Gammalsvenskby

Gammalsvenskby (; literally: "Old Swedish Village"; ; ) is a former village that is now a neighbourhood of Zmiivka () in Beryslav Raion of Kherson Oblast, Ukraine. It was briefly known as Verbivka () prior to being integrated with Zmiivka. Gammalsvenskby is known for its Swedish cultural heritage.
Zmiyivka also includes three former villages settled by ethnic Germans: The Lutheran villages of Schlangendorf and Mühlhausendorf and the Roman Catholic village of Klosterdorf. In the nineteenth century, the whole region, and large parts of southern Russia, contained villages settled by Germans belonging to various Protestant faiths, particularly Lutherans and Mennonites, as well as Roman Catholics.
The Askania-Nova biosphere reserve is located near the village.
Resettlement of Estonian Swedes and founding of Gammalsvenskby.
The population of Gammalsvenskby traces its origins to Hiiumaa (Dagö) in present-day Estonia, once a part of the Duchy of Estonia. Under the Treaty of Nystad, the island was among the territory ceded to the Russian Empire in 1721 at the end of the Great Northern War.
A few decades later, a portion of the peasant population in conflict with the local aristocracy, answered Catherine the Great's 1762 "ukase" calling for settlers in Novorossiya on territory newly conquered from the Ottoman Empire; today this land is in Southern Ukraine). Enticed by promises of new fertile land along the Dnieper, about 1,200 people departed Dagö on 20 August 1780 and trekked overland to Novorossiya, arriving on 1 May 1781. Only about 400 Swedes remained behind in Dagö. While some sources call the Estonian Swedes' migration an outright expulsion from their Estonian homeland, other accounts stress the fact that these poor and oppressed serfs were given what may have seemed like a generous offer.
Regardless of the impetus, the outcome of this mass migration was disastrous. Of the 1,200 villagers who left Estonia, only 900 made it to Novorossiya. On arrival, there was no trace of the houses they had expected to find. Moreover, during their first year in Ukraine, an even larger portion of the settlers died, mainly due to dysentery. That first year, 318 died along with another 116 the following year. By 1794, only 224 people remained in Gammalsvenskby. In 1802, the Russian government ordered all male Swedes to marry by the age of 30 in an effort to boost the population.
Maintaining the Swedish heritage.
From 1787 to 1805, German colonists were invited to Gammalsvenskby to bolster the region's population. The Germans referred to the area as the "" ("Swede's District") and the village as "Alt-Schwedendorf". They soon founded three neighbouring villages: Schlangendorf, Mühlhausendorf, and Klosterdorf. With the arrival of these Germans, the Swedes were quickly outnumbered and eventually many of the area's pastors and teachers were German-speakers who did not know Swedish.
Although the Swedes did not make full use of the arable land they had been allocated — they focused their industry more on fishing than farming — the reallocation of farm land to the German newcomers strained relations between Gammalsvenskby's Swedes and their German neighbors, although intermarriage between the communities did occur, as is evidenced by parish register entries for weddings in both communities' churches. While the Swedes and Germans were sometimes rivals, they were never enemies and the two communities cooperated when times were bad.
Despite this, the people of Gammalsvenskby maintained their traditions, Church of Sweden Lutheran faith, and old Swedish dialect. At the end of the 19th century, some ties with Sweden were re-established with the Ukrainian Swedes viewed as a "lost tribe" that preserved older Swedish traditions, such as writing in runes and maintaining an older form of the Church of Sweden's liturgy. Prince Carl raised more than 6,000 rubles in Sweden and Finland to support construction of a new Swedish church in the village to repalce the previous wooden church given by Prince Potemkin that burned in the mid-19th century. The new parish church of St. John opened in 1885. For a time, before the revolutions that followed World War I, visits from Sweden became frequent, and some villagers subscribed to Swedish newspapers.
Despite this, there were efforts by Russia to better integrate the Ukrainian Swedes with the Russian Empire. The original settlement plans exempted Ukrainian Swedes from conscription into the tsar's army, but this changed by the end of the 1800s and 130 men from Gammalsvenskby were inducted into the Russian army during World War I.
Relocation attempt to Sweden.
During the Russian Civil War, Gammalsvenskby was largely held by the Red Army, although the village did come under artillery fire from the White Army under General Anton Denikin. After fighting moved away from the villages in 1921, villagers sought aid from Sweden, including writing to Archbishop of Uppsala Nathan Söderblom. In 1922, the Swedish Red Cross led an expedition to Gammalsvenskby to provide aid and guidance in developing the region and its farmland. Under this plan, two new Swedish villages, Nysvenskby ("New Swedish Village") and Svenskåker ("Swedish Field"), were established in part to preserve their right to the land. The neighboring German villages similarly established additonal outposts, Friedenheim and Neuklsoterdorf.
Conflicts with Soviet authorities over taxation, collectivization policies, and the right to maintain their Lutheran faith increased the efforts by some villagers to seek return to Sweden. On 1 September 1927, 136 farmers from the village petitioned "the people of Sweden, Finland, and America" for aid to reunite them with their fellow Swedes. These efforts were not immediately embraced by Sweden's representative to Moscow, , who urged caution. On 28 June 1928, 429 villagers voted to emigrate back to Sweden under the Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia's support for ethnic self-determination. At this time pressure in Sweden to allow the return of the people from Gammalsvenskby increased and on 22 February 1929 the Riksdag approved their right to come to Sweden. By June 1929, the Soviet government reached an agreement with the Swedes regarding disposition of their property in Ukraine and passport fees, and most of the people of Gammalsvenskby began preapring to leave. The villagers could only take with them what could be packed on a passenger train.
On July 22nd, 1929, the Swedes of Gammalsvenskby who'd received a exit permit were brought downriver to Kherson on two steamers. From there, the Swedish Red Cross brought them on the cargo ship "Firuzan" to Constanța, Romania where the overland journey began. They travelled by train through Hungary and Austria to Germany, passing through Sinaia, Brașov, Lőkösháza, Budapest, Vienna, Passau, and Stralsund on the way to Sassnitz. From there, they took the ferry across the Baltic Sea to Sweden. On 1 August 1929, 885 Ukrainian Swedes arrived in Trelleborg, Sweden, where they were received by Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. Of those who opted to remain in Gammalsvenskby, 19 families (94 people) soon moved on to Manitoba, Canada, where earlier emigrants from Gammalsvenskby had settled. Six of these families later returned to Sweden.
The majority of the villagers stayed in Sweden, many of them settling in Gotland, as well as in Västergötland and Småland. In an effort to integrate these "ancient Swedes" with modern Sweden, officials did not allow them to stay in a single, common settlement. Instead, the government took a very paternalistic approach towards the Gammalsvenskby emigrants, requiring them to apprentice with established farmers to learn Swedish agricultural practices.
About four months after arriving in Sweden, some emigrants requested to return to Ukraine. Peter Knutas and Waldemar Utas wrote to the Ukrainian SSR that the move to Sweden was a thoughtless step and sought permission for three families to return to Ukraine. Some emigrants also joined the Communist Party of Sweden in hope of reflecting their loyalty to Soviet authorities. The movement of Ukrainian Swedes — both to Sweden and then back to the Ukrainian SSR — was used for propaganda purposes by both anti-Soviet and pro-Soviet media.
Soviet repression, Holodomor, and World War II.
In total, around 250 villagers chose to return to Gammalsvenskby. With the support of the Communist Party of Sweden, they established a minor collective farm called "Röd Svenskby" (Red Swedish Village).
Life in the Soviet Union turned out to be hard. In 1929, the church in Gammalsvenskby was closed by the Soviet government. The famine of 1932–1933 renewed interest in the idea of returning to Sweden, and some villagers signed a list stating that they wanted to leave the country. This led to the arrest of 20 people by the secret police, the GPU. Five of them were sent to prison. Several villagers were killed in the Stalinist purge of the following years. In the 1930s, the majority of the 3,500 Scandinavian descendants living in the Southern Ukraine were accused of spying and sent with their families to "katorga" in Siberia and Karelia.
With the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, the German army arrived in Gammalsvenskby on 25 August 1941 where the soldiers were welcomed as liberators. During the Nazis's three-year occupation, they granted the Swedish Ukrainians German citizenship and many of men from Gammalsvenskby joined the German forces — both voluntarily and through conscription. As Soviet troops advanced in October 1943, Swedes and Germans were removed from the Reichskommissariat Ukraine under Germany's evacuation plans. Many evacuees from Gammalsvenskby ended up in Krotoschyn, in the German Warthegau that had been annexed from Poland. Nearly 150 residents of Gammalsvenskby were caught by Soviet authorities at the end of the war and sent to labor camps, but were allowed to return to Ukraine as early as 1947. Others managed to go to Sweden or directly back to Gammalsvenskby.
In 1947, under a Soviet policy to remove Germanic place names, Schlangendorf became "Zmiivka", Mühlhausendorf became "Mykhailivka", and Klosterdorf became "Kostirka". Gammalsvenskby was renamed "Verbivka".
In 1951, after the exchange of territories by Poland and the Soviet Union, around 2,500 people were relocated to the area from the Drohobych Oblast villages of Lodyna, Dolyshni Berehy, and Naniv. Due to the resulting increase in population, the four villages were united under the name Zmiivka. With this migration, Zmiivka became home to the largest Boykos (Ukrainian Highlander) diaspora in Kherson Oblast, making up nearly 80% of the villagers. The newly relocated populace was officially prohibited from celebrating their traditional holidays, such as Vertep during Christmas. To make matters worse, the locals among whom they were settled considered the newcomers to be anti-Soviet nationalists.
In 1955 a dam was constructed on the Dnieper, creating the Kakhovka Reservoir. This submerged part of the village along with several islands and fishing waters.
Gammalsvenskby today.
Prior to the fall of the Soviet Union, contacts with Sweden and Canada were re-established, and in the 1990s the Church of Sweden, Gotland Municipality, and other Swedish organizations lent economic support and led relief efforts. Chumak, a Swedish-owned producer of oil, ketchup and canned food, was established in the nearby town of Kakhovka. In 2008, King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia visited Zmiivka and Gammalsvenskby as part of a state visit to Ukraine.
, the village had only around 108 people who share a Swedish cultural heritage. Only a few of them still speak the local Swedish dialect fluently and German is often used instead. However, the Swedish heritage is reflected in Zmiivka's emblem, which incorporates the Swedish national symbol (the Tre Kronor), as well as a blue cross on a yellow field, which inverses the Swedish flag's colors. On 15 April 2001, Gotland signed a sister city agreement with the village. Tourism from Sweden remains an important aspect of the village's economy and an impetus for preservation of the Gammalsvenska dialect.
The whole of Beryslav Raion is now heavily Ukrainianized due to the resettlement of many people from western Ukraine in the region, including to the local villages of , , and .
Gammalsvenska dialect.
The Swedish dialect spoken in Gammalsvenskby, Gammalsvenska (locally, "Gammölsvänsk"; literally "Old Swedish"), derives from the Estonian Swedish dialect of the late 1700s as spoken on the island of Dagö. While rooted in Swedish, the dialect shows influence and borrowings from Estonian, German, Russian, and Ukrainian.
Prior to 1929, Gammalsvenska remained the first language for the Ukrainian Swedes; however, the last generation of Swedish-first speakers were born just after World War II Sovietization policies, marriage into non-Swedish families, and social pressures diminished the teaching of Gammalsvenska by parents to their children. Since the 1950s a Russian-Ukrainian surzhyk has been the dominant language in the village, although some Standard Swedish is taught in schools where it is seen as economically advantageous for jobs in local tourism and other employment opportunities. Use of Gammalsvenska is restricted mostly to older ethnic Swedes born in the 1920s or 1930s. As of 2014 only about 10 fluent Gammalsvenska speakers, all elderly women, were known in Ukraine.
In Meadows, Manitoba, where most of the immigrants from Gammalsvenskby to Canada eventually settled, Gammalsvenska was retained into the early 1900s. However, as of 2004, only a handful of elderly speakers remain.


