Ron Neville

Ronald Thomas Dalton Neville (2 December 1929 – 31 May 1986) was an Australia-born Papua New Guinean politician and businessman. He served as a member of the House of Assembly and National Parliament from 1964 to 1977.
Biography.
Neville was born in December 1929 in Moree, New South Wales and was educated at De La Salle College in Armidale and Saint Ignatius' College in Sydney. After leaving school in 1947, he earned a diploma from the Australian School of Pacific Administration. He then joined the Department of Native Affairs in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea as a cadet patrol officer in 1948. He served in Milne Bay, Morobe, Sepik and Southern Highlands, rising to become a Senior Assistant District Officer. He also married Colleen Wren and had six children.
In 1963 Neville resigned from the civil service to contest the first elections to the House of Assembly in February–March 1964. He was elected from the West Papua Special constituency, defeating incumbent MLC Ron Slaughter. During his first term in parliament he served as vice chairman of the Public Accounts and Public Works committees. He was re-elected unopposed in the 1968 elections from the Southern Highlands Regional constituency, and served on the District Advisory committee. He was re-elected again in 1972 from the renamed Southern Highlands Provincial constituency, and was awarded an MBE in the 1974 Birthday Honours. Following independence in 1975, the House of Assembly was renamed the National Parliament.
He retired from politics prior to the 1977 elections to concentrate on his business. He died in May 1986 when a truck he was driving hit a bus on the road between Mendi and Mount Hagen. His son Tim later also became an MP.


USS Phelps (DD-360)

USS "Phelps" (DD-360) was a World War II-era "Porter"-class destroyer in the service of the United States Navy. She was named for Thomas Stowell Phelps, who was a Rear Admiral in the US Navy in 1884.
Before World War II.
"Phelps" was laid down 2 January 1934 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts; launched 18 July 1935; sponsored by Mrs. Richard A. Kearny; and commissioned 26 February 1936, Commander Albert H. Rooks in command. In November 1936 "Phelps", along with the cruiser "Chester", escorted the heavy cruiser "Indianapolis" carrying President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Buenos Aires, Argentina for the opening of the Inter-American Peace Conference of 1936. The cruise included good-will visits to Montevideo, Uruguay and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Entry in World War II.
During the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, "Phelps" shot down one enemy plane. In February and March 1942, she served as part of the destroyer screen for Task Force 11, including the carrier , in an attack in the Huon Gulf off Lae and in an attack on Salamaua, New Guinea, over the Owen Stanley mountain range from the Gulf of Papua, 10 March 1942. During the Battle of the Coral Sea beginning on 8 May, when "Lexington" and diverged to avoid enemy attacks, "Phelps" stayed with "Yorktown". "Phelps" emerged from the battle with no casualties, but when the "Lexington" was seriously damaged, she helped to prevent enemy capture of the carrier by administering the "coup de grâce" and finished her off with two torpedoes.
Aleutians and Central Pacific action.
In June 1942 she protected the American carriers that dealt a heavy blow to the Japanese Navy in the Battle of Midway. In August 1942 she guarded forces invading Guadalcanal. After a visit to the west coast in October, she participated in landings upon Attu, Alaska, in May 1943. After bombarding Kiska, Alaska, she provided gunfire support for landings at Makin Atoll in November 1943. In the Marshall Islands campaign in February 1944, she bombarded Kwajalein and Eniwetok. In March she guarded tankers during a strike on the Palau Islands. In June she bombarded Saipan to protect American forces that had landed there on the 15th.
Atlantic duty.
Following duty at Saipan, she steamed via the Panama Canal to Charleston, South Carolina, for armament alterations, arriving 2 August. Departing Norfolk, Virginia, in November, she escorted a convoy to Mers-el-Kebir, Algeria. After three more convoy escort voyages to the Mediterranean in 1945, she arrived at New York, New York 10 June.
Decommissioning.
The "Phelps" was decommissioned on 6 November 1945, and she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register 28 January 1947. She was scrapped shortly afterwards by Northern Metals Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Battle honors.
"Phelps" received twelve battle stars for World War II service.


Maymunah bint al-Harith

Maymunah bint al-Harith al-Hilaliyah (; c. 594–673) was a wife of Muhammad. Her original name was Barrah (), but Muhammad changed it to Maymunah, meaning "good tidings", as his marriage to her marked the first time in seven years when he could enter his hometown of Mecca.
Family.
Her father was al-Harith ibn Hazn from the Hilal tribe in Mecca. Her mother was Hind bint Awf from the Himyar tribe in Yemen. Her full sister was Lubaba the Elder. Her paternal half-sisters were Layla (Lubaba the Younger), Huzayla and Azza. Her maternal half-siblings were Mahmiyah ibn Jazi al-Zubaydi, Asma bint Umays (a wife of Abu Bakr), Salma bint Umays (a wife of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib) and Awn ibn Umays. Ibn Kathir also mentions a tradition that Zaynab bint Khuzayma (a wife of Muhammad) was another maternal sister.
Marriage.
She married Muhammad in 629 in Sarif, about ten miles from Mecca, just after the Lesser Pilgrimage. She was in her late 30s when she married him.
Maymuna lived with Muhammad for three years until his death in 632.
Death.
Maymuna's death date is controversial.
According to Al-Tabari: "Maymuna died in the year 61 A.H. [680-681] during the caliphate of Yazid I. She was the last of the wives of the Prophet to die, and her age was then 80 or 81." However, Al-Tabari asserts elsewhere that Umm Salama outlived Maymuna.
Ibn Hajar also cites a tradition implying that Maymuna predeceased Aisha. "We stood on the walls of Medina, looking out … [Aisha said]: 'By Allah! Maymuna is no more! She has gone, and you are left free to do whatever you like. She was the most pious of all of us and the most devoted to her relatives.'"


Edward Pangelinan

Edward D.L.G. Pangelinan was a politician from the Northern Mariana Islands who served as the Resident Representative from the Northern Mariana Islands to the United States House of Representatives from 1978 – 1984. He also served as the Chairman of the Marianas Political Status Commission which established the present political union between the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States. In 1983, he switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. He lost reelection to Froilan Tenorio in the 1984 general election. He later became a lobbyist for the Northern Mariana Islands.
His son James, is a Colonel in the United States Army and the highest-ranking member of the United States Army from the Northern Mariana Islands.


Ben Hall (TV series)

Ben Hall is a 1975 Australian TV series based on the bush ranger Ben Hall. It stars Jon Finch in the titular role, Evin Crowley as Biddy Hall, John Castle as bushranger Frank Gardiner, Brian Blain as Sir Frederick Pottinger, Jack Charles as Billy Dargin and John Orcsik as John Gilbert (bushranger).
It was a co-production between ABC, BBC, and 20th Century Fox. It was called the most ambitious drama production of the ABC with a budget of $1 million.


Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek

Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, also known as Özbeg ibn Muhammad Pahlawan (died 1225) was the fifth and last ruler ("atabeg") of the Eldiguzids from 1210 to 1225, during the later Seljuk and Khwarezmian periods. He was married to Malika Khatun, widow of Toghrul III, the last sultan of the Seljuk Empire.


Charles Richard Swayne

Charles Richard Swayne (1843 - 1921), born in Dublin, was the first Resident Commissioner of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands protectorate, from 1892 to 1895.
Swayne had spent more than 20 years as a Magistrate at Lomaloma and then in Lau in Fiji, before being seconded to the new two protectorates, where he spent the few years after.
Sir John Bates Thurston, as High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, appointed his friend Swayne in 1892, as the first Resident Commissioner in those territories, initially only for the separate protectorate of the Ellice Islands, before extending one year later his mandate to the Gilbert Islands.
In 1892, Swayne first arrived in the Ellice Islands, then, from October 1893 to November 1895, he was in the Gilbert Islands with central headquarters set in Tarawa, with a Residency erected in Betio in 1895. Swayne spent his Resident years in a peripatetic way, moving from island to island, by whatever commercial or naval vessels, returning to Suva or Sydney when necessary.
He faced a severe drought in the southern Gilberts, rendering impossible to collect the new capitation in those southernmost islands. He also faced the claims from traders, especially in Butaritari, all that reinforced suspicions of the Colonial Office that the protectorate had been an error.


