Scarborough, North Yorkshire

Scarborough () is a town on the North Sea coast of North Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the North Riding of Yorkshire, the town lies between 10–230 feet (3–70 m) above sea level, from the harbour rising steeply north and west towards limestone cliffs. The older part of the town lies around the harbour and is protected by a rocky headland.
With a population of just over 61,000, Scarborough is the largest holiday resort on the Yorkshire coast. The town has fishing and service industries, including a growing digital and creative economy, as well as being a tourist destination. Residents of the town are known as Scarborians.
History.
Origins.
The town was reportedly founded around 966 AD as "Skarðaborg" by Thorgils Skarthi, a Viking raider, though there is no archaeological evidence to support these claims, made during the 1960s, as part of a pageant of Scarborough events. The origin of this belief is a fragment of an Icelandic Saga. In the 4th century there had briefly been a Roman signal station on Scarborough headland and there is evidence of much earlier Stone Age and Bronze Age settlements. However any new settlement was soon burned to the ground by a rival band of Vikings under Tosti (Tostig Godwinson), Lord of Falsgrave, and Harald III of Norway. The destruction and massacre meant that very little remained to be recorded in the Domesday survey of 1085. The original inland village of Falsgrave was also Anglo-Saxon rather than Viking.
Roman period.
A Roman signal station was built on a cliff-top location overlooking the North Sea. It was one of a chain of signal stations, built to warn of sea-raiders. Coins found at the site show that it was occupied from until the early fifth century.
In 2021 a geophysical survey at a proposed housing development in Eastfield, Scarborough, revealed structures below the surface extending over an area approximately the size of two tennis courts. When excavated a number of buildings, including a bathhouse and a cylindrical tower with rooms radiating from it were found. Karl Battersby from North Yorkshire county council said the buildings were, “designed by the highest-quality architects in northern Europe in the era and constructed by the finest craftsmen.” An inspector of ancient monuments at Historic England, Keith Emerick, described the finds as “one of the most important Roman discoveries in the past decade.” There are plans to revise the housing development layout, recover the remains and incorporate them in a public green area. Historic England is to recommend the remains be protected as a scheduled monument.
Medieval.
Scarborough recovered under King Henry II, who built an Angevin stone castle on the headland and granted the town charters in 1155 and 1163, permitting a market on the sands and establishing rule by burgesses.
Edward II granted Scarborough Castle to his favourite, Piers Gaveston. The castle was subsequently besieged by forces led by the barons Percy, Warenne, Clifford and Pembroke. Gaveston was captured and taken to Oxford and thence to Warwick Castle for execution.
In 1318, the town was burnt by the Scots, under Sir James Douglas following the Capture of Berwick upon Tweed.
In the Middle Ages, Scarborough Fair, permitted in a royal charter of 1253, held a six-week trading festival attracting merchants from all over Europe. It ran from Assumption Day, 15 August, until Michaelmas Day, 29 September. The fair continued to be held for 500 years, from the 13th to the 18th century, and is commemorated in the song "Scarborough Fair":
Resort development.
Scarborough and its castle changed hands seven times between Royalists and Parliamentarians during the English Civil War of the 1640s, enduring two lengthy and violent sieges. Following the civil war, much of the town lay in ruins.
In 1626, Mrs Thomasin Farrer discovered a stream of acidic water running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town. This gave birth to Scarborough Spa, and Dr Robert Wittie's book about the spa waters published in 1660 attracted a flood of visitors to the town. Scarborough Spa became Britain's first seaside resort, though the first rolling bathing machines were not reported on the sands until 1735. It was a popular getaway destination for the wealthy of London, such as the bookseller Andrew Millar and his family. Their son Andrew junior died there in 1750.
The coming of the Scarborough–York railway in 1845 increased the tide of visitors. Scarborough railway station claims a record for the world's longest platform seat. From the 1880s until the First World War, Scarborough was one of the regular destinations for The Bass Excursions, when fifteen trains would take between 8,000 and 9,000 employees of Bass's Burton brewery on an annual trip to the seaside.
Architecture.
The town has an Anglican church, St Martin-on-the-Hill, built in 1862–63 as the parish church of South Cliff. It contains works by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, Edward Burne-Jones and Ford Madox Brown. A young Malton architect, John Gibson, designed the Crown Spa Hotel, Scarborough's first purpose-built hotel.
Notable Georgian structures include the Rotunda Museum, Cliff Bridge and Scarborough Pier Lighthouse. Victorian buildings include the Classical Public Library and Market Hall, the Town Hall, Scarborough Spa, the Art Gallery, the South Cliff Methodist Church, and Scarborough railway station. The architecture of Scarborough generally consists of small, low, orange pantile-roofed buildings in the historic old town, and larger Classical and late Victorian buildings reflecting the time during the 19th century as it expanded away from its historic centre into a coastal spa resort.
A notable landmark in the town is the Grand Hotel on St Nicholas Cliff. Designed by Cuthbert Brodrick of Hull, it was completed in 1867; at the time of its opening, it was the largest hotel and the largest brick structure in Europe. It uses local yellow brickwork with red detailing and is based around a theme of time: four towers represent the seasons, 12 floors the months, 52 chimneys the weeks and the original 365 bedrooms represented the days of the year. A blue plaque outside the hotel marks where the novelist Anne Brontë died in 1849. She was buried in the graveyard of St Mary's Church by the castle.
An amount of 20th century architecture exists within the main shopping district and in the form of surrounding suburbs. Buildings from this century include the Futurist Theatre (1914), Stephen Joseph Theatre, Brunswick Shopping Centre (1990), and GCHQ Scarborough, a satellite station on the outskirts of the town.
Maritime events.
During the First World War, the town was bombarded by German warships of the High Seas Fleet, an act which shocked the British (see Raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby). Scarborough Pier Lighthouse, built in 1806, was damaged in the attack. A U-boat assault on the town, on 25 September 1916 saw three people killed and a further five injured. Eleven of Scarborough's trawler fleet were sunk at sea in another U-boat attack, on 4 September 1917.
In 1929, the steam drifter "Ascendent" caught a tunny (Atlantic bluefin tuna) and a Scarborough showman awarded the crew 50 shillings so he could exhibit it as a tourist attraction. Big-game tunny fishing off Scarborough effectively started in 1930 when Lorenzo "Lawrie" Mitchell–Henry, landed a tunny caught on rod and line weighing .
A gentlemen's club, the British Tunny Club, was founded in 1933 and set up its headquarters in the town at the place which is now a restaurant with the same name. Scarborough became a resort for high society. A women's world tuna challenge cup was held for many years.
Colonel (and, later, Sir) Edward Peel landed a world-record tunny of , capturing the record by from one caught off Nova Scotia by American champion Zane Grey. The British record which still stands is for a fish weighing caught off Scarborough in 1933 by Laurie Mitchell-Henry.
On 5 June 1993, Scarborough made international headlines when a landslip caused part of the Holbeck Hall Hotel, along with its gardens, to fall into the sea. Although the slip was shored up with rocks and the land has long since grassed over, evidence of the cliff's collapse remains clearly visible from The Esplanade, near Shuttleworth Gardens.
Scarborough has been affiliated with a number of Royal Navy vessels, including HMS Apollo, HMS Fearless and HMS Duncan.
Geography.
The most striking feature of the town's geography is the high rocky promontory pointing eastward into the North Sea. The promontory supports the 11th-century ruins of Scarborough Castle and divides the seafront into two bays, north and south.
The South Bay was the site of the original medieval settlement and harbour, which form the old town. This remains the main tourist area, with a sandy beach, cafés, amusements, arcades, theatres and entertainment facilities. The modern commercial town centre has migrated north-west of the harbour area and above it and contains the transport hubs, main services, shopping and nightlife. The harbour has undergone major regeneration including the new Albert Strange Pontoons,
a more pedestrian-friendly promenade, street lighting and seating.
The North Bay has traditionally been the more peaceful end of the resort and is home to Peasholm Park which, in June 2007, was restored to its Japanese-themed glory, complete with reconstructed pagoda, a new boat house was added in 2018. For many years a mock maritime battle (based on the Battle of the River Plate) has been regularly re-enacted on the boating lake with large model boats and fireworks throughout the summer holiday season. The North Bay Railway is a miniature railway running from the park through Northstead Manor Gardens to the Sea Life Centre at Scalby Mills. The North Bay Railway has what is believed to be the oldest operational diesel-hydraulic locomotive in the world. Neptune was built in 1931 by Hudswell Clarke of Leeds and is appropriately numbered 1931.
Northstead Manor Gardens include the North Bay Railway and three other attractions: a water chute, a boating lake with boats for hire during the summer season and the open-air theatre. The water chute is now grade II listed and is one of the oldest surviving water chutes in Britain, with the ride of today being the same as when it was opened in the 1930s.
North Bay and South Bay are linked by Marine Drive, an extensive Victorian promenade, built around the base of the headland. Overlooking both bays is Scarborough Castle, which was bombarded by the German warships and in the First World War. The town was badly damaged by a bombing raid in the Second World War, on 18 March 1941. Both bays have popular sandy beaches and numerous rock-pools at low tide.
The South Cliff Promenade above the Spa and South Cliff Gardens has wide views of the South Bay and old town. Its splendid Regency and Victorian terraces are still intact, with a mix of quality hotels and flats. The ITV television drama "The Royal" and its recent spin-off series, "The Royal Today" were both filmed in the area. The South Bay has the largest illuminated 'star disk' anywhere in the UK. It is across and fitted with subterranean lights representing the 42 brightest stars and major constellations that can be seen from Scarborough in the northern skies.
To the south-west of the town, beside the York to Scarborough railway line, is an ornamental lake known as Scarborough Mere. In the 20th century the Mere was a popular park, with rowing boats, canoes and a miniature pirate ship – the "Hispaniola" – on which passengers were taken to 'Treasure Island' to dig for doubloons. Since the late 1990s the Mere has been redesigned as a natural space for picnics, fishing and walkers. In 2012 a new snack bar was built alongside the Mere. The lake is now part of the Oliver's Mount Country Park and the "Hispaniola" now sails out of Scarborough harbour during the summer season.
Surrounding the River Derwent as it flows into the sea are high hills with tall, dense grasses and fertile soil, due to the stream 'Sea Cut' leading from the River Derwent to the estuary at the North Sea. The area has flourishing and vibrant flora and crop growth.
Climate.
The climate is temperate with mild summers and cool, windy, winters. The hottest months of the year are July and August, with temperatures reaching an average high of 17 °C and falling to 11 °C at night. The average daytime temperatures in January are 4 °C, falling to 1 °C at night. The station's elevation of is far above sea level compared to the immediate coastline, where the climate is likely slightly milder year round.
Economy.
Scarborough's fishing industry is still active, though much reduced in size. The working harbour is home to a fish market including a shop and wooden stalls where fresh, locally-caught seafood can be purchased by the public. A seaweed farm has been in operation since 2018, with a licence to go into a large-scale commercial operation from 2019. SeaGrown have an intent to move into the bioplastics market.
The tourism trade continues to be a major part of the local economy with Scarborough being the second most-visited destination in England by British holidaymakers. While weekend and mid-week-break trade are tending to replace the traditional week-long family holiday, the beaches and attractions are busy throughout summer, a contrast to quieter winter months.
Scarborough's town centre has many major shopping chains alongside boutique independent shops. As well as a main pedestrianised shopping street (home to various chain stores and eateries) and the Brunswick shopping centre, boutique stores can be found on Bar Street and St Thomas Street. The town also has an indoor market with a large range of antique shops and independent traders in its vaults, and a smaller market on the South Bay. Boyes, a discount department store chain which has over 65 stores across the north is based at Eastfield, on the outskirts of Scarborough. Its flagship store is located in Queen Street.
Industries.
Manufacturers based in Scarborough include the Plaxton Company (a division of Alexander Dennis) which has been building coaches and buses since 1907 Sirius Minerals which is developing a potash mine near Whitby has its headquarters in Scarborough. McCain Foods has a factory in the town for over 50 years, and sponsored the previous football stadium. Scarborough power station supplied electricity to the town and the surrounding area from 1893 to 1958. It was owned and operated by the Scarborough Electric Supply Company Limited from 1893 to 1925, then by Scarborough Corporation until the nationalisation of the British electricity supply industry in 1948. The coal-fired power station had an electricity generating capacity of 7 MW prior to its closure in October 1958.
Creative industries.
Creative industries have been cited as playing a vital role in the regeneration of Scarborough; a report in 2005 estimated that they comprised 19% of the town's economy. They were also a major focus of Scarborough's winning entry in the 2008 Enterprising Britain competition, with representatives from Woodend Creative Workspace and Scarborough-based Electric Angel Design representing the town in the Yorkshire and Humber regional heats. In the finals in London on 16 October 2008, Scarborough won the title of Britain's Most Enterprising Town, and subsequently went on to win the European Enterprise Awards as Great Britain's representative, on 13 May 2009 in Prague.
In 2010 the town was the winner of the 'Great Town Award', as nominated by the Academy of Urbanism, beating Chester and Cambridge respectively.
Media.
Scarborough was home to local commercial radio station, Yorkshire Coast Radio, in August 2018 the station achieved the highest weekly reach of any radio station in England with a 53% weekly reach.
