Alexander Cobbe

General Sir Alexander Stanhope Cobbe (6 June 1870 – 29 June 1931) was a senior British Indian Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Early life.
Alexander Stanhope Cobbe was born on 5 June 1870 in Naini Tal, Bengal Presidency, India, the third child and second son of Lieutenant General Sir Alexander Hugh Cobbe and Emily Barbara Cobbe, née Jones. Through his father's family he was descended from Charles Cobbe (1686–1765), archbishop of Dublin; his grandmother, the wife of Colonel Thomas Cobbe, was Nuzzeer Begum Khan, thereby making Alexander a distinguished Anglo-Indian. Alexander had two sisters and four brothers; of the latter two became lieutenant colonels in the British Army and one a captain in the Royal Navy. In 1881 he was a pupil at Eagle House School, Wimbledon. He went on to Wellington College and then followed his elder brother Henry Hercules Cobbe to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he passed out in 1889. At the age of 19 he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the South Wales Borderers.
Military career.
The highlights of Cobbe's military career can be tracked by the regular records of his promotions and deeds published in the "London Gazette". In March 1892 he was promoted to lieutenant and later in the same year he was seconded to the Indian Army Staff Corps. This secondment led to his permanent transfer from the South Wales Borderers in 1894. The purpose of the Indian Staff Corps was not only to provide officers for headquarters' staff but, far more broadly, for the native Indian regiments, the army departments and also for civil and political appointments for which Indian Army officers might be eligible. In 1903, in order to avoid confusion, the designation 'Indian Staff Corps' as applied to officers on regimental duty was withdrawn and replaced by the more appropriate term 'Indian Army', which is how Cobbe was referred to in all later "Gazette" entries. In India in 1895 Cobbe gained his first medal, the India Medal (1895–1902), with the clasp “Relief of Chitral”. This campaign was one of the many on the Northwest Frontier to quell unrest against British rule.
His next medals, however, were to be gained in Africa. At this time many regiments of the Indian Army were sent to Africa to support British foreign policy in the region. On this continent Cobbe was kept busy on several minor colonial campaigns gaining him the Central Africa Medal with clasp “Central Africa 1894–1898”, the East and West Africa Medal (1887–1900) and the Africa General Service Medal with the clasp “B.C.A 1898–1899” (British Central Africa, later Nyasaland and today Malawi). In October 1899 Cobbe was appointed second in command of the 1st Battalion, Central African Rifles, and given the local rank of captain.
Ashanti War.
By July 1900 Cobbe was commanding the Central Africa Regiment and had been given the local rank of major. Earlier that year, a major rebellion had erupted in West Africa, in what is now Ghana, and this developed into the final campaign of the Ashanti Wars, known as the War of the Golden Stool.
The initial thrust of the campaign was to relieve the fort at Kumasi, which was achieved by the end of July. Cobbe was then sent out with a column of 300 men to help clear the surrounding area. In the dense bush he came across a large body of the enemy protected by stout stockades. After heavy fighting Cobbe managed to outflank the enemy and put them to flight, although himself being "severely wounded". This did not prevent some veiled criticism from his commander concerning the delay in putting in the final attack and Cobbe did not feature among the 20 or so individuals mentioned in the despatch as being recommended for favourable notice for having "rendered good service", although he was listed among those "having done good work". Despite his wounds, by late September he was involved in further clearing up operations and led his men on the left flank of a major attack. On the right was Major Charles John Melliss, who was to be awarded the VC in this campaign. In the next despatch Cobbe was individually mentioned: "Captain (local Major) A. S. Cobbe, Indian Staff Corps. – Severely wounded 6 August. He is an Officer to be thoroughly trusted, and commanded in several fights, where he invariably did well. I hope he will be rewarded." Cobbe was indeed rewarded as in November 1900 he was promoted to the substantive rank of captain in the Indian Staff Corps, and made a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), as well as being awarded the Ashanti Medal with clasp "Kumassi".
Somaliland Campaign.
In January 1902 Cobbe was granted the local rank of lieutenant colonel and appointed Commandant of the 1st (Central Africa) Battalion, King's African Rifles, and in this post he deployed with his men to British Somaliland to take part in the Somaliland campaign or the "Mad Mullah War". The Mullah (Mohammed Abdullah Hassan) had been agitating against British rule in the Somaliland protectorate since 1899 and in 1901 a first British expedition beat him and his Dervish forces and caused him to retreat into the desert interior. However, by the end of the year the Mullah had recommenced raiding and a second expedition, including Cobbe and his men, was mounted against him. On 6 October, while marching through dense bush at Erigo, the British force was ambushed and then rushed by the Dervishes. Although the north face of the square was pierced and a Maxim gun lost the Yao Company of the Central Africa Battalion recovered the situation. The Mullah lost some 700 men and retreated. The British force was not able to continue the pursuit, and returned to Berbera. The Maxim lost during the battle was recovered in the last campaign against the Mullah in 1920, and stands in the Malawi Army’s "Cobbe Barracks" in Zomba.
Victoria Cross.
It was at Erigo (or Erego) during this campaign that Cobbe won his Victoria Cross. The announcement of the award was made in the "London Gazette" of 20 January 1903 with the description of his act of courage as follows:
Further campaigning.
Still in Somaliland in 1903, Cobbe was commanding a flying column ahead of the main body moving against the Mullah. He had orders to secure the water supply at Wardair. Having established a zariba (a camp fortified with a thorn hedge) near Gumburu, he had cause to send forward a company of men under Lieutenant Colonel Plunkett to secure the return of a small scouting party. The company was overwhelmed by a large Dervish force and Plunkett, all his British and Indian soldiers, and most of the native levies with him were killed. It was a major disaster. Cobbe testified that he had given Plunkett strict instructions not to engage the main body of the enemy and explicitly stated that Plunkett had disobeyed his orders. Cobbe was at the final major battle of the war, Jidballi, on 10 January 1904, but seems to have attracted no mention in despatches. The Somali campaign added two clasps to his Africa General Service Medal: "Somaliland 1902–04" and "Jidballi".
As a further reward for his services, in September 1904 Cobbe was "noted for consideration of the Brevet rank of Lieutenant-Colonel on attaining the rank of Major" and in December 1907, immediately after having been promoted to the substantive rank of major, he was duly further promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel. In February of that year Cobbe, had been appointed a staff captain at headquarters in India, but that lasted only until February 1908, his new rank presumably deserving a more senior post. In April 1910 he was appointed a Staff Officer Grade 1 and in May 1912 he was promoted colonel with seniority from 2 December 1911 although, when appointed an Aide-de-Camp to the King in June 1912, he is described as a brevet colonel. In 1911 he was awarded King George V’s Coronation Medal.
First World War.
Cobbe's Grade I staff posting in India lasted until June 1914 and three months later he was in France. Michael Jones, in his book "Colworth in Context", says, "Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Cobbe VC, a career soldier, left in September 1914 to join an Indian Sikh regiment at the front line with William Eyre, one of Albert Bowen's employees, as his personal servant". In February 1915 Cobbe was appointed a Deputy Adjutant and Quartermaster General with temporary rank of brigadier general. In a despatch of 14 January 1915 Field Marshal Sir John French, Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, mentioned Colonel Cobbe for gallant and distinguished service in the field. A similar mention was published in June 1915 and was soon after followed by the appointment of Cobbe as a Companion of the Order of the Bath. In November 1915, he was promoted from major to lieutenant colonel in the British Indian Army. In the following month Cobbe was yet again mentioned in French's despatches for gallant and distinguished service in the field, this time in a list which also included his brother, Lieutenant Colonel H. H. Cobbe, DSO, 13th Lancers.
In February 1916 Cobbe handed over his staff job in France and in March was posted back to India as Director of Staff Duties and Military Training in Army Headquarters, while retaining his temporary rank. Following yet another mention for his good services in France, this time in a despatch from Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig dated April 1916, he was promoted to major general in June 1916, the appointment specifically stating that it was a reward for "Distinguished Service in the Field". Within two months Cobbe was promoted to temporary lieutenant general and in March 1917 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath.
By this time Cobbe was in Mesopotamia, where he would spend the rest of the war and stay until late 1919. As the commander of III Indian Corps, he served under three successive C-in-Cs, Mesopotamian Field Force, all of whom mentioned him generously in their despatches to the War Office. He was present at the capture of Kut-al-Amara in February 1917, and the capture of Baghdad the following month. Playing a notable role in the British successes at Samarrah in April, and at Ramadi in September 1917, Cobbe also defeated a Turk force at Sharqat in October 1918 (the final action on the Mesopotamian Front) before peacefully capturing Mosul in November 1918.
His service in the First World War added to Cobbe’s medal collection: the 1914 Star with clasp "5thAug-22ndNov 1914", the British War Medal 1914–1920 and the Victory Medal 1914–1919. France appointed him a Commander of the Legion of Honour, and the King of Italy made him a Commander of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. In March 1919 he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India.
Later career.
In June 1919 Cobbe was made a substantive lieutenant general, and was appointed Military Secretary to the India Office in 1920. Promotion to general came in March 1926 just prior to his appointment as General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of India's Northern Command. On his return to England he was reappointed in June 1930 as Military Secretary to the India Office.
Honours continued to come Cobbe's way. In 1922 he was appointed Colonel of his first regiment, The South Wales Borderers. In the New Year Honours of 1928 he was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, and in June 1930 he was appointed ADC General to His Majesty. The following month he was appointed Colonel of the Sikh Pioneers. However, a lifetime of soldiering in severe climates and arduous conditions had had its effect and, at the age of just 61, General Sir Alexander Cobbe died on 29 June 1931. He is buried alone in the churchyard of Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire.
Family life.
On 1 October 1910 the 40-year-old Cobbe married the 23-year-old Winifred Ada Bowen, daughter of Sir Albert Bowen, 1st Baronet, and his wife Alice Anita Crowther. Sir Albert was the lord of the manor of Colworth, in the parish of Sharnbrook. It is not clear how much time Alexander Cobbe was able to spend with his wife in their 21 years of marriage, the First World War certainly caused them to be parted for long periods, with Winifred mainly staying at Colworth, however, they had two daughters, Winifred Alice (b 1912) and Anne Philippa and a son, Alexander William Locke, known as Bill, born 1919. As a flying officer in the Royal Air Force, Bill Cobbe was killed on 8 September 1940 during the Battle of Britain.
Legacy.
The headquarters of the Malawi army are named the "Cobbe Barracks" in his honour. They are located at Zomba, the former capital, and are home to what were the King's African Rifles (now the Malawi Rifles).
The medal.
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Regimental Museum of The Royal Welsh "(The Barracks, Brecon, Powys, Wales)".
External links.