Joe Byrne

Joseph Byrne (21 November 1856 – 28 June 1880) was an Australian bushranger born in Victoria to an Irish immigrant. A friend of Ned Kelly, he was a member of the "Kelly Gang" who were declared outlaws after the murder of three policemen at Stringybark Creek. Despite wearing the improvised body armour for which Ned Kelly and his gang are now famous (and which he is reputed to have designed), Byrne received a fatal gunshot during the gang's final violent confrontation with police at Glenrowan, in June 1880.
First years.
Joe Byrne was born in 1856 in Woolshed, on the Reedy Creek flat 10km NW of Beechworth, Victoria. His father Patrick Byrne came from Carlow, Ireland (1831 Carlow Ireland- Nov 1870 Beechworth). He is buried at Benalla, Victoria. Joe's mother Margaret (née White) was born at Scariff, County Clare, Ireland. She was one of the "Irish Famine Girls" who immigrated to Sydney, Port Phillip and Adelaide from workhouses in every county of Ireland. These girls were given free passages to Australia due to poverty, death of their parents, or widowed parent unable to care for them during the Great Irish Famine. All, including Margaret, ended up in workhouses from where they were chosen to come to Australia via the Irish Famine Scheme between 1848 and 1850. Australia welcomed over 4,000 Irish 'orphan' girls during this period. Aged between 14 and 18, they were given the opportunity to make a new life in Australia. The Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, operated as a depot where the girls were first accommodated, is home to the Irish Famine Memorial. Margaret White was the daughter of Denis White and Margaret Ryan who were both from Scariff, County Clare (only Margaret's father was listed as living in Scariff at the time of Margaret's departure to Australia). She came with many other young women on the ship 'Thomas Arbuthnot'. The ship's surgeon, Charles Strutt was a kind and compassionate man and accompanied over 100 of these young women on a journey south to Yass and Gundagai where they found work in suitable families. Margaret was indentured a servant girl [as most of these girls were] for an Irishman, Nathaniel Stephen Powell, who was a grazier and the local magistrate for at Bungendore NSW, near modern-day Canberra.
She stayed at the Hyde Park Barracks for 40 days until she and many other girls were personally accompanied by Surgeon Charles Strutt to Nathaniel Powell's property 'Turella' in NSW. Sadly many of the records of the workhouses do not survive and that is the case for the Scariff workhouse in County Clare where Margaret was before she emigrated.
Joe Byrne commenced school at the Catholic school at Woolshed in 1862. He was a good student, normally among the top students in his class and developed a reputation as a "flash writer". He also became very good friends with fellow student Aaron Sherritt. However, Byrne's father Patrick developed heart disease and Byrne's school results suffered. He finished school in 1869 with a fifth-grade education while his father died in the same year from heart disease. Joe Byrne also learnt how to speak Cantonese from nearby Chinese gold miners and learned how to smoke opium.
Byrne and Sheritt became close friends and found themselves in trouble with the law by falling foul of a local, corrupt police constable. Byrne made his first appearance in court in 1871 on the charge of illegally using a horse, and had to pay a fine of 20 shillings to avoid going to jail. Byrne and Sherritt were later convicted of stealing a bullock and served six months in HM Prison Beechworth. During this imprisonment, Byrne and Sherritt met Jim Kelly who was the brother of Ned Kelly and Dan Kelly. Joe Byrne met Ned in 1876 and the pair soon became firm friends.
The Kelly Gang.
Dan Kelly had discovered an abandoned gold diggings at Bullock Creek, which was worked by the Kelly brothers, Byrne, Sherritt, and Steve Hart during the next couple of years. Byrne was likely present at the Kelly homestead on 15 April 1878 when Constable Fitzpatrick claimed that Ned Kelly shot him and Ellen Kelly, Ned's mother, hit him over the head with a shovel. Afterwards, Ned and Dan Kelly fled to Bullock Creek with a 100-pound bounty on their heads and Ellen Kelly was sentenced to three years hard labour for assaulting a police officer.
Joe Byrne was present at Stringybark Creek with the Kelly brothers and Steve Hart on 26 October 1878 when they surprised a patrol of four police officers on their trail, with three of them shot time of his death. The gang were declared as outlaws for this incident on 15 November 1878 and a price of £2000 (equivalent to approximately A$754,000 in 2008) was placed on their heads.
The Kelly Gang started developing a strategy with Byrne acting as Kelly's lieutenant, always being consulted about strategy. The Kelly Gang robbed the Euroa branch of the National Bank of Australia stealing over £2,000 which was the largest heist to that point. Joe Byrne drafted the Euroa letter (now known as the Cameron letter) in red ink sent by Ned Kelly to Donald Cameron, a local MLC. claiming that justice had not been done in the case of his mother and himself. It concluded "For I need no lead or powder to revenge my cause, And if words be louder I will oppose your laws."
The police locked up over 20 alleged supporters of the Kelly gang between 3 January 1879 and 22 April 1879 under the "Felons Apprehension Act 1878". This cemented public support for the gang especially in northeast Victoria. Joe Byrne was able to use this support to advantage by penning a number of bush ballads about the exploits of Kelly and his gang:
My name is Ned Kelly,
I'm known adversely well.
My ranks are free,
my name is law,
Wherever I do dwell.
My friends are all united,
my mates are lying near.
We sleep beneath shady trees,
No danger do we fear.
Joe Byrne frequently visited his mother at her house in Beechworth and was also seen carousing in bars in the town, despite having a price on his head. This was due to a combination of his skill and daring, the incompetence of the police and the support of local residents for the Kelly Gang. There was a Royal Commission into the Victorian Police in 1881 after the capture of the Kelly Gang because of the deficiencies exposed by the Gang.
Kelly and Byrne started planning their next raid at Jerilderie. On 10 February 1879, dressed as police officers, the gang raided the Bank of NSW branch at Jerilderie taking another £2,000. Prior to the raid, Byrne composed the which supported the creation of a Republic of North-eastern Victoria. The proceeds of both the Euroa and Jerilderie robberies were distributed amongst the gang's family, friends and supporters. The Kelly gang shouted the bar at Jerilderie which further enhanced their reputation.
After the Jerilderie raid, the gang laid low for 16 months evading capture. This aided to their reputation and greatly embarrassed the government of Victoria and the police. The Victorian Government eventually increased the reward for capture of a member of the Kelly Gang to £8,000 (equivalent to two million Australian dollars in 2005).
Siege of Glenrowan.
Byrne started plans with Kelly for another bank robbery in Benalla in 1880. However, they were becoming increasingly concerned about Sherritt who they feared was being targeted by police as an informant. While Byrne had previously used Sherritt to persuade the police that the gang was planning a raid in the Goulburn River rather than at Jerilderie, both Kelly and Byrne believed that he had turned informant. This prompted Byrne and Dan Kelly to murder Sherritt as an informer on 26 June 1880.
The following day, the Kelly Gang took over Glenrowan, first tearing up the railway line in anticipation of a special trainload of police being sent to capture them. They held over 60 people hostage in the town. Thomas Curnow, the schoolmaster of the local school who had won Kelly's trust, escaped and warned the train crew who in turn told the police. This enabled 34 police to surround the Glenrowan Hotel where the bushrangers had again shouted the bar.
Joe Byrne is believed to have been heavily involved in designing the armour worn by all members of the Kelly Gang at the siege of Glenrowan. His armour did not prevent him from being shot in the groin by a stray bullet which severed his femoral artery. Eyewitnesses at the hotel claimed that a moment before the bullet struck Joe Byrne dead, he offered the toast "Here's to the bold Kelly Gang!". Another report states that he said "Many more years in the bush for the Kelly Gang!". He died from loss of blood on 28 June 1880. The next day his body was hung on the door of the lock-up at Benalla and photographed by the press. His family did not claim the body, and the police refused to hand it over to sympathisers, fearing a funeral would become a rallying point for the simmering rebellion. He was buried on the same day as Aaron Sherritt. Dan Kelly and Steve Hart also died on the day of the siege by shooting themselves, although there is no concrete evidence of a suicide by Dan Kelly and Steve Hart while Ned Kelly was captured and tried in Melbourne. Ned Kelly was hanged at Old Melbourne Gaol on 11 November 1880. There is a legend that Kelly and Byrne had drafted a Declaration of a Republic of Northeast Victoria which was discovered in Kelly's possession at his capture and was destroyed by the Victorian Government.
Modern discoveries.
In September 2006, Darren Sutton found a piece of armour believed to be an offcut from Joe Byrne's armour in bushland near Beechworth, Victoria.
The armour is thought to have been created by local blacksmith Charlie Knight and friend Thomas Straughair for the Kelly Gang.
According to Heritage Victoria this is not considered to be from the same metal as the suit of armour made for Joe Byrne.
Cultural References.
 In the 2003 film Ned Kelly, Byrne was played by Orlando Bloom. Mark McManus portrayed Byrne in the 1970 film Ned Kelly.


Kay Khusraw (Baduspanid ruler)

Kay Khusraw was the Baduspanid ruler ("ustandar") of Rustamdar from 1301/2 to 1312/3. He was the brother and successor of Namawar Shah Ghazi.
Reportedly the father of almost 100 children, he was succeeded by his son Shams al-Muluk Muhammad after his death in 1312/3.


Mtsvane Monastery

The Chitakhevi church of Saint George () is a medieval church in Georgia, located in the country's south-central Borjomi valley in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region. It is popularly known as Mtsvane Monastery (მწვანე მონასტერი, "mts'vane monast'eri"), that is, the Green Monastery. Abandoned for more than two hundred years, the monastery was restored to Christian use in 2003. It is a popular site of tourism and pilgrimage. The monastic church and bell-tower are inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.
History.
The monastery is located at the village of Chitakhevi, some 12 km southeast of the town of Borjomi, in the Borjomi Municipality, Samtskhe-Javakheti region. It is located in a narrow wooded gorge at the southwest section of the Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park. The monastery's history is unknown. Locally held belief of its dedication to Saint George found a likely epigraphic confirmation in an antefix fragment with the name of Saint George, unearthed in 2012. After the depopulation of the Borjomi valley as a result of incessant warfare and brigandage in the 18th century, the monastery was abandoned and left to decay. The monastery premises, overgrown by wild greenery, were partially reclaimed from nature in 1978, restored in 1988, and repopulated by Georgian monks in 2003. An upsurge in pilgrimage followed, driven by a belief that stones in the nearby stream acquired a reddish hue after a massacre of local monks by the soldiers of the Persian shah Tahmasp I in the 1550s.
Layout.
The Chitakhevi Monastery consists of a three-nave basilica, stylistically dated to the late 9th or 10th century, and a two-storey bell-tower, likewise dated to the 15th or 16th century. There are remnants of old monastic cells and some accessory structures nearby. The church is built of coarsely hewn ashlar and rubble; principal constructional elements such as columns, pilasters, and arched are made in neatly hewn green-tinged ashlar. The building measures 14.5 x 19.2 metres. The central nave is flanked, on the south and west, by a two-sided aisle. It terminates in a semicircular apse on the south and pastophoria on the north. In the north corner of the apse there is a narrow door, internally arched and externally topped by an architrave. The church is poorly lit, mainly through two windows cut in the apse. Both the internal and external walls are plain, devoid of any significant decoration; traces of frescoes, probably executed in the 12th or 13th century, survive in the apse and on the west wall. A bell-tower stands a few metres southeast of the church. It is a two-storey structure. The ground floor houses a small chapel; the upper floor is a belfry with arched, parallel-sided apertures supported on massive columns.


Toaripi Lauti

The Right Honourable Sir Toaripi Lauti (28 November 1928 – 25 May 2014) was a Tuvaluan politician who served as chief minister of the Colony of Tuvalu (1975–78), as the first prime minister following Tuvalu's independence (1978–1981) and governor-general of Tuvalu (1990–1993). He was married to Sualua Tui.
Education.
Lauti was born in Toaripi village of the Territory of Papua. His father was Pastor Lauti Kae of Funafuti. He studied at Elisefou (New Ellice) primary school in Vaitupu for 6 years from 1938 to 1944. In 1945, he was sent to study in Fiji at the Londoni Provincial School, and in 1946 at the Queen Victoria School, before moving in 1947 to Wesley College in Auckland, New Zealand. From 1948 to 1951, he finished his schooling at St Andrews College in Christchurch in 1948. He attended the Teachers' Training College in Christchurch in 1952 and 1953, at the same time he was a House Master at St Andrew's College.
Pre-Independence career.
Toaripi Lauti was a teacher at King George V Secondary School in Tarawa from 1954 to 1962. From 1962 to 1974 he was an industrial relations officer with the British Phosphate Commissioners in Nauru. In 1974, he entered politics and became a member of the House of Assembly for the constituency of Funafuti of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, as leader of the Opposition.
He was the first chief minister of the Colony of Tuvalu, the former Ellice Islands, from 2 October 1975 to 1 October 1978.
Prime Minister of Tuvalu, post-independence.
When Tuvalu became independent in 1978, he was appointed as its first prime minister. He was also the minister of finance from 1977 to 1981. He was appointed as a member of the Privy Council in 1979.
The first elections after independence were not held until 8 September 1981. At that election Dr. Tomasi Puapua, was elected as prime minister with a 7:5 majority over the group of members of parliament headed by Toaripi Lauti. The administration of Toaripi Lauti had become involved in controversy, as a result of his decision to invest nearly all of the government's money with an American real estate salesman who promised 15 percent returns from the purchase of land in Texas. The investment turned out to be a fraud. While the funds were recovered by US agencies, the controversy resulted in a loss of confidence in his judgment and was an important factor in the election of Dr. Tomasi Puapua.
Toaripi Lauti also served as the President of the Funafuti Town Council and as a member of the Tuvalu Language Board.
Governor-General of Tuvalu.
His reputation was redeemed from the circumstances that ended his time as prime minister, he was the Governor-General of Tuvalu, representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu as head of state, from 1 October 1990 through 1 December 1993. In 1990, he was appointed a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG).