However in August 2020 YCR ceased broadcasting as it was bought out by Bauer Media and rebranded as Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast. The radio DJs and staff were made redundant. Some of the YCR team have since launched a new local station for the area, This is the Coast, broadcasting online and on DAB.
The town is also the home of the online only community radio station, Radio Scarborough. The station was raided in August 2017 by Ofcom for illegally broadcasting their service.
"The Scarborough News", is the weekly newspaper for the town and local district. It was first published on 31 May 2012, as a relaunch of the former daily publication, "The Scarborough Evening News". The first newspaper recorded as printed in the town, was in 1876
Healthcare.
Scarborough General Hospital is the local district general NHS hospital. It is run by the York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and is the largest employer in the area employing over 2,400 staff. A review of acute healthcare in the town in 2019 identified problems recruiting staff at the hospital but promised to maintain the site's Accident and Emergency department.
Demography.
The population of the town (comprising Castle, Central, Eastfield, Falsgrave Park, Newby, North Bay, Northstead, Ramshill, Stepney, Weaponness and Woodlands wards) is just over 60,000. However, the Borough of Scarborough, which includes the coastal towns of Whitby and Filey, has a population of around 108,000; during the peak season, tourism can double these figures. 7.5% of the population are aged over 60, compared with an average of 20.9% nationally. Only 21.9% of the population are aged between 20 and 39, compared to 28.1% nationally.
Transport.
Road.
Scarborough has four major roads serving the town; these also link it to other major towns and cities.
Scarborough has 25 main bus routes, operated by Scarborough and District, Arriva North East, Shoreline Suncruisers, and Yorkshire Coastliner. These link the town centre with its suburbs and local towns and cities such as Leeds, York, Hull, Bridlington, Whitby, Middlesbrough and the North York Moors.
The town is also served by two Park and Ride services, with locations on the A64 and A165. Buses run from each terminus to the town centre and South Bay at least every 12 minutes seven days a week, with stopping points around the town centre. Buses from the Filey Road terminus on the A165 also stop at the University. Open top tourist buses also run along the sea front and Marine Drive, linking the South and North bays.
Rail.
Scarborough railway station is close to the town centre and runs services from York, Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool on the North TransPennine Express route and from Hull on the Yorkshire Coast Line. It has the longest station seat in the world at 152 yards (139 m) in length. The town used to be connected to Whitby, via the Scarborough and Whitby Railway along the Yorkshire coast, but this closed in 1965 as part of the Beeching cuts. There is also a railway station in the suburb of Crossgates.
There are two operational funicular railways, both situated on South Bay. An additional funicular exists on the South Bay but no longer operates, and two funiculars on North Bay have been demolished.
An electric tramway service with six routes was provided by the Scarborough Tramways Company between 1904 and 1931, after which it was bought by the council and replaced by omnibuses.
Waters.
Although the town has no ferry services, there are transport links to Hull which runs frequent services to northern Europe.
Culture.
Live theatre.
Dramatist Alan Ayckbourn has lived in Scarborough for many years. He has produced seventy-five plays in Scarborough and was formerly the artistic director of the Stephen Joseph Theatre, where almost all his plays receive their first performance. Chris Monks took over as artistic director in 2009, followed by Paul Robinson in 2016.
The Open Air Theatre, at the Northstead Manor Gardens, originally had a seating capacity of 6,500 (now 8,000). The Lord Mayor of London opened the theatre in 1932 and audiences flocked to see "Merrie England", the opera was the first work to be staged at the outdoor venue. Productions were performed during the summer seasons until musicals ceased in 1968 after "West Side Story", apart from a YMCA production in 1982. In 1997, the dressing rooms and stage set building on the island were demolished and the seating removed. The last concert to be held at the open-air theatre before it closed in 1986 was James Last and his orchestra. The venue was restored and officially opened by The Queen on 20 May 2010. The venue is now a prime concert locality.
The YMCA Theatre is an amateur theatre seating 290. It hosts some 35 productions a year, including musicals and dance shows.
Cinema.
, Scarborough has two cinemas, the Hollywood Plaza and the Stephen Joseph Theatre.
A third, the Futurist Theatre, closed in January 2014 when the operator's lease expired. The building was later demolished. A new cinema development in the North Bay is due to open in 2020.
Creative arts and museums.
Scarborough has a long-established museum and visual-arts facilities. Wood End, the former home of The Sitwells, was converted into the Woodend museum, a creative centre including workspace for artists and the digital cluster, plus an exhibition space. The Rotunda Museum underwent a multimillion-pound redevelopment to become a national centre for geology. 2006 also saw the formation of a creative industries network called 'Creative Coast' comprising artists, designers, writers and other creatives with the shared vision of a culturally vibrant economy on the North Yorkshire coast.
The Rotunda Museum nowadays forms part of the Scarborough Museums Trust. The other part is the Scarborough Art Gallery, which houses the collections of fine arts since 1947. This gallery is based in a Grade II* Italianate villa, Crescent Villa, that was built in the 1840s.
Scarborough has a considerable graffiti culture, with as many as 20 'writers' currently active. There are two areas where graffiti art is legal in Scarborough, Sainsbury's basketball courts / all-weather pitch and Falsgrave Park wall. Both have seen many collaborations and murals.
Music.
The Grade II listed Scarborough Spa complex is home to the Scarborough Spa Orchestra, the last remaining seaside orchestra in the UK.
The globally successful pop / soul singer Robert Palmer spent his teenage years in Scarborough, attending Scarborough High School for Boys'.
During the late 1980s and the first half of the 1990s, Scarborough band Little Angels were one of the best known hard rock bands in the UK. Their third and final studio album, "Jam", peaked at No. 1 on the UK charts in early 1993. Chris Helme of The Seahorses, Eliza Carthy, Ashley Hicklin, Oliver Knight and Sophia Wardman, also attended schools and colleges in the area.
'Acoustic Gathering', a free one-day music festival, has been held annually in Peasholm Park, since September 2005. This features over 20 bands and singer/songwriters from all parts of the UK including a number of local groups and musicians, all performing from the bandstand in the centre of the lake.
Finnish idols winner Koop Arponen filmed his video for the song, "Young and Foolish" in the town, and One Night Only shot the video for their hit "Just For Tonight", mostly along Scarborough foreshore.
Location for filming.
The films "Little Voice", "Possession", and "A Chorus of Disapproval" were filmed on location in Scarborough and surrounds. Also shot in the Scarborough (borough) & North York Moors are over 90 films, documentaries and various TV programmes. Films include "An Inspector Calls", "Miranda", "Dancing Queen", "Beltenebros", "The Brides in the Bath", "Screwed", "The Damned United", "Scarborough", "A is for Acid" and "Saint Maud". Television series filmed in the area include "Heartbeat", its spin-off series "The Royal", "CBBC"'s "All at Sea", BBC1's "Rosie", BBC1's "Remember Me", German TV crime drama, "The Search", scenes from the second series of "Five Days" and an episode each of "Barbara", "Coronation Street" & "Last of the Summer Wine". The 2015 series of "The Syndicate" starring Anthony Andrews, Melanie Hill and Lenny Henry also filmed scenes in Scarborough. A sitcom named "Scarborough" was filmed in the town in 2019. The show being the brainchild of Derren Litten the creator of ITV hit "Benidorm" was based on a group of friends who meet up for Karaoke nights in the town. The show first aired on BBC1 on 6 September 2019 in a primetime Friday night slot (9:30 pm) the day before transmission the first two episodes were given a 'world premiere' to an audience at the Stephen Joseph Theatre. The third series of reality TV show "Celebs on the Farm", was filmed on location in the outskirts of the town, in 2021.
Twinning.
Scarborough is twinned with:
Scarborough is affiliated with HMS "Duncan".
Education.
The four main state secondary schools in Scarborough are Graham School, George Pindar School, Scalby School, and St Augustine's Catholic School. Raincliffe School formally closed on 31 August 2012, merging with Graham School (the Raincliffe site closed completely on 23 June 2017). In September 2016, Scarborough University Technical College (UTC) opened for 14- to 18-year-olds. The campus is part of a £47 million pound development including Coventry University Scarborough Campus and a sports village in the Weaponness Valley.
Scarborough is also home to one private school, Scarborough College (for ages 3 to 18 years).
Scarborough College abolished A-levels and has been an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School since June 2006. Ranked within Top 50 independent schools by The Times based on post-16 results, 2017.
Scarborough International School of English, established in 1968 is accredited by the British Council and members of English UK and English UK North. The school offers English Language courses to students from around the world.
There is also a private international language school called Anglolang, established in 1985, which teaches the English language to overseas students, companies, educational institutions, organised groups and individuals.
Education in Scarborough has been notable for its commitment to the digital economy, particularly with the formation of the University of Hull's School of Arts and New Media, at the Scarborough Campus in 2006. This made Scarborough one of the UK mainland's first wireless campuses.
In 2015, Coventry University Scarborough Campus opened in the town with a small first cohort and moved from temporary accommodation to a purpose-built site in September 2016. Ultimately, the university will cater for 3000 students studying an innovative, intensive pattern of study. Further Education is provided by Scarborough Sixth Form College and Yorkshire Coast College, which took over the University of Hull's campus in Scarborough in 2016.
Sport.
The Scarborough Amateur Rowing Club was founded in May 1869, and is the oldest surviving rowing club on the north-east coast. For more than 100 years, sea rowing has taken place on the Yorkshire coast between the Tees and the Humber. Beginning with friendly rivalry between the fishermen and the jet miners from Blyth (the German Ocean Race), the sport has progressed to what it is today. More recent successes for the club include Bob Hewitt, who now competes as a lightweight rower for the national team. In 2006 the club finally won the acclaimed Wilson Cup, until then held by rival clubs in neighbouring town Whitby for over eighty years. Rowing takes place throughout the summer months.
The Blue Riband event for Scarborough Yacht Club, is the annual 210 nautical mile race, from the town, to IJmuiden in the Netherlands. The Yacht Club is based in the old keepers' accommodation adjoining Scarborough Pier Lighthouse in the harbour.
Scarborough is home to the Oliver's Mount racing circuit. This track is composed of twisty public roads and has played host to domestic motorcycling and rallying events for many years. Noted motorcycle racers who have raced at Oliver's Mount include Barry Sheene, Ron Haslam and Guy Martin. The town was the home of the 2nd RAC Rally in 1952. In March 2019 newly formed motorcycle racing club, Two Four Three Road Racing Association was granted a lease to run road races at the venue, and they restarted road racing at the venue in July 2019 after a year's absence.
Scarborough Cricket Club have won the ECB National Club Cricket Championship at Lord's, on five occasions between 1972 and 1982, a record number of victories. The club also hosts the annual Scarborough Cricket Festival, and Yorkshire play at North Marine Road, in a selection of home fixtures throughout the season. The club has competed in the Yorkshire Premier League North since 2016. The club has enjoyed great success in the Yorkshire League, in the past.
The former Scarborough Football Club enjoyed a career in the Football League during the 1990s before being relegated to the Conference North in 2006 and to the Northern Premier League the following year. One of its greatest achievements was winning the FA Trophy at Wembley Stadium on three occasions and being runners-up on one. They were also the first club to win automatic promotion to the Football League, when in 1987 they were promoted as champions of the GM Vauxhall Conference. In 2007 a new club, Scarborough Athletic, was formed and they play their home matches at the Flamingo Land Stadium.
In 2007, the town hosted the World Thundercat Championships (for inflatable powerboats), and similar events in 2008 and 2015. Scarborough Rugby Union Football Club moved to a new £4-million ground development, on the outskirts of town in January 2009 (Silver Royd), the club is very ambitious and reached the semi-finals of the RFU Intermediate Cup, in 2015. The venue is also home to Scarborough Athletic Club and many sports facilities. The nationally achieving Scarborough Gymnastics Academy, has a highly developed specialist facility in the west of the town. Scarborough Sports Centre was a past venue for international tennis tournaments, attracting such stars as Fred Perry, Rod Laver and Pancho Gonzales. Scarborough Indoor Bowls Centre is utilized for a variety of events, throughout the year.
The town has two principal golf courses, North Cliff and South Cliff, plus some smaller ventures. Ganton Golf Club, which has hosted tournaments such as the Ryder Cup and Walker Cup, is situated approximately 8 miles to the west of Scarborough.
George Pindar School, which is based at Eastfield, is a Sports Community College, and is home to Scarborough Pirates ARLFC, Scarborough Seahawks Basketball and formerly Scarborough Hockey Club, who are now at Scarborough College. The centre also has a tennis facility. Scarborough Table Tennis Centre is located at Graham School.
A national martial arts organisation, The Empire Martial Arts Association, is based in Scarborough.
The Tourist Information Centre in the South Bay is the finishing point of The White Rose Way, a long distance walk from Leeds.
Scarborough was the finishing point, for Stage 1 of the inaugural 2015 Tour de Yorkshire, hosted on 1 May, and has hosted a stage finish every year since.
A sports village based in Weaponness Valley, that is now the home stadium of Scarborough Athletic, was opened in July 2017.
In recent decades, due to frequent low pressure systems in the North Atlantic, Scarborough has also become home to a thriving cold water surfing scene with numerous surf shops and competitions taking place including the King of The Point, a big wave contest designed to show off the quality of surf the North Yorkshire coast can receive.


