Salyan, Azerbaijan

Salyan (), is a city and the capital of the Salyan District of Azerbaijan. The city of Salyan is industrialized and known for processing caviar.
History.
The city has been a continuous settlement of "sal" tribe, after whom the city named and occupied by Kura river. Salyan was part of Quba Khanate during 1680 to 1782 and ruled by various khans.
Throughout its history, Salyan has suffered from floods because of its proximity to the river and the relatively low elevation of most of the town.
Administrative divisions.
The municipality of Salyan consists of the city of Salyan. The mayor, presently Sevindik Hatamov, embodies the executive power of the city.
Culture.
Sport.
Salyan was home to former football teams Plastik Salyan and Mughan. Mughan through its history played in the Azerbaijan Premier League.
Transport.
Public transport.
Salyan has a large urban transport system, mostly managed by the Ministry of Transportation.
Notable residents.
Some of the city's many prestigious residents include: philosopher Ali bey Huseynzade, mathematician Vagif Guliyev, lieutenant general Rail Rzayev, poet Khalil Rza Uluturk and footballer Samadagha Shikhlarov.


Shishido Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Hitachi Province (modern-day Ibaraki Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Shishido Jin'ya in what is now part of the city of Kasama, Ibaraki. It was ruled for much of its history by a junior branch of the Mito Tokugawa clan.
History.
When the new Tokugawa shogunate moved the powerful Satake clan north into Dewa Province, part of the lands they were given were occupied by the Akita clan. Shishido Domain was created for Akita Sanesue in 1602 out of part of the former Satake lands in Hitachi Province. He was replaced by his son Akita Toshisue in 1630, who was subsequently transferred to Miharu Domain in Mutsu Province and the domain reverted to direct control by the shogunate.
Shishido Domain was revived in 1682 for Matsudaira Yorio, the 7th son of Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain by order of Tokugawa Mitsukuni. The domain played a leading role in the pro-"sonno joi" Tengu Party Revolt of the early Bakumatsu period under the rule of Matsudaira Yorinori in 1864. After the failure of the revolt, Yorinori and many of the samurai of the domain were put to death and the domain officially suppressed.
However, after the Meiji restoration, Shishido Domain was restored under Matsudaira Yoritaka, who was recalled from retirement and who served until the abolition of the han system in 1871.
The site of Shishido Jin'ya is now an Inari Shrine; however, the large main gate of the "jin’ya" survives, and is projected as an Ibaraki Prefectural Important Cultural Property.
The domain had a total population of 6398 people in 978 households per a census in 1869.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
Unlike most domains in the han system, Shishido Domain consisted of a single continuous territory which was calculated to provide its assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Kuni no miyatsuko

, also read as "kokuzō" or "kunitsuko", were officials in ancient Japan at the time of the Yamato court.
Yamato period.
Kuni no miyatsuko governed small territories (), although the location, names, and borders of the provinces remain unclear. Kuni no miyatsuko were appointed by and remained under the jurisdiction of the Yamato Court, but over time the position became hereditary. Kuni no miyatsuko carried kabane honoric names bestowed by the Yamato Court, commonly "kimi" (君) or "atae" (直). Prestigious Kuni no miyatsuko were called "omi" (臣).
Taika Reform.
The office of kuni no miyatsuko was abolished in the Taika reforms in 645 and the former administrative ‘’kuni’’ provinces were formally reorganized under the ritsuryō system. The provinces became ruled by new officials called kuni no mikotomochi, or more commonly, . The kuni no miyatsuko continued to be appointed after the Taika Reform, generally to the office of . Gunji were appointed from powerful regional kuni no miyatsuko families, appointed for life, and the position became hereditary. The Kuni no miyatsuko were now in charge of spiritual and religious affairs, specifically the Shintō rites of each province. These religious officials became known as , or "new" kuni no miyatsuko. The kuni no miyatsuko, now in the office of gunji, often sided with peasants against the ruling kokushi elite. The gunji position, however, was abolished with the establishment of the shōen system in the early Heian period. A few kuni no miyatsuko clans retained influence after the Taika reform, such as the of Izumo Province in present-day eastern Shimane Prefecture.


Prehistoric Caucasus

The Caucasus region, on the gateway between Southwest Asia, Europe and Central Asia, plays a pivotal role in the peopling of Eurasia,
possibly as early as during the "Homo erectus" expansion to Eurasia,
in the Upper Paleolithic peopling of Europe,
and again in the re-peopling Mesolithic Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum, and in the expansion associated with the Neolithic Revolution.
Lower to Middle Paleolithic.
Dmanisi skull 5, found in Dmanisi, Georgia, is among the earliest "Homo erectus" fossils, dated to 1.8 Ma.
Neolithic to Iron Age.
Neolithic:
Bronze Age:
The South Caucasus gradually enters the historical period
following the Bronze Age collapse, see history of the Caucasus#Early_history
Genetic history.
Language groups in the Caucasus have been found to have a close correlation to genetic ancestry.
A genetic study in 2015 by Fu et al. of many modern European populations, identified a previously unidentified lineage, which was dubbed "Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer" (CHG). The study detected a split between CHG and so-called "Western European Hunter-Gatherer" (WHG) lineages, about 45,000 years ago, the presumed time of the original peopling of Europe. CHG separated from the "Early Anatolian Farmers" (EAF) lineage later, at 25,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Maximum. (CHG was extrapolated from, among other sources, the genomes of two fossils from western Georgia – one about 13,300 years old (Late Upper Paleolithic) and the other 9,700 years (Mesolithic), which were compared to the 13,700 year-old Bichon man genome (found in Switzerland).)
A genetic study in 2020 analysing samples from Klin-Yar communities, including the Koban culture, found that the ancient population had a high frequency of paternal Haplogroup D-Z27276, which is associated with the modern Tibetan people. Other haplogroups were Haplogroup J1 and Haplogroup G-M285.


Ako Controversy

The Ako Controversy (阿衡の紛議) or Ako Incident (阿衡事件) was a political controversy that occurred in the early Heian Period of Japanese history.
On November 21, 887 AD, the newly enthroned Emperor Uda issued an imperial edict assigning Fujiwara no Mototsune as Kanpaku (Chief Imperial Advisor). However, the Emperor, together with Tachibana no Hiromi, then issued a second edict equating "Kanpaku" with "Ako". Ako, which comes from the Chinese title a-heng, was said to be just a title without any official duties, which would effectively dismiss Mototsune from the government. This imperial edict triggered the Ako Controversy.
In April 888 AD, Emperor Uda ordered experts to make sure that Ako meant not performing any official duties. But the experts failed to do so, afraid of the Fujiwara house's influence. In June, the Emperor decided to cancel the imperial edicts, which is considered the "first real setback of his career". The controversy ended with Fujiwara no Mototsune being made kanpaku and the term "Ako" removed from the imperial edict.


Date Tsunamune

 was an early Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 3rd "daimyō" of Sendai Domain in northern Japan from 1658 to 1660, and the 19th hereditary chieftain of the Date clan. Tsunamune's succession and rule was soon opposed by a number of his kinsmen and vassals. This dispute eventually led to the "Date Sōdō" or "Date Disturbance" of 1671, which has been retold in theatre, and has become one of the more well-known tales of unrest and disunity among the "daimyō" of the Edo period.
Biography.
Tsunamune was the sixth son of Date Tadamune by a concubine (Kai-hime, the maternal aunt of Emperor Go-Sai, which thus made him cousin with the Emperor). His courtesy title was "Sakonoe-gon-shōshō" (General of the Left Guards), and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Lower Grade. On the death of his father, he became "daimyō" and "Mutsu-no-kami" at the age of 18.
Due to his inexperience and his love of "sake" and women, rumours soon spread that he was unfit to govern. The center of opposition was his uncle, Date Munekatsu, "daimyō" of Ichinoseki Domain (and Date Masamune's 10th son), who suborned many of Tsunamune's retainers. In 1660, this clique of vassals and kinsman made a successful appeal to the "rōjū" to have Tsunemune removed from office and placed under house arrest in Edo under the charges of public drunkenness and debauchery while he was visiting the capital on "sankin-kōtai" and to supervise corvée labor on a canal. He was replaced in Sendai by his infant son, Date Tsunamura, then only age one. The actual government of Sendai Domain was turned over to Date Munekatsu and to another uncle, Tamura Muneyoshi, as guardians.
This event was the start of the "Date Sōdō", which became a favorite theme of popular fiction, including "bunraku" and kabuki.
According to one of the most popular legends, the scheming Date Munekatsu took the impressionable young Tsunamune to the licensed quarters of Yoshiwara, where he passionately fell in love with a prostitute, Takao. However, Takao was already pledged to marry a "rōnin" when her time at the brothel had expired and she rejected Tsunamune's offers. Undeterred, he offered to buy her contract in gold equal to her weight. The unscrupulous brothel-keeper added weights to her sleeves, so that he had to pay more than 165 pounds of gold. However, when he came to take her to the Date residence, she tried to throw herself in the river rather than go with him. Furious, Tsunamura pulled her from the river by her hair and stabbed her in the heart. His uncle and the other conspirators seized this opportunity to denounce him to the officials of wanton behavior and force his retirement. This story was the basis of many "bunraku" and "kabuki" plays, and attracted an extraordinary number of researchers over the years who have tried to determine if there was any truth in the story. It appears that Tsunamura did visit Yoshiwara and was enamoured by the prostitute named Takao, but she died in 1659 of illness and not by his hand.
While Tsunamune remained under house arrest, the domain suffered greatly under the corrupt rule of Date Munekatsu and Tamura Muneyoshi. After ten years of violence and conflict, Aki Muneshige, a relative from a cadet branch of the Date clan and retainer of Tsunamune managed to register a complaint to the shogunate officials about the mismanagement of the domain. Aki and various domain officials were summoned before the council of "rōjū" and the "Tairō" Sakai Tadakiyo to testify. Testimony between Aki and the retainers of Munekatsu and Muneyoshi did not agree, and the testimony of Munekatsu's retainer Harada Munesuke made a particularly poor impression. Harada then murdered Aki before further testimony could be given, before being killed himself by the guards.
The court ruled in favor of Aki. The young Date Tsunamura was allowed to remain "daimyō"; however, his uncles Date Munekatsu and Tamura Muneyoshi were removed from office.
As for Tsunamune, he lived the next 50 years in loose house arrest at the clan residence in the Ōi area of Edo, devoting his time to the arts, studying painting under Kanō Tan'yū, calligraphy, waka poetry, "Maki-e" lacquerware and even learning to forge Japanese swords. A number of his works are on display at The Miyagi Museum of Art. He died in Edo in 1711, but his grave was at the Date clan mausoleum of Zuihōden in Sendai. His mortuary temple was destroyed in 1945 during the Bombing of Sendai during World War II, and reconstructed in 1981. His body was so well preserved that an autopsy could be performed, revealing that he had a height of 158 cm and blood type A+, and had died of oral cancer.


