Trotha. In May 1904 he admitted that the Germans had not taken one Herero prisoner, following an inquiry by the social democratic Reichstag deputy August Bebel.
In 1906, Leutwein published an autobiography, "Elf Jahre als Gouverneur in Deutsch-Südwestafrika" ("Eleven Years as Governor in German South West Africa"), an historical account of his career in German Southwest Africa. He died in Freiburg.


Charles Rubia

Charles Wanyoike Rubia (1923 – 23 December 2019) was the first native African mayor of Nairobi. He later joined Parliament, where he rose to the cabinet. In 1990, together with Hon. Kenneth Matiba, Rubia led the calls for multi-party democracy and was subsequently detained twice by President Daniel arap Moi. He was later released from detention after one year, and had been in poor health ever since.
He was an MP from Starehe Constituency in Nairobi from 1969 to 1988.
In July 2018, Murang'a University of Technology honoured the past Mayor of Nairobi with a Doctor of letters degree for his good work in mobilizing the community in the establishment of Murang'a college of Technology.
He died on 23 December 2019, aged 96, in his Karen Home, Nairobi.


Hotel Cecil (Tangier, Morocco)

The Hotel Cecil is one of the oldest hotels in Tangier, Morocco. The hotel was built in 1865. Hotel Cecil is scheduled to be rebuilt. It was originally located on Avenue d'Espagne, number 11, now Avenue Mohammed VI.


Henry Froude Seagram

Henry Froude Seagram (c. July 1802 – 26 August 1843) was Lieutenant Governor of the Gambia from January 1843 and Governor from June 1843 to 26 August 1843 when he died there of fever.


Elizabeth Muyovwe

Elizabeth Nkombo Chona Muyovwe (21 November 1956 – 31 January 2021), commonly known as Elizabeth Muyovwe, was a Zambian Supreme Court Justice.
Background and education.
She was born in 1956. Her father is the late Mainza Chona (1930 to 2001), one-time Vice President of Zambia (1970 to 1973) and Zambia's ambassador to China (1984 to 1989). In 1979, she graduated from the University of Zambia, School of Law, with a Bachelor of Laws. She was admitted to Zambia Bar in 1981.
Work history in Zambia.
For a period of six years, from 1981 until 1987, she worked for the Zambian Ministry of Legal Affairs, as a State Attorney and as an Assistant Senior Legal Aid Counsel. She then was hired by Lima Bank Limited, as a Senior Legal Officer, serving there from 1988 until 1991. She concurrently served as a part-time research associate for "Women and Law in Southern Africa", between 1989 and 1993. She was the Vice Chairperson of the Lands Tribunal from 1996 until 1998, and served as the Director of the Legal Aid Clinic for Women between 1991 and 1998.
She lectured, on a part-time basis at the Zambia Institute of Advanced Legal Education (ZIALE), from 1999 until 2003, lecturing in the area of domestic relations. In 1998, she was appointed a Judge of the High Court of Zambia, responsible for the High Court in Livingstone, Zambia. In 2010, president Rupiah Banda appointed her to the Supreme Court and her appointment was ratified by parliament on 30 October 2010.
Work history at the United Nations.
In 2002, Justice Elizabeth Muyovwe was appointed as an Alternate Judge of the United Nations Special Court for Sierra Leone.
Death.
Justice Elizabeth Muyovwe died of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia on 31 January 2021.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 535

United Nations Security Council Resolution 535, adopted unanimously on June 29, 1983, after examining the report of the Mission to Lesotho commissioned in Resolution 527 (1982), the Council reaffirmed its opposition to apartheid, commending Lesotho for providing sanctuary to refugees from South Africa.
The Council urged Member States and international organisations to provide assistance to Lesotho, requesting the Secretary-General to keep the Council regularly informed on the situation in the region.