Rufus Estes

Rufus Estes (b. 1857 - d.1939) was a former slave who worked as a chef aboard luxury railway cars operated by the Pullman Company in the 19th century. He was born in Murray County, Tennessee, one of nine children. Two of his brothers died during the American Civil War. In 1867 the family moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where Estes' grandmother lived. He attended school for one term.
His first known job was at a restaurant in Nashville, but it's believed that he started working when he was very young, around five years of age, as a slave in the fields. He worked in Nashville between the ages of 16 and 21. The restaurant was moving to Chicago in 1881 where he found another job.
He began to work for the Pullman Company in 1883. Throughout the course of his career he managed private Pullman cars for the, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, the Princess Infanta Eulalia of Spain, Sir Henry Morton Stanley and Ignace Jan Paderewski. These private cars were also known as "Palace Cars", elaborately decorated in the style of the Gilded Age with chandeliers, air conditions and beds, where gourmet meals were served by former slaves.
Between 1894 and 1897, probably related to the Pullman strike of 1894, Estes took another job aboard the RMS Empress of China, sailing from Vancouver to Tokyo. He made the decision to leave Pullman, ending his employment with the company in 1897, and taking a new job managing a luxury private railway car for Arthur Stillwell. In 1907 he took employment with the Chicago subsidiaries of the United States Steel Corporation.
His recipe book "Good Things to Eat, as Suggested by Rufus: A Collection Of Practical Recipes For Preparing Meats, Game, Fowl, Fish, Puddings, Pastries, Etc." of over 600 recipes was published in 1911. Estes wanted to be recognized both as an accomplished professional chef and a former slave. It's among the first cookbooks written by a black chef (Robert Roberts, Malinda Russell and Abby Fisher wrote earlier cookbooks).