Munshibari family of Ulipur

The Munshibari was a feudal estate in Kurigram District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bengal (present day Bangladesh). It was founded in the mid-18th century by an official of the Rulers of Bengal.
History.
During the period of Brojendra Lal Munshi, a custodian was chosen named Kanai Lal Sarkar. According to him, during the reign of Nawab Shirajuddaula, the sixth Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa of the Afshar Dynasty, Bonwari Munshi had an employee under the latter, with the title of "Munshi".
Bonwari Munshi once had come for hunting to the area of Dharnibari Union by river over the Bamnee. He liked the land and suggested this to the Nawab and requested some for himself, receiving 21.20 acres of land for himself and a further 11.20 acres for Laxmi Narayan. The family hence established the estate with around 34 acres of land under Bonwari Munshi and Laxmi Narayan.
The Islamic Mission and Foundation had taken 7.42 acres of land that had been adjoining the building for almost a century under the Government. There, a hospital and a mosque had been set up for the local people. In addition, some land had been given to local people on an annual lease.
Family.
It is said that Bonawari Munshi never had a child which is why, his wife Kadinginee Munshi adopted a son, named Binod to serve the estate's founder, Laxmi Narayan. Binod, as it turned out, was also without an heir. His wife Krishna Kaminee adopted another son called Brojendra Lal for the same cause. Finally, Brojendra Lal Munshi's wife, Asharatha Munshi gave birth to two daughters. The oldest named Shuchi Rani and younger was called Shushama. The latter died young.
Sachi Rani was married off in Kushtia, her family later leaving to live in Kolkata. Her child named as Sushamakanti who along his family lives in Kolkata. Shachis mother Asalata then adopted a male child for the inheriting the estate. After the Bangladesh Liberation War, Bihari Lal Munshi the incumbent head of the family went to Kolkata giving the responsibility of taking care of the Munshi Bari to a local named Saifur Mia, who allegedly handed over the Munshibari to one Arif Mia.
Dissolution and government takeover.
Conflict arose among the locals when the caretaker, Arif Mia tried take over the estate. Arif Mia fired his gun and two local students were shot and killed, one of them dying instantly while the other succumbed to his wounds. A case was then filed, and subsequently dismissed.
The Government of Bangladesh then took control of the Munshibari along with all its property. In 1987, the Revenue Office of Dharnibari was placed within the estate where they still operate.
Legacy.
The ruins of the estate consist of the Nat Mondir or a play house, Durga temple, Biswanu temple, the dining room and kitchen. There is also the Gobinda Mondir, the drawing room, bedrooms, rest room in the upper floor, bathrooms and Shiva temple. The people of the locality have been using the pond in the premises for uses while the other portions are being used by the Government of Bangladesh as offices.
Every year Durga Mela is also held within the Munshibari grounds.
Related houses.
The Munshibari of Calcutta, is, according to the book "Baranagar: Itihas O Samikshya" by Anup Motilal and Ranjankumar Bandopadhyay, had its origins in the days of Warren Hastings (1732 – 1818). Constructed in 1855, the building had been turned into a Retirement home.


Sekiyado Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Shimōsa Province (the northern portion of Chiba Prefecture and southern portion of Ibaraki Prefecture in modern-day, Japan). It was centered on Sekiyado Castle in what is now the city of Noda, Chiba.
Prime Minister Baron Suzuki Kantarō was born as the son of a samurai of Sekiyado Domain.
History.
Sekiyado is located at the confluence of the Tone River and the Edo River, and was thus a strategic location controlling river traffic in the northern Kantō region, as well as the northeastern approaches to Edo. Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, the Kantō region by was assigned by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who appointed his half-brother Matsudaira (Hisamatsu) Yasumoto as "daimyō" of the newly formed Sekiyado Domain, with revenues of 20,000 "koku". His revenues were increased to 40,000 "koku" in 1591. The domain passed from Matsudaira control to various other clans over its history: however, as an indication of the importance the Tokugawa shogunate placed on Sekiyado, of the 22 "daimyōs" who ruled the domain, 22 held the post of "Rōjū" and three held the post of "Kyoto Shoshidai."
From 1669 (with an interruption from 1683 to 1705), the domain remained in the hands of the Kuze clan. Kuze Hirochika played an important role in the Bakumatsu period. As "Rōjū", he opposed the Ansei Purge conducted by Ii Naosuke. He was a key supporter of the "Kōbu gattai" policy of supporting the Shogunate through marriage ties to the Imperial family, and one of the prime signatories to treaties ending Japan’s national isolation policy.
During the Boshin War, the domain officially remained a supporter of the shogunate, and contributed many samurai to the "Shōgitai;" however, many of its younger retainers supported the "Sonnō jōi" movement and defected to the Satchō Alliance. After the Battle of Ueno, the final "daimyō" of Sekiyado, Kuze Hironari, submitted to the new Meiji government. He was appointed domain governor under the new administration, until the abolition of the han system in July 1871 and subsequently became a viscount under the "kazoku" peerage. The former Sekiyado Domain was absorbed into the new Chiba Prefecture.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Sekiyado Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


Dainagon

 was a counselor of the first rank in the Imperial court of Japan. The role dates from the 7th century.
This advisory position remained a part of the Imperial court from the 8th century until the Meiji period in the 19th century.
The post was created in 702 by the Taihō Code, and evolved out of the earlier post "Oimonomōsu-tsukasa". Holders of the office were of the Senior Third Rank. They assisted the Minister of the Left (the "Sadaijin") and the Minister of the Right (the "Udaijin").
By the mid-17th century, the "Dainagon" counselor or state, was expected to work closely the "Minister of the Center" (the "Naidaijin"), whose position ranked just below the "Udaijin" and the "Sadaijin." This court position evolved to ensure that someone will be always prepared to replace or assist the main court officials if, for any reason, it should be impossible for one of the two senior counselors to devote himself to his duties and responsibilities in all matters.
The "Dainagon" ranked just above all other "kuge" in the "kugyō" except the "Daijō-daijin", "Udaijin," "Sadaijin," and "Naidaijin."
This ancient office would have been roughly equivalent to that of vice-minister in the modern cabinet system. It was abolished in 1871.
Dainagon in context.
Any exercise of meaningful powers of court officials in the pre-Meiji period reached its nadir during the years of the Tokugawa shogunate, and yet the core structures of ritsuryō government did manage to endure for centuries.
In order to appreciate the office of "Dainagon", it is necessary to evaluate its role in the traditional Japanese context of a durable yet flexible framework. In this bureaucratic network and a hierarchy of functionaries, the "Dainagon" functioned like mouthpieces to and from the board, and in consultation with the board.
The role of "Dainagon" was an important element in the "Daijō-kan" (Council of State). The Daijō-kan schema proved to be adaptable in the creation of constitutional government in the modern period.
Highest Daijō-kan officials.
The highest positions in the court hierarchy can be cataloged. A dry list provides a superficial glimpse inside the complexity and inter-connected relationships of the Imperial court structure.
The next highest tier of officials were:
Other high-ranking bureaucrats who function somewhat flexibly within the "Daijō-kan" were;
The Eight Ministries.
The government ministries were eight semi-independent bureaucracies. A list alone cannot reveal much about the actual functioning of the "Daijō-kan", but the broad hierarchical categories do suggest the way in which governmental functions were parsed:
The specific ministries above are not grouped arbitrarily. The two court officials below had responsibility for them as follows:


Trihedral Neolithic

Trihedral Neolithic is a name given by archaeologists to a style (or industry) of striking spheroid and trihedral flint tools from the archaeological site of Joub Jannine II in the Beqaa Valley, Lebanon. The style appears to represent a highly specialized Neolithic industry. Little comment has been made of this industry.


Sendai Domain

The , also known as the , was a domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1600 to 1871.
The Sendai Domain was based at Aoba Castle in Mutsu Province, in the modern city of Sendai, located in the Tōhoku region of the island of Honshu. The Sendai Domain was ruled for its existence by the "tozama" "daimyō" of the Date, and under the "'kokudaka" system its income rating at 625,000 "koku" was the third-largest domain in Japan after the Satsuma Domain and Kaga Domain. The Sendai Domain was geographically the largest domain in northern Japan with its mostly-contiguous holdings covering most of southern Mutsu Province, including all of present-day Miyagi Prefecture, parts of southern Iwate Prefecture and northeastern Fukushima Prefecture. The Sendai Domain was the focal member of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei against the Meiji Restoration during the Boshin War. The Sendai Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government.
Foundation.
The Sendai domain was founded in the closing years of the 16th century. When Date Masamune presented himself to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was undertaking the Odawara Campaign, he was granted the former fiefs of the Kasai 葛西 and Ōsaki 大崎 families, in return for his hereditary lands of Yonezawa 米沢, Aizu 会津, and Sendō 仙道. Upon entry into his new fief, Masamune took up residence in Iwadeyama Castle, and then started construction on Sendai Castle. The name of Sendai at this time was written 千代, however, Masamune changed it to 仙臺 (Later changed to the current 仙台）("hermit's platform," presumably alluding to Chinese mysticism). During the Sekigahara Campaign, the Date clan had been promised an increase in formal domain income to one million koku; however, as they were fighting with the Uesugi clan for their old lands in the Date district, this did not come to pass. It has been estimated that the Sendai Domain's "jitsudaka", or true income level, may have been somewhere between one and two million koku.
A relief sculpture on the base of Masamune's equestrian statue in Sendai Castle commemorates his entry into the city, which was then a small village.
"Daimyōs" of Sendai.
A list of the "daimyōs" of Sendai follows below, in chronological order:
Munemoto ruled briefly as the 14th and final lord of Sendai in 1868, when the domain was abolished. He thus became the first imperial governor of Sendai, serving until 1870, and was succeeded by a cousin, Date Muneatsu, who served as the second imperial governor until 1871.
Political structure.
The Sendai domain, like many other domains across the country, had its political center in its castle town (what became the modern city of Sendai). However, some retainers had their personal landholdings scattered throughout the domain's territory, as it was largely contiguous. Their presence provided a secondary, more local level of supervision. Certain of the higher-ranked retainers of Sendai even separated from the main domain and founded their own territories. Mizusawa Domain was one such short-lived subdomain. The Ichinoseki Domain, ruled by the Tamura family, was another subdomain, and survived to the end of the Edo period.
Retainer ranks and military structure.
There were eleven main ranks into which the retainers of the Sendai domain were divided.
Education.
The domain's school was known as the "Yōkendō" 養賢堂. A medical school was established in Sendai in 1822.
Boshin War.
In 1868, the Sendai Domain did not have forces active in the Battle of Toba–Fushimi; however, it did have a liaison office in Kyoto which kept track of the developing situation. It was approached several times by the nascent imperial government with requests to assist in subduing Aizu. Sendai did provide some cooperation to the new government, and accepted its envoys, under Kujō Michitaka, that spring. However, Date Yoshikuni, the "daimyō" of Sendai, opposed the harshness shown against Aizu, saying that it was like "a sentence being passed on one who never had a trial". Despite its efforts at negotiating on behalf of Aizu, Sendai was largely cooperative with the Kyoto government for much of the spring of 1868. This came to an end in May 1868, when Sendai men discovered that the Chōshū officer Sera Shūzō (who had accompanied the imperial delegation) had written a slanderous letter indicating a desire to describe "all in the north to be enemies," and to ask for reinforcements to subdue the entire region by armed force.
Naturally, the Sendai men were outraged that they too were to be punished despite their cooperation. A group of these men killed Sera, and pushed ahead with Sendai sponsorship of a northern coalition of domains. This became the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei.
After Boshin.
The Sendai domain was punished for its actions against the imperial army in the Boshin War, though not as severely as Aizu. Sendai's holdings were reduced; it was also made the center of the new government's operations in the north. Shiroishi Castle was also taken from Sendai, and given to the Nanbu clan which had been newly moved from Morioka Castle.
As with all others, the Sendai domain was abolished in 1871, by the "haihan chiken" order.


