Early Nationalists

The Early Nationalists, also known as the Moderates, were a group of political leaders in India active between 1885 and 1907. Their emergence marked the beginning of the organised national movement in India. Some of the important moderate leaders were Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji.
With members of the group drawn from educated middle-class professionals including lawyers, teachers and government officials, many of them were educated in England.
They are known as "Early Nationalists" because they believed in demanding reforms while adopting constitutional and peaceful means to achieve their aims. The Early Nationalists had full faith in the British sense of justice, fair play, honesty, and integrity while they believed that British rule was a boon for India. The Early Nationalists were staunch believers in open-minded and moderate politics.
Their successors, the "Assertives", existed from 1905 to 1919 and were followed by nationalists of the Gandhian era, which existed from 1919 until Indian Independence in 1947.
Origins of the name "Moderates".
Focusing on demands for reform, the Early Nationalists adopted a constitutional and peaceful approach to achieve their objectives. They remained friendly towards the British rulers but believed that Indians should have a proper and legitimate role in the government of the country. Although they asked for constitutional and other reforms within the framework of British rule, they had full faith in that nation's sense of justice and fair play. They further believed that continuation of the British connection with India was in the interests of both countries. At an early stage, the nationalists considered their association with England an advantage. British rule had done much good by removing various cultural anomalies including the caste system and the abolition of the practice of "sati" or "widow sacrifice" that had previously pervaded Indian society. Influenced by western thought, culture, education, literature and history, the demands of the early nationalists were not considered extreme but of a relatively moderate nature.
Methodology.
The Early Nationalists believed in patience and conciliation rather than confrontation, adopting orderly progress and constitutional means to realise their aims. To educate the people, to arouse political consciousness, and to create powerful public opinion in favour of their demands they organised annual sessions. Processions and meetings were held, speeches delivered and discussions held on various economic, social and political questions. Following these discussions, resolutions were adopted. They also drafted petitions and memorandums before submitting them to the government.
The Early Nationalists wanted to convey their feelings to the government, so as to gradually bring the authorities around to their viewpoint. To influence the British government and to enlighten the British public and its political leaders, the Early Nationalists sent deputations of leading Indian leaders to England. In 1889, a British Committee of the Indian National Congress was founded and followed by a journal called "India" started by the Committee in 1890.
Achievements.
In spite of their role as the most progressive force of the time, the Early Nationalists received widespread criticism over their lack of success. They were treated with contempt by their British rulers and their demands were not fulfilled.
In spite of such criticism, the Early Nationalists did achieve some of their goals. They created a national awakening among the people that made Indians conscious of the bonds of common political, economic, and cultural interests that united them. They also trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and nationalism . The Early Nationalists did pioneering work by exposing the true nature of British rule in India. They made the people realise the economic content and character of British imperialism. In doing so, they weakened the foundations of British rule in India. Their political and economic programmes established the idea that India must be ruled in the interest of the Indians. The efforts of the Early Nationalists also led to the implementation of various social reforms such as the appointment of a Public Service Commission. A resolution of the House of Commons (1893) allowing for simultaneous examination for the Indian Civil Service in London and India. Appointment of the Welby Commission on Indian Expenditure (1895). They also passed The Indian Councils Act of 1892.
These achievements served as the basis for nationalist movements in later years by extremist leaders.
Wishes to complete.
The Early Nationalists wanted certain political and economic reforms with the view to unify the people of India.
Constitutional reforms.
Believing that India should eventually move towards democratic self-government, the Early Nationalists wanted a larger share in the governing of India. They did not seek immediate attainment of their goal as they feared that the government would suppress their activities. Instead they aimed at winning freedom through a gradual process.
Their constitutional demands were:
Administrative reforms.
The Moderates made the following demands in the administrative sphere:
Defence of civil rights.
The Early Nationalists defended civil rights whenever the British government tried to curtail them. Their struggle for freedom became an integral part of the national movement from the very beginning. In 1897, Tilak and many other leaders were arrested and tried for making provocative speeches. The Early Nationalists demanded the Abolition of the Preventive Detention Act and restoration of individual liberties and right to assemble and to form associations. They also wanted the Removal of the restrictions imposed by the British Government on the freedom of speech, and the freedom of the press.
Criticism.
The methods used by the Early Nationalists of passing resolutions and sending petitions were seen as inadequate by critics who argued that they depended on the generosity of the British instead of relying on their own strength and challenging the imperialist might. They failed to realise that British and Indian interests clashed with each other and that Britain was using India's resources to increase its wealth. The Early Nationalists failed to draw the masses into the mainstream of the national movement such that their area of influence remained limited to urban educated Indians. In particular, their leadership comprised only members of professional groups such as lawyers, doctors, journalists and teachers.
British Government's attitude.
In the beginning, the British Government looked upon the actions of the Early Nationalists favourably, and expressed no animosity towards them. Furthermore, a few government officials attended the first session of the Early Nationalists and took part in its deliberations. The Nationalists were invited to a garden party held by the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin in Calcutta in 1886 and another hosted by the Governor of Chennai in 1887. Official attitudes soon changed; Lord Dufferin tried to divert the National Movement by suggesting to Hume that the Early Nationalists should devote themselves to social rather than political affairs. However, rather than emerging as a tool in the hands of the authorities, the Early Nationalists gradually became the focus of Indian nationalism.
In 1887, Dufferin attacked the Early Nationalists in a speech and ridiculed it as representing only a microscopic minority of the people. British officials criticised the Nationalists and branded its leader as "disloyal babus" and "violent villains".
In 1890, Government employees were forbidden to participate in deliberations with the Early Nationalists or attend their meetings. Realising that the growing unity of the Indians posed a major threat to their rule, the British pushed their policy of divide and rule further. They encouraged Sayyid Ahmed Khan, Raja Shiva Prasad of Benaras (now Varanasi), and other pro-British individuals to start an anti-Early Nationalist movement. They sowed seeds of communalism between the Hindus and the Muslims on the one hand and between the Indian masses and their leaders on the other. They followed a policy of granting minor concessions to put down the growth of nationalism. However, their policy of repression and hostility only served to make the Early Nationalists more powerful.
Failure.
Some of the younger elements within the Indian National Congress were dissatisfied with the achievements of the Early Nationalists and vociferous critics of the methods of peaceful constitutional agitation that they promulgated. Young members advocated the adoption of European revolutionary methods to counter British imperialism while mainstream Early Nationalists remained loyal to the crown, with their desire to regain self-government lacking conviction. The Early Nationalists failed to attain their objectives, giving rise to another group of leaders known as Assertive or Extremist Nationalists. The most prominent leaders of the Assertive Nationalists were Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal, who are known collectively as the "Lal-Bal-Pal" trio.
Prominent leaders who fought for independence.
Surendranath Banerjee.
To create an all-India political organisation, Banerjee convened the Indian National Conference in 1883 at Kolkata. Banerjee merged the Indian National Conference with the Indian National Congress in 1886 as both organisations had similar objectives. He presided over two sessions of the Congress in 1895 and 1902.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, known as "The Political Guru of Gandhi" as he was the one who guided Mahatma Gandhi to travel around India in order to fight against the British, was one of the social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and founder of the Servants of India Society. Through the Society as well as the Congress and other legislative bodies he served in, Gokhale campaigned for Indian self-rule and also social reform. He was the leader of the moderate faction of the Congress party that advocated reforms by working with existing government institutions.
A. O. Hume.
While the Early Nationalists moved towards the formation of an all-India political body, Englishman A. O. Hume, a retiree from the Indian Civil Service, saw the need for an organisation that would draw the government's attention to current administrative drawbacks and suggest the means to rectify them. In 1884 Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid the foundations of Indian National Union but it was postponed due to an outbreak of plague in Pune. Later on, at the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji, the name was changed to "Indian National Congress" and the foundation of the organisation laid on 28 December 1885.
Dadabhai Naoroji.
Dadabhai Naoroji, popularly known as the "Grand Old Man of India", took an active part in the foundation of the Indian National Congress and was elected its President thrice, in 1886, 1893 and after the Moderate phase in 1906. He spent a major part of his life in Britain.He founded the London Indian Society which he used to create the awareness among the British people about the plight of the Indians.His book "Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India" pointed out how India was exploited and economically drained by the British Government.


Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado

The Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado is a neoclassical / Portuguese colonial former school building in the "suco" of Dili, capital city of East Timor. It is located one block west of the National Parliament of East Timor, and faces Rua de Moçambique (formerly Rua Dom Fernando). Today, it houses the Faculty of Education, Arts and Humanities of the National University of East Timor.
History.
The school building was constructed between 1922 and 1924, and was originally occupied by the Dili Municipal School ("Escola Municipal de Díli").
By governmental decree of 22 January 1938, a new high school was founded to provide indigenous Timorese with sufficient education to allow them to enter the lower level of the public administration. It was installed in the school building, and named after , the Portuguese Minister for the Colonies (1936–1944) who was responsible for its foundation.
However, high school education could not be established at that time, because of the upheavals associated with World War II, during which Japanese forces invaded Timor, and the school building was one of the many buildings destroyed in the conflict.
In 1952, after the restoration of the building, the school opened its doors to its first High School pupils. In 1955 and 1956, the building was expanded according to a 1953 design by Eurico Pinto Lopes. Upon the opening of the High School, secondary education became available to the local population for the first time. However, the school was available primarily to "Mestiço", despite a legal prohibition of discrimination.
Attendees of the high school included the later freedom fighter and first Prime Minister of East Timor, Nicolau dos Reis Lobato, and the later Minister of Social Solidarity, Maria Domingas Alves.
In 1961, the school building was enlarged on the basis of plans were drawn up by Eurico Pinto Lopes and António Sousa Mendes. However, those plans were not fully implemented, as only the wing facing the Avenida Cidade de Lisboa (now Rua Formosa) and a new elementary school were built.
After the Indonesian invasion of East Timor, the building was no longer used for teaching purposes until 1979, when it started to house the Public School of Middle Education (in indonesian: "Sekolah Pendidikan Guru Negeri"; SPGN). In 1986, on the verge of the creation of a university in Timor Timur, the technical teaching section of the SPGN merged with several other isolated teaching courses to give rise to the Faculty of Education of UnTim (now UNTL). The historic Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado building was donated to the new university. The school that operated in the Liceu Dr. Francisco Machado building was transferred to the Becora neighborhood, in the city of Dili, in 1986, and is currently called 28 de Novembro Public Secondary School.
During the 1999 East Timorese crisis, the building was destroyed by Aitarak, one of the pro-Indonesian militias. In 2001, the Council of the City of Lisbon financed its reconstruction. The building's exterior was rebuilt along the lines of the original design, but its interior was substantially modernised to house the Faculty of Education, Arts and Humanities of the National University of East Timor. , the Faculty was still located in the building.


