Atlanta Biltmore Hotel and Biltmore Apartments

The Atlanta Biltmore Hotel and Biltmore Apartments is a historic building located in Atlanta, Georgia. The complex, originally consisting of a hotel and apartments, was developed by William Candler, son of Coca-Cola executive Asa Candler, with Holland Ball Judkins and John McEntee Bowman. The original hotel building was converted to an office building in 1999. The building is currently owned by the Georgia Institute of Technology and is adjacent to Technology Square.
History.
Opened on April 19, 1924, the 11-story hotel and 10-story apartment building were constructed somewhat away from downtown Atlanta, in an area that became known as Midtown. Designed by the New York firm of Schultze and Weaver, the hotel was operated by Bowman-Biltmore Hotels.
The Atlanta Biltmore is easily distinguished by the towering radio masts on each end of the building, with vertical illuminated letters that spell out "BILTMORE". The studios on the top floor broadcast WSB-AM from 1925 until 1956. The large radio masts supported the transmitting antenna of WSB-AM from 1925 to 1929, when output power was increased to 5,000 watts, and a suburban transmitter site was built in East Lake.
In 1967, the Atlanta Biltmore was sold to Sheraton Hotels and became the Sheraton-Biltmore Hotel. Sheraton spent $5 million on renovations and operated the hotel until 1979, when they sold it to Biltmore Hospitality Partners, which renamed the hotel the Atlanta Biltmore. Both buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 20th, 1980. The hotel closed in 1982 and was sold in 1984 to Renaissance Investment Corporation, which planned to convert both the smaller apartment tower and the enormous hotel tower to condominiums. They completed work on the apartment tower, but then went bankrupt in 1986 and had to sell the entire property. The newly renovated apartment tower was opened as the Biltmore Suites Hotel while the main building remained vacant for many years.
The complex was sold to Novare Group in January 1998, who gutted and transformed the main hotel building into office space, reopening it in 1999. Due to extensive renovations over the years, there were only two remaining historic public rooms, the two main floor ballrooms. They were fully restored and are used as public function rooms, known as The Biltmore Ballrooms. The adjoining Biltmore Suites Hotel was closed in 1998 and converted to condominiums known as Biltmore House, which opened in 1999.
On June 13, 2016, The Biltmore was purchased from Novare by the Georgia Institute of Technology.


Robin Holmes

Robin Holmes was an African American born into slavery who was the plaintiff of a court case in the Oregon Territory concerning slavery prior to the American Civil War.
Robin Holmes was born in Virginia in 1810. He stated that he and his wife, Polly, had been owned by a US Army Major in Missouri for twelve years before they were seized to pay the major's debts. Politician and landowner Nathaniel Ford claimed them as his own slaves, though Holmes would later dispute the legality of the sale.
In 1843, Ford, who was 2400 dollars in debt, mortgaged Robin and Polly Holmes and five of their six children. He regained ownership of Robin Holmes, Polly Holmes, and two of their children. The others- William, Eliza, and Clarisa- he either lost permanently or sold. Based on dates recorded by the Fords, Eliza, the oldest of the three, would have been twelve years old.
On May 14, 1844, the Ford and Holmes families set out for the Oregon Territory. Ford's descendants claimed that Ford was reluctant to bring Robin Holmes along, but was swayed by Holmes's pleas to stay with the Fords. Robin Holmes himself testified that he had been offered freedom in exchange for helping Ford settle in Oregon, an account that Ford did not dispute in his own testimony. Mary Jane, Harriet, and Celi Ann, Holmes's three remaining daughters, were also brought along.
In 1850, Mr. Ford granted freedom to only Robin, Polly, and one of the children, leaving four children enslaved (two children had been born to the couple between 1844 and 1850). One of the children, Harriet, died in 1851. Robin Holmes then sued Nathaniel Ford for his children's freedom in 1852.
The case, "Holmes v. Ford", was brought before the Oregon Territorial Supreme Court on July 13, 1853, and the children were awarded to their parents after a fourteen month trial.


Act III Theatres

Act III Theatres was an American company that owned movie theater multiplexes and screens principally located in the U.S. states of Texas, Oregon and Washington. The company was in business from 1986 to 1997, when it was sold to Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR). Television producer Norman Lear owned a controlling stake in Act III Theatres through his company Act III Communications. At the time of sale in 1997, Act III Theaters consisted of 124 multiplex theaters operating 793 screens located primarily in San Antonio and Austin, Texas and Portland, Oregon, and was the tenth-largest chain of cinemas in the United States.
Formation of Act III Theatres.
Act III Theatres was launched in 1986 with the acquisition of Santikos Theatres in San Antonio. Scott C. Wallace, then a senior executive at AMC Theatres, brought the idea to Act III Communications' president Tom McGrath, having received a waiver from his current employer to pursue the transaction.
The group expanded in 1988 by acquiring Luxury Theaters in Portland from Tom Moyer. Luxury Theaters consisted of 87 cinemas operating 293 screens. The purchase price was $150 million. Subsequent to the acquisition of Luxury Theaters, the company's headquarters was relocated from San Antonio to Portland.
Other chains acquired by Act III included Presidio Theaters in Austin. Following the acquisition of Presidio, Act III consolidated its market position by buying AMC's theaters in Austin, creating the dominant theater circuit in that city. To grow its footprint in the Pacific Northwest, Act III acquired Oregon and Washington theaters then owned by Cineplex Odeon.
Acquisition by KKR.
KKR acquired Act III Theatres in October 1998 for $323 million plus the assumption of $338 million in debt. The price represents and estimated 11.2x trailing cash flow and 8.8x pro forma cash flow. EBITDA for the group was $59 million for the 12 months ended December 31, 1996. At 11.2x trailing earnings, the acquisition of Act III represented one of the highest valuations ever paid for a chain of movie theaters. Later in 1998, KKR combined its theater operations with the United Artists Theatres held by Hicks Muse and together they acquired Regal Cinemas, creating what is today the largest chain of cinemas in the United States (which operates under the Regal name). In 1990, during the height of the 1990–92 recession, Boston Ventures placed a value on Act III Theatres of 4-5x cash flow while advising majority owner Norman Lear. Simultaneously, Boston Ventures was seeking to acquire various Act III assets.


Northwest Steel

Northwest Steel was a small shipyard in Portland, Oregon. Little is known of its background or owners, but during World War I the yard built cargo ships for the United States Shipping Board (USSB). Some 37 of the 46 ships ship built at Northwest Steel were the "West" boats, a series of steel-hulled cargo ships built for the USSB on the West Coast of the United States as part of the World War I war effort.
It was headed by Joseph R. Bowles, who was indicted for bribing a government official in about 1918 and then convicted of contempt of court. He was later described as a "greedy, domineering and difficult person, with no sense of civic responsibility."
The first ship built at Northwest Steel was the cargo ship , originally launched on March 31, 1917 as the Cunard Line ship "Vesterlide", a British-flagged ship sunk by German submarine "U-55" in January 1918. The final ship built was the tanker "Swiftwind", completed in June 1921.


SS Charles L. Wheeler Jr.

S.S. "Charles L. Wheeler Jr. was a 3,300 ton cargo ship, ordered by the United States Shipping Board as the Point Judith" and delivered in July 1918 by the Albina Engine and Machine Works of Portland, Oregon. Renamed SS "Charles L. Wheeler Jr." in 1929, the ship was scrapped in 1948.
Career.
On 17 December 1933, "Charles L. Wheeler Jr." ran aground on Sand Island in Oregon′s Columbia River. She was refloated on 30 December 1933.
In 1938, the world′s largest single-lift lock was opened at the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. As part of the opening ceremonies of the lock, Captain Arthur Riggs, a veteran upper Columbia river pilot, took "Charles L. Wheeler Jr." – which was operated by McCormick Steamship Company and loaded with sugar, building materials, beer, hardware, automobiles, and general freight – upstream from Portland, transited the Bonneville Locks and continued on to the historic upper river steamboat port of The Dalles, Oregon. She was the first ship to transit the lock at Bonneville Dam and the first ocean-going merchant ship to transit the Columbia River all the way to The Dalles, located 200 miles (322 km) upstream from the Pacific Ocean. Once unloaded at the Port of the Dalles, the ship was then loaded with lumber, wheat, flour, and other local products for the return voyage. Residents of The Dalles had hoped the trip would bring increased business to their port, but the trip was a one-time event, and the Columbia River is dominated by barge traffic.
In 1941 the purse seiner "Lina B.", fishing out of San Francisco, California, and "Charles L. Wheeler Jr." collided in fog in the Pacific Ocean near the Farallon Islands off the coast of California, ripping a hole in the bow of "Lina B." and disabled her steering gear.