Honda Tadakazu


Deposition of Romulus Augustus

Odoacer's deposition of Romulus Augustus, occurring in 476 AD, was a coup that marked the end of the reign of the Western Roman Emperor last approved by the Western Roman Senate and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy, although Julius Nepos exercised control over Dalmatia until 480. Romulus Augustus was a 16-year-old minor at the time.
Background.
Rome is sacked twice.
Ancient Rome had twice been sacked in the 5th century AD, after a lengthy decline which followed more than a millennium of dominance, first over central Italy and then over an empire that surrounded the Mediterranean Sea. First, in 410, a Visigothic army under the command of Alaric besieged, entered, and looted the city, and in 455, the Vandals attacked Rome after their king, Genseric, believing himself to have been snubbed by an usurper emperor, voided a peace treaty. Despite remaining the seat of the Roman Senate, and an important city of the Western Empire, Rome was not what it had once been – the Western emperors had moved their courts to the more secure Ravenna in the wake of the two pillages and the Hun incursions.
The Vandals were allowed to enter the city after promising the Pope to spare its citizens, but they carried off many of the unfortunate Romans, some of whom were sold into slavery in their captors' North African realm. The widow of the emperors Valentinian III and Petronius Maximus, Licinia, was herself taken to Carthage, where her daughter was married to Genseric's son.
Rome not only lost a portion of its population during the Vandal rampage, but a fairly large amount of its treasures was plundered by the barbarians. This loot was later recovered by the Byzantines. At the time, however, its loss was a major blow to the Western Empire.
Ricimer and other generals dominate.
After Rome's weaknesses were exposed by the Vandals' invasion, the barbarian tribes of Gaul, once a secure province loyal to the Empire, began to rebel against their former overlords. The Ravenna-based emperors now began to lose the respect of many of their subjects, and powerful generals, often of barbarian origin themselves, were forced to defend them. Among the more successful of these commanders, the most senior of whom were called "magistri militum", were Avitus, who would eventually be crowned emperor, and Ricimer (who was part-Sueve and half-Visigoth). Ricimer grew so powerful that he was able to choose and depose weak emperors almost at will.
In 475, the Western emperor, Julius Nepos (nephew of the Eastern empress), was overthrown by his "magister militum", the aristocratic Flavius Orestes, who had once been a trusted official of Attila, the Hun ruler. Rather than take the throne himself, Orestes had his young son, Romulus Augustus, crowned emperor.
Odoacer's coup and accession.
Orestes, who ruled in his son's name, found an enemy in the persons of his non-Roman mercenary soldiers. When, led by an auxiliary general called Odoacer, they demanded estates and were refused, they swept into Italy. Informing his soldiers that, if they followed and obeyed him, they would, in the words of Gibbon, "extort the justice that had been denied to their dutiful petitions", the Germanic, Arian Odoacer confirmed his leadership of the revolt. Barbarian soldiers in Italian cities and garrisons "flocked" to the audacious general's standard, and Orestes fled to fortified Pavia.
Odoacer laid siege to Pavia, which fell in due course. The bishop of that city, Epiphanius, managed to ransom many of the captives taken during this invasion, but was unable to save Orestes, who was executed.
Orestes' brother was killed near Ravenna by Odoacer's forces, who entered the imperial capital soon afterward. The young monarch Romulus Augustus was, on September 4, compelled to abdicate before the Senate. That body requested that the Eastern Roman Emperor, Zeno, reunite his realm with the West, with Odoacer as his governor. The auxiliary commander, now master of Ravenna, encouraged the senators in this effort. The emperor was somewhat hesitant to give Odoacer what would be relative autonomy, citing that his wife's nephew Julius Nepos, still alive and recognized as "caesar" in Dalmatia, should be restored to the throne. Zeno, however, did not want to use force to support his relation, so, while still urging Odoacer to recognize Nepos' claim, granted the general the rank of patrician and accepted the general's gift of the Western imperial standards.
The hapless ex-emperor, Romulus Augustus, was still present in Ravenna, and Odoacer rid himself of the boy by exiling him. The fate of this final Western Roman emperor is somewhat uncertain, but it is believed that he retired to the Lucullan Villa in Campania and died before 488, when the body of the saint Severinus was brought there. In 480, the second of Odoacer's Roman rivals, Nepos, was assassinated by "retainers". Until Nepos' murder, even the confirmation of Odoacer's patrician rank and authority had been undermined by the presence of Zeno's nephew.
Odoacer now proclaimed himself king of the Herules in Italy (476-493), but not king of Italy, as Italy formally remained a land of the Roman Empire after absorbing Augustus's powers, and formed alliances with other barbarians, a prime example being the Visigoths. He proved himself to be a capable ruler, and, although Italy was beset by disasters such as plagues and famines during the turbulent end of the 5th century, historians such as Edward Gibbon have attested to Odoacer's "prudence and humanity".
Aftermath.
Despite possessing these qualities, Odoacer was unable to defeat the Ostrogoths and their monarch, Theodoric the Great, who invaded the Kingdom of Italy and overcame the forces that defended it. After four years of fighting, Odoacer, with some pressure from his citizens and his soldiers, decided in 493 that it would be useless to continue fighting and surrendered. The conqueror of the Western Roman Empire was himself conquered, and, unlike Romulus Augustus, he was not spared. While enjoying a banquet, he was murdered by an Ostrogoth, who may have been Theodoric himself.
When the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha, a Byzantine ally, was executed by her chosen successor Theodahad in 535, the Eastern Emperor, Justinian, did not hesitate to declare war. Under the command of the general Belisarius, an army landed in Sicily and subdued that island before invading Italy proper. When he did invade the peninsula, he took the city of Naples, then attacked and captured Rome. For nearly twenty years, the Ostrogoths and Romans fought for control of the peninsula. The suspicions of the Eastern empress, Theodora, often led her husband Justinian to withhold reinforcements from Belisarius, who was recalled several times. Some historians have concluded that the war's successful conclusion was the victory of Belisarius, but the honor of defeating the Ostrogoths went to Narses, who was trusted far more by his superiors in Constantinople. Eventually, after the Roman reconquest, another barbarian tribe, the Lombards, invaded and settled in Italy.


2008 in India

Events in the year 2008 in the Republic of India.


Tateyama Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Awa Province (southern modern-day Chiba Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Tateyama Castle in what is now the city of Tateyama, Chiba.
History.
Most of the Bōsō Peninsula was controlled by the powerful Satomi clan during the Sengoku period. The Satomi fought numerous battles with the Later Hōjō clan of Odawara for control of the Kantō region. In 1580, Satomi Yoriyoshi built Tateyama Castle in southern Awa Province to guard the southern portion of his territories and increase his control over the entrance to Edo Bay. The castle of rebuilt by his son, Satomi Yoshiyasu in 1588.
Following the Battle of Odawara in 1590, Toyotomi HIdeyoshi assigned the Kantō region to Tokugawa Ieyasu, who confirmed the Satomi as daimyō of Awa and Kazusa Provinces, with revenues of 92,000 "koku". Following the Battle of Sekigahara, Satomi Yoshiyasu also gained control of Kashima District in Hitachi Province, which increased his holdings to 122,000 "koku". After his death in 1603, the domain was inherited by his son, Satomi Tadayoshi. However, Tadayoshi was related by marriage to Ōkubo Tadachika, and was implicated in the Ōkubo Nagayasu Incident of 1614, which the Tokugawa shogunate used as excuse to abolish Tateyama Domain.
On September 18, 1781, "Shōgun" Tokugawa Ieharu, at the recommendation of his senior councilor Tanuma Okitsugu granted a 3000 "koku" holding in southern Awa Province to his page Inaba Masaaki, which, when added to his existing 2000 "koku" in Awa, and 5000 "koku" in Kazusa and Hitachi provinces, raised him to the status of a daimyō. He rebuilt Tateyama Castle, and his descendants ruled over the revived Tateyama Domain until the Meiji Restoration.
During the Bakumatsu period, Inaba Masami served in several important posts within the administration of the Tokugawa shogunate. However, with the Boshin War, he went into retirement, and his successor Inaba Masayoshi, pledged loyalty to the new Meiji government. However, in response, the Tokugawa navy, under Enomoto Takeaki invaded Tateyama, and used it as a base to attack Satchō Alliance forces in Kazusa Province. After the end of the conflict, with the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Tateyama Domain became Tateyama Prefecture, which merged with the short-lived
Kisarazu Prefecture in November 1871, which later became part of Chiba Prefecture.
The domain had a population of 23,202 people in 3526 households per a census in 1869.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Tateyama Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.