Battle of Shayuan

The Battle of Shayuan () was a battle in 537 AD during the Southern and Northern Dynasty period, and was part the second war between the two successor states of Northern Wei. During the battle, Yuwen Tai of Western Wei successfully ambushed and defeated a far larger Eastern Wei army that was marching towards Chang'an. The battle firmly established Western Wei's control of the Guanzhong Plain.


Hassan I of the Maldives

Sultan Hassan Al-Hilaaly I, Sri bavana Mahaa radhun was the first sultan to ascend the throne of Maldives from the Hilaalee dynasty by abolishing the dynasty which had ruled the Maldives for more than two centuries. He ascended the throne of The Maldives in 1388.
Sultan Hassan I was the son of Hilaaly Kalo and his wife Golhaavehi kanbulo, likely a Lunar dynasty lady. Golhaavehi may have been misread for Kalavehi as the recorded writings in Arabic were old and faint. He ruled the country for 10 years until his death in 1398.


Rajwada

Rajwada is a historical palace in the city of Indore, Madhya Pradesh. It was built by the Holkars of the Maratha Empire about two centuries ago. This seven storied structure is located near the Chhatris and serves today as a fine example of royal grandeur and architectural skills.
Structure.
The structure comprises two parts, the first one located at the heart of the city and the second one standing in the old part of the town. Rajwada palace exhibits a blend of Maratha styles, the palatial structure is sure to leave you spellbound. The entrance itself is beautiful with lofty archway and a giant wooden door covered with iron studs. As one makes his way through the entrance, one is greeted with a courtyard comprising Maratha arched Ganesha hall, a number of balconies with Maratha ornamentation, windows, and corridors, surrounded by galleried rooms. The lower three floors are made of stone and the upper floors are made of wood.
The existing building is rectangular with cylindrical bastions at the four corners.
It was constructed in 1766 and later the southern part was rebuilt in the years 1811–1833 after being damaged by fire. The Palace was constructed by the Muslim artisans from Mandu who worked for the Marathas but sought refuge in Malwa with their families, These families lived in and around Indore and went on to work for several structures for the Holkars.Maratha Dynasty.
Today it stands proudly with its 7-story façade of carved stone and wood jails, jharokhas and chattries. The front bay has substantial forecourt assessed by a large fenestration in the front façade. All activity within this structure has been systematically removed and now boasts of a small office of the Joint Director, Archeology and Souvenir Shop run by the Archeology. The rest of the building is ground and two floors.
One side of the front bay has been destroyed as has the complete rear bay. The rear bay, before reconstruction was an empty shell with garden within, enveloped by the thick external wall with the bastions.
The architecture is of the Maratha period & style. Planned with courtyards suited to tropical climes the Maratha architecture is known for its simplicity, visible visual logic & austere aesthetic, made rich by beautiful detailing, rhythm & repetition. The aisles & arcades, punctured by delicate niches, doors & windows create a space in which articulation of open, semi-open & covered areas is effortless and enchanting.
The Rajwada is now state property under the Archeology who granted special permission for rebuilding the old wada (residence) which was the main Rajwada which was completely burnt during the 1984 riots, namely the building around the Tulsi Kund along with the temple that previously existed there, between the two rear courtyards. This building was to be rebuilt by H.H Usha Raje Holkar and designed by architects Himanshu Dudwadkar and Shreya Bhargava on the 200-year-old blue print using the same material & finishes, while adhering to the seismic structural requirements, mandatory today.
The rebuilding was to be identical to what existed earlier – constructed with thin bricks in lime mortar with lime plaster, with wooden columns with stone bases, rough black basalt flooring & a brick paved courtyard in tandem with the age-old building techniques.
The only departure from the original building was a concealed ms pipe frame for structural stability in this earthquake prone zone – a necessity to obtain relevant building permissions.


Sultan Abdullah bin Omar Al-Quaiti

Sultan Abdullah bin Omar Al-Quaiti was the founder of Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut, Yemen.


Commander-in-Chief National Historic Park

The Commander-in-Chief National Historic Park () is a historic site of national historic significance associated with the Turkish War of Independence () comprising the battleground of the last battle (, literally "Field Battle of the Commander-in-Chief") in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22).


Zein Pun

Zein Pun ( ; 1295–1330) was king of Martaban for one week in 1330. Of commoner background, Zein Pun rose from a childhood servant of Prince Saw Zein to a powerful commander during Saw Zein's reign. The ambitious commander then staged a coup against his lord, killing the king. But the usurper himself was killed a week later in a counter-coup organized by Queen Sanda Min Hla.
Brief.
Zein Pun was born on 26 May 1295 to commoner parents. As a young boy, he left his native village of Atawgana (အတောဂန), and came to work as a servant in the household of Gov. Min Bala of Myaungmya and Princess Hnin U Yaing. He was part of the staff that took care of Prince Saw Zein since childhood.
Zein Pun's career rose with Saw Zein who became king in 1323. The new king, who faced several rebellions from the outset, came to rely on a small circle of trusted men. In the following years, the king went on to put down revolts in the Mon-speaking regions of Lower Burma although he could not retake the Tenasserim coast. Zein Pun apparently had proven himself. The king entrusted him to command a special military battalion made up of 500 ethnic Shan warriors.
By 1330, Zein Pun had become a powerful figure. He had built himself a large estate, surrounded by a garden and a moat, and defended by his Shan battalion. The commoner had begun eyeing the throne for himself especially after Saw Zein's recent battlefield setbacks at Prome (Pyay) in the north and at Tavoy in the south. In April/May 1330, he invited the king to his estate, which apparently was outside the capital, to his housewarming ceremony. When the unsuspecting king entered the house, his men ambushed and killed him.
He then completed by proclaiming himself king with the title of Deibban Min. The royal family of Martaban was in shock but soon reacted. The fallen king's chief queen Sanda Min Hla managed to escape the coup, and organized a counter coup of the usurper seven days later. That day, Sanda Min Hla and her retinue led by Gen. Sit Thingyan went to the palace, ostensibly to submit to the new king. Inside the palace, Sit Thingyan's men managed to overcome Zein Pun's troops. Zein Pun was put to death immediately. He was 34.
Sanda Min Hla then put her nephew Saw E on the throne, and made herself the chief queen of the nephew.


Armenian National Committee of America

The Armenian National Committee of America (ANCA) () is the largest and most influential Armenian American lobbying organization. Working in coordination with a network of offices, chapters and supporters throughout the United States and affiliated organizations around the world, the ANCA actively advances the concerns of the Armenian American community on a broad range of issues.
History.
The ANCA was founded as ACIA in 1918 and was founded as the ANCA in 1941. The ANCA is an outgrowth of the American Committee for the Independence of Armenia (ACIA) which was founded after World War I by Vahan Cardashian, the former Consul of the Ottoman Empire in Washington. Many prominent American and Allied leaders including James W. Gerard, the U.S. Ambassador to Germany, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Charles Evans Hughes (later appointed Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court), Elihu Root and others participated to this organization. The goal of ACIA was the independent Wilsonian Armenia. The ACIA had a Central Office in New York City and 23 regional offices in 13 states.
Later, these offices gradually evolved into the Armenian National Committee of America, which expanded its activities to include public relations efforts to acquaint local communities about Armenian issues including the Armenian Genocide and Armenian National aspirations. Other activities included April 24 commemoration activities, public forums, voter registration efforts, support for local and state political candidates, and updating the local community on Armenian issues.
The ANCA is active in different areas of political and educational activities, including:
Beyond the national headquarters of the ANCA located in Washington, there are two regional offices in New York City and Los Angeles, and more than fifty local chapters and thousands of activists, it is cooperating with a large web of regional Armenian National Committees (or "Armenian Cause/Hay Tad" Offices) in Armenia, Russia, France, the Middle East, Canada, South America, and Australia.
Since the early 1990s, the ANCA has defended Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act, restricting aid to the government of Azerbaijan.
The ANCA was among the major organizations backing US House Resolution 106 which called for the United States to recognize the Armenian Genocide committed by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
The Chairman of ANCA is Raffi Hamparian. The staff is composed of Executive Director Aram Hamparian, Communications Director Elizabeth S. Chouldjian, Government Affairs Director Raffi N. Karakashian, Esq., and Chief Financial Officer Christopher Hekimian.
On May 25, 2017, the ANCA issued a statement against Donald Trump's budget, which would cut 69.6% of the aid to Armenia. The ANCA stated: "We are troubled by Trump's ill-advised and misguided proposal to cut aid to Armenia."