Arthur Benson

Sir Arthur Edward Trevor Benson GCMG (21 December 1907 – 1987) was a British colonial administrator and governor.
Early life.
Benson was born in Johannesburg on 21 December 1907 the son of an Anglican clergyman. Educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School and Exeter College, Oxford he joined the colonial service in 1931.
Colonial service.
Benson was sent to Northern Rhodesia as a cadet later moving on to the Secretariat in Lusaka. During the Second World War he returned to London and was attached to the Cabinet Office. After the war he returned to Northern Rhodesia and the Luwingu outstation. In 1948 he became Chief Secretary of the Central African Council and in 1951 he was promoted to Chief Secretary of Nigeria. In 1954 he was appointed Governor of Northern Rhodesia until he retired in 1959.
Retirement.
He became a Justice of the Peace in Devon from 1962 to 1966 and he was also elected an Honorary Fellow of Exeter College.
Family life.
Benson had married Daphne and they had two daughters, he died in 1987.


Yoruba Americans in Louisiana


Alliance for Democracy and Progress (Mali)

The Alliance for Democracy and Progress () was an alliance of political parties in Mali, that supported president Amadou Toumani Touré. In the 1 July and 22 July 2007 Malian parliamentary elections, the member parties of the alliance won 113 out of 160 seats.


Christian Democratic Party (Namibia)

The Christian Democratic Party was a political party in Namibia led by Petrus "Piet" Matheus Junius. The Christian Democratic Union merged into CDP.


Menelik Palace

The Menelik Palace, also known as the Imperial Palace or Great Ghebbi, is a palatial compound in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Previously for years was known as the Gebi, it was the seat of the power of Ethiopia's emperors. Within its confines (now called Unity Park) are several residences, halls, chapels, and working buildings. Today it contains the offices and residence of the Prime Minister of Ethiopia.
History.
The palace grounds contain different churches. The most important is the Ta'eka Negest (Resting Place of Kings) Ba'eta Le Mariam Monastery. It has a large Imperial crown at the top of the dome. The church serves as a mausoleum for Emperor Menelik II, his wife Empress Taitu, and Empress Zewditu, his daughter and eventual successor. Other churches within the grounds are the Se'el Bet Kidane Meheret Church (Our Lady Covenant of Mercy) and the Debre Mengist St. Gabriel Church.
During the rule of Mengistu Haile Mariam, the palace grounds were used as a prison to house many notables of the government of Emperor Haile Selassie, the Emperor included. Built during this time was the "Shengo" Hall, accommodating the country's legislature, and the Presidential Office Building.
In 2010, construction began on a new residence for Prime Minister Meles Zenawi and his family. The project, which was estimated to cost 80 million birr for a two-storey house, was being supervised by Meles's wife, Azeb Mesfin. Also part of the project were guest houses worth 25 million birr, and a thorough refurbishment of the palace gardens.
In 2018 work began on a large-scale restoration of the palace compound, and in 2019 it was opened to the public as Unity Park
Buildings.
Gibr Adarash.
The massive Gibr Adarash was used by Emperor Menelik II to give his periodic great "Gibr" feasts in which he fed large numbers of his subjects. It was later used as a venue for. large gatherings or occasions Emperor Haile Selassie used it as the venue for especially large state banquets, such as the one held for the African Heads of State gathered to form the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) in 1963, and the state dinners in honor of the visits of Queen Elizabeth II in 1965 and Charles de Gaulle.
Zufan Adarash.
The Zufan Adarash was used as the main throne hall for imperial audiences. During the Red Terror its cellars were used as an ad-hoc prison for high-ranking officials of the "ancien régime".
Te'eka Negist Mausoleum.
Burial place of Emperors Menelik II and Iyasu V and Empresses Zewditu and Taytu.
Shengo Hall.
The Shengo hall was built by the Derg at a cost of $18 million. It was prefabricated in Finland, and, at the time of its construction, was the largest prefabricated building in the world. It was opened on 9 September 1987 after the promulgation of the new constitution and election of the assembly, to a grand ceremony that counted Presidents Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Hassan Gouled Aptidon of Djibouti and Hosni Mubarak of Egypt as guests. After the fall of the Mengistu government, the Ethiopian Parliament convened its previous chambers, and today the building is used as an occasional meeting place.
Prime Minister's Office.
The building now housing the Prime Minister's Office was built at the same time as the Shengo Hall to house the offices of President Mengistu Haile Mariam. After his ouster it became the Prime Minister's Office, and was renovated in 2018-19