Rodgers Stores

Rodgers was a chain of five-and-dime stores based in Portland, Oregon, which was in business for 60 years, from 1938 to 1998. The chain's largest store was believed to be the largest independent variety store on the U.S. West Coast at the time of its opening in 1955. It occupied a newly constructed three-story, building in Portland's Hollywood District and replaced two successive previous stores in that area.
The company was founded by Kenneth E. Rodgers and his brother, Frederick A. Rodgers, who were its co-owners and presidents until Fred died in 1960 and Kenneth retired in 1972. Regina Rodgers, wife of Frederick Rodgers, continued to operate several stores after his death. Kenneth opened the first store in 1938, added a second store in 1944 (in the Hollywood District), and by 1953 he and Frederick had expanded to six locations, all in Portland at that time. Until the late 1950s, the chain was known as Rodgers' 5, 10, and 25 cent stores, or alternatively as Rodgers Five and Ten, before becoming simply Rodgers. The new building that opened in 1955 in the Hollywood District also housed the company's headquarters until the 1980s. A Rodgers store opened in the Cedar Hills Shopping Center, just west of Portland, in 1955, and the chain had eight stores in mid-1961. Over the years, some locations closed while others opened. By 1964, the eight stores in the Portland metropolitan area included ones in Lake Oswego, Oregon, and in central Beaverton. The Beaverton store, which had opened in 1958, closed in 1983. Meanwhile, the Cedar Hills store moved to Cedar Mill, another unincorporated area west of Portland.
By the late 1980s, Rodgers was finding it increasingly difficult to remain profitable in the face of competition from larger, national chains, and even variety store chains with nationwide coverage, such as Woolworth's and Newberry's, were succumbing to competition from chains featuring larger stores, such as Wal-Mart and Target. The company closed its Hollywood store and sold the building in 1984. Rodgers' Cedar Mill store closed in 1988, the space being taken over by an expanded Cedar Mill Library. The last three stores in the chain, in Portland's Menlo Park Shopping Center (at NE 122nd & Glisan), in the Westmoreland neighborhood, and in Lake Oswego, closed in early 1998.