Areni Church

Surb Astvatsatsin of Areni (; meaning the "Holy Mother of God Church"; also Areni Church ) is a single-nave two-aisled domed church completed in the year 1321. It is located atop a plateau overlooking the Arpa River and the village of Areni in the Vayots Dzor Province of Armenia.
Architecture.
S. Astvatsatsin is a domed-hall type church with a single drum and a conical umbrella type dome resting above. Two portals lead into the structure from the south and west. An effigy of the Virgin Mary is carved upon the tympanum in high-relief above the lintel of the west portal. This carving and many others that may be found on the church are considered to be masterpieces of artwork done by Momik Vardpet, who according to inscriptions was also the architect for the church. He is best known for his high-relief carvings at the monastery of Noravank, located approximately 6 kilometers southeast from Areni. Upon the tympanum above the lintel of the southern portal are the carvings of crosses.
In the center of the church interior, arched pendentives support the drum and dome above. High-relief carvings of mythical creatures adorn each of the four stone panels between the pendentives and base of the drum. Small vertical windows around the drum as well as small windows at each of the four façades let light into the main floor below. A semi-circular apse is located at the eastern wall of the structure and small "studies" or prayer rooms are adjacent on either side. The arched window above the apse is divided by a single column for decorative and structural purposes.
Some interesting tombstones and khachkars may be seen adjacent to the church. Nearby are also the 13th century ruins of lord Tarsaitch Orbelian of Syunik's palace, moved from Yeghegis to Areni during that time. Ruins of a 13th-century bridge built by Bishop Sarkis in 1265-1287 are to the northeast one kilometer. At the same location are the remains of an older bridge.


Patrick Kenniff

Patrick Kenniff (1865-1903) was an Australian bushranger who roamed western Queensland, Australia, with his brother James Kenniff (1869-1940). They were primarily cattle thieves, but the brothers were found guilty of murder and Patrick was hanged in Boggo Road Gaol in 1903.
Early life.
Patrick was born at Main Creek, near Dungog, New South Wales, on 28 September 1863. Along with his father and three brothers, Patrick worked as a labourer in northern New South Wales in the 1880s. He had an extensive lawless history:
The Kenniff family moved across the border into the colony of Queensland in 1891.
After their release they moved to the Upper Warrego where their father took up a large grazing lease known as Ralph Block.
The Kenniffs became the prime suspects when cattle disappeared from neighbouring properties, local squatters demanded their eviction. The Kenniffs took up a nomadic life, riding armed through the district, they continued to steal cattle and horses and held up a general store at Yuleba. The police were so concerned that the Upper Warrego Police Station was established on the Ralph property.
Murder and capture.
In March 1902, a warrant was issued against the brothers for stealing a pony. A police posse set out consisting of Constable George Doyle, Albert Dahlke (the manager of Carnarvon Station), and Sam Johnson (an Aboriginal tracker). On the morning of Sunday 30 March 1902, the police party surprised the Kenniffs, who were camping at Lethbridge's Pocket, and took James into custody but Patrick managed to escape. Eighteen-year-old Tom Kenniff was also present. Sam Johnson was sent to collect the police pack horses so they could start in pursuit of Patrick Kenniff. However, on his return, he found Doyle and Dahlke were nowhere to be seen, and he was chased by the Kenniffs as he fled for help. A later search located the camp site, showing considerable evidence that a gun fight had occurred. Constable Doyle's horse was located and the saddle bags were found to contain approximately of charcoal that was later identified as burnt human remains, including some personal belongings of Doyle and Dahlke. It became apparent the Kenniffs had burnt the bodies of Doyle and Dahlke with the intention of disposing of their ashes, in an attempt to conceal evidence of the crime.
A reward of £1,000 and a large police manhunt was organised. Three months later, the brothers were captured on 23 June at now-named Arrest Creek, south of Mitchell.
The Kenniff brothers were committed for trial to the Supreme Court in Brisbane, for the wilful murder of Constable George Doyle and Albert Dahlke. Doyle's Aboriginal tracker, Sam Johnson, did not see the actual murders, but he testified that he heard shooting and, when he neared the arrest scene, the Kenniffs pursued him, but he escaped. On Saturday 8 November 1902, both Patrick and James Kenniff were found guilty of murder and the judge Samuel Griffith sentenced James Kenniff to death by hanging.
In December, the court heard the appeal against the convictions. On 9 December 1902, four appeal judges upheld the conviction against Patrick Kenniff but only three of the four judges upheld the conviction against James Kenniff with Justice Patrick Real dissenting. The Kenniffs then sought to appeal to the Privy Council and a benefit concert was held on 29 December to raise funds for the appeal. Joe Lesina, a Labour Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Clermont, spoke at the concert saying the evidence was not strong enough to hang the two men. On 1 January 1903 it was announced that the Executive Council of the Queensland Government had decided that Patrick Kenniff was to be hung on Monday 12 January, while James Kenniff's sentence was reduced to life imprisonment with hard labour. The Kenniff's solicitors decided to pursue the Privy Council appeal only for James Kenniff, as Patrick Kenniff would be already executed.
Despite a number of public meetings and deputations to the Queensland Governor to postpone Patrick Kenniff's execution, he was hanged on 12 January 1903 at the Boggo Road Gaol. Although it was normal practice for prisoners executed at Boggo Road Gaol to be buried in the simplest way in unconsecrated ground in South Brisbane Cemetery, at the request of Kenniff family, it was permitted for the family to provide the coffin and a hearse, although the burial would still occur in unconsecrated ground. The coffin was polished cedar with silver mountings with religious symbols. A funeral procession of the hearse, the mourning coaches and approximately 30 other vehicles accompanied by people walking (an estimate of 400 people all together) made its way to the cemetery, where Patrick Keniff was buried with Roman Catholic rites by Father Michael Baldwin.
After Kenniff's execution, it was reported that the cost to the government of the capture of the Kenniffs was £2911/17/8 and of the trial £690/5/2, a total of £3601/2/10.
James served twelve years. He died in Charters Towers on 8 October 1940 from cancer.
Documentary.
In 2017, Mike Munro hosted and helped to produce a four part science-based documentary series for Foxtel's History Channel on Bushrangers. One of the one-hour specials included Munro's great uncles, Paddy and Jimmy Kenniff, one of whom was hanged in Brisbane jail in 1903 after being convicted of murdering a police constable and a station manager in the Carnarvon Ranges in Queensland. In 2017 a TV crew unearthed a bullet believed to be used by Kenniff brothers three metres from the site of the double murders.


Al-Muqtadi

Al-Muqtadi "(1056 – February 1094)" (Arabic: المقتدي 'the follower') was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1075 to 1094. He succeeded his grandfather caliph al-Qa'im in 1075 as the twenty-seventh Abbasid Caliph.
Biography.
He was born to Muhammad Dhakirat, the son of caliph Al-Qa'im, and an Armenian slave girl.
He was honored by the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I, during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuk conquest. Arabia, with the Holy Cities, now recovered from the Fatimids, acknowledged again the spiritual jurisdiction of the Abbasids.
Malik-Shah I arranged a marriage between his daughter and al-Muqtadi, possibly planning on the birth of a son who could serve as both caliph and sultan. Though the couple had a son, the mother left with her infant to the court of Isfahan.
Following the failure of the marriage, the Sultan grew critical of the Caliph's interference in affairs of state, and sent an order for him to retire to Basra. The death of Malik-Shah I shortly after, however, made the command inoperative.


Arthur Rutledge

Sir Arthur Rutledge (29 August 1843 – 8 February 1917) was a lawyer and politician in Queensland (Australia). He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.
Early life.
Arthur Rutledge was the son of James and Lucy Ann ("née" Field). He was born at Castlereagh near Penrith, New South Wales. He went with his parents to Drayton on the Darling Downs, Queensland (then in New South Wales) in 1851, returning to Sydney with them in 1855.
He was the eldest child of the family. His brothers were Rev William Woolls Rutledge 1849–1921, Rev Dr David Dunlop Rutledge 1852–1905.and James Josiah Rutledge 1854–1946. His sisters were Maria Jane Rutledge 1845–1922 (married William John Newton), Susanna Wesley Rutledge 1847–1936 (married Pierre Claude Louat), Lucy Ann Rutledge 1858–1901 (married Dr Joseph Parker), Frances Margaret Rutledge 1861–1919 (married John Scott Connell and Rev Alfred Ernest Jones Ross).
Rutledge entered the Wesleyan Church, being ordained a minister in 1865. His parishes in New South Wales were Tenterfield 1865–1868, Maitland 1868–1869, West Kempsey 1869–1872, Grafton 1872–1875 and, in Queensland, Fortitude Valley (Brisbane) 1875–1878.
Arthur Rutledge was married in Surry Hills (Sydney) on 24 March 1869, to Mary Thomas Rabone who was born in 1848 in Vava'u, Tonga, the youngest daughter of the Wesleyan missionary Rev. Stephen Rabone.
Political career.
Rutledge felt that his energy would be better served in a parliamentary seat than in a pulpit. To do that, he also needed the income as a barrister. In May 1878 he was admitted to the Queensland Bar. After unsuccessfully contesting the North Brisbane constituency he was elected with the Hon. James Robert Dickson, for Enoggera at the general election of 1878.
Rutledge's political drive came from his desire to see all the British colonies on the Australian continent as one country. He believed the forced use of Pacific Island labourers on the plantations in North Queensland and the push for separation in the north would destroy Queensland's chance of joining in the federation of Australia. In his bid to win over the north he campaigned and won the seat of Kennedy in 1883. He was appointed Attorney-General in Sir Samuel Griffith's Ministry on 13 November 1883, and held that position until the Ministry resigned on 12 June 1888.
Rutledge was elected for the Charters Towers district in 1888. He was one of the representatives of Queensland at the National Australasian Convention held in Sydney in 1891. At the convention he took part in the drafting of the Australian Constitution aboard the Queensland Government Steam Yacht Lucinda that Easter on the Hawkesbury River.
In 1893 Rutledge attempted to return south from his seat of Charters Towers by contesting his previous seat of Enoggera but failed to win it. He then returned to the Bar as a barrister and Crown Prosecutor.
By 1899 Queensland appeared to be very unlikely to join the Commonwealth and Rutledge felt he had to return to parliament to continue his fight for federation. On 18 March 1899 he won the seat of
Maranoa. He again served as Attorney-General from December 1899 until September 1903. Rutland was made a knight bachelor on 15 August 1902, after the honour had been announced in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902.
As part of his strategy to become Premier after the election of 1904, Rutledge decided to contest an electorate closer to Brisbane, and chose the semi-rural seat of Nundah which, he assumed, would be easily won by a man of his political experience, especially as it was already held by a fellow Ministerialist Thomas Bridges. Many large business houses backed him, as did the editor of the Brisbane Courier, the local newspaper whose editor was his son-in-law. His public meetings were packed with prominent religious and political leaders, in contrast to a low-key campaign run by Bridges based on his community service and a commitment to keep the cost of railway tickets low. Contrary to every prediction, Bridges won the election by 253 votes. This loss ended Rutledge's political career, and he accepted an appointment as district judge. He was formally Leader of the Opposition for two months from 28 June 1904.
Later life and legacy.
Arthur and Mary Rutledge's children (who survived infancy) were Florence Mary Rutledge 1869–1939 (married Charles Brunsdon Fletcher, editor of the Brisbane Courier), Violet Rabone Rutledge 1873–1960 (married Rev Joseph Snell), Harold Moreton Rutledge 1876–1935, Ernest Richmond Rutledge 1878–1942, Olive Cowlishaw Rutledge 1880–1948 (married Arthur Crawshaw Wilcox), Clifton Garfield Rutledge 1882–1943 and Ivy Victoria Rutledge 1884–1950.
Rutledge had a series of appointments as an Acting Justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland, the first of which was on 6 September 1904. On 22 March 1906 he was permanently appointed judge of District Courts while continuing periods on the Bench of the Supreme Court. He held these positions until his death in Manly, Sydney on 8 February 1917. He was survived by his second wife (Rose Ann Davy who he had married on 21 June 1910), his three sons, four daughters and twenty grandchildren.
His funeral was held at the Albert Street Methodist Church in Brisbane and he was buried at Toowong Cemetery. On 3 March 2001, during the Centenary year of the Federation of Australia, Toowong Cemetery unveiled a memorial pavilion and wall to commemorate the lives of Rutledge and his three parliamentary colleagues who had participated in the 1891 Federation Convention in Sydney and are buried in the cemetery. The other members were Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, John Donaldson and Thomas Macdonald-Paterson.


