Jazze Pha production discography

The following list is a discography of production by Jazze Pha, an American hip hop record producer and recording artist from Atlanta, Georgia. It includes a list of songs produced, co-produced and remixed by year, artist, album and title.
1995.
Erick Sermon - "Double or Nothing"
1996.
Alfonzo Hunter - "Blacka Da Berry"
Tela - "Piece of Mind"
1997.
LSG - "Levert.Sweat.Gill"
Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz - ""
1998.
TQ - "They Never Saw Me Coming"
Ras Kass - "Rasassination"
1999.
Jim Crow - "Crow's Nest"
Dave Hollister - "Ghetto Hymns"
Men of Vizion - "MOV"
Too Short - "Can't Stay Away"
Slick Rick - "The Art of Storytelling"
Terry Dexter - "Terry Dexter"
Ideal - "Ideal"
2000.
Toni Braxton - "The Heat"
8Ball & MJG - "Space Age 4 Eva"
E-40 - "Loyalty and Betrayal"
2001.
Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz - "Put Yo Hood Up"
T.I. - "I'm Serious"
Ludacris - "Word Of Mouf"
MC Breed - "The Fharmacist"
Lisa Lopes - "Supernova"
2002.
Yasmeen Sulieman - "When Will It Be Me"
Tela - "Double Dose"
2Pac - "Better Dayz"
Aaliyah - "I Care 4 U"
Nappy Roots - "Watermelon, Chicken & Gritz"
Lil Wayne - "500 Degreez"
Arrested Development - "Heroes of the Harvest"
Big Tymers - "Hood Rich"
Baby - "Birdman"
Field Mob - "From tha Roota to tha Toota"
2003.
Bow Wow - "Unleashed"
Fiend - "Can I Burn? 2"
T.I. - "Trap Muzik"
Boo & Gotti - "Perfect Timing"
YoungBloodZ - "Drankin' Patnaz"
Keith Murray - "He's Keith Murray"
Murphy Lee - "Murphy's Law"
Too Short - "Married to the Game"
Monica - "After The Storm"
Kokane - "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Kane"
2004.
ATL - "The ATL Project"
Cassidy - "Split Personality"
Juelz Santana - "From Me to U"
Angie Stone - "Stone Love"
Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz - "Crunk Juice"
Fantasia - "Free Yourself"
Ciara - "Goodies"
T.I. - "Urban Legend"
Various artists - "NBA Live 2005 soundtrack"
Various artists - "GAP: Favorite Songs"
Lil Wayne - "Tha Carter"
Nelly - "Sweat"
Nelly - "Suit"
Jacki-O - "Poe Little Rich Girl"
2005.
Trick Trick - "The People vs."
Trina - "Glamorest Life"
Jody Breeze - "A Day in the Life of Jody Breeze"
Twista - "Kamikaze"
David Banner - "Certified"
Boyz N Da Hood - "Boyz N Da Hood"
Mariah Carey - "Emancipation of Mimi"
Bun B - "Trill"
Young Jeezy - ""
Ginuwine - "Back II da Basics"
Various artists - "The Longest Yard: The Soundtrack"
YoungBloodZ - "Ev'rybody Know Me"
Slim Thug - "Already Platinum"
Notorious B.I.G. - ""
Brooke Valentine - "Chain Letter"
2006.
Young Dro - "Best Thang Smokin"'
Cherish - "Unappreciated"
Rick Ross - "Port of Miami"
Sammie - "Sammie"
Too Short - "Blow the Whistle"
Pimp C - "Pimpalation"
Field Mob - "Light Poles and Pine Trees"
LeToya Luckett - "LeToya"
Ciara - ""
2007.
Keyshia Cole - "Just Like You"
8Ball & MJG - "Ridin High"
A Girl Called Jane
Nephu
DJ Drama - ""
Rasheeda - "Dat Type of Gurl"
Bone Thugs-n-Harmony - "Strength & Loyalty"
Lil Skeeter - "Midwest Mastermind"
Echo - '
Bar-Kays - "House Party"
Young Buck - "Buck the World"
Twista - "Adrenaline Rush 2007"
UGK - "Underground Kingz"
Mary J. Blige - "Growing Pains"
"'Chris Brown - "Exclusive"
2008.
Bun B - "II Trill"
Usher - "Here I Stand"
Girlicious - "Girlicious"
Mario
Cherish - "The Truth"
C-Side - "Class in Session: The Boyfriend/Girlfriend EP"

Sengo ruins

The is an archaeological site containing the ruins of an early through mid-Jōmon period settlement located in the Kamijo neighborhood of the city of Fujinomiya, Shizuoka in the Tōkai region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1975.
Overview.
Sengo site is located at the southeastern foot of Mount Fuji at an altitude of 398 meters along a ridge extending north-to-south. It was discovered before World War II, but was only excavated from the 1970s. The site was found to contain the foundations of twenty pit dwellings arranged in a ring surrounding a 50-meter diameter central plaza. Each pit dwelling was from three to 7.3 meters in diameter, with some of the foundations overlapping, indicating that some buildings had been rebuilt over time. Numerous Jōmon pottery shards were also recovered from the site. The entire site was covered in a layer of ash from the eruptions of Mount Fuji approximately 4000 years ago. Stone circles are placed both within and outside the central plaza. However, early reports of a large stone circle made from piled river stones were later refuted when the monument was found to be an Edo period structure associated with the Fuji cult.
The site is located a short distance from the "Oishiji-mae" bus stop on the Fujikyu Shizuoka Bus from Fujinomiya Station on the JR East Minobu Line.


Takatsukasa Kanehira

, fourth son of Konoe Iezane, was a court noble ("kugyo") of the Kamakura period of Japan, and founding father of the Takatsukasa family. His sons include Kanetada and Mototada.
After holding some high-ranking positions in the court, in 1252 he was appointed Sessho and became the head of the Fujiwara clan. In 1254 he was appointed Kampaku. In 1290 he retired and became a priest. He was also known as a calligrapher.


Minamoto no Ienaga

Minamoto no Ienaga (源家長, "Minamoto no Ienaga", c. 1170 – 1234) was a "waka" poet and Japanese nobleman active in the early Kamakura period. He is designated as a member of the .


List of han

The list of "han" or domains in the Tokugawa period (1603–1868) changed from time to time during the Edo period. Han were feudal domains that formed the effective basis of administration in Tokugawa-era Japan. The Han are given according to their domain seat/castle town by modern region ("-chihō", roughly comparable to ancient circuits, "-dō") and ancient province ("kuni/-shū", roughly comparable to modern prefectures, "-to/-dō/-fu/-ken"). "Han" usually comprised territories around/near the capital, but were beyond that in many cases disconnected and distributed over several provinces.
The "han" system was abolished by the Meiji government in 1871 when all remaining "-han" were transformed into "-ken" ("prefectures"). In several waves of mergers, splits and territorial transfers – the first major consolidation followed immediately in 1871/72 – the prefectures were reorganized to encompass contiguous, compact territories, no longer resembling Edo period han, but in many cases territorially identical to provinces which had remained the most important primary geographical subdivision even during feudal times.


Chronological list of saints in the 7th century

A list of 7th-century saints:


Itoigawa Domain

 was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan. It is located in Echigo Province, Honshū. The domain was centered at Itoigawa Jin'ya, located in what is now part of the city of Itoigawa in Niigata Prefecture.
History.
Itoigawa was initially an outlying portion of Takada Domain under the control of the Matsudaira clan following the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was separated from Takeda Domain following an "O-Ie Sōdō".
In 1692, Arima Kiyozumi was transferred (i.e. demoted) from Nobeoka Domain to Itoigawa due to mismanagement of his domains which resulted in a peasant revolt. This marked the start of Itoigawa Domain. He has transferred in 1695 to Maruoka Domain and the territory reverted to "tenryō" status.
Itoigawa Domain was created again in 1699, this time as a 10,000 "koku" holding for Honda Tsukeyoshi, who had been elevated from "hatamoto" status. He was transferred to Iiyama Domain in 1717.
The domain was then given to Matsudaira Naoyuki, grandson of Matsudaira Mitsumichi through his son Matsukata Naokata of the Echizen-Matsudaira line. His descendants ruled until the Meiji restoration. Despite the domain's location on the "Shio-no-michi", or main highway connecting the Hokuriku region with Edo and Kyoto, the domain was very small in "kokudaka" and suffered from numerous natural disasters, which meant that its finances were always in a crisis situation. A major uprising occurred in 1814. The sudden inflation of prices following the Perry Expedition and orders from the Tokugawa shogunate to construct coastal defence fortifications also created great unrest. The 7th "daimyō" of Itoigawa, Matsudaira Mochiaki became the 17th (and final) "daimyō" of Fukui Domain. The domain quickly sided with the Imperial forces in the Boshin War and was renamed by the Meiji government.
In July 1871, with the abolition of the han system, Itoigawa Domain briefly became Itoigawa Prefecture, and was merged into the newly created Niigata Prefecture. Under the new Meiji government, the final "daimyō", Matsudaira Naoyasu was given the "kazoku" peerage title of "shishaku" (viscount).
Bakumatsu period holdings.
As with most domains in the han system, Itoigawa Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.
List of daimyō.
Matsudaira Naoyuki.
 was the 1st Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa Domain in Echigo Province under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate. Naoyuki born as the third son of Matsudaira Chikatoki of Hirose Domain in Izumo Province, and was adopted as heir to Matsudaira Naotomo of the Echizen-Matsudaira clan. His wife was Kame-hime, the daughter Matsudaira Naokata, the son of Matsudaira Mitsumichi. In 1705, he was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi and granted the courtesy title of "Shinano-no-kami", which was changed a year later to "Omi-no-kami". In 1717, he amassed the necessary "kokudaka" to qualify for the rank of "daimyō" and was appointed to the vacant seat of Itoigawa. However, he died the following year at the age of 36 without ever having visited his domain.
Matsudaira Naoyoshi.
 was the 2nd Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa. Naoyuki born to a "hatamoto" line of retainers, and was adopted as posthumous heir on the unexpectedly sudden death of Matsudaira Naoyuki. His wife was a daughter of Honda Tsukeyoshi, a former "daimyō" of Itoigawa who was now "daimyō" of Iiyama Domain. In 1726, he was appointed to the post of "Osaka Kaban", and in 1727 to the post of "bugyō" overseeing the festivals at the Nikkō Tōshō-gū. These duties, together with a fire which destroyed to domain's main Edo residence in 1731 all but bankrupted the domain. He died in 1739 at the age of 39.
Matsudaira Katafusa.
 was the 3rd Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa. Katafusa was the fourth son of Naoyoshi, and became "daimyō" at the age of eight upon his father's sudden death. Domain affairs were handled by Matsudaira Naokata, who also oversaw his "genpuku" ceremony. In 1750, he was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ieshige. He subsequently served in numerous minor posts within the administration of the shogunate. his wife was a daughter of Wakabe Mizunabe of Ōmizo Domain. He died in 1773 at the age of 39.
Matsudaira Naotsugu.
 was the 4th Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa. Naotsugu was the seventh son of Katafusa, and became "daimyō" upon his father's sudden death in 1773. In 1776, he was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ieharu. He subsequently served in numerous minor posts within the administration of the shogunate, however, with each posting the financial drain on the domain became increasingly severe. He retired from public life in 1806 and died in 1814. His wife was a daughter of Honda Sukemitsu of Iiyama Domain.
Matsudaira Naomasu.
 was the 5th Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa. Naomasu was the eldest son of Naotsugu, and became "daimyō" upon his father's retirement in 1806. He subsequently served in numerous minor posts within the administration of the shogunate, however, with each posting the financial drain on the domain became increasingly severe. The financial problems of the domain were further compounded by a fire which destroyed the domain's main Edo residence in 1810, and another massive fire which destroyed the "jōkamachi" of Itoigawa in 1811. He was forced to borrow money at usurious rates from merchant houses, and to raise taxes to unsustainable levels, which resulted in a widespread revolt within the domain. He retired from public office in 1826 and died in 1833. His wife was the daughter of Matsudaira Naohiro of Akashi Domain; he later remarried to a daughter of Honda Masaharu of Tanaka Domain.
Matsudaira Naoharu.
 was the 6th Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa. Naoharu was the second son of Naomasu, and became "daimyō" upon his father's retirement in 1826. He subsequently served in numerous minor posts within the administration of the shogunate, including "bugyō" overseeing the festivals at the Nikkō Tōshō-gū in 1833. In 1857, he retired in favour of his fourth son Matsudaira Naokiyo; however, Naokiyo was transferred to Fukui Domain the following year by the shogunate, and Matsudaira Naoyasu was sent from Akashi Domain to take his place. As he was still underage, Naoharu ruled the domain from behind-the-scenes until the Meiji restoration. In 1872, he relocated to Tokyo, where he died in 1878. His wife was a daughter of Satake Yoshichika of Iwasaki Domain.
Matsudaira Mochiaki.
 was the 7th Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa Domain and later the 17th (and final) "daimyō" of Fukui Domain in Echizen Province. He ruled Itoigawa as Matsudaira Naokiyo (直廉), but was transferred to Fukui Domain when Matsudaira Yoshinaga (better known as Matsudaira Shungaku was forced into retirement during the Ansei Purge.
Matsudaira Naoyasu.
 was the 8th (and final) Matsudaira "daimyō" of Itoigawa. Naoyasu was the seventh son of Matsudaira Naritsugu of Akashi Domain, and was selected to replace Matsudaira Mochiaki as "daimyō" after the latter was transferred to Fukui Domain. However, due to his youth, all power remained in the hands of his father-in-law, Matsudaira Naoharu, who ruled for behind-the-scenes. In 1868, the new Meiji government renamed Itoigawa Domain "Kiyosaki Domain" and from 1869 to the abolition of the han system in 1871 he served as Imperial governor. In 1872, he relocated to Tokyo, where he died in 1913. He received the title of "shishaku" (viscount) in the kazoku peerage system.
See also.
List of Han


Fujiwara no Kurajimaro

 was a Japanese statesman, courtier and politician during the Nara period.
Career at court.
He was a minister during the reign of Empress Shōtoku. He held positions of "hyōbu-kyō" (chief military officer) and "sangi" (associate counselor).
Shōtoku placed her imperial bodyguards under the command of Kurajimaro.
In 764, Kurajimaro was a leader of forces opposing Fujiwara no Nakamaro, also known as Emi no Oshikatsu. Nakamaro and others unsuccessfully plotted with Emperor Junnin against retired Empress Kōken and the monk Dōkyō resulting in a military confrontation known as Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion.
After stability was restored, Kurajimaro was placed in charge of the party escorting Emperor Junnin to Awaji province.
Genealogy.
Kurajimaro was the ninth son of Fujiwara no Umakai.


Doi Toshihiro


Fires in Edo

Fires in , the former name of Tokyo, during the Edo period (1600−1868) of Japan were so frequent that the city of Edo was characterized as the saying goes. Even in the modern days, the old Edo was still remembered as the .
Edo was something of a rarity in the world, as vast urban areas of the city were repeatedly leveled by fire. The great fires of Edo were compared to the Chinese gods of fire and , and also humorously described as "autumn leaves".
Frequency of fires.
During the 267 years between 1601 ("Keichō" 6), the year after the , and 1867 ("Keiō" 3), the year of , Edo was struck by 49 great fires. In comparison, during the same period, great fires in Kyoto, Osaka and Kanazawa totaled only nine, six, and three, respectively, which made Edo's figure stand out from the other metropolises in Japan. According to other accounts, there were more than 85 major fires during the history of Edo.
Between 1600 and 1945, Edo/Tokyo was leveled every 25–50 years or so by fire, earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, and war.
If smaller fires are also included, of the 1,798 fires that occurred in those 267 years, 269 were in 1601–1700, 541 in 1701–1800, and 986 in 1801–1867. Edo prospering as its population increased, the number of fires also increased proportionally. In particular, the 17 years between 1851 ("Kaei" 3) and 1867 saw 506 fires, to which unstable public order caused by the incapable administration of the Tokugawa shogunate was a major contributing factor.
Representative great fires.
The following table lists some representative great fires in the history of Edo that caused catastrophic casualties and damages. The three that occurred in the eras of "Meireki", "Meiwa" and "Bunka" were called the . The Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 is considered to have been the most disastrous. Fires often quickly escalating, spreading through neighbourhoods of wooden "machiya" that were heated with charcoal fires. Apart from great fires, there were also series of continuous small fires that resulted in larger casualties and damages than a single great fire.
! colspan="2" | Date
! colspan="2" | Name
! colspan="2" | Casualties
! colspan="4" | Damages
! Gregorian
! Japanese (year/month/day)
! English
! Japanese
! Killed
! Missing
! Towns
! Samurai houses
! Temples & shrines
! "Chōnin" houses


Cheluvamba Mansion

Cheluvamba Mansion is located in the city of Mysore, Karnataka. It was built by Maharaja Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV for the third princess of Mysore - Cheluvajammanni and it is similar to other mansions built by them which are spread over a large area surrounded by gardens. This mansion is crafted like other buildings of the Wadiyar dynasty.
Location.
Cheluvamba Mansion is located in the northwestern part of the Mysore city on the Mysore- Krishnaraja Sagar road, near the Mysore Junction railway station.
Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI).
Now this mansion is home to the premier research institute of the country Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI). It has maintained the mansion well since prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru formally received the building on December 1948 and officially it was inaugurated on 21 October 1950.