Naham

Naham () is a moshav in central Israel. Located near Beit Shemesh, it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In it had a population of .
History.
Moshav Naham was established in 1950 by immigrants from Yemen and Cochin on part of the lands of the moshava of Hartuv, abandoned during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was named after a member of the Tribe of Judah in the Book of Chronicles 4:19 — "And the sons of the wife of Hodiah, the sister of "Naham", were the father of Keilah the Garmite, and Eshtemoa the Maacathite."


Rajkamal Kalamandir

Rajkamal Kalamandir was a noted film production company and studio in Mumbai. It was established by V. Shantaram in 1942, after he left Prabhat Films. The studio produced films both in Hindi and Marathi, and it was best known for "Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani" (1946), "Amar Bhoopali" (1951), "Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje" (1955), "Do Aankhen Barah Haath" (1957), "Navrang" (1959) and "Pinjra" (1972). In its heyday, Rajkamal was one of the most sophisticated studios of the country.
History.
Prabhat Films was founded in Kolhapur, in 1929, towards the end of the silent films' era, by the V. Shantaram and V.G. Damle. The studio later shifted to Pune; here Shantaram directed notable films "Amrit Manthan" (1934) and "Kunku" ("Duniya Na Mane", Hindi) in 1937. However, he parted ways in 1942, when bought the premises of Wadia Movietone in Mumbai. Wadia Movietone was established in 1933 by the Wadia brothers J. B. H. Wadia and Homi Wadia, who were most known for "Hunterwali" (1935). The studio released its debut feature film, "Shakuntala" in 1943, which was followed by films such as "Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani" (1946), "Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje" (1955), "Do Aankhen Barah Haath" (1957) and "Navrang" (1959), as well as "Amar Bhoopali" (1951) and "Pinjra" (1972) in Marathi.


Cornelius Gurlitt (art dealer)


Harold, son of Harold Godwinson

Harold ( 1067 – 1098) was a son of Harold Godwinson, King of England. He was driven into exile by the Norman conquest of England, and found refuge at the court of the king of Norway.
Birth and parentage.
Harold's family was one of the most powerful in Anglo-Saxon England: his paternal grandfather was Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and his father was Harold Godwinson, who inherited the same title and was crowned king of England at the beginning of 1066. Harold Godwinson's first wife, whom he married in a form of ceremony not recognized by the church, was called Edith Swan-neck, and his second wife was Ealdgyth, sister of the earls Edwin and Morcar. Historians almost unanimously believe Ealdgyth was Harold's mother, though Ealdgyth's biographer in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" only concedes that this is "not impossible". Harold was probably born posthumously in Chester, where his mother had fled to escape the advancing army of William the Conqueror. It has been argued that he was a twin of Ulf Haroldson, but this is considered doubtful.
Exile.
In the winter of 1069–1070 Chester was occupied by the Normans, but presumably Ealdgyth and her young son had fled by that time, and her most obvious refuge would be the Norse-Irish city of Dublin, which had previously sheltered other members of Harold's family. At some point Harold sailed to Norway and was welcomed by the king, whose family remembered with gratitude Harold Godwinson's generosity in allowing Olaf, son of Harald Hardrada, to return home after the disastrous battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1098 he was one of the men Magnus III Barelegs took with him on an expedition to Orkney, the Hebrides, the Isle of Man and Anglesey. No further mention of Harold appears in any source.


Their Compact

Their Compact is a 1917 American silent western film produced and distributed by Metro Pictures and directed by Edwin Carewe. The film stars Francis X. Bushman and Beverly Bayne, a popular romantic screen duo at the time. This film is lost.
Plot.
As described in a film magazine, Jim (Bushman) goes west to forget an affair with a vivacious but heartless eastern girl. He is wounded by a gang of toughs who try to scare him away from his mine, and Mollie (Bayne) nurses him until he recovers. Verda (Adams), his former sweetheart, comes west as the wife of his chum Bob (Mortimer). While Bob places his wife in Jim's care and leaves on a business trip, Verda plans to run away with the leader of the thugs, who has stolen the gold from Jim's mine. However, the early return of Jim frustrates her plans, so she accuses Jim of insulting her. Bob then swears that he will kill Jim, but is shot by the gang leader. Verda and the gangster leave, but Jim overtakes them and brings Verda back to her dying husband. She is then driven out of town, and Jim and Mollie have a happy reunion.
Reception.
Like many American films of the time, "Their Compact" was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors directed that two shooting scenes at the cabin during a fight be cut.


Center for Cultural Judaism

The establishment of The Center for Cultural Judaism in New York in 2003 is the first major organizational change on the American Jewish scene in reaction to emerging new insights into American Jewish demography, as cited in the American Jewish Identity Survey (AJIS 2001). Salient among those insights is the emergence of a very large population of Jews – and for many their non-Jewish spouses as well – who do not find meaning in Judaism as a religion, but for whom Judaism as a culture is meaningful. The Center for Cultural Judaism focuses its work on implementing educational and outreach programs designed to reach this large, underserved population.
Posen Project.
The Center for Cultural Judaism invites grant applications for the Posen Project for the Study of secular Jewish history and cultures. These grants are intended to cultivate and support the interdisciplinary study of secular Jewish history and cultures within already well-established university programs and departments of Jewish Studies, History, Philosophy, Sociology, Anthropology or other related disciplines. Grants will be awarded to support the teaching of two to four courses per year in the origin, history, development, texts, philosophy, writings and practices of Jewish secularism.
Over thirty institutions in North America and Europe are associated with the Posen Project for the study of secular Jewish history and cultures. New institutions joining the project recently include Brandeis University, Goucher College, Harvard University, Lehigh University, Rice University, Sorbonne - School of Graduate Studies, University College London, University of Kansas, and University of Wroclaw.
Similar programs are underway in Israel at the University of Haifa, Tel Aviv University, Ofakim Teachers' Program at Tel Aviv University, the Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya and the Open University, among others.
Secular Culture & Ideas.
This innovative journal explores the many ways secular Jews connect to their heritage — through Jewish art, history, languages, literature, philosophy, foodways, folklore, and politics. Regularly updated, Secular Culture & Ideas offers a range of articles on subjects including Roots of Jewish Secularism, Secular Thinkers, Holidays and Life-Cycle, as well as past issues and a blog, Secular News & Notes.
Contemplate.
Since its debut in 2001, "Contemplate: The International Journal of Cultural Jewish Thought" has published three volumes of essays, articles, and poetry about secular Jewish culture and progressive Jewish politics. A hybrid of literary and scholarly writing, its contributors have included Amos Oz, Ilan Stavans, and A.B. Yehoshua; the former U.S. Poet Laureate, Robert Pinsky; and a host of well-known writers and thinkers.
"Contemplate" is published annually by the Center for Cultural Judaism.
Activities.
The Center for Cultural Judaism is creating a central library of books, articles and videos on secular, Humanistic and cultural Judaism, with many books available for purchase at the center. An extensive bibliography of books on secular Judaism is available on the website.
The Internet site also connects those in search of like-minded people with a Jewish community that supports their beliefs as well as providing cultural Jewish celebrations, services, and rites of passage to help engage non-religious, secular, cultural, and Humanistic Jews in Jewish life.


Pullingo

Pullingo (புல்லிங்கோ) (correlating to a group of friends) is a race that gained great popularity during the year 2019. It is used extensively in Tamil Nadu, mostly in the Capital Chennai. Since 2019 the popularity of these groups has spread across various districts in Tamil Nadu.
The word pullingo gained massive popularity after the 2019 Song "Gumbalaga Suthuvom" by Gana Stephen sponsored by Shrihharipriyaa and Aranthangi Swathi , which amassed over 20 million views. The song was later deleted by Praba Media (Producer) for unknown reasons. The song was later re-released by Gana Stephen in his own Youtube Channel in 2020 which gained over 7 Million Views in the Course of 8 Months.
Many often feel that the word pullingo is used in an explicit manner and 156 was excited about them. The term was mocked in a YouTube video by Eruma Saani which, after public outcr


Poraz

Poraż () may refer to:


Maier

Maier is a surname of German origin. It is a variant spelling of the more usual "Meyer", which is cognate with the English word "mayor" but with a diferent meaning.


List of Australian sports controversies

This is a list of major sports controversies in Australia or concerning Australian sportspeople. These controversies cover areas such as rules, match fixing, cheating, sportsmanship, doping and sport administration. They have generated large scale media coverage over a period of time and may have resulted in a large scale inquiry. These controversies affect the integrity of sport.


Glyn Johns discography

This is a discography of records (primarily albums) produced, engineered, and/or mixed by Glyn Johns for various acts. Though Johns is best known for his work as an engineer and producer for other artists, he recorded several singles as a solo act in the 1960s. At the end of this article, there is a brief section devoted to Johns' work as a solo artist.
Albums (as producer, recording engineer, and/or mixing engineer).
All information presented in this section, unless otherwise indicated, is taken from the discography compiled by Andrew Alburn on pp. 291–300 in Glyn Johns' autobiography, "Sound Man", and "Glyn Johns Credits" (AllMusic).
Discography as a solo artist.
In the 1960s Johns recorded several singles as a solo artist. The information in this section is taken from Johns' autobiography and from 45Cat. Johns did not produce or engineer any of his solo records.