Bailey Olter

Bailey Olter (27 March 1932, Mwoakilloa, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia – 16 February 1999) was a Micronesian political figure. He was elected to the Senate of Micronesian Congress from Ponape district. He served as Vice President of the Federated States of Micronesia from 1983 to 1987, and as the third president of the Federated States of Micronesia from 1991 to 1996. He suffered a stroke in July 1996 ending his capacity to carry out his office; his Vice President Jacob Nena served the last year of his term.


Zemo Krikhi church

The Zemo Krikhi church of the Archangel () is a 10th–11th-century church in western Georgia, in the highland Ambrolauri Municipality, part of the historical and cultural region of Racha. It is a hall church with a projecting apse, adorned with stone carvings, frescoes, and medieval Georgian inscriptions. The church was almost completely destroyed in the Racha earthquake of 1991 and rebuilt in 2009. It is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance.
History.
The Zemo Krikhi church of Archangel Michael stands at the western outskirts of the village of Zemo Krikhi, Ambrolauri Municipality, in Georgia's northwestern Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti. The building tops a hill on the left bank of the Krikhula, a tributary of the Rioni River. The area is part of the historical and cultural region of Racha. Based on architectural features, the Zemo Krikhi church is dated to the late 10th or early 11th century. Its first recorded mention occurs in the travel notes of the Russian envoys Tolochanov and Yevlyev, touring western Georgia in the 1650s, and Georgian donation charters of the 17th–18th century. The church collapsed in a major earthquake which hit Racha on 29 April 1991. It was rebuilt in 2009.
Layout.
The Zemo Krikhi church, measuring 13.4 × 5.7 m, is built of dressed stone blocks and lime. It is a hall church, with a projecting apse on the east. The apse has a pentagonal exterior and semicircular interior. On the south and west, the church has annexes, apparently special areas for women ("sakalebo"), built later in the 11th century. The western wall and the corresponding annex were remodeled in 1884. Unlike the standard tripartite sanctuary found in the contemporaneous hall churches in Georgia, the church has a bema divided into three parts: two deep and high conch-headed niches flank the altar on each side, making the interior appear monumental relative to its size. The bema is lit by two windows. The outer and inner walls of the church are richly decorated with ornamental stone carvings. The façades bear a dozen of inscriptions in the medieval Georgian "asomtavruli" and "nuskhuri" scripts, paleographically dated to the 11th century. The interior is adorned with the mid-11th-century frescoes. The paintings depict biblical scenes, portraits of various saints, including a group of female saints, clergymen, and secular donors.


Myola

Myola is a locality on the Kokoda Track in the Territory of Papua and the modern state of New Guinea. It is one of two closely located dry lake beds located near where the Kokoda Track crosses the crest of the Owen Stanley Range – also known as "the Gap" or "the Kokoda Gap". Myola, the smaller of the two lake beds, was located and named by Lieutenant Bert Kienzle on 3 August 1943. It became a major resupply point and drop zone for Australian forces during the Kokoda Track campaign. Kienzle then cut a track toward Eora Creek which rejoined the original track at Templeton's Crossing, which he also named.
Myola was named (there being no local name) for the wife of his friend and commanding officer, Major Sydney Elliot-Smith. Myola is an Australian aboriginal word meaning "dawn of day". The second, larger lake bed to the immediate north is referred to as Myola 2, with the smaller lake bed being sometimes known as Myola 1. Myola 2 was developed as the major resupply point as the Australian forces advanced, following the Japanese forces as they withdrew from Ioribaiwa Ridge back toward Kokoda. A strip was developed at Myola 2, being a larger area but it was considered too risky for general use. Major General George Vasey landed at Myola 2 when he relieved Major General Arthur Allen on 28 October 1942.


Abu Sahl Zawzani

Abu Sahl Muhammad ibn Husayn (or Hasan) Zawzani (), better known as Abu Sahl Zawzani (; also spelled Zuzani), was a Persian statesman who served as the chief secretary of the Ghaznavids briefly in 1040, and later from 1041 to an unknown date. Zawzani died in 1054.
Biography.
Origins and service under Mahmud.
The son of a prominent religious scholar from Zawzan named Husayn or Hasan, Zawzani is first mentioned as serving as the lecturer to the sons of Sultan Mahmud's "vizier" Ahmad Maymandi, whom two of them are known; Abd al-Razzaq Maymandi and Sa'id Maymandi. However, when Ahmad Maymandi and his sons fell into disfavor and were imprisoned, Zawzani eulogized Ahmad's successor Hasanak Mikali. Zawzani later became the assistant of prince Mas'ud I, who then served as the governor of Herat. Zawzani quickly rose to high prominence, but this resulted in him being suspected of heresy by his jealous opponents. However, the historian Abul-Fazl Bayhaqi, who knew Zawzani, dismiss this accusation.
Service under Mas'ud I.
Mahmud later died in 1030, and a civil war shortly ensured between his two sons, the youngest one being Mohammad Ghaznavi, and the oldest one being Mas'ud I. Zawzani, who supported Mas'ud I, left the Ghaznavid capital of Ghazni, and arrived to Damghan, where Mas'ud and his supporters were preparing an attack on Ghazni. Several other statesmen and military officers such as Ali Daya shortly joined Mas'ud, thus increasing his strength on his march to Ghazni. During this period, in the words of the historian Yusofi, "Zawzani became a sort of vizier and rose in prestige and influence. He also became feared, since he exercised his bent toward vengefulness, spite, and intrigue".
Mas'ud I shortly marched towards the Ghazni, where he successfully defeated Mohammad and imprisoned the latter. He then had Hasanak, who had supported Mohammad, imprisoned in Balkh. Through the efforts of Zawzani, Mas'ud had Hasanak charged of infidelity, and had him executed. Meanwhile, Zawzani helped Ahmad Maymandi, who had been released from prison, to regain the vizier office. Although Ahmad did not trust Zawzani, appointed Zawzani as the chief administrator of the Ghaznavid army. Filled with dissatisfaction about the office, Zawzani used his angry mood to turn Mas'ud against the people he did not like. Despite the opposition of Ahmad, Zawzani managed to make Mas'ud regain riches from several officers which Mohammad had given to them in order to gain support. This choice heavily decreased the honor of Zawzani.
In 1032, Zawzani managed to urge Mas'ud to assassinate the Ghaznavid governor of Khwarazm, Altun Tash, whom Zawzani suspected of treachery. However, Altun Tash managed to survive the assassination and have the assassin captured. Mas'ud, who feared that Altun Tash would declare independence after the failed assassination attempt, had Zawzani imprisoned at Marw in order to avoid a rebellion. He also took Zawzani's wealth and servants, which had spread in many places such as Marw, Nishapur, Ghur, Badghis, Ghazni, and Balkh. However, Zawzani was later freed, and after some time, once again rose into high favor under Mas'ud.
In 1040, Zawzani succeeded the deceased Abu Nasr Mushkan as the chief secretary. During this period, Zawzani had good relations with the historian Abul-Fazl Bayhaqi, and helped him in some of his problems. Because of this, Bayhaqi also helped Zawzani in his secretarial tasks. In 1040, Zawzani was present at the disastrous Battle of Dandanaqan against the Seljuq Turks, who managed to emerge victorious during the battle. During the same period, a rebellion occurred under Abu'l-Fadl Kurnaki, which Zawzani was blamed for by Mas'ud, and was dismissed from his office, and sent to Bust. However, the army of Mas'ud shortly revolted against him, and had his brother Mohammad restored to the Ghaznavid throne. Mohammad then had Mas'ud imprisoned at Giri, where he was shortly executed either on the orders of Mohammad or Mohammad's son Ahmad.
Service under Mawdud and the latter's successors.
Mas'ud's son Mawdud, shortly avenged his father's death by defeating and killing Mohammad. He then crowned himself as the new ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, and restored Zawzani to the chief secretary office. After this, Zawzani is much less mentioned in sources, but is known to have been living during the reign Sultan Mas'ud II, Ali, Abd al-Rashid, Toghrul, and Farrukh-Zad. Zawzani later died in 1054.