SS Klondike

SS "Klondike" was the name of two sternwheelers, the second now a national historic site located in Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. They ran freight between Whitehorse and Dawson City along the Yukon River, the first from 1929 to 1936 and the second, an almost exact replica of the first, from 1937 to 1950.
"Klondike I" was built by the British Yukon Navigation Company (a subsidiary of the White Pass and Yukon Route railway company) in 1929 and had the distinction of having 50% more capacity than a regular sternwheeler, while still having the shallow draft and meeting the size requirements in order to travel down the Yukon River. "Klondike I" had a cargo capacity of 270 metric tonnes without having to push a barge.
"Klondike I" ran aground in June 1936 north of 'The Thirty Mile' section of the Yukon River (at ). The company salvaged the ship's boiler, engines and many fittings to build "Klondike II" the following year. The hull of the SS "Klondike" I can still be seen at low water by canoeists on the Yukon River.
"Klondike II" carried freight until the early 1950s. Due to the construction of a highway connecting Dawson City and Whitehorse, many Yukon River sternwheelers were decommissioned. In an attempt to save "Klondike II", she was converted into a cruise ship. The venture shut down in 1955 due to lack of interest, and "Klondike II" was left on the ways in the Whitehorse shipyards.
The ship was donated to Parks Canada and was gradually restored until 1966, when city authorities agreed to move the ship to its present location, at that time part of a squatters' area. The task required three bulldozers, eight tons of Palmolive soap, a crew of twelve men, and three weeks to complete. Greased log rollers eased the process.
On 24 June 1967, the SS "Klondike" was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, and she is now open during the summer as a tourist attraction.


Daring Youth

Daring Youth is a 1924 American silent comedy drama film directed by William Beaudine, starring Bebe Daniels, Norman Kerry, and Lee Moran. It is based on William Shakespeare's "The Taming of the Shrew".
Status.
With no prints of "Daring Youth" found in any film archives, it is a lost film.


Hillel Schwartz (historian)

Hillel Schwartz (born 1948) is an American cultural historian, poet and translator.
Education and teaching.
Hillel Schwartz was born in Chicago and got his B.A. degree at Brandeis University in 1969. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in European History at Yale University (1974), and the following year he got a master's degree in library science (M.L.S.) at the University of California, Berkeley.
Schwartz considers himself primarily an independent scholar, but he has also taught history, humanities, and religious studies at UC Berkeley (1975), the University of Florida, Gainesville (1975–77), San Diego State University (1979–82, 1996). Most recently, he was an instructor in the History Department at UC San Diego (1992).
Schwartz has been both a fellow at and an adviser to the Millennium Institute, a Washington, D.C., nonprofit organization founded in the 1980s to work on global sustainability issues.
Schwartz lives in Encinitas, California.
Writing.
Schwartz, who has been called a "peripatetic cultural historian," has written on the French prophets, millenarianism, and copies, as well as on the history of dieting, fat, and noise. His scholarship is formidable, with one of his recent books, "Making Noise", sporting 350 pages of notes. Schwartz's work has been translated into German, Italian, Japanese, and Portuguese.
"Making Noise" examines the changing understanding of sound in western culture—from music to tinnitis, babies' cries to urban hubbub—demonstrating that the primacy of the visual in human experience has been somewhat oversold.
"The Culture of the Copy" is a comprehensive 600-page exploration of doubles of all kinds: facsimiles, reproductions, fakes, twins, mannequins, "trompe-l'œil" painting, camouflage, and so on. Schwartz examines how copies have been framed in western culture over the centuries, with a particular interest in the ethical dimensions of our relationship to replicas. Schwartz takes the position that copies are an important part of our cultural inheritance and should not be immediately dismissed as inauthentic.
In "Never Satisfied" (1986), Schwartz surveys the history of dieting fads and changing fashions in body types, with attention to major cultural shifts around the turn of the 20th century attendant on the rise of consumer culture.
"The French Prophets", Schwartz's 1980 book on French prophets of the 18th century, has been called an excellent historical monograph and the first systematic exploration of these prophets' origins.
In "Century's End", Schwartz analyzes the fuss that is persistently made over millennial dates, publishing his "wise and humane" survey in anticipation of the year 2000.
Schwartz is also the co-founder of Sage Case Management, a California company that advocates on behalf of people who are terminally ill or in need of complex medical care. This experience led him to write his most recent book, "Long Days Last Days" (2013), a highly personal and deeply informed guide to the experience of accompanying another person through their last days on earth.
As a poet, Schwartz has been published in "Beloit Poetry Journal", "The Fiddlehead", "Prairie Schooner", "Field", and James Tate's survey, "The Best American Poetry 1997".
Schwartz was co-translator (with Sunny Jung) of poems by the South Korean poet Ko Un, published by Tupelo Press under the title "Abiding Places: Korea North and South" (2006).


Ostroga coat of arms

Ostroga (Polish for "Spur") is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several "szlachta" (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


Bareqi Arabic

Bareqi Arabic () is the variety of Arabic spoken in Bareq, Saudi Arabia. It is spoken in many towns and villages in that wadi.
Characteristics.
Bareqi Arabic has many aspects that differentiate it from all other dialects in the Arab world. Phonologically, Bareqi Arabic is similar to the majority of Saudi Arabia dialects and Himyaritic language. All Bareqi dialects also share the unusual feature of replacing the definite article "al-" with the prefix "am-". The dialects of many towns and villages in the wadi and the coastal region are characterized by having changed ج () to a palatal approximant ي (called yodization).


RedOne production discography

The following is a list of songs produced, co-produced and remixed by Swedish-Moroccan producer, songwriter and music executive RedOne.


Choesung Pavilion

The Choesung Pavilion is an historic structure located on Moran Hill in Kyongsang-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang, North Korea. First built in the 6th Century, it was rebuilt in 1716. One of the National Treasures of North Korea, it is located at the highest point of the Hill, 95 meters above ground. The pavilion is bounded on the south and west by rounded, low summits separated by three valleys. It offers views of the many species of trees growing on the hill, including pine, fir, Korean pine, trifoliate pine, linden and poplar. One can seasonally also observe over 70 species of birds from the location.
The Pavilion was originally called “Osung”, but was renamed “Choesung” for the excellent views it commands; these views make the pavilion a popular local tourist attraction.
Description.
Per the KCNA: “The single-storied building with a hip-saddle roof and double eaves has battlements and a whole ceiling.” The Pavilion has a facade 7.36 metres long and a flank of 4.67 metres. It is one of many historic structures on the Hill, including the Ulmil, Chongnyu and Pubyok pavilions and the Chilsong, Jongum, Hyonmu and Tongam gates.
Local legend tells that a group of fairies came down from the heavens to enjoy themselves around the pavilion amongst the many beautiful flowers and trees.
Military History.
The structure (along with the Ulmil Pavilion, which both served as command posts) was used by local troops to keep watch on potential foreign aggressors, given its high location on the hill. It also served as a command post for Konishi Yukinaga and 2,000 bodyguard troops during the Samurai Invasion of Korea in the 1590s and would see fierce fighting in the battles in the area, between the Japanese that had taken over the area and the Chinese troops that came to liberate Pyongyang in the aftermath.


Jonathan Glazer videography


Juicy J production discography

The following list is a discography of production by Juicy J, an American hip hop record producer and recording artist from Memphis, Tennessee. It includes a list of songs produced, co-produced and remixed by year, artist, album and title. For the Three 6 Mafia and Hypnotize Minds projects Juicy J produced music alongside his Three Six Mafia cohort DJ Paul and in more recent years Crazy Mike.