Wirral Peninsula

Wirral (), also known as The Wirral, is a peninsula in North West England. The roughly rectangular peninsula is about long and wide and is bounded by the River Dee to the west that forms a boundary with Wales, the River Mersey to the east, and the Irish Sea to the north.
Historically, Wirral was wholly within Cheshire; in the Domesday Book, its border with the rest of the county was placed at "two arrow falls from Chester city walls." However, since the passing of the Local Government Act 1972, only the southern third has been in Cheshire, with the rest in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral in the modern county of Merseyside.
The main urban development is on the eastern side of the peninsula. Wirral contains both affluent and deprived areas, with affluent areas largely in the west, south and north of the peninsula, and deprived areas concentrated in the east, especially within Birkenhead.
Origin of the name.
The name Wirral literally means "myrtle corner", from the Old English , a myrtle tree, and , an angle, corner or slope. It is supposed that the land was once overgrown with bog myrtle, a plant no longer found in the area, but plentiful around Formby, to which Wirral would once have had a similar habitat. The name was given to the Hundred of Wirral (or Wilaveston) around the 8th century.
History.
Prehistoric settlement.
The earliest evidence of human occupation of Wirral dates from the Mesolithic period, around 7000 BC. Excavations at Greasby have uncovered flint tools, signs of stake holes and a hearth used by a hunter-gatherer community. Other evidence from about the same period has been found at Irby, Hoylake and New Brighton. Later Neolithic stone axes and pottery have been found in Oxton, Neston, and Meols. At Meols and New Brighton there is evidence of continuing occupation through to the Bronze Age, around 1000 BC, and funerary urns of the period have been found at West Kirby and Hilbre.
Before the time of the Romans, Wirral was inhabited by a Celtic tribe, the Cornovii. Artefacts discovered in Meols suggest it was an important port from at least 500 BC. Traders came from Gaul and the Mediterranean localities to seek minerals from North Wales and Cheshire. There are remains of a small Iron Age fort at Burton, for which the town was named ( being Old English for "fort town").
The Romans and Britons.
Around 70 AD, the Romans founded Chester. Evidence of their occupation on Wirral has been found, including the remains of a road near Mollington, Ledsham and Willaston. This road may have continued to the port at Meols, which may have been used as a base for attacking the north Wales coast. Storeton Quarry may also have been used by Romans for materials for sculpture. Remains of possible Roman roads have also been found at Greasby and at Bidston. By the end of the Roman period, pirates were a menace to traders in the Irish Sea, and soldiers may have been garrisoned at Meols to combat this threat.
Although Roman rule ended with the departure of the last Roman troops in 410, later coins and other material found at Meols show that it continued to operate as a trading port. Evidence of Celtic Christianity from the 5th or 6th centuries is shown in the originally circular shape of churchyards at Bromborough, Woodchurch and elsewhere, and also in the dedication of the parish church at Wallasey to a 4th-century bishop, Hilary of Poitiers. The Celtic names of Liscard and Landican (from "llan"-"T/Decwyn") both suggest an ancient British origin. The name of Wallasey, meaning "Welsh (or foreigners') island", is evidence of British settlement. The Welsh name, both ancient and modern, for Wirral is "". In Welsh mythology, the "ouzel" (or blackbird) of Cilgwri was one of the most ancient creatures in the world.
English and Norse.
The Anglo-Saxons under Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, laid waste to Chester around 616. Æthelfrith withdrew, leaving the area west and south of the Mersey to become part of Mercia, and Anglo-Saxon settlers took over Wirral except the northern tip. Many of Wirral's villages, such as Willaston, Eastham and Sutton, were established and named at this time.
Towards the end of the 9th century, Vikings began raiding the area. They settled along the Dee side of the peninsula, and along the sea coast, giving their villages names such as Kirby, Greasby and Meols. They introduced their own local government system with a parliament at Thingwall. The pseudo-historical "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland" appears to record the Hiberno-Scandinavian settlement of the Wirral peninsula in its account of the immigration of Ingimundr near Chester. This Irish source places this settlement in the aftermath of the Vikings' expulsion from Dublin in 902, and an unsuccessful attempt to settle on Anglesey soon afterwards. Following these setbacks, Ingimundr is stated to have settled near Chester with the consent of Æthelflæd, co-ruler of Mercia. The boundary of the Viking colony is believed to have passed south of Neston and Raby, and along Dibbinsdale. Evidence of Norse speech in Wirral can still be seen from place name evidence – such as the common (meaning "village" in Scandinavian languages) – suffixes and names such as Tranmere, which comes from ("cranebird sandbank"). Viking Age sculpture corroborates this. Recent Y-DNA research has also revealed the genetic trail left by Scandinavians in Wirral, specifically relatively high rates of the haplogroup R1a, associated in Britain with Scandinavian ancestry.
Bromborough in Wirral is also one of the possible sites of an epic battle in 937, the Battle of Brunanburh, which confirmed England as an Anglo-Saxon kingdom. This is the first battle where England united to fight the combined forces of the Norsemen and the Scots, and thus historians consider it the birthplace of England. The battle site covered a large area of Wirral. Egil's Saga, a story which tells of the battle, may have referred to Wirral as Wen Heath, in Icelandic.
The Normans and the early Middle Ages.
After invading England in 1066 and subduing Northumbria in 1069/1070, William the Conqueror invaded and ravaged Chester and its surrounding area, laying waste to much of Wirral. The Domesday survey of 1086 shows that Wirral then was more densely populated than most of England, and the manor of Eastham, which covered most of the east of the peninsula from Bidston to the River Gowy, was the second largest in Cheshire. Of the 28 former lords of the Wirral manors listed, 12 bore Norse names. By 1086, most of the area was in the hands of Norman lords such as Robert of Rhuddlan, his cousin Hugh d'Avranches, and Hamo de Mascy. The survey shows 405 family heads living in the peninsula, suggesting a total population of 2,000–3,000.<ref name="The Wirral Hundred/The Wirral Peninsula"></ref>
The Earls of Chester ruled the whole of the County Palatine, including Wirral, almost as "a kingdom within a kingdom" for about 250 years. Between 1120 and 1123, Earl Ranulph le Meschin converted Wirral into a hunting forest, an area in which game, particularly deer and boar, could be allowed to flourish undisturbed. A chief forester was appointed with a ceremonial horn, and the position soon became a hereditary responsibility of the Stanley family. However, after complaints from the residents about the wildness of the area and oppression by the Stanleys, Edward the Black Prince as Earl of Chester agreed to a charter confirming the disafforestation of Wirral, shortly before his death from amoebic dysentery. The proclamation was issued by his father Edward III on 20 July 1376.
At the end of the 12th century, Birkenhead Priory stood on the west bank of the Mersey at a headland of birch trees, from which the town derives its name. The ruined priory is Merseyside's oldest surviving building and its Benedictine monks provided the first official Mersey ferry service around 1330, having been granted a passage to Liverpool by a charter from Edward III. At this time, large areas of Wirral were owned by Chester Abbey. In 1278 the Abbey was granted the right to hold an annual three-day fair at Bromborough, but the fair declined after the Black Death in 1349. Another fair was established in 1299 at Burton. Meanwhile, Meols continued as an important port, and the eroded coastline there has provided what is described as "the largest collection of medieval domestic items to have come from any single site outside London".
The 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
A Subsidy Roll of 1545 shows that the population of Wirral was no more than 4,000. The peninsula was divided into 15 parishes (Wallasey, Bidston, Upton, Woodchurch, West Kirby, Thurstaston, Heswall, Bebington, Bromborough, Eastham, Neston, Burton, Shotwick, Backford and Stoke). Most parishes were subdivided into smaller townships, of which the largest in terms of population were Neston, Burton, Wallasey, Tranmere (then within the parish of Bebington) and Liscard, and were the same size as small rural villages.
Wirral's proximity to the port of Chester influenced the history of the Dee side of the peninsula. From about the 14th century, Chester provided facilities for trade with Ireland, Spain, and Germany, and seagoing vessels would "lay to" in the Dee awaiting favourable winds and tides. As the Dee started to silt up, harbouring facilities developed at Shotwick, Burton, Neston, Parkgate, Dawpool, and "Hoyle Lake" or Hoylake. However, there was not a gradual progression of development, and downstream anchorages such as that at Hoyle Lake (which replaced Meols) were in occasional use from medieval times, depending on the weather and state of the tide. The main port facilities were at Neston and Parkgate.
At the same time, larger ships and economic growth in Lancashire stimulated the growth of Liverpool. The first wet dock in Britain was opened in Liverpool in 1715, and the town's population grew from some 6,000 to 80,000 during the 18th century. The need to develop and protect the port led to a chain of lighthouses being built along the north Wirral coast. The commercial expansion of Liverpool, and the increase in stage coach traffic from Chester, also spurred the growth of ferries across the River Mersey. By the end of the 18th century the Wirral side of the Mersey had five ferry houses, at Seacombe, Woodside, the Rock, New Ferry and Eastham.
Other communications were also improving. Turnpike roads linking Chester with Eastham, Woodside, and Neston were built after 1787. In 1793, work began on the Ellesmere Canal, connecting the Mersey with Chester and Shropshire through the fluvioglacial landform known as the Backford gap, and the town of Ellesmere Port began to develop.
The excavation of the New Cut of the Dee, opened in 1737, to improve access to Chester, diverted the river's course to the Welsh side of the estuary and took trade away from the Wirral coastline. Although plans were made to overcome its gradual silting up, including one in 1857 to cut a ship canal from a point between Thurstaston and Heswall to run along the length of Wirral to Chester, this and other schemes came to nothing, and the focus of general trade moved irrevocably to the much deeper Mersey. However, from the late 18th century there was coal mining near Neston, in tunnels stretching up to two miles under the Dee, and a quay at Denhall was used for coal exports.
The 19th century.
The first steam ferry service across the Mersey started in 1817, and steam-powered ships soon opened up the Wirral's Mersey coast for industrialisation. The 1820s saw the birth of the area's renowned shipbuilding tradition when William Laird opened his shipyard in Birkenhead, later expanded by his son John Laird. The Lairds were largely responsible for the early growth of Birkenhead, commissioning the architect James Gillespie Graham to lay it out as a new town modelled on Edinburgh. In 1847, Birkenhead's first docks and its municipal park, the first in Britain and the inspiration for New York's Central Park, were opened, and the town expanded rapidly. Bolstered by migration from Ireland, Wales and rural Cheshire, Birkenhead's population of less than one thousand in 1801 rose to over 33,000 by 1851, and to 157,000 by 1901. The town became a borough in 1877, incorporating within it Oxton and Tranmere.
The improved communications also allowed Liverpool merchants to buy up and develop large estates in Wirral. James Atherton and William Rowson developed the resort of New Brighton, and new estates for the gentry were also built at Egremont, Oxton, Claughton and Rock Ferry. Arrowe Hall was built for the Shaw family in 1835.
In the mid-19th century docks were established at Birkenhead and in the Wallasey Pool, and continuing development for a wide range of industry both there and along the banks of the Mersey. The New Chester Road was opened in 1833. Wirral's first railway was built in 1840, planned by George Stephenson and connecting Birkenhead with Chester. In 1852 Price's Patent Candle Company built a factory and model village at Bromborough. This was followed in 1888 by William Lever's establishment of the much larger Sunlight soap factory and Port Sunlight garden village, designed to house its employees and provide them with a benign environment. The opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894, with its outfall at Eastham, led to further port-side and industrial development beside the Mersey at Ellesmere Port.