Bhagadatta (Langkasuka)

Bhagadatta was a king of the kingdom of Langkasuka who established contacts with China in the 6th century. It is recorded in the "Book of Liang" that the king "Pojiadaduo" (婆伽達多, believed to be a Chinese transcription of Bhagadatta) sent his envoy "Acheduo" (阿撤多) to the court of Emperor Wu of Liang in 515 to present a memorial. Further missions were sent by Bhagadatta and his successor to the Liang court in 523, 531, and 568.
According to the "Book of Liang", the father of Bhagadatta was exiled by the king of Langkasuka and fled to India, where he married the eldest daughter of an Indian King, but after the king of Langkasuka had died, he was welcomed back and installed as a king. After his father had ruled Langkasuka for over 20 years, Bhagadatta succeeded the throne.
The Book of Liang notes that King Bhagadatta and his nobles wore above their robes red cloth which covered the top of their back between the shoulders. They wore golden belts and rings on their ears.


Pavel Volobuev

Pavel Vasilʹevich Volobuev (1 January 1923 - 1977) was an Azerbaijani historian who published the multi-volume "History of the USSR" in 1966. He was appointed director of the Institute of the History of the USSR of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1969.


Chinese emigration

Waves of Chinese emigration (also known as the Chinese diaspora) have happened throughout history. The mass emigration, which occurred from the 19th century to 1949, was mainly caused by corruption, starvation, and war in mainland China, and economic opportunities abroad such as the California gold rush in 1849. Most emigrants were illiterate peasants and manual labourers, who emigrated to work in places such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa, Southeast Asia, and New Zealand.
Modern emigration (late 20th century–present).
Through most of China's history, strict controls prevented large numbers of people from leaving the country. In modern times, however, some have been allowed to leave for various reasons. For example, in the early 1960s, about 100,000 people were allowed to enter Hong Kong. In the late 1970s, vigilance against illegal migration to Hong Kong was again relaxed. Perhaps as many as 200,000 reached Hong Kong in 1979, but in 1980 authorities on both sides resumed concerted efforts to reduce the flow.
More liberalized emigration policies enacted in the 1980s as part of the Opening of China facilitated the legal departure of increasing numbers of Chinese who joined their overseas Chinese relatives and friends. The Four Modernizations program, which required Chinese students and scholars, particularly scientists, to be able to attend foreign education and research institutions, brought about increased contact with the outside world, particularly the industrialized nations.
In 1983, emigration restrictions were eased as a result in part of the economic open-door policy. In 1984, more than 11,500 business visas were issued to Chinese citizens, and in 1985, approximately 15,000 Chinese scholars and students were in the United States alone. Any student who had the economic resources could apply for permission to study abroad. United States consular offices issued more than 12,500 immigrant visas in 1984, and there were 60,000 Chinese with approved visa petitions in the immigration queue.
Export of labor to foreign countries also increased. The Soviet Union, Iraq, and the Federal Republic of Germany requested 500,000 workers, and as of 1986, China sent 50,000. The signing of the United States-China Consular Convention in 1983 demonstrated the commitment to more liberal emigration policies. Both sides agreed to permit travel for the purpose of family reunification and to facilitate travel for individuals who claim both Chinese and United States citizenship. However, emigrating from China remained a complicated and lengthy process mainly because many countries were unwilling or unable to accept the large numbers of people who wished to emigrate. Other difficulties included bureaucratic delays and, in some cases, a reluctance on the part of Chinese authorities to issue passports and exit permits to individuals making notable contributions to the modernization effort.
There has additionally been a consequential component of Chinese emigration of illegal origin, most notably Fuzhou immigrants from Fujian Province and Wenzhounese from Zhejiang Province in Mainland China, specifically destined for New York City in the United States, beginning in the 1980s. Quantification of the magnitude of this modality of emigration is imprecise and varies over time, but it appears to continue unabated on a significant basis.
A much smaller wave of Chinese immigration to Malaysia came after the 1990s, holding the citizenship of the People's Republic of China and mostly Mandarin-speaking Chinese from northern China.
The only significant immigration to China has been by the overseas Chinese, who in the years since 1949 have been offered various enticements to repatriate to their homeland. Several million may have done so since 1949. The largest influx came in 1978–79, when about 160,000 to 250,000 ethnic Chinese refugees fled Vietnam for southern China, as relations between the two countries worsened. Many of these refugees were reportedly settled in state farms on Hainan Island in the South China Sea.
References.

External links.
[[Category:Chinese emigration| ]]
[[Category:Chinese diaspora| 01]]
[[Category:History of China|Emigration]]


Salankayana dynasty

The Salankayana (IAST: Śālaṇkāyana) dynasty of ancient India ruled a part of Andhra region in India from 300 to 440 CE. Their territory was located between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers. Their capital was located at Vengi, modern Pedavegi near Eluru in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
Salankayana is a Brahmin Sage.
Their name is derived from their symbol and gotra name, which stood for Nandi (the bull of Shiva).
The Salankayanas succeeded the Andhra Ikshvaku dynasty and were vassals of the Pallava kings of southern India. During their time the script for Telugu and Kannada began to clearly separate from that of the other South Indian and North Indian languages. Hastivarman, the first king, was one of the many kings who were defeated by Samudragupta, but were later released and paid him tribute.
The verse from the Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta which mentions Hastivarma:
In the late 5th century, the Salankayanas were conquered by Madhava Varma II of the Vishnukundinas.


Mir Jumla II

Mir Jumla II (1591 – 30 March 1663) was a prominent subahdar of Bengal under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Early life.
Mir Jumla was born in Iran, the son of an oil merchant. In his early age Mir Jumla found a job of a clerk under a diamond merchant who had connections with the Kingdom of Golkonda. (near present day city of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India). The region was famous for its diamond mines. Later he came to the Mughal Empire and started his own diamond business. He got involved in maritime commercial endeavours and achieved success.
Mir Jumla entered the service of the Sultan of Golconda and rose to the position of "Vizier" (Prime Minister) of the kingdom. He met and befriended the French traveller Jean-Baptiste Tavernier during this time. Tavernier was a pioneer of European trade with India and Mir Jumla is mentioned prominently in his book "Les Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier" (1676).
Mughal maritime trade.
Mir Jumla had his own ships and organised merchant fleets in the 1640s that sailed throughout Surat, Thatta, Arakan, Ayuthya, Balasore, Aceh, Melaka, Johore, Bantam, Makassar, Ceylon, Bandar Abbas, Mecca, Jeddah, Basra, Aden, Masqat, Mocha and the Maldives.
Career in the Mughal Imperial Court.
Prince Aurangzeb, the Mughal viceroy in the Deccan forwarded his cause and he got the protection of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan who honoured him with the title of Muazzam Khan, raised him to the rank of 6000 zat and 6000 sawar and appointed him the diwan-i-kul or the prime minister.
On his accession to the throne, Aurangzeb entrusted Mir Jumla with the task of dealing with Shah Shuja. Shuja was Auranzeb's brother and a contender to the Mughal throne. He was defeated in the Battle of Khajwa and took to flight. Mir Jumla pursued Shuja from Khajwa to Tanda and from Tanda to Dhaka (capital of the present day Bangladesh), where he arrived on 9 May 1660. The latter, however, had already left Dhaka, crossed the eastern border and ultimately found shelter with the king of Arakan (modern day Myanmar).
Soon after his arrival at Dhaka, Mir Jumla received the imperial farman (decree) appointing him subahdar (governor) of Bengal. The emperor, in recognition of his services, honoured Mir Jumla with titles, rewards and increment of mansab (rank). He at once began reorganising the administration, which had become slack in the absence of Shuja during the war of succession, and disobedience and refractoriness had become prevalent. Reversing the action of Shuja who had transferred the capital to Rajmahal, he restored Dhaka to its former glory. He then paid attention to the administration of justice, dismissed dishonest Qazis (clerics and judges) and Mir Adils and replaced them with honest persons. According to Niccolai Manucci, Shuja fled back to Tripura with his surviving middle son Buland Akhtar whom Tripura king Nakshatra Roy alias Chhatra Narayan helped to reach Manipur by supplying elephants and a few guards for fear of Aurangzeb's pursuing army and informers. Shuja reached ultimately Manipur (Mekhli) in 1662 starting from Daccca in 1660 via Arakan and Tripura, according to Dr. John Peter Wade ("An Account of Assam", 1800, p. 297). Manipur king Khunjaoba received him in 1662 and kept him secret of his identity and also Aurangzeb sent a three-man embassy ("Ahaddis") to Manipur regarding the matter and Manipur king too reciprocated with a three-man embassy to the Mughal Court (A. Hakim Shah Khullakpam, 2008, "The Manipur Governance To the Meitei Pangal or Manipuri Muslims", Imphal: Pearl, p. 56).
Shuja was hiding for sometime in Shujalok (Kairang in east of Imphal of Manipur) and in Ukhrul hill of the present state, and returned to the valley in 1679 (R.K. Sanahal Singh, 1989, "Pangal Thorakpa", Imphal: Liberty Publication). Since Shuja arrived on elephant supplied by Tripura king, he was also known as "Shuna-i-pil" (Sunarphul), meaning "officer-in-charge of elephants", among Manipuri annalists and in the puya, "Nongsamei."(Ibid). He died sometime in 1691 and was buried at Shujalok (Janab Khan, 1972, "Manipuri Muslims", Imphal: Shanti Press). (see also: "How Shuja, Brother of Aurangzeb Died at Ukhrul (sic); Manipuri Muslims Socially Speaking)".
Mir Jumla's construction activities in Dhaka and its suburbs resulted in two roads, two bridges and a network of forts, which were necessary for public welfare, strategic purposes, and speedy dispatch of troops, equipment and ammunition. A fort at Tangi-Jamalpur guarded one of the roads connecting Dhaka with the northern districts; it is now known as the Mymensingh Road. The other road led eastward, connecting the capital city with Fatulla (old Dhapa), where there were two forts, and by extension the road could lead up to Khizrpur where two other forts were situated. The Pagla bridge lies on this road off Fatulla. Some parts of the roads and forts built by Mir Jumla are still extant.
Northeastern frontier expedition.
The most important aspect of Mir Jumla's rule in Bengal was his northeastern frontier policy, by which he conquered the frontier kingdoms of Kamrup (Kamarupa) and Assam. Koch Behar was a vassal state, but Raja Pran Narayan took advantage of the war of succession and shook off his allegiance. The Ahom king of Assam, Jayadhwaj Singha, occupied a part of Kamrup, which had earlier been integrated with the Bengal subah.
Mir Jumla advanced with a large army and navy against the enemy; he sent the main body of the troops and the navy towards Kamrup, while he himself proceeded against Koch Behar. On his approach, Pran Narayan evacuated the country and fled towards the hills. Koch Behar was occupied in about one month and a half and making administrative arrangements there, Mir Jumla came to join the advance party towards Kamrup.
The king of Assam was prudent enough to evacuate Kamrup, but Mir Jumla decided to conquer Assam also. Mir Jumla took 12,000 cavalry, 30,000 infantry, and a fleet of 323 ships and boats up river towards Assam—the naval contingent comprised Portuguese, English, and Dutch sailors.
An account of the campaign and the life during the times was presented by the Venetian adventurer Niccolao Manucci in his memoirs "Storia do Mogor". This book was a reference for the work of the French historian François Catrou who wrote the 'Histoire Générale de l'Empire du Mogol' in 1715. Manucci also got acquainted with a Mughal Navy officer of British descent during the same period named Thomas Pratte. Pratte was appointed by Mir Jumla as an officer in the Mughal navy and used to collect war boats and procure gunpowder necessary for naval warfare.
Assam, in those days, was a big country and its physiography was much different from that of Bengal. But nothing daunted Mir Jumla. In less than six weeks' time, since his starting from Guwahati, Mir Jumla conquered up to Garhgaon, the capital of Assam.
Jungle warfare and counter-insurgency campaign.
Beyond that the country was full of high hills and mountains, inaccessible for horses and troops, where the Ahom king took shelter. During the rains, the Mughals were locked in a few raised grounds, the roads were submerged, the streams and even the Nalahs (drains) swelled up to become big rivers..
Many armies would have disintegrated under these circumstances but under Mir Jumla's magnificent leadership, the Mughal army held firm and remained on the offensive.
After the rains were over, both Mir Jumla and the king of Assam agreed to sign a peace treaty. The terms of treaty implied that the Ahom king or Swargadeo would accept Mughal rule and both the Swargadeo and the Tipam king would offer their daughters to the Mughal harem (The Ahom princess was Ramani Gabharu, the sole daughter of the then Swargadeo, Jayadhwaj Singha. She later became the daughter-in-law of Emperor Aurangzeb as Rahmat Banu Begum). The Ahoms also had to pay a war indemnity and an annual tribute of 20 elephants. They also had to cede the western half of their kingdom from Guwahati to Manas river.
Death and legacy.
Mir Jumla died on his way back from the Assamese territory on 30 March 1663. His tomb located on a small hillock at Mankachar, Assam has been maintained over the centuries. It is near Garo Hills in the northeastern Indian state of Meghalaya. The tomb reflects a remarkably long grave and bears testimony to the tall height of Mir Jumla. There are two more unidentified graves beside the tomb of Mir Jumla said to be of two Pirs, i. e. of holy saints.