Writing in the Ryukyu Kingdom

Writing in the Ryukyu Kingdom used various writing conventions, all of which were markedly different from spoken registers. A unique feature of Ryukyu's writing conventions is that in the Old Ryukyu period (1187–1609), it developed a predominantly kana writing convention that was based on sōrō-style Written Japanese but exhibited heavy Okinawan influence. After the Japanese conquest by Satsuma Domain in 1609, however, this style of writing was replaced by standard sōrō-style Japanese that was written predominantly with kanji. Other than that, Okinawan features were confined to the recordings of songs to sing, poems to read aloud, and plays to perform verbally, and did not have an autonomous status as literary writing. Instead, the Yukatchu class of the kingdom was aligned with the literary tradition of mainland Japan that was established during the Heian period.
Predominantly kana writings of Old Ryūkyū.
It is not clear when and how writing systems were introduced to the Ryukyu Islands. Modern scholars generally speculate that Zen Buddhist monks brought kana from Japan to Okinawa Island. During the Muromachi period, Zen monks worked as translators, diplomats and political advisers using a network of temples that was centered in Kyoto and was extended to Okinawa Island. Writings they left on Okinawa Island in the 15th century were mostly Classical Chinese (Kanbun) stone inscriptions, but a stone epitaph was written with kana.
In the 16th century, a new style of stone inscriptions emerged, with Kanbun on one side and sōrō-style Japanese on another side. This style of writing is noted for heavy linguistic interference from Okinawan. An example of this style is the "Sōgen-ji geba-hi" (1527), which reads:
The first part of the inscription, "anji mo gesu mo", is a characteristically Okinawan phrase. The word "kuma" (this place) is an Okinawan word that corresponds to Standard Japanese "koko". Verbs, in addition to nominals, exhibit Okinawan characteristics. The verb "oreru" was chosen instead of the Written Japanese form "oriru", and it regularly corresponds to the modern Shuri speech form /uriyun/. At the same time, however, this inscription exhibits non-Okinawan features. The Okinawans would have used "wote" (modern Shuri speech: /wuti/) as the locative marker, but the standard form "ni te" was used in the inscription. The obligation marker "beshi" at the end of the sentence is another Written Japanese feature that was borrowed into the Shuri variety but remains rare. Overall, the Okinawan influence is so heavy that this writing style can alternatively be seen as Written Okinawan with heavy interference from Written Japanese. Nevertheless, it was markedly different from any spoken register of the day.
Another genre where this writing style was adopted was letters of appointment. In the famous "Dana Documents", a collection of appointment letters preserved by a samurai family, the first appointment letter dated 1523 reads:
In the document, the king appointed Shiotarumoi as a member of Takara-maru, a ship designated for a tributary mission to China. Although Okinawan flavor is non-negligible, the phrase "tamawari mōshi sōrō" (an honorific form of "to be given by the king's order") is a distinctive characteristic of sōrō-style Japanese.
Apart from lexical and grammatical features, a notable characteristic as a writing convention is the ratio of kana in relation to kanji. Kanji appeared very infrequently, and the number of unique kanji in the corpus is less than a hundred. This Old Ryūkyū-style writing disappeared after the conquest of the kingdom by Satsuma Domain in 1609.
Shift to standard sōrō-style Written Japanese.
Under Satsuma Domain, the style of appointment letters shifted to standard sōrō-style Written Japanese. The relative frequency of kanji remarkably increased during a transitional period. An example from the transitional period is the 12th appointment letter from the "Dana Documents" (1627):
In the end, kana disappeared from appointment letters:
Although this letter was written completely with kanji, it was read aloud as sōrō-style Japanese. This writing convention was used in local administrative documents and correspondence between Ryūkyū and Satsuma. Except for the use of Chinese era names, the local administrative documents were no different from those procuded in other domains under the Tokugawa shogunate.
Recordings of oral performance.
The "Omoro Sōshi" (1531–1623) was the first systematic attempt to record songs. The song at the very beginning of the anthology, for example, was:
The first line specifies the melody (the melody of Aoriyae) while the special characters "一" (start) and "又" (repeat) are used for flow control. Kana was chosen to precisely record the oral tradition. Only 51 unique kanji were used in the song part of the "Omoro Sōshi". Some songs were accompanied by notes that were written in Written Japanese. Because the "Omoro Sōshi" was enigmatic even to the Okinawan elites of the day, a dictionary named "Kon-kōken-shū" was compiled in 1711, where each archaic word is described in Written Japanese, with extensive references to Japanese classics such as the Tale of Genji and the Tales of Ise.
In parallel with the shift in administrative documents, Ryūkyū's elite oral culture came to be recorded with the mixture of kana and kanji, under the influence of mainland writing conventions. As a result, the relationships between spelling and pronunciation became complicated. At the time "omoro" songs were recorded, radical sound changes that characterize the Shuri speech and other modern South Okinawan varieties, such as vowel raising, palatalization of [k] and [g] before [i], dropping of [r] before [i] were not completed if they had started. In contrast, ryūka songs and poems and kumi odori plays have significant gaps between spelling and pronunciation. For example, the first block of a ryūka is written as:
However, it is pronounced as:
Still, this pronunciation convention has non-negilible differences with modern colloquial speech. In the modern Shuri speech, the first word, meaning "today", is pronounced as [t͡ɕuː], not [kiju].
Adoption of the Japanese literary tradition.
Instead of developing their own literary writing, the Yukatchu class of the kingdom embraced the literary tradition of Japan. Fragmentary sources indicate that Japanese classics took a firm hold in the elite society even before Satsuma's conquest. The social lives of the elites at the very end of the Old Ryukyu period were depicted by Taichū's "Ryūkyū ōrai" (early 17th century), a collection of correspondence arranged by month for the purpose of elementary education. In a letter between two ruling elites, one asked the other for copies of waka anthologies, namely, the "Kokin Wakashū", the "Man'yōshū", the "Tales of Ise", the "Shin Kokin Wakashū", and the "Senzai Wakashū", in order to hold a renga (collaborative poetry) session. After the session, they played a kemari game. Kemari was taught by a member of the Asukai family, who had visited Okinawa prior to the event. One had visited Japan and learned the Ikenobō school of ikebana (flower arrangement). Apparently, the ruling elites enjoyed the complete set of Japanese high culture.
However, most extant literary works date back only to the end of the 17th century. Two notable exceptions are the "Kian Nikki" (early 17th century) and the "Chūzan Seikan" (1650). The "Kian Nikki" was written by Kian, a tea master from Sakai, and it is the sole extant record of Satsuma's conquest of Ryukyu from the view point of Ryukyu. It followed the style of "gunki monogatari" (war tales) and extensively copied "the Tale of the Heike", "the Tale of Hōgen", and "the Tale of Heiji". The unprecedented event was hardly explained with Ryukyu's own words. The style of war tales was adopted in a more sophisticated way by the "Chūzan Seikan", Ryukyu's first official history book written by Haneji Chōshū.
Haneji Chōshū issued a set of directives known as the "Haneji shioki" in 1667, where young Yukatchu were instructed to study an array of subjects including Japanese arts and literature. Haneji's directives remained in effect for long periods of time. The testament of Aka Chokushiki (1778 and 1783), which was written in sōrō-style Japanese by a Yukatchu of Naha, enumerated a wide range of subjects to be mastered by his young son. He was instructed to follow the Nijō school of waka by studying introductory books published in Japan. He was also expected to master the classical writing style by reading the Tales of Ise, the Tale of Genji, and the "Tsurezuregusa" among others.
Haneji Chōshū's policy resulted in a flood of literary works from the end of the 17th century to the early 18th century. The "Omoidegusa" (1700) by Shikina Seimei was a poetic diary, a genre of Japanese literature with the "Tosa Nikki" as a representative work. In this work, Shikina Seimei detailed his official trip to Satsuma, intermixed with waka poems. Another major genre of Japanese literature, "monogatari" (narrative tales), was pursued by Heshikiya Chōbin (1701–1734). He left four short tales, the "Manzai", the "Koke no shita", the "Wakakusa monogatari", and the "Hinkaki". The sole form of literary writing the Ryukyuan elites acquired in the end was Written Japanese.
"Kanbun kundoku".
Since 1372 during the reign of King Satto of Chūzan, the king of Ryukyu maintained tributary relations with the emperor of China. Diplomatic duties were performed by technocrats of Kumemura, who originally immigrated from Fujian. Their duties covered writing of diplomatic documents in Classical Chinese and interpretation of Spoken Chinese as well as sea navigation. Since the reign of Shō Shin, however, Ryukyu's sea trade under the disguise of tributary missions had shown a steady decline, which devastated the community of Kumemura. The population dropped and the remaining population had limited command of Chinese. In addition, Kumemura was largely isolated from the rest of Ryukyuan society during the Old Ryukyu period. In fact, most Classical Chinese stone inscriptions were written by Buddhist monks, not the people of Kumemura.
Satsuma's conquest of Ryukyu of 1609 turned Chinese affairs into Ryukyu's raison d'etre. The Tokugawa shogunate refused to embrace the Chinese world order and had never established diplomatic relations with China. As a result, Ryukyu became Japan's one of four gateways to foreign countries. Under the direction of Satsuma, Ryukyu was committed to rebuild Kumemura. In the 17th century, the Yukatchu of Kumemura replaced Buddhist monks as the writers of stone inscriptions. The 18th century is dubbed as the "century of Kumemura". They switched from Written Japanese to Classical Chinese as the language of Ryukyu's official books. The "Chūzan Seifu", the "Kyūyō", and other official books were the products of this period. However, the Yukatchu of Kumemura were assimilated into Ryukyuan society to the level that they chose sōrō-style Written Japanese for daily activities.
How Classical Chinese texts were read aloud in Ryukyu is a question that attracts scholarly interest. There were two approaches in Japan: "chokudoku" and "kundoku". "Chokudoku" is a way of reading Chinese texts in the original order, usually with Chinese sounds. "Kundoku" is an elaborate method to read Chinese texts as Japanese. While Chinese uses the SVO (Subject-Verb-Object) word order, Japanese is SOV. To cope with the ordering differences, "kaeri-ten" markers were added to the texts to change the word ordering to the Japanese one. While Chinese is an analytic language, Japanese is an agglutinative language with a rich set of small grammatical markers. For this reason, Chinese texts were annotated with "okurigana", Japanese grammatical markers written with kana. The annotation scheme that realizes "kundoku" is called "kunten" (reading marks).
The Ryukyuan elites adopted the Japanese way of reading Classical Chinese. Tomari Jochiku (1570–1655), a Confucian scholar from Yakushima, is credited for introducing a style of "kunten" called "Bunshi-ten", together with the Satsunan school of Neo-Confucianism. "Bunshi-ten" was developed by Tomari Jochiku's mentor, Bunshi Genshō. Tomari Jochiku brought the Four Books of Confucianism annotated with "Bunshi-ten". "Kundoku" based on "Bunshi-ten" became the standard way of reading Classical Chinese in Ryukyu. Even in Kumemura, both "chokudoku" and "kundoku" were taught in school. When Ryukyu received Classical Chinese documents from countries under the Chinese world order (i.e., China and Korea), the Yukatchu of Kumemura made "kunten" annotations to them. The government officials then read them as Japanese.
Linguistically speaking, the Okinawan varieties underwent radical sound changes in the relatively recent past, but how they affect Okinawan "kundoku" reading is not clear from historical sources. Higa Shunchō (1883–1977), a historian from a Yukatchu lineage, recorded Classical Chinese education of his father's days. According to Higa, there were two varieties of "kundoku": "gōon kundoku" and "kaion kundoku". "Gōon kundoku" was obtained by applying the rules of regular sound correspondences and thus reflected Okinawan sounds while "kaion kundoku" is standard Japanese reading. Higa cited a famous passage of the "Analects" as an example:
The students of Kumemura and would-be interpreters were taught "chokudoku" and "gōon kundoku". The rest of the students started with "gōon kundoku" and then proceeded to "kaion kundoku". Recalling the years of his childhood, Iha Fuyū (1876–1947) also mentioned "gōon kundoku" but he referred to it as "shima kaigō" and stated that it had attracted scorn. Higa Shunchō recalled that although his father had been unable to speak Modern Standard Japanese, he had fully comprehended orally realized written-style Japanese. Iha Fuyū found that "kaion kundoku" training enabled him to smoothly adapt to Modern Standard Written Japanese, which originated from "kanbun kundoku"-style Written Japanese.