League of Blood Incident

 was a 1932 assassination plot in Japan in which extremists targeted wealthy businessmen and liberal politicians. The group chose twenty victims but succeeded in killing only two: former Finance Minister and head of the Rikken Minseitō political party, Junnosuke Inoue, and the Director-General of Mitsui Holding Company, Dan Takuma.
The arrest of the assassins led to the discovery of the existence of a civilian ultranationalist group led by self-styled Buddhist preacher, Nisshō Inoue.
Background.
Born as Inoue Shirō in 1886 in Gunma Prefecture, Nisshō spent his young adult life as a drifter and adventurer, eventually ending up in north and northeast China gathering information for the Japanese military. After a series of mystical experiences in 1923–24, Inoue became convinced that Japan required spiritual rebirth and that he was called to be its savior. He established a school in Ibaraki Prefecture to promote agrarianism and social reform, which gradually evolved into a training center for ultra-rightist radicals. He adopted the name Nisshō ("Called by The Sun") along with ideas and symbols derived from Nichiren Buddhism.
After the October incident, a failed coup d'état by rightist Army officers of the Sakurakai ultranationalist secret society in 1931, Inoue became convinced that national reform could be achieved only through violent confrontation with what he saw as the forces of evil: pro-Western liberal politicians and "zaibatsu" business interests. He devised the slogan "ichinin issatsu" ("one person, one kill") and drew up a list of twenty politicians and business leaders whose assassination would be the first step toward restoring supreme political power to the Emperor, a platform known as the "Shōwa Restoration".
Inoue's original group made contact with a group of extremist officers in the Imperial Japanese Navy, who strongly objected to Japan's acceptance of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, and a group of right-wing university students from Tokyo. Inoue distributed Browning automatic pistols to his followers; however, only two actually carried out their missions.
Assassinations.
On 9 February 1932, Shō Onuma gunned down Junnosuke Inoue as he stepped from his car at the Komamoto Elementary School in Tokyo, where he was scheduled to give a political speech. On 5 March 1932, Gorō Hishinuma waited outside the entrance to Mitsui Bank in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, with a picture of Takuma Dan in his pocket. When Dan arrived, he shot him dead on the spot. Both killers were apprehended immediately. On 11 March 1932, Inoue turned himself in at the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, where he was apparently treated with respect as a "patriot". Two months later, in the May 15 Incident, of 1932, Japanese naval officers, including some associated with the League of Blood, assassinated Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi.
Aftermath.
The phrase "League of Blood" is actually something of a misnomer. It referred to an oath of loyalty taken by a handful of the conspirators, but there is no evidence that it was a "blood oath" in any technical sense. The term , however, appeared in the popular press during the group's trial and was adopted by the lead prosecutor.
Historically, the most important consequences of the League of Blood Incident sprang from the trial, which gave Inoue and his co-defendants a platform from which to broadcast their ultra-nationalist views. Many in the Japanese public came to sympathize with the aims of the conspirators, if not their methods. Following the trial it became harder for courts to deal harshly with terrorists who claimed to be acting in the interests of the Emperor. In a more general sense the trial and its aftermath contributed to the erosion of the rule of law in 1930s Japan.
Sentenced to life imprisonment in 1934, Inoue was released under a general amnesty in 1940, and died in 1967. This incident inspired the central plot of Yukio Mishima's novel "Runaway Horses."


Timeline of Guangzhou

The following is a timeline of the history of the Chinese city of Guangzhou, also formerly known as Panyu, Canton, and Kwang-chow.
References.
Attribution
This article incorporates information from the Chinese Wikipedia, Dutch Wikipedia, and the Japanese Wikipedia.


Sulpicius Victor

Sulpicius Victor was a Latin rhetor who lived in the 4th century AD. He wrote "Institutiones oratoriae", dedicated to his son-in-law. The only manuscript of this work has been lost and the "editio princeps", which is the only reliable source, was printed in 1521. A new critical edition was issued in 2018, replacing Halm's one.


Maeda Tsunanori

 was an Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 4th "daimyō" of Kaga Domain in the Hokuriku region of Japan. He was the 5th hereditary chieftain of the Kanazawa Maeda clan. His childhood name was "Inuchiyo" (犬千代).
Tsunanori was born at the Maeda clan residence in Edo as the eldest son of Maeda Mitsutaka. His mother was the daughter of Tokugawa Yorifusa of Mito Domain. Mitsutaka died in 1645 at the age of 29, leaving the domain in the hands of his 3-year-old son, and by order of the Tokugawa shogunate, Tsunanori's uncle, Maeda Toshitsune was named regent. Tsunanori was called Matsudaira Inuchiyo-maru in his youth, He underwent the "genpuku" ceremony in 1654, with "Shōgun" Tokugawa Ietsuna presiding and was awarded Senior 4th Rank, lower grade and the courtesy title of "Sakonoe-shosho" and "Kaga-no-kami" at that time. In 1658, he was wed to Suma-hime, the daughter of Hoshina Masayuki of Aizu Domain. However, this was a political marriage; she was only 10 years old, and died in 1666 at the age of 18. Tsunanori never formally remarried.
In 1658, Toshitsune died, and Tsunanori was finally able to take full control of the domain. One of his first steps was to initiate a land reform program grouping villages into groups of ten in order to facilitate tax collection and opening of new rice lands. He also established a more systematic approach to famine relief and to medical care within the domain. He revised the domain laws which had been very severe since the time of Maeda Toshiie’s suppression of the Ikkō-ikki. Tsunanori also settled a long-simmering border dispute with Fukui Domain over who “owned” the holy mountain of Hakusan on the border of the two provinces.
Tsunanori was also a noted patron of the arts, especially favoring the performance of Noh plays in the domain. He also amassed major collection of Japanese and Chinese literary works. However, he is perhaps best known for his development of the famous Kenroku-en gardens in Kanazawa.
In 1689, under "Shōgun" Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the domain was accorded the same courtesy in audiences in Edo Castle as was extended to the "Gosanke", and the "kokudaka" of the domain was reassessed at 1 million "koku".
Tsunanori retired from public life in 1723 and died in 1724 at the age of 82.


Helmand culture

The Helmand culture (also Helmand civilization) is a Bronze Age culture that flourished mainly in the Helmand valley in the eastern Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) and south Afghanistan (Helmand Province), predominantly in the third millennium BC.
The people of the Helmand culture lived partly in cities with temples and palaces, providing evidence for a complex and advanced social structure. The main cities so far known are Shahr-e Sukhteh (in modern Iran) and Mundigak (Afghanistan). Research on the finds from both places showed that these cities shared the same culture. These are the earliest discovered cities in this part of the world, although Mehrgarh further north is considerably older. It is possible that the Helmand culture formed once one ancient state.
The pottery of the Helmand civilization is colorfully painted with mainly geometrical patterns, plants and animals are also depicted. Bronze was known. In Shahr-e Sukhteh were found texts in Elamite language providing evidence with connections to the west of the Iran. There are also a few connections with the Indus Valley Civilisation, but it seems that the Helmand civilization was earlier and did not overlap chronological very much with the cities in the Indus valley.


Valentia (Roman Britain)

Valentia (Latin for "Land of Valens") was probably one of the Roman provinces of the Diocese of "the Britains" in late Antiquity. Its position, capital, and even existence remain a matter of scholarly debate. It was not mentioned in the Verona List compiled around AD 312 and so was probably formed out of one or more of the other provinces established during the Diocletian Reforms. Some scholars propose Valentia was a new name for the entire diocese, but the List of Offices names it as a consular-rank province along with Maxima Caesariensis and the other equestrian-ranked provinces. Present hypotheses for the placement of Valentia include Wales, with its capital at Deva (Chester); Cumbria south of Hadrian's Wall, with its capital at Luguvalium (Carlisle); and the lands between the Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall, possibly with a capital at Habitancum (Risingham).
Name.
Its name properly refers the Eastern emperor Valens but some also hold it to have honoured Valentinian. Some researchers such as S. H. Rosenbaum, who place Valentia in far northern Britain also believe the name included wordplay with the Latin "" ("wall"), cf. the island "Munitia" (wordplay on "munitio") of Aethicus Ister's "Cosmography".
History.
Ammianus Marcellinus records that, after dealing with the Pannonian rebel Valentine, Count Theodosius
This occurred in AD 369. It represented the Roman recovery from the Great Conspiracy, which overran northern and western Britain in 367, alongside Germanic attacks on the Roman shores.
Ammianus speaks of the establishment of Valentia as the renaming of a recovered province (or possibly all of the territory in Britain), but the List of Offices names Valentia's governor separately alongside "all" four of the British provinces known from earlier sources. It is possible a new province was conquered or formed at some time after the composition of the Verona List. The List of Offices also lists two sets of troops under the Duke of the Britains (""). One covered the island's eastern shore while the second guarded the northwest coast and formed garrisons listed east to west along Hadrian's Wall. Scholars who place Valentia in Cumbria point to emendations of the surviving text's references to the western units as evidence that the area had been thoroughly overrun during the Great Conspiracy and so formed a prime candidate for Theodosius's reconquest and new command.
Ammianus also noted that the province was named "as if celebrating a minor triumph" (""). This was a lesser celebration held for unspectacular victories, as over slave revolts, and unusual for the destruction of a barbarian horde. One explanation is that the mutinous soldiers or even rebellious governors may have been involved, as full triumphs were never celebrated in victories over Roman citizens. Theodosius's lenient treatment of the conspirators involved with the rebel Valentine suggests discontent was already uncomfortably widespread.
Describing the metropolitan sees of the early British church established by SS Fagan and "Duvian", Gerald of Wales placed Valentia in Scotland and improbably fixed its bishop's seat (and thus provincial capital) at St Andrews. William Camden, looking at Ammianus, considered it the recaptured northern portion of Maxima Caesariensis, which he placed around Eboracum (York). This was generally accepted after the appearance of Charles Bertram's highly-influential 1740s forgery "The Description of Britain", which placed the province between the two walls and even named the area north of the Antonine Wall as a separate province of Vespasiana. His work was, however, debunked over the course of the mid-19th century.