Ballard, Seattle

Ballard is a neighborhood in the northwestern area of Seattle, Washington, United States. Formerly an independent city, the City of Seattle's official boundaries define it as bounded to the north by Crown Hill (N.W. 85th Street), to the east by Greenwood, Phinney Ridge and Fremont (along 3rd Avenue N.W.), to the south by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and to the west by Puget Sound's Shilshole Bay. Other neighborhood or district boundaries existed in the past; these are recognized by various Seattle City Departments, commercial or social organizations, and other Federal, State, and local government agencies.
Landmarks of Ballard include the Ballard Locks, the Nordic Museum, the Shilshole Bay Marina, and Golden Gardens Park. The neighborhood's main thoroughfares running north–south are Seaview, 32nd, 24th, Leary, 15th, and 8th Avenues N.W. East–west traffic is carried by N.W. Leary Way and N.W. 85th, 80th, 65th, and Market Streets (east- and westbound). The Ballard Bridge carries 15th Avenue over Salmon Bay to the Interbay neighborhood, and the Salmon Bay Bridge carries the BNSF Railway tracks across the bay, west of the Ballard Locks.
Ballard is located entirely within Seattle City Council District 6, which also includes the neighborhoods of Crown Hill, Green Lake and Phinney Ridge, as well as most of Fremont, North Beach/Blue Ridge, and Wallingford. Ballard is part of the Seattle Public Schools and the Washington State Legislature's 36th legislative district. At the federal level, Ballard is part of the United States House of Representatives's 7th congressional district.
History.
Early settlement.
The area now called Ballard was settled by the Dxʷdəwʔabš (Duwamish) Tribe after the last glacial period.
There were plentiful salmon and clams in the region. The U.S. government code in the CDC (Centers for Disease Control which maintains a list of race and ethnicity for tracking) for this group is American Indian, Puget Sound Salish (Code A01-M43, H71). (There is no "Shilshole" tribe). The Burke Museum has artifacts from the group of Duwamish who lived at Shilshole. The references say that before non-Natives arrived, the group living around Shilshole may have been in decline due to a "great catastrophe". The remaining dozen or fewer families were evicted by non-Natives in the mid-19th century. One source suggests that the decline of the Shilshole dwelling Salish might have been due to raiding from Natives from farther north (Queen Charlotte's Island) and these raids also alarmed non-Native settlers. The last member of the Shilshole native group-HWelch’teed or "Salmon Bay Charlie"-was forcibly removed to allow construction of the Hiram Chittendon Locks
The first European resident, homesteader Ira Wilcox Utter, moved to his claim in 1853. Utter hoped to see a rapid expansion of population but that did not happen, so he sold the land to Thomas Burke, a judge. Thirty-six years later, Judge Burke, together with John Leary and railroader Daniel H. Gilman, formed the West Coast Improvement Company to develop Burke's land holdings in the area as they anticipated the building of the Great Northern Railway along the Salmon Bay coastline on the way to Interbay and central Seattle. The partners also built a spur from Fremont's main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. Today three miles (5 km) of this line, running along Salmon Bay from N.W. 40th Street to the BNSF Railway mainline at N.W. 67th, are operated as the Ballard Terminal Railroad.
During the late 19th century Captain William Rankin Ballard, owner of land adjoining Judge Burke's holdings, joined the partnership with Burke, Leary, and Gilman. Then, in 1887 the partnership was dissolved and the assets divided, but no one wanted the land in Salmon Bay so the partners flipped a coin. Capt. Ballard lost the coin-toss and ended up with the "undesirable" tract.
The railroad to Seattle ended at Salmon Bay because the railroad company was unwilling to build a trestle to cross the bay. From the stop at "Ballard Junction," (as the terminus was called) passengers could walk across the wagon bridge and continue the journey to Seattle. In addition to gaining notoriety as the end of the railway line, fledgling Ballard benefited economically from the railway because the railroad provided a way to bring supplies into the area and also to export locally manufactured products. Ability to ship products spurred the growth of mills of many types. Ballard's first mill, built in 1888 by Mr. J Sinclair was a lumber mill; the second mill, finished the same year was a shingle mill. After the Great Seattle Fire in 1889 the mills provided opportunities for those who had lost jobs in the fire, which in turn spurred the growth of the settlement as families moved north to work in the mills.
City of Ballard.
With the rapid population growth, residents realized that there might soon be a need for laws to keep order, a process that would require a formal government. In the late summer of 1889, the community discussed incorporating as a town but eventually rejected the idea of incorporation. The issue pressed, however, and several months later, on November 4, 1889, the residents again voted on the question and this time they voted to incorporate. The first mayor of Ballard was Charles F. Treat. A municipal census, conducted shortly after the passing vote showed that the new town of Ballard had more than 1500 residents, allowing it to be the first "third-class town" to be incorporated in the newly-admitted State of Washington.
By 1900, Ballard's population had grown to 4,568, making it the seventh-largest city in Washington, and the town was faced with many of the problems common to small towns. Saloons had been a problem since the beginning, and in 1904, the drinking and gambling had become so bad that the mayor ordered the City of Ballard officially closed for the day to prevent gambling. The city also faced problems with loose livestock and so the Cow Ordinance of 1903 made allowing cows to graze south of present-day 65th St. a punishable offense. The city faced more serious problems, however, with two of the most difficult being the lack of both a proper water supply and a sewer system. The one weakness of the location on Salmon Bay was the lack of nearby freshwater springs, which meant that water came from local ground water wells. Lack of a proper sewage system contaminated the ground water, compounding the problem.
The town continued to grow and reached 17,000 residents by 1907 to become the second-largest city in King County. However Ballard, like many of the other small cities surrounding Seattle continued to be plagued by water problems. The rapid population growth had overwhelmed the city's ability to provide services, particularly safe drinking water and sewers, and Ballard's city government had tried unsuccessfully to deal with the crises. That made the citizens begin to consider asking Seattle to annex the town. In 1905, the question was voted on and the residents voted against annexation since they hoped for a solution, but the problems refused to go away. In July 1906, the Supreme Court ruled that Seattle was not required to share water with surrounding communities. Ballard had been dependent on a water sharing agreement with Seattle, but the Supreme Court decision left it with inadequate water and forced a second vote on the annexation question. By then, the residents realized the inability of local resources to cope with their situation and the majority of residents voted in favor of annexation. On May 29, 1907 at 3:45 a.m, the City of Ballard officially became part of Seattle. On that day, Ballard citizens showed their mixed feelings about the handover by draping their city hall with black crepe and flying the flag at half mast.
Modern history.
At the end of the 20th century Ballard began to experience a real-estate boom. By early 2007, nearly 20 major apartment/retail projects were under construction or had just been completed within a five-block radius of downtown Ballard. The new developments will add as many as 2500 new households to the neighborhood. This growth in urban density is the result of the neighborhood plan created by former Seattle Mayor Norm Rice. Mayor Rice's plan aimed to reduce suburban sprawl by targeting certain Seattle areas, including Ballard, for high-density development.
Transit and growth remain the two most contentious issues in the greater Seattle area. Sustainable Ballard, a group formed in 2004, is exploring many of these challenges on a community level. The group has adopted the slogan "A Blueprint for EveryTown USA." This fast growing community-wide effort is working on many projects, including "Undriving Ballard," a transportation campaign to reduce traffic in the neighborhood, and "Get Carbon Neutral," working toward Ballard becoming the first carbon neutral community in the nation, a goal inspired by Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth". Gore lauded Ballard's efforts in an address at the NYU Law School on September 18, 2006.
In recent times Ballard has added venues for live music, including bars, restaurants and coffee shops, such as Conor Byrne, Egan's Jam House, Fu Kun Wu @ Thaiku, Kiss Cafe, La Isla, Molly Maguire's, Old Pequliar, Sunset Tavern, The Stepping Stone, and The Tractor Tavern. Each month the Ballard Chamber of Commerce sponsors the Second Saturday Artwalk. Downtown Ballard also boasts a variety of restaurants and local shops.
Downtown Ballard is also home to the Majestic Bay Theater, which was the oldest operating movie theater on the West Coast prior to its closure in 1997. In 1998, it was renovated and transformed from a bargain single-screen theater to a well-appointed triplex. The Deep Sea Fisherman's Union is currently located in Ballard too.
Ballard Historical Society.
The Ballard Historical Society is a volunteer-run non-profit historical society located in the Ballard neighborhood. The organization does not have any traditional exhibition space, but maintains a community presence through its self-guided historical tours, historical markers, lectures, community events, and collections. The Ballard Historical Society's collections include memorabilia, historical archives, photographs, and other objects relating to Ballard History. The society has made its photo archives available online. The organization has 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status.
Formed in 1988 with encouragement from the Ballard Centennial Committee in celebration of the Washington state centennial in 1989, the organization's establishment coincided with the publication of "Passport to Ballard", a collection of essays on the neighborhood's history from pre-European settlement up through the 1980s. In April 2007, the Ballard Historical Society unveiled its Historic Markers, which can be seen on buildings in the Ballard Avenue Historic District.
The organization also co-produced, along with the Nordic Heritage Museum and Swedish-Finn Historical Society, "Voices of Ballard: Immigrant Stories from the Vanishing Generation" (2001), a book collecting oral histories from long-time Ballard residents who have made the neighborhood home since before the 1960s. The Ballard Walking Tour, a self-guided tour created by the organization, highlights 20 different historic sites on and around Ballard Avenue. The most recent illustrated Tour Brochure was released in February 2009.
Every three years the Ballard Historical Society organizes the Ballard Classic Homes Tour and features a different set of vintage homes in Ballard during each parade of houses.
Culture.
Historically Ballard is the traditional center of Seattle's ethnically Scandinavian seafaring community, who were drawn to the area because of the salmon fishing opportunities. The neighborhood's unofficial slogan, "Uff da", comes from an "Almost Live!" sketch that made fun of its Scandinavian culture. In recent years the proportion of Scandinavian residents has decreased but the neighborhood is still proud of its heritage. Ballard is home to the Nordic Museum, which celebrates both the community of Ballard and the local Scandinavian history. Scandinavians unite in organizations such as the Sons of Norway Leif Ericson Lodge and the Norwegian Ladies Chorus of Seattle. Each year the community celebrates the Ballard SeafoodFest and Norwegian Constitution Day (also called Syttende Mai) on May 17 to commemorate the signing of the Norwegian Constitution.
Locals once nicknamed the neighborhood "Snoose Junction," a reference to the Scandinavian settlers' practice of using snus.
The Majestic Bay Theatre on Market Street is on the same location as the former Bay and Majestic theaters. Before closing for the new construction the Bay Theatre was the longest continuously operating movie theatre on the west coast after the closure of the Cameo in Los Angeles.
Schools and libraries.
The public schools in the neighborhood are part of the citywide Seattle Public Schools district. Ballard High School, located in the neighborhood, is the oldest continuously-operating high school in the city. The original building was demolished in the late 1990s. The new school building is now one of the largest in the district and houses a biotechnology magnet program that attracts students from all over Seattle. The high school has been supported by Amgen, Zymogenetics, G. M. Nameplate, the Youth Maritime Training Association, North Seattle Community College, Seattle City Light, and Swedish Hospital.
There are several elementary schools and one alternative school located in the neighborhood. The closest middle school is Whitman Middle School, which is located north of Ballard in the Crown Hill neighborhood.
The Ballard Public Library was first created as the Carnegie Free Public Library in 1904. In 1907, after annexation, the library became part of the Seattle Public Library system. The original Carnegie building on Market Street was replaced with new construction on 24th Avenue NW in 1963. 42 years later, in 2005, a new library building on 22nd Avenue NW designed by architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, was opened as part of the Seattle Public Library's "Libraries for All" initiative. The original Carnegie building on Market Street is a restaurant.
The Seattle Metaphysical Library, originally opened in the Pike Place Market in 1961, is now on Market Street in Ballard, and is open to the public and lends books to members.
Registered historic places.
The following Ballard buildings, areas and landmarks are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:


Chinchaga fire

The Chinchaga fire, also known as the Wisp fire, Chinchaga River fire and Fire 19, was a forest fire that burned in northern British Columbia and Alberta in the summer and early fall of 1950. With a final size of between and , it is the single largest recorded fire in North American history. The authorities allowed the fire to burn freely, following local forest management policy considering the lack of settlements in the region. The Chinchaga fire produced large amounts of smoke, creating the “1950 Great Smoke Pall”, observed across eastern North America and Europe. As the existence of the massive fire was not well-publicized, and the smoke was mostly in the upper atmosphere and could not be smelled, there was much speculation about the atmospheric haze and its provenance. The Chinchaga firestorm's “historic smoke pall” caused “observations of blue suns and moons in the United States and Europe”. It was the biggest firestorm documented in North America, and created the world's largest smoke layer in the atmosphere."
Background and cause.
The region has a mix of black spruce, lodgepole pine and deciduous forests, giving way to muskeg in lower areas. Few people lived in the area in 1950.
Sources vary as to the origin of the fire but agree that it was caused by human activity. One version faults an Imperial Oil surveying crew with starting a small blaze to protect their horses from biting insects. Another posits that slash burning from agricultural clearing could have been the initial spark.
The blaze started on 1 June 1950 and continued to burn throughout the summer and early fall until the end of October. The ignition point was north of Fort St. John, British Columbia, and the fire burned north-eastwards nearly to Keg River, Alberta.
The burn.
The path and extent of the burn was influenced by weather patterns. It burned in a fan-shaped pattern along a roughly SW/NE axis, starting in the Rose Prairie area. The fire alternated between "runs" of rapid spread and high intensity, interspersed with periods of low activity. A series of high pressure systems over the summer allowed a buildup of heat and dry air, reducing the moisture levels in the forest fuels. The breakdowns of these systems produced the high northeasterly winds that drove the "runs".
There were five "runs" in total, with the final expansion in September 1950 causing the most destruction and amounting to one-third of the total burned area.
It finally was put out by cooler weather and rain in late October, as it approached Keg River in the Whispering River area (hence one of its names "Whisp Fire").
Most of the burned area was on the Alberta side of the inter-provincial border, with only burned on the British Columbia side. Size estimates vary due to its remoteness from population centres and the imprecise measurement techniques of the time period. Estimates at the time ranged from . In 2008 and 2009, researchers with Natural Resources Canada and the University of Victoria conducted airborne surveys of several boreal forest fires, including the Chinchaga. Using polarimetric analysis, they arrived at a final estimate of that was considerably larger than previous estimates, placing the total burned area at .<ref name="NRC/UV"></ref> While most likely not the largest fire ever in North America, maybe not even in the North American boreal forest, the burnt area it produced is the largest ever known.
No known deaths occurred as a result of the fire. In terms of damage, the dollar value of the Chinchaga fire is difficult to estimate. Although sparsely inhabited, the area was a productive trapping area for First Nations and Métis. The timber of the Chinchaga River watershed had not been surveyed and was undervalued by the Alberta provincial government, which placed the fire's cost at one million dollars. Cordy Tymstra, an Alberta forestry department fire historian, said it is a "value that reflects how little officials appreciated the wealth of the land."
Fromm et al. (2005) argued that the Chinchaga firestorm may have been an iteration of an explosive troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST), "a dynamic combination of extreme boreal forest fire and convection [...]"
Response.
No fire suppression efforts were directed at the fire. Fire crews were spread thin because of numerous blazes in B.C., the Yukon Territory and Alberta. At the time, the Alberta forestry department's policy was to respond only to fires within 16 kilometres (10 miles) of settlements and major roads. A request by the fire ranger at Keg River to fight the fire with a ground crew was denied by provincial fire managers. According to Tymstra, the Chinchaga fire changed the way Alberta responded to forest fires.
Local residents, such as Frank Jackson, the husband of legendary pioneer doctor Mary Percy Jackson, did what they could but the fire only stalled with the coming of autumn precipitation.
"The Great Smoke Pall".
The Chinchaga fire produced large amounts of smoke, creating the "1950 Great Smoke Pall", observed across eastern North America and Europe. The giant smoke release from the conflagration in late September 1950 was first recorded at Ennadai Lake, in what is now Nunavut, on 24 September. The smoke was on a northeastern path, but hit an atmospheric trough and headed southward towards Ontario and the American eastern seaboard.
The province of Ontario experienced heavy smoke conditions that caused pitch darkness. The towns of Sarnia and Guelph experienced three-hour midday periods of darkness, and city of Toronto streetlights turned on by themselves, and drivers resorted to automobile headlights during daytime hours. In Toronto, power consumption increased by 200,000 kWh during the smoke event. This caused power failures which in turn set off bank alarms – responding police cars, sirens pealing, added to the tension of the day. Aircraft were grounded, and an aerial search for a downed United States military plane was delayed by the smoke. Animals also felt the effects; cows required milking at different times, and birds were seen bedding down midday. Beneficially, the smoke blanket held off a killing frost that was expected in southern Ontario, saving the orchards.
Most of the smoke in eastern North America was borne aloft by climatic conditions to high altitudes. As many observers could not smell it, and the news of the massive Chinchaga fire was sparse, affected people drew other conclusions about its source. Explanations included nuclear armageddon, local fires, secret U.S. military experiments, U.S. atomic blast, supernatural forces, a solar eclipse and alien invasion.
The heavy haze moved on to the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Washington D.C., Virginia and Florida all reported effects from the fire, especially on September 24, so called "Black Sunday". As in Ontario, streetlights turned on during the daytime, and animals showed abnormal behaviour.
American meteorologist Harry Wexler followed the smoke plume closely, collecting data from a wide area of the U.S. He noted that the plume split in two during the event, with one southern plume getting caught in a stagnant anticyclonic pattern that extended the hazy period. Wexler observed lower temperatures as result of sunlight absorption by the smoke; he estimated a 4 °C (6 °F) drop in the Washington, D.C., area.
The northern smoke plume traveled over the Atlantic by way of Newfoundland and Greenland. On 27 September 1950, the plume was observed over Scotland, with reports over England following soon after. France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Denmark also observed the plume. Reports by pilots put the haze over Europe at or more in altitude, higher than observed in North America. In early October, a smoke observation was made on the Aleutian Islands, suggesting that the Chinchaga haze had possibly circled the entire globe.


Glass Site

The Glass Site (22 WR 502) is a Plaquemine culture archaeological site located approximately south of Vicksburg in Warren County, Mississippi. Originally the site had four platform mounds surrounding a large open plaza, but land leveling for modern farming techniques and looting by pothunters mean only portions of three have survived into the 21st century. It was a major ceremonial center that was contemporaneous with other large Plaquemine sites including Emerald, Holly Bluff, and Winterville and whose main occupation period occurred during the protohistoric period from 1500 to 1650 CE. Parts of the site were excavated by Clarence Bloomfield Moore in 1910 and 1911, and by Lauren Elizabeth Downs in 2007-2009.
Site chronology.
The Glass Site sits on the northern edge of the area covered by the Natchez Bluff phase, immediately south of the Yazoo Basin phase area and across the Mississippi River from the Tensas Basin area. While it was lightly occupied during the earlier Marksville and Coles Creek eras; its main period of occupation was during the protohistoric Emerald phase from 1500 to 1650 CE. This era saw its florescence as a major civic center and the construction of the platform mounds. It was inhabited during the time of the de Soto entrada down the Mississippi in 1543 and is considered a possible candidate for the polity of "Quigualtam" or the unnamed group encountered by the expedition below Quigualtam; both of whom fiercely attacked the Spaniards as they drifted down the river. It was no longer in use by the time of sustained European contact when the French arrived in the 1680s.


Timeline of Kansas history

The timeline of Kansas details past events that happened in what is present day Kansas. Located on the eastern edge of the Great Plains, the U.S. state of Kansas was the home of sedentary agrarian and hunter-gatherer Native American societies, many of whom hunted American bison. The region first appears in western history in the 16th century at the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Spanish conquistadores explored the unknown land now known as Kansas. It was later explored by French fur trappers who traded with the Native Americans. It became part of the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. In the 19th century, the first American explorers designated the area as the "Great American Desert."
When the area was opened to Euro-American settlement in the 1850s, Kansas became the first battlefield in the conflict in the American Civil War. After the war, Kansas was home to Wild West towns servicing the cattle trade. With the railroads came heavy immigration from the East, from Europe, and from Freedmen called "Exodusters". For much of its history, Kansas has had a rural economy based on wheat and other crops, supplemented by oil and railroads. Since 1945 the farm population has sharply declined and manufacturing has become more important, typified by the aircraft industry of Wichita.