In 1886, the Mersey Railway tunnel was opened, linking Wirral and Liverpool. This led to the further rapid growth of suburbs in Wirral, particularly in Wallasey, Hoylake and West Kirby, and later Bebington and Heswall. Wallasey's population grew to over 53,000 by 1901, and the town also achieved borough status soon after the turn of the century.
The 20th century.
The dockland areas of Wallasey and Birkenhead continued to develop and prosper in the first half of the century, specialising in trade with Africa and the Far East. A host of other port-related industries then came into existence, such as flour milling, tanning, edible oil refining and the manufacture of paint and rubber-based products. In 1922 a new oil dock was built at Stanlow near Ellesmere Port, and in 1934 oil refining began there. A large chemical and oil refining complex still dominates the area.
In 1929, the 3rd World Scout Jamboree was held at Arrowe Park and this celebrated the 21st Anniversary of the publication of Scouting for Boys. Thirty-five countries were represented by 30,000 Scouts, plus another 10,000 British Scouts who took the opportunity to camp in the vicinity.
The rail tunnel under the Mersey was supplemented by a vehicle tunnel in 1934, the Queensway Tunnel. A third tunnel opened in 1971, the Kingsway Tunnel, connecting with the M53 motorway which now runs up the centre of the peninsula. These new roads contributed to the massive growth of commuting by car between Liverpool and Wirral, and the development of new suburban estates around such villages as Moreton, Upton, Greasby, Pensby, and Bromborough.
In 1940–1941, as part of the Blitz, parts of Wirral, especially around the docks, suffered extensive bomb damage. There were 464 people killed in Birkenhead and 355 in Wallasey, and 80% of all houses in Birkenhead were either destroyed or badly damaged. During the Second World War, Wirral held two RAF sites, RAF West Kirby (which was a camp, not an airfield) and RAF Hooton Park and a number of anti-aircraft sites to protect the docks of Birkenhead and Liverpool.
After the Second World War, economic decline began in the older industries in the area which had started to become known as Merseyside. However, there continued to be industrial development along the Mersey between Birkenhead and Ellesmere Port, including the large Vauxhall Motors car factory on the site of RAF Hooton Park.
Geography.
Wirral can be defined both as a geographical peninsula and as a socio-cultural area. The current Metropolitan Borough of Wirral has a population of 312,293 (according to the 2001 census), and covers an area of 60.35 square miles, bounded by the Cheshire Plain, the Dee and the Mersey. The Irish Sea lies to its north west side.
Geology.
The peninsula is formed almost wholly from sedimentary bedrock of Triassic age, being sandstone, mudstones and siltstones. Strata exposed at or near the modern surface include the following (in stratigraphic order i.e. uppermost/youngest at top):
A small outcrop of Carboniferous rocks occurs around Little Neston, being an extension of the Flintshire Coalfield across the Dee estuary. These Coal Measures rocks were formerly exploited by a small mining operation.
The strata have a slight, generally easterly dip and are cut by numerous extensional faults most of which are aligned broadly north-south. For the most part the bedrock is poorly exposed being covered by superficial deposits of Quaternary age. Notable exposures of the Helsby Sandstone occur at Bidston Hill and at Red Rocks at the northwestern tip of Wirral along with the tidal islands at Hilbre. Elsewhere Mercia Mudstone rocks outcrop prominently at Caldy Hill, Thurstaston Common and Heswall Dales.
Much of Wirral is covered by a mantle of glacial till, a legacy of the last ice age. Wind-blown sands cover the northern coastal margin. Low ground behind these sand are reclaimed tidal flat deposits which also extend into the heavily modified Birket which occupies a buried bedrock channel. This channel and others beneath the Dee and Mersey estuaries were formed in part by the southeasterly movement of Irish Sea Ice during successive ice ages. Low cliffs of the Kinnerton Sandstone at Burton Point are part of a relict shoreline, the Dee estuary having silted up during the post-glacial period. The former coast can be traced from Blacon northwest to Burton Point and thence to Parkgate where spring tides still reach the historic coastline.A well developed glacial drainage channel, known as the Deva Spillway cuts across the base of the peninsula between the two estuaries on either side of Wirral and is interpreted as having played a major part in the deglaciation of the region in late-glacial/post-glacial times.
Physical geography.
Although it has been stated that "it is difficult to find any work in which there is a written description of the exact area defining the Wirral Peninsula", historian Stephen Roberts defines it as "the peninsula which is bounded by the Dee and Mersey estuaries, Irish Sea and... the route of the Shropshire Union Canal between Ellesmere Port and Chester". This definition extends the original hundred slightly further east, to the River Gowy.
The Shropshire Union Canal joins the Mersey at Ellesmere Port and the Dee at Chester. This canal technically makes the peninsula an island. In the north of the peninsula, the River Fender, Arrowe Brook and Greasby Brook drain into the The Birket, which itself flows into the River Mersey via Wallasey Pool (Birkenhead Docks). Further south, the Clatter Brook and Dibbinsdale Brook drain into the Mersey at Bromborough Pool.
Two approximately parallel sandstone ridges run down the length of the peninsula. The western ridge is made up of Grange and Caldy Hills at 256 feet in height, then Thurstaston Hill (298 ft), Poll Hill in Heswall (350 ft, the highest point in Wirral) and Burton (222 ft). The less continuous eastern ridge consists of Bidston Hill (231 ft), Prenton (259 ft) and Storeton Hill (229 ft). The shallow Fender valley runs between these ridges.
Climate.
Wirral features a temperate maritime climate (Köppen: "Cfb") with mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread evenly throughout the year.
A weather station was maintained on the peninsula, at Bidston, between 1845 and 2002.
Human geography.
The major urban centres of Wirral are to its east: these include Birkenhead and Wallasey. To the west and south, Wirral is more rural. Two-thirds of the population of Wirral live on one third of the land in Birkenhead and Wallasey, according to Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council. Other towns to the south and west of this area are usually considered part of Wirral: notably, Ellesmere Port is often described as one of its "border towns". For regional economic planning, the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral is considered part of the Liverpool City Region.
Settlements.
There are many towns and villages on Wirral. Those administered by the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral are listed in . Those also on Wirral but administered by Cheshire West and Chester include:
M53 Divide.
The M53 is also seen as an east–west divide between the affluent and developing areas of the Wirral.
Landmarks.
Despite containing urban and industrial areas, Wirral still has picturesque villages, sandy beaches, large areas of land owned by the National Trust as well as views across the two estuaries and out into the Irish Sea. Among the areas of open land are Bidston Hill, Caldy Hill, Eastham Country Park, including the Victorian Pleasure Gardens, Hilbre Island, North Wirral Coastal Park, Thurstaston Common and Thor's Stone and the Wirral Way. Ness Botanical Gardens are part of the University of Liverpool and have won many awards. The visitor centre at RSPB Burton Mere Wetlands provides birdwatching facilities in the Dee Estuary nature reserve.
Places of architectural interest include Hamilton Square, Rock Park and Port Sunlight. The view of the buildings on Liverpool's Pier Head when crossing on the Mersey Ferry is famous. Many villages of the Wirral such as Burton are also well preserved with their characteristic red sandstone buildings and walls. The old port of Parkgate also attracts many visitors. The arts are well represented by the Lady Lever Art Gallery at Port Sunlight and the Williamson Art Gallery in Birkenhead. The historical sites include Birkenhead Priory, Leasowe Lighthouse, Hadlow Road railway station and the buildings and ancient carvings on Bidston Hill.
Accents and dialects.
For reasons that are both social and geographical, accents on the east side of Wirral tend to show a stronger Merseyside influence than those on the west side. Neston once had a distinctive dialect derived from the migrant workers at the Denhall Colliery.
Television and film.
Wirral has hosted a variety of different films and television programmes. "Chariots of Fire" was filmed at various locations in Wirral including the Oval Sports Centre, Bebington, the Woodside Ferry Terminal, and Bridge Cottage in Port Sunlight village, while the 1950 Ealing comedy "The Magnet" was filmed in Wallasey and New Brighton.
"The 51st State" was partly filmed around the docks in Birkenhead. "Awaydays", based on a novel of the same name by Kevin Sampson, was filmed extensively in Wirral. In 2012 the movie "Blood", starring Paul Bettany and Stephen Graham was filmed in Wirral.
The Queensway Tunnel in Birkenhead is also featured in the Harry Potter film, "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1" during the scene where Harry and Hagrid escape on a flying motorcycle and pass through the tunnel. The scene was filmed while the tunnel was closed for repairs. The 2013 film "Fast & Furious 6" tunnel chase scene was filmed in the Queensway Tunnel. The unused Birkenhead Dock branch of the Queensway Tunnel was filmed as a New York underpass in the 2014 movie "". In October 2017, the tunnel branch was used for the filming of the drama, "Bulletproof", starring Noel Clarke and Ashley Walters.
Scenes for the 2016 film "Florence Foster Jenkins", starring Hugh Grant and Meryl Streep, were filmed around New Brighton.
In television, sitcom "Watching", produced by Granada Television between 1987 and 1993, was partly set and filmed at various Wirral locations, particularly Meols. More recently, ', starring Ricky Tomlinson was a follow-up to the film ', and featured a fictional football club called Wirral County, a parody of Tranmere Rovers, who Bassett (Tomlinson) managed after being sacked from the England job. It is also believed that the Lime Pictures production "Hollyoaks" films occasionally, on location, in Wirral. The BBC comedy drama "Candy Cabs" filmed external scenes in West Kirby and Hoylake in 2011. Wallasey School featured in on Sky One in 2009.
The BBC Two drama "Peaky Blinders" was filmed at various locations in Wirral, including Port Sunlight village.
The second series "Peter Kay's Car Share" also filmed at various Wirral locations including Meols and West Kirby.
Sky One's 2016 thriller, "The Five", starring Lee Ingleby shot scenes around Wirral including in Port Sunlight.
The 2017 ITV drama "Safe House" starring Jason Watkins and Sunetra Sarker filmed several scenes on the peninsula.
In the autumn of 2017 filming began in Port Sunlight and Thornton Hough for a biopic about the author "Tolkien" starring Nicholas Hoult.
A row of cottages in the historic village of Port Sunlight also featured on the 2014 series of BBC Two's "The Great Interior Design Challenge". The village also played host to two episodes of BBC One's "The Antiques Roadshow" hosted by former Wirral resident TV presenter Fiona Bruce.
In 2018, the feature film "Official Secrets" had two beach scenes filmed at Thurstaston beach on the Dee Estuary.
Transport.
The M53 motorway runs along the length of Wirral, from near Chester. At the north eastern end, Wirral is joined to Liverpool by three tunnels under the Mersey: two road tunnels, one from Wallasey (Kingsway) and one from Birkenhead (Queensway), and the Mersey Railway tunnel.
The Wirral peninsula is served by a network of bus routes. These are provided by larger companies whose networks of bus services in the North West of England are extensive, such as Arriva North West and Stagecoach Wirral. Furthermore, the peninsula is also served by many independent bus operators. Independent bus companies which operate on the peninsula include A2B Travel, Cumfybus, Helms Coaches and Eazibus.
Most bus services operate from the three bus stations: Birkenhead bus station, Heswall bus station and Woodside bus station, although many services start from other interchanges, such as New Brighton, Seacombe Ferry and Liscard Village.
The Wirral Line of the electrified Merseyrail network links West Kirby, New Brighton, Chester and Ellesmere Port via many other towns and villages to all four of Liverpool's city centre stations (James Street, Moorfields, Lime Street and Liverpool Central) through the underground Loop tunnel. Another railway line, the Borderlands Line, offers hourly diesel services from (on the West Kirby branch of the Wirral Line) to Wrexham in North Wales.
Regular Mersey Ferry crossings operate to Liverpool from both Woodside and Seacombe, providing a commuter shuttle and pleasure cruises.
The nearest passenger airports are Liverpool John Lennon Airport and Manchester Airport. There were plans to introduce commercial flights to nearby Hawarden Airport in North Wales, but these plans were dropped in 2014.