Luke Erede Ejohwomu

Luke Erede Ejohwomu, Adakaji is the Ovie of Abraka Kingdom hails from Ovowodo/Umeghe ruling house. His Majesty was born in 1 June 1936 to the family of Erede Ejohwomu and Aliatete Ejohwomu. Under the watchful eyes of his late but prominent uncle, Patrick Ejohwomu, he commenced his primary school education in 1944 at the Native Authority (N.A.) School, Amai. In 1950, he moved to the N.A. School, Otu-Jeremi; in 1951, he transferred to the Catholic School at Okpara Water Side where he obtained the standard six certificate. In 1952, he gained admission into St. Thomas College, Ibusa from where he obtained Teacher Grade Two Certificate in 1956.
Eager to put his knowledge to the test, Ejohwomu secured a teaching job at Catholic Modern School, Abraka between 1957 and 1958. During this period, he read privately for Ordinary and Advanced Levels of the GCE in order to qualify for admission into the university. By dint of hard work, he passed both examinations in 1958 and 1960 respectively. In October, 1961, he gained admission into the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, to read Economics. He obtained a B.Sc degree in Economics in June 1964. On graduating, Ejohwom taught in Urhobo College, Effurun. He taught Economics at the Higher School Certificate classes of the College. In September 1968, he was admitted into the University of Ibadan to read for a post-graduate diploma in Librarianship, a course he successfully completed in June, 1969. In 1978, he attended a course at the I.L.O. Advanced Training Centre, located in Turnin, Italy, and obtained a diploma in Training Methodology from that institution the same year.
He served in many ministries and departments in the Bendel State Civil Service. From July 1969 to about June 1981, he served in the cooperative division of the Ministry of Trade and Industry as an assistant registrar, senior assistant registrar and principal assistant registrar and assistant chief registrar of cooperatives. He transferred to the administrative cadre in 1981 and moved to the Ministry of Social Development and Culture and headed the culture division of that ministry. Later, he was deployed to the following local government areas as a chairman Burutu Local Government Area, July 1986 to December 1987, Isoko Local Government Area, July 1989 to December 1990 and Ughelli South Local Government Area, October to December 1991.
On his deployment back to main civil service, he was assigned to the economic matters division of the Military's Governor's Office, Benin City, as its Secretary. In that position, he represented the Governor's Office of the Public Utilities Board as a director. He served in that capacity between 1988 and 1989. From there, he was posted to the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Benin City, as a director of finance. During his time there, Ejohwomu looked after the finances of that executive ministry and ensured that government resources were judiciously spent.
When Delta State was created in 1991, he was one of the few civil servants selected by Chief Felix Ibru, the executive governor of the new state, to prepare a programme for its smooth take off. Working with two politicians, Ejohwomu also prepared the plan of activities for the establishment of the Agricultural Development Programme.
His mommy; muse Roseline had a brilliant career in the civil service of Bendel and Delta State Civil Service before retiring in 1992. He attained the rank of a Substantive Director (Grade Level 16) in the Ministry of Agricultural and Natural Resources, the last Ministry he served in before retiring in 1992. On retirement, he was appointed chairman, National Directorate of Employment, Delta State Chapter, in 1992 by the Executive Governor of Delta State, Chief Felix Ibru.
During those years of dedicated service, he interacted with many traditional rulers in the former Bendel State now Edo/Delta, little realising that he would be one of them in no distant future. Luke Erede Ejohwomu, the
Ovie of Abraka, was appointed to the throne after he was unanimously chosen as Ovie Elect of Abraka Kingdom by his people in accordance with the Bendel State Legal Notice No.99 of 1979 now applicable in Delta State. He was installed according to tradition on 15 March 1994. On 17 April 1995, the Military Administrator of Delta State Group Captain Ibrahim Kefas, FSS, PSC (+) presented him with a Staff of office.
Easily referred to as a National Ovie; His Majesty's warm relationship with other traditional rulers in the country cumulated in his palace being a meeting point for Ovies, Emirs, Obis, Igwes and Obas from all over Nigeria. Some of these include Emir of Borgu, Dr (Sen) H. Dantoro CON. Kitoro 111, Emir of Ringim, Dein of Agbor, HM Keagboekuzi1, JP, Obi of Owa, HM Obi Dr Emmanuel Efeizomor 11 JP, Igwete of Amai, Eze Monday Ossai.
Following the reign of His Majesty Luke Erede Ejohwomu, Adakaji 1, and the consequent splitting of the Kingdom into two separate kingdom, HRM AVM Lucky Ochuko Ararile (rtd) was enthroned as the Ovie (King) of Umiaghwa-Abraka Kingdom in April 2012.(http://www.frontiersnews.com/abraka-kingdom-elects-avm-ararile-as-new-king/).
Hobbies.
His Majesty listened to classical music and enjoyed the game football and documentary films.
Religion.
He was a Christian (a practicing Catholic and a Knight of St John International, KSJI) St Georges Squad.
Marital status.
His Majesty was married to Her Majesty, Oniemo Elizabeth Eghenure Ejohwomu (Nee Ohwovoriole) daughter of H.R.H D.G Ohwovoriole, Ugbenu Alaka 11, Ohworode of Olomu Kingdom of blessed memory. The marriage is blessed with children and grandchildren.
Charities.
https://www.facebook.com/Adakaji-1-ROYAL-Foundation-318670812294027/
Membership.
He was a member of the following:
•Delta State Council of Traditional Rulers
•Ukoko R’Ivie R’Urhobo
•Association of Traditional Rulers of Oil Mineral Producing Communities
•Rotary Club of Nigeria (Honorary)
•South-South Traditional Rulers Forum
•Delta State Traditional Council on Nation Development Summit of Traditional Rulers
•Knight of St John International (KSJI)
•Catholic Men Organisation
•St Thomas's Old Boys Association, Ibusa
•University of Nigeria Nsukka Alumni Association (Great Lions)
•Grand Patron of many unions, social and religious organizations e.g. Catholic Youth Organisation, Abraka Chapter, Abraka both at home and dispora


Joachim Ferreira

Joachim Johannes Ferreira was a Boer commandant who saw action at Majuba and Ingwavuma. He was responsible for negotiating the transfer of land east of the Lebombo Mountains to the South African Republic. His plans were frustrated by the actions of Sir Charles Saunders who annexed the territory which became known as British Maputaland.
Ferreira was born on 8 August 1835 near Uitenhage and was taken on the Great Trek as an infant. He married Adriana Davel and had a daughter, Christina. He settled near Swaziland with other Voortrekker families in what they called the Commonwealth of the Little Free State (Klein Vrystaat) in 1875. At the same time, Swazi King Mbandzeni granted a 36,000 acre grazing concession to Ferreira and his brother-in-law Franz Ignatius Maritz, the largest concession to Boer settlers at the time. Ferreira began the First Boer War as the commandant of the Utrecht Commando, and went on to lead one of the two Boer divisions at the Battle of Majuba Hill on 27 February 1881. He died near Piet Retief on 16 May 1917.


Thamusida

Thamusida was a Berber, Carthaginian, and Roman river port that was near the present-day towns of Kénitra and Mehdia in Morocco. Under the Roman Empire, it formed a part of the province of Mauretania Tingitana.
Name.
The Punic form of the name was (). Because the original name intended a hard, breathy /tʰ/ sound instead of the usual English /θ/, the same name is also sometimes written Tamusida or Tamusia. It is probably identical with the Thymiateria mentioned by Pseudo-Scylax.
History.
The city originally was a Berber settlement. It was used as a Carthaginian trading post and was about from Shalat (the Roman Sala and modern Chellah). It issued its own bronze coins.
It was occupied by Romans in the first years of Augustus' rule. There were a military camp and a nearby little city, until Claudius enlarged Thamusida. According to historian Stefano Camporeale, the auxiliary unit that built the Roman camp in Thamusida was probably the "Cohors secunda Syrorum civium Romanorum" in the second half of the first century (ceramic evidence confirms this chronology): this camp (with annexed "vicus") was one of the largest camps of the whole province of Mauretania Tingitana and measured about . Under the Antonines, a temple was built to worship Venus. Later the settlement grew progressively, and by the end of the second century or the early third century, it was surrounded by a wall that included a total area of about 15 hectares.
In the third century, Thamusida become a mostly Christian city with a population of nearly 7,000 inhabitants. The site was abandoned around AD285, when Diocletian moved the Roman limes of Mauretania Tingitana to the north, near Lixus. There were some inhabitantsaccording to recent archeological discoveriesin Thamusida for another century after the Roman abandonment. But with the Vandal invasion, the city disappeared around AD425.
Modern archaeological site.
The site was excavated from 1913 by the French, then 1959 to 1962 and since 1998. Many items found in Thamusida are today on display at the Rabat Archaeological Museum. It occupies an area of . Excavations have unearthed the walls of the docks and baths.


Kiggala of Buganda

 Kiggala Sewannaku Mukaabya Kasungubu (died 1494) was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda. He reigned from 1434 until 1464 and from 1484 until 1494. He was the 5th Kabaka of Buganda.
Claim to the throne.
He was the eldest son of Kabaka Ttembo Kiridde, Kabaka of Buganda, by his wife, Najjemba. He ascended to the throne upon the death of his father, around 1434. He established his capital at Kitala Hill. In 1464, he abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Ntege Kiyimba. Kiggala resumed the throne after the death of his son, sometime around 1484. He went blind shortly after the beginning of his second reign. He ruled under the regency of his prime ministers.
Married life.
He married six wives as detailed below:
Issue.
Kabaka Kiggala fathered nine recorded sons:
The final years.
Kabaka Kiggala Mukaabya Sewannaku Kasungubu died in 1494 of extreme old age and was succeeded on the throne by his grandson, Kayima Sendikaddiwa. His remains are buried at Ddambwe, Busiro.