Seton Lake

Seton Lake is a freshwater fjord draining east via the Seton River into the Fraser River at the town of Lillooet, about long, in area and lies at an elevation of . Its depth is .
The lake is natural in origin but was raised slightly as part of the Bridge River Power Project, the two main powerhouses of which are on the north shore of the upper end of the lake near Shalalth. At the uppermost end of the lake is the community of Seton Portage and the mouth of the short Seton Portage River, which connects Anderson Lake on the farther side of the Portage to Seton Lake.
The Seton Portage River is the main source of natural inflow to Seton Lake, and is primarily fed by Anderson Lake but also by Whitecap Creek, which has its origin on the east slopes of Whitecap Mountain, the highest in the Bendor Range, and by Spider Creek, which has its origin on the north slopes of an unnamed summit to the south of Seton Lake, which happens to be the highest of the Cayoosh Range which lines the south flank of the valley.
The Canadian National Railway (formerly the British Columbia Railway, originally the Pacific Great Eastern) runs along the north shore of the lake.
Prior to the construction of the power project, Seton was considered the bluer and clearer and more brilliant of the two lakes. Afterwards, diversion of the glacial silt-laden waters of the Bridge River into Seton Lake have transformed it into a dull turquoise, and Anderson is now considered the bluer of the two lakes.
The lake was named in the 1860s by Alexander Caulfield Anderson, who traversed the uncharted territory in 1846, after his cousin and boyhood friend, Lt. Col. Alexander Seton, who was drowned in the wreck of the troopship off the South African coast in 1852. In 1858 the route of the Douglas Road incorporated the lake passage.


Timeline of Tennessee

The following is a of the history of the US state of Tennessee.


Joe Wiegand

Joe Wiegand (born April 15, 1965) is an impersonator who has portrayed U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in all fifty U.S. states, after a career as a political consultant. Wiegan performed at the White House on October 27, 2008 as part of the celebration of the 150th anniversary of Roosevelt's birth. He also modeled for a new Theodore Roosevelt sculpture commissioned the American Museum of Natural History. Wiegand is also a member and contributor to Theodore Roosevelt Association.


Tyrker

Tyrker (or Tyrkir) is a character mentioned in the Norse Saga of the Greenlanders. He accompanied Leif on his voyage of discovery around the year 1000, and is portrayed as an older male servant. He is referred to as “foster father” by Leif Ericson, which may indicate he was a freed thrall, who once had the responsibility of looking after and rearing the young Leif.
Leif and his company wintered in the New World after building Leifsbudir ("Leif’s dwellings"), perhaps somewhere in Newfoundland or the adjacent area. According to the saga, he divided his men into two parties, which took turns in exploring the surrounding area. He cautioned his followers to keep together and return to sleep at their quarters.
One evening Tyrker did not return with his party. Greatly distraught, Leif, at the head of twelve men, went in search of him, and he had not gone far when he discovered the old thrall, greatly excited, gesticulating wildly, and evidently drunk.
“Why, my fosterer,” cried Leif, “have you come so late? What made you leave your companions!” Tyrker answered in his own language, but when remembering that the Norsemen could not understand him, he spoke, after some time, in their tongue:
“I have not gone very far; still I have some news for you. I have discovered vines loaded with grapes.”
“Are you telling the truth, my foster-father?” exclaimed Leif.
“I am sure of telling the truth,” Tyrker said, “for in my native land there are vines in plenty.”
This caused Leif to give the country the name of Vinland.
The story shares the element of wild grapes with the Irish tale of Mael Duin. However, the Norse word used in the saga is ‘vinber’. While this sometimes refers to grapes, it also translates into "wine-berry", and there is a long-standing Nordic tradition to make wine out of berries available. We know from historical records that the Icelanders and Greenlanders even made wine from crowberry.
In the Newfoundland/Labrador area, squashberry, gooseberry, and cranberry all grow wild, and may serve as an explanations for Leif’s discovery of "wine-berries".
Remains of a Norse settlement from the period in question has been found at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada.


Snake Indians

Snake Indians is a collective name given to the Northern Paiute, Bannock, and Shoshone Native American tribes.
The term was used as early as 1739 by French trader and explorer Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Verendrye when he described hearing of the "Gens du Serpent" ("Snake people") from the Mandans. This is probably the first written mention of the Shoshone people. The term "Snakes" is also used to refer the Shoshone by British explorers David Thompson and Anthony Henday.
This term was widely used by American immigrants on the Oregon Trail in the Snake River and Owyhee River valleys of southern Idaho and Eastern Oregon. The term "Snake Indian" later included the Northern Paiute tribes found in the basins between the Cascade Mountains and these valleys in Oregon and northern Nevada and northeastern California. These people were the opponents of the California, Oregon and Washington Volunteers and U.S. Army, in the Snake War.
In Canadian history.
From 1688-1720s, when the British Empire first came into prolonged trade contact with the Western Cree and Blackfoot, both of these groups were united in war against "the Snake Indians" of Canada. It is not clear if this term (used in this period of Canadian history) is meant to refer to Northern Paiute people, or if it is inaccurate, or perhaps entirely unrelated.


Boothia Peninsula

Boothia Peninsula (; formerly "Boothia Felix", Inuktitut "Kingngailap Nunanga") is a large peninsula in Nunavut's northern Canadian Arctic, south of Somerset Island. The northern part, Murchison Promontory, is the northernmost point of mainland Canada.
Geography.
Bellot Strait (Ikirahaq) separates the peninsula from Somerset Island to the north. Babbage Bay is on the east coast, as is Abernethy Bay, just to the south. The community of Taloyoak lies in the far south and is the peninsula's only significant population centre. Paisley Bay is on the west coast, as is Wrottesley Inlet (between Paisley Bay and Bellot Strait).
Exploration.
John Ross was forced by ice to stop for four years at its easternmost point starting in 1829. He named it after his patron Sir Felix Booth. Ross encountered a large Inuit community whom he described as living in "snow cottages" (i.e., igloos) and immortalized in Ross's painting "North Hendon". In 1831, his nephew James Clark Ross went overland and reached the north magnetic pole which was then on its western side. He also crossed west to King William Island.
Henry Larsen's second successful traverse of the Northwest Passage passed through the Bellot Strait.
Larsen deemed the strait too shallow for larger vessels and described how his vessel was almost crushed by ice floes when there was a change in the wind's direction. On his return voyage Larsen passed north of Somerset Island.