Bathurst Jewish Community Centre

The Bathurst Jewish Community Centre (BJCC) was a Jewish Community Centre for the Toronto area. It was located along Bathurst Street in the Bathurst Manor neighbourhood of Toronto and had over 100 programs and services, serving daycare to stroke recovery, seniors, Maccabi athletes, and campers. The BJCC was run by a non-profit charitable organization funded through UJA Federation, United Way, the government, fees and private support.
History.
The BJCC was founded in 1930 as the YMHA (Young Men's Hebrew Association), and it offered members various programming opportunities in rented rooms in the Brunswick Avenue and College Street area in downtown Toronto. In 1953 a new facility was built, the Bloor Street "Y" at Bloor Street and Spadina Avenue. It is still there today, but has been completely renovated and is now called the Miles Nadal JCC.
As Toronto's Jewish community moved northward up the Bathurst Street corridor, so did the Jewish facilities and services. In 1958 saw the groundbreaking of the North "Y", which was the location of the Bathurst Jewish Community Centre.
In addition to a fitness club, two pools, squash courts, gyms, running tracks, and an aerobics studio, the BJCC contained the Leah Posluns Theatre, Centre Camp, Kolel: The Adult Centre for Liberal Jewish Learning, the Family Resource Centre, and the Koffler Centre of the Arts. The BJCC property is currently under a large redevelopment. The new facility will be called the Prosserman JCC and is being constructed in phases.
Koffler Centre of the Arts.
Opened in 1977 inside the BJCC, the "Koffler Centre of the Arts" is a broad-based cultural institution that was established by Murray and Marvelle Koffler. The Koffler Centre teaches dance, music, and visual arts; presents exhibitions of cutting-edge contemporary Canadian art; and is home to the Helen and Stan Vine Canadian Jewish Book Awards, the Annual Jewish Book Fair, the Koffler Chamber Orchestra, and the Stars of the 21st Century Gala. It presents concerts, film screenings, poetry, spoken word, comedy, and discussions on world issues through the lens of culture.
Lipa Green Centre for Jewish Community Services.
While not part of the BJCC, the Lipa Green Centre for Jewish Community Services shared the same property but was a separate building. The redevelopment plans call for all buildings to be connected by bridges and atriums with the Lipa Green Centre itself having just undergone a major renovation.
Sherman Campus Project.
In 2007, the UJA of Greater Toronto announced plans to demolish the BJCC and build a newer, more advanced, and larger complex on the same site. The name given to the lot and the all of the proposed buildings therein was the "Sherman Campus".
In 2009 the BJCC was demolished and in its place started construction on the Prosserman Jewish Community Centre. The first phase (The Donald Gales Family Pavilion) was completed in 2010. The first phase of the Prosserman Centre is considerably smaller than the BJCC and offers very limited programming. It is the current home to the Koffler gallery for the arts, and has absorbed many of the employees and programs offered by the BJCC, however, many more people were laid off when the building was demolished. The Prosserman JCC currently houses a limited health centre.
UJA continues to fundraise to begin the second phase of construction.


The Arizona Sweepstakes

The Arizona Sweepstakes is a lost 1926 American silent western film directed by Clifford Smith and starring Hoot Gibson. It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures.


Sapir (surname)

Sapir is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Michael Sapir , Sapir Real Estate Development is an American Real Estate Developer and Real Estate Billionaire in 2016.


Hatfield Plantation

The Hatfield Plantation is a Southern plantation with a historic mansion located in Brenham, Texas. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since January 25, 1971.


Daniel H. and William T. Caswell Houses

The Daniel H. and William T. Caswell Houses are two historic homes in downtown Austin, Texas completed near the turn of the 20th century.
The buildings are located at 1404 and 1502 West Avenue, respectively. The Daniel H. Caswell House is home to the Austin Junior Forum, a volunteer organization. The William T. Caswell House is used for office space. Both were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
Texas Historical Commission Marker Text (Daniel H. Caswell House).
Daniel H. Caswell came to Austin from Nashville, Tennessee, about 1895. He purchased a cotton oil manufacturing company, bought and sold cotton, and in 1899 built a cotton gin. When completed for his family in 1900, this house was located in the far northwest corner of the city. The Caswell house, which exhibits influences of late Victorian, Colonial Revival, and Chateauesque style, features a corner turret and porches supported on rusticated piers. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark-1984


List of years in Hong Kong television

This is a list of years in Hong Kong television.


Thorfinn Karlsefni

Thorfinn Karlsefni (Old Norse: Þorfinnr "karlsefni" Þórðarson, Icelandic: Þorfinnur "karlsefni" Þórðarson) was an Icelandic explorer. Around the year 1010 AD, he followed Leif Eriksson's route to Vinland, in a short-lived attempt to establish a permanent settlement there with his wife Guðríður "Víðförla" Þorbjarnardóttir and their followers.
Nickname.
The byname "Karlsefni" means "makings of a man" according to the preface of Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson, although the Cleasby-Vigfusson dictionary glosses it as "a thorough man", elaborated elsewhere as a "real man", a "sterling man".
History.
Thorfinn's expeditions are documented in the "Grœnlendinga saga" ("Saga of the Greenlanders" henceforth Grl.) and "Eiríks saga rauða" ("Saga of Eirik the Red" Henceforth Eir.), which together are referred to as "The Vinland Sagas", but the details are at considerable variance (See under #Saga sources).
Greenland.
Thorfinn Karlsefni met in Greenland Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir (Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir), widow of Thorstein Eiriksson and wedded her. She had been staying under the care of her brother-in-law Leif Eriksson, at Brattahlíð the estate left to Leif by Eirik the Red, who was dead by this point, having succumbed to an epidemic c. 1003, even though "Eir." has him still alive and playing host to her.
Vinland.
Thorfinn reached the momentous decision to go to Vínland, which according to "Grl." happened at the insistence of Gudrid. And Leif agreed to lend the houses he built in Vinland, though unwilling to make a free gift of it. Among the other settlers into Vinland was Freydis, the sister or half-sister of Leif Eriksson, who may have accompanied Karlsefni's voyage ("Eir.") or headed an expedition of her own that ended in carnage ("Grl.").
According to "Grl.", Karlsefni left with 60 men and 5 women, trailing the path taken by Leif and Thorvald Eiriksson. Whereas in "Eir." he took three ships with 140 men aboard, describing the voyage in greater detail.
Gudrid bore Thorfinn a boy in Vinland, who was named Snorri, the first child of European descent known to have been born in the New World and to whom many Icelanders can trace their roots. The exact location of Thorfinn's colony is unknown but is believed to potentially be the excavated Norse camp at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland.
Saga sources.
It has been pointed out that "Eiríks saga rauða" ("Eir.") distorts the facts by giving undue credit to Thorfinn.
For instance, it denies that Thorvald Eiriksson ever led his own voyage to reach Vinland (as "Grl." records), even before Thorfinn. Although Thorvald had met his death by Native American arrows in Vinland before Karlsefni embarked, "Eir." postponed Thorvald's death so he can be made to accompany Karlsefni to Vinland, ultimately to suffer a more fantastical death from a shot fired by a Uniped. "Eir." shifts over to Karlsefni the credit for naming numerous bits of geographic features, from Helluland and Markland to Kjalarnes "Keel Ness", though "this flatly contradicts the "Grœnlendinga saga" and is assuredly wrong". Helluland (Baffin Island) and Markland were named by Leif; Kjalarness was where Thorvald had wrecked his ship, and the keel was left to stand as a monument, and not an anonymous shipwreck as "Eir." puts it.
Graenlendinga Sagas.
According to the "Grœnlendinga saga", Thorfinn Karlsefni's expedition commenced after his marriage to Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir. This marriage to Gudrid was predicted earlier in the saga by Gudrid's first husband Thorstein Eriksson, upon his death. The expedition brought women and livestock, signifying that they planned on being settled in the area for a while. Along the voyage they ate a beached whale. They also cut timber, harvested grapes, and caught fish and game. A bull they brought frightened the native people (Skraelings). They tried to appease the natives by offering milk, but the natives took ill and battles commenced. Guðríðr Þorbjarnardóttir gave birth to Thorfinn Karlsefini's son Snorri before they head back to Greenland.
Eirik the Red's Saga.
"Eirik the Red's Saga" depicts Thorfinn Karlsefni as a successful merchant from Reynines, Skagafjord, in the north of Iceland. Karlsefni embarks on a trading expedition with forty men, and arrive at Brattahlid, Greenland where they are hosted by Eirik the Red. Karlsefni marries Gudrid that winter. Karlsefni departs with three ships and 140 men in search of Vinland. Karlsefni's expedition winter on a piece of land, where two scouting slaves found grapes and wild grain. Eating a beached whale causes illness, as well as a rift. Thorhall's group declared the whale to be a boon from Thor, offending the Christian members and they part ways.
Karlsefni's expedition discovers further south a bountiful area full of wheat, fish, and game. They attempt contact with the natives who travel in hide-covered boats. The natives leave and the Greenlanders winter there, where their livestock flourish. The following spring, the expedition reencounter the natives and engage in trade with them, until a bull breaks free and frightens away the natives. The native return after three weeks with hostile intent, a skirmish ensues, and the Greenlanders attempt as best they can to flee into the forest. Karlsefni and his men are saved by Freydis, who scares the natives off by slapping her bare breast with a sword taken from one of the fallen Greenlanders.
The expedition heads back north, and Karlsefni searches for Thorhall in vain. Karlsefni's men encounter the one-legged creature that is said to have shot Thorvald Eiriksson dead with an arrow. Karlsefni's son Snorri is born in the New World. But they eventually leave, and after spending time in Greenland to Eirik the Red, Karlsefni and Gudrid return to Karlsefni's farm at Reynines, in Iceland.
Family background.
Thorfinn Karlsefni's father was Thord Horsehead (Þórðr hesthöfði Snorrason), and his mother was named Thorunn (Þórunn). Thord Horsehead was son of Snorri, son of .
Thorfinn was presumably raised at his father's estate called Stad (Stað) in Reyniness (). This estate was located in the Skagafjord bay area, which is also where Thorfinn's great-grandfather established roots, at his farm of in . Thorfinn himself also retired in the area in his later years; while "Eiríks saga" says "he went (back) to his farm in Reyniness," "Grænlendinga saga" states he bought new lands at .
A more detailed genealogy (under "Eiríks saga rauða", ch. 7) is interpolated in the "H" or Hauksbók text of Haukr Erlendsson. Haukr had particular interest since he himself claimed descent from Thorfinn. However, Haukr's ancestral trace before Karlsefni's great-grandfather Thord of Hofdi deviates from other sources, and the "Landnámabók" version is deemed more reliably accurate.
Though not shown in the family tree (right), Thorfinn also claims descent from the matriarch Aud the Deep-Minded through Thord Gellir.
In modern art.
In the early twentieth century, Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson was commissioned by Joseph Bunford Samuel to create a statue of Thorfinn Karlsefni through a bequest that his wife, Ellen Phillips Samuel, made to the Fairmount Park Art Association (of Philadelphia, now the Association for Public Art). Her bequest specified that the funds were to be used to create a series of sculptures "emblematic of the history of America." "Thorfinn Karlsefni" (1915–1918) was installed along Philadelphia's Kelly Drive near the Samuel Memorial and unveiled on November 20, 1920. There is another casting of the statue in Reykjavík, Iceland.
As reported on October 1, 2018, vandals did severe damage to the statue. They toppled the statue and then dragged it into the near-by Schuylkill River. "It appeared the statue was pulled off its massive stone base, which measures 12-by-12 feet wide. Bits of stone were scattered across drag marks on the ground and the bronze could be seen bubbling underwater in the river." - NBC Philadelphia
In popular culture.
The 1967 comedic science fiction novel "The Technicolor Time Machine" by Harry Harrison reveals at its ending that the character named Ottar—an 11th-century Viking hired by a film studio as consultant and actor—is indeed Thorfinn Karlsefni.
A fictionalized version of Thorfinn Karlsefni is the protagonist of the Japanese Manga series "Vinland Saga" by author Makoto Yukimura. The popular manga also received a 24-episode anime television series adaptation by Wit Studio which aired on NHK General TV in Japan from July to December 2019
and released worldwide on Prime Video.