Fall of Krak des Chevaliers

The Crusader fortress of Krak des Chevaliers fell to the Mamluk sultan Baibars in 1271.
Baibars went north to deal with Krak des Chevaliers after the death of Louis IX of France on 29 November 1270.
Siege and surrender.
Before marching on the castle Baibars captured the smaller castles in the area, including Chastel Blanc. On 3 March 1271, Baibars' army arrived at Krak des Chevaliers. By the time the Sultan arrived the castle may already have been blockaded by Mamluk forces for several days. There are three Arabic accounts of the siege; only one, that of Ibn Shaddad, was by a contemporary although he was not present. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baibars arrived he began erecting mangonels, powerful siege weapons which he would turn on the castle. According to Ibn Shaddad, two days later the first line of defences was captured by the besiegers; he was probably referring to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance.
Rain interrupted the siege, but on 21 March a triangular outwork immediately south of Krak des Chevaliers, possibly defended by a timber palisade, was captured. On 29 March, the tower in the south-west corner was undermined and collapsed. Baibars' army attacked through the breach and on entering the outer ward where they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle.
Though the outer ward had fallen, and in the process a handful of the garrison killed, the Crusaders retreated to the more formidable inner ward. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli which granted permission for them to surrender. Although the letter was a forgery, the garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a mosque and two mihrabs were added to the interior.


Ruzbahan

Ruzbahan ibn Vindadh-Khurshid (), better known as Ruzbahan (also spelled as Rezbahan), was a Daylamite military officer who served the Buyid dynasty. A native of Daylam, Ruzbahan began serving the Buyids at an unknown date and quickly rose into high ranks. After constant pressure from king Mu'izz al-Dawla to conquer Batihah, he, along with his two brothers, started a rebellion lasting from 955 to 957. After the end of the rebellion, Ruzbahan was imprisoned and shortly executed.
Biography.
Early life and career.
Ruzbahan was the son of a certain Vindadh-Khurshid, and had two brothers named Asfar and Bullaka. Like his Buyid overlords, Ruzbahan was a Daylamite. However, unlike the Buyids, he probably belonged to a family of noble origin. When the Buyid ruler Mu'izz al-Dawla conquered Iraq in 945, Ruzbahan was appointed as the tax collector of the Sawad. Ruzbahan was originally a low rank officer who served a Buyid officer named Musa Fayadhah. However, under Mu'izz al-Dawla he rapidly rose to higher ranks and became a favourite of Mu'izz al-Dawla.
In 948/949, during negotiations between Mu'izz al-Dawla's and the Sallarid ruler Marzuban's ambassadors, Marzuban was greatly insulted, and became enraged; he tried to avenge himself by marching towards Ray, which was under the control of Mu'izz al-Dawla's brother Rukn al-Dawla. Rukn al-Dawla, however, managed to trick and slow Marzuban down by diplomatic means, while he was receiving aid from Mu'izz al-Dawla, who sent an army under Sebük-Tegin, which also included other officer such as Ruzbahan, Burarish, Ibrahim ibn al-Mutawwaq, 'Ammar "the Mad", and Ahmad ibn Salih Kilabi. However, when the army was close to Dinavar, Burarish, who disliked Sebük-Tegin and refused to obey the orders of the latter, mutinied along with most of the Daylamites in the army, except Ruzbahan and other Daylamite officers. Burarish shortly heavily wounded Sebük-Tegin, who, however, managed to flee from the latter. For unknown reasons, Burarish shortly fled, but was quickly captured by the supporters of Sebük-Tegin. The army of Sebük-Tegin then continued to Ray, and at the same time, reinforcements arrived from Shiraz. Rukn al-Dawla shortly managed to defeat and capture Marzuban.
In 949, Mu'izz al-Dawla sent Ruzbahan on an expedition against the Batihah ruler 'Imran ibn Shahin. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw. 'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al-Dawla, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of Ruzbahan and the amir's vizier al-Muhallabi.
Ruzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. 'Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Dawla then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.
Rebellion.
Peace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. During this period, a marriage was being arranged between a daughter of Ruzbahan and Mu'izz al-Dawla's son Izz al-Dawla. A false rumor of Mu'izz al-Dawla's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money gained, but kept the goods taken. Ruzbahan was then for a third time sent to the swamp, but shortly revolted along with his brother Asfar and spared 'Imran from a new attack. Ruzbahan's other brother, Bullaka, joined the rebellion and revolted at Shiraz. Ruzbahan was further joined by the Daylamite soldiers of al-Muhallabi. Ruzbahan quickly marched towards Ahvaz, where al-Muhallabi was preparing a counter-attack. However, the troops of al-Muhallabi quickly deserted him and joined Ruzbahan. Ruzbahan then marched towards Mu'izz al-Dawla, who sent an army under his Daylamite general Shirzil, who, however, shortly, along with his army, joined the rebellion of Ruzbahan. In 956, Mu'izz al-Dawla left Baghdad in order to fight Ruzbahan himself. Meanwhile, the Hamdanid ruler Nasir al-Dawla used this opportunity to seize Baghdad.
In 957, Ruzbahan fought a final battle against Mu'izz al-Dawla. Ruzbahan almost managed to win the battle, but was defeated by Mu'izz al-Dawla's "ghulams". The defeat marked the end of Ruzbahan's rebellion. Ruzbahan was captured during the battle and was imprisoned in a fortress known as Sarat.
Captivity and death.
The Daylamite supporters of Ruzbahan then began planning to capture the fortress and rescue Ruzbahan. However, Abu'l-Abbas Musafir, an officer of Mu'izz al-Dawla, managed to discover of the Daylamite's plan, and quickly urged Mu'izz al-Dawla to have Ruzbahan killed. Mu'izz al-Dawla, however, did not agree with him. A number of Mu'izz al-Dawla's officer shortly told him the same, which made him agree with them. When it became night, the guards of Mu'izz al-Dawla took Ruzbahan to the Tigris river, where he was drowned.


The Kelly Gang

The Kelly Gang is an Australian feature-length film about the Australian bush ranger, Ned Kelly. The film was released in 1920, and is the second film to be based on the life of Ned Kelly, the first being "The Story of the Kelly Gang", released in 1906.
Production.
Filming took place in late 1919 in a temporary studio in the Melbourne suburb of Coburg with additional scenes shot on the outskirts of Melbourne at Croydon and Warburton. Cameron's store in Kilsyth was used for the bank in Euroa.
Release.
At the time the New South Wales government had banned films on bushranging but this movie escaped it, most likely due to its opening warning against breaking the law. The movie was reasonably successful.


Al-Afdal Muhammad

Al-Afdal Muhammad () was the last Ayyubid governor of Hama, in central Syria, reigning from 1332 to 1341. He was the son and successor of Abu'l-Fida, and a descendant of Saladin's brother Nur ad-Din Shahanshah. After the Mamluk defeat of the Mongols in 1260 at the Battle of Ain Jalut, Hama was restored as a tributary emirate and a succession of Ayyubid rulers of Kurdish origin governed the city. However, al-Afdal incurred the displeasure of his Mamluk overlords and was deposed by them in 1341.


Mersin International Music Festival

Mersin International Music Festival (), merfest for short, is a music festival held annually in Mersin, Turkey. In addition to Turkish artists, performers from Spain, Italy, United States, Hungary, Germany, France, Russia, Japan and Korea have participated in the festival.
History.
Mersin International Music Festival is a
non-governmental project sponsored by private companies, Mersin University, local municipalities and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. It was established in 2002 and organized until 2007 by Mersin Cultural Society (). Since 2008, Mersin Art Activities Society () organizes the event. In 2007, the festival became a member of the European Festivals Association (EFA).
Concert venues.
Most of the concerts are held in the halls of Mersin Cultural Center (Mersin Halkevi), Congress and Exhibition Center, Uğur Oral Cultural Center and Mersin University's Amphitheater. However, every year one concert is held at St Paulus Church in Tarsus and another one at Kanlıdivane, being an outdoor concert. Tarsus is located east, and Kanlıdivane west of Mersin.
2010 programme.
The programme of 2010 Mersin International Music Festival was as follows:


Atsquri church

The Atsquri church of the Dormition () is a ruined medieval cathedral in the village of Atsquri, Akhaltsikhe Municipality, in Georgia's south-central region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. Originally built in the 10th–11th century, the church was rebuilt shortly after the destructive earthquake of 1283. It was a crossed-dome church with three protruding apses on the east. Of what was one of the largest cathedrals in Georgia in its time, only ruined walls survived into the 21st century. A project of full restoration was launched in 2016. The church is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.
History and architecture.
The church stands at the foot of a small hill on the right bank of the Mtkvari (Kura). Two layers of construction can be distinguished, one dated to the 10th–11th century and the other to the 13th–14th century. The latter is the product of heavy reconstruction following a strong earthquake of 1283. Atsquri was one of the most important Christian centers in medieval Georgia, the seat of a bishop—a chief prelate in the province of Samtskhe—and home to the venerated icon of the Virgin Hodegetria. The icon, according to the medieval Georgian annals, was brought here by Saint Andrew, visited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius on his way to the Persian war in 627, and miraculously survived under the collapsed dome of the church in the 1283 earthquake. In the late 16th century, the icon eventually found its place in the Gelati monastery, whence it was brought to the Georgian National Museum in Tbilisi in 1952.
The reconstructed cathedral of Atsquri enjoyed patronage of the Jaqeli princes of Samtskhe and owned subsidiary churches and estates, while the bishop seated there—titled as Matsqvereli ("of Atsquri")—was one of the influential prelates in Georgia, even claiming autonomy from the Patriarchal Sea at the time when the Kingdom of Georgia was disintegrating in the course of the 15th century. Following the Ottoman conquest of Samtskhe in 1578 and the advent of Islam, the church fell in disuse until its final collapse after a series of earthquakes and centuries of war and neglect by the early 19th century.
In the final years of the Soviet Union, in the 1980s, an interest in the Christian heritage of Atsquri was resurrected, driven by volunteer student groups. A series of archaeological studies were conducted in the following years and a full-scale restoration project, aimed at complete rebuilding of the church was launched by the government of Georgia in 2016.
Prior to that, the building had been reduced to ruins: the dome and all vaults had collapsed, as had upper walls. Portions of the altar and the chambers on either side thereof—the diaconicon on the south and the prothesis on the north—with protruding faceted walls had survived. The interior walls preserved fragments of the décor such as pilasters with architraves and ornamented details of the altar wall. Richly ornamented stones from the church can be found scattered elsewhere in the village, used by locals for their own structures. Archaeological digs have found several other buildings, such as a 10th-century church and accessory structures, with medieval Georgian inscriptions, in and around the ruined cathedral.


Colo Wars

The Colo Wars was a series of skirmishes against the British occupation of Fiji in the 1870s, led by the Colo tribe.
It was noted that even tribes fighting on the British side refrained from severely damaging Colo society, knowing the tribe would reconcile after the conflict.