Abe no Yoritoki

 (died 28 August 1057) was the head of the Abe clan of Emishi who were allowed to rule the six Emishi districts (Iwate, Hienuki, Shiwa, Isawa, Esashi and Waga) in the Kitakami Basin from Morioka to Hiraizumi in what is now Iwate Prefecture.
Background.
The clan emerged from the Appi River basin in what is now Hachimantai City, Iwate Prefecture, early in the 9th century. They provided a number of generals and governors throughout the 9th and 10th centuries. By monopolizing the gold, iron and horse trade in northern Honshū the family became enormously wealthy. They were also innovative in designing a new type of stockade which could withstand a long siege.
The 9th and 10th centuries saw a weakening of central power as a new land management system of tax-immune estates, or "shoen", took hold.
Campaign.
Yoritoki and the Abes came into conflict with the Minamoto clan as it began to expand north into Abe territory. The Abe clan began to raid territories south of their border. In 1051 Yoritoki led an army of Emishi into northern Miyagi and defeated a government army at Onikiribe that had been sent to stop the raids. This event triggered the Former Nine Years' War (Zenkunen War).
Minamoto no Yoriyoshi was then deputized as the new "Chinjufu Shogun" and sent to chastise Yoritoki in 1053. In 1056 Yoritoki's eldest son, Sadato, began skirmishing with the Minamotos. War erupted in 1057 and Yoritoki was killed in battle by a stray arrow.
Yoritoki's sons continued fighting for a time but were finally overwhelmed by combined Minamoto and Kiyowara armies in 1062.
Legacy.
Yoritoki was the father of -
Yoritoki is also one of the distant forefathers of Shinzō Abe, the prime minister of Japan, through Munetō.


First Shehbaz Sharif provincial cabinet

The First Shehbaz Sharif provincial cabinet was formed by Shehbaz Sharif in 1997 to begin a new government following the 1997 Pakistani general election.
Cabinet.
Ministers.
Following were the members of cabinet:
Auqaf


Proto-Malay

The term Proto-Malay, which translates to "Melayu Asli" (aboriginal Malay) or "Melayu Purba" (ancient Malay) or "Melayu Tua" (old Malay), refers to Austronesian speakers, possibly from mainland Asia, who moved to the Malay peninsula and Malay archipelago in a long series of migrations between 2500 and 1500 BC, and in one model the first of two migrations of early Malay speakers, before that of the Deutero-Malays. The Proto-Malays are the ancestors of the Malays in the modern Malaysia and Indonesia.
The Proto-Malays are believed to be seafarers knowledgeable in oceanography and possessing advanced fishing as well as basic agricultural skills. Over the years, they settled in various places and adopted various customs and religions as a result of acculturation and inter-marriage with most of the people they come in contact with Orang Asli tribes such as the Semang and Senoi peoples.
Origin.
The "Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History" has pointed out three theories of the origin of the Proto-Malay:
Some historical linguists have concluded that there is scant linguistic basis for a Proto-/Deutero-Malay split. The findings suggests that the Proto-Malay and the Deutero-Malay peoples possibly belong to the same stock and origin. Previous theories suggested that the Deutero-Malays came in a second wave of migration, around 300 BCE, compared to the arrival of the Proto-Malays who came much earlier.
Geographical regions.
Indonesia.
Ernest-Théodore Hamy (1896) first identified 3 Proto-Malay groups that are found in Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia:
Both Koentjaraningrat and Alfred Russel Wallace's (1869) research also concluded that most of the Moluccans come under the Proto-Malay classification. However, António Mendes Correia's findings re-classified the Timorese in Alfred Russel Wallace's ethnological chart as predominantly Proto-Malay. This is evidenced by the striking similarity in the architectural designs of traditional houses in Lospalos, East Timor with the Batak and Toraja people. In Sulawesi, not only are the Toraja people are regarded as part of the ancient Proto-Malay, but their neighboring Minahasan people as well who have migrated to the island in the megalithic period. In Sumatra, a little known pygmy tribe called the Mante people of Aceh are regarded as Proto-Malay and have thought to be extinct.
Other ethnic groups that are closely related to the Proto-Malay are such as the Nage people from Flores, which are considered a mixture of Proto-Malay and Melanesian and the Sakai people from Riau, which were originally pure Proto-Malay until later they were forced into the interior by the Deutero-Malays which led to their mixing with the Negritos. Off the west coast of Bengkulu, Sumatra Island, the indigenous people of Enggano Island known as the Enggano people are considered largely Proto-Malays.
Malaysia.
In Malaysia, the Proto-Malay are classified under the native Orang Asli group of people in the Peninsular Malaysia. They are officially known as:
Other ethnic groups outside of the Peninsular Malaysia that are also regarded as Proto-Malay apart from the Orang Asli people group are such as the Rungus people.
The Philippines.
In the Philippines, there are several people groups that have been identified as part of the Proto-Malay group:
While there are other ethnic groups in the Philippines, that are in some ways related or shares a mixture of Proto-Malay, namely:


2004 in India

Events in the year 2004 in the Republic of India.
Observances.
The following events which are observed according to the Hindu calendar were observed on the following dates in 2004.


Preah Khan Kompong Svay

The archeological complex of Preah Khan (of) Kampong Svay () or Prasat Bakan (according to local pronunciation) or "Bakan Svay Rolay" is located 100 km east of Angkor, in Preah Vihear province, Cambodia. It stands as the largest single religious complex ever built during Angkorian Era, as its exterior enclosure is about 5 km square, even if the isolated location makes it one of less visited Angkorian sites.
History.
There are few historical data about Preah Khan Kompong Svay. French scholars argued it had been founded in the 11th century, probably by Suryavarman I. It was a royal residence during the kingdom of Suryavarman II and even Jayavarman VII lived here, before recapturing the capital city of Yasodharapura from invading Chams in 1181, and improved the complex.
The rediscovery of the complex.
After some French missions at the turn of the 19th century, Victor Goloubew in 1937 engaged in aerial surveys which revealed the true extent of the complex.
Many famous Khmer sculptures come from here, such as the putative head of Jayavarman VII which is displayed at the National Museum of Phnom Penh. The sculptures and carvings of Preah Khan of Kompong Svay are among the peak works of Khmer art and the temples have been widely sacked in the past during official expeditions, such as during Louis Delaporte's, whereas thieves have largely damaged many structures while looting sculptures and carvings from the second half of the 1990s.
The site.
Preah Khan Kompong Svay covers an area about 5 kilometers square, is oriented to north-east and has four concentric enclosures. It was provided with water by a large baray (2.8 km by 750 m but almost completely dried at present), which crosses the eastern side. On an artificial island ("mebon") in the middle of the baray there is "Preah Thkol" (), a cruciform temple in sandstone with a standing central tower. In the southeastern corner stands the remains of the 15 metres high pyramid of "Preah Damrei", with laterite enclosure and two stone elephants (Damrei means elephant) at its upper corners. The other two elephants are exhibited at the National Museum of Phnom Penh and Guimet Museum in Paris.
Inside the exterior enclosure, in the middle of the western side of baray, there is "Prasat Preah Stung" (), with a peculiar four-faced central tower in Bayon style, which is preceded by a landing-stage with nāga balustrades. A laterite causeway leads from here to a centric enclosure, 701 m by 1097 m, surrounded by a moat and endowed with four "gopuras" similar to Angkor Thom. Near the eastern gopura there is a "dharmasala".
The inner laterite enclosure contains the central sanctuary, that stands on a two-tier platform. The central tower collapsed because of a looting attempt in 2003. It has entrances in all cardinal directions and is rounded by a windowed gallery.
World Heritage Status.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on March 27, 2020 (originally proclaimed September 1, 1992) in the Cultural category.


Gwallog ap Lleenog

Gwallog ap Lleenog (Old Welsh "Guallauc", Middle Welsh "Gwallawc"; his father's name is spelled variously "Lleinauc", "Lleynna[u]c", "Lleenawc", and "Llennawc") was a hero of the Hen Ogledd. He has long been considered a probable sixth-century king of the sub-Roman state of Elmet in the Leeds area of modern Yorkshire, though some more recent scholarship would identify him more tentatively simply as a 'king of an unidentified region in the north'.
Life.
Gwallog is most clearly attested in a note incorporated into Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies of Northumbrian kings found in London, British Library, MS Harley 3859 (the earliest manuscript of the "Historia Brittonum"). These are thought to originate in a perhaps eighth-century source and so to be relatively reliable. Commenting on the reign of the Bernician king Hussa, the regnal list states
Thus it appears that Gwallog joined a group of Brittonic kings, including Urien Rheged, Rhydderch Hael and Morgant Bwlch of Bryneich, in an attempt to defeat the Angles of Bernicia. This endeavour failed after Urien was slain.
Gwallog is the addressee of two poems in the Book of Taliesin which Ifor Williams identified on linguistic and historical grounds as (in part) plausibly originating in the sixth century, and possibly being genuine praise-poems addressed to Gwallog. These afford some evidence that Gwallog was a king of Elmet. If so, he was apparently succeeded by Ceredig, the last king of Elmet, who was deposed by St. Edwin of Deira; this would be consistent with the appearance of a 'Ceretic, son of Gwallawg' in one of the Welsh Triads. However, as evidence for sixth-century historical realities, this evidence is very tenuous.
Later reputation.
The somewhat later cycle of Middle Welsh poems associated with Llywarch Hen suggests that Gwallog later made war against Urien's former kingdom of Rheged in concert with Dunod Fawr of the Northern Pennines, attacking Urien's sons. Here, Gwallog is given the epithet "Marchog Trin", meaning "battle horseman". Again, this poetry probably tells us more about later legends of Gwallog than any sixth-century history.
Over time, Gwallog evolved into a semi-mythological figure akin to Arthur. In the medieval text Geraint son of Erbin, he is named as one of Arthur's knights and also appears in the Welsh triads as one of the "Three Armed Warriors of the Island of Britain" and one of the "Three Battle Pillars of the Island of Britain". Gwallog is also mentioned in the Black Book of Carmarthen poem "Ymddiddan Gwyddno Garanhir a Gwyn ap Nudd" as one of the slain warriors escorted to their graves by Gwyn ap Nudd, the lord of the Welsh Otherworld.
The medieval Welsh "Bonedd y Saint" claims that Gwallog was the father of Saint Dwywe, though this is unlikely to be based on sound historical information.


The Blood of Hussain

The Blood of Hussain is a 1980 Pakistani drama film directed by Jamil Dehlavi. The film was released in February 1981 in the UK. The film was banned throughout Pakistan as the military junta led by General Zia-ul-Haq toppled the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
Premise.
The film is about the life and death of Hussain, the youngest son of a Pakistani family. He meets a holy soothsayer who foretells his destiny, which is to liberate the poor and oppressed against a tyrannical government. Of course, the movie viewers are reminded of the parallels between this movie's plot and the actual historical event of Battle of Karbala between Imam Hussain and Yazid ibn Muawiya from the 7th century history of Islam.
Alternative titles.
"The Blood of Hussain" is known as "To Aima tou agonisti" in Greece, "Husseins Herzblut" in Germany and "Le Sang d'Hussain" in France.
Banning.
The film was banned by the Pakistani military ruler General Zia ul-Haq, after he seized power in a "coup de état" and became President of Pakistan in 1977, as the film portrays a fictional military coup in a less than favourable light. The ban on the film has not been lifted, and the director later moved to the United Kingdom. The film was eventually released and shown on British television.