Administration of the Kingdom of Mysore

The Kingdom of Mysore (; 1399 – 1947 CE) was a kingdom in southern India founded in 1399 by Yaduraya in the region of the modern city of Mysore, in the Karnataka state. The Wodeyar dynasty, as the ruling family is known, ruled the southern Karnataka region until Indian independence in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the Union of India.
Administration.
Records pertaining to the administration of the Mysore territory during the overlordship of the Vijayanagara Empire (1399 to 1565) are not available. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, King Raja Wodeyar gradually gained independence, eventually ousting the governor at Srirangapatna. The regional head of the diminished Empire now ruled from their new capital at Chandragiri (in modern Andhra Pradesh). During the rule of Narasaraja Wodeyar, the first gold coins were issued from Mysore. The position of the fledgling Mysore kingdom improved considerably during the rule of King Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, who increased the value of the Treasury to 90,000,000 "pagoda" (a unit of currency). For his achievements, the king earned the title "Navakotinarayana" (literally nine-crore Narayana). Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar founded the "Attara Kacheri", the central secretariat consisting of eighteen departments.
When Haider Ali became the Kingdom's de facto ruler in the later half of the eighteenth century, a large booty of gold coins usurped from the coffers of the Nizam of Golconda helped fund Mysore's expansionary policy. Haider Ali's military success was due to his fast moving French trained cavalry. The Kingdom was divided into 5 provinces ("Asofis") of unequal size, comprising 171 "Paraganas" (taluk) in total. The Sira province comprised 5 "Paraganas" that contributed 200,000 "varaha" (a unit of currency) and the Srirangapatna province contained 102 "Paraganas" and contributed 1,70,0000 "varaha".
When Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler, the Kingdom, which encompassed 62,000 mi2 (160,000 km2), was divided into 37 "Asofi" and a total of 124 taluks ("Amil"). Each "Asofi" had a governor, or "Asof", and one deputy "Asof". The taluk was headed by an "Amildar" and a "Patel" was in charge of a group of villages. The central administration comprised six departments headed by ministers, each aided by an advisory council of up to four members; the military by Mir Miran, the revenue ministry by Mir Asaf, the navy by Mir Yem, the treasury, the commerce and the ordnance by Muluk-ut-Tufar. It has been noted that the policy of replacing Hindu governors with Muslim "Asofs" may have led to its revenue downfall. It is claimed that for a very brief period, the Kannada language was replaced by the Persian language in administration and accounting. The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, artillery and the navy. The navy had forty ships operating from Mangalore, Kundapura and Tadadi.
Following Tipu's death in 1799, the kingdom came under direct British rule in 1831. Lushington, Briggs and Morrison, the early commissioners, were followed by Mark Cubbon and Lewin Bentham Bowring. Mark Cubbon took charge in 1834 and is known for his excellent handling of the kingdom. He made Bangalore the capital and divided the princely state into 4 divisions, each under a British superintendent. The state was further divided into 120 taluks with 85 taluk courts, with all lower level administration in the Kannada language. The "Amildar" was in charge of a taluk to whom a "Hoblidar", the caretaker of a "Hobli" comprising a few villages, reported. The office of the commissioner had eight departments; revenue, post, police, cavalry, public works, medical, the animal husbandry, judiciary and education. The judiciary was hierarchical with the commissioners' court at the apex, followed by the "Huzur Adalat", four superintending courts and eight "Sadar Munsiff" courts at the lowest level. Mark Cubbon is credited with the construction of over one thousand miles of roads, hundreds of dams, coffee production and improvements in the tax and revenue systems.
Lewin Bowring became the chief commissioner in 1862 and held the position until 1870. Under Lewin Bowring, the state was divided into three divisions, each under a British commissioner. There were eight districts in all under these divisions, with each looked after by a deputy commissioner who was aided by the "Amildars" and "Hoblidars". The property "Registration Act", the "Indian Penal code" and "Code of Criminal Procedure" came into effect and the judiciary was separated from the executive branch of the administration. Lewin Bowring expanded the education system with the formation of the Central Educational Agency, helping the kingdom modernize quickly. However, unlike Mark Cubbon, Lewin Bowring generally preferred to employ British officers. In 1881, following a strong lobby favouring rendition, the British handed back the administration of Mysore to King Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII. The post of commissioner was abolished and replaced by a Diwan, his two advisers and a British resident in the Mysore court.
C. V. Rungacharlu, a native of Chennai, became the Diwan, while the first ever Representative Assembly of British India, with 144 members consisting of prominent people from various fields was formed in 1881. He identified himself with the Kannada language and patronised it by establishing the Palace drama company. He started favourable economic policies such as public loans and public works as well as building the railway line from Bangalore to Mysore.
He was followed by K. Seshadri Iyer in 1883. During his time, gold mining at Kolar Gold Fields began and extensive coffee plantations and railway lines were laid. The Assembly elections were held with a three-year tenure for elected members. Taluk boards were formed giving decentralised authority at that level, the Mysore Civil Service Examinations were held for the first time in 1891 and the Department of Geology and the Department of Agriculture were founded in 1894 and 1898. Other notable achievements include the construction of the Vanivilas Sagar dam across Vedavati river, the initiation of the Shivanasamudra hydroelectric project in 1899 (the first such major attempt in India), electricity and drinking water (the latter through pipes) being supplied to Bangalore and the founding of the Archaeological Survey of Mysore (1890) and the Oriental Manuscripts Library.
P. N. Krishnamurti, a descendant of Diwan Purnaiah, took office in 1901. The founding of The Secretariat Manual to maintain records, the introduction of British administrative methods and the founding of the Co-operative Department in 1905 are credited to him. V. P. Madhava Rao, who became the Diwan in 1906, paid attention to conservation of forests. He started the Legislative Council in 1907, the Central Co-operative Bank in Bangalore, aided the Vokkaligara Sangha in 1906 and created the Mysore News Paper Regulation Act of 1908. He was followed by T. Ananda Rao, who inaugurated the Mysore Economic Conference, finalised the Krishna Raja Sagara dam and completed the Mysore Palace in 1910.
The name Sir M. Visvesvaraya, popularly known as the "Maker of Modern Mysore" holds pride of place in the history of Karnataka. A visionary by any standard and an engineer by education, he wrote the book "A Vision of Prosperous Mysore" in 1902, stressing the need for technological and educational advancement as a catalyst to industry, commerce and agriculture. He became the Diwan in 1909. Membership of the Mysore Legislative Assembly was increased from 18 to 24 with powers to discuss the state budget. The Mysore Economic Conference was expanded into three committees; industry and commerce, education and agriculture, with publications in English and Kannada. Village panchayats, local boards and municipalities were headed by elected members. A long list of important projects were commissioned during his time including the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara dam, the Government Soap Factory and the Mysore Sandal Oil Factory, the founding of the Iron and Steel Works in Bhadravati, and the Mysore Bank in 1913. Visvesvaraya founded the University of Mysore in 1916, the Mysore Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the Visvesvaraya College of Engineering in Bangalore and the Karnataka Sahitya Parishad. He was followed by Sir M. Kantaraj Urs in 1919 and Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerjee in 1922.
Sir Mirza Ismail took office as Diwan in 1926 and built on the foundation laid by Visvesvaraya, making substantial progress in modernising the Kingdom of Mysore. Amongst his contributions were the expansion of the Bhadravati Iron works, and founding of a cement and paper factory in Bhadravati. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, a porcelain factory and a glass factory were founded in Bangalore, a sugar factory at Mysore and the first fertilizer factory in Belgola were established. An able administrator with a penchant for gardens, he founded the Brindavan Gardens (Krishnaraja Sagar), the Mysore Medical College and the Kaveri high level canal to irrigate in modern Mandya district. Ismail was followed by Sir N. Madhava Rao and Sir Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar before the Kingdom was incorporated into the newly independent India in 1947.


List of Late Roman provinces

This article presents a list of Roman provinces in the Late Roman Empire, as found in the "Notitia Dignitatum".
Praetorian prefecture of Gauls.
In Latin, "Gallia" was also sometimes used as a general term for all Celtic peoples and their territories, such as all Brythons, including Germanic and Iberian provinces that also had a population with a Celtic culture. The plural, "Galliarum" in Latin, indicates that all of these are meant, not just Caesar's Gaul (several modern countries).
Diocese of Gallia.
Gallia covered about half of the Gallic provinces of the early empire:
Diocese of Viennensis.
Viennensis was named after the city of "Vienna" (now Vienne), and almost entirely in present-day France, roughly south of the Loire. It was originally part of Caesar's newly conquered province of Transalpine Gaul, but a separate diocese from the start.
In the fifth century, Viennensis was replaced by a diocese of "Septem Provinciae" ('7 Provinces') with similar boundaries.
Diocese of Hispania.
Hispania was the name of the whole Iberian Peninsula. It covered Hispania and the westernmost province of Roman Africa:
Praetorian prefecture of Italy and Africa (western).
Originally there was a single diocese of Italia, but it was eventually split into a northern section and a southern section. The division of Italy into regions had already been established by Aurelian.
Diocese of Italia suburbicaria.
"Suburbicaria" indicates proximity to Rome, the "Urbs" (capital city). It included the islands, which were previously considered distinct from Italy.
Diocese of Italia annonaria.
"Annonaria" refers to a reliance on the area for the provisioning of Rome. It encompassed northern Italy and Raetia.
Diocese of Africa.
Africa included the central part of Roman North Africa:
Praetorian Prefecture of Illyricum.
The Prefecture of Illyricum was named after the former province of Illyricum. It originally included two dioceses, the Diocese of Pannonia and the Diocese of Moesia. Constantine I later split the Diocese of Moesia into two dioceses: the Diocese of Macedonia and the Diocese of Dacia.
Diocese of Pannonia.
Pannonia was one of the two dioceses in the eastern quarters of the Tetrarchy not belonging to the cultural Greek half of the empire (the other was Dacia); It was transferred to the western empire when Theodosius I fixed the final split of the two empires in 395.
Diocese of Dacia.
The Dacians had lived in the Transylvania area, annexed to the Empire by Trajan. However, during the invasions of the third century Dacia was largely abandoned. Some inhabitants evacuated from the abandoned province settled on the south side of the Danube. They renamed their new homeland Dacia to diminish the impact that abandoning the original Dacia had on the Empire's prestige. The diocese was transferred to the western empire in 384 by Theodosius I, probably in partial compensation to the empress Justina for his recognition of the usurpation of Magnus Maximus in Britannia, Gaul and Hispania.
Diocese of Macedonia.
The Diocese of Macedonia was transferred to the western empire in 384 by Theodosius I, probably in partial compensation to the empress Justina for his recognition of the usurpation of Magnus Maximus in Britannia, Gaul and Hispania.
Praetorian Prefecture of Oriens.
As the rich home territory of the eastern emperor, the "Oriens" ("East") prefecture would persist as the core of the Byzantine Empire long after the fall of Rome. Its praetorian prefect would be the last to survive, but his office was transformed into an essentially internal minister.
Diocese of Thrace.
Thrace was the easternmost corner of the Balkans (the only part outside the Illyricum prefecture) and the European hinterland of Constantinople.
Diocese of Asiana.
Asia (or Asia Minor) in Antiquity stood for Anatolia. This diocese (the name means 'the Asian ones') centred on the earlier Roman province of Asia, and only covered the rich western part of the peninsula, mainly near the Aegean Sea.
Diocese of Pontus.
"Pontus" is the Latinized form of Greek Pontos, the name of a Hellenistic kingdom, which in turn is derived from the Euxine Pontus, the Greco-Roman name of the Black Sea.
It mainly contains parts of Asia minor near those coasts (as well as the mountainous centre), but also includes the north of very variable border with Rome's enemy Parthia/Persia.
Diocese of Oriens.
The Eastern diocese shares its geographic name with the prefecture, even after it lost its rich part, Egypt, becoming a separate diocese; but militarily crucial on the Persian (Sassanid) border and unruly desert tribes.
It comprised mainly the modern Arabic Mashriq (Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Israel, the Palestinian Territories and Jordan) except for the desert hinterland:
Further it contained the southeastern coast of Asia Minor and the close island of Cyprus
Diocese of Aegyptus.
This diocese, comprising north eastern Africa—mainly Egypt, the rich granary and traditional personal domain of the emperors—was the only diocese that was "not" under a vicarius, but whose head retained the unique title of "Praefectus Augustalis". It was created by a split of the diocese of Oriens.
All but one, the civilian governors were of the modest rank of "Praeses provinciae".
Apart from modern Egypt, Aegyptus also comprised the former province of Cyrenaica, being the east of modern Libya (an ancient name for the whole African continent as well). Cyrenaica was split into two provinces, each under a "praeses":