47th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

The 47th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival () was a film festival held in Antalya, Turkey which ran from October 9 to 14, 2010. Prizes were awarded in four competitions in the course of the festival, at which 191 films were shown at 12 venues across the city with the theme "Cinema and Social Interaction" and Italian actress Claudia Cardinale was the guest of honor.
This edition of the International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival was the second to be organised solely by the Antalya Foundation for Culture and Arts (AKSAV), a cultural body affiliated with the Antalya Greater Municipality. It opened with at the Glass Pyramid Exhibition Center in Antalya with an awards ceremony and performances from Melike Demirağ and controversial director Emir Kusturica with The No Smoking Orchestra. Kustrica, who was to have headed the International Feature Film Competition Jury, withdrew from the festival following claims that he had supported the Serbian genocide of Muslims in Bosnia from protestors, including Turkish Minister of Culture and Tourism Ertuğrul Günay, who boycotted the opening gala, and director Semih Kaplanoğlu, who cancelled an out-of-competition screening of his film "Honey" ().
Other events included the four kilometer annual "Parade of Stars" led by Antalya Mayor Mustafa Akaydın, who heads AKSAV, which featured Eşref Kolçak, Mujdat Gezen, Erkan Can, Ilker Inanoglu and Sumer Tilmac in cars decorated with carnations, and a gala diner at which honorary awards were presented to Megan Mylan, Fyodor Bondarchuk and Serge Avedikian, and fashion designer Erol Albayrak presented his "Cinema" collection choreographed by Uğurkan Erez. Akaydın announced that this year the festival has been freed from the clutches of "a certain group of people" and has taken important steps to become "a festival of the people".
Gardens of prisons in Antalya were used as a festival areas as part of social responsibility projects, with screenplay workshops organized for prisoners and screens set up for prisoners and artists to view the films together every night during the festival. The director Alan Parker and screenwriter Oliver Stone of the Oscar-winning film "Midnight Express", which was set in a Turkish prison, as well as Billy Hayes, who wrote the source book, were invited to attend one such screening.
According to new regulations, the winning filmmaker will be granted half of the TL 330,000 cash prize (TL 165,000) on March 31, 2011. The remaining amount will be granted only if the filmmaker starts working on a new project within two years after the prize win. An additional TL 70,000, billed by the organizers as the Antalya Incentive Prize, will be granted only if part of the movie is filmed in Antalya, thus bringing the sum to TL 400,000. The winner of the best director award will get TL 50,000, while best screenplay gets TL 30,000.
A total of eight books, including biographies or tributes, were published for the festival under the name of Golden Orange Publications.
Programmes.
National Feature Competition.
Fifteen nominees, including nine by first time directors, were initially selected from the record forty-seven films which were submitted for the National Feature Competition of this edition of the festival, but "Honey" () directed by Semih Kaplanoğlu had to be withdrawn under competition rules after winning the Grand Jury Best Picture award at the 17th International Adana Golden Boll Film Festival.
International Feature Competition.
Eleven nominees, including one Turkish film, were selected for the International Feature Competition of this edition of the festival. Serbian filmmaker Emir Kusturica, who was to head the competition jury, was forced to withdraw from the festival after protests from various Turkish groups that claimed he supported the Serbian genocide of Muslims in Bosnia.
National Documentary Competition.
Twenty nominees were selected for the National Documentary Competition of this edition of the festival.


Al-Wathiq I

Al-Watiq I () was the fourth Caliph of Cairo for the Mamluk Sultanate between 1340 and 1341.
His grandfather Al-Hakim I was preoccupied with playing, and he turned to the friendship of the erals, so he changed his mind and entrusted to his son Abu Rabee Suleiman, who spoke about him. Abu Rabee Suleiman took the order and was named as Al-Mustafi I. Ibn Qalawun, and this led to the split between the two after they were like brothers and catch the Sultan of the Caliph al-Mustaqfi and his family and his family to Qus, where he remained until he died in 740 AH and was entrusted before his death to his son Ahmed. As for Sultan Al-Nasir Ahmad ibn Qalawun, the Caliph denied this allegiance to Ibrahim in the name of the believer in God. He did not look at the era of the Muqtafi. When the death came, he regretted what he did. Al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun died in Dhu al-Hijjah in 1344 (741 AH) after he recommended the abdication of the caliph.


Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulami

Qays ibn al-Haytham al-Sulamī () () was an Arab commander and administrator in the service of the Rashidun, Umayyad and Zubayrid caliphates. Under the caliphs Uthman () and Mu'awiya I () he served at time as the sub-governor of Khurasan and the cities of Nishapur and Marw al-Rudh. He was from a prominent Arab family in Basra and was a leader among the tribal nobility of that city until his death after 684.
Life.
Qays ibn al-Haytham belonged to the Banu Sulaym tribe, a component of the Qays/Mudar faction. He came from a prominent family in Basra, part of the Mudar "ashraf" (Arab tribal nobility). His full name is given as Qays ibn al-Haytham ibn Qays ibn al-Salt ibn Habib or Qays ibn al-Haytham ibn Asma ibn al-Salt. The 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar names Qays's brother Amr as a participant in the Muslim conquest of Iraq in 634, but this was deemed implausible by the historian Khalid Yahya Blankinship. According to al-Baladhuri, an uncle of Qays, Asim ibn Qays ibn al-Salt, was appointed by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari governor of the town of Manadhir in the Ahwaz region after it was conquered from the Sasanians by Rabi ibn Ziyad al-Harithi around 638.
Qays was appointed by Caliph Uthman () over the Nishapur district of Khurasan in 649/50. Before his assassination in 656, Uthman expanded Qays' governorship to the entire province of Khurasan. Qays appointed his paternal cousin, Abd Allah ibn Khazim al-Sulami, as his deputy governor and left the province for Basra to assess the political situation in the wake of Uthman's death; however, Ibn Khazim, using a diploma he previously obtained from the governor of Basra, Abd Allah ibn Amir, declared himself governor and remained in the post until his dismissal by Caliph Ali (). Qays was angered by his cousin's ruse and reportedly stated: "I had a better right than Abd Allah to be the son of [Abd Allah's mother] Ajla." When Mu'awiya I acceded to the caliphate in 661, Qays was reappointed governor of Khurasan by the order of Ibn Amir or the caliph himself. He remained in the post for two years. He was again replaced by his cousin Abd Allah after failing to quell a revolt at Qarin and briefly imprisoned in Basra until his mother intervened on his behalf. He was later made the deputy governor of Basra by Ibn Amir when the latter visited Mu'awiya's court in Syria in 664.
After Ziyad ibn Abihi was appointed governor of Basra in 665, he appointed Qays as governor of Marw al-Rudh in Khurasan. In 678/79, Ziyad's son Abd al-Rahman was made governor of Khurasan by Mu'awiya. By then, Qays had become the leader of the Banu Sulaym faction of Basra, one of five tribal divisions of the city's garrison. Abd al-Rahman appointed Qays his deputy and had him enter the province ahead of him. Afterward, Qays arrested the powerful tribal chief Aslam ibn Zur'a al-Kilabi. During the reign of Caliph Yazid I (), in 680/81, the caliph's new appointee over Khurasan, Abd al-Rahman's brother Salm, dispatched his lieutenant al-Harith ibn Mu'awiya al-Harithi to settle matters for him in the province before his arrival. Al-Harith arrested and imprisoned Qays and put his son Shabib in shackles. Qays later returned to Basra where he continued as a nobleman of the Sulaym and the wider Mudar confederation (which was opposed to the Azd–Rabi'a confederation). Together with a Basran tribal noble from the Azd–Rabi'a faction, al-Nu'man ibn Suhban al-Rasibi, Qays was an arbitrator for selecting the successor of Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as governor of Basra following Ubayd Allah's expulsion in the aftermath of Yazid's death in 683.
Basra and most of the Caliphate recognized the Mecca-based, anti-Umayyad Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr as caliph. Qays was dispatched with the Basran security forces to stamp out an attempt by supporters of al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, the pro-Alid ruler of Kufa, to gain control of Basra. He died after 684.


Carlos S. Camacho

Carlos Sablan Camacho (born February 27, 1937) was the first Governor of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the United States.
Biography.
Camacho was born on Saipan. He attended the Fiji School of Medicine and the University of Hawaii. He practiced medicine until 1967, when he was elected to the Congress of Micronesia. He served as the Pacific islands' chief medical officer of public health from 1969 to 1977. He was also president of the Saipan Democratic Party from 1975 to 1977. In 1976, he was appointed to the Northern Marianas Constitutional Convention.
Governorship.
Camacho, a Democrat, was elected the first governor of that new territory in 1977. He served a single term from 1978 to 1982, when he was succeeded by a Republican, Pedro Tenorio.
"Taisacan v. Camacho".
In 1980, the CNMI legislature passed a budget that would have appropriated over $1.5 million in federal money for capital improvements on the island of Rota. Camacho vetoed this portion of the budget, calling it excessive and inequitable. Leon Taisacan, a Rota resident, then sued Camacho, claiming that his veto violated the terms of the Covenant between the United States and the CNMI. A district court granted summary judgement in favor of Camacho, and then the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit dismissed the lawsuit on the grounds that Taisacan did not have standing to sue, as he was not specifically injured by the veto.


Orange Blossom Carnival

The Orange Blossom Carnival is an annual celebration held every April in Adana, Turkey. It is an inspiration to the blossom scent that covers the orange tree lined streets during early April. While some of the carnival celebrations occur at organized, large-scale events, others are simply spontaneous street celebrations.
The carnival begins in early April and has the simple slogan "Nisan'da Adana'da" (In April In Adana). It is one of the first annual carnivals in Turkey. The Orange Blossom Carnival of Adana is accompanied by many concerts, shows and processions notable for vibrant colors.


Kondom Agaundo

Kondom Agaundo (c. 1917 – 28 August 1966) was a Papua New Guinean tribal leader and politician. He served as a member of the Legislative Council between 1961 and 1964.
Biography.
Agaundo was born in Wandi, a village near Kundiawa, around 1917. His father was a war leader, but he was orphaned as a child. He subsequently gew up in Koglai and developed a close relationship with the Australian authorities, carrying milk from the Catholic mission at Mingende to the government compound at Kundiawa. In the 1940s he became "luluai" of his tribe. Encouraged by Australian officials, he built the first house in the area in 1959, as well as building a community hall and overseeing the development of coffee farming. Despite being illiterate, when Waiye Rural LLG was formed in 1959, Agaundo became its first president.
He contested the Highlands seat in the 1961 elections, and was elected to the Legislative Council, where he demanded more development of the Highlands. A documentary, "Kondom Agaundo, M.L.C.", was made about him in 1962. In the first elections with universal suffrage in 1964 he contested the Chimbu seat, but finished third, losing to Waiye Siune. However, he continued as a member of the Eastern Highlands District Advisory Council, and became chairman of the Kundiawa Coffee Society, the largest co-operative society in the territory.
Aguando had at least eight wives. He was killed in a road accident on the Daulo Pass in the Eastern Highlands in August 1966, and was buried at Wandi. The headquarters of Chimbu Province were named after him in 1982, with a high school in Wandi named after him in 2012.