Kruger v R

Kruger v R, [1978] 1 S.C.R. 104, was a decision by the Supreme Court of Canada on the relationship between the "Indian Act" and provincial game laws. The "Indian Act" is a federal law enacted under the British North America Act, 1867, which gives jurisdiction over Aboriginals to the federal government. The Court found that the "Indian Act"'s statement that provincial laws may apply to Aboriginal peoples in Canada as long as they apply to other people protects laws even if these laws affect Aboriginals more than others.
Background.
Jacob Kruger and Robert Manuel were Penticton First Nations people in British Columbia who killed deer outside hunting season. This was the land on which their tribe usually hunted, and it now belonged to the Crown. Since the hunting violated the provincial Wildlife Act, they were charged, but they appealed citing their Aboriginal rights under the Royal Proclamation, 1763.
The British Columbia Court of Appeal upheld the convictions, pointing to section 88 of the "Indian Act". Section 88 stipulates that, "all laws of general application from time to time in force in any province are applicable to and in respect of Indians in the province, except to the extent that such laws are inconsistent with this Act or any order, rule, regulation or by-law made thereunder, and except to the extent that such laws make provision for any matter for which provision is made by or under this Act." The Court of Appeal found that this section allowed the Wildlife Act to apply to Aboriginals.
Decision.
Justice Brian Dickson, writing for a unanimous Court, decided against Kruger and Manuel. Dickson first found that if hunting rights have been denied, it is not necessarily true that compensation must be provided in turn. No property was confiscated, as the Wildlife Act was geared toward a different purpose. Dickson also said that he would not reconsider the landmark Aboriginal case "Calder v. Attorney General of British Columbia" (1973) to determine how Aboriginal title is properly extinguished.
Turning to the general questions in the case, Dickson cited "The Queen v. George" to state that section 88 of the "Indian Act" protected provincial laws with provincial purposes. In pith and substance, the law must apply to all people and not just a specific people for it to be a "general application" under section 88. It did not even matter if the law, while applying to all, had a more significant impact on Aboriginals than other people; Dickson said that "There are few laws which have a uniform impact." Dickson then noted that the Wildlife Act's purpose did not specifically address Aboriginals, and that it covered all people. As Dickson quoted another judge as saying, "no statute of the Provincial Legislature dealing with Indians or their lands as such would be valid and effective; but there is no reason why general legislation may not affect them."
Dickson also found that there was no evidence regarding an Aboriginal-related motive to the legislation. Thus, the Wildlife Act's purpose, Dickson concluded, was to preserve a natural resource, namely the wildlife, and was not meant to limit Aboriginal rights. Regarding whether hunting is an Aboriginal right, Dickson noted that "However abundant the right of Indians to hunt and to fish, there can be no doubt that such right is subject to regulation and curtailment by the appropriate legislative authority." This case could be distinguished from an Aboriginal victory in "R. v. White and Bob" (1965). In the "Kruger" case, there was no treaty that would trump the provincial law under section 88.
Finally, Dickson stated that if section 88 can incorporate the Wildlife Act (instead of the Wildlife Act being effective in its own right), the Aboriginals would have the burden of proof that the Wildlife Act was inconsistent with the "Indian Act".
Commentary.
As Professor Peter Hogg writes, Indianness (primary Aboriginal issues under federal jurisdiction), should include hunting on a reserve. This was demonstrated in "R. v. Jim" (1915) and "R. v. Isaac" (1976). Outside a reserve, hunting as Indianness is more debatable; as this was what happened in the "Kruger" case, it appeared such hunting is not Indianness, but in "Dick v. The Queen" (1985), the Supreme Court assumed such hunting is Indianness.
External links.
 and CanLII


Dunlap Works

The Dunlap Works are a group of Hopewell tradition earthworks located in Ross County, Ohio in the United States. It is located approximately north of the city of Chillicothe, Ohio on the left bank of the Scioto River. The site should not be confused with the earthworks in Hamilton County on the Great Miami River near Dunlap's Station, the former site of a pioneer fort.
Survey history.
Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis visited the site in 1846. They shared the analysis of their survey in their 1848 publication, "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley". In their survey of the site, they reported that one work is shaped as a rhomboid. Off of the rhomboid work was an avenue. One side of the avenue headed southwest 1,130 feet. The other side was shorter and ended at a small circle. The west side of the work was a plain elevated a number of feet above the rhomboid itself. An extension of the work was 80 feet wide and 280 in length. The plain overlooked another, larger earthwork, with a large gateway providing access.
Towards the end of the avenue stopped 60 feet short of another gateway. The gateway was 120 feet wide. The end of the avenue had a small mound. An additional mound was just south of the main work. That mound was surrounded by a ditch and a low embankment. Another half a mile away was a group of mounds close to the avenue on the lower level. One mound was truncated at 15 feet high and 100 feet in diameter. At the truncated top, it was 50 feet in diameter. Squier and Davis noted that the lower level may have suffered from flooding on occasion. In their 1848 report, they share that the truncated mound was a respite from a flood for a family, their horses, cattle and belongings during a flood of 1832.
That mound was excavated and human skeletons were found two to five feet deep into the mound. Squier and Davis believed that the skeletons those of "modern Indians." Sherds and shells were discovered within and around the mound. Pottery was also discovered during modern cultivation. Squier and Davis hypothesized that the pottery was made by "modern" Native peoples.


Treaty of the Cedars

The Treaty of the Cedars was concluded on the Fox River, west of what is today the village of Little Chute, Wisconsin, on September 3, 1836. Under the treaty, the Menominee Indian nation ceded to the United States about of land for $700,000. The Wisconsin cities of Marinette, Oconto, Appleton, Neenah, Menasha, Oshkosh, Wausau, Wisconsin Rapids, and Stevens Point are today within this area, along with many other towns.
The treaty was concluded after six days of meetings. Governor Henry Dodge and Menominee Chief Oshkosh later represented the two sides. The treaty was proclaimed February 15, 1837, and the Indians began moving to their new homes west of the Wolf River. Today there is a Wisconsin historical marker at the site where the treaty was signed.
Sources.
Wisconsin Historical Society


Blalock, Oregon

Blalock was an unincorporated community located in the Columbia River Gorge in Gilliam County, Oregon, United States. The town displaced a Native American settlement originally named Táwash. Blalock was located about west of Arlington on Interstate 84/U.S. Route 30 at the mouth of Blalock Canyon. Blalock is still the name of a station on the Union Pacific Railroad (originally the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, or OR&N).
History.
The community was named for the farm of Dr. Nelson G. Blalock, a Civil War veteran who had pioneered in the Walla Walla area. He established an agricultural operation of several thousand acres on the flat land here along the Columbia River. The area was first settled in 1879, and Blalock post office was established in 1881. The town was platted in 1881 by the Blalock Wheat Growing Company. The first two buildings, a railroad station and a warehouse, were built by A. J. McLellan, OR&N superintendent of the construction of bridges and buildings. By 1884, the community was shipping wheat and there were daily stagecoaches to Heppner; the population was 50. People and businesses listed in the "Polk Directory" at that time included two clergymen, a saloon, a wagonmaker, a ferryman, a hotel, a general store, a lawyer, and a dealer in lumber, coal, and feed. In 1904, the town handled about 750,000 bushels of wheat. By 1905, the town had two grain warehouses, a hotel, a general store, a livery and stage stable, a real estate office and an agricultural implement factory. In 1940, Blalock had a population of 19. The post office closed in 1959. In 1968, the community was inundated by the backwaters from the John Day Dam.


Ansorge Hotel

The Ansorge Hotel is a turn of the 20th century two-story hotel located in Curlew, Washington. It was built in 1903 next to the Great Northern Railway. The hotel still has the bay windows and stamped sheet metal siding which looks like brick. Included in the many patrons of the hotel over the course of its operation is Henry Ford who stayed while visiting relatives in the region. It has been restored and contains many of the original fixtures and furniture. It is operated as a museum, open on summer weekends.
See also.
List of Registered Historic Places in Washington


23rd Parliament of British Columbia

The 23rd Legislative Assembly of British Columbia sat from February 1953 to March 1953. The members were elected in the British Columbia general election held in June 1952. The Social Credit Party led by W. A. C. Bennett formed the government. The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation led by Harold Winch formed the official opposition.
Thomas James Irwin served as speaker for the assembly.
The government was defeated on Bill 79, known as the "Ralston formula", on March 24.
Members of the 23rd General Assembly.
The following members were elected to the assembly in 1952:
Notes:
By-elections.
By-elections were held to replace members for various reasons:
Notes:


William Couldwell

William T. Couldwell M.D., Ph.D. , a neurosurgeon, was born in British Columbia, Canada. He is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Utah, a position he assumed in 2001.
Career.
Couldwell is currently (or has served) on the Editorial Boards of several journals (including the Journal of Neurosurgery, Chairman 2007-2008). He has served as on the Board of Directors of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), and is a Former Director of the American Board of Neurological Surgery (ABNS).
He was President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) (2013-2014), and was President of the American Academy of Neurological Surgery (AAcNS; 2016-2017).
He is currently President-Elect of the World Academy of Neurological Surgery.
Publications.
He has published over 400 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 100 book chapters and seven books.
Family.
Couldwell and his wife, an endocrinologist, have three children.