Baluchistan States Union

The Baluchistan States Union or Balochistan States Union (BSU) was an administrative division of Pakistan that existed between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955 in the southwestern part of West Pakistan. It was formed by the four princely states of Kalat, Kharan, Las Bela and Makran with the capital at the town of Kalat. The area of the Union was roughly the south-western half of the modern province of Balochistan. The Union was separate from the Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan which comprised areas to the northeast of the Union. The Union did not include the enclave of Gwadar which was part of the Muscat and Oman. The four state rulers continued in office and retained autonomy.
The BSU was formed after the accession of four individual princely states to the new Dominion of Pakistan in 1948. The area became the Kalat Division when the Union was dissolved. The first head of the Union was the Khan of Kalat, Ahmad of Kalat. The main governing body was the Council of Rulers which comprised the Khan-e-Azam, the Jam of Lasbela and the Nawabs of Kharan and Makran. Decisions on major issues could be taken by a jirga or council of all the nobles or sardars of the Union.


Niimi Domain

The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period, located in Bitchū Province (modern-day Niimi, Okayama).


Sieges of Kuromaru

The , or "Black Fortress", was a fortress of the "Kanrei" Shiba Takatsune located in Echizen Province (present-day Nittazuka, Fukui, Fukui Prefecture) in the Hokuriku region of Japan. It was attacked twice during the Nanboku-chō Wars of the 14th century, during which it was likely both built and destroyed.
The fortress was first attacked in August 1338 by a small force under Nitta Yoshisada, numbering roughly fifty horse, in what would come to be known as the Battle of Fujishima. Hosokawa Akiuji had been ordered by Ashikaga Takauji to aid Shiba Takatsune in the defense, and encountered Nitta's force a short distance from the fortress.
The warrior monks of the Heisen-ji monastery, originally part of Nitta's force, were bribed by Shiba to abandon the attack, and Nitta's rush to fill the ensuing gap in his formations led to him and his horsemen running into Hosokawa's. In the battle which followed, Nitta was mortally wounded by an arrow.
The following year, upon his enthronement, Emperor Go-Murakami ordered the late Nitta Yoshisada's brother, Wakiya Yoshisuke, to lead another attack on the fortress. This assault was successful, and ended in Shiba's surrender.
"Taiheiki".
Chapter 20 of the "Taiheiki" chronicles the events of the death of Nitta Yoshisada at Kuromaru. It states that an arrow wounded his horse, making it unable to jump over a ditch. It fell and trapped Yoshisada's left leg. An arrow in the flurry struck him between the brows, and he drew his sword and slit his throat. The resemblance to the death of Minamoto no Yoshinaka as described in the "Heike Monogatari" has led to questions about whether the account is factual.
Helmet of Yoshisada.
In 1660, a farmer tilling the land near the site of the battle uncovered a "kabuto" helmet and presented it to Matsudaira Mitsumichi, "daimyō" of Fukui Domain. The construction of the helmet indicated that it had belonged to a high-ranking warrior, and the domain's chief military strategist, Inoue Banzaemon declared that it must have belonged to Nitta Yoshisada. In 1870, the imperial governor of Fukui, Matsudaira Mochiaki, built a Shinto shrine, the Fujishima Shrine on the site, as part of the Meiji government's drive to honour the history of the Kenmu Restoration and to promote loyalty to the Imperial family of Japan. The "kabuto" is preserved at the shrine, and is an Important Cultural Property. The site of the battle itself was protected as a National Historic Site since1924.


2007 in Russia

Events from the year 2007 in Russia.


Minamoto no Yoshitomo

 (1123 – 11 February 1160) was the head of the Minamoto clan and a general of the late Heian period of Japanese history. His son Minamoto no Yoritomo became "shōgun" and founded the Kamakura shogunate, the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
His Dharma name was Shōjō Juin (勝定寿院).
Hōgen Rebellion.
With the outbreak of the Hōgen Rebellion in 1156, the members of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans were beckoned into the conflict. Yoshitomo sided along with Taira no Kiyomori in support of the Emperor Go-Shirakawa and Fujiwara no Tadamichi, while his father Minamoto no Tameyoshi sided with the retired Emperor Sutoku and Fujiwara no Yorinaga. Yoshitomo, defeating his father and the forces of Sutoku and Yorinaga, became head of the Minamoto and established himself as a political power in the capital of Kyoto. However, despite his attempts to have his father pardoned, Tameyoshi was executed. Also, the outcome of the Hōgen rebellion established the Minamoto and Taira as the two strongest political rivals in the country.
Heiji Rebellion.
Three years later in 1159, Yoshitomo and Fujiwara no Nobuyori placed Go-Shirakawa under house arrest and killed his retainer, the scholar Fujiwara no Michinori, in what is called the Heiji Rebellion. Eventually, Taira no Kiyomori, in support of Go-Shirakawa, defeated Yoshitomo.
While escaping from Kyoto, Yoshitomo was forced to kill his son Tomonaga. Later, Yoshitomo was betrayed and killed in his bath. Three of his sons, Minamoto no Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoshitsune and Minamoto no Noriyori, were later spared and exiled by Kiyomori. However, Yoshihira and Nobuyori were executed.
His grave in Aichi Prefecture is surrounded on all sides by wooden swords ("bokuto"), as by legend his last words were "If only I had even a "bokuto"..."
Family.
Yoshitomo fathered five sons in total. His two sons, Yoshihira and Tomonaga, lost their lives following the Minamoto Clan's defeat in the Heiji Rebellion in 1160. At the time of the outbreak of the Genpei War in 1180, Minamoto no Yoritomo was his eldest surviving son. His other two surviving sons were Minamoto no Noriyori and Minamoto no Yoshitsune.


Sakurada Sadakuni

Sakurada Sadakuni is referred to in the Taiheiki as grand marshal in command of the Shogunate forces during the Kōzuke-Musashi Campaign.


Aegyptus I


Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

The "State Anthem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic" (; ) was the national anthem of Tajikistan until 1994. It was also the regional anthem of the Tajik SSR, a constituent republic of the Soviet Union.
Background.
The anthem used from 1946 to 1994. The music was composed by Suleiman Yudakov, and the lyrics were written by Abolqasem Lahouti. The melody is used in the current national anthem of Tajikistan, with different lyrics. It is composed in minor. In 1977, the lyrics were changed to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. This is the version presented here for the Tajik stanzas, but the Russian version given here is the old one.
Unlike other former Soviet states like Belarus, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan that appropriated their old Soviet-era regional anthems as national ones but did so without the Soviet lyrics, Tajikistan retained the Soviet lyrics for a time before replacing them in 1994.
It is also one of the nine countries to continuously use their Soviet-era anthems; the other five being Uzbekistan, Russia (since 2000), Kazakhstan (until 2006), Turkmenistan (until 1997), Belarus, Kyrgyzstan (until 1992), Azerbaijan (until 1992), Ukraine (until 1992)


List of 7th-century religious leaders

This is a list of the top-level leaders for religious groups with at least 50,000 adherents, and that led anytime from January 1, 601, to December 31, 700. It should likewise only name leaders listed on other articles and lists.


Ulpur

Ulpur is a village to the north of Golpalganj in Bangladesh. It has been founded by the Basu Roy Chowdhury of Ulpur family as seat of their Zamindari & Jagir called Shahpur.
Shahpur Pargana consisted of 27 maujas (village plus surrounding greens, farmlands, lakes etc) and a population of 30200 in 1931 with Ulpur being the central village and seat of the Zamindari.
Shahpur pargana was the name of the area in Moghul times. Ulpur acted as a kind of capital as that was where the Roy Chowdhurys who were the Zamindars and Mansabdars/Jagirdars of Shahpur lived. The name no longer exists in administrative records as administrative divisions were changed in British times. Now it is part of Gopalganj district (the British had made Gopalganj a sub-division headquarters within Barisal district. The Bangladeshi government has turned Gopalganj into a separate district).
History.
Dasarath Basu arrived in the 11th century in Bengal. One of his descendants, Raghunandan Basu, was reconfirmed the Zamindari / Jagir of Ulpur / Shahpur by the Moghuls (Jahangir)in the 16th century, where his descendants settled.
Many members of the Basu Roy Chowdhury clan of Ulpur left their ancestral home in East Bengal (now Bangladesh) after India was divided in 1947. However a few have remained behind and continue to participate in the social, political and cultural life of the area.
Bengali historians believe that the Adisur legend refers to Hemanta Sena, one of the Sena rulers who raided up to Kannauj. Bengali historian Dr Niharranjan Ray, in his book history of Bengal (Banglar itihas), says all the Sena rulers of Bengal also adopted a derivative of the title Sur. Adisur is probably one of the titles taken by Hemanta Sen, the Sena king of Bengal and grandfather of Ballal Sen who started the Kulin system in Bengal (The Basu Roy Chowdhurys are one of these Kulins). This system of dual titles was common among Indian kings. Emperor Ashoka, the famous Buddhist emperor whose embassies converted most of Asia to Buddhism, was also known as Devanampiya. For many decades, historians used to puzzle over stone edicts and pillars built by this Devanampiya. Much later an inscription was discovered showing the two to be one person, which cleared up this controversy. After Bengal was invaded by Muslim invaders in the 13th century, gentlemen from the court of the Hindu Sen rulers of Bengal fled eastwards and northwards to set up small principalities or to shelter in them. One such principality was Chandradvipa, in south eastern Bengal (now in Bangladesh) set up by the Deb family. The Basus intermarried with the Debs and settled down in this town. As did another family -- the Guhas. Eventually Debs ran out of male progenies, and a Basu who was the son in law of the then ruling Deb prince, became the ruler.
The Guha family meanwhile was unsatisfied with the rule of these new Basu rulers and left to set up their own principality to the west of Chandradvipa, in Jessore. The Guha ruler of Jessore married into the Basu family and also married off his own sister to a Basu. The son of this marriage between a princess of Jessore and a Basu nobleman was Gopal Basu Thakur. The son born from the marriage of the Basu princess and the ruler of Jessore was Raja Pratapaditya Roy.
Pratapaditya is famous in Bengal's history as the 16th century leader of 12 Bhuias or Rajas who revolted against Mogul Emperor Akbar. There are many popular legends about him. Rabindra Nath Tagore, India's noble laureate poet wrote a drama based on an incident in his life. Gopal was his first cousin and close confidante and was with him until Pratapaditya met his death/capture (history is unclear on this count) at the hands of the Moguls.
But unlike Pratapaditya, Gopal was a philosopher. He went to Benaras (Varanasi), to study Hindu theology and philosophy. The Thakur title is an academic one bestowed upon him by the pandits of Benaras through a process of academic election.
The family choose to retain it in his honour and this was allowed by the Pandit samaj (academic council) of Benaras.
Gopal Basu Thakur went into hiding after the fall of Pratapaditya with his family and followers and was sheltered by local chiefs and barons sympathetic to his cause. Because of the bloodlines we represent, my family enjoyed a high social recognition in Bengal even as late as early 20th century.
Pratapaditya was defeated in battle by Emperor Akbar's father-in-law, the ruler of Jaipur -- Maharaja Man Singh -- who had come at the head of a large Mogul imperial army for this purpose. Legend has it that the statuette of goddess Kali kept in the Jaipur royal fort is none other than that which Pratapaditya had in his palace temple. However, Jaipur historical accounts while admitting it comes from Bengal says it was found by the seashore.
Gopal Basu’s maternal line was Guhas of Jessore, his son's maternal line was Zamindars of Itna. Two families seemed to have been favoured in marital relations -- descendants of their cousins the Guhas and the Sens of Berhampore (maybe because they were a cadet line of the original Sena kings of Bengal). Besides Guha Roy Chowdhurys and Sens, the family had strong matrimonial relations with the following Zamindar families: Ghosh Dastidars of Gabha, Guhas of Banaripara, Roys of Itna, Roy Chowdhurys of Idilpur, Roy Chowdhury (Rajas) of Santosh.
Ulpur was founded by Gopal's descendant Raghunandan with its surrounding villages serving as his personal fiefdom. This was later regularised as a “dou hazari” (literally leader of 2000 horsemen) Jagir by the Mogul emperor with help from a relative who was a high official in the employ of the Mogul governor of Bengal. Raghunandan has been the first Jagirdar of the area. The land, by Mogul rules should have passed on to his eldest son.
Title.
The title is passed on to all the sons. The title was kept as a name after the partition (1947 East Bengal became part of Pakistan and the family lost their estate) and the actual name “Basu” was dropped (Basu Roy Chowdhury of Ulpur). The family got another title “Thakur” which they stopped using once they lived in Ulpur (17th century).
Roy is a Hindu title, which noblemen and those of royal blood took or were given. Chowdhury is a Mogul title, which the Mogul emperors gave to our ancestors for being their Jagirdars.
Hence all the three elements -- Thakur, Roy and Chowdhury are titles but given at different times, for different reasons.
Estates.
The estates of the different family members can still be found in Ulpur and are now used by the villagers as their homes. The smaller temples and ponds are in a decaying condition, but the main Kali temple is still in use and has been recently renovated.
The village was once the center of the district/pargana with markets and a very active cultural life.
Ulpur (Basu Roy Chowdhury) emigres
Most Basu Roy Chowdhurys as well as other emigres from Ulpur settled down in Calcutta, then the largest city in India. An Ulpur Sammelani exists in that city of `exiles' from the village. In the 1950s, Ulpur emigres had also set up a Ulpur football club which participated in the Indian Football Association shield.
Besides Calcutta, Ulpur residents have settled in Delhi, and most cities in India. They have also settled down in the US, UK, Germany, Austria, Romania and other parts of the globe.