Ir sult sprechen willekomen

Ir sult sprechen willekomen is a poem by Walther von der Vogelweide. Thematically, it does neither fully belong to the "Minnesang" nor to the "Sangspruchdichtung", but it commingles both forms.
In the 19th century, the poem was rediscovered by German nationalists and even served as an inspiration for Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben and his "Deutschlandlied".
Since 1973, Alois Kircher's theory that Walther in this poem was repudiating an attack by Peire Vidal, who had denigrated the Germans in his 37th "Chanson" and had praised Provence as the land "from the Rhône to Vence, and from the sea up to the Durance," has gained general acceptance.
Reinterpretation.
The song "Willkommen" by German band Ougenweide (1976) is based on this poem. The original tune, however, has not been preserved.


Lisa Holt and Harlan Reano

Lisa Holt (born 1980) and Harlan Reano (born 1978) are a husband-and-wife team of Pueblo potters and artists from northern New Mexico. They have been making pottery together in 1999, they use traditional Cochiti pottery techniques and create modern work.
About.
Holt and Reano have been making pottery together since 1999. At first, Holt made the pots and Reano painted them. They now share the pottery making; Reano still does all the painting. They first made figurines inspired by the old Cochiti tradition of human and animal forms. They use Cochiti clay and natural paints for their work, and fire their pottery outdoors with cedar wood.
More recently, they make pots, jars, and figurines with a more contemporary feel, influenced by the work of Holt's uncle, the "avant-garde" potter and designer, Virgil Ortiz.
Holt and Reano's work was featured in the 25th Smithsonian Institution Craft Show in 2007. Smithsonian magazine in 20107 ran a photo of their "Pueblo Fire Warrior" figurine. "He's a superhero we came up with," they said.
Holt and Reano's works are in various permanent museum collections, including the National Museum of the American Indian, the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture, Peabody Essex Museum, and others.
Lisa Holt.
Lisa Holt is from Cochiti Pueblo and is the granddaughter of potter Seferina Ortiz (1931-2007), who was her mentor. She also learned from her mother, Juanita Inez Ortiz, and her uncle, Virgil Ortiz. She is of the Herrera family, of Pueblo potters in New Mexico, whose work is often found in art collections and in art museums.
Harlan Reano.
Harlan Reano is half Kewa Pueblo (formally known as Santo Domingo Pueblo) on his mother’s side. He also has learned potting from his mother-in-law, Juanita Inez Ortiz.


Manchester Gazette

The Manchester Gazette was a conformist non-Tory newspaper based in Manchester, England.
Founded by William Cowdroy (previously editor of the "Chester Chronicle") in 1795, the newspaper was written and printed by him and his four sons. Although considered of poor quality, it sold because it was the only non-Tory newspaper in Manchester.
After the death of William Snr in 1814, his son William Jnr became the new editor. Selling only 250 copies weekly, Cowdroy engaged his non-conformist friends of the first Little Circle to contribute articles. Archibald Prentice, John Shuttleworth and John Edward Taylor all became regular columnists, and by 1819 the Gazette was selling over 1,000 copies a week.
The "Gazette" had been highly critical of the treatment of the Blanketeers in March 1817, to the extent that it was in return criticised for 'highly libellous' statements, but felt itself vindicated when charges against the alleged ringleaders were dropped in September 1817. In 1819, during the days leading up to the Peterloo massacre, the "Gazette" compared the authorities' behaviour favourably with that seen in 1817, but did not endorse it: Upon the present occasion, Government have acted with much greater propriety than in 1817 … but a wise policy would endeavour, rather by temperate and conciliatory conduct, to detach the people at large from those who have assumed the station of their leaders, than to maintain a hollow and insecure tranquillity by the exhibition of military force. Whilst favouring Reform, the Gazette was highly critical of radicals who it said "live by ranting and railing against abuses" and of their use of mass meetings: .. the violent resolutions generally passed there – the intemperate harangues of the travelling speechmakers – the very questionable character of many, if not most of these persons – … all these are things which do infinite mischief – which utterly precludes moderate men from wishing them success – and throw all the timid into the ranks of their opponents.
After Peterloo, the first reports to reach London were those of Gazette reporters: its more outspokenly radical contemporary the "Manchester Observer" had been involved in the organisation of the St Peter's Field meeting; the "Observer" reporter had been accommodated on the hustings and was consequently arrested with the rest of the hustings party and hence unable to file a report. The subsequent report in the "Gazette" was (like the account sent to London by its reporters) highly critical of the magistrates, and of their actions. The Gazette said that despite extensive inquiries no witnesses had been found who had heard the Riot Act being read, and therefore it was dubious if the actions were legal. Reporting the first anniversary of Peterloo, it wrote The anniversary of the 16th of August was observed in many places in this district by Mourning Processions, and by the singing of hymns suited to the occasion. We trust that "before the completion of another twelvemonth, the stain ",which the melancholy catastrophe of that day last year has impressed upon the page of our annals, "will be effaced", and that THO' LATE, JUSTICE WILL AT LENGTH OVERTAKE THE AUTHORS OF THE OUTRAGE
In 1821, the other members of the first Little Circle, dissatisfied with Cowdroy's politics (which they considered insufficiently radical) helped John Edward Taylor (previously a cotton merchant) set up the "Manchester Guardian", which he edited for the rest of his life and for which they all wrote. Shortly afterwards, the "Manchester Observer", which had responded to Peterloo in less carefully measured language than the "Gazette" ceased publication, worn down by repeated prosecutions for seditious libel (and the loss of a number of straightforward libel cases). The "Observer" recommended its readers to transfer their custom to the "Guardian"
In 1822, the younger Cowdroy died, and ownership of the newspaper passed to his wife. In 1824, after circulation had been struggling for a period, Richard Potter and John Shuttleworth assisted the then editor Archibald Prentice to raise the £1,600 required to buy the "Gazette" from Cowdroy's wife. Prentice made the "Gazette" more Radical than the "Guardian" , calling for repeal of the Corn Law and of the Combination Acts, arguing that the existing Poor Laws were not leading to an increase in pauperism or in poor rates, and that a Poor Law for Ireland would moderate the flow of destitute Irish into England (and specifically Manchester). In 1825, the "Manchester Courier" reported the trial of an Irish labourer charged with stealing a copy of the "Gazette" from a pub, describing the paper as "admirably adapted to the capabilities of Irish "hodmen" and the mass of the "canaille" who constitute its readership".
Prentice struggled against the now established reformist agenda of the "Guardian", and in 1828 went bankrupt forcing sale of the "Gazette" which closed in May 1829, the "Manchester Advertiser" offering the poor pun that "The "Gazette" was in its best days always poorly, owing, in great part, we believe, to some original "constitutional" infirmity..."
In October 1828, Prentice began publication of a new paper; the "Manchester Times": "The "Manchester Gazette", which I conducted for four years has passed from me into the hands of persons who are strangers to the town, its feelings, and its interests, and I am on the point of establishing a new Journal, to be named the "Manchester Times"". He later bought the title of the defunct "Gazette", the "Manchester Times" becoming for a while the "Manchester Times and Gazette"