Demetrius III of Abkhazia

Demetrius III () was King of the Abkhazia from 967 AD until 975 AD. He was the third son of George II of the Anchabadze dynasty. He succeeded his brother Leon III, who died without a male heir.
Life.
Demetrius III succeeded his brother Leon III, who died without a male heir in 967. The loyalty of nobles to the Abkhazian crown was far from stable. A party of nobles gathered and appealed to his younger brother Theodosius, who lived in exile in Byzantium, to assert his rights to the throne. The pretender and his followers were quickly defeated by Demetrius III. Teodosius first took refuge in the Kartli with certain Adarnase, then with David III of Tao where he remained for a while, and finally moved at the court of Kvirke II of Kakheti. Demetrius III managed to convince Theodosius to organize a reconciliation, who agreed to return to Abkhazia with guarantees of personal security confirmed by oaths before the Catholicos and the clergy. The central government was still powerful enough to cope with the local separatism, but not for surmounting the growing structural crisis. The weakness of the government brought about another act of cruelty. Demetrius caught his brother Theodosius in plotting again and makes blind. This act raises the indignation of his subjects.
Nevertheless, Demetrius too dies childless, and Theodosius Ill the Blind (975-978) becomes the sole heir to the throne of Abkhazia.


Tigranes V of Armenia

Tigranes V, also known as Tigran V (Armenian: Տիգրան, , 16 BC–36 AD) was a Herodian Prince who ruled as a Roman Client King of Armenia from 6 AD to 12 AD.
Family and life in the Herodian court.
Tigranes was the first-born son of Alexander and Glaphyra. His younger brother was called Alexander and he also had a younger sister. His nephew Tigranes VI served as a Roman Client King of Armenia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. His father Alexander was a Judean Prince and was a son of King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. His mother Glaphyra was a Cappadocian Princess. She was the daughter of the King Archelaus of Cappadocia and her mother was from Armenia, possibly related to the Artaxiad Dynasty.
Tigranes was named in honour of his mother's Armenian and Hellenic lineage. The name "Tigranes" was the most common royal name in the Artaxiad Dynasty and was among the most ancient names of the Armenian Kings. Roman Emperor Augustus mentions Tigranes’ Armenian ancestry in his political testament:
Tigranes was born and raised in Herod's court in Jerusalem. After the death of Tigranes' father in 7 BC, Herod forced his mother to return to Cappadocia, leaving her children under the sole custody of Herod in Jerusalem. Tigranes and his brother remained under Herod's guardianship so he could be able to control their fates. Another son of Herod's, Antipater, was concerned for Tigranes and his brother as he expected them to attain higher stations, because of the assistance Antipater considered likely from their maternal grandfather Archelaus.
Herod died in 4 BC in Jericho. After the death of Herod, Tigranes and his brother decided to leave Jerusalem and to live with their mother and her family in the Cappadocian Royal Court. After Tigranes and his brother arrived in Cappadocia, they disowned their Jewish descent and religion and embraced their Greek descent and religion. Archelaus sent Tigranes to live and be educated in Rome.
King of Armenia.
Artavasdes IV was King of Armenia but was an unpopular ruler. In 6 AD he was murdered by his subjects. After the death of Artavasdes IV, Augustus revised his foreign policy and appointed Tigranes as King of Armenia. Tigranes was accompanied by Archelaus and Tiberius to Armenia, where he was installed as King at Artaxata. Artaxata became Tigranes' capital. Initially, Tigranes ruled Armenia as a sole ruler but the Armenian nobles were dissatisfied with this situation and restored Queen Erato back to the throne as Tigranes' co-ruler. Tigranes' co-rule with Erato is supported by numismatic evidence.
Little is known about his reign of Armenia although some coinage has survived from his reign. The surviving coinage reflects his Hellenic and Armenian descent and provides evidence that he relinquished his Jewish connections. His royal title is in Greek "ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΤΙΓΡΑΝΟΥ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ" which means "of great King Tigranes". In 12 AD, Erato and Tigranes were overthrown. Augustus kept Armenia as a client kingdom and appointed Vonones I of Parthia as King of Armenia.
Life after being King of Armenia.
After his time as king of Armenia, Tigranes remained in contention to reclaim his throne through to the first years of Roman Emperor Tiberius' reign. Around 18 AD Vonones I died. However, the kingdom of Armenia was given to Artaxias III.
Little is known about Tigranes' later life. His wife was the daughter of Pheroras, but they had no children. Pheroras was his paternal great-uncle and a brother to Herod. Tacitus records that Tigranes was a victim of the reign of terror that marked Tiberius' latter years. The charges brought against him by Tiberius in 36 AD are not known but it would seem that he did not survive them.


Saint John the Baptist Parish Church (Liliw)

St. John the Baptist Parish Church (Filipino: "Simbahan ng Parokya ng San Juan Bautista"), also known as Liliw Church or Lilio Church, is one of the Roman Catholic churches in Liliw, Laguna, Philippines. Its feast is celebrated every August 29 known as the Martyrdom of St. John the Baptist. The church is known for its red bricked façade and baroque style architecture.
History.
Liliw was established as a "reduccion" by Franciscan priests Juan de Plasencia and Diego Oropesa in 1578. It was annexed as a visita of Nagcarlan until it became an independent parish with Father Miguel de San Lucas as first parish priest in 1605 by the Franciscan missionaries. The first church was built in wood in 1620. A stronger stone church was built from 1643 to 1646 and was partially destroyed during the 1880 Luzon earthquake. It was reconstructed in 1885 and was partially burned on April 6, 1898.
Architecture.
The church, which is designed in baroque style, is adorned with red bricks.
Façade.
The most prominent and notable part of the church is the façade is made of striking red bricks and adobe. On top of the wooden door entrance is a white sculpted image of the "Baptism of Jesus by St. John the Baptist". It also contains stained glass images along with red bricked columns.
Retablo.
The church has three "retablos" or altars finished in gold leaf. The "retablo mayor" (main altar) at the center contains thirteen niches across four levels housing statues of saints. At the center of the lowest level contains the tabernacle. The two minor "retablos" on each side houses four niches of saints. Originally, these two minor retablos were dedicated in honor of the town's second patron, San Buenaventura and San Antonio de Padua. It was restored by following the description of a visiting friar through the efforts of Director Emmanuel 'Maning' Borlaza, Mrs. Concepcion Brosas and the people of Liliw.
"Capilla de San Buenaventura".
From the church's entresuelo entrance, a small passageway to the left leads to a small chapel named in honor of the Seraphic Doctor, San Buenaventura through the efforts of Rev. Fr. Philip Atienza. At the center of the chapel is an image of San Buenaventura enclosed in a retablo with narra wood in the patio grounds as its material made by a local Paete carver,Peter Paraiso. A first class relic was also housed in the chapel. In 1664, the image of San Buenaventura wept and sweated blood, with Padre Juan Pastor and 120 witnesses. On the right side of the church's entrance is the adoration chapel of the church. It was originally the baptisterio of the church. The original marble baptismal font was intact and kept inside the parish museum.
Church Patio.
The grounds outside the church have been developed to promote Christian teachings for pilgrims. At the middle of the "patio" is a white statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. On both sides, several elevated white statues of different saints patron of each barangay in the town. The church patio was named, Patio de Sagrada Familia.


Govinda II

Govinda II (reigned 774–780 CE) was an emperor of the Rashtrakuta Empire after Krishna I.
The eldest son of Krishna I, Govinda II left the administration to his younger brother Dhruva Dharavarsha (who was also known as Nirupama). Apart from his dedication to sensual pleasures and an invasion of Vengi and the subsequent defeat of Eastern Chalukya ruler Vishnuvardhana IV (when his father Krishna I was still the Rashtrakuta emperor), not much is known about Govinda II. It seems his younger brother Dhruva did most of the conquering as the empire had reached three times the size it was during the time of Krishna I. From the Paithan copper plate inscription that an attempt by Govinda II to regain his lost control over the empire with the help of neighboring Kings of Malwa, Kanchi and Vengi failed and that Dhruva Dharavarsha brought the empire firmly under his control.
External links.
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Ahmad Nakhchivani

Ahmad ibn Ayuub al-Hafiz Nakhchivani () – was an Azerbaijani medieval architect. Ahmad Nakhchivani was the most eminent representative of Nakhchivan-Maragha architectural school and two buildings constructed by him are saved up to present days. One of these buildings is Barda Mausoleum (1322) and the other is Garabaghlar Mausoleum built in honour of Gudi khatun (1330s).
The architect wrote his name on violet enamel of a northern arch of Garabaghlar mausoleum. Compositional structure, fine ornaments, geometrical shape, multi-color enamels of the building and usage of ligatures as ornaments are typical features of Ahmad Nakchivani's architectural style. It is assumed that Akhsadan Baba Mausoleum of Barda was also built by Ahmad Nakhchivani, because the architecture of the building is typical to the architect's style.


Kavan Tissa, Prince of Ruhuna

Kavan Tissa, also known as Kavantissa, Kaha Wan Thissa,(that means who has the color of golden body). was the king of the Kingdom of Ruhuna in the southern part of Sri Lanka. He ruled Ruhuna, in the same time as Keleni Tissa of Maya Rata and the usurping Tamil king of Anuradhapura, Ellalan of South India, expanding and beautifying the city, and projecting the power of his native Rajarata region across the island of Sri Lanka. Kavan Tissa was a great-grandson of King Devanampiyatissa's youngest brother Mahanaga, and also the father of the great Sinhalese King Dutugemunu.
In Wilhelm Geiger's rendering of the Mahavamsa Kavantissa is given as Kakavannatissa. Under that name the Mahavamsa mentions him twice.
In chapter 15 Kavantissa, or Kakavannatissa is the son of a king named Gothabhaya and father of king Abhaya better known as Dutthagamini, correctly spelled as Dutugemunu.
Chapter 15 of the Mahavamsa has been called, either by Geiger or by previous scribes, "The acceptance of the Mahavihara".
Chapter 22 of the Mahavamsa, "The birth of Prince Gamani" is mention of the city of Rohana where there are "still princes who have faith in the three gems" (Buddha, his Teaching, the Community of monastics). This chapter 22 describes the war against the Damila. This name of Damila occurs both in the Mahavamsa and in the Culavamsa (Small Cronicle).
As with his son Dutugemunu, Kavan Tissa's figure is mostly swathed in myth and legend. The main source of information on his life is "Mahavamsa", the historical poem about the kings of Sri Lanka, which portrays Kavan Tissa as "devoutly believing in the three gems, [and] he provided the brotherhood continually with... needful things".


Muhammad Imaaduddeen V

Sultan Muhammad Imaaduddeen V (1884–1920), son of Ibrahim Nooraddeen and Bodugaluge Didi of Machchangoalhi Ganduvaru, and also younger half-brother of Muhammad Shamsuddeen III, was the sultan of the Maldives from 1892 to 1893 for five months. He was 8 years old when he became the sultan, after the death of his father Sultan Ibrahim Nooraddeen. Despite having an older half-brother, Imaaduddeen V, was appointed as sultan by a decree of the Council of Ministers ("Raskan-hingaa Majlis") headed by Ibrahim Didi, brother-in-law to the late sultan Nooraddeen. Meanwhile, a vigorous protest was handed down to the Ceylon Governor in Colombo by Muhammed Didi, the brother of Kakaage Don Goma, one of the late Sultan Nooraddeen's wives highlighting that "the Law of Succession in the Maldive Islands" which supported lineal primogeniture has been breached and that his great-nephew Muhammed Shamsuddeen (then Kakaage Doshi Mannipulhu) who was 14 and thus the eldest son of the late Sultan should be the legitimate heir to the throne. Five months later Imaaduddeen was deposed by Muhammad Shamsuddeen III as the Sultan of the Maldives. He died during his brother's reign.


Jalal Khan

Jalal Khan () is a legendary figure in the history of the Baloch people who led the Baloch from Persia to Makran.
Jalal Khan had four sons, Rind Khan, Hoth Khan, Lashar Khan, and Kora Khan, and a daughter, Bibi Jato, who was married to his nephew (and her cousin) Murad. Jalal Khan also had two known brothers, Mir Ali and Mir Nos. One of his known grandsons is Mir Aalii, son of King Hoth and his great grandsons include Mir Dostein Hoth from the story/folklore “Sassui Punnuh”. Baloch tribes derive their eponymous names from Jalal Khan's children, these five are believed to be the founders of the main Balochi divisions: Rind, Lashari (Laashaar), Hoth/Hooth, Korai and Jatoi.
He may be the same as Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire.
Not much is known about his ancestry and the origins of Baloch people in general.
All 150+ tribes/sub tribes/clans of the Baloch are his direct descendants.
Ancestry and history.
It’s widely believed that Jalal Khan (similarly to all Baloch people) is a descendant of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad’s uncle, Ameer Hamza. After the fight against second Ummayad Caliph Yazid I at Karbala (in which Ameer Hamza’s descendants supported and fought alongside Husayn ibn Ali) in 680, descendants of Ameer Hamza went off to settle at the east or southeast of the central Caspian region, specially toward Sistan, Iran. It’s also believed that his ancestors were distantly related to the Oghuz Turks, Qarmatian and the Kurds. Because of the belief that Baloch people’s ancestral home was Aleppo, second largest city in modern day Syria, it’s theorised that they "possibly" could also be "very close" to the Ayyubids or Fatimid and one point in history.


Al Oud cemetery

Al Oud Cemetery () is a public cemetery in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The word "Oud", in Arabic, means "elder (older person)", referring to King Abdulaziz, who was buried in the cemetery.
Location.
Al Oud graveyard is situated at Al Ghafran district and around 1 km away from Batha'a street, the center of Riyadh. More specifically, the cemetery is on the right hand side of Batha'a street going south, between Al Diryah and Manhub. It is some 2 1/2 km from the Imam Turki bin Abdullah mosque. In March 2012, the environmental health directorate of the Riyadh municipality started a project to mark each grave electronically. People usually go there to pay respects to the dead.
Burials.
The cemetery is well-known, since it is the resting place for majority of the Saudi royal members, including Ibn Saud, King Fahd, King Khalid, King Faisal, King Saud, and King Abdullah.
Other senior royal figures, such as Prince Sultan, Prince Fahd, Prince Ahmed, Sultana bint Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi, wife of King Salman, Hussa bint Turki al Awwal, and Sultan bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah were also buried there. The others include Prince Nasser, Prince Faisal, Prince Abdul Majeed, Prince Badr, Prince Muhammed, Prince Turki, and Sultana bint Abdulaziz Al Saud.
Well-known writer and public-figure Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi was buried there, too. The graveyard is being used for both commoners and royalty.


Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings

On the 2000 Christmas Eve, a series of explosions took place in Indonesia, which were part of a high-scale terrorist attack by Al Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. The attack involved a series of coordinated bombings of churches in Jakarta and eight other cities which killed 18 people and injured many others. Malaysian extremists Azahari Husin and Noordin Mohammad Top are the true mastermind behind this event.
Bombing locations.
A breakdown of the bombings is as follows:
Arrests.
Two suspects were arrested following the bombings. Indonesian police say they found documents implicating Hambali in the bombings. Abu Bakar Bashir was tried for involvement in the bombings in 2003 but was found not guilty; he was subsequently convicted of involvement in the 2002 Bali bombing.
In popular culture.
The Indonesian progressive metal band Kekal has cited the bombings as an inspiration for its anti-terrorism song "Mean Attraction," which appeared on its third full-length album, "The Painful Experience".


Zapote Line

The Zapote Line was a defensive system built during the period of Spanish occupation of the Philippines. It was a complex of blockhouses and military trenches from Fort San Antonio Abad to the Zapote River. Its loss to Filipino revolutionaries by the Spanish in May/June 1898 was a critical development in the Philippine Revolution after it was rekindled by the Spanish–American War.
Following this loss, it was an easy matter for insurgent forces to isolate the province of Manila (formerly known as Tondo until 1859) from Cavite and other provinces to the South while American naval forces blockaded Manila Bay.


Daiju-ji

Daiju-ji () is a Buddhist temple located in Okazaki, Aichi. Built by Matsudaira Chikatada (松平 親忠) in 1475, Daiju-ji was the family temple of the Matsudaira (松平氏) and Tokugawa clans (德川氏) which ruled Japan between 1600 and 1868. The Tahōtō of Daiju-ji, an Important Cultural Property of Japan, was built by Matsudaira Kiyoyasu (松平 清康), grandfather of Tokugawa Ieyasu (德川 家康).
After the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, in which Imagawa Yoshimoto (今川 義元) was killed by Oda Nobunaga (織田 信長), Tokugawa Ieyasu, at the time part of Imagawa's army, reportedly fled to Daiju-ji. He planned to kill himself at the temple, but while there, he was persuaded by the chief priest to declare the Matsudaira clan's independence from the Imagawa clan.


Sanna (king)

Sanna was a king, who ruled Java during the early 8th century CE.
According to Canggal inscription (dated 732 CE), the island of Java had long been under the rule of this wise and virtuous king. However, the kingdom fell into disunity after his death. Amid a period of violence and confusion Sanjaya, son of Sannaha (the sister of Sanna) ascended to the throne, and established the Kingdom of Mataram.
He was named as Prabu Sanna or Bratasena in "Carita Parahyangan" (a book composed around late 16th-century CE). According to Carita Parahyangan, Sanna was the King of Galuh that was usurped by his cousin, Purbasora. In this book, Sanjaya is described as the son of Sanna, rather than his nephew. So, to avenge his father's defeat, Sanjaya attacked Galuh with a special force and killed Purbasora along with his family. Afterwards, Sanjaya reclaimed Sanna's kingdom and began to rule Java.


Al-Qahira Castle

Al-Qahira Castle is a historical castle in the ancient city of Taiz, Yemen. It is located on the northern slope of Mount Sabr, which is based on rocky highlands overlooking the city. It is said that the area was originally referred as the old Taiz, and later renamed as Al-Qahira (Cairo). The castle is considered as the nucleus of the city of Taiz.
The sultan of the Sulayhids 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad al-Sulayhi commissioned the castle in the first half of the 12th-century and it was expanded during the rule of his brother Ali ibn Muhammad al-Sulayhi.
Architecture.
Al-Qahira Castle consists of two sections. The first section is called "Al-Adina" and includes gardens constructed in the form of a terrace built on the slope of the mountain. Water vapor and basins are carved and built-in one of the facades of the mountain, as well as the mansions scattered around it, surrounded by towers and parks. In this section, there are four palaces, each named Dar al-Adab, Dar al-Shajarah, Dar al-'Adil, and Dar al-'Amara. Dar al-'Amara was specially designated for the sultan and as the guest house for distinguished guests, and it was attached with the tunnels and secret passages connecting to the other palaces. The second part of the castle is referred to as "the area of the Maghreb", and consists of a number of palaces, guard towers, grain storage facilities, and water reservoirs. The wall of the castle is one of the most important historical artifacts of the city of Taiz, which was built in ancient times in order to contain all the neighborhoods of the old city. It is also believed to have been founded in the era of the Sulayhid dynasty and was built with complex engineering technology. Its height reaches 120 meters and a thickness of four meters, and it contained rooms for servants and guardians, some of which still remain today.
As for the castle wall, it connects with the old wall of Taiz, which had four main gates: Bab al-Kabir, Bab Musa, Bab al-Madjar, and Bab al-Nasr. Above the gate existed a watchtower guarding the city. The main entrance to the castle is located on the south side of the Al-Moayad area. It consists of a madrasa built by the Sultan al-Muayyad in 1281, a small dome, a pond, and the remains of Sultan Al-Muayyed Park. The madrasa has a small sahn, and the park still stands until today.
Destruction.
In 2015, during the course of the Yemeni Civil War, the castle was taken over by Houthi rebels, and struck by an airstrike of the Saudi-led coalitions afterwards. The local outlet stated that the castle was "destroyed", although the level of destruction remains unclear.
According to a UNESCO report, Al-Qahira Castle was damaged in two separate strikes: on May 10 and May 21, 2015. 30% of the castle was damaged in the second strike.
The castle was later taken over by al-Qaeda-linked Abu Al Abbas Brigades, who used it as a military barracks. On 26 August 2018, the castle was reported to be under the control of the internationally recognized Yemeni government who reopened it for visitors after defeating the UAE-backed Abu Al Abbas Brigades. The castle was closed for 4 years and was being used as barracks.


Largest cities in Japan by population by decade

This article lists the ten most populous cities in Japan by decade, starting after the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The first Japanese Census was not conducted until 1920, but other civilian and military population counts were carried out in the prior years between 1872 and 1918, and those form the source data for this article. When data is not available right on the turn of the decade, the closest year is used.
1873.
In 1868, the Meiji Restoration deposed the Tokugawa Shogunate and founded the Empire of Japan. Many major cities had lost population since the Tokugawa Era, as samurai left the former castle towns after the collapse of the military order.
Source data is from "Nihon Chishi Teiyo" (日本地誌提要, the Japanese Topographical Outline).
1881.
Several major cities and towns actually lost population over the 1870s, as people continued to emigrate out of the former castle towns.
Source data is from the Fourth Joint Military-Government Report (第四回共武政表), a requisitioning document listing municipal populations and available resources and provisions.
1891.
In 1888, the government enacted a sweeping overhaul of the municipal government system, part of which involved a drastic program of municipality mergers. Overall, the "Great Meiji Mergers" cut the number of municipalities in Japan by more than three quarters, while dramatically increasing the size of many cities as they absorbed their surrounding towns and villages.
Source data is from the 1891 Imperial Japanese Registered Household Report (日本帝国民籍戸口表).
1898.
Source data is from the 1898 Imperial Japanese Population Statistics (日本帝国人口統計).
1909.
Source data is from the 1908 Imperial Japanese Population Statistics (日本帝国人口統計).
1920.
Source data is from the 1920 Census (国勢調査), the first formal census to be taken in Japan.
1930.
Source data is from the 1930 Census.
1940.
Source data is from the 1940 Census.
1950.
Japan emerged from the Second World War in defeat, under temporary American administration. Many cities had been attacked by American bomber forces, and many of the largest cities suffered further loss as residents evacuated to more rural regions of the country. Cities, though, were already recovering quickly from their wartime lows.
Source data is from the 1950 Census.
1960.
A series of municipal mergers throughout the 1950s known as the "Great Showa Mergers" cut the number of municipalities in Japan by almost two thirds, significantly increasing the size of many cities in the process. By this time, almost all of Japan's largest cities had recovered war losses and exceeded their prewar populations.
Source data is from the 1960 Census.
1970.
Tokyo and Osaka began to experience a trend of suburbanization, as people left the cities for the less densely peopled surrounding municipalities. Other major cities continued to grow rapidly.
Source data is from the 1970 Census.
1980.
Source data is from the 1980 Census.
1990.
By 1990, almost all the largest Japanese cities had assumed their present-day population ranking.
Source data is from the 1990 Census.
2000.
By 2002, the ongoing suburbanization drawing population from Tōkyō and Ōsaka was showing signs of abating, with people slowly moving back into the cities proper.
Source data is from the 2000 Census.
2010.
In the mid-2000s, another series of municipal mergers was enacted. The "Great Heisei Mergers" nearly halved the number of municipalities in Japan, once again increasing the size of some cities significantly and creating new towns and cities. Despite a mounting population loss in rural areas and some smaller cities, Japan's major cities continue to grow.
Source date is from the 2010 Census.


Taganak Island

Taganak Island is a small tropical island surrounded by the Sulu Sea in the province of Tawi-Tawi, Philippines. The island is the largest of the seven Philippine Turtle Islands.
Geography.
The island is at the very edge of the international treaty limits separating the Philippines from Malaysia. Taganak contains about with the highest point at . The island is about one mile in length.
History.
As one of the Philippine Turtle Islands the island enjoys the historical distinction of being territory that was not under Philippine administration at the time of independence in 1946. The State of North Borneo, a United Kingdom protectorate, administered the Philippine island. The Republic of the Philippines took over the administration of the island from the United Kingdom on 16 October 1947. The first Filipino district officer and police force to administer the Philippine Turtle Islands assumed their duties in Taganak on 22 October 1947.
The island is near the entrance to Sandakan Bay. The lighthouse on the island, which was of practical importance to nearby North Borneo, became the subject of an international dispute known as the "Taganak Lighthouse Dispute". The 1930 international treaty dealing with the transfer of administration of the Turtle Islands including Taganak contained the following provision:
At the time of the transfer of the island the Philippine government rejected the UK request that the Philippines pay for the cost of the lighthouse and that they provide for its maintenance in the future. The Manila government asserted that the lighthouse had been severely damaged in the war, that it had not been in operation since its destruction, and that the Philippines did not need its service. The government was willing to lease the site for the lighthouse to North Borneo for one peso per annum, as long as the British needed and used the facility. The United Kingdom view was that the Philippines was required under the terms of the 1930 treaty concerning the Turtle Islands to maintain it in the future.
Today, the abandoned lighthouse tower remains at the summit of the island.
President Elpidio Quirino spent two hours on 22 May 1951 visiting Taganak Island. The President visited the marker on the spot where the Philippine flag was raised during the ceremonies at the turnover by the British of the administration of the Turtle Islands to the Philippine government. He also inspected the deposits of turtle eggs whose collection and sale had since been undertaken by the Philippine Government, and looked into the island’s main industry — copra. The President also visited the second biggest island in the group, Baguan, where most of the turtle eggs are gathered. He spent here another hour inspecting the turtle egg industry.
At a time of increased tension between Philippines and Malaysia, the presence of Philippine troops on Taganak Island was cited as threatening in a 1968 speech made in the Malaysian parliament by Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman. In the aftermath of strained relations between the Philippines and Malaysia in 2013 when many Filipinos were being deported from Sabah, approximately 400 Filipinos from Sabah became briefly stranded on the island.
Government and ownership.
The island is part of the barangay of Taganak Poblacion which had a population of 2,430 at the time of the 2010 census. Its serves as the administrative center of the municipality of the Turtle Islands. There is an elementary school on the island which had 662 students in the 2013/2014 academic year. Taganak National High School also provides second level education on the island.
The island is part of the Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary established on 12 August 1999 by Presidential Proclamation 171. There is a turtle hatchery on the island. There is no electricity supply on the island. The island is owned by the State. In 2014 plans to build a hotel and tourist cottages to boost 'ecotourism' and accommodate tourists for the Turtle Island Wildlife Sanctuary were approved. The Protected Area Management Board approved a resolution for the construction of a Php 28 million Hotel to be built on Taganak Island.
Crime and Piracy.
The Abu Sayyaf criminal terrorist group who specialise in kidnap for ransom was active in the vicinity of the island. In 2017 it was reported they had abducted six Vietnamese off Taganak Island. The island is also a transit point for smuggling of goods including turtle eggs. The island has also been cited as a transit point for illegal migration into Malaysia. There is a maritime police station and coast guard station for the security of the island.


Indian Museum, Kolkata

The Indian Museum in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, also referred to as the Imperial Museum at Calcutta in colonial-era texts, is the ninth oldest museum in the world, the oldest museum in India, and the largest museum in India. It has rare collections of antiques, armour and ornaments, fossils, skeletons, mummies and Mughal paintings. It was founded by the Asiatic Society of Bengal in Kolkata (Calcutta), India, in 1814. The founder curator was Nathaniel Wallich, a Danish botanist.
It has six sections comprising thirty five galleries of cultural and scientific artifacts namely Indian art, archaeology, anthropology, geology, zoology and economic botany. Many rare and unique specimens, both Indian and trans-Indian, relating to humanities and natural sciences, are preserved and displayed in the galleries of these sections. In particular the art and archaeology sections hold collections of international importance.
It is an autonomous organization under Ministry of Culture, Government of India. The present Director of the Indian Museum is Shri Arijit Dutta Choudhury who is also the Director General, NCSM and having the additional charge of Director General of National Library.
Administrative control of the Cultural sections, viz. Art, Archaeology and Anthropology rests with the Board of Trustees under its Directorate, and that of the three other science sections is with the geological survey of India, the zoological survey of India and the Botanical survey of India. The museum Directorate has eight co-ordinating service units: Education, preservation, publication, presentation, photography, medical, modelling and library. This multipurpose institution with multidisciplinary activities is being included as an Institute of national importance in the seventh schedule of the Constitution of India.
History.
The Indian Museum originated from the Asiatic Society of Bengal which was created by Sir William Jones in 1784. The concept of having a museum arose in 1796 from members of the Asiatic Society as a place where man-made and natural objects collected could be kept, cared for and displayed.
The objective began to look achievable in 1808 when the Society was offered suitable accommodation by the Government of India in the Chowringhee-Park Street area.
On February 2, 1814, Nathaniel Wallich, a Danish botanist, who had been captured in the siege of Serampore but later released, wrote to the council of the Asiatic Society for the formation of a museum out of his own collection and that of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta, volunteering his service as a Curator wherein he proposed two sections—an archaeological, ethnological, a technical section and a geological and zoological one. The council readily agreed and the Museum was created, with Wallich named the Honorary Curator and then Superintendent of the Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society. Wallich also donated a number of botanical specimens to the museum from his personal collection. In 1815, Mr William Lloyd Gibbons, Asst Secretary and Librarian, was appointed Joint Secretary of the Museum.
After the resignation of Wallich, curators were paid salaries by the Asiatic Society ranging from Rs 50 to Rs 200 a month. However, in 1836, when the bankers of the Asiatic Society (Palmer and Company) became insolvent, the Government began to pay the salary of the Curator from its public funds since a large part of the collection was that of the surveyors of Survey of India.
A temporary grant of Rs 200 per month was sanctioned for maintenance of the museum and library, and J. T. Pearson of the Bengal Medical Service was appointed curator, followed shortly by John McClelland and, after the former's resignation, by Edward Blyth.
In 1840, the Government took a keen interest in geology and mineral resources, and this led to an additional grant of Rs 250 per month for the geological section alone. In 1851 when the Geological Survey of India came into being with the advent of Sir Thomas Oldham, a rented building at 1, Hastings Road now K N Roy Road, the present site of the New Secretariat became its office. The geological collection of the Government of India 'Museum of Economic Geology' at the Asiatic Society, were then transferred to this site in 1856. The Asiatic Society geological collection were however held back with the condition that it would be handed over to the GSI once a Museum for all its collection came into being. It was way back in 1837 that Sir James Princeps, then-Secretary of the Asiatic Society, had written to the Government asking for a Museum paid for by the state. A movement for a full-fledged Museum was thereafter keenly pursued over a decade, and later, with Sir Thomas Oldham, then Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, at the helm, it gained momentum.
The thrust for a full-fledged Museum was held up due to the intervention of the revolt of the sepoys of the East India Company. The matter was pursued again, once things settled down after India came under the Crown.
Thereafter the First Indian Museum Act was passed in 1866 and the foundation of the Indian Museum at its present site laid in 1867. In 1875 the present building on Chowringee Road, presently Jawaharlal Nehru Road, designed by W L Granville in consultation with Sir Thomas Holland, on Chowringee was completed. In 1877 after the retirement of Sir Thomas Oldham in 1876 the Geological Survey of India including the Museum of Economic Geology shifted here from its rented accommodation on 1 Hastings Road.
This building had been designated as the site the for not just the Asiatic Societies, Oriental Museum's collection and the Economic Geology collection of the Geological Survey of India but also to hold the offices of both.
The Asiatic Society however relinquished its rights preferring to maintain its autonomy from the government. The Geological Survey of India is till date headquartered at the buildings of the Indian Museum Complex and holds exclusive rights over the Geological galleries of the Indian Museum.
The building parallel to Sudder Street commenced in 1888 and occupied in 1891. The next building block at right angle to Sudder Street was erected in 1894. Half of this building was consigned to the Geological Survey of India but by 1912 it was wholly transferred to it.
The Zoological and Anthropological sections of the museum gave rise to the Zoological Survey of India in 1916, which in turn gave rise to the Anthropological Survey of India in 1945.
The Scottish anatomist and zoologist John Anderson took up the position of curator in 1865, and catalogued the mammal and archaeology collections. The English zoologist James Wood-Mason worked at the museum from 1869 and succeeded Anderson as curator in 1887.
The museum was closed to visitors for restoration and upgrades from September 2013 to February 2014.
Collections.
Egyptian.
It currently occupies a resplendent mansion, and exhibits among others: an Egyptian mummy. The mummy is being restored.
Indian.
The large collection of ancient and medieval Indian artefacts include remains of the Buddhist stupa from Bharhut, the Buddha's ashes, a copy of the Lion Capital of Ashoka from an Ashoka pillar (original in the Sarnath Museum) whose four-lion symbol became the official emblem of the Republic of India, fossil skeletons of prehistoric animals, an art collection, rare antiques, and a collection of meteorites.
The Indian Museum is also regarded as "the beginning of a significant epoch initiating the socio-cultural and scientific achievements of the country. It is otherwise considered as the beginning of the modernity and the end of medieval era" by UZER Places.
Natural History.
The museum has four galleries dedicated to natural history, namely the botanical, insect, mammal and bird galleries. It also contains prehistoric artifacts such as the huge skeleton of a dinosaur.


Khelu

Khelu (; c. 794-846) was the 32nd king of Pagan Dynasty of Burma and the last king of Tampavati period of Bagan. He was the eldest son of Saw Khin Hnit and older brother of Pyinbya. He reigned over Bagan for 17 years. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother, Pyinbya.


Kilimanoor Raja Raja Varma Koithampuran

Kilimanoor Raja Raja Varma Koithampuran alias "Kareendran" or "Cherunni" (1812–1845) was an accomplished Sanskrit poet, composer in the Court of Swathi Thirunal Rama varma, King of Travancore. He was born in the Kilimanoor palace. He was an expert in "Drutha Kavitha" and hence was known as "Drutha Kavimani". He is known as Kareendran since he was tall and well built. His ability in writing and presenting poems within seconds earned for him the title "Vidwan" from His Highness Swathi Thirunal.


Karvetinagar

Karvetinagar or Karvetinagaram is a village in Chittoor district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Karvetinagar mandal. The town is known for Venugopalaswamy Temple, that was constructed during the reign of Venkataraja dynasty.
Geography.
Karvetinagar is located at . It has an average elevation of 252 meters.
Connectivity.
The nearest railway station is Puttur ( distant) in Andhra Pradesh. Some express trains stop here. Frequent buses run from Puttur to Chittoor via Karvetinagar or from Pallipattu () in Tamil Nadu. The nearest international airport is at Chennai (115 km), and Renigunta (Tirupati) (45 km) away.
History.
Karvetinagar was a former zamindar, most prominent during the Vijayanagara Empire. The Bommaraju family trace their origins back to an ancestor who migrated from the Pithapuram area of the Godavari Delta in the 8th or 9th century. One ancestor obtained the favor of the Eastern Chalukya king Vimala Aditya, and Saluva Narasa was appointed the chief of the country around Tirupati, where he founded his capital called Narayanavanam. The rulers later built their new capital, Nagaram, here by clearing the forest. Narasa was granted permission by his patron to use the royal seal and boar-signet of the Chalukyas, a proud distinction still kept up. At one point Saluva Venkatapati was deposed by the Cholas, but Saluva Bhima recovered their territory. Saluva Narsimha assisted a Keralan king named Kirti Varman and assumed independence, ruling for 36 years. Saluva Bhujanga was defeated and became a feudal of Western Chalukya king Someswara and was taken prisoner to Kalyan, where he died. Subsequent descendants recovered the estate, and in 1230 AD a part of the estate was taken over by Raja Raja Chola the second, of the Chola dynasty. During the next four generations, as the power of the Cholas declined, the fortunes of the Karvetinagar family rose, the family became feudatories of Vijayanagar, and had marriage alliances with the Saluva and loyalties to the Aravidu dynasty over the next two hundred years. Around the 16th century the family changed their name to the current Bommaraju, retaining Saluva as a title. After Bommaraju, prominent among their dynasty are Raja Kumara Venkataperumal Raja Shadur, last ruler of the erstwhile zamindar of Karvetinagar in 1940. After his death his brother Raja Kumara Kumaraswamy Raja was confirmed with the rajah title and became the First M.L.A of Puttur. He donated Lashmi Mahal Palace for use as a Government High School, at present a junior college and degree college located in the same palace premises. He died without issue in 1952. After his death his co-brother Raja Kumara Srinivasa Varma Son Raja Kumara Venkataperumal Raju, alias Raja Kumara Janardhana Varma, was confirmed raja by the then presidency of the Madras Government. As a holder of the rajah title he was honoured by the temple's management of constructed karvetinagar rajahas, like Tiruttani and Narayanavanam, Appalaya gunta temples etc. during his lifetime. He died in the 2008. He has two sons, Raja Kumara Bramha Raja Varma (alias Srikanth Varma) and Raja Kumara Harsha Vardhana Varma, at present residing at Karvetinagaram.


Manuha

Manuha (; ), or Makuta, was the last king of Thaton Kingdom. Manuha ruled Thaton from 1030s until 1057 when he was defeated by King Anawrahta of Pagan Kingdom. According to the Mon tradition, Manuha was the 59th in the line of kings who supposedly founded Thaton during the time of the Buddha in the 6th century BCE.
Traditional Burmese and Mon reconstructions also hold that Anawrahta, a recent convert to Theravada Buddhism, asked for the Theravada Buddhist canon from Manuha. The Mon king reputedly rejected Anawrahta's request, saying that the uncultured Burmans of the north were not worthy of the religion. This refusal was used by Anawrahta as pretense to invade and conquer the Mon kingdom. Despite this account, it is more likely Anawrahta conquered Thaton in order to check the westward advance of Khmer Empire in the Tenasserim coast. Still according to traditional belief, Manuha and his family along with some 30,000 monks and artisans, were brought back to Pagan (Bagan). Between 1050 and about 1085, Mon craftsmen and artisans helped to build some two thousand monuments at Pagan, the remains of which today rival the splendors of Angkor Wat.
However, recent research—still a minority view—argues that Mon influence on the interior after Anawrahta's conquest is a greatly exaggerated post-Pagan legend, and that Lower Burma in fact lacked a substantial independent polity prior to Pagan's expansion. Historian Michael Aung-Thwin (Aung-Thwin 2005) argues that the existence of Thaton is not supported by contemporary evidence.
Manuha asked and was allowed to build the Manuha Temple in Pagan in 1059. Inside the temple three giant Buddha statues—two sitting, and one reclining—seem too large for their enclosures, and their cramped, uncomfortable positions are said to represent the stress and lack of comfort the 'captive king' had to endure.


Aleksandre Tarsaidze

Alexander Tarsaidze (, "Alek'sandre Tarsaidze"; , "Aleksandr Georgievich Tarsaidze") (1901–1978) was a Georgian-American writer and historian who authored several works on the life in Imperial Russia, the Romanov family, the history of Georgia and the Russian Imperial Naval officers.
Born into a noble family in Tiflis (Tbilisi), Georgia, then part of the Russian Empire, Tarsaidze was a student of the Imperial Naval Academy in Petrograd at the time of the 1917 revolutions. In 1918, he returned to his native Georgia, which declared independence on May 26, 1918, and worked with the Allied High Commissioner, Colonel William N. Haskell in Tiflis until being forced into exile by the Red Army invasion of Georgia. He then worked for the Istanbul-based American Relief Administration and emigrated to the United States in 1923.
He was employed by several cosmetic and jewelry enterprises including the Matchabelli Perfumes run by the émigré Georgian Prince Georges V. Matchabelli. During World War II, he served in the United States Army Military Intelligence. He then was associated with Prince Serge Obolensky in the hotel business in New York and worked as a freelancer and public relations agent until his death in New York in 1978.
Tarsaidze's main works are: Морской корпус за четверть века, 1901-1925 ("The Naval Corps for a Quarter of the Century, 1901-1925"; NYC, 1944), "Czars and Presidents. The Story of a Forgotten Friendship" (NYC, 1958), Четыре мифа о Первой мировой ("Four Myths about the First World War"; NYC, 1969), "Katia: Wife before God" (NYC, 1977).


Inamura Castle

 was a Muromachi period Japanese castle located in what is now the city of Tateyama, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. The ruins have been protected as a National Historic Site since 2012 together with Okamoto Castle as the .
Overview.
Inamura Castle was located on Shiroyama Hill, at an elevation of 64 meters, overlooking the entrance to Tokyo Bay. The modern city of Tateyama spreads five kilometers to either side of this castle, but when it was built in the Muromachi period, the "jōkamachi" was a small settlement on the shore near this location. This point was also a crossroads for a road connecting the eastern and western shores of Bōsō Peninsula, and a north-to-south road leading towards Shirahama at the southern tip of the peninsula. The surrounding area was a well-water region suitable for rice cultivation and was near the ancient provincial capital of Awa Province.
The layout of the castle was in a semicircle across the top of a curved ridge with a total length of up to 500 meters, making it by far the largest castle in Awa Province. The inner bailey was trapezoidal with a length of about 50 meters long, and protected by clay ramparts. Surrounding were many terraces constructed at various levels on the slopes, and protected by dry moats. The entrance into the castle was a complex gate with buffer area.
History.
After the fall of the Kamakura shogunate in 1333, the Kantō region was high unstable due to incessant conflict between the "Kantō kubō" under Ashikaga Shigeuji based in Kamakura and the Ashikaga shogunate, represented by the "Kantō Kanrei" under Uesugi Noritada. The minor lords of Awa Province were loyal to the "Kanrei", but geographically, the province was very near Kamakura, separated only by the narrow Uraga Channel. To seize Awa Province, the "Kantō kubō" sent the Satomi clan under Satomi Yoshizane (1412-1488), who landed at Shirahama where he built Shirahama Castle. He gradually expanded from this bridgehead to conquer the province. By the end of the 15th century, the Satomi were firmly in control, and construction of Inamura Castle began in 1486 and was completed after his death in 1491, but these dates are not confirmed.
In 1516, Odawara-based Hōjō clan defeated the Miura clan and seized Miura Peninsula, opposite of Uraga Channel from Awa Province. Furthermore, the Hōjō expanded northward along Tokyo Bay, capturing Edo Castle by 1524. This threatened the Satomi clan from both the west and the north. In response, Satomi Yoshitoyo launched an amphibious invasion of Kamakura, in the process of which his forces burned down the famed Shinto shrine of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gu. This was a massive loss of prestige for Yoshitoyo, and led to an internal conflict within the Satomi clan. Satomi Sanetaka, head of a cadet branch of the clan attempted a coup d'état with Hōjō assistance in 1533, but the attempt failed and he was killed. Yoshitoyo then attacked Sanetaka's son, Satomi Yoshitaka, but Yoshitaka escaped and together with the Hōjō and a strong navy, he managed to drive out Yoshitoyo and seize power the following year. Inamura Castle was abolished around this time.
No buildings or structures of the castle remains today. The site of the castle is currently being preserved and maintained by the local Inamura Castle Preservation Society, but there are no public facilities. The site is about a 10-minute walk from Kokonoe Station on the JR East Uchibo Line.


June 29 Declaration

The June 29 Declaration (), officially titled the Special Declaration for Grand National Harmony and Progress Towards a Great Nation (), was a speech by Roh Tae-woo, presidential candidate of the ruling Democratic Justice Party of South Korea, on 29 June 1987. In the declaration, Roh promised significant concessions to opponents of the incumbent authoritarian regime of Chun Doo-hwan who had been pressing for democracy. Roh went on to win the open presidential elections that were held that year, the first for at least the fifteen years since the October Yushin of 1972.
The question of the role of the June 29 Declaration is important in the historiography of South Korean democratization. According to proponents of the view that this was a "pacted" transition, achieved by calculated compromise by the ruling elite, the June 29 Declaration was the crucial turning point in the development of these calculations. "Pacted" transition theorists point to the authoritarian methods of Roh's subsequent regime, which continued the political manipulation and "trasformismo" of the Chun government, as evidence for the thesis that the June 29 Declaration was simply a tactic that enabled the perpetuation of authoritarian rule. "Mass" transition theorists, by contrast, believe that the Declaration was merely a response to the June Democracy Movement, and the democratization process was driven by the force of popular demand rather than elite bargaining.
The Declaration comprised eight points, in which Roh promised to:
The declaration began to be realized later that year with the promulgation of the constitution of the Sixth Republic of Korea in October.


Nguyen Khac Nhu

Nguyễn Khắc Nhu (1882–1930) was a patriotic scholar and member of the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.
Background.
He was born in 1882, in Song Khe village, Yen Dung district (now Song Khe commune, Bac Giang province), Bac Giang province.
Revolutionary career.
In 1903, he led Phan Boi Chau to see Hoàng Hoa Thám. After many times have failed to pass the national examination, he returned to his hometown to teach and join the Dong Du Movement, founded "Hội Quốc Dân dục tài", made some changes in his hometown. However, it was forbidden by Colonial authorities
Legacy.
On February 8, 1961 he was awarded by the Prime Minister Pham Van Dong for his contribution to the country.
Streets are named after him in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Bac Giang, Da Nang, An Giang, Yen Bai and some other cities in Vietnam.
A memorial monument to him was built in Song Khe hamlet, Song Khe commune, Bac Giang city.