Timeline of Yokohama

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Yokohama, Japan.
References.
"This article incorporates information from the Japanese Wikipedia and German Wikipedia."


List of Maratha dynasties and states

This is a partial list of Maratha dynasties and Maratha princely states.
Maratha Princely States.
The Marathas ruled much of India in the period immediately preceding the consolidation of British rule in India. The Maratha states came to form the largest bloc of princely states in the British Raj, in terms of territory and population.
Non-salute states.
Non-salute Maratha states, alphabetically:


2009 in Taiwan

Events from the year 2009 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 98 according to the official Republic of China calendar.


Cis-Sutlej states

The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of small states in Punjab region in the 19th century, lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. These states were under the suzerainty of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire. Small Punjabi kingdoms of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to the Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.
History.
During the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803–1805, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington drafted a treaty granting independence to the Sikh clans east of the Sutlej River in exchange for their allegiance to the British General Gerard Lake acting on his dispatch. At the conclusion of the war, the frontier of British India was extended to the Yamuna. An 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, emperor of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought the states under the aegis of Sikh dominion. The Cis-Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla and Faridkot. Before 1846 the greater part of this territory was relatively independent, the chiefs being subject to supervision from a political officer stationed at Umballa, and styled the agent of the British Governor-General of India for the Cis-Sutlej states.
A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the Doctrine of Lapse. After the First Anglo-Sikh War the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer.
In 1849 the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of Ambala, Ferozepore, Ludhiana, Thanesar and Simla, was incorporated with the new Punjab Province.
The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when—owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to Lahore Division and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division—it ceased to be appropriate. The remaining tract became known as the Ambala Division. The princely states of Patiala, Jind, and Nabha were appointed a separate political agency in 1901. Excluding Bahawalpur (for which there was no political agent) and Chamba, the other states were grouped under the commissioners of Jullunder and Delhi, and the superintendent of the Simla Hill States. All native states, except Kaithal, would join PEPSU after India's independence.
Districts and states.
Present districts and divisions.
Present 14 districts of East Punjab, Chandigarh and present 3 districts of Haryana were there in Cis Sutlej States.
Rest of the Bist Doab including districts of Hoshiarpur,Kapurthala, SBS Nagar and Jalandhar were merged and made a new Trans Sutlej States in 1846 after First Anglo Sikh War.


Dalmatia Inferior


Kuroimine Site

 is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a Kofun period settlement (dating from around the mid 500 AD) located in what is now the Komochi neighborhood of the city of Shibukawa, Gunma Prefecture in the northern Kantō region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1993.
Overview.
The site is located on a river terrace on the north bank of the Agatsuma River, in the central part of Gunma. It was buried almost instantly by a large amount of pumice and volcanic ash from an eruption of Mount Haruna, which is located ten kilometers to the southwest. The eruption covered the entire area from 50-cm to two meters in thickness. The ruins were discovered in 1982. Ground-penetrating radar surveys followed by trench excavation found the remains of 110 pit dwellings and tumuli under the pumice layer. From 1985, as a result of excavation survey of about 40,000 m2, the extent of the late Kofun period settlement, consisting of pit dwellings, flat dwellings, raised-floor structures, garden traces, roads, fence rows, ritual sites, etc. was revealed to be in a very good condition. The site shed considerable light on society during this period of Japan's prehistory. It appears that each residence was a compound containing the pit-dwelling residence, ground-level workshops and livestock sheds and raised-floor granaries, surrounded by a fence. Each compound thus consisted of seven to ten buildings, and it appear that several families lived in each compound. The settlement consisted of eight to ten of such compounds. Daily life combined paddy field agriculture with grazing of cattle and horses.
The site is located 30 minutes by car from Shibukawa Station on the JR East Jōetsu Line. The ruins were backfilled after excavation and are now an empty field.


2006 in Turkey

The following lists events that happened in 2006 in Turkey.


List of years in Nepal

This is a list of years in Nepal.


Itakura Shigeyasu


Bharhut Yavana

The Bharhut Yavana is a high relief of a warrior which was discovered among the reliefs of the railings around the Bharhut Stupa. It is dated to circa 100 BCE, with a range from 150 BCE to 80 BCE. The relief is currently in the Indian Museum in Kolkata. The man in the relief has been described as a Greek, called "Yavanas" among the Indians.
Characteristics.
The role of the stading warrior is that of a dvarapala, deities who were Guardians of a temple gate.
Many elements point to the depiction being that of a foreigner, and possibly an Indo-Greek, called a Yavana among the Indians of the period. Elements leading to this suggestion are the hairstyle (short curly hairstyle without an Indian turban), the hair band normally worn by Indo-Greek kings on their coins, the tunic, and boots. In his right hand he holds a grape plant, possibly emblematic of his origin. The sheath of his broadsword is decorated with a srivasta or nandipada, symbols of Buddhism.
He is holding in his right hand a vine, which could also be ivy.
This type of head with the band of a Greek king is also seen on reliefs at Sanchi, in which man in northern dress are seen .
It has been suggested that the warrior is actually the Indo-Greek king Menander who may have conquered Indian territory as far as Pataliputra and is known through the Milinda Panha to have converted to Buddhism.
Inscription.
The inscription at the top, classified as Inscription 55 in the Pillars of Railing of the SW Quadrant at Bharhut (The Stupa of Bharhut, Cunningham, p. 136 ), is in the Brahmi script and reads from left to right:<br>
Other instances of foreigners in Indian Temples.
Besides this relief in Bharhut, devotees in Greek attire also appear in number at the Buddhist Stupa of Sanchi.
Some of them appear to be making a dedication to Southern Gateway of the Great Stupa. The official notice at Sanchi reads "". The relief shows 18 of these foreigners and 4 Gandharva celestial deities in the sky above.
These have been called "Greek-looking foreigners" wearing Greek clothing complete with tunics, capes and sandals, typical of the , and using Greek and Central Asian musical instruments ( the double flute aulos, or the carnyx-like Cornu horns), possibly pointing to the Indo-Greeks. The men are depicted with short curly hair, often held together with a headband of the type commonly seen on Greek coins.
Three inscriptions are known from Yavana donors at Sanchi, the clearest of which reads "Setapathiyasa Yonasa danam" ("Gift of the Yona of Setapatha"), Setapatha being an uncertain city.
Around 113 BCE, Heliodorus, an ambassador of the Indo-Greek ruler Antialcidas, is known to have dedicated a pillar, the Heliodorus pillar, around 5 miles from Sanchi, in the village of Vidisha.


2007 in Singapore

The following lists events that happened during 2007 in the Republic of Singapore.


Maeda Toshitsuyo


Lilu (ancient China)

Lilu () was a legendary tribe or state of ancient China. According to legends recorded in the third-century text "Records of Emperors and Kings" () by Huangfu Mi, goddess Nüwa enfeoffed thirteen tribes or states, all having the Feng (风) surname. Lilu was ranked the fourth among the thirteen. Lilu is also mentioned in many other ancient texts including "Zhuangzi", and "Dengzi" by Deng Xi. Professor Li Yujie of Henan University believes that Lilu was likely the first people in China to cultivate chestnuts (The "li" in Lilu means chestnut). The Li (栗) surname is believed to have originated from the tribe.
Lilu is linked to the Shang Dynasty state of Li () in modern Xiayi County, Shangqiu, Henan province. The state was conquered by the Zhou Dynasty in the 11th century BC. The Li capital (called Licheng or Li City), now submerged under the Tianlong Lake, is a protected site of Shangqiu.


Paraetacene

Paraetacene () was a district of ancient Persis which extended along the whole of its northern frontier in the direction of Media Magna, to which, indeed, it in part belonged. The name is first mentioned by Herodotus, who calls one of the tribes of the Medians "Paraetaceni". The same district comprehended what are now called the Bakhtyari mountains and tribes. The whole country was rugged and mountainous and appears to have been inhabited, like the adjacent province of Cossaea, by wild and robber tribes. The inhabitants were called "Paraetaceni" or "Paraetacae."
There has been considerable discussion with regard to the origin of this name. The best determination seems to be that it is derived from a Persian word, "Paruta", signifying mountain. [confer Sanskrit "Parvata"]. It will be observed that while Herodotus gives the Paraetceni a Median origin, and Stephanus of Byzantium calls Paraetaca a Median town, Strabo gives one portion of the district so named to the Assyrian province of Apolloniatis or Sittacene. There were, however, other places of the same name at considerable distances from the Median or Persian province. Thus, one is mentioned between Bactriana and Sogdiana, between the Oxus and Jaxartes, and another between Drangiana and Arachosia. In India, too, we find the "Paryeti Montes", one of the outlying spurs of the still greater chain of the Paropamisus (or Hindu Kush).


Pulindas

The Pulindas (Sanskrit: पुलिंद) were an ancient tribe of India, likely resident in the environs of the Vindhya Range of Central India. The Rock Edicts of Ashoka (269 BCE - 231 BCE) mention the Pulindas, their capital Pulinda-nagara, and their neighboring tribes, based on which their capital is sometimes located in present-day Jabalpur District of Madhya Pradesh state. Basak identifies them with the hill tribes of the Vindhya and Satpura ranges, more specifically the Bhils.
Though clearly associated with the Vindhyan region, the Pulindas are sometimes believed to have had multiple tribal branches that ranged up to the Himalayan region and Assam. In the Himalayan region, ancient Indian literature often mentions them in conjunction with the Kiratas.
In addition to the Pulindas of Vindhya, the Asokan inscriptions might have also labelled a South Indian people called Paladas as "Pulindas". Historian Sathianathaier has postulated that the name of Pallavas was derived from Paladas.


6th century in architecture


Maruoka Domain Battery

The was a Bakumatsu period coastal artillery battery erected by Maruoka Domain on the Sea of Japan coast in the Mikuni neighborhood of the Mikuni neighborhood of the city of Sakai, Fukui in the Hokuriku region of northern Japan. The ruins were designated a National Historic Site in 1930. It is also called the after its location on Kaji Bay.
Background.
In the late Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate was increasing alarmed by incursions by foreign ships into Japanese territorial waters, fearing that these " kurofune" warships of the United States or other Western powers would attempt to end Japan's self-imposed national isolation policy by force, or would attempt an invasion of Japan by landing hostile military forces. Numerous feudal domains were ordered to establish fortifications along their coastlines with shore artillery located at strategic locations. The most powerful "daimyō" of Echizen Domain, Matsudaira Yoshinaga was at the time a hard-line supporter of the "sonnō jōi" movement, and quickly responded by placing 26 cannons in several batteries along his coastline in 1848. Also within Echizen Province, Maruoka Domain was quick to emulate this example, completing this battery in February 1852, shortly before the arrival of the Perry Expedition at Uraga. Several other batteries were planned, but the dire straits of the domain's finances did not permit construction.
The "daimyō" of Maruoka Domain, Arima Michizumi, enlisted the assistance of military engineer Egawa Hidetatsu, the builder of the Odaiba fortifications in Edo for assistance. Kurihara Genzaimon, the domain's gunnery expert, was a student western-style artillery under Takashima Shuhan, and assisted in the construction. In 1866, the domain remodeled it military, changing its "samurai" into a western-style force armed with rifles.
Design.
The Maruoka battery was a bow-shaped earthen rampart with a height of , faced with stone on its inner and side surfaces. It is located on a small plateau protruding into the Sea of Japan with an elevation of 30 meters above sea level. The rampart was in the form of a redan with an open back, with a width of and length of .The rampart had five crenellations at equal intervals approximately 4.5 meters apart to permit the installation of five cannon. The site is located about a 10-minute walk from the "Kajiura" bus stop on the Keifuku bus from Awaraonsen Station on the JR West Hokuriku Main Line.


Pilliya

Pilliya was a king of Kizzuwatna ca. the 15th century BC (short chronology). He signed a treaty with Idrimi of Alalakh, allying with the Mitanni empire.
He made peace with Zidanta II.


Post-occupation Japan

Post-occupation Japan is the period in postwar Japanese history which started when the Allied occupation of Japan ended in 1952 and lasted to the end of the Showa era in 1989. Despite the massive devastation it suffered in the Second World War, Japan established itself as a rich global economic power at peace with the world. In terms of political power it was more reluctant, especially in the nonuse of military force. The post-war constitution of 1946 included Article 9 clause, which restricted Japan from having a military force and engaging in war. However, it operates small military forces, Japan Self-Defense Forces, since 1954. Over the years, the meaning of article 9 has been interpreted differently, because the United States now encourages Japan to control its own security and to join their military strategy more. The Liberal Democratic Party would like to see the Constitution and Article 9 amended.
Politics.
The Allied occupation ended on April 28, 1952, when the terms of the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect. By the terms of the treaty, Japan regained its sovereignty, but lost many of its possessions from before World War II, including Korea, Taiwan and Sakhalin. It also lost control over a number of small islands in the Pacific which is administered as League of Nations Mandates, such as the Marianas and the Marshalls. The new treaty also gave Japan the freedom to engage in international defence blocs. Japan did this on the same day it signed the San Francisco Treaty: The U.S. insisted, and Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida agreed, to a treaty that allowed the American military to continue their use of bases in Japan.
Even before Japan regained full sovereignty, the government had rehabilitated nearly 80,000 people who had been purged, many of whom returned to their former political and government positions. A debate over limitations on military spending and the sovereignty of the emperor ensued, contributing to the great reduction in the Liberal Party's majority in the first post-occupation elections (October 1952). After several reorganizations of the armed forces, in 1954 the Self-Defense Forces were established under a civilian director. Cold War realities and the hot war in nearby Korea also contributed significantly to the United States-influenced economic redevelopment, the containment of the Soviet Union and Communist China, and the support for organized labor in Japan.
Continual fragmentation of parties and a succession of minority governments led conservative forces to merge the Liberal Party (Jiyuto) with the Japan Democratic Party (Nihon Minshuto), an offshoot of the earlier Democratic Party, to form the Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyu-Minshuto; LDP) in November 1955. This party continuously held power from 1955 through 1993, when it was replaced by a new minority government. LDP leadership was drawn from the elite who had seen Japan through the defeat and occupation; it attracted former bureaucrats, local politicians, businessmen, journalists, other professionals, farmers, and university graduates. In October 1955, socialist groups reunited under the Japan Socialist Party, which emerged as the second most powerful political force. It was followed closely in popularity by the Kōmeitō, founded in 1964 as the political arm of the Soka Gakkai (Value Creation Society), a lay former organization of the Buddhist sect Nichiren Shoshu. The Komeito emphasized traditional Japanese beliefs and attracted urban laborers, former rural residents, and many women. Like the Japan Socialist Party, it favoured the gradual modification and dissolution of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact.
By the late 1970s, the Komeito and the Democratic Socialist Party had come to accept the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, and the Democratic Socialist Party even came to support a small defense buildup. The Japan Socialist Party, too, was forced to abandon its once strict antimilitary stance. The United States kept up pressure on Japan to increase its defense spending above 1% of its GNP, engendering much debate in the Diet, with most opposition coming not from minority parties or public opinion but from budget-conscious officials in the Ministry of Finance.
Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka was forced to resign in 1974 because of his alleged connection to financial scandals and, in the face of charges of involvement in the Lockheed bribery scandal, he was arrested and jailed briefly in 1976.
The fractious politics of the LDP hindered consensus in the Diet in the late 1970s. The sudden death of Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira just before the June 1980 elections, however, brought out a sympathy vote for the party and gave the new prime minister, Zenko Suzuki, a working majority. Suzuki was soon swept up in a controversy over the publication of a textbook that appeared to many as a whitewash of Japanese aggression in World War II. This incident, and serious fiscal problems, caused the Suzuki cabinet, composed of numerous LDP factions, to fall.
Yasuhiro Nakasone, a conservative backed by the still-powerful Tanaka and Suzuki factions who once served as director general of the Defense Agency, became prime minister in November 1982. In November 1984, Nakasone was chosen for a second term as LDP president. His cabinet received an unusually high rating, a 50% favorable response in polling during his first term, while opposition parties reached a new low in popular support. As he moved into his second term, Nakasone thus held a strong position in the Diet and the nation.
Despite being found guilty of bribery in 1983, Tanaka in the early-to-mid-1980s remained a power behind the scenes through his control of the party's informal apparatus, and he continued as an influential adviser to the more internationally minded Nakasone. The end of Nakasone's tenure as prime minister in October 1987 (his second two-year term had been extended for one year) was a momentous point in modern Japanese history. Just fifteen months
before Nakasone's retirement, the LDP unexpectedly had won its largest majority ever in the House of Representatives by securing 304 out of the 512 seats. The government was faced with growing crises. Land prices were rapidly increasing due to the Japanese asset price bubble, inflation increased at the highest rate since 1975, unemployment reached a record high at 3.2%, bankruptcies were rife, and there was political rancor over LDP-proposed tax reform. In the summer of 1987, economic indicators showed signs of recovery, but on October 20, 1987, the same day Nakasone officially named his successor, Noboru Takeshita, the Tokyo Stock Market crashed. Japan's economy and its political system had reached a watershed in their postwar development that would continue to play out into the 1990s.
Economy.
The early post-war years were devoted to rebuilding lost industrial capacity: major investments were made in electric power, coal, steel, and chemicals. By the mid-1950s, production matched prewar levels. Released from the demands of military-dominated government, the economy not only recovered its lost momentum but also surpassed the growth rates of earlier periods. Between 1953 and 1965, GDP expanded by more than 9% per year, manufacturing and mining by 13%, construction by 11%, and infrastructure by 12%. In 1965 these sectors employed more than 41% of the labor force, whereas only 26% remained in agriculture.
Japan's highly acclaimed post-war education system contributed strongly to the modernizing process. The world's highest literacy rate and high education standards were major reasons for Japan's success in achieving a technologically advanced economy. Japanese schools also encouraged discipline, another benefit in forming an effective work force.
The mid-1960s ushered in a new type of industrial development as the economy opened itself to international competition in some industries and developed heavy and chemical manufactures. Whereas textiles and light manufactures maintained their profitability internationally, other products, such as automobiles, electronics, ships, and machine tools assumed new importance. The value added to manufacturing and mining grew at the rate of 17% per year between 1965 and 1970. Growth rates moderated to about 8% and evened out between the industrial and service sectors between 1970 and 1973, as retail trade, finance, real estate, information technology, and other service industries streamlined their operations.
The LDP government, through institutions such as Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), encouraged Japanese industrial development overseas while restricting foreign companies' business within the country. These practices, coupled with a reliance on the United States for defense, allowed Japan's economy to increase exponentially during the Cold War. By 1980, many Japanese products, particularly automobiles and electronics, were being exported around the world, and Japan's industrial sector was the second-largest in the world after the U.S. This growth pattern stagnated after 1991.
The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo marked the re-emergence of Japan in the international arena: Japan's postwar development was showcased through innovations such as the Shinkansen high-speed rail network. In 1968, the first modern office skyscraper called the Kasumigaseki Building was built in Japan. It has 36 floors and is 156 meters high.
The high economic growth and political tranquillity of the mid-to-late 1960s were tempered by the quadrupling of oil prices by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1973. Almost completely dependent on imports for petroleum, Japan experienced its first recession since World War II.
Labor unions had been destroyed by the government by 1940. The American occupation forces, reflecting their New Deal American values, supported a revival. Communist unions were included, although a proposed nationwide general strike was forbidden in 1947. After 1970, union membership declined in both Japan and the United States. According to Wythe Holt, in both countries workers have adopted consumer lifestyle and have gained the education needed to move out of blue collar jobs. Furthermore there has been frustration with the top-down, bureaucratic management by union leaders who seem to show little interest in the aspirations of the workers.
Foreign relations.
Despite its central position in the world economy, Japan has played a modest role in global politics for much of the postwar period.
The 1950s were largely marked by Japan re-establishing relations to numerous nations and redefining its international role, e.g., by joining the United Nations in 1956. One such total redefinition were Japan's relations to its former World War II-ally Germany, which were put on a new basis in 1955 focused on trade.
Japan's biggest postwar political crisis took place in 1960 over the revision of the Japan-United States Mutual Security Assistance Pact. As the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security was concluded, which renewed the United States role as military protector of Japan, massive street protests and political upheaval occurred, and the cabinet resigned a month after the Diet's ratification of the treaty. Thereafter, political turmoil subsided. Japanese views of the United States, after years of mass protests over nuclear armaments and the mutual defense pact, improved by 1968 and 1972 respectively, with the reversion of United States-occupied Nanpō and Ryukyu Islands to Japanese sovereignty and the winding down of the Vietnam War.
Japan had reestablished relations with the Republic of China after World War II, and cordial relations were maintained with the nationalist government when it was exiled to Taiwan, a policy that won Japan the enmity of the People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949. After the general warming of relations between China and Western countries, especially the United States, which shocked Japan with its sudden rapprochement with Beijing in 1971 (the Ping Pong Diplomacy), Tokyo established relations with Beijing in 1972. Close cooperation in the economic sphere followed.
Japan's relations with the Soviet Union continued to be problematic after the war, but a Joint Declaration between Japan and the USSR, ending the war and reestablishing diplomatic relations was signed October 19, 1956. The main object of dispute was the Soviet occupation of what Japan calls its Northern Territories, the two most southerly islands in the Kurils (Iturup and Kunashiri) and Shikotan and the Habomai Islands (northeast of Hokkaido), which were seized by the Soviet Union shortly after Japan's World War II surrender.
Under the prime ministership of Kakuei Tanaka (1972–74), Japan took a stronger but still low-key stance by steadily increasing its defense spending and easing trade frictions with the United States. Tanaka's administration was also characterized by high-level talks with United States, Soviet, and Chinese leaders, if with mixed results. His visits to Indonesia and Thailand prompted riots, a manifestation of long-standing anti-Japanese sentiments.
Several cordial visits between Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone and United States president Ronald Reagan were aimed at improving relations between their countries. Nakasone's more strident position on Japanese defense issues made him popular with some United States officials but not, generally, in Japan or among Asian neighbors. Although his characterization of Japan as an "unsinkable aircraft carrier", his noting the "common destiny" of Japan and the United States, and his calling for revisions to Article 9 the Constitution (which renounced war as the sovereign right of the nation), among other prorearmament statements, produced negative reactions at home and abroad, a gradual acceptance emerged of the Self-Defense Forces and the mutual security treaty with the United States in the mid-1980s.
Another issue in Japanese-American relations was Japan's growing trade surplus, which reached record heights during Nakasone's first term. The United States pressured Japan to remedy the imbalance, demanding that Tokyo raise the value of the yen and open its markets further to facilitate more imports from the United States. Because the Japanese government aids and protects its key industries, it was accused of creating an unfair competitive advantage. Tokyo agreed to try to resolve these problems but generally defended its industrial policies and made concessions on its trade restrictions very reluctantly, only making very few deals with the U.S.
Culture.
Japan continued to experience Westernization in the postwar era, much of which came about during the occupation, when American soldiers were a common sight in many parts of the country. American music and movies became popular, spurring a generation of Japanese artists who built on both Western and Japanese influences.
During this period, Japan also began to emerge as an exporter of culture. Young people across the world began consuming "kaiju" (monster) movies, "anime" (animation), "manga" (comic books), and other modern Japanese culture. Japanese authors such as Yasunari Kawabata and Yukio Mishima became popular literary figures in America and Europe. American soldiers returning from the occupation brought with them stories and artifacts, and the following generations of U.S. troops in Japan contributed to a steady trickle of martial arts and other culture from the country.


2006 in India

Events in the year 2006 in the Republic of India.
Observance.
Following days of religious or cultural significance were observed in 2006.


Deval Devi

Deval Devi (variantly known as Dewal Devi, Dewal Rani, Deval Rani and Dewal Di) was daughter of Karan Deva II (the last sovereign of the Vaghela dynasty of Gujarat). She was married to Khizr Khan, the eldest son of Alauddin Khalji, in 1308. Eight years later, Khizr Khan was executed by his brother Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316–20), and Deval was taken into the latter's "harem." In 1320, Mubarak in turn was stabbed and beheaded by his supposed favourite, Khusro Khan (the last ruler of the Khalji dynasty), and his followers. Deval was then married to Khusro Khan. Her story, of a cultured and high-born Hindu princess being passed from hand to hand amongst a series of ambitious, power-hungry men is the basis of the celebrated Gujarati historical novel "Karan Ghelo" authored by Nandshankar Mehta.
Biography.
In 1298, the then Sultan of Delhi, Alauddin Khalji, sent an expedition into Gujarat under the command of Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan. Karan Deva II of the Vaghela dynasty, the main ruler of Gujarat, was defeated. His queen, Kamla Devi, fell into the hands of the invaders and was sent as booty to Alauddin Khalji. Karna Deva himself, along with his very young daughter Deval Devi and other surviving followers, fled to the Deccan and took refuge in the court of Rama Chandra Deva, ruler of Deogiri (later known as Daulatabad).
Meanwhile, in Delhi, Karan Deva's wife Kamla Devi was married to Alauddin Khalji as his third wife. She soon became the favourite queen of Alauddin and often told the sultan of how much she missed her little daughter. Therefore, when in 1308, ten years after mother and daughter had been separated, the Khalji sultan happened to send an expedition to the Deccan, he instructed his general, Malik Kafur, to bring Deval Devi back with him whether by hook or by crook. By this time, Deval Devi had come of age. The historian Firishta tells us that Rama Chandra Deva, who had granted refuge to Deval's father and his party, had suggested that she be married to his son and heir, Shankara Deva. While in material terms this would be a great match for the refugee princess, her father was not inclined to accept, for reasons related to Caste. He initially refused to take the hint, then made polite excuses and demurred; the hosts realized that he was not interested in a matrimonial alliance and dropped the matter. At this point, Deogiri was faced with the invading army from Delhi. and the special interest of the invaders in Deval Devi became known. A deeply agitated Karna Deva now pressed his hosts to accept his daughter as bride for Prince Shankara Deva. They agreed to this, and advised Karna Deva to immediately send his daughter under escort into the fort of Devagiri (the refugee king had been granted an estate comprising a few nearby villages and was living there). Karna Deva immediately did as he was advised; bedecked as a bride, Deval Devi was seated in a palanquin and sent under armed escort towards the citadel to marry the crown prince. However, before reaching the fort, the party was waylaid by a contingent of Sultanate soldiers and Deval Devi was captured. Nizam ud-Din and `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni opine that the party was led by Ulugh Khan personally. She was sent to Delhi, where she was reunited with the mother whom she had not seen since childhood. Shortly afterwards, at the insistence of Kamla Devi, she was married to Alauddin's eldest son Khizr Khan (her mother's step-son).
Following Ala-ud-Din's death in 1316, his third son ascended the throne as Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah. During Mubarak Shah's reign, a conspiracy was made to murder him and put one of the sons of Khizr Khan on the throne. When Mubarak Shah came to know about the plan, he put everyone involved in the conspiracy, including his brother Khizr Khan, to death. Historian Haji-ud-Dabir writes that Mubarak Shah then married Deval forcibly, thus becoming her second husband.
Mubarak Shah was bisexual, and he was murdered by the associates of his favorite catamite, Khusro Khan, on the night of 14 April 1320. Ziauddin Barani, the contemporary historian, writes that Khusro Khan then married Deval Devi, thus becoming her third husband.
The "Karan Ghelo" tells us that this marriage, her third, was acceptable to Deval Devi, ( though there is not much information available about her first marriage) mainly because Khusro Khan came from a background similar to her own. Born into a Rajput family, he had been captured as a young boy during a battle, brought up by Malik Shadi, the naib-i khas-i hajib (deputy royal chamberlain) to Alauddin Khalji in Delhi as muslim, where later his good looks had earned him the favour of Mubarak Shah, all of which is collaborated by Barani. However, after a reign of only five months, Khusro Khan was defeated by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and was put to death. This happened in September 1320. Historical sources are silent about Deval Devi's fate thereafter, but the "Karan Ghelo" tells us that she took recourse to poison and joined Khusro Khan in death. However, Karan Ghelo is not a historical text.
In literature.
Deval Devi is an important character in the Gujarati historical novel "Karan Ghelo" by Nandshankar Mehta. Amir Khusraw wrote his masnavi "Deval Devi—Khizr Khan", a famous work on the romance between Khizr Khan and Deval Devi and popularly called "Ishqiya", "Ishqia" and "Ashiqa". She is the central character in Sudheer Maurya's Hindi book "Deval Devi : Ek Aetihasik Upanyaas".


2008 in East Timor

The following lists events that happened during 2008 in East Timor.


Okayama Domain

The was a Japanese domain of the Edo period. It was associated with Bizen Province in modern-day Okayama Prefecture.
In the han system, Okayama was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. In other words, the domain was defined in terms of "kokudaka", not land area. This was different from the feudalism of the West.
History.
The domain sided with the Kyoto government during the Boshin War.
List of "daimyōs".
The hereditary "daimyōs" were head of the clan and head of the domain.


Jek (Quba)

Cek (also, Jek, Dzheg and Dzhek) is a village in the Quba Rayon of Azerbaijan. The village forms part of the municipality of Əlik. They live, primarily, in the region around Mount Shahdag in Quba Rayon in northeastern Azerbaidzhan.
Population.
In 1886 their population was estimated at 7,767.
In 1926 their population was estimated at 607. Although only 607 individuals claimed Dzhek ethnicity, 4,348 listed Dzhek as their native language. These were probably Dzheks who listed themselves as Azerbaidzhans speaking Dzhek as their native language.


Aizu Domain

 was a domain of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan during the Edo period from 1601 to 1871.
The Aizu Domain was based at Tsuruga Castle in Mutsu Province, the core of the modern city of Aizuwakamatsu, located in the Tōhoku region of the island of Honshu. The Aizu Domain was ruled for most of its existence by the "shinpan" "daimyō" of the Aizu-Matsudaira clan, a local cadet branch of the ruling Tokugawa clan, but was briefly ruled by the "tozama" "daimyō" of the Gamō and Katō clans. The Aizu Domain was assessed under the "Kokudaka" system with a peak value of 919,000 "koku", but this was reduced to 230,000 "koku". The Aizu Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government and its territory was absorbed into Fukushima Prefecture, covering much of the traditional region of Aizu.
History.
Pre-Edo period.
The area of Kurokawa, later called "Wakamatsu", was under the control of the powerful Buddhist temple of Enichi-ji during the Heian period. However, Enichi-ji sided with the Taira clan during the Genpei War and fell into decline after the victory of Minamoto no Yoritomo. He awarded the territory to the Ashina clan, a powerful local "samurai" clan, who ruled from the Kamakura period into the Muromachi period. However, in the wars of the Sengoku period, the Ashina were defeated by their powerful and aggressive neighbors to the north, the Date clan. In 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi awarded the Aizu Basin to Gamō Ujisato as part of a 919,000 "koku" fief following the submission of Date Masamune. Ujisato was succeeded by his son, Gamō Hideyuki, but he fell out of favor with Hideyoshi and was transferred to Utsunomi with a reduction in his holdings to only 180,000 "koku". The Aizu Basin was then assigned to Uesugi Kagekatsu, who ordered by Hideyoshi to relocate from his power base in Echigo Province.
Edo period.
In 1600, after the Tokugawa Ieyasu's victory at the Battle of Sekigahara, Uesugi Kagekatsu was deprived of his holdings in Aizu and was reassigned to the much smaller Yonezawa Domain in Dewa Province. The Aizu holding was reduced in half, and 600,000 "koku" was returned to Ieyasu's son-in-law, Gamō Hideyuki. However, the death of his son, Gamō Hidesato, in 1627 without a direct male heir provided an excuse for the Tokugawa shogunate to order the clan trade places with the Katō clan of the Matsuyama Domain in Iyo Province. The Gamō were replaced by Katō Yoshiaki, but reduced to 200,000 "koku". His son, Katō Akinari was dispossessed due to an "O-Ie Sōdō" (clan dispute) in 1643.
The Aizu Domain was then given to Hoshina Masayuki, the illegitimate son of the second Tokugawa "shōgun" Tokugawa Hidetada. Masayuki had been adopted into the Hoshina clan, who had formerly been senior retainers of the Takeda clan and who were "daimyō" of the 30,000 "koku" Takatō Domain in Shinano Province. Masayuki was a senior advisor to third Tokugawa "shōgun", Tokugawa Iemitsu, and was transferred to the 200,000 "koku" Yamagata Domain in 1636. When Aizu Domain became vacant in 1643, Masayuki was transferred to that holding, whose official "kokudaka" was raised to 240,000 "koku". The actual "kokudaka" of the domain was perhaps double this, as management of all of the "tenryō" (directly shogunate owned) holdings within the Aizu region were assigned to Aizu Domain. Masayuki later acted as a regent for Iemitsu's successor, the underage fourth "shōgun" Tokugawa Ietsuna. Masayuki was offered the use of the Tokugawa "mon" and the Matsudaira surname, though he declined, partly out of respect and partly to emphasize that he had no ambitions towards being regarded as part of legitimate Tokugawa line of succession. However, the Matsudaira name and the Tokugawa symbols were later adopted from the time of the 3rd "daimyō" Matsudaira Masakata and were used by his descendents that ruled the Aizu Domain.
In 1822, the Hoshina-Matsudaira line became extinct with the death of the seventh "daimyō", the 15-year-old Matsudaira Katahiro, and was succeeded by Matsudaira Katataka, who was a sixth cousin (twice removed) and a member of the Takasu cadet branch of the Mito-Tokugawa collateral line. Katataka died without heirs in 1852 and was succeeded by his grandnephew, the famous Matsudaira Katamori, one of the final supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
The Aizu Domain was known for its martial skill, and maintained a standing army of over 5000 men. It was often deployed to security operations on the northern fringes of Japan, at the time a frontier region, as far north as southern Sakhalin. The Aizu Domain's two sets of formal rules for its army, the Rules for Commanders (将長禁令 "shōchō kinrei") and Rules for Soldiers (士卒禁令 "shisotsu kinrei"), written in the 1790s, laid down a professional, modern standard for military conduct and operations, including the following two items in the Rules for Soldiers which codified the human rights and protection of enemy noncombatants, over 70 years before the first Geneva Convention of 1864:
Around the time of the Perry Expedition, Aizu had a presence in security operations around Edo Bay. During the "Bakumatsu" period, the domain deployed massive amounts of troops to Kyoto, where Katamori served as "Kyoto Shugoshoku". Operating under the orders of the Shogunate, they also acted as the first official supervisor and patron of the "Shinsengumi". Earning the enmity of the Chōshū Domain, and alienating the Satsuma Domain, Katamori retreated to Edo with the final "shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshinobu in 1868 at the start of the Boshin War. Following Yoshinobu's resignation, Katamori took great pains to avoid conflict with the new Meiji government which could only be averted by an equitable settlement with the Tokugawa clan. However, the new government was filled with anti-Tokugawa clansmen from the Satsuma and Chōshū domains, who sought to settle old scores. During the Boshin War, Aizu fought as an ally of the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, although it was not an official member. In October 1868, Aizuwakamatsu Castle, the seat of the Aizu Domain, eventually fell during the Battle of Aizu. Although branded as an "enemy of the Court", Matsudaira Katamori was placed under house arrest and was later allowed to serve as the head "kannushi" for the Nikkō Tōshō-gū shrines to the Tokugawa clan. The Aizu Domain was assigned by the Meiji government to Sakai Tadamichi, formerly of the Shonai Domain, as the Imperial Governor from 1868 to 1869. After the abolition of the han system, the Aizu Domain was absorbed into the new Iwashiro Province, and subsequently into Fukushima Prefecture.
Bakumatsu period holdings.
Unlike with most domains in the han system, Aizu Domain consisted of a continuous territory calculated to provide the assigned "kokudaka", based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. At the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, the domain consisted of the following holdings:


Yoga Narasimha Temple, Baggavalli

The Yoga Narasimha Temple at Baggavalli, a Hoysala era construction was built in the early 13th century. Baggavalli is a village in Tarikere Taluq in the Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka state, India. The monument is protected by the Karnataka state division of Archaeological Survey of India.


Maeda Toshimichi I


Kikuchi Takanao

 was a Japanese warrior, nobleman (samurai). He can also can be referred to as Kikuchi no Jiro Takanao or Kikuchi Higo-Gon-no-Kami Takanao.
When Kikuchi Takanao sided with Minamoto no Yoritomo and began levying troops in Kyūshū in 1180, at the beginning of the Genpei War, Sadayoshi marched against him and defeated Takanao. Kikuchi Takanao was present at the Battle of Dan-no-ura. Shortly after the battle in the same year, he was turned over to Minamoto Yoshitsune by his lord Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi. He was taken to the Rokujo riverbed and his head was cut off.
"One of your retainers, Kikuchi no Jiro Takanao, has been my enemy for years ... You may rely on me if you will turn Kikuchi over for execution."[3] -Minamoto no Yoshitsune
At the end of the twelfth century events far away in eastern Japan led to the establishment of Japan's first military government, the Kamakura Bakufu, which, during the initial stages at least, ran in tandem with the old imperial administration. The wars surrounding the birth of this new regime saw the Kikuchi clan coalesce into a powerful warrior league, or bushidan. In 1181/2, their leader Kikuchi Takanao, joined with Ogata no Saburo Koreyoshi of Bungo, another important local warrior, in rebellion against the Taira, which converted them into de facto allies of Minamoto Yoritomo, founder of the Bakufu.
This rising was, however, crushed by Haruda Tanenao. Then, perversely, as the fighting drew to a close and the Taira star waned, the Kikuchi chose to align themselves with the erstwhile enemies and, together with the leading Kyūshū warriors including the Haruda, Yamaga, and Itai, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the now triumphant Bakufu. The battle took place off the coast of Kyūshū, at Dannoura, and it saw the emergence of Minamoto Yoritomo as Japan's unquestioned military leader. His forces were drawn largely from the east, while, in the dying moments, the Taira had relied almost exclusively on warriors from Kyūshū. The new military regime, therefore, titled decidedly toward the east and against the west, a fact that was to have profound consequences for the island's future.


Tomitaro Makino

 was a pioneer Japanese botanist noted for his taxonomic work. He has been called "Father of Japanese Botany". He was one of the first Japanese botanists to work extensively on classifying Japanese plants using the system developed by Linnaeus. His research resulted in documenting 50,000 specimens, many of which are represented in his "Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan". Despite having dropped out of grammar school, he would eventually attain a Doctor of Science degree, and his birthday is remembered as "Botany Day" in Japan.
Early life.
Tomitaro Makino was born in Sakawa, Kōchi to a prestigious sake brewer. His parents died during his early childhood, and he was raised mainly by his grandmother. Though he dropped out of school after two years, he cultivated a strong interest in English, geography, and especially in botany. In 1880, he became a teacher at the primary school in his hometown, where he published his first academic botanical paper.
In 1884, he moved to Tokyo to pursue his botanical interests at the University of Tokyo where he worked with Ryōkichi Yatabe. He married in 1890 and would later have 13 children.
Career.
In 1887, Makino started to publish an academic journal of botany.
In 1936, he published "Makino Book of Botany", a six volume text on botany, in which he describes 6000 species, 1000 of which he discovered.
He is best known for his "Makino's Illustrated Flora of Japan", published 1940, which is still used as an encyclopedic text today.
In 1948, he was invited to the Imperial Palace to lecture on botany for Emperor Hirohito.
Legacy.
In total, Makino named over 2500 plants, including 1000 new species and 1500 new varieties. In addition, he discovered about 600 new species.
After his death in 1957, his collection of approximately 400,000 specimens was donated to Tokyo Metropolitan University. The Makino Herbarium in Tokyo and the Makino Botanical Garden on Mount Godai in his native Kōchi were named in his honor. He was also named an Honorary Citizen of Tokyo.
Selected works.
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Makino, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 270+ works in 430+ publications in 4 languages and 1,060+ library holdings.


Yishan Yining

Yishan Yining (一山 一寧, in Japanese: "Issan Ichinei") (1247 – 28 November 1317) was a Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to Japan. Before monkhood his family name was Hu. (胡 Hú). He was born in 1247 in Linhai, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China. He was a monk of the Linji school during the Yuan Dynasty of China, and subsequently a Rinzai Zen master who rose to prominence in Kamakura Japan. He was one of the chief disseminators of Zen Buddhism among the new militarized nobility of Japan, a calligrapher and a writer. Mastering a variety of literary genres and being a prolific teacher, he is mostly remembered as the pioneer of Japanese Gozan Bungaku literature, that recreated in Japan the literary forms of Song dynasty.
Biography.
China.
Originally from Zhejiang, Yining became a monk in childhood in Hongfusi monastery (鴻福寺) and took full ordination in Puguangsi Monastery (普光寺). He originally studied Tiantai school, then turning to Chan. After changing a number of tutors, he became the Dharma heir of Wanji Singmi (頑極行彌, Japanese "Gankyoku Gyomi"), the fourth lineage holder of Mi'an Xianji (1118—1186). Later he became the abbot of Puji Monastery on the Island of Putuoshan and rose to wide fame as a Buddhist master.
Kamakura.
In 1299, during the reign of Temür Khan, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan, the Yuan government sent him on a diplomatic mission to Japan to restore relations with the Bakufu government. On arrival at Kamakura he was arrested by the regent Hojo Sadatoki on charges of spying. However, soon Sadatoki came to respect his prisoner and set him free.
Yishan Yinging stayed in Japan to become one of the major Zen teachers of the Kamakura period. In Kamakura, he served in the monasteries of Kenchō-ji, Engaku-ji and Jochi-ji (淨智寺).
Kyoto.
In 1313 the resigned emperor Go-Uda invited him to Kyoto to become the abbot of Nanzen-ji, the most influential Zen center of the time. He is still remembered in this monastery today.
Influence.
He popularized Zen in the circles of new military aristocracy and, mastering variety of literary genres ranging from historiography to poetry, he started the literary orientation of Japanese monkhood to the standards of Song literature of China. This added to the standard "zazen" practice of Zen monasteries such ordeals as studies in Confucian canon and writings of the Song Confucian scholars.
Among his students there werу such key figures of the subsequent development of Zen as Muso Soseki, Sesson Yubai and Kokan Shiren.
Death.
Yishan Yining committed suicide in 1317 after several attempts to resign from the duties of abbot on grounds of severe illness.
The Japanese Imperial Court granted him the posthumous title of the Teacher of State (国師 Kokushi).


Dazaifu (government)

The is a Japanese term for the regional government in Kyushu from the 8th to the 12th centuries. The name may also refer to the seat of government which grew into the modern city of Dazaifu in Fukuoka Prefecture.
History.
The "Dazaifu" was established in northwest Kyushu the late 7th century. The town of Dazaifu grew up around the civil and military headquarters of the regional government.
During the 8th and 9th centuries, records refer to Dazaifu as "the distant capital".
In 1268, envoys bearing letters from Kublai Khan appeared at the "Dazaifu" court. There were a series of envoys which came before the unsuccessful invasion of 1274.
In the Muromachi period the political center of the region was moved to Hakata.
The city of Dazaifu was the center of the Shōni clan and later the Ōuchi clan. In the Edo period, Dazaifu was a part of Kuroda domain until the "han" system was abolished in 1873.
Usage.
The flexible term refers to the regional government for all of Kyūshū and nearby islands.
From the 7th through the 13th century, the governor and vice-governor of Dazaifu had civil and military functions. The titles of the vice governors were "Dazai dani" and "Dazai shoni". Among the "Dazai shoni" was Fujiwara no Hirotsugu in 740 who started a rebellion in the same year.
Sometimes there was an official Absentee Governor ("Dazai-no-sotsu"). This title was only given to Imperial princes. Among those holding this office was Takaharu"-shinnō" who would later become Emperor Go-Daigo.
City.
Dazaifu is the name of the place where regional government was centered in the late Nara period through the Muromachi period. It is the town which grew up around the government center in the 7th through the 12th centuries. It is also the name of the small city which continued to grow even after the regional government center was moved.
Region.
"Dazaifu" refers to the region which includes all the provinces on the island of Kyūshū and other nearby islands.
Government.
The "Dazaifu" is the name of the civil government on the island of Kyūshū. As it grew and developed, a large complex of was built for the use of the hierarchy of bureaucrats. The many buildings were arranged along a symmetrical grid, not far from the Buddhist temple complex at .
"Dazaifu" is a metonym of the official position at the head of the regional government. It is also a metonym for the person who fills this leadership role.


2009 in Malaysia

This article lists important figures and events in Malaysian public affairs during the year 2009, together with the deaths of notable Malaysians. Malaysia hosted the 2009 ASEAN Para Games between 15 and 19 August. Malaysia recorded more than 2,000 confirmed cases of influenza A(H1N1) ("swine flu") and 76 deaths during a world pandemic of the disease.


2000 in Thailand

The year 2000 was the 219th year of the Rattanakosin Kingdom of Thailand. It was the 55th year in the reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), and is reckoned as year 2543 in the Buddhist Era.


Maeda Munetoki

 was an Edo period Japanese samurai, and the 6th "daimyō" of Kaga Domain in the Hokuriku region of Japan. He was the 7th hereditary chieftain of the Kanazawa Maeda clan.
Munetoki was born in Kanazawa as the eldest son of Maeda Yoshinori. His mother was a concubine. From 1725, he was given the childhood name of Matsudaira Katsu-maru (勝丸) later Matsudaira Inuchiyo (犬千代). He was send to Edo in 1736, receiving the name of Maeda Toshikatsu (利勝), and the courtesy titles of "Sado-no-kami" and "Sakonoe-shosho" and court rank of Senior 4th Grade, lower rank. He was received in formal audience by "Shōgun" Tokugawa Yoshimune in 1737, who granted him a "kanji" from his name, which thus became Maeda Munetoki. In 1744, he was wed to a daughter of Matsudaira Masakata of Aizu Domain. In 1745, on his father’s death, he became "daimyō" and his titles were changed to "Kaga-no-kami" and "Sakonoe-chusho". However, later the same year, his wife died in childbirth, and he followed less than a month later at the age of 21.
Kaga Domain passed to his younger brother Shigehiro.