Edwin Wilson (theater critic)

Edwin Wilson was the theater critic for "The Wall Street Journal" from 1972 to 1994. The author or co-author, with Alvin Goldfarb, of several widely used text books on theater, he taught at Hunter College and the CUNY Graduate Center for thirty years. He has been the president of the New York Drama Critics' Circle and the Theatre Development Fund, the chairman of the Pulitzer Prize Drama Jury, and a board member of the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize and the John Golden Fund. He has also written a novel, "The Patron Murders".
Wilson studied at Vanderbilt University, University of Edinburgh, and Yale University, and received the first Doctor of Fine Arts degree awarded by Yale. His 90 television interviews with theater artists appeared on 200 PBS stations around the country.
Wilson's books include:


Liverpool Courier

The Liverpool Courier was a 19th-century conservative newspaper that circulated in Liverpool, England. First published in 1808 as a four-page weekly political paper priced as 6d, it was published and printed by Thomas Kaye. As well as containing political news, the newspaper published details of departing ships, cargoes, ship location updates, births, deaths and bankruptcies.
During its lifetime the paper was renamed multiple times;


Juan de Pineda

Juan de Pineda (Madrigal de las Altas Torres 1513 - Medina del Campo 1593) was a writer and a historian of the Spanish Golden Age.
After graduating from the University of Salamanca in 1540, he became a Franciscan.
Perhaps is most notable work is Monarchia Ecclesiastica (1576), which manages to cite almost every source and author known at the time.


Helen Cordero

Helen Cordero (June 15, 1915 – July 24, 1994) was a Cochiti Pueblo potter from Cochiti, New Mexico. She was renowned for her storyteller pottery figurines, a motif she invented, based upon the traditional "singing mother" motif.
Early work.
She first learned to create leatherwork, then in the 1950s started creating pottery birds and animals that her husband painted. It is said that Helen's aunt suggested clay as a medium over the more expensive leather. She also recommended figures after the early attempts by Helen at bowls and jars were misshapen.
Style and materials.
Cordero "followed a traditional way of life including digging her own clay and preparing her own pigments". She used three types of clay, all sourced near Cochiti Pueblo, and clay and plant materials for paint. Over time, Helen's finish became more refined, and she made her children separately instead of from the primary piece of clay allowing for her to vary their placement around the storyteller. As Helen's work progressed, she ultimately developed the trademark face for which her dolls are now known. Cordero had a personal connection to her work, "They're my little people. I talk to them and they're singing." This reflects the Pueblo belief that clay is living substance, and that the figurines are like living being.
Storyteller figurines.
The Cochiti women potters made figurines of women with children known as "Singing Mother" or Madonna, Cordero transformed this form into her Storyteller design in 1964. According to one account, she was commissioned by the Anglo designer and collector Alexander Girard to create the first Storyteller. Yet, in a 1981 article, Cordero said she created the first Storyteller on her own in 1964. "I made some more of my Storytellers with lots of children climbing on him to listen, then I took them up to the Santo Domingo Feast Day" where Alexander Girard bought them.
Alexander Girard was a patron who purchased her early work. Not long after Helen started her figurines, Gerard asked her to increase her yield and the size of her figures. This request ultimately terminated in a 250-piece Nativity set. It is suggested that Gerard also proposed Helen should fashion a larger "Singing Mother" figure. Helen mulled over the idea, and thought of her grandfather, Santiago Quintana, who she remembered as a great storyteller. Helen's grandfather would in part inspire her first Storyteller, a male figure surrounded by five grandchildren. After 1964, her family members joined her in making Storyteller figurines. She described her process:"work outdoors in warm weather and at her kitchen table in the winter. Her husband and son drove one hundred miles to bring home the cedar wood she used to fire her pieces ... on an open iron grate behind her house."Her Storyteller design became popular with other pottery-makers, who have created variations, including animal storytellers. By the 1990s, over 200 potters were making Storyteller figures for a booming market. To distinguish her work and to fulfill the expectations of some collectors, Helen began signing her works. After the success of the Storyteller, Helen eventually drew more from her experiences and went on to develop other types including, drummers, singing mothers, Pueblo father, and Hopi maiden.
Personal life.
Cordero was a lifelong resident of Cochiti Pueblo. She married Fred Cordero, an artist, drum-maker, and governor of Cochiti Pueblo, and they had four children.
Collections.
Cordero's work is found in the Museum of International Folk Art and the New Mexico Museum of Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the Museum of Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas, the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington, DC, the Heard Museum in Phoenix, the Bandelier National Monument museum in Los Alamos Co., New Mexico and the Brooklyn Museum.


Knaack club

Knaack () was a nightclub in Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin, Germany. It opened in 1952 as a youth club and occasional disco. It then developed during the East German era into a live music venue where many notable German bands played regularly. Gentrification of the surrounding area in the late 2000s led to complaints about the club's noise from residents of newly constructed apartment buildings nearby. A court case resulted, placing restrictions on the noise levels, which the owners judged made the club financially untenable, resulting in its closure on 31 December 2010. After efforts to reopen in another district, the club secured new premises in Prenzlauer Berg and announced in February 2013 that they planned to reopen in 2016. Delays due to construction permits pushed these plans back to 2018.
History.
The club was located on Greifswalder Straße in East Berlin on the site of a former brewery. It began in 1952 as the Ernst Knaack youth centre () and featured table tennis and occasional concerts. It was named after Ernst Knaack, a local communist resistance fighter. It began to include music and dancing in the late 1960s and 1970s. After years of playing mostly recorded music, the ground floor became a concert venue in 1992 and eventually hosted around 100 concerts a year. Among the bands who regularly played live at the venue were German groups such as Rammstein, who played one of their first concerts at the venue, and Die Toten Hosen. International artists such as Snow Patrol and Keane also appeared at the venue.
Closure.
In the late 2000s, the district—during the time of the GDR and into the 1990s an area favored by punks and bohemians—underwent gentrification. Construction of new dwellings near the club resulted in complaints about the club's noise from the new residents. This led to a temporary halt to concerts, which resulted in the number of clubbers falling from 1000 to 400 on a Saturday, threatening the club's economic viability. The planners of the apartment block were blamed for this, as they had failed to take the noise levels from the club into account when designing the apartment block. Nevertheless, in June 2010 a court ruled in the residents' favour, instructing the club to finish all events by 23:00 and restricting it to noise levels which would register at no higher than 25 decibels in the living rooms of the residents after that time. The club responded by installing new soundproofing in the building to reduce the noise levels, but the reduced noise levels inside the club proved unpopular with clubbers.
Eventually, the owners decided that these new conditions made operating a club untenable and decided to close, seeking a new location. The last concert took place on 4 December 2010, with a band from Munich, From Constant Visions, and one from Berlin, Contravolta, the last acts to play at the venue. The owners subsequently made an unsuccessful attempt to reopen the venue in the Kreuzberg district of Berlin.
The closure of Knaack and similar clubs as a result of economic changes resulted in a new term being coined in Berlin: "clubsterben" or "club death." Local politicians, concerned by possible economic effects of this, created a 1 million euro music fund to assist clubs in similar situations.
Reopening.
In February 2013, the club announced that it had secured new premises on vacant land on Eberswalder Straße in the Prenzlauer Berg district near Mauerpark. Press reports at that time suggested it would reopen in 2016 as "Knaack-Kulturhaus". The club celebrated its future rebirth with a two-day festival in August 2013. The importance of Mauerpark to public utility companies meant that these plans were postponed, with the club planning to reopen in 2018. Plans for this venue include a concert hall with a capacity of 1,000 people, a club with a capacity for 200, as well as rehearsal rooms, restaurant, cinema and music library.