Brophy

Brophy is an Irish surname of ancient origin, which is derived from the Irish "Uí Bhróithe" or "Ó Bróithe" septs that were located mostly around Ballybrophy, Laois, and in counties Carlow and Kilkenny. The family has been prominent in the history of Ireland for nearly 1000 years and has included petty kings (Rí), clerics, soldiers, and writers. The family was first mentioned in the late 11th century, but as a member of the Dál Birn dynasty, its semi-legendary genealogy stretches back to AD 200 according to the Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B 502. As such, it remains one of Ireland's oldest extant pre-Norman Conquest noble families.
The ancestral seat of the family chief became Ballybrophy (historically "Ballybrohy", from ) after the Norman Invasion of Ireland in the 12th century.
Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín wrote in the 14th century that the earliest ancestor of the Brophys was Sedna, the great-grandson of the semi-legendary pre-Christian founder of the Kingdom of Ossory, Óengus Osrithe.
In "The Book of Rights", the Osraige are labelled as Síl mBresail Bric ("the seed of Bresail Bric") after Bressail Bricc, a remote ancestor of the Ossorians. Bressail Bricc had two sons; Lughaidh, ancestor of the Laigan, and Connla, from whom the Ossorians sprang, through Óengus Osrithe. Thus, the people of Osraige were also sometimes collectively referred to as Clann Connla.
"The Annals of the Four Masters" records the death of Gilla Molua O'Brophy (Ua Bruaidheada) of Rath Tamnaighe (Lisdowney, Kilkenny) in 1069. The "Annals of Ulster" mentions that Connor O'Brophy (Conchobar Ua Broighthe), King of Ceann Chaille, and Domhnall Mac Gilla Patraic, King of Upper Ossory, were slain by the O'Moores in 1165.
Giolla na Naomh Ó hUidhrín mentions the O'Brophys as residing in Magh Sedna (the Plain of Sedna) in the barony of Galmoy (barony), Kilkenny in his 14th century work, "Tuilleadh feasa ar Éirinn óigh." The name of Galmoy (barony), in Irish Gabhalmhaigh, means "plain of the Branch, or Ghabhal" (River Goul).
Magh Sedna is a fertile part of Ireland which the Danes invaded in the ninth century, and where the Normans came after they had conquered Britain in the eleventh
century. Over the years the Norse, Norman and Gaelic bloods have mingled in the families of later centuries. It
is the paradoxical story of Ireland that the conquered frequently absorbed their conquerors through intermarriage,
language and customs. Hence the oppressors of one generation often produced the rebels of a later one.
William O'Brothe was appointed Prior of the Augustinian Monastery of St. Tigernacius of Aghamacart by Pope Sixtus IV on 31 March 1481. William is likely to have been the illegitimate son of Philip O'Brothe, Abbot of Kilcooley Abbey, whom Pope Pius II legitimised and instructed to be taken on as a monk at the Abby after his father's death.
When Florence Fitzpatrick, 3rd Baron Upper Ossory, the son of the last person to have claim to the kingship of Osraige, was pardoned by Queen Elizabeth I in 1601, his kinsmen, the Brophys and other "old tribesman of Upper Ossory," were also mentioned in the pardon. Ui Broithe was anglicised as O'Broghie in the Patent Rolls of James I in 1603 and 1607. The name appears as Brohy in census of 1659.
Their territory comprised the level portion of the barony of Galmoy, in the county of Kilkenny. They were driven from the plain of Magh Sedna into Upper Ossory, after the Norman invasion of Ireland, and their chief settled at Ballybrophy, near Borris-in-Ossory, in Queen's County (now County Laois).
At Christmas 1626 Charles I granted his favourite, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, Borris-in-Ossory, “Ballybrophy, Grangemore, &c., &c. ; all of which he erected into a manor to be called the Manor of Villiers”.
Notable individuals with the surname include:


The Lady of the Harem

The Lady of the Harem is a lost 1926 American adventure silent film directed by Raoul Walsh and written by James Elroy Flecker and James T. O'Donohoe. The film stars Ernest Torrence, William Collier, Jr., Greta Nissen, Louise Fazenda, George Beranger, Sôjin Kamiyama and Frank Leigh. The film was released on November 1, 1926, by Paramount Pictures.


Trestka coat of arms

Trestka is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


Zgraja coat of arms

Zgraja (Kunraczyc), a variant of the Janina coat of arms, is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several "szlachta" (noble) families under the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Blazon.
Crest: three ostrich plumes
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms have included:


Oser

Oser () is a Hebrew given name and surname, which may refer to:


Flatiron Building (Fort Worth, Texas)

The Flatiron Building is located in downtown Fort Worth, Texas, at the corner of Houston and West 9th streets. At the time of its completion in 1907 it was one of the city's first steel frame buildings and the tallest building in north Texas.
History.
Fort Worth's Flatiron Building was commissioned by local physician Dr. Bacon Saunders, who reserved the top floor for his offices, at a cost of $70,000. The building was to be located on a flatiron shaped corner and was originally known as Saunders' Triangle Building.
Early in the construction nearby merchants complained about the shadow that such a tall structure would cast over the downtown area, but their objections were eventually pacified by thoughts of the publicity the building would bring and Police Chief Maddox's promise to watch the construction site lest strong winds bring the girders down on them.
William Jenkins Worth, the man for whom the city of Fort Worth is named, is buried at the base of Manhattan's Flatiron Building, which inspired the design of the Fort Worth building.
Architecture.
The building was designed by Fort Worth's top architectural firm Sanguinet & Staats in the renaissance revival style. It is constructed of reinforced concrete over a steel frame. The facade is divided into a two-story base supporting a five-story body capped by a heavily ornamented cast iron cornice. The east and west facades are further divided into bays by piers which rise to arches in the top level. The building carries further ornamentation in the form of carved panther heads above the second story and brick lozenges.
Interior design included open floor space to facilitate flexible division into offices. Additionally, "The elevator lobby of the Flatiron, with its handsome Classical details, ceramic tile floor, and marble wainscoting, as well as the ornate iron work of the elevator..." serves to illustrate the attention paid to the public areas of the building in order to entice clients.
The original design specified ten stories, but this had to be scaled back to seven due to budget concerns following the Panic of 1907.
The building is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.


Military Merit Order

Military Merit Order may refer to:


Marysville, New Brunswick

Marysville is a suburb of Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. It is northeast of the city on the Nashwaak River about north of its confluence with the Saint John River.
There was an Acadian village named Sainte-Marie at the site which was burned in 1758 during the Expulsion of the Acadians. Over a hundred years later the town was incorporated.
Alexander Gibson developed the Marysville Cotton Mill. Brick duplexes were built around the mill, most of which are still standing and now privately owned. Gibson named the village after his wife and his eldest daughter, both of whom were named Mary.
In 1973 the town merged with the city of Fredericton. After the cotton mill closed in 1975, the building was renovated and converted into provincial government offices under the name Marysville Place.
Marysville was named a National Historic Site in 1993 for being one of Canada's last intact 19th-century mill towns.


Mary Manning (writer)

Mary Manning Howe Adams (30 June 1905 – 27 June 1999) was an Irish novelist, playwright and film critic.
Biography.
Born and raised in Dublin Ireland, Mary Manning got her theatre training in Sara Allgood's teaching class in the Abbey Theatre. She had gone to school in Morehampton House and Alexandra College, Dublin. She also worked as a writer for the Gate Theatre. She adapted the novel Guests of the Nation for a film directed by Denis Johnston. Manning also helped found the Dublin Film Society in 1930. She worked as a film critic and co-founded the Gate Theatre arts magazine Motley in 1932.
In 1935 Manning moved to Boston where she married Harvard Law School professor Mark De Wolfe Howe. They had three daughters Fanny, Susan and Helen. When her husband died Manning returned to Dublin in 1967 and lived in Monkstown, County Dublin for another ten years. During this time Manning wrote for various publications such as Hibernia, The Irish Times. She later returned to live in Cambridge.
Manning was a founder of the Poets' Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts and worked as drama director at Radcliffe College during World War II.
After Manning returned to the US she married Faneuil Adams of Boston, Massachusetts in 1980
Mary's death occurred on 27 June in the year of 1999; at the age of 93 years old. Her death place was at the Mt Auburn hospital located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Ireland's two waves of silent film.
From 1914 to 1926, Ireland experienced a surge of new film styles being produced, consisting of historical melodramas and romantic comedies. Following this, 1930 to 1935 birthed a second wave of industry produced silent films that were intended to be less cliche compared to the first wave. The films produced under the second wave were much more experimental and dealt less with the commercial appeals of the first wave. There's minimal information on how Manning specifically contributed to the second wave, however, it is stated that she played an important role producing five out of the six films to come out of that wave.
Prior to her career as a writer and filmmaker, Mary Manning worked as a film critic throughout the 1920s and 30s. She worked as a film critic for the "Irish Statesmen" for a year during that time until it went out of business. She was known to disapprove of Hollywood's "unimaginable stories and its stereotypical portrayal of Ireland and the Irish".
Further reading.
Casella, Donna. "Mary Manning." In Jane Gaines, Radha Vatsal, and Monica Dall’Asta, eds. "Women Film Pioneers Project". Center for Digital Research and Scholarship. New York, NY: Columbia University Libraries, 2013. Web. 9 October 2015.


Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects

The Pre-Hilalian Urban Arabic dialects are a continuum of Arabic dialects native to North Africa. They constitute, along with the Pre-Hilalian dialects, the larger Maghrebi Arabic family, and result from the first phase of Arabization in the area - before the 12th century - as well as from the establishment of communities of refugees from Al-Andalus, whose languages were close to it.
These dialects are to be distinguished from modern urban koinés, the majority in cities, resulting from the establishment of populations of rural origin in the city and whose characteristics are mainly Hilalian.
Like all Pre-Hilalian dialects, the Pre-Hilalian Urban dialects belong to two distinct groups: a first group is related to Eastern Pre-Hilalian dialects (Constantine, Tunisia and Libya), characterized by the preservation of three long vowels, while that the second group is related to Western dialects (Algiers, Oran and Morocco), characterized by the existence of two long vowels and having developed an indefinite article by combining the Arabic numeral waḥed (one) and the definite article el- (example : waḥed el-mra).