Yatuta Chisiza

Yatuta Chisiza (born 1926 – died October 1967, near Blantyre, Malawi) was a Malawi minister of home affairs who led a brief guerrilla incursion into the country in October 1967.
He entered Mwanza district from Tanzania with nine others. In the following clash with security forces on 9 October 1967 he and two other members of insurgent forces were killed, five captured, others fleeing.
Early years.
Chisiza was born in the Karonga district of northern Malawi (then Nyasaland) in 1926, to Kaluli Chisiza, a Group Village Headman. He was educated at Uliwa Junior Primary School and at the mission school at Livingstonia. He subsequently worked as an Assistant Inspector of Police in Tanzania (then Tanganyika) and returned to Malawi in 1958. For a short time he, together with his brother Dunduzu Chisiza, attempted to go in business operating a butcher's shop in Blantyre market, but this venture soon failed.
Nyasaland Independence Movement.
After the historic Nyasaland African Congress convention in January 1959, he was appointed as bodyguard to Hastings Kamuzu Banda, who later became the first premier of Malawi. He was arrested along with hundreds of others (including his brother) in the dawn raids of Operation Sunrise on 3 March 1959, when the colonial administration declared a state of emergency in Nyasaland. In 1960 he was named as Secretary General of the MCP under Banda's presidency. He was imprisoned in Khami Prison near Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia. He was released, some months after Banda, in September 1960.
Political career.
After the death of his brother, Dunduzu Chisiza, in September 1962, Yatuta was elected to the Legislative Council for Karonga district and Banda appointed him Minister of Home Affairs.
Nyasaland cabinet crisis.
Not long after Malawi had gained independence from Great Britain in July 1964, he was one of several cabinet ministers who, chafing under an increasingly autocratic leadership, were ousted by Banda in the Cabinet Crisis of 1964. He fled the country and, allegedly after undergoing military training in China, later conducted guerilla operations against the Banda regime from Tanzania. Here, Chisiza founded the Socialist League of Malawi (LESOMA), the most radical Malawian party in opposition to the Banda regime. Chisiza was succeeded by Attati Mpakati. Another exiled Malawian and important member of LESOMA was Mahoma M. Mwaungulu.
Paul Theroux and the bread van affair.
In 1964 Paul Theroux, an outspoken American Peace Corps Volunteer in Nyasaland, was declared persona non grata by Dr. Hastings Banda for supporting Yatuta, who was accused of attempting to overthrow the government. Theroux delivered a letter from an exiled opposition leader, David Rubadiri, to Chisiza in Tanzania. He also carried a coded messages from Chisiza to a "Greek fellow" in Blantyre. According to an account by Theroux in Esquire Magazine, when Theroux delivered the message on October 16 to the Greek baker, who was en route to delivering his bread to Ntcheu,
the baker "trembled and went pale"." : guessed the Greek baker had been caught, interrogated by the Malawi Criminal Investigation Department about bread van", and exposed Yatuta's whereabouts and Theroux's involvement. Banda told the American ambassador that he had proof Theroux was plotting to kill him, and demanded the volunteer be sent home. He found out later that in his final day, instead of finding bread waiting in a van, Chisiza found Malawi soldiers, who ambushed and killed the revolutionary gunman from Tanzania where he was plotting against Banda. Paul Theroux was thrown out of the Peace Corps for his role in Malawi and is now a renowned novelist.
His death.
Chisiza was killed by a single shot to the head in October 1967, apparently by Malawian security forces, although rumours have attributed a role to security forces of the Ian Smith regime in Southern Rhodesia. His body was put on display at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital near Blantyre as a warning to other potential insurgents.
He was survived by two sons, Vyande Yatuta Chisiza and Kwacha Chisiza, and grandchildren: Millie, Bakalele, Mphikwa, Matebe, Mutale, Lusayo, Atupele, Mbakaya and Chikosa. He is the brother of Dunduzu Chisiza, and uncle to Du Chisiza Jnr.


Bhungane II

Bhungane II kaNtsele, "Bhungan'omakhulukhulu" (birth name Mlotsha) was the king of AmaHlubi tribe from 1760 until his death in 1800. He was the father of King Mthimkhulu II (Ngwadlazibomvu). He was also the grandfather to the famous King Langalibalele I. King Bhungane II was a gifted medicine-man (herbalist), he also had rainmaking powers which is believed to be passed on from father to son in the Hlubi kingship.


Elections in the Gambia

Elections in The Gambia gives information on election and election results in The Gambia.
The Gambia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly has 53 members, 48 members elected for a five-year term and 4 members appointed.
The Gambia was a one party dominant state with the Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction formerly in power until their defeat in 2017.
Opposition parties are allowed as part of a multi-party political system
Following the December 1, 2016 elections, the elections committee declared Adama Borrow winner of the elections. Incumbent president Yahya Jammeh accepted defeat on December 2.


Phunga kaGumede

Phunga kaGumede was a chief of the Zulu people in modern-day South Africa.
He succeeded his father, Gumede kaZulu, as chief in the early 18th century. He died in 1727 and was succeeded by his brother Mageba kaGumede.


Elizabeth Pulane Moremi

Elizabeth Pulane Moremi (19121994) was regent and "mohumagadi" (queen) of BaTawana from 1946 to 1964 while her son, Letsholathêbê II a Morêmi, was too young to rule. She married Moremi III in 1937. When he was killed in a 1946 car crash, she was made regent. As regent, Moremi attempted to make several progressive reforms, but was hindered by conservative opposition. She stepped down in 1964 and worked at a school before her death thirty years later.
Early life.
Elizabeth Pulane Moremi was born in the Orange Free State in August 1912 to Reuben Seeco, a railway worker, and Elizabeth Molema. Her parents were members of the BaRolong tribe. She spoke English and Afrikaans as a child. After training to work as a nurse, she moved to South Africa and found employment at the Tiger Kloof Educational Institute. It was at the school that she met her husband, Moremi, and the two married in 1937. They had three children. It was said that she "preferred to be called Mrs. Moremi".
Career.
In 1937 her husband became king of the BaTawana and the couple moved to Ngamiland. Moremi III did not always get along with the British who controlled Botswana at the time in the Bechuanaland Protectorate, and he was suspended in 1945 over allegations of corruption. Because the British felt she could be trusted, Elizabeth Moremi was placed as treasurer of the tribe. Her husband died the following year in a car crash. Because the most prominent adult male in the family, her husband's uncle, was considered incompetent and their eldest son was too young to rule, Moremi became regent of the tribe. The British officials had a positive impression of her work as treasurer. There were around 50,000 people in the tribe when she assumed the position. Leetile Disang Raditladi, who had been appointed by her husband, was her secretary. The two had an affair that began in 1947.
The "Dictionary of African Biography" describes Moremi as a "a progressive and able administrator", but her regency was marked by conflict with conservative royals who had long controlled the tribe and its policies. Of the royal family, only her husband's mother supported Moremi as regent. She was also considered a poor choice by some because she was not a native member of the tribe. Moremi also considered herself more refined than the BaTawana; she had not even been close to her husband after several years because he considered her too "aloof", and he sometimes had one of his mistresses cook food for her. These conservatives tried to remove Moremi, but the British supported her remaining in control. They also hindered her efforts at change. Nevertheless, Moremi was able to institute some reforms, such as giving the BaYei people an increased degree of independence in 1948 and creating a tribal council to increase the representation of "subordinate groups" in the 1950s. Moremi was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the 1957 New Year Honours, and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1963 New Year Honours.
A 1961 newspaper profile said that she held "power no woman has achieved in Africa since European invaders deposed the last of the women chiefs". As chief she increased discipline as well as spending on education. Moremi would also criticize the British government at times, including over its treatment of Seretse Khama and handling of a disagreement with the BaNgwato. When the Protectorate Legislative Council was created in 1960, she was the only woman to serve on it. In 1963 she banned the hunting of hippos in the region.
The Moremi Game Reserve was created in 1963. Moremi had played a crucial role in its creation, shepherding the effort and working to build support for it. She eventually convinced the community to support the reserve at kglota (or community decision). The effort pioneered community-based natural resource management. The reserve's creation has been cited as a major step in wildlife conservation in the region.
Retirement and death.
Moremi left the regency in 1964 and was succeeded by her son. Moremi later worked in eastern Botswana, at the Francistown Teaching College. She eventually retired and died in 1994.


Ezekwe

Ezekwe, is the name of several Igbo families, most notably the Ezekwe family of Ezeawulu, Nibo, Awka LGA, in Anambra State, Nigeria, West Africa.
Leader and descendants.
Oke Ezekwem as he was known was from Umuaka Dike in Umuezeagha clan in Ezeawulu. One of the most notable leaders of the area (traditional ruler of Ezeawulu village who was at war with Nnama Orjiakor of Umuanum village) before the coming of the British in the mid-to-late 19th century. He married Nwaka aka Ododo (maiden name Ezealor) from neighboring town Nise, and had 7 children: Aaron, Nwaku Abia, John, Mgbafor, Mgboye, Phillip and Rosa. Aaron would become a chief police officer for the British in the Eastern Region of Nigeria.
Mgbafor (Selina) and her husband Joshua Nnama served as Anglican missionaries planting churches around Southern Nigeria. Phillip became the 2nd Igbo Doctor of Nigeria, graduating from the Old Yaba Medical School and the University of Glasgow in 1937, became a Gynecologist and eventually would be the Chief Medical Officer to the Federal Republic of Nigeria, a position he held until 1966.
The Ezekwe descendants are spread around the world, especially around the African continent, UK, and the USA, as distinguished notable intellectuals and professionals with expertise in multiple fields of study.