Timeline of Bursa

The following is a of the history of the city of Bursa, Turkey.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia and Turkish Wikipedia."


Okutono Domain

, also known as Okudono, was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Kamo District and Nukata Districts of Mikawa Province (part of modern Aichi Prefecture), and in Saku District, Shinano Province, (part of modern Nagano Prefecture) Japan. The domain was also known as and later known as and . The ruling family was the Ogyū-Matsudaira clan.
History.
The Ogyū clan was a cadet branch of the Matsudaira clan based in northern Mikawa Province, and were hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa clan. Matsudaira Masatsugu was awarded a 6000 "koku" "hatamoto" post within the Tokugawa shogunate for his services in the Battle of Osaka. His son, Matsudaira Noritsugu, increased to 16,000 "koku", and was thus promoted to the ranks of the "fudai daimyō" in 1684.
In 1713, Matsudaira Norizane moved the seat of the domain from mountainous Ogyū (in what is now the northern portion of the city of Toyota to the more conveniently located Okutono location (in what is now part of the city of Okazaki. However, the domain suffered greatly due to inclement weather and flooding of the Yasaku River during the Kyōhō period, which led to crop failure and famine. The problems were repeated during the Great Tenpō Famine of 1832–36, although the domain was able to escape the more severe effects of the famine due to reforms implemented by its lord, Matsudaira Noritoshi.
In the Bakumatsu period, the domain achieved prominence thanks to its last "daimyō", Matsudaira Norikata, who served as a senior councilor in the final years of the Tokugawa shogunate. Another contemporary figure born in Okutono was Nagai Naoyuki. During Norikata's tenure, the domain seat was moved from Mikawa Province to the Tanokuchi district of Shinano Province (though the holdings remained unchanged), and with the construction of Tatsuoka Castle, the domain also became known as Tatsuoka Domain. The domain was dissolved by the Meiji restoration in 1871 with the abolition of the han system.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period.
As with most domains in the han system, Okutono Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
List of "daimyō".
 Ogyū-Matsudaira clan, 1703–1871 ("fudai")


2008 in Taiwan

Events from the year 2008 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 97 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


Fujiwara no Sadayori

 was a Japanese "waka" poet of the mid-Heian period. One of his poems was included in the "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu". He produced a private collection.
Biography.
He was the eldest son of Fujiwara no Kintō and, on his mother's side, a grandson of Emperor Murakami.
He served director for military affairs before becoming middle councilor. He was well known as both a poet and a calligrapher.
Poetry.
Forty-five of his poems were included in imperial anthologies, and he was listed as one of the .
The following poem by him was included as No. 64 in Fujiwara no Teika's "Ogura Hyakunin Isshu":


Satake Yoshinobu

 was a "daimyō" in Sengoku period and early Edo period Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate and the 19th head of the Satake clan and 1st "daimyō" of Kubota Domain in Dewa Province. His courtesy title was "Sakonoeshōshō", later "Ukyō-dayū" and "Jijū" and his Court rank was Junior Fourth Rank, Upper Grade.
Biography.
Yoshinobu was the eldest son of Satake Yoshishige, and his mother was the daughter of Date Harumune, which made him the cousin of Date Masamune. He was born at Ota Castle in Hitachi Province. His early life was that of constant warfare. The Satake clan were fighting the Nasu clan to the north, and as a condition for peace, Yoshinobu was engaged to a daughter of the Nasu clan when he was only three years old. He participated in his first combat in 1586, just before he turned 15. His father officially retired some time between 1586 and 1590, turning the portion of clan chieftain over to Toshinobu. During this period, the clan was threatened from the north by Date Masamune and from the south by Hōjō Ujinao; however, because he quickly pledged allegiance to Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Siege of Odawara, he was able to retain his landholdings. Under Hideyoshi's banner, he was counted among the six greatest generals of the Toyotomi clan, together with Tokugawa Ieyasu, Maeda Toshiie, Shimazu Yoshihiro, Mōri Terumoto, and Uesugi Kagekatsu. During the siege of Odawara he was also able to extend his control to cover the over the whole of Hitachi Province (with the exception of the territory of the Yūki clan), by defeating various supporters of the Hōjō, so that by the end of the campaign his "kokudaka" was ranked at over 350,000 "koku".
Yoshinobu enjoyed good relations with Ishida Mitsunari, whom he has assisted at the Siege of Oshi in 1590. He relocated his seat to Mito Castle, and contributed a large number of troops to Hideyoshi's subjugation of the Tohoku region, and a much smaller number of troops to Hideyoshi's Korean invasion, although he remained behind at Nagoya Castle and later at Fushimi Castle with Hideyoshi and did not cross over to the continent. Under Hideyoshi, his "kokudaka" gradually was increased to 545,765 "koku".
At the time of the Battle of Sekigahara the Satake clan was ordered by Tokugawa Ieyasu to participate in the campaign to destroy Uesugi Kagekatsu in Aizu and to provide a hostage. The Satake clan was divided, with Satake Yoshishige and many of the samurai strongly supporting Ieyasu and the Eastern Army, whereas Yoshinobu was hesitant, based on his long ties with Ishida Mitsunari and a secret treaty with the Uesugi clan. Instead of sending his army, he sent a small number of horsemen as reinforcements to Tokugawa Hidetada's attack on the Sanada clan, but for the most part remained in Mito attempting to stay neutral in the conflict. With the victory of the pro-Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Sekigahara and the subsequent establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Satake clan was punished by a reduction in their "kokudaka" to 180,000 "koku", and by being ordered to surrender their ancestral home territory in Hitachi Province for the new Kubota Domain, in Dewa Province. The Satake clan also was a direct descendant of the Minamoto clan and thus had a more legitimate hereditary claim to the title of "shōgun" than the Tokugawa clan, which was another reason why Tokugawa Ieyasu viewed the clan with suspicion and as a potential threat.
After arriving at their new domain in 1603, the Satake immediately had to face a rebellion of local "rōnin" loyal to Onodera Yoshimichi, the former master of the region, which they defeated relatively quickly. Subsequently, Yoshinobu took steps to gain favor with the new Tokugawa government by actively participating in the Siege of Osaka, fighting Toyotomi commanders such as Kimura Shigenari and Gotō Matabei at the Battle of Imafuku.
Yoshinobu was married to Shōdō-in, the daughter of Nasu Suketane, to whom he had been engaged as a child. After her death, he remarried to a daughter of Tagaya Shigetsune of Shimotsuma Domain. He had no children by the first wife and both sons of the second marriage died in infancy. He also had a concubine, the daughter of Ashina Morioki. Yoshinobu adopted two sons as possible heirs. The eldest was the 5th son of Satake Yoshishige, Satake Yoshinao (1612-1656), who at the age of 14, fell asleep during a "sarugaki" performance at Edo Castle, and was thus disinherited. he later became a monk. The younger was Satake Yoshitaka, the son of Iwaki Sadataka of Kameda Domain, who became his successor. Yoshinobu died at the domain's Edo residence in Kanda in 1633.