Edward F. Cox

Edward Ridley Finch Cox (born October 2, 1946) is an American corporate and finance lawyer and the former chairman of the New York Republican State Committee. He is the son-in-law of President Richard M. Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon, and the brother-in-law of Julie Nixon.
Early life, family, and career.
Cox was born to Howard Ellis Cox and Anne Crane Delafield (Finch) Cox in Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York. He attended Westhampton Beach Elementary School and Allen-Stevenson School in New York City. Cox is named for his grandfather, Judge Edward R. Finch, a prominent New York jurist who served as a Justice of the New York State Supreme Court (1915–43), Presiding Justice of the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division, First Department, and Associate Judge on the New York Court of Appeals. His father, Howard Ellis Cox, was a decorated World War II aviator, New York lawyer, and Long Island real estate developer.
Cox graduated from the Princeton University Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs (1968) and Harvard Law School (1972). Cox was battalion commander of his Army ROTC unit at Princeton where he put together and accredited a seminar on war, he completed officer and airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia and subsequently served as a reserve officer with the 11th Special Forces Group.
In 1971, Cox married Tricia Nixon, the daughter of President Richard Nixon, in a White House Rose Garden ceremony. The wedding was described in "Life Magazine" as "a union 'akin to American royalty'". Edward and Tricia Cox have a son, Christopher Nixon Cox. The Coxes reside on Long Island, New York.
Cox started his legal career at Cravath Swaine & Moore, and after serving as a general counsel in the Reagan Administration, was a corporate partner in the Donovan Leisure firm and subsequently a member of the management committee and the chairman of the corporate department at Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP.
His law practice has covered a wide variety of transactions and representations including securities litigations, project financings, M&A, startups, IPOs, municipal financings, securitizations, private placements and bankruptcies.
He is a member of a Bank of America advisory committee.
Cox served as a director for 35 years of Noble Energy which is an upstream independent oil and natural gas company.
To attempt to stay in shape, Cox participates in an Olympic triathlon each year, and he swims, bikes and runs whenever possible in preparation. He ran and finished the New York City Marathon in 2017.
Government service.
From 1981 to 1983 Cox served in the Reagan Administration as the Senior Vice President and General Counsel of a government corporation, The United States Synthetic Fuels Corporation.
He has served Presidents Richard Nixon and George H.W. Bush in the international arena. He has visited with numerous officials, including heads of state or government, in more than 30 countries including China, Russia, Israel, Cuba, England, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Pakistan, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia.
He was commissioner of the Commission on Judicial Nomination (nominating candidates for New York's highest court, 1991 to 2009) and Chairman of the New York Council of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation (1995 to 2008).
He was a Trustee of the State University of New York (SUNY) from 1995 to 2009. From 1999 to 2009 as Co-Chairman and Chairman of SUNY's Charter School Committee, Cox founded SUNY's Charter School Institute and led the authorization of fifty charter schools.
In 2006, Cox served as the chairman of newly elected Attorney General Andrew Cuomo's environmental and energy transition team.
Philanthropic involvement.
In K-12 education, Cox has served as a director of Student Sponsor Partnership, which supports and mentors parochial high school students, since its founding in 1985. He is also a director of the New York Institute for Special Education which has been a leading school for the blind since 1831.
Cox has served for more than 15 years as Chairman of the New York League of Conservation Voters Education Fund.
He has led an American delegation to, and presented at, Ditchley conferences, and is a director of Ditchley's American Advisory Board.
Publications.
His work has appeared in The Wall Street Journal, The New Republic, the Antitrust Law Journal and the New York Post, and in 1968 and 1969 he researched and co-authored The Nader Report on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) which spawned “Nader’s Raiders” and the rejuvenation of the FTC as a consumer advocate.
Political involvement.
Cox has assisted Republican candidates in New York at all levels in numerous election cycles. In the 1994 state election, Cox played a key role in electing George Pataki Governor and Dennis Vacco Attorney General.
Cox was rumored to be considering a run for Governor of New York in 2006 if then-Gov. George Pataki opted not to seek re-election. Pataki did not run again, but Cox later chose instead to seek the seat held by incumbent U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D) in the 2006 New York U.S. Senate election. However, after Pataki endorsed a rival Republican--Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro--for Senate, Cox announced on October 14, 2005 that he was no longer running.
In 2007 and 2008, Cox chaired John McCain's presidential campaign efforts in the State of New York.
New York Republican Party Chairman (2009–2019).
Cox was elected chairman of the New York State Republican Committee at the committee's meeting on September 30, 2009. Cox had a seven-point "agenda for the future" when elected chairman:
Cox announced on May 20, 2019 that he was joining President Donald Trump's re-election campaign and that he would not run for re-election as Chairman of the New York Republican State Committee stating, "Serving as Chairman of the NYGOP over the last ten years has been one of the most rewarding chapters of my life, and I will continue to actively help elect more Republicans here in New York'". On July 1, 2019, Nick Langworthy, the Erie County Chairman succeeded Ed Cox as Chairman the New York State Republican Committee.


Beaverton Bakery

Beaverton Bakery was a bakery in Beaverton, Oregon, United States. The business was started by Charles Yeager in 1925. It closed in 2018, after operating for 93 years.


William Kennedy (Royal Navy officer)

Admiral Sir William Robert Kennedy (4 March 1838 – 9 October 1916) was a Royal Navy officer who served as Commander-in-Chief, The Nore.
Biography.
Born in Naples, Italy where his father John Kennedy was the British chargé d'affaires, Kennedy joined the Royal Navy in 1851 and served with the Naval Brigade during the Crimean War. He was present at the bombardment of Canton in 1856, at the Battle of Fatshan Creek in 1857 and at the attack on the Peiho Forts in 1858 during the Second Opium War.
As a lieutenant he next was appointed to the sloop Wasp and on the journey to Cape of Good Hope he jumped overboard to rescue a man that had fallen in; he was awarded a silver medal by the Royal Humane Society. He later sailed on the Narcissus and Victoria, the mediterranean flagship.
Promoted to commander in 1867, he commanded the Vestal on the North American station and then the Reindeer in the Pacific. From 1879 to 1891 he commanded the Druid and was senior officer on the Newfoundland coast. He then commanded a coast-guard ship at Queensferry and then on to the Ruby as senior officer on the south-east coast of South America. In 1889 he was promoted to rear-admiral and from 1892 to 1895 and was commander in-chief in the East Indies. Promoted to vice-admiral in 1896 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Nore in 1900 and was soon promotedto admiral.
Family life.
Kennedy married Edith Louisa Stopford in Daventry in 1868; they had one daughter Alice Emily Kennedy. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies in 1892 and Commander-in-Chief, The Nore in 1900. He was promoted to Admiral 16 June 1901 and retired in November 1901.
He was also an accomplished author who wrote an extensive autobiography and other books.
His brothers included Sir John Gordon Kennedy KCMG (1836–1912), who became an eminent diplomat, and Gilbert George Kennedy (1844–1909) who played for the Scottish XI in the second international football match against England.


Wiikwemkoong First Nation

The Wiikwemkoong First Nation is a First Nation on Manitoulin Island in Northern Ontario. The Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory (nicknamed Wiky, previously named Wikwemikong) is the First Nation reserve in the north-eastern section of Manitoulin Island in Manitoulin District, Ontario, Canada. Wiikwemkoong is an unceded Indigenous reserve in Canada, which means that it has not "relinquished title to its land to the government by treaty or otherwise."
The local Ojibwe placename is "wiikwemkong" (Manitoulin dialect; notice the vowel dropping) with the locative "-ong" ('at') form of "wiikwemik" 'bay with a gently sloping bottom'. The spelling Wikwemikong is from dialects spoken elsewhere (or in earlier times) that retain the "i". The initial element "wiikwe-" occurs in other forms as 'bay'; the final element "-mik" cannot be for "amik" 'beaver' (its local form is "mik"), a folk etymology that violates the rules for Algonquian stem formation. It can be identified as a variant of the medial element "aamik-", which appears, for example, in Southwestern Ojibwe "minaamikaa" 'there are breakers, shoals, banks (of sand or rocks)', which has initial "min-" 'islandlike'. The presence or absence of "aa-" is found in several medial elements in Ojibwe and other Algonquian languages.
The reserve's former name was Manitoulin Unceded Indian Reserve. The Wiikwemkoong Band changed it on August 20, 1968, to Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve.
The reserve is occupied by Ojibwa, Odawa, and Potawatomi peoples under the Council of Three Fires. The current band chief is Duke Peltier.
Geography.
Wiikwemkoong occupies a large peninsula on the eastern end of Manitoulin Island, which is connected to the rest of the island by an isthmus separating South Bay from Manitowaning Bay. The reserve's primary access is via Wiikwemkoong Way, which continues off the reserve as Cardwell Street and connects to Highway 6 at Manitowaning. The reserve has a land area of and is the fifth-largest Indian reserve in Canada by area. It is bordered on its west by Assiginack township, by which the peninsula is connected to the rest of Manitoulin Island. The vast majority of the reserve's border is, however, a water boundary with Northeastern Manitoulin and the Islands, by which it is nearly surrounded except for its border with Assiginack.
The Point Grondine Park, located on the mainland near Killarney, also belongs to the Wiikwemkoong band. This area, which has been unpopulated since the Point Grondine band moved to Wiikwemkoong proper in the 1940s, remained unoccupied and virtually unused by the band until the park was established in 2015.
History.
From 1836 to 1862, a considerable portion of Manitoulin Island was set aside as the "Manitoulin Island Indian Reserve" under the Bond Head Treaty. The most important of the pre-confederation treaties were the Robinson Treaties because all subsequent treaties were modeled after these. In 1850, William B. Robinson, a government negotiator and former fur trader, proposed that First Nations reserves be created on the Crown Land acquired through treaties. These Reserves were intended to be the answer to what the immigrant settlers needed for land settlement. First Nation peoples would be set apart on reserves from the new settlers. The Robinson-Huron and Robinson-Superior treaties were signed in September 1850 for large territories north of the two Great Lakes.
According to written records, Lake Huron and Lake Superior area leaders surrendered nearly 15 000 000 hectares of land and the islands in exchange for the establishment of 24 reserves and a payment of approximately $10 000 to be followed by additional annual payment of $2700.
In 1862, most of the islands were again ceded to the government of Canada under the MacDougall Treaty for new settlement by non-natives, resulting in the creation of new reserves at West Bay, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Cockburn Island and Sucker Creek. However, two bands which occupied the land that now comprises Wiikwemkoong claimed that the bands that signed the Treaty did not represent them, and thus continued to exist as a remnant of the Manitoulin Island Indian Reserve.
In 1968, an amalgamation took place among three bands: Manitoulin Island Unceded Indian Reserve, Point Grondine and South Bay. This amalgamation created the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve.
The band filed a claim with the Canadian government on the issue of the jurisdiction of the Wikwemikong islands in 1984, but the government denied that the band had any right to these islands in 1997. The two parties restarted negotiations in 2007. As of 2012, the claim is still ongoing.
In 2014 the Constitution – Wiikwemkoong G'chi Naaknigewin – was ratified, subsequently changing the name to Wiikwemkoong Unceded Territory.
Communities.
In addition to the primary settlement at Wiikwemkoong, smaller settlements on the reserve include Buzwah, Kaboni, Murray Hill, South Bay, Two O'Clock, Wabozominissing and Wikwemikonsing.
The reserve is served by five churches:
There are two elementary schools, Wasse Abin Junior School (JK, SK, Grades 1-4) and Wasse Abin Pontiac School (Grades 5-8) and Wasse Abin High School.
Two health clinics provide basic services:
Transportation.
Wiikwemkoong Way is the key route in the communities and connects with Ontario Highway 6.
The closest airport is Manitowaning/Manitoulin East Municipal Airport in Manitowaning, Ontario. There is no commercial service from this airport.
Ontario Northland operates a twice daily bus that connects to other places on Manitouland Island as well as the nearest major city, Sudbury, Ontario.
Culture.
The reserve is also home to the Wiikwemkoong Cultural Festival (Wiikwemkoong Pow-Wow) which is held annually every Civic Holiday weekend (first weekend in August).
This annual event is touted as the largest and oldest pow-wow in Eastern Canada. Considered to be one of the major pow wows in North America, it is attended by many aboriginal dancers who participate in competition of all age ranges, demonstrating traditional, grass, jingle and fancy dancing.
Wiikwemkoong is also home to a professional theatre company, De-ba-jeh-mu-jig Theatre Group, which stages and produces plays about First Nations life and culture, within the missions ruins next to Holy Cross Church.
Notable people.
Notable people from Wiikwemkoong include first female chief, Peggy Margaret Pitawanakwat in 1997, indigenous women's rights advocate Jeannette Corbiere Lavell, Chef Joseph Shawana, country music artist Crystal Shawanda, Federal Court of Canada judge Leonard S. Mandamin, former NHL player Chris Simon, actor Sladen Peltier, artist Daphne Odjig, water activist Autumn Peltier and
Mason Animikwan a classical musician.


Old Gym (Vanderbilt University)

Old Gym is one of the surviving Victorian buildings that characterized the early style of the Vanderbilt University campus in Nashville, Tennessee. The Old Gym was originally a gymnasium, later served as the Fine Arts Building, and currently houses the university's admissions office.
History.
The gymnasium was completed in 1880 and featured an indoor running track and considerable gymnastic equipment. At the time, it was one of the best equipped gymnasiums in the southern United States. The exterior of the building remains fairly untouched while the interior space has been modified through the years and uses of the building.
The Old Gym is on the National Register of Historic Places. The building consisted of a foundation of Tennessee limestone with a structure of wooden trusses and walls of natural finished red brick. The Mansard roof was covered with slate shingles. Some of the original gymnastic equipment included a leaping rig, a vaulting board, rowing machine, parallel bars, trapeze ropes, Indian clubs, dumb bells and a walnut chest expander.
Remodeling.
In 1962 the Old Gym was renovated and made into the Fine Arts Building by Warfield and Associates. The remodeling project included the removal of the second-floor running track and the addition of heating and cooling throughout the building.


Robie Lewis Reid

Robie Lewis Reid (1866 – 1945), often referred to as Robie Reid, was a noted historian and jurist in British Columbia, Canada. Reid wrote many books and essays on the history of British Columbia, but his special interest was the study of the works of Rudyard Kipling. Another special field of interest was that coins of early British Columbia, concerning which he remains one of the main authorities.
Biography.
Reid was born in Cornwallis Township, Kings County, Nova Scotia, in the community of Steam Mill Village on November 3, 1866 but ventured to British Columbia in 1885 to Victoria, British Columbia in 1885 to write the provincial teacher's examination. During this experience he met Frederic W. Howay, with whom he established a personal and professional relationship that lasted sixty years. Reid persuaded Howay to return to Nova Scotia with him to register for Law at Dalhousie University, from which they graduated together in 1890 and in 1893 formed the lawfirm Howay & Reid. Reid was appointed debenture commissioner for New Westminster after that city's Great Fire in 1898.
In 1907 Reid joined William J. Bowser, then Attorney-General of British Columbia and later Premier, and D.S. Wallbridge to form Bowser, Reid & Wallbridge. From 1927 to 1943 Reid was a Bencher of the Law Society of British Columbia. Reid was also a member of the UBC board of governors from 1913 to 1935, and President of the British Columbia Historical Association in 1937, and is credited with the founding of the "British Columbia Historical Quarterly". He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1936, and was also a Member of the American Historical Association, Washington.
Dr. Reid's interests in literature and the arts are also well documented. He was the first President of the Vancouver Little Theatre Association, and a member and chairman of the Board of the Vancouver Public Library.
He died on February 6, 1945 of failing health.