Ojomo Oluda

The Ojomo Oluda is the paramount Yoruba king of Ijebu, Owo in Ondo State, southwestern Nigeria. The King is believed to be a descendant of Ojugbelu Arere, the pioneer Olowo of Owo.
Ojomo Oluda also celebrate the Igogo festival with incumbent Olowo of Owo since they are the descendant of the late Olowo Rerengejen who married Queen Oronsen, the goddess that brought about the annual Igogo festival.
Ruling families.
Ijebu, Owo is ruled by heir appointed from the ruling families following an Ifá consultations. The king is often assisted by appointed chiefs collectively known as "Edibo Ojomo.
According to the traditions of Ijebuland, the OJomo Oluda is often appointed by Senior Omo ojomos and "Olori ebi Omo ojomos" who are the king-makers.
The incumbent Ojomo Oluda is King Kofoworola Oladoyinbo Ojomo, who ascended the throne on June 13, 2004, following the demise of Agboola Ojomo Agunloye in May 2003.


Ntombela kaMalandela

Ntombela kaMalandela, the son of Malandela kaLuzumana, was the proto-chieftain of the Zulu nation in the late 17th century. He was succeeded by his son Zulu kaNtombela.


Massacre of the Sixty

The Massacre of the Sixty, or Black Saturday (, "tikuru kidami"), took place in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) on the morning of 23 November 1974 (Ethiopian calendar: 14 Hidar 1967), when 60 imprisoned former government officials were executed by the Derg at Kerchele Prison (commonly called "Alem Bekagn" - "Farewell to the World").
Ethiopia's revolution started about ten weeks before the massacre. Before this point, the Derg was able to instill hope among the people that the revolution could remain bloodless. Epitomised by the slogan ""Ityopiya tikdem, yala mimin dem”" — “Let Ethiopia progress, without any bloodshed”.
The massacre presaged the Red Terror and Ethiopian Civil War that would follow in years after.
List of people executed.
The 54 below were executed on the orders of Mengistu Haile Mariam.
Killed in shootout.
The remaining six were killed in a shootout at the home of General Aman Andom


Tukrir

In Ethiopia and Eritrea, the terms Tukrīr (Amharic) and Tukrir (Tigrinya) are used to designate persons of West or Central African origin. The terms derives from the city and kingdom of Takrūr that thrived on the lower Senegal River in the eleventh century. The place was well-known to Arab geographers, and an inhabitant of Takrūr or of West Africa in general was called in Arabic a Takrūrī (plural Takārīr or Takārna) from the 14th century onward. The "nisba" al-Takrūrī was a common surname for one of West African descent. The Ethiopian terms are derived from the Arabic.
The Tukrīr primarily inhabit the western edge of the Ethiopian Highlands. They are overwhelmingly Muslim. They are mainly Fulani and Hausa in origin from the region of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire. There were two major periods of immigration from West Africa to Ethiopia. The first coincided with the Fula jihads that lasted from 1804 until 1842; the second with the Scramble for Africa, when West Africa was colonized by Europeans between 1885 and 1914.
In the 19th century there was a Tukrīr sheikhdom with its capital at Metemma, sometimes owing tribute to Ethiopia and at other times to Egypt. It ended up dominated by Fur from the nearby Sultanate of Darfur. It sided with the Mahdists during the Mahdist War against Ethiopia (1885–1891) and disappeared with the Mahdists' defeat.
The term Fallāta (from Fulani) has largely replaced Takārīr in the Sudan as a term for immigrants from West Africa.