Mwanasolundwi Muyunda Mumbo wa Mulonga

"Mulena Yomuhulu Mbumu wa Litunga" Mwanasolundwi Muyunda Mumbo wa Mulonga was a mythical ruler, High chief of the Lozi people in Zambia, Africa.
He was a king of Lozi and demigod, one of the sacred high chiefs of Barotseland.
Biography.
His father was god Nyame and his mother was mortal queen named Mbuymamwambwa, a daughter of Mwambwa. He was a stepson of goddess Asase Ya.
He was chosen as the first male ruler of the Lozi and extended his realm by conquering the ba-Mishulundu, ba-Namale, ba-Mulinga, ba-Upangoma, ba-Liuwa, ba-Muenyi and the Mambowe.
His wife was Chiefess Malundwelo.
He died at Ikatulamwa and is buried there.


Namibia Democratic Party

The Namibia Democratic Party was a political party in Namibia. The party was founded in Vaalgras, 1975. It was led by Emil Appolus. The party had its roots in the South West Africa United National Independence Organisation (SWAUNIO).


Jones Adenola Ogunde

Oba Jones Adenola Ogunde JP was born on 23 April 1930 to the family of Prince Jacob Adefuye Ogunde and Alice Tanimowo Ogunde. He attended Saint John's Anglican Primary School, Ijebu-Itele for his elementary studies in the late 1930s. He then proceeded to Ijebu Ode for further studies and apprenticeship. Afterwards, he left Ijebu for Lagos where he established a printing press business.
Prior to his appointment as the Moyegeso of Itele, he was a successful businessman owning a printing press company called Nigerian Service Printers in Surulere, Lagos. He had also served as the treasurer on the board of the Itele Community Development Association at a point during his youth days. The Itele community witnessed some development during his reign. For example, it was during his reign that the Moyegeso of Itele became a coronet and gained elevation to the status of a part II Oba by the Ogun State government of Nigeria. He was also a Justice of the Peace until his demise.
He was crowned as Oba Moyegeso on May 20, 1985, three years after he was appointed in 1981. His regnal name was Adeyoruwa II. The Moyegeso Adeyoruwa I was his great grandfather, and the Moyegeso of Itele until 1927. He was the father of the Gospel singer and songwriter, Ade Jones.


The Memory of Love

The Memory of Love is a 2010 novel by Aminatta Forna about the experiences of three men in Sierra Leone.
Reception.
Maaza Mengiste reviewing "The Memory of Love" "gives us a stronger, more nuanced voice, a writer more willing to take risks with plot and character. The results of that risk-taking are, however, mixed." and concluded "at the core of this novel is the brave and beating heart, at once vulnerable and determined, unwilling to let go of all it has ever loved."
"The Guardian", found it "an ambitious and deeply researched novel"
"The Memory of Love" has also been reviewed by "Booklist", "BookPage Reviews", "Publishers Weekly", "Kirkus Reviews", "The Daily Telegraph", and "The Spectator".


History of Katanga

This is a history of Katanga Province and the former independent State of Katanga, as well as the history of the region prior to colonization.
Earliest residents.
Prior to Bantu migration around 500 BCE, the area was probably the site of dwellings by much more widespread Khoisan and Pygmy hunter-gatherer peoples; the Katanga area is one of the few areas in the continent where concurrent settlements of both peoples have been identified. They were assimilated or driven out by the expansion of the Bantu peoples into the area.
Luba settlement.
The earliest permanent settlements in the Katanga region are, supposedly, those of the Luba people's ancestors, who settled in the Upemba Depression near Lake Upemba. In the marshes of the Upemba Depression, large scale cooperation was necessary to build and maintain dikes and drainage ditches. This kind of communal cooperation also made possible the construction of dams to stock fish during the long dry season. By the 8th century the Luba were working in iron and trading in salt, palm oil, and dried fish. They used these products to trade for copper, charcoal (for iron smelting), glass beads, iron and cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean.
Several distinct societies developed out of the Upemba culture prior to the genesis of the Luba. Each of these societies based the foundation of their society on that of the one which preceded it (much in the way that many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks). The 5th century saw this societal evolution develop in the area around present day Kamilamba at the Kabambasee, which was followed and replaced by a number of other cultures which were based around the cities of Sanga and Katango.
The region in which these cultures appeared is particularly rich in ores and the civilization began to develop and implement iron and copper technology, in addition to trading in ivory and other goods. The Upemba established a strong commercial demand for their metal technologies and were able to institute a primitive but long-range commercial net (the business connections extended over 1500 km, all the way to the Indian Ocean). Additionally, the region was endowed with favorable agricultural conditions and a wealth of fish and game.
From 1500s to the 1800s.
Beginning in the late 16th century, the province was controlled by the Luba Empire and Lunda Kingdom, which spawned a migration of warriors and tribes into neighbouring regions. The Bemba, Kazembe-Lunda, Kanongesha-Lunda and Lozi in Zambia are just some of the people who trace their origins to Katanga.
Msiri's Yeke kingdom.
In the mid-19th century, a Nyamwezi trader from Tabora in modern-day Tanzania called Msiri founded the powerful but short-lived Yeke Kingdom. Msiri's home district was called Garanganza, a name which came to be used for the Yeke Kingdom as well. Msiri married the daughter of Chief Katanga, who protected him against the xenophobia of Chief Mpanda of Basanga. The name 'Katanga' is derived from Msiri's father-in-law. Msiri's power was based on copper, ivory and slaves, which he traded to both the west coast (Angola) and east coast (Zanzibar) for firearms and gunpowder, enabling him to transform himself within a few years into a warrior-king, conquering the territory between the Kasai River and Luapula River, the Zambezi-Congo watershed and Lake Upemba, taking over land and subject tribes from the Luba and Lunda peoples.
In the 1880s King Leopold II of Belgium, with the assistance of British explorer Henry Morton Stanley, established the Congo Free State (CFS) north of Katanga. His attention was drawn by reports of Katanga's copper wealth and the possibility of gold. Msiri tried to stall and play off Leopold's expeditions against those of the latter's European rival, Cecil Rhodes. Leopold sent the Stairs Expedition to raise the Congo Free State's flag by force if necessary. It was. Msiri was uncooperative, and was shot by one of the expedition's European officers on 28 December 1891.
Colonial history under Belgian rule.
Leopold took possession of Katanga and on 15 April 1891 its administration on behalf of the CFS was entrusted to another of Leopold's companies, the "Compagnie du Katanga". No effective administration was set up until 19 June 1900, when it was renamed the "Comité Spécial du Katanga", an administrative entity separate from the CFS. The Luba resisted, most notably in a major rebellion in 1895, after which many Luba were sent to work as forced labor in the copper mines of Katanga. led another rebellion of the Luba that was not suppressed by the Belgians until 1917.
After the take-over of the CFS from Leopold by the Belgian government, on 1 September 1910, Katanga was integrated into the Belgian Congo but retained a large measure of autonomy until 1 October 1933, when part of its Lomami Province was transferred to Kasaï Province.
On 1 October 1933, it was renamed the province of Élisabethville (in French; Elisabethstad in Dutch), after its capital (now Lubumbashi).
Once Katanga was firmly under Belgian control, and the mineral resources were heavily exploited by Belgian firms (notably "Union Minière du Haut Katanga") the province was developed much more than the rest of the country. The Belgian mining cartel employed a mixture of contract mercenaries and hired guards to subdue the local population and to ensure transport of minerals and other goods out of the country. The Luba people opposed and often interfered with mining operations, and many were killed in raids on mining operations.
With the high demand of mining workforce in the region many people were brought from neighbouring regions, mostly Luba people from the Kasai area and even workers from Zambia.
Congolese independence and Katangese secession.
After Congo was granted independence in June 1960, Katanga became an autonomous province. On 11 July 1960, Katanga broke away from the new Congolese government of Patrice Lumumba, declaring independence under Moise Tshombe, leader of a local party, the CONAKAT ("Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga": Federation of Katanga tribal associations). Despite this, the new Katangese government did not have support throughout the province, especially not in the northern Baluba areas.
The declaration of independence was made with the support of Belgian business interests and over 6,000 Belgian troops. Tshombe was known to be close to the Belgian industrial companies which mined the area's rich resources of copper, gold and uranium.
Katanga was one of the richest and most developed areas of the Congo. Without it, Congo would lose a large part of its mineral assets and consequently of its government income. The view of the Congolese central government and of much of international opinion, was that the secession masked an attempt to create a Belgian-controlled puppet state run for the benefit of mining interests. Paradoxically, not even Belgium officially recognised the new state even though it provided Katanga with military assistance. The Luba were divided -- one faction under Ndaye Emanuel supported secession and another, under Kisula Ngoye, supported the central government.
In September 1960, Lumumba was replaced in a coup d'état. On 17 January 1961, he was sent to Lubumbashi, capital of Katanga, where he was tortured and executed shortly after arrival. Belgian officers, under Katangese command, were present at the execution.
The UN Security Council met in the wake of Lumumba's death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. On 21 February 1961 the Security Council adopted Resolution 161, which authorised 'all appropriate measures' to 'prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including ... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort'. The resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign mercenaries, but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. This resolution was ultimately interpreted by local UN forces to justify military operations to end the secession of Katanga. Despite this new resolution, during the next six months the UN undertook no major military operations, instead concentrating on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations.
In June, Tshombe signed a pledge to reunite Katanga with rest of the country, however by August it was clear he had no intention of implementing this agreement. In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate the mercenaries and political advisors by force. The second operation was resisted by the Katangese gendarmerie and resulted in casualties on both sides.
Peace negotiations ensued, in the course of which, UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld died in uncertain circumstances in a plane crash near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia).
Under UN pressure, Tshombe later agreed to a three-stage plan from the acting Secretary General, U Thant, that would have reunited Katanga with Congo. However, this remained an agreement on paper only.
Urged on by Congolese leader Cyrille Adoula, UN forces launched a decisive attack on Katanga in December 1962. The capital, Elisabethville (now Lubumbashi), fell in January 1963, and Tshombe fled to Kolwezi, where he surrendered on January 15, 1963. The Katangese secession was formally ended by the National Conciliation Plan. Kisula Ngoye emerged as the governor of the new province.
Post-Reunification.
In 1966, the central government nationalized the "Union Minière du Haut Katanga", now known as "Gécamines". In 1971, Katanga was renamed Shaba, from the Swahili word for 'brass' (a borrowing from Arabic "shabah"). Throughout the 1970s, further insurrections like the 1977 Shaba I were put down by the government with help from foreign nations. On May 12, 1978, for example, rebels occupied the city of Kolwezi, the mining centre of the province. Zaire asked the United States, France, and Belgium to restore order. This resulted in 700 African and 170 European victims.
In 1995, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights considered a complaint entered by the Katanga People's Congress against Zaire alleging that Zaire breached the international law principle of self-determination, embodied in Article 20 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and requesting the Commission to recognise a right of secession for Katanga from Zaire.
The request was rejected, but in consistency with other international jurisprudence, on grounds that "The Commission is obligated to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Zaire", the Commission hinted that the people of Katanga might have a right to autonomy, as a form of "internal" self-determination.
The province became Katanga again in 1997 after Mobutu Sésé Seko was exiled, as part of the reverting of much of his 'zairisation' of colonial names.
Following the promulgation of the 2006 Constitution, originally due by February 2009 but since delayed, Katanga was to be divided into the following provinces:


Arthur Grimble

Sir Arthur Francis Grimble, (Hong Kong, 11 June 1888 – London, 13 December 1956) was a British civil servant and writer.
Biography.
Grimble was educated at Chigwell School and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He then went to France and Germany for postgraduate studies. After joining the Colonial Office in 1914 he became the very first cadet administrative officer in the Gilbert and Ellice Islands, of which he later became Resident Commissioner in 1926. He is the best known of all the Resident Commmissioners and the progenitor of many's impressions of those islands, through his 1950s radio broadcast on BBC and his bestseller book, "A Pattern of Islands". He was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 1 January 1930. He learned the Gilbertese language and became a specialist in the myths and oral traditions of the Kiribati people. He remained in the islands until 1933, after which he served as Governor of the Seychelles (1936–1942) and then of the Windward Islands (1942–1948).
Literary career.
After retiring and moving to Britain in 1948 Grimble became a writer and broadcaster. He wrote "A Pattern of Islands" (London, John Murray 1952, published in the United States as "We Chose the Islands") and "Return to the Islands" (1957), both of which were bestsellers. "Pacific Destiny", a film based on his experiences, was released in 1956. Grimble's scholarly work on Gilbertese culture is covered in Henry Evans Maude's book "Tungaru Traditions: Writings on the Atoll Culture of the Gilbert Islands" (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1989, ).
He is credited with designing in 1932 the coat of arms for the Gilbert and Ellice Islands British colony, which was adapted in 1979 to become the current flag of Kiribati.


Ndahiro II Cyamatare

Ndahiro II Cyamatare was Mwami, or king, of the Kingdom of Rwanda at the end of the fifteenth century. He reigned between 1477 and 1510, during a period of conflict. He was killed in the Gisenyi district fighting the king of the Bugara, and his son, Ruganzu II Ndoli, succeeded him.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 405

United Nations Security Council Resolution 405, adopted on April 14, 1977, after considering the report delivered by the Special Mission established in Resolution 404 for Benin, the Council strongly condemned the attack by mercenaries in the country on January 16, 1977. It recalled Resolution 239 (1965) condemning any State which hires mercenaries to attack another and interfering in its internal affairs. The Council also warned against any State's attempt to destabilise another.
The resolution goes on to thank the Special Mission for its work and requests material assistance for Benin by Member States to help repair damage sustained during the attack.
No details were of the voting were given, other than that it was adopted "by consensus".


Wolete Israel Seyoum

Princess Wolete Israel Seyoum (1907 – 1989) was the daughter of "Leul Ras" Seyoum Mengesha, Prince of Tigray, KBE, and great-granddaughter of Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia.
Biography.
"Woizero" Wolete was thus the sister of "Leul Ras" Mengesha Seyoum. She was first married to the much older "Dejazmach" Gebre Selassie Baria Gebir of Adwa, CBE, "Nibure Id" of Axum by whom she had a son, "Dejazmach" Zewde Gebreselassie. She was widowed not long after the birth of her son. She then married Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen in 1931. The marriage of Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen and Crown Princess Wolete Israel was part of Emperor Haile Selassie's efforts at forging closer bonds between the western Tigrean branch of the Imperial family and his own Shewan branch. At the same time that Princess Wolete Israel married the Crown Prince, her cousin (and her father's rival for primacy in Tigray), "Dejazmach" Haile Selassie Gugsa of the eastern Tigrean branch of the Imperial dynasty was married to the Emperor's daughter Princess Zenebework. It was hoped that these marriages would ensure closer bonds between the two rival princely houses of Tigray with the Emperor's family. Princess Wolete Israel and Prince Asfaw Wossen had a daughter, Princess Ijigayehu.
The Crown Prince and Crown Princess separated during their exile from Ethiopia between 1936 and 1941, and the Princess left England where the Imperial family had taken refuge during the Italian occupation. She went with her children to Egypt where she remained for the duration of the exile. The Crown Prince and Crown Princess divorced in 1941, and the Princess never married again.
Princess Wolete Israel was a devout member of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and apparently a talented artist who liked to paint religious paintings and icons. Her grandson, "Lij" Isaac Fikre Selassie is a noted artist who credits his grandmother as one of his artistic inspirations.
The Princess lived quietly in Addis Ababa and the town of Adama during the rule of the Derg. She was the only princess not placed under arrest during their rule.


Apostolic Vicariate of the Congo

The Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of the Congo, the administrative region covering Catholic mission activity in the Congo area of Central Africa, was by the end of the nineteenth century already fragmented.
The first vicar apostolic appointed for Congo was in 1518, and the intended territory was within modern northern Angola.
Over a period of about eighty years, from 1880, the territory of the present Democratic Republic of Congo became divided into dioceses with their bishops, with apostolic vicariates being the intermediate stage.
Early missions.
The evangelisation of the Congo began as early as 1484, when Diogo Cam discovered the mouth of the Congo River, known as Zaire until the seventeenth century. Cam's naval chaplain set himself at once to preach to the natives, and won to Christianity the chief of the Sogno, a village on the right bank of the Congo, where he first landed. Some of the inhabitants of this village accompanied Cam on his return voyage and were solemnly baptised at the court of John II of Portugal.
Later, the head chief of the Banza-Congo (known as São Salvador in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975) asked King John for missionaries. Three were sent (whether they were Dominicans or Franciscans or members of a Lisbon chapter isn't known); they finally baptised the head chief and many other subordinate ones at Banza-Congo, in a wooden structure called the Church of the Holy Cross. In 1518, a grandson of this chief, known as Henry, who had been ordained in Portugal, was made titular bishop of Utica and appointed by Leo X Vicar Apostolic of Congo. He died before quitting Europe.
From the beginning the Portuguese undertook to introduce Portuguese customs in Congo. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, a native chief, Alvarez II, sent one of his relatives, a marquis, as his representative to the papal court. The ambassador arrived in Rome in a dying condition, and expired the day after his arrival, the eve of the Epiphany, 1608. Pope Paul V, who personally assisted the ambassador in his last moments, gave him a magnificent state funeral and erected to his memory a monument at St. Mary Major's. Later, Pope Urban VIII had a mausoleum erected to him by Bernini; it still stands at the entrance to the choir of the basilica.
The Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Jesuits were the first missionaries of the Congo. Their labours were trying, and rather fruitless. In the seventeenth century, the Jesuits had two colleges, one at Loanda, another, of minor importance, at San Salvador. On the whole, Christianity never took firm root and was soon brought into discredit by the slave-trading Portuguese. While the Portuguese always confined themselves to the Lower Congo, as early as the seventeenth century the missionaries had traversed the course of the Zaire and a seventeenth-century map has been discovered which traces the river according to data supplied by them.


Kalemera Rwaka

Kalemera Rwaka Ntagara was Mwami of the Kingdom of Rwanda in the early 1500s C.E. He was one of the sons of King Ndahiro V Cyamatare


List of Kenyan Victoria Cross recipients


Jinja District

Jinja District is a district in the Eastern Region of Uganda. The town of Jinja is the district's main municipal and commercial center.
Location.
Jinja District is bordered by Kamuli District to the north, Luuka District to the east, Mayuge District to the south-east, Buvuma District to the south, Buikwe District to the west, and Kayunga District to the north-west. The district headquarters at Buwenge are located , by road, east of Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.
Population.
In 1991, the national population census estimated the district population at 289,500. The 2002 national census estimated the population at 387,600, with an annual population growth rate of 2.7 percent. In 2012, the population was estimated at 501,300.


National Union of Students and Pupils of Mali

National Union of Students and Pupils of Mali (in French: "Union Nationale des Etudiants et des Elèves du Mali") was a student movement in Mali.
UNEEM was founded in January 1979. It was banned by the government.
In early 1980 massive protests erupted over the non-payment of student "bourses". In February that year, fire-brand leader Abdul Karim "Cabral" Camara was elected general secretary of UNEEM.
On March 8 UNEEM led a protest march against in Bamako outside a summit of states of the Sahara region. Violence broke out, and police killed 13 students. Camara was jailed, and killed in detention. UNEEM was suppressed and ceased to function.


State Secretary of the South African Republic

The State Secretary of the South African Republic (Transvaal) was the principal administrative officer of that republic, officially known as the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek.


Moi Avenue (Nairobi)

Moi Avenue (formerly First Station Road and Government Road) is a major road inside the Central Business District of Nairobi. It is one of the oldest roads in Nairobi and is intersected by Kenyatta Avenue, City-Hall Way and Haile Selassie Avenue, running West to East.
History.
The road was the one of the two initial roads, together with Victoria Street, built in Nairobi. It was initially known as First Station Road as it was the road on which Nairobi Railway Station was located. The road quickly became home to many government offices and buildings, and in 1901 it was renamed Government Road. Politician Tom Mboya was gunned down on Government Road on 5 July 1969 and there is a monument in his memory in front of Hilton Park. The road was later renamed Moi Avenue, for Daniel arap Moi, after Kenya's independence as a sign of nationalism.
Landmarks include Jeevanjee Gardens, Khoja Mosque, Moi University, Hilton Park, and many commercial facilities.


Andafiavaratra Palace

The Andafiavaratra Palace, located on the highest hilltop of the capital city of Antananarivo, was the residence of Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony of Madagascar, who governed the island kingdom in the late 19th century. The building currently serves as a museum and the estimated 1,466 objects of historical importance to the Kingdom of Madagascar that were rescued from the 1995 fire at the Rova of Antananarivo are housed here.


Ibrahim Jalo Waziri

Ibrahim Jalo Waziri, "COS, CFR" (December 16, 1926 – November 1984) was a teacher, administrator, traditional leader and politician from North Nigeria who was twice elected as the Speaker Federal House of the Representative of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963 and 1963 until the 1966 Military coup in January.
He is the first indigenous full term to be Speaker of House of Representatives of Nigeria twice elected during the time of independence, and was representing the Gombe Central, prior to that he served as the Deputy from 1959 to 1960. During the 1979 election, he was the Bauchi State South East Senatorial District senator serving from 1979 to 1984 and was the Majority Leader during his second term as a senator. He was the chieftains title of 'Wazrin' Gombe till his death.
Background.
Jalo was born in Gombe, Gombe State into a royal advisor family of Gombe Emirates, his father, a Fulani from the dynasty of Nafada Muhammadu Jingudo was the 'Ubandoma' of the Emirate. He began his education in a Qur'anic school before in 1936 was enrolled in Gombe Elementary School to 1940 then he attended the Bauchi Middle School from 1940 to 1943 and there he went to attends the now known as Barewa College before as Katsina College then to Kaduna College and finally renamed to Barewa from 1943 to 1946. He enters the Teachers Training College, Zaria in 1946 and graduated in 1948 with a Grade II Certificate and he went for a West African Local Government Course from the London School of Economics from 1954 to 1955.
Career.
After he had obtained his Grade II Certificate, he started working as a teacher in 1948 at the Bauchi Middle School to 1952 where he became Headmaster at the Gombe Senior Primary School, the same year his father the chieftains holder of 'Ubandoma' of Gombe Emirate died as that result his succeed his title as the "Ubandoma" of Gombe Emirate, with that traditional position and as headmaster he usually performs two functions.
He was later titled the Waziri of Gombe Emirate during that time he was in London for Local government course in 1956 there after he came back to the country.
1958 to 1966 politics.
He joined the Northern People Congress political party in 1958 and contest for Regional legislature of Kaduna, after he had won the election he moved to Lagos and there after in 1959 to 1960, he was made Deputy Speaker of the Representative the last position held before becoming the Speaker of the Representative in 1960 to 1966.
When serving as the Speaker he extend electricity supply to some part of Gombe including providing the communication services unlike the one of 'telephone' and was once the Chief Architea of extending the North-Eastem Railway-line through the north Nigeria having situate the head place in Bauchi.
1966 coup.
As of the 1966 coup, he returned to Gombe Native Authority as Councilor for Works, he help to build the drainage system in Tudun Wada to Jekadafari in Gombe after the defuna North-Eastem State creation happened in 1968, he served twice as a permanent member in the Public Service Commission to 1973 and became the Chairman in the Local Government Service Board. Serving as chairman he ensured the relationship between traditional leaders was very corral and he was later appointed as the Chairman of the Nigeria Industrial Development Bank, holding that position from 1973 to 1976 made him upon to introduced branch offices in Kaduna, Aba and Bauchi and approved granting loans to groups or individuals at the locations without referring them to Lagos which is the head office during, after Bauchi State was created, he was made the Chairman of Public Service Commission taking response of appointment and promotions of civil servants in the State. In 1978 to 1979, he was the Bauchi State Commissioner for Education during the time educational institute in the State were degenerating also making the state educational system to abolished and merged the school so that genders of each would had it own schools, and before rejoining the politics in 1979, he had commissioned various secondary schools.
Jalo was before serving as commissioner, a National Chief Scout by the 1977 head of state and participate in wiping out the widely view of that the Scout is a Christian body, and made his children Scouts and Girls Guides to as an example and later in that year he was made the Chairman of the New India Assurance Company.
Return to politics.
He returns to politics in 1979 under the National party of Nigeria and won the Bauchi State South East Senatoral seat in the house he was the Chairman Committee on Foreign Relations, as of the 1983 he contested again and won and became the Senate Majority Leader. His time in the Senate house was among those who initiates the plan for federal own houses in all state in the country as of his first tenure in 1981. He had well represents his country in various international conferences amongst is the United Nation's Apartheid Committee Seminar in 1980 and in the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in 1981. Before his demise he was an active member in the Gombe State Movement later was demolished by the Major General Buhari regime in 1984.
In 1983, he was honoured with a 'Commander of the Order of Senegal', Key of San-Francisco in California and 'Commander of the order of Niger' by the President of Nigeria 1983.


Kateregga of Buganda

Kateregga Kamegere was Kabaka of the Kingdom of Buganda between 1644 and 1674. He was the fourteenth (14th) Kabaka of Buganda.
Claim to the throne.
He was the only son of Kabaka Sekamaanya Kisolo, Kabaka of Buganda, who reigned between 1614 and 1634. His mother was Nabakyaala Nabuuso, the Naabagareka, his father's only wife. He ascended to the throne following the death of his stepfather, allegedly, after killing him by witchcraft around 1644.
During the reign of Kimbugwe, Prince Kateregga had twin sons. Whilst performing the birth ceremonies in the presence of the Kabaka, Kateregga was accompanied by a different wife instead of the mother of the twins, because the latter was lame. Kimbugwe's inquiry about the absence of the twins' mother angered Kateregga, who stormed out midway the ceremony. Kateregga declared war on Kabaka Kimbugwe, in which he usurped the throne from his cousin.
His reign.
He established his capital at Lugeye Hill.
Kateregga is noted for his violent character, and the persecutions he carried out against the "Ngo" (leopard) clan for their claims to have royal links. Members of the clan found themselves migrating, joining other clans or founding separate clans in order to hide their identity.
To Buganda's territory, Kateregga added Butambala and Gomba through conquest. He installed his own chiefs in these regions as well is in south Singo. His appointment of royal favourites to administrative positions in the provinces reflects a move away from the indirect rule of clan heads and hereditary chiefs towards more direct rule by the monarchy.
Married life.
He married nine (9) wives:
Issue.
He fathered fifteen (15) children:
The final years.
He died from a millipede sting to his genitals in 1674. He was buried at Mitw'ebiri. Other credible sources put his burial place at Buteregga, Busiro.


Andrew Kaggwa

Andrew Kaggwa (or Andrea Kaahwa) (1856 – May 26, 1886) was a Ugandan Catholic martyr killed for his faith. He was one of many Christians put to death by King Mwanga II between 1885 and 1887. He was the king Mwanga's bandmaster-General, the Mugowa.
He was baptized on 30 April 1882 by Père Simon Lourdel M.Afr. (known as Fr. Mapera) at Nabulagala.
The day he met his death, he was arrested at his home and taken to the Chancellor who ordered the executioners to cut off his arm. Kaggwa's arm was first cut off and taken to Mukasa before he was beheaded and hacked to pieces at Munyonyo. He died in the afternoon of Wednesday 26 May 1886.
Kaggwa is the patron of Catechists, Teachers and Families. He is remembered as one of the Martyrs of Uganda's feast day.


Axel Wilhelm Eriksson

Axel Wilhelm Eriksson (24 August 1846 – 5 May 1901) was a Swedish ornithologist, settler and trader in what is now Namibia. He was born in Vänersborg, in Sweden.
Eriksson went to South West Africa in 1866 (before Germany had established its colony of German South West Africa in 1884) to serve out a three-year apprenticeship to Charles John Andersson. In 1871, with Swede Anders Ohlsson, he established a brewery at Omaruru. Eriksson established a trading post there, which flourished and by 1878 employed about forty whites. Eriksson's business was based upon long-distance trading between southern Angola and Cape Colony, which necessitated the establishment of regional trade routes. He also built up an extensive bird collection, specimens coming from South West Africa, Angola and the Transvaal (now Gauteng Province in South Africa), the bulk of which has since been donated to the municipal museum in Vänersborg.
His activities gained much respect from a wide range of communities, including native and Boer, over a large geographic area. He was known to the Herero as "Karuwapa Katiti" ("the small white person").
Axel Eriksson died on 5 May 1901 at farm Urupupa. It was said that "when Karuwapa died, the goodness in the country died as well". His grave near Rietfontein, thirty kilometres south west of Grootfontein, was made a national monument in 1978; a sign beside the grave reads: "This is the last resting place of Axel Eriksson, well known traveller, hunter, trader and pioneer, through whose intercession the Cape Government sent food to the distressed thirstland trekkers in 1879 thus rescuing various families from certain death". Despite the grave's status, the site is virtually inaccessible and is not maintained, with its boundary fence no longer intact (as at October 2014). However, in 2019 visits of the National Namibian Heritage Council took place and first steps to re-establish access and the National Heritage site had been taken. Due to the Covid-19 outbreak, a planned visit of a delegation of Swedish and Namibian government representatives and private Swedish interested parties had to be postponed to 2021.
Eriksson married Frances "Fanny" Stewardson, in 1871 and the couple had two sons, Axel Eriksson (1871-1924, died at Gaideb, Warmbad), a noted painter and Andrew Albert Eriksson (1876-1955) who became a priest in Sweden. There was also a daughter, Maud Alice Eriksson (who married in Cape Town and moved to England). Eriksson's two brothers, Carl and Gustav also migrated to South West Africa. Eriksson divorced Frances and subsequently married a Herero princess. The couple had a son, Jacob (born around 1884), who became a farmer in what is now Mozambique (his fate is not known).


East Central State

East Central State is a former administrative division of Nigeria. It was created on 27 May 1967 from parts of the Eastern Region and existed until 3 February 1976, when it was divided into two states - Anambra and Imo. The area now comprises five states; Anambra, Imo, Enugu, Ebonyi and Abia. The city of Enugu was the capital of East Central State.


AccessKenya Group

AccessKenya Group is a Kenyan company specializing on internet service provision, with headquarters at Purshottam Place in the Westlands suburb of Nairobi.
It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dimension Data Holdings.
The company's services are classified under the 5C strategy focus of Internet Solutions i.e. Cloud, Communication, Connectivity, Carrier and Customer focus.
Overview.
Access Kenya Group comprises Communications Solutions, Broadband Access (Blue), and Openview Business Systems. The Group has 6,000+ corporate leased lines across Kenya and employs over 400 people mainly stationed in Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret.
AccessKenya has numerous partnerships including Cisco (Premier Partner), Motorola, Oracle, Net App Gold Partner and IBM (Premier Business Partner).
In 2008, Openview Business Systems, AccessKenya was voted the Best ISP in Kenya while Openview was awarded the 1st runner up Solutions Provider of the Year by Computer Society of Kenya (CSK). Other awards include three awards at the COYA awards including Runner Up Company of the Year SME Sector, and two further COYA awards in 2007. Openview is ISO certified and has won the CSK IT solution provider of the year in 2005, 2006 and 2007.
History.
Access Kenya Group was founded in 1995 by brothers David and Jonathan Somen to provide information and communications technology for corporate clients within Kenya, under the name Communications Solutions Limited. The company changed its name in 2000 to AccessKenya.
In April 2007, AccessKenya performed an initial public offering (IPO) of stock on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), becoming Kenya's first publicly listed ICT company.
In 2007, AccessKenya Group acquired OpenView Business Systems. In February 2009, AccessKenya acquired Satori Solutions, a mid-sized virtual ISP to help promote the sale of the group's new SoHo service which is focused on the small and home office market. As at February 2008, AccessKenya had a corporate client base of 3000; a residential base of 1500, and small/medium enterprises base of 125.
In June 2013, the AccessKenya Group received a take over bid from Dimension Data Holdings for 100% of the stock that would lead to the delisting of the stock from the Nairobi Securities Exchange. The offer received irrevocable undertaking from the three founders representing 30.28% of the voting rights. The offer was accepted by the shareholders at an extraordinary meeting and the company exited the securities exchange in November of the same year.
Following the buyout, AccessKenya merged with Internet Solutions Kenya Limited, a Dimension Data Group subsidiary.
Companies within the AccessKenya Group hold four licenses from Communications Authority of Kenya (CA) including DCNO, ISP, PDNO, and Local Loop Operator licenses.
In February 2018, AccessKenya officially re-branded to Internet Solutions Kenya.
Subsidiaries and Investments.
The companies that comprise the AccessKenya Group include, but are not limited, to the following:
Governance.
AccessKenya Group is governed by a seven-person Board of Directors with Daniel Ndonye serving as the Chairman of the group and Richard Hechle as the Group CEO.


Olu Akengbuwa

Olu Akengbuwa was the 16th Olu of Warri who ruled over the Kingdom of Warri. He succeeded his father Olu Erejuwa I as the 16th Olu of Warri. He took the title, Ogiame Akengbuwa. He was also called Eyeolusan Joao. When he went to be with his fathers, there was a period of crisis following the death to the potential successors which was followed by a period of political Interregnum. His son Prince Oritsemone left Ode-Itsekiri during the period of the crisis to form Usele Community.


Mandume yaNdemufayo

Mandume Ya Ndemufayo (1894 – 6 February 1917) was the last king of the Kwanyama, a subset of the Ovambo people of southern Angola and northern Namibia. Ndemufayo took over the Kwanyama kingdom in 1911 and his reign lasted until 1917 when he died of either suicide or machine gun fire while his kingdom was under attack from South African forces. Ndemufayo is honoured as a national hero in both Angola and Namibia.
Background.
The Kwanyama kingdom was split by the 1884 Berlin Conference into the areas of Portuguese West Africa and German South West Africa.
Childhood.
Ndemufayo grew up during a time of significant upheaval in the Kwanyama kingdom due to the presence of European merchants and missionaries. Third in line for succession to the Kwanyama throne, the prince lived in fear of assassination from an early age.
1911-1915.
Ndemufayo took the throne peacefully by Kwanyama standards and immediately moved the royal residence to Ondjiva (now in Angola). Ndemufayo expelled Portuguese traders from Kwanyama territory to denounce price inflation. Internally, he issued decrees prohibiting the picking of unripened fruit to protect against droughts and the unneeded use of firearms, an important commodity obtained from European traders. Significantly, he also issued harsh penalties for the crime of rape and allowed women to own cattle, which was previously illegal. Overall, King Ndemufayo sought to restore previous Kwanyama wealth and prosperity against a decaying system of local leadership.
Relationship with Christianity.
Ndemufayo had a reputation for expelling Christians within the Kwanyama kingdom. Numerous Christian families fled to the Ondonga kingdom of the Ovambos. Ndemufayo did not favor Portuguese Roman Catholic missionaries as well as German Rhenish Missionary Society Protestants within his kingdom.
Battle and death.
No European colonizer challenged the well-organized and well-armed Ovambo kingdoms until 1915 and the beginning of World War I which coincided with a massive local drought. During the Battle of Omongwa, Ndemufayo and the Kwanyama's resisted a Portuguese attack for three days. Simultaneously, the South African forces peacefully conquered the portion of the Kwanyama kingdom formerly located in German South West Africa. Due to heavy losses, Ndemufayo was forced to relocate the Kwanyama capital to the area of South West Africa. In February 1917, after Ndemufayo refused to submit to South African control, he died in battle against the South Africans. The cause of his death is disputed; South African records show his death from machine-gun fire, while oral and popular history described his death as suicide.
The Kwanyama kingship was abolished following his death in 1917 until February 1998 when Cornelius Mwetupunga Shelungu was named chief.
Recognition.
"It is better to die fighting than to become a slave of the colonial forces." -- These were the defiant words of one of Namibia's foremost anti-colonialist fighters. He said these words in defiance when the combined [European] colonial forces insisted he should surrender. [...] To his revolutionary spirit and his visionary memory we humbly offer our honor and respect.


List of Gciriku kings

This is a list of "Vahompa" (Kings) of the Gciriku, one of the Kavango peoples of the north of Namibia, and in which village their "Mbara" (royal homestead) was located.


Royal Palace of Tripoli

The Royal Palace was the residence of the Libyan monarch in the capital city Tripoli.
Another residence was the Al-Manar Palace in Benghazi, which was donated by King Idris of Libya as the first campus of the University of Libya. Another residence at Bab Zaytun was further to the east in Tobruk.
It was converted into a public library after the "coup d'état" of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.


Bugiri District

Bugiri District is a district in Eastern Uganda. Like most other Ugandan districts, it is named after its 'chief town', Bugiri, where the district headquarters are located.
Location.
Bugiri District is bordered by Namutumba District and Butaleja District to the north, Tororo District to the northeast, Busia District to the east, Namayingo District to the southeast, Mayuge District to the southwest and Iganga District to the west. Bugiri, the district headquarters is located approximately , by road, east of Jinja, the largest city in Busoga sub-region. The coordinates of the district are:00 33N, 33 45E (Latitude:0.5500; Longitude:33.7500).
Overview.
Bugiri District was carved out of Iganga District, to which it used to belong. The land surface is characterized by gentle undulating hills with few higher residual features. Another feature of the district is its being located in a flat and rolling topographical zone with 90% of its landmass constituting the drainage basins of Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga. As a result, there are numerous swamps that criss-cross the road network, making the cost of the road improvement costly. In July 2010, the southern part of Bugiri District was split off to form Namayingo District. Bugiri District is part of Busoga sub-region, which is conterminous with Busoga Kingdom, one of the constitutionally recognised kingdoms in Uganda. According to the 2002 national census, the sub-region was home to an estimated 2.5 million people at that time. The districts that constitute Busoga sub-region include the following:
Population.
The national population census conducted in 1991 estimated the district population at about 171,300. The 2002 national census estimated the population of the district at approximately 237,400. The annual population growth rate in the district is calculated at 6.1%. In 2012 the population of Bugiri District was estimated at approximately 426,800.
Economic activities.
Agriculture forms the backbone of the district, as it does in the majority of districts in the country. The main crops include:
Tilda Uganda Limited (TUL), a commercial agricultural company, grows rice on a commercial basis at Kibimba Rice Scheme, in the extreme east of Bugiri District. Private out growers also sell their produce to TUL.
Due to the abundance of freshwater bodies in the district, commercial fishing is actively practiced by many in Bugiri District. At one time, the district produced in excess of forty (40) metric tonnes of fish on a daily basis. Unfortunately, due to unregulated fishing, the fish reserves in Lake Victoria have been severely disrupted to near-depletion. The daily catch has since markedly fallen from those high numbers. At the height of the fish boom, 75% of the output was exported (mainly to Western Europe), 20% was consumed locally and 5% was lost in processing.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 372

United Nations Security Council Resolution 372, adopted unanimously on August 18, 1975, after examining the application of the Republic of Cape Verde for membership in the United Nations, the Council recommended to the General Assembly that the Republic of Cape Verde be admitted.
External links.


James Macdonald (British Army officer)

Major General Sir James Ronald Leslie Macdonald (8 February 1862 – 27 June 1927) was a British engineer, explorer, military officer and cartographer. Born in the Madras Presidency, he was a balloon observer as a young man, surveyed for railways in British India and East Africa, explored the upper Nile region, commanded balloon sections during the Second Boer War and Boxer Rebellion and led the British expedition to Tibet in 1903–1904.
Early career.
Macdonald was born on 8 February 1862 in Rajahmundry in the Madras Presidency, India, the son of Surgeon-Major James Macdonald (1828–1906) of Aberdeen and Margaret Helen Leslie "née" Collie (1841-1876); his younger sister was the Egyptologist and archaeologist Nora Griffith. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and the University of Aberdeen.
He passed through the Royal Military Academy and was gazetted to the Royal Engineers in 1882.
As a lieutenant, on 15 May 1885 Macdonald was appointed to the corps of Bengal Sappers and Miners, Torpedo service, Calcutta on special duty as a balloon photographer. He served in the Hazara campaign of 1888, and also working in the Indian railway organization. Macdonald had spent seven years in service in India and was in Bombay in 1891 ready to embark for England on leave when he was offered the job of Chief Engineer of "the proposed railway survey from Mombasa to the Victoria Nyanza". He accepted, and continued to England to find out what would be involved. In November 1891 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
Uganda railway.
The Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA Co) commission was to survey a railway route from Mombasa on the Indian Ocean to Port Florence on the shores of Lake Victoria, roughly following the existing caravan route. The Survey began in December 1891, and took more than a year. Macdonald encountered many difficulties in his survey of 27,000 miles of possible route for the railway including sickness, attacks by ants, bees, lions and elephants, formidable physical obstacles and hostile Africans. All these took their toll on his carriers and other followers.
The survey's findings confirmed that the caravan route to the Great Rift Valley was the best path for the line, followed by the easiest gradient to be found over the Mau Escarpment and down to Lake Victoria. Macdonald and John Wallace Pringle, his second in command, recommended construction of a three-foot six-inch gauge railway. They suggested that Kikuyuland would be a suitable place for whites to live, and their civilizing effect would drive out slavery, but the railway was needed to give access to the new colony. The IBEA Co did not have enough money to undertake construction before handing over the protectorate to the British government in 1895. Construction of the line began in 1895 under the direction of George Whitehouse, a young English engineer.
While conducting the survey, Macdonald had been favorably impressed by the intelligent and sophisticated Baganda people living to the north of the lake.
In May 1893 Macdonald was appointed Acting British Commissioner of the Uganda Protectorate by General Gerald Herbert Portal with directions to stay away from the internal affairs of Buganda. He accordingly withdrew all the Sudanese troops from the west of the country.
In 1894 he was chief Staff Officer of an expedition to the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro, now in northern Uganda. Later he was posted back to India.
Nile expedition.
In 1897 Macdonald was in London when he was appointed leader of another expedition to Uganda, ostensibly to review the northern boundaries.
Although Uganda had been declared a British Protectorate the British were concerned that France or Italy would claim some of the unoccupied territory. General Herbert Kitchener was advancing up the Nile towards Khartoum, which he would capture at the Battle of Omdurman on 2 September 1898. However, a French column under Jean-Baptiste Marchand was striking across Africa from Senegal to Fashoda, south of Khartoum on the Nile, and would get there well before Kitchener. Macdonald's instructions were to reach Fashoda first.
The expedition's officers reached Mombasa in July 1897. After moving inland to a base camp at Ngara Nyuki, in September the force was divided into three columns. Captain Herbert H. Austin would lead 300 men north to uncover the source of the Juba River, thought to be connected with Lake Rudolph. The second column, under Macdonald, would go northwest to the Nile and then downstream to Fashoda, arriving there before the French. A third column would supply the first two.
However these plans were thrown into disarray when the escort of Nubian troops from Sudan deserted and fled to Lake Victoria.
The Nubian troops had been the Egyptian garrison of Equatoria in the south of Sudan under the leadership of Emin Pasha. In 1885 they were threatened by the forces of Muhammad Ahmad, the self-proclaimed Mahdi whom Kitchener was now preparing to attack, and retreated south to Lake Albert. Emin was "rescued" in 1888 by Henry Morton Stanley. With nowhere else to go, the Nubians had accepted the offer of Captain Frederick Lugard to sign up with the British in 1891, but over the years they had accumulated many grievances. Macdonald spent the next seven months trying to suppress their mutiny, finally handing over responsibility for this task in May 1898 to troops that had been dispatched from India.After the mutiny was put down, Macdonald recommended retaining a force of Indians in the country on the basis that the Sudanese troops could be useful, but only if there was an independent body of sepoys.
By the end of May 1898, Macdonald decided he did not have enough people or supplies to reach his original objective of Fashoda. Instead, his column would aim for Lado, further south on the Nile, while Austin's column would pursue its original objective of exploring around Lake Rudolf.
On the route to Lado Macdonald's column passed through Lotuko country in what is now the Eastern Equatoria state of South Sudan, where he was given a friendly reception by the Lotuko chief Lomoro Xujang. Macdonald saw a resemblance between the Maasai people and the Lotuko, and for this reason later recommended incorporation of the Lotuko lands into Uganda.
Both of Macdonald's columns managed to return to Mombasa by December 1898, having completed their revised tasks, and the force was disbanded early in 1899. This was one of the last incidents in the Scramble for Africa, in which almost the entire continent was brought under European rule. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1900 New Year Honours list on 1 January 1900 (the order was gazetted on 16 January 1900), and invested by Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle on 1 March 1900.
Interlude.
Macdonald had become a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in 1891, and gave an account of his African Expedition to the society at a meeting in June 1899. He was next posted to South Africa, where he was responsible for introducing most of the new sections of balloon observers, which made a significant contribution to British progress in the Second Boer War. In this war, the British required over 450,000 men to subdue settlers of Dutch origin who were seeking to preserve their independence. The Boer forces never numbered more than 60,000.
The war introduced innovations such as the field telephone, searchlights and barbed wire. Creeping artillery barrages supported infantry advances against entrenched opponents armed with rifles and machine guns, a technique later developed to the extreme during the First World War.
Macdonald left in August 1900 to take up the command of the fourth Balloon section with the British imperial troops fighting the Boxer Rebellion in China. He was then appointed Director of Railways for the China expeditionary force. The fighting in China was the result of growing assertiveness by European powers in China over trade, religion and control of territory during the dying days of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, aggravated by poverty due to harvest failures. A widespread popular uprising led to a siege of Europeans in Beijing. The European colonial powers cooperated in military action to suppress the uprising and imposed harsh indemnities and conditions. From China, Macdonald was posted to Mauritius as general officer commanding later in 1900.
Tibet expedition.
In 1903 the British were suspicious of the intentions of the Russian Empire in the lands bordering India. As a demonstration of strength, the British determined to send a diplomatic and trade mission to Tibet under Colonel Francis Younghusband. Originally peaceful, the project was transformed into an armed invasion when the Tibetans refused to accept the mission. In October 1903 the strength of the mission's escort was brought up to a brigade with about 2,500 British and Indian troops under Macdonald, who had been temporarily promoted from Colonel to Brigadier-General. He was instructed to avoid aggression and act in a strictly defensive role as the mission advanced into Tibet to Gyantse and occupied the Chumbi valley.
10,000 unskilled laborers were attached to the expedition.
The British army left Sikkim on 11 December 1903, and occupied Phari at the northern end of the 60-mile long Chumbi Valley on 22 December. They reached Tuna in mid-January and remained there until the end of March hoping to negotiate with the Tibetans. On 31 March the force advanced, soon coming in contact with a force of about 3,000 Tibetans armed with antique matchlock muskets defending the Guru (or Gura) Pass on the road to Gyantse, about above sea level. Macdonald insisted that the Tibetans surrender their arms, a brawl broke out, the British opened fire and the Tibetans were forced to retreat leaving 600–700 dead. The British-led troops had superior discipline and greatly superior weapons including machine guns. The engagement was completely one-sided and the British themselves expressed disgust with the slaughter of their helpless opponents. About 200 Tibetan wounded were carried to makeshift hospitals. Many had been shot in the back.
The advance continued, reaching the original destination of Gyantse on 12 April 1904. Macdonald then took half the force back 150 miles to New Chumbi to check communications and arrangements for supply, earning the nickname "Retiring Mac". There may have been tensions between MacDonald as military leader, backed by Herbert Kitchener, and the younger and more junior Younghusband as political leader, backed by George Curzon. One of the officers in the expedition thought that Macdonald was much more timid than his reputation had led him to expect, perhaps due to illness. Younghusband was so exasperated by Macdonald's cautious approach that he twice threatened to resign. However, caution may have been justified by the extremely challenging terrain and climate, with logistical problems increasing exponentially as the supply chain lengthened. According to one account, of supplies were needed daily.
In Macdonald's absence, Younghusband authorized more aggressive action. He achieved some tactical successes, but the situation remained confused. On the grounds of having exceeded his authority, Younghusband was made subordinate to Macdonald, returning to New Chumbi to report to Macdonald on 10 June 1904. The reinforced escort advanced again, reaching the powerful fortress of Gyantse Dzong by 24 June 1904. On 6 July a breach was made in the fortress walls and troops stormed in, forcing the Tibetans to abandon the position. Macdonald had succeeded in his mission of clearing the road, and handed over command to Younghusband for the advance to Lhasa. He received a K.C.I.E. (Knight Commander of the Indian Empire) decoration for his services in Tibet.
Later life.
Macdonald was the general officer commanding in Mauritius from 1900 until he retired from active service in 1912. On 22 July 1908 the University of Aberdeen conferred an honorary decree in the Faculty of Law on Macdonald.
Macdonald died on 27 June 1927 in Bournemouth, Hampshire, England at the age of 65.
References.
Sources


Aboubacry Moussa Lam

Aboubacry Moussa Lam, also known as Boubacar Lam, was born in 1953 and is a Peul Senegalese historian, disciple of Cheikh Anta Diop, who was his primary advisor on his major work, "De l'Origine Égyptienne des Peuls", and a Professor of Egyptology in the Department of History at the Cheikh Anta Diop University. Lam has been credited with being the most important Diop scholar and being "most helpful and inspiring in defining the nature of the Afrocentric school of thought." Boubacar has been active in seeking to recenter Africans back in their own historical and social context. Lam was also a signatory to an appeal to preserve the Timbuktu Manuscripts. In January 2018, he was listed as a writer and lecturer at Dakar University as well as a participant in the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)'s and the Global Book Alliance (GBA)'s African Publishers and Other Book Industry Stakeholders Regional Meeting.
The primary focus of Lam's work has been on Cheikh Anta Diop’s migrations theory. Continuing the African intellectual tradition of Africana Studies, Lam has used his linguistic skills for the purpose of translation and to assist in the recovery of African memory. His linguistic work has helped establish connections between the ancient Egyptian language and black African languages, primarily Kongo-Saharan languages. In particular, much of his work has focused on the cultural and linguistic similarities between West Africans (e.g., Peul, Serer, Wolof) and ancient Egypt. His research and demonstration of the Nile origin of the Peul has exampled the possibility of interactions between Africans in the western and eastern Sahel. He has also made the case for km.t deriving from the skin color of Nile Valley Africans, who are viewed as black.