William R. Bell

William Robert Bell (7 August 1876 – 4 October 1927) was an Australian-born official in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate, who served as the District Officer of Malaita from 1915 until 1927. He was killed while collecting a head tax from the Kwaio of central Malaita. His death set off the Malaita massacre, in which several other colonial officials were killed in a Kwaio attack, which led to a punitive expedition in which many Kwaio were killed or incarcerated in retaliation.
Life.
Early life.
Bell was born in Maffra district of Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia, the third son of a migrant from Whaddon (Cambridgeshire) in a family with fifteen children. He was raised by his aunt, but maintained close ties to his father's family nearby. He left school at age fourteen to assist with the family farm work at Tanjil South. He was an excellent athlete, and talented at cricket.
Along with his older brother George (later The Hon Sir George), he enlisted to fight in the Second Boer War in 1899. He served in the 2nd Victorian Mounted Rifles, and participated in the fighting at the Black Reef mine in the Witwatersrand. Returning to the farm after the war, his right hand was accidentally impaled with a pitchfork, necessitating a surgical removed of part of the palm and some fingers. Later he claimed the wound to have been the result of his war experience. The injury prevented him from participating in the First World War and pursuing a military career, as several of his brothers did.
In 1901 or 1902, Bell left Australia to go to Fiji. His first job was on Mango. Later he worked for Brown and Joske, and served as an accountant and later a recruiting agent. Afterwards, he found work as a Government Agent aboard the schooner "Clansman", which was involved in the labour trade bringing Solomon Islanders to Fiji. When this recruiting ceased in 1911, he found work in the Solomon Administration's Department of Labour. In his work, he supported the rights and interests of the native people against the exploitative plantation industry, and sought consistent enforcement rules and regulations.
District Officer.
When the First World War broke out, many colonial officials went to serve on the war front, and in October 1915 Bell was asked to assume the post of Acting District Officer of Malaita, which he accepted with reluctance. He began by noting that the largest hindrance to peace and the rule of law on the island was the endemic blood feuding, and he tried to arrest murderers before they could be killed by family members of the victims in revenge, or ramos (professional killers) seeking proffered blood money. Early in his work, the Acting Resident Commissioner in Tulagi, F.J. Barnett, warned Bell about the dangers of punitive expeditions and interference in native affairs, and fired Bell who sought to have him forced from government work due to his obstinacy on this point. Bell was reinstated, and Barnett left soon afterward, and the new Resident Commissioner Charles Rufus Marshall Workman was much more supportive of his work and recommended he be confirmed as District Officer.
By 1918, Bell had acquired a respect among the Malaitans that no European had ever had, especially in northern areas and those near the coast. Though most of the mountainous interior and the eastern coast remained defiant, he was increasingly viewed as having the characteristics of a Malaitan strongman, and an aura of supernatural power. However, Bell himself was soon drawn into the blood feuding: relatives of criminals he had arrested who were later tried and hanged offered bounties for his death. Later, in his dealings with the adversaries, Bell became increasingly overbearing and aggressive, and was prone to intimidation and, when he lost his temper, violence to establish personal dominance.
He replaced most of his constabulary, previously largely from the Western Solomons or even Tanna, with Malaitans familiar with local custom and more likely to be taken seriously by strongmen, but who were strongly loyal to him and devoted to duty. He looked ahead to the advantages law and order would provide, in infrastructure, sanitation, and economic development. He continued to be critical of plantation interests, and found many missionaries hypocritical and set on destroying a cultural heritage they did not understand.
In 1920 the protectorate authorities decided to introduce an annual native head tax, in order to raise revenue and encourage natives to adopt a wage labour system and a cash economy. Bell, who was strongly opposed to such a tax because of the scarcity of currency on the island and the idea that it would interfere with his efforts to disarm and pacify the island, managed to delay the imposition of the tax on Malaita until 1923, and have its rate substantially lower than on other islands. He collected the first round of taxes in late 1923 and early 1924, gathering a little more than £3,000. He sought a furlough following the tax collection, and went off for nine months to attend to his worsening sciatica and other health issues.
Bell returned to Malaita in April 1925, and immediately set out to finish the annual tax collection, which had been started in his absence. In that year, he found a great deal of resentment about the tax, exacerbated from a speech the Resident Commissioner R.R. Kane had made in his absence, extolling the benefits that government had brought. In truth, Malaitans had little to show in government expenditures, and Bell pressed the protectorate authorities to provide a Medical Officer and other return for the tax money. The 1925 tax collection was the most contentious, and in backing from direct confrontation, he strengthened the position of those promoting defiance. The 1926 collection, though resentment seethed, did not have any serious confrontations. However, for the 1927 round, Bell planned to confiscate the remaining rifles as well, encouraging defiance.
Death.
In the course of tax collection in 1925, a plot to kill Bell was hatched by a Baegu in the northeast of Malaita, although it was not acted on. In September 1927, various Kwaio, led by a ramo named Basiana, planned an attack on Bell and his party when they came for the tax collection. They attempted to recruit plotters by advancing their grievances against Bell and the government, especially the empowerment of Christian coastal groups that were seen to dishonour their ancestors. Word of the plot spread across the island, and Bell and his police were warned well in advance. However, understanding local mores, Bell decided the best approach was to make a show of strength, and thereby command the respect of the locals and achieve their compliance. Collecting taxes offshore or calling residents up one by one, as some of his deputies urged, would reveal weakness.
On Monday 3 October 1927 Bell moored his ship the "Auki" in Singalagu harbour, and set up the usual tax collection operation at the house in the glen nearby. At dawn on Tuesday, Basiana and the other warriors made their way to the tax collection site. When the warriors arrived, Bell announced his peaceful intentions and invited them to pay their taxes. Basiana paid his tax first and went back to the edge of the clearing where his pouch was. Then he took the barrel of his rifle, concealed it between his arm and body, and slipped back into the line. He worked his way to the front of the line, and while Bell was writing on the tax roll, he took the rifle, raised it high and smashed it into his skull with such force that Bell's head virtually exploded. His death became the first of the Malaita massacre, which ultimately took the lives of nearly 100 people, in both the attack and a retributive raid, and had serious consequences for Kwaio society.


48th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

The 48th International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival () was a film festival held in Antalya, Turkey from October 8 to 14, 2011. Films were shown with the theme "...And the Woman Touched the World" focusing on women and the violence that women face in their daily lives. The Golden Orange selection committees, including the International and National Competition Juries, were entirely composed of female members for the first time in the festival's history.
This edition of the International Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival was the third to be organised solely by the Antalya Foundation for Culture and Arts (AKSAV), a cultural body affiliated with the Antalya Greater Municipality. The festival opened with a ceremony at the Cam Piramit Congress and Exhibition Center on October 7, 2011 at which the honorary awards were presented, songs were sung by Jane Birkin and Zuhal Olcay, and Azerbaijani director Rustam Ibragimbekov was guest of honour.
Competitions were also run for the cancelled 16th (1979) and 17th (1980) editions of the festival with Belated Golden Oranges () being presented to the winners.
Competition Sections.
National Feature Film Competition.
Thirteen Turkish films made in the preceding year were selected by the Pre-Evaluation Board from the 45 eligible to compete in the festival’s National Feature Film Competition.


Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan

Al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan () (fl. 10th century) was a Daylamite prince from the Firuzanid family.
Biography.
Al-Hasan was the son of Fairuzan, a Daylamite soldier, who along with his brother Kaki served the Alid dynasties of northern Iran. In 902, both of them were killed during a Samanid invasion of Tabaristan. Kaki had a son named Makan ibn Kaki, who together with al-Hasan served the Alids. Makan had established family ties through marriage with the Alids, as Ja'far, the son of imam Hasan ibn Ali al-Utrush (r. 914–917), was his son-in-law. The latter was engaged in a complex struggle against al-Utrush's designated successor Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim, known as the "Da'i ila'l-Haqq" (r. 917–928), and it was not until 923 that Ja'far and his brother Ahmad succeeded in ousting the "Da'i" and forcing him to exile. When Ja'far died in 924, he left the throne to Ahmad's son Abu Ali Muhammad, but al-Hasan and Makan deposed Muhammad and installed al-Hasan's half-brother Ismail, a son of Ja'far and the mother of al-Hasan, in his place. Muhammad, however, managed to escape from his captors and with the aid of the Gilaki military chief Asfar ibn Shiruya, who had seized control of Gurgan, defeated the two brothers and retook his throne.
In 930, Makan managed to recover Tabaristan, and appointed al-Hasan as the governor of the region. Makan also made Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim the imam of the Alids. A fake rumor later spread about the death of Makan, which made al-Hasan, who wanted to install his half-brother Ismail as the imam, rise into rebellion. However, the rebellion failed after Ismail was poisoned at the instigation of Abu Ja'far Husayn's mother. Al-Hasan was shortly driven out from Amol by two officers of Makan named Abu Ali and Abu Musa. Al-Hasan then fled to Daylam. Makan was himself shortly driven out from Tabaristan by the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij.
In 935, Mardavij was assassinated and succeeded by his brother Vushmgir. Makan was appointed by his new overlords, the Samanids, as the governor of Gurgan. Vushmgir himself shortly recognized Samanid suzerainty, and Al-Hasan was appointed as the governor of Sari. Relations between Makan and Vushmgir improved to the point where the former felt secure enough to drop his dependence on the Samanids. As a result, in 939 a Samanid army under Abu 'Ali Chaghani attacked him at Gurgan. Following a seven-month siege of his capital, Makan was forced to flee to Rayy. The Samanid army pursued him, and in a battle fought on 25 December 940 at Iskhabad near Rayy, the Samanid forces were victorious. Makan himself was killed by an arrow, and then beheaded by the victors, who sent his head to the Samanid court in Bukhara.
Vushmgir, after the disastrous defeat , fled back to Tabaristan, but al-Hasan, who blamed Vushmgir for the death of his cousin, shortly rebelled against him. Vushmgir managed to defeat him, but al-Hasan convinced Abu 'Ali Chaghani to invade Tabaristan. Vushmgir was forced to recognize Samanid authority again.
When Abu 'Ali Chaghani left for Samanid Khurasan, Vushmgir retook control of Ray. He then lost it for good in 943, to the Buyid ruler Hasan. Returning to Tabaristan, he was defeated there by al-Hasan, who had previously occupied Gurgan. Vushmgir fled to the court of the Bavandid Shahriyar II, and then to the court of the Samanid Nuh I. Al-Hasan meanwhile allied with Hasan, but when Abu 'Ali Chaghani took Ray from the Buyids in 945, he recognized Samanid authority. Still, in 945 Vushmgir captured Gurgan with Samanid support, but did not manage to retain his rule there. It was only in 947 when he was able to take Gurgan and Tabaristan from al-Hasan with the help of a large Samanid army.
In 948, the Buyid ruler Hasan (who since the Buyids' entrance into Baghdad in 945 had used the title "Rukn al-Dawla") invaded Tabaristan and Gurgan and took them from Vushmgir. While al-Hasan supported the Buyids, Vushmgir relied on his Samanid allies. Al-Hasan thereafter disappears from the history chronicles, and is first mentioned again in 967 after the death of Vushmgir, as the ruler of Simnan, and aiding Vushmgir's son Qabus in his claims for the Ziyarid throne.
The fate of al-Hasan after this is unknown, he had two sons named Firuzan ibn al-Hasan and Nasr ibn al-Hasan. He also had a daughter who married Rukn al-Dawla, and bore him three sons named Abu'l-Hasan Ali, Buya ibn Hasan, and Fanna Khusraw.


Mahmud I of Great Seljuk

Nasir al-Din Mahmud I was the sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1092 to 1094. He succeeded Malik Shah I as Sultan, but he did not gain control of the empire built by Malik Shah and Alp Arslan.
Terken Khatun, the wife of Malik Shah, tried to win the throne for her 4 year old son Mahmud, who was proclaimed sultan in Baghdad.
The older son of Malik Shah, Barkiyaruq was proclaimed too, and the armies of the two pretenders meet in Borujerd, near Hamadan. The forces of Barkiyaruq won and took the capital Isfahan. After this, Mahmud and his mother were assassinated by the family of the vizir Nizam al-Mulk.
Following Malik Shah I's death, successor states split from the Great Seljuk. In Anatolia, Malik Shah I was succeeded by Kilij Arslan I, who escaped from Isfahan; and in Syria by Mahmud's uncle Tutush I. Other governors in Aleppo and Amid declared independence too. The disunity within the Seljuk realms allowed for the unexpected success of the First Crusade shortly afterwards, beginning in 1096.
Sources.
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43rd Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival

The 43rd Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival () was held from September 16 to 23 2006 in Antalya, Turkey. The venue for the award ceremony on September 23, 2007 was moved from the open air amphitheater Aspendos to a smaller one at the Glass Pyramid Sabancı Congress and Exhibition Center in the downtown of Antalya due to bad weather conditions. It was run in conjunction with the 2nd International Eurasia Film Festival.


Israel Festival

The Israel Festival () is a multidisciplinary arts festival held every spring in Israel. Its center is Jerusalem. The festival operates as a non-profit organization. Some of the shows are offered free. Street performances and special performances for children are also part of the festival.
History.
The Israel Festival started in 1961 as a summer festival for classical music in the ancient Roman theater in Caesarea. Throughout the years the festival grew in the number of art disciplines and activity centers with recent festivals including classical music, ballet, jazz, theater, visual arts and lectures, combining high quality programs from Israel and abroad. From 1982 onwards the Israel Festival was adopted by the City of Jerusalem and most shows are held within its boundaries.
The first festivals were directed by Zvi Propes. Yossi Tal-Gan served as the director of the festival from 1992 till 2014. While the festival's quality were widely recognized, there had been complaints about the high entrance fees to the performances.
Since 2014, General Director Eyal Sher and Artistic Director Itzik Giuli have led the festival. Dan Halperin heads the public board.


Megan McClung

Megan Malia Leilani McClung (April 14, 1972 – December 6, 2006) was the first female United States Marine Corps officer killed in combat during the Iraq War. Major McClung was serving as a public affairs officer in Al Anbar Province, Iraq when she was killed.
Biography.
Early life; education; family.
Megan Malia Leilani McClung was born on April 14, 1972 in Honolulu, Hawaii to Mike and Re McClung. She was raised in Orange County, California and graduated from Mission Viejo High School, Mission Viejo, CA in 1990. Megan became one of the first women to attend Admiral Farragut Academy in New Jersey.
Her family had a history of military service. Her paternal grandfather served in the United States Army during World War II, and her father was a U.S. Marine Corps infantry officer who served in Vietnam, seeing combat in the Tet Offensive. Her maternal grandfather was a U.S. Navy officer and pilot. She attended the United States Naval Academy, graduating and receiving her officer's commission in 1995.
McClung graduated with her master's degree in Criminology from Boston University in 2006, several months prior to her death.
Marine Corps career; Death in Iraq.
McClung was commissioned an officer in the Marine Corps in 1995 and served on active duty until 2004, when she entered the Reserves. In 2004, she joined Kellogg, Brown, and Root, an American engineering and construction company and went to Iraq as a private contractor.
In 2006, she returned to active duty with the Marines and in January 2006, she was deployed to Iraq as a public affairs officer with the I Marine Expeditionary Force (I MEF). She was promoted to the rank of Major in June. In December 2006, she was in the final month of a year-long deployment to Iraq.
On December 6, 2006, McClung was serving with the I Marine Expeditionary Force as the Marine Corps head of public affairs for Al Anbar Province, in charge of embedded journalists. Earlier in the day, she had been accompanying Oliver North with his "Fox News" camera crew in Ramadi. She subsequently was escorting "Newsweek" journalists into downtown Ramadi. A massive improvised explosive device (IED) destroyed McClung's Humvee, instantly killing McClung and the other two occupants, Army Capt. Travis Patriquin and Army Spec. Vincent Pomante III. The "Newsweek" journalists were not injured.
McClung was the first female Marine officer to be killed in the Iraq war, as well as the first female graduate of the United States Naval Academy to be killed in action since the school was founded in 1845.
Major Megan McClung was buried with full military honors in Arlington National Cemetery on December 19, 2006.
Athletic endeavors.
While in high school and college, McClung competed as a gymnast.
McClung was a triathlete (having competed in six Ironman competitions) and a marathoner. In October 2006, she organized and ran in the Marine Corps Marathon's satellite competition, "Marine Corps Marathon Forward" in Iraq. In the weeks prior to her death, McClung was helping to prepare a satellite version of the Houston Marathon at Camp Fallujah.
Posthumous honors.
McClung was posthumously honored at Boston University's Metropolitan College 2007 commencement ceremonies with the 2006 “Excellence in Graduate Study in Criminal Justice”, which was presented by Dr. Daniel LeClair.
The second annual Major McClung Memorial Run was held August 23, 2008 at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island to raise money for wounded Marines and their families.
Marine LtGen Carol Mutter honored Major McClung for her sacrifice during a speech at the Republican National Convention on September 4, 2008.
In 2008, the first Major Megan M. McClung Memorial Scholarship will be awarded to a college student by her parents, Drs. Re and Michael and the Women Marines Association.
In 2010, The Major Megan McClung Memorial Scholarship Fund was established at her alma mater, Admiral Farragut Academy, and provides need-based financial aid to a deserving female cadet.
In Iraq, Army General Ray Odierno was responsible for building a state of the art broadcast studio, which allowed live interviews as well as numerous press events, and he dedicated the studio to Major McClung.
The Defense Information School, the United States Department of Defense's training school for photojournalists and other public affairs personnel, presents the Maj. Megan McClung Leadership Award to one graduating member of each Public Affairs Qualification Course.


Zayed International Half Marathon

The Zayed International Half Marathon is an annual road running competition which takes place in January in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. The inaugural edition of the half marathon race, named after Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, was held in 2008. The race takes place on an AIMS-certified course, which means performances are eligible for record-breaking purposes.
History.
The first edition featured many top international runners as the organisers offered a large amount of prize money, including a first prize of US$300,000 and a total pot of US$2 million. Samuel Wanjiru (the world record holder in the event) won the men's race while Lornah Kiplagat (the two-time World Road Running champion) took the prize for the female competition. The 2009 race was scheduled to take place at the Yas Marina Circuit Formula One course, but this was never finalised and the competition was postponed for that year.
The race had its second edition in 2010 and again attracted many high calibre international athletes. A five kilometre race was also added to the programme and more than 35,000 people took part in the races. However, runners criticised the organisation of the race: some athletes were not informed of changes to the start time, and some roads were not closed to traffic and the public, resulting in runners having to weave their way through cars and school children between the Marina Mall and the Emirates Palace. The top three finishers in the men's half marathon race all recorded sub-one hour times in spite of warm conditions.
Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the race patron, announced that the competition would change to a full marathon race for the 2011 edition. This will make the race the second marathon event in the UAE, after the Dubai Marathon.
Past winners.
Key:


2009 European Short Course Swimming Championships

The 2009 European Short Course Swimming Championships was held in Istanbul, Turkey, from Thursday 10 to Sunday 13 December 2009. A temporary swimming pool was built within the Abdi İpekçi Arena.
The event was held over four days with: heats, semifinals and a final for the 50 m and 100 m events and heats and a final for all other events with the exception of the women's 800 m and men's 1500 m freestyle which were heat declared winners. Heats were held in the morning, with semifinals, finals and the fastest heat of the distance freestyle events in the evening.
Each nation was permitted to enter three swimmers into each individual event, however only the fastest two were able to progress to the semifinal and/or final.
Participating nations.
Of the 51 member nations of LEN, 41 participated in the championships. Albania and Liechtenstein made their European Short Course Championships debut.
Medal summary.
Men's events.
Legend: WR - World record; WBT - World best time; ER - European record; CR - Championship record
Women's events.
Legend: WR - World record; WBT - World best time; ER - European record; CR - Championship record
Records.
The table below lists the world (WR), European (ER) and Championships (CR) records broken at the meet. Times displayed in shaded cells were subsequently broken later in the meet.


Expedition of Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami

Expedition of Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami to Banu Sulaym took place in April 629 AD, 12th Month 8AH-1st Month 9AH, of the Islamic Calendar.
Expedition.
During the summer, many expeditions took place, some of them ending disastrously. A month after Muhammad returned from the pilgrimage (1st Umrah), he dispatched Ibn Abi Al-Awja Al-Sulami a group of 50 Muslims fighters to
Banu Sulaym, demanding their allegiance to Islam. Banu Sulaym were a sister tribe of Banu Hawazin and inhabited the area of Najran and Turbah.
When Ibn Abi Al-Awja arrived in the Banu Sulaym area, he called them to convert to Islam. When the tribe refused, fighting erupted. Banu Sulaym fought back, and showered the Muslims with arrows and killed many of them. Ibn Abi Al-Awja was wounded and escaped to Medina with great difficulty. However, a year later, the Banu Sulaym embraced Islam and sent an embassy to submit themselves, as Muhammad was increasing his power.