Boots (film)

Boots is a lost 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Elmer Clifton and starring Dorothy Gish. It was produced by D. W. Griffith, his New Art Film Co., and distributed through Famous Players-Lasky and Paramount Pictures.
Release.
The film played at the Strand Theatre in Christchurch, New Zealand, shortly before Christmas in 1919.


The Death Kiss

The Death Kiss is a 1932 American pre-Code mystery film starring David Manners as a crusading studio writer, Adrienne Ames as an actress, and Bela Lugosi as a studio manager. The thriller features three leading players from the previous year's "Dracula" (Lugosi, Manners, and Edward Van Sloan), and was the first film directed by Edwin L. Marin.
The film was produced by KBS Productions at Tiffany Pictures and released by Sono Art-World Wide Pictures. The film is currently in the public domain.
Plot.
During the filming of a death scene of "The Death Kiss", leading man Myles Brent is really shot and killed. Tonart Studios manager Joseph Steiner (Lugosi) is assigned to handle the situation. The studio wants to pass it off as a simple accident, but screenwriter Franklyn Drew (Manners) digs a bullet out of a wall and tells Homicide Detective Lieutenant Sheehan that it is a .38 caliber, while the guns used in the film are all .45s.
Sheehan finds a letter in the dead man's pocket, in which Brent wrote to his lawyer that Marcia Lane (Ames), his co-star and ex-wife, would not sign a release as beneficiary of his $200,000 life insurance policy. Chalmers, an alcoholic extra with a self-admitted grudge against Brent for getting him fired as head gaffer (electrician), is spotted trying to dispose of a loaded .38, but Drew points out that the gun has not been fired.
Drew suggests they view the footage of the fatal scene for clues, but somebody knocks out the projectionist and burns the print using a cigarette with rouge on it. It is a special rouge normally used by only two women. One was away on location, making Lane the prime suspect. Before another print can be made, the negative is destroyed with acid.
While snooping around on the set, Drew finds a derringer mounted inside a lamp and electrically wired to be fired remotely, but he is knocked out and the gun taken. He goes to question Chalmers, but finds him dead beside a glass of poison and a written confession. However, Drew finds several clues that make him suspicious. Through more detective work, he discovers that the new battery of Lane's car is dry, and battery fluid is poisonous. Meanwhile, Goldsmith comes to see Lane; she rejects his advances once again.
In Brent's dressing room, Drew finds a letter from a love-stricken married woman named "Agnes" and a hotel room key. Later, in Steiner's office, Sheehan takes Lane into custody; Drew spots a photo of a woman on the desk; the inscription reveals that Steiner's wife is named Agnes. When Drew goes to the hotel, he finds out from a bellhop that Brent had been there with a woman; her husband was waiting, and the two men got into a fight.
The studio decides to finish the film (only the last, fatal scene needs to be shot), using a double for Brent and arranging for Lane's temporary release. Drew finds out from the prop man that the guns were originally supposed to be .38s, but he made an unauthorized substitution. Drew takes him to Sheehan. Just as he is about to reveal who ordered the guns, the lights go out. (The murderer had overheard the conversation through a studio microphone.) After a gunfight and chase, the killer falls to his death. It is Avery, the director.


McCrae House

McCrae House, located in Guelph, Ontario, is the birthplace of John McCrae (b. 1872 – d. 1918), doctor, soldier and author of the famous First World War poem "In Flanders Fields". The house is a National Historic Site of Canada.
History.
This small limestone cottage, built in 1858, was owned by the McCrae family from 1870 to 1873. Other families occupied the house until 1966, when a group of Guelph citizens purchased the building with the intention of preserving it as a museum. This group formed the Lt. Col. John McCrae Birthplace Society and began to raise money for its restoration.
The federal government through the Historic Sites and Monuments Board designated both John McCrae as a person of national significance, and the house as a place of national significance. McCrae House is designated under the "Ontario Heritage Act". The operation of the museum was transferred to the City of Guelph in 1983 and, along with Guelph Civic Museum, was merged under the name "Guelph Museums". The Guelph Civic Museum (c. 1847) is also designated under the "Ontario Heritage Act".
The Colonel John McCrae Memorial, was opened on 5 October 1963, by his friend: Colonel Lawrence Moore Cosgrave.
McCrae House contains both permanent and temporary exhibition space that interprets the life and times of John McCrae. Yearly themes are offered. Summer activities include Poppy Push, Canada Day, Teddy Bear Picnic, History Camp and special teas in the garden. The gardening volunteers have worked to create an award-winning garden reflecting the time period of the mid-to-late 19th century.
In 2019, Guelph Museums announced that the House would again host a Backyard Theatre in July 2020, with a show that would not be a "literal telling of McCrae's story" but would contain a "significant amount of McCrae-specific content." Revenue from ticket sales would cover at least part of the cost of the production. A one-person show was presented in summer 2019 dramatizing the life of McCrae and the 2018 show was a love story set during WW I.


Doliwa coat of arms

Doliwa - is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several szlachta families in the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Blazon.
Azure, on a bend sinister Argent, three roses proper.
Notable bearers.
Notable bearers of this coat of arms include:


Gaita cabreiresa

The gaita cabreiresa (or gaita llionesa (lhionesa)) was a type of bagpipe native to the comarca of La Cabreira, in the Spanish province of León.
The instrument had become extinct, but was revived through the efforts of bagpiper Moises Liebana and ethnographer Concha Casado in the 1990s.


688 Club

The 688 Club was a popular alternative music venue in Atlanta, Georgia, located at 688 Spring Street, near the intersection of Spring and 3rd Streets. The 688 Club opened in May 1980 and closed in November 1986. The club was operated by Steve May. The club was co-owned by Tony Evans, John Wicker, and in its final years by Mike Hendry. Cathy Hendrix served as the club's music director. During its brief lifetime, the 688 played host to hundreds of punk rock, new wave and alternative rock bands, many of whom would later become well known.
During the early 1980s, the 688 Club was the primary place for up-and-coming bands from Atlanta and Athens, Georgia, to get noticed. Among the groups that regularly played there were R.E.M. and Pylon. The club spun off an independent record label, 688 Records, which survived for a time even after 688 Club had closed. Dash Rip Rock's self-titled debut LP was the first album released by 688 Records.
After 688 Club.
The club re-opened as the "686 Club" on December 31, 1986, but was renamed "The Rollick" the next day. By 1990, the space was occupied by a club called "Weekends". The club was operated by an Atlanta attorney as an industrial/goth club known as Tyranny from 1995 - 2000. The space was later occupied by Outa Control Inc. Sometime thereafter, the original building was extensively remodeled, and houses a Concentra urgent care medical facility.
List of performers.
A partial list of notable bands and artists that appeared at the 688 Club between 1980 and 1986:


List of New York State Historic Markers in Livingston County, New York

This is an incomplete list of New York State Historic Markers in Livingston County, New York.


Central Chambers (Ottawa)

Central Chambers is a building at the corner of Elgin Street and Queen Street in Ottawa that is a National Historic Site. It is located at 42 to 54 Elgin Street, next to Bell Block. It faces the Canadian War Memorial at Confederation Square. Central Chambers was built between 1890 and 1893 and designed by John James Browne of Montreal, an example of Queen Anne Revival commercial architecture. Formerly serving as an office for the Canadian Atlantic Railway, it now houses the National Capital Commission.
The building was purchased by the NCC in the 60's, remained vacant throughout much of the 70s and 80s, and in 1992, plans were made for renovations. In 1994 the NCC gutted the interior and the facade became integrated into a new office tower complex. It was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1990 for being a fine example of the Queen Anne Revival style in commercial architecture.


The Era (newspaper)

The Era was a British weekly paper, published from 1838 to 1939. Originally a general newspaper, it became noted for its sports coverage, and later for its theatrical content.
History.
"The Era" was established in 1838 by a body of shareholders consisting of licensed victuallers and other people connected with their trade. The journal was intended to be a weekly organ of the public-house interest, just as the "Morning Advertiser" was then its daily organ. In the first two or three years of its existence, its political stance was broadly Liberal. Its first editor, Leitch Ritchie, proved too liberal for his board of directors, and in addition to editorial clashes, the paper was a commercial failure. Ritchie was succeeded by Frederick Ledger, who became sole proprietor as well as editor. He edited the paper for more than thirty years, gradually changing its politics from Liberalism to moderate Conservatism. Politics, however, ceased to be a major concern of "The Era". Its great features after it came into the hands of Ledger were sport, freemasonry and the theatre. A contemporary observer remarked, "To the latter subject it has always devoted a very large part of its space. In relation indeed to the amount and accuracy of its theatrical intelligence, it far surpasses every other weekly journal."
In an 1856 advertisement, "The Era" claimed to be the "largest Newspaper in the World, containing Sixty-four Columns of printed matter in small type. It is the only Weekly Newspaper combining all the advantages of a first-rate Sporting Journal, with those of a Family Newspaper. Literature and the Metropolitan and Provincial Drama has more space allotted to them in the Era than in any other Journal. The Operatic and Musical Intelligence, Home and Continental, is always most copious and interesting." "The Era" became regarded as "Invaluable for reviews, news, and general theatrical information and gossip. Also of value are the assorted advertisements by and for actors and companies"
The theatrical historian W. J. MacQueen-Pope described "The Era" as "The Actor's Bible", with the theatrical coverage gradually assuming prominence over all else:
"The Era" was the longest running theatrical trade paper and continued to publish until the beginning of World War II, although its popularity and importance had long since declined.