The Passing of Wolf MacLean

The Passing of Wolf MacLean is a lost 1924 silent romantic western film directed by Paul Hurst and produced and starring Jack Mower.


London Chronicle

The London Chronicle was an early family newspaper of Georgian London. It was a thrice-a-week evening paper, introduced in 1756, and contained world and national news, and coverage of artistic, literary, and theatrical events in the capital.
A typical issue was eight pages, quarto size. Many of the stories were copied from government reports published in the official "London Gazette". Copying from other newspapers was rife, and many reports were in the form of letters from so-called gentlemen.
Originally titled The London Chronicle: or, Universal Evening Post it first ran from 1757 to June 1765. It was continued by The London Chronicle which appeared in 113 volumes from 2 July 1765 to 23 April 1823. It was then absorbed by the "Commercial chronicle" and continued in its original title ("London chronicle: or, Universal evening post"). In 1823 it was absorbed into the "London Packet".
This newspaper was the first to publish the United States Declaration of Independence in Europe. The full text of the declaration appeared in the 15-17 August 1776 edition of the newspaper but contained no explanation or comment as to what it was.


Broadway Jones (film)

Broadway Jones is a lost 1917 American silent comedy film directed by Joseph Kaufman and starring George M. Cohan, in his film debut, in a motion picture based on his 1912 play, "Broadway Jones".
Though no known copies survive of the film, a 1931 Paramount promotional film, "The House That Shadows Built", contains a clip of Cohan which may be from either "Broadway Jones" or one of two other lost Cohan silent films from around the same time.


Ptolemais in Phoenicia

Ptolemais was an ancient port city on the Phoenician coast. It was also called Ptolemais in Phoenicia (or "Akko", "Ake", or "Akre" in Phoenician). It was an Ancient bishopric, which became a double Catholic titular see.
In the Middle Ages, it was known as "Acre" amongst some Western European crusaders, who started a new, militantly Latin chapter there.
History.
Greek historians refer to the city as "Ake" (), meaning "cure." According to the Greek myth, Heracles found curative herbs here to heal his wounds. Josephus calls it "Akre". The name was changed to "Antiochia Ptolemais" () shortly after Alexander the Great's conquest, and then to Ptolemais, probably by Ptolemy I Soter, after the Wars of the Diadochi lead to the partition of the kingdom of Alexander the Great and its inclusion first into the Egypt-based Lagid empire, then in the Seleucid Empire.
Around 37 BC, the Romans conquered the Hellenized Phoenician port-city called Akko. It became a colony in southern Roman Phoenicia, called "Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais Garmanica Stabilis". Ptolemais stayed Roman for nearly seven centuries until 636 AD, when was conquered by the Muslim Arabs. Under Augustus, a gymnasium was built in the city. In 4 BC, the Roman proconsul Publius Quinctilius Varus assembled his army there in order to suppress the revolts that broke out in the region following the death of Herod the Great.
During the rule of the emperor Claudius there was a building drive in Ptolemais and veterans of the legions settled here. The city was one of four colonies (with Berytus, Aelia Capitolina and Caesarea Maritima) created in ancient Levant by Roman emperors for veterans of their Roman legions. As a result, Claudius granted the title "Colonia Claudia Felix Ptolemais Garmanica Stabilis". The city was a center of Romanization in the region, but most of the population was made of local Phoenicians and Jews: as a consequence after the Hadrian times the descendants of the initial Roman colonists were no more speaking Latin and were fully assimilated in less than two centuries (however the local society's customs were Roman).
In 66 AD Gessius Florus, the Roman Procurator of Judea, conducted an initial massacre of the Jews living in the city. The next year Vespasian, the Roman military commander (soon to be emperor), accompanied by his son Titus, moved from Akko-Ptolemais to suppress the Jewish rebellion in Galilee.
In 130 AD the port of Ptolemais was used as a base for the Roman Legions setting forth to suppress the Bar-Kochba revolt. After the destruction of Jerusalem many Jews settled in Ptolemais, that was losing its original Phoenician characteristics since Augustus times.
In 190 AD Christianity started to be important in the city: Clarus, the Bishop of Ptolemais, participated in a council of Christian leaders. Ptolemais grew to be an important port in the eastern Mediterranean sea of the Roman empire. After Hadrian times Ptolemais was the commercial center & port of Jewish Galilee and was starting to be no more part of Phoenicia.
In 351 AD Constantius Gallus suppressed a Jewish rebellion and did a small massacre of the Jews of Akko-Ptolemais (who were starting to be the majority of the city's population and rejected Roman domination).
Under Byzantine control the city lost importance and around 636 AD was conquered by the Arab Amr ibn al-Aas. Following the defeat of the Byzantine army of Heraclius by the Muslim army of Khalid ibn al-Walid in the Battle of Yarmouk, and the capitulation of the Christian city of Jerusalem to the Caliph Umar, Ptolemais was ruled by the Rashidun Caliphate beginning in 638 AD.
Christianity center.
Ptolemais was an important center of early Christianity in the region. Saint Paul visited the city at the end of his third missionary journey.
Towards the end of the third century, Ptolemais was a predominantly Christian city, but with a large Jewish community. An unidentified visitor from Italy reported that in the sixth century the city had beautiful churches. Indeed, an important discovery was made in 2011: a Byzantine church in the middle of Crusaders' "San Giovanni d'Acri" (as was called Ptolemais in the Middle Ages).
Ecclesiastical History.
Bishops of Ptolemais in Syria.
The Apostle Paul, returning from his trip to Macedonia and Achea, landed at Tyre, and from there sailed to Ptolemais, where he stayed some days with the local Christian community (Acts 21.7).
Ptolemais became of suffragan of the Metropolitan Archbishopric of Tyre.
The first bishop known is Clarus, who in 190 AD attended a Council meeting which saw some bishops of Phoenicia and Palestine to deal with the issue of the date of the Easter feast. But we must go back to the fourth century to find the next Bishop, Enea, who took part at the first Council of Nicaea in 325 AD and at the Synod held in Antioch in 341 AD. Nectabus was one of the fathers of the first Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 381 AD. Between the 4th and 5th centuries lived Bishop Antiochus, opponent of John Chrysostom. Helladius participated in the first Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. Paul took part in the Council held at Antioch of 445 AD to judge the work of Athanasius of Perrhe and at the Council of Chalcedon of 451 AD. In 518 AD Bishop John signed a Synodal letter against Severus of Antioch and the Monophysite party. Finally, the last known Bishop of Ptolemais is George, who attended the second Council of Constantinople in 553 AD.
It faded after Islam was established in Greater Syria in the 7th century by the first Caliphs, conquering the Sassanid satrapy.
CRUSADERS
In the 12th century, the Crusaders started all over in their Kingdom of Jerusalem. From 1107 - 1190 AD including a Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre. Then reconquered in the 13th century for another further decades of Christian domination with Jewish communities peacefully living together.
Titular sees.
Long after the Crusader states had perished, the Catholic church nominally restored the see (linked to the Acre succession) as a titular see, actually twice, in different rite-specific branches.
Latin titular see.
It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents, so far of the (mostly fitting) Episcopal, i.e. lowest) rank ("with an archiepiscopal exception") :
Maronite titular see.
It has had the following incumbents, of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank "with an archiepiscopal exception :


List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa

This is a list of National Historic Sites () in its capital city, Ottawa, Ontario. There are 26 National Historic Sites in Ottawa, of which two (Laurier House and the Rideau Canal) are administered by Parks Canada (identified below by the beaver icon ). The Rideau Canal, which extends to Lake Ontario at Kingston, was designated in 1925 and was the first site designated in Ottawa.
There are six other National Historic Sites located within the National Capital Region, but not within Ottawa proper: the "Former Almonte Post Office" and "Rosamond Woollen Mill" in Almonte, the "Gillies Grove and House" in Arnprior, the "Manoir Papineau" in Montebello, the "Symmes Hotel" in the Aylmer sector of Gatineau, and the "First Geodetic Survey Station" in Chelsea.
Numerous National Historic Events also occurred in Ottawa, and are identified at places associated with them, using the same style of federal plaque which marks National Historic Sites. Several National Historic Persons are commemorated throughout the city in the same way. The markers do not indicate which designation—a Site, Event, or Person—a subject has been given.
National Historic Sites located elsewhere in Ontario are listed at National Historic Sites in Ontario.
This list uses names designated by the national "Historic Sites and Monuments Board", which may differ from other names for these sites.


Margolin

Margolin is a surname derived from the Hebrew word (margoliyot) whose meaning is ""pearls",
Variants of the name are: Margolis, Margulis, Margules, Margolio(u)th, Margoliut(h), Margo, Margolinski, Marliss, etc.
Names like Perlman, Perelman, Perlstein, etc. have the same meaning.
The surname "Margolin"" may refer to:


List of Indiana state historical markers in Vermillion County

This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Vermillion County.
This is intended to be a complete list of the official state historical markers placed in Vermillion County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The locations of the historical markers and their latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with their names, years of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There are 5 historical markers located in Vermillion County.


Hawaii lunar sample displays

The Hawaii lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back with the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions and given in the 1970s to the people of the state of Hawaii by United States President Richard Nixon as goodwill gifts.
Description.
Apollo 11.
The Hawaii Apollo 11 lunar sample display commemorative podium style plaque consists of four "Moon rock" rice-size particle specimens that were collected by Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin in 1969 and a small Hawaii state flag that was taken to the Moon and back on Apollo 11.
The four "Moon rocks" weigh about 0.05 grams total and are encased in a clear plastic button the size of a coin which is mounted to a wooden board approximately one foot square on a small podium pedestal display. The small podium plaque display also has mounted on it a small Hawaii state flag that had been taken to the Moon and back, which lies directly below the "goodwill Moon rocks". The small podium plaque display was given to the people of the state of Hawaii as a gift by President Richard Nixon. Similar lunar sample displays were also distributed to all the other states of the United States and all the countries (at the time) of the world.
Apollo 17.
The Hawaii Apollo 17 lunar sample display commemorative style plaque, measuring 10 by 14 inches, consists of one "Moon rock" particle specimen that was cut from lunar basalt 70017 and a Hawaii state flag. The basalt 70017 was collected by Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt on the Moon in 1972. Once lunar basalt 70017 was brought back to Earth from the Moon, the basalt Moon rock was cut up into small fragments of approximately 1 gram. The specimen was encased in a plastic ball and mounted on the wooden plaque along with the Hawaii state flag which had been taken to the Moon and back by the crew of Apollo 17. The plaque was then distributed in 1973 by President Richard Nixon to the state of Hawaii as he did that year to the other 49 states (the same as for the Apollo 11 plaque gifts). This was done as a goodwill gesture to promote peace and harmony.
History.
Joseph Gutheinz, a former NASA employee and self-appointed private investigator of the Apollo lunar sample displays, reported in 2009 that he didn't have a clue where Hawaii's Apollo 11 or Apollo 17 "goodwill Moon rocks" plaque displays were. The missing exhibits were pointed out to him by a reporter of the "Honolulu Advertiser". A representative of the Hawaii Governor's office said the "goodwill Moon rocks" displays were never taken from their premises but were securely tucked away. The display was so well secured that through decades of time and the turnover of personnel, the exact location in the governor's offices of the State Capitol had long been forgotten.
Hawaii's governor's office records showed they were keeping both the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 "goodwill Moon rocks" plaque displays in a secured cabinet, but the records did not indicate in which cabinet the "Moon rocks" – valued up to $10 million on the black market – were stashed. The plaques were ultimately found in January 2010 in locked cabinets in the Executive Chambers at the State Capitol during an annual inventory of gifts to the State of Hawaii. A senior adviser for the governor's office said they knew all along they were there someplace. This information was relayed back to Gutheinz, who updated his tracking and reporting websites to reflect this. The Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar displays are now in the Hawaii State Archives, but not on exhibit.