Minamoto no Kanetsuna

 was a son of Minamoto no Yorimasa.
Kanetsuna participated in the first Battle of Uji in 1180 that opened the Genpei War. He accompanied his father, Yorimasa, and brother, Nakatsuna, in opposing the Taira clan. In the Battle of Uji, the commander, Minamoto no Yorimasa, realized that his forces were unable to stop the powerful Taira from advancing. Yorimasa decided to retreat to defend Byōdō-in temple with his army and sōhei, so-called "warrior monks" of feudal Japan. Taira samurai, in pursuit of Yorimasa, soon besieged the temple. Yorimasa was struck in the right elbow by an arrow. Yorimasa's sons, Kanetsuna and Nakatsuna, held off the Taira while their father committed seppuku. Kanetsune was struck under his helmet by an arrow while Nakatsuna fell mortally wounded before joining his father in ritual death. Yorimasa's head was taken by one of his own retainers, weighted by a rock, and sunk in the Uji River.


Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

This is a timeline of major events in the history of the modern state of Jordan.


Abuli fortress

The Abuli fortress () is a Bronze Age megalithic structure in the Akhalkalaki Municipality in Georgia's southern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. A cyclopean fort built using a dry masonry technique, it is located on the southern slope of Mount Patara Abuli, at an elevation of 2670 meters above sea level, in the Lesser Caucasus mountains, southeast of Paravani Lake. The fortress is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.
Architecture.
The Abuli fortress, locally known also as Korogli (ultimately from Turkic Koroğlu), shares many architectural features with the Shaori fortress, another major cyclopean hillfort strategically located in the area around Paravani Lake.
The Abuli fortress is a large and complex structure, built of 3-5-meter-high volcanic basalt blocks, without using mortar. It consists of the central fortified area, which includes the "citadel" with an area of 60×40 meter. The central area can be accessed through two gates from the south and the east. Dwellings or hideouts, of various size and shape, sometimes organized in two or three levels, comprise the so-called "residential area" and spread to the east of the "citadel".
Archaeological background.
No archaeological excavations have been carried out at Abuli and Shaori, making it difficult to precisely date or assign them to any particular culture. In general, the spread of cyclopean fortresses is an archaeological testimony to the social changes in the South Caucasus in the Middle-to-Late Bronze Age, reflecting social differentiation and emergence of newly empowered elites. These forts were typically constructed on the steep slopes of mountains. Settlement distribution and cultural material suggest that those in charge of these hill forts exercised control over arable land and resources, but they may also have provided economic and defensive functions for their hinterlands. In September 2019, a multiyear archaeological research project was launched by Georgia's culture heritage authorities for further study and conservation of the country's megalithic complexes, including those at Abuli, Shaori, Avranlo, and Sameba.


Itakura Katsuaki (Fukushima)


Zhuxian

Zhūxiān () is a town located at the southwest of the city of Kaifeng in eastern Henan province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiangfu District. The Gulu River runs through the town. In ancient times, the river was a large tributary of the Huai River, and one could reach Yangzhou via the waterways. From the Tang Dynasty to Republican China, the town was in an important strategic location for land and riverborne communications. During the Southern Song Dynasty, general Yue Fei won an important battle against the Jin at nearby Yancheng and Advanced to Zhuxian. Along with Foshan, Jingde, and Hankou, Zhuxian is regarded as one of the "four ancient towns of Qing Dynasty China". In 2007, Zhuxian was included in the list of 10 most beautiful village-towns in China.


Maeda Toshitsugu


Alexander Tormasov

Count Alexander Petrovich Tormasov (; 22 August 1752 – 25 November 1819) was a Russian cavalry general prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.
Early life.
Alexander Tormasov was born on 22 August 1752 into an old Russian noble family. At the age of ten, he entered service as a Page of Honour, then, aged 20 in 1772 he began military service as a lieutenant of the Vyatka infantry regiment. Within a few weeks he joined the staff of Yakov Bruce as aide-de-camp. Three years later Tormasov formed and headed the Finland Chasseur regiment with the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1782 Prince Potemkin charged to him an operation in the Crimea. Following that Tormasov commanded the Dolmatsky Hussars, on the base of which he formed and led the Aleksandrian light cavalry regiment with the rank of colonel.
Time as general.
In 1788–1791 he took part in the Russo-Turkish War, serving at the Siege of Ochakov and the Danube river raids, and was promoted to major general on 21 March 1791. He commanded the left flank cavalry at the storm of Machin, for which he received the Order of St. George 3rd Class. In 1792 and 1794 he successfully acted against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and Kościuszko Uprising, commanding a column under Suvorov in the assault on Prague.
Like many other generals of this time, he was dismissed by Emperor Paul I on 11 July 1799 and was imprisoned in the Dünamünde fortress for several months. On 16 November 1800 he was restored in the army. On 15 September 1801, on the day of the coronation of the new Emperor Alexander I he was promoted to Full General of cavalry. Later he took up an administrative post until 1803.
Time as governor and commander.
From 1803 Tormasov served as governor of Kiev, Minsk, and from 1807 Riga. From 1809 to 1811, he served as a Viceroy of Georgia and as the commander-in-chief in the Caucasus. After the French invasion of Russia began, Tormasov became the Chief Commander of the 40,000-man Third Reserve Army of Observation on 27 March 1812. Advancing North against Jean Reynier in mid July, he overwhelmed Klengel's Saxon brigade at Kobryn 27th, marking the first Russian victory in the campaign. Tormasov received the Order of St. George 2nd Class for this. Defeated in turn by Reynier and Schwarzenberg at Gorodetschna (Podobna, Prujany) 12 August, he then withdrew to Ratno to join with the corps of Pavel Chichagov, meeting him on the Styr River 18 September. The combined command then acted under the orders of Mikhail Kutuzov, and fought at Brest-Litovsk 9 October. Ordered to envelop the Grande Armée at Liady, he was however recalled to the main army by Kutusov after being repulsed at the 2nd Battle of Krasnoe 15 November. Appointed by Kutuzov with internal management of all troops in December, he was then made overall commander of the Russian main Army after Kutuzov's death.
In 1813 he commanded the Russian army at the Battle of Lützen, but then resigned due to failing health.
Late life and career.
After leaving military service he became a member of the State Council. On 30 August 1814 he succeeded Count Fyodor Rostopchin as Governor-general of the Moscow Governorate. Two years later he received a comital title for his efforts in rebuilding the city.
After his death in Moscow on November 25, 1819, he was buried in the Donskoy Monastery. Tormasov's only son died in 1839 and thus this family became extinct.


Kebaran culture

The Kebarian culture, also known as the Early Near East Epipalaeolithic, was an archaeological culture in the eastern Mediterranean area (c. 18,000 to 12,500 BP), named after its type site, Kebara Cave south of Haifa. The Kebaran were a highly mobile nomadic population, composed of hunters and gatherers in the Levant and Sinai areas who used microlithic tools.
Overview.
The Kebaran is the last Upper Paleolithic phase of the Levant (Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Israel). Kebaran stone tool assemblages are characterized by small, geometric microliths, and are thought to have lacked the specialized grinders and pounders found in later Near Eastern cultures. Small stone tools called microliths and retouched bladelets can be found for the first time. The microliths of this culture period differ greatly from the Aurignacian artifacts.
The Kebaran is preceded by the Athlitian phase of the Upper Paleolithic Levantine Aurignacian (formerly called Antelian) and followed by the proto-agrarian Natufian culture of the Epipalaeolithic. The appearance of the Kebarian culture, of microlithic type implies a significant rupture in the cultural continuity of Levantine Upper Paleolithic. The Kebaran culture, with its use of microliths, is associated with the use of the bow and arrow and the domestication of the dog. The Kebaran is also characterised by the earliest collecting of wild cereals, known due to the uncovering of grain grinding tools. It was the first step towards the Neolithic Revolution. The Kebaran people are believed to have practiced dispersal to upland environments in the summer, and aggregation in caves and rockshelters near lowland lakes in the winter. This diversity of environments may be the reason for the variety of tools found in their kits.
Situated in the Terminal Pleistocene, the Kebaran is classified as an Epipalaeolithic society. They are generally thought to have been ancestral to the later Natufian culture that occupied much of the same range, who advanced the use of wild grains, building on the Kebaran traits to acquire some symptoms of permanent settlements, agriculture, and hints of civilization.
Artistic expression.
Evidence for symbolic behavior of Late Pleistocene foragers in the Levant has been found in engraved limestone plaquettes from the Epipaleolithic open-air site Ein Qashish South in the Jezreel Valley, Israel. The engravings were uncovered in Kebaran and Geometric Kebaran deposits (ca. 23,000 and ca. 16,500 BP), and include the image of a bird, the first figurative representation known so far from a pre-Natufian Epipaleolithic site, together with geometric motifs such as chevrons, cross-hatchings and ladders. Some of the engravings closely resemble roughly contemporary European finds, and may be interpreted as "systems of notations" or "artificial memory systems" related to the timing of seasonal resources and related important events for nomadic groups.
Similar looking signs and patterns are well known from the context of the local Natufian, a final Epipaleolithic period when sedentary or semi-sedentary foragers started practicing agriculture.
The engravings found in Ein Qashish South involve symbolic conceptualization. They suggest that the figurative and non-figurative images comprise a coherent assemblage of symbols that might have been applied in order to store, share and transmit information related to the social activities and the subsistence of mobile bands. They also suggest a level of social complexity in pre-Natufian foragers in the Levant. The apparent similarity in graphics throughout the Late Pleistocene world and the mode of their application support the possibility that symbolic behavior has a common and much earlier origin.


Kayano Site

The is an archaeological site with the ruins of a late Jōmon period settlement located in what is now the village of Shintō, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1987.
Overview.
The site is located at the southeastern foot of Mōunt Soma, one of the outliers of Mount Haruna in central Gunma. It was discovered in 1989 in conjunction with an agricultural land improvement project. As the site is located on a slope, it was found to be in a relatively good and undisturbed condition. In an excavation survey conducted from 1989 to 1990, well-preserved foundations of numerous pit dwellings, tombs, and artifacts such as Jōmon pottery shards, stone tools, clay figurines, "magatama", candle-shaped earthen lamps, and 577 earthenware earrings were excavated. It was determined from these artifacts that this was a large-scale settlement from the first half of the late Jōmon period (approximately 2500 to 3000 years ago). Of particular interest were the earthenware earrings, many of which were pulley-shaped, and colored in red or black. A "dogū" clay figurine depicting a person wearing these earrings was also discovered. The presence of so many examples indicates that this location may have been a production site, and that the earrings were used as trade goods with other regions.
In 1992, 1950 pieces of the excavated items were designated as a National Important Cultural Property., and the ruins were designated as a National Historic Site in 2000. The site is now a park, and the excavated remains are stored in the nearby , established in 1992. The museum and site are located about 25 minutes by car from the Maebashi Interchange on the Kan'etsu Expressway.