Yussef El Guindi

Yussef El Guindi (born 1960) is an Egyptian-American playwright. He writes full-length, one-act, and adapted plays on Arab-Muslim experience in the United States. He is best known for his 2005 play "Back of the Throat" and has been called "the most talented Arab American writer of political plays."
Background.
Yussef El Guindi was born in 1960 in Egypt. His grandfather was director Zaki Toleimat, grandmother actress Rose al Yusuf, and his uncle writer Ihsan Abdel Koudous. At age three, he moved to London and received schooling in the UK and France. In 1982, he received a BA from the American University in Cairo. In 1983, he moved to the United States and received an MFA from Carnegie Mellon University. He then moved to Seattle, Washington, where in 1996 he became a US citizen.
Career.
El Guindi became associated with Chicago's Silk Road Theatre Project (now Silk Road Rising), which produced three of his plays in quick succession. He became playwright-in-residence at Duke University, where he also taught playwriting for seven years.
After the attacks of September 11, 2001, interest in Arab American theatre grew. In 2005, his play "Back of the Throat" premiered, confronting anti-Arab sentiment in the US, and received notice from theatres, press, and academia.
Formerly literary manager in the early 2000s, El Guindi became an artistic associate at the Golden Thread Productions in San Francisco in the 2010s. In 2018, he also became a Core Company playwright member of ACT Theatre (Seattle).
Theatres that have produced El Guindi's plays include: The Fountain Theatre (Los Angeles), Furious Theatre Company (Pasadena), Artists Repertory Theatre (Portland), Portland Center Stage (Portland), ACT Theatre (Seattle), The Wilma Theater (Philadelphia), and Mosaic Theater Company (Washington DC). James Faerron has designed sets for his plays.
Works.
"Guindi's works focus on themes of the immigrant experience, cultural and political climates, and current issues facing Arab-Americans and Muslim Americans." El Guindi himself says that his plays may "pick Arab American or Muslim American characters... but they are essentially immigrant stories." In analyzing his work, Anneka Esch-Van Kan wrote: The Dramatist's Play Service and Theatre Forum has published El Guindi's plays.
Plays:
Books:
Miscellaneous.
Actor-director Orson Welles, director Howard Hawks, and writer William Faulkner visited El Guindi's family home.
Sometimes his name is transliterated from Arabic into English with the surname hyphenated: "Yussef El-Guindi."


El Bonaerense

El bonaerense is a 2000 Argentine, Chilean, French, and Dutch drama film. It was directed and produced by Pablo Trapero. The screenplay was a joint effort of Nicolas Gueilburt, Ricardo Ragendorfer, Dodi Shoeuer, Pablo Trapero, and actor Daniel Valenzuela, and partly funded by INCAA. It features Jorge Román, Mimí Ardú, among others.
The movie deals with the corruption of the Bonaerense Police in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, and the lives of those involved in it.
Plot.
Zapa is a locksmith apprentice living a simple life in Corrientes with his family. After the locksmith Polaco breaks open a safe and uses him as a scapegoat, Zapa is convicted and sentenced to imprisonment in the Buenos Aires police jail, which is pictured as notoriously corrupt. This takes him to the "La Matanza" barrio in Greater Buenos Aires. Here, Zapa is taken in as the "protégé" of his superior Gallo and begins to climb the ladder of corruption. At the same time he has an affair with instructor Mabel. His journey through the political underworld as he frames and bribes ultimately takes him to the edge of innocence, and a final confrontation with Polaco.
Distribution.
The film was first presented at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival on May 21 in the "Un Certain Regard" section. It opened in Argentina on September 19, 2002.
The picture was screened at various film festivals, including: the Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Czech Republic; the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; the Chicago International Film Festival, United States; the Bergen International Film Festival, Norway; the Stockholm International Film, Sweden; and others.
Reception.
Critical response.
"New York Times" film critic Stephen Holden lauded the film and wrote, "There are no crusading moralists to clean up the mess in "El Bonaerense," Pablo Trapero's grim, dispassionate drama of police corruption, set mostly in contemporary Buenos Aires. This powerful sweat-stained swatch of Argentine neo-realism, filmed in harsh high contrast that throws its characters' faces into deep shadow, follows the initiation of Zapa (Jorge Román), a naïve police recruit, into a labyrinth of sleaze...[the film] is all the more disturbing for refusing to act as an exposé. It just throws up its hands and says that this is the way it is. And its pointed detachment lends certain scenes an almost farcical sense of the absurd."
Awards.
Wins
Nominations


Rabban

Rabban may refer to:
People with the given name Rabban:
Jewish teachers given the title Rabban, a title traditionally given to the head of the Sanhedrin during Tannaitic times:
Lectors in the Ancient Church of the East


Black-Binney House

The Black-Binney House was a former residence built in 1819 in Halifax, Nova Scotia which is now a National Historic Site of Canada. The house was built by John Black (merchant) and is reflective of the Palladian-inspired residences common during the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Eastern Canada. In 1857, Hibbert Binney subdivided the property to build the St. Matthew's United Church (Halifax). In 1965 Sidney Culverwell Oland purchased and renovated the building to house the Nova Scotia Division of the Canadian Corps of Commissionaires.


Scottish Ontario Chambers

The Scottish Ontario Chambers is a building in Ottawa at the corner of Sparks Street and Elgin Street that was built in 1883. It was designed by William Hodgson. It is designated as a heritage property under Part IV of the "Ontario Heritage Act".


Hellship Bronson

Hellship Bronson is a lost 1928 silent film adventure directed by Joseph Henabery and starring Noah Beery and Dorothy Davenport (aka Mrs. Wallace Reid). It was produced by Gotham Pictures and distributed by Lumas Film Corporation.


Battle of Epiphany

The Battle of Epiphany was a naval battle fought on 5–6 January or 12 January 1156, between the Norse Godred Olafsson (Godred the Black), King of the Isles and the Norse-Gaelic Somhairle MacGillebride (Somerled), King of Cinn Tìre (Kintyre), Argyll and Lorne, off the coast of Islay, Scotland.
Background.
Olafr Godredsson, King of the Isles, was murdered on 29 June 1153 by his nephews and his son Godred became king in his place. After ascending to the throne, Godred ruled with a heavy hand, which upset some of his chiefs.
Somerled who had married Raghnailt, the daughter of Olafr, was approached by a number of men headed by Thornfinn Ottarsson. Somerled agreed to their plan to overthrow Godred and replace him with Somerled's son Dubgall mac Somairle. He began preparations and began construction of 80 ships modelled on the Norse longship, known as birlinns and nyvaigs (the latter being the first ship to have a stern rudder directly in the rear of the vessel). Somerled having recognised the importance of dominating the sea, with which the Norse had successfully conquered the Isles.
Battle.
Thornfinn and Dubgall were sailing around the Isles seeking fealty for the latter as the next king. Godred became aware of their treachery and he sailed his fleet to attack.
The fleets of Godred and Somerled met off Islay, to the north at Rubh' a' Mhaoil, on the night of the Epiphany on 5–6 January or 12 January 1156, and a fierce battle continued through into the next day. A stalemate occurred between the two fleets and Godred and Somerled initiated talks. The contemporary evidence for the location of the battle is slight and some authors have suggested the battle took place to the west of Islay, although Marsden (2008) favours the narrow Sound of Islay.
Aftermath.
After discussions and agreement, Godred ceded the isles to the south of Ardnamurchan (Mull, Jura and Islay) to Somerled, while keeping the Outer Hebrides, Skye and the Isle of Man. " The Chronicle of Mann and the Sudreys" lamented that "thus was the Kingdom of the Isles ruined".


Shangarai Chasset

Shangarai Chasset (Shaarei Chesed) was a nineteenth-century New Orleans Orthodox (and later Reform) synagogue.
History.
Shangarai Chasset was founded in New Orleans on December 20, 1827, and chartered by the Louisiana legislature on March 27, 1828 by Jacob Solis. The synagogue’s members were primarily of Sephardic Portuguese background. Around the same time the synagogue was founded, a related benevolent society was established with the same name, "Shaare Chessed," (the first interment therein was that of a Hyam Harris on June 28, 1828). Though Judah Touro was not initially interested in the congregation, he eventually gave generously to it.
The congregation constructed a synagogue building in 1845 on Rampart Street between St. Louis and Conti Streets, the first permanent synagogue building in Louisiana. A plaque remains at the site.
By 1846, the Jewish population had become more French and German because of the migration of Jews from Alsace-Lorraine. As a result, a Sephardic businessman, Gershom Kursheedt, convinced Judah Touro to establish a new Sephardic synagogue which he did on the corner of Bourbon St. and Canal St. The new congregation was called Nefutsoth Judah, Dispersed of Judah. By 1881, the two congregations couldn't exist separately and re-united under the name of "The Gates of Mercy of the Dispersed of Judah". Eventually the congregation was called Touro Synagogue in honor of their mutual benefactor, but the name wasn't changed until 1937.
Far from established Jewish communities, the congregation’s membership attempted to create a semblance of Jewish life and community in the new territory opened to them as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Upon its founding, most Jewish people were reportedly indifferent and not affiliated with the synagogue. Of those affiliated with the congregation, their level of observance was minimal. Jacob Rader Marcus, a noted historian, comments that the lack of affiliation to the synagogue may have in part resulted in many of the Jewish men in the Louisiana Territory taking non-Jewish wives and having non-Jewish children. However, the high intermarriage rate did not preclude the congregation from appointing men with gentile wives to leadership positions in the synagogue. Despite shortcomings in their religious observance, their love of their religion, and service to their community was nonetheless noteworthy, as it paved the way for future generations of Jewish life in New Orleans.
Synagogue leadership.
Some of the rabbis to lead the congregation were considered the greatest rabbis in their era. Among them: