Shootout at Lokhandwala

Shootout at Lokhandwala is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language action gangster crime film directed by Apoorva Lakhia. It is based on the 1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout, a real-life gun battle between gangsters and Bombay Police.
Overview.
A.A. Khan, head of the ATS, attacked the Lokhandwala Complex on 16 November 1991, with a force of around 400 armed policemen. Dreaded gangster Maya Dolas was hiding in the complex. The leading protagonists in the film have slightly different names than their real-life counterparts, and the film caption is "based on true rumors." The film was released on 25 May 2007.
Plot.
The film opens with shots of brooms and dustpans cleaning dried blood, and cartridge casings in and around the Swati building at the Lokhandwala Complex. TVN reporter Meeta Matu (Dia Mirza) reports that some 3000 rounds of ammunition were discharged by a large police squad at a previously peaceful residential area.
The film moves to the offices of former chief justice turned private prosecutor Dhingra (Amitabh Bachchan) where he interviews the three leading members of the Bombay Encounter Squad: Additional Commissioner of Police Shamsher S. Khan (Addl.CP S.S. Khan) (referring to A. A. Khan, played by Sanjay Dutt), Inspector Kaviraj Patil (Sunil Shetty) and Police constable Javed Sheikh (Arbaaz Khan). The main film timeline is the extended interview of the three officers by Dhingra; as the officers answer Dhingra's questions, the film flashes back to show the incidents.
Dhingra asks about the Encounter Squad. Khan explains that he hand-picked 27 of Bombay police's best-enlisted men and officers. He borrowed the concept from the LAPD SWAT (Special Weapons And Tactics) team to help combat crime. The film flashes back to show Khan selecting his men and putting them through intensive physical and mental training to be "fast, efficient and deadly." Dhingra is hardly impressed: He points out that if Khan "shoots to kill," he is no different from the gangsters he seeks to destroy.
Dhingra asks why Khan felt he had to do this. Khan explains that following Operation Blue Star in 1984, several Sikh terrorists fled to Bombay and began establishing a base in the city. They engaged in violence, extortion, and other subversive tactics to grow their operations. The film flashes back to show Sub Inspector Mhatre (Abhishek Bachchan), a very brave officer and disciple of Khan, pursuing and subsequently getting shot down by a group of Sikh terrorists. Khan is deeply frustrated when the Bombay police, mired in internal bureaucracy and corruption, fail to act. He obtains clearance from the police commissioner Krishnamurthy (played by the real A. A. Khan) and sets out after the militants. Khan asks Meeta Matu (Diya Mirza) to cover the incident so as to deter future terrorists. True to Khan's words, he successfully "encounters" (it indicates summarily gunning down criminals; extrajudicial killings is the term accepted internationally) the terrorists who shot PSI Mhatre. As per Aftab Ahmed Khan the encounter with Khalistani Extremist was more dangerous and tough than "Shootout at Lokhandwala".
The film segues into the life of Maya (referring to Bombay gangster Mahindra Dolas though the film never mentions Dolas specifically; played by Vivek Oberoi). Maya is the second-in-command of the "big boss" in Dubai (a clear reference to Dawood Ibrahim though the film does not mention his name) and runs Dawood's criminal activities in Bombay. Maya recruits Bhua (referring to Dilip Buwa, played by Tusshar Kapoor) after successfully hatching a plot to eliminate Bhua's old gang led by Ashok Joshi. At this point, Maya and Bhua are at the top of Bombay's underworld, reporting directly to the big boss in Dubai.
Things heat up when Khan recognizes, through his network of spies and informers, that Maya is responsible for several criminal and possibly terrorist activities. Around this time, Maya's ambitions, fuelled by his Aai's (Amrita Singh) insistence, grow to the point where he wishes to assert his independence from Dubai and take over Bombay himself.
Khan's ATS now focuses on eliminating Maya and Bhua, and begins a dangerous cat-and-mouse game where neither side shows any overt aggression but tries to disable the adversary by tactical maneuver. Khan launches "visits" to the criminals' families to try to "persuade" them to counsel the criminals to surrender. In turn, Maya and his men return the "visit" by approaching the cops in social situations. Maya visits Khan at a restaurant where Khan is having dinner with his family. Maya quietly tells Khan: "This is between your men and mine. Leave the families out of it." Khan retorts: "I did this to give you an opportunity to come clean. But now it appears that any resolution hangs off the barrel of a gun."
Maya's rage intensifies when he gets thrown out by prominent city builder Wadhwani (based on the real-life builder and politician Gopal Rajwani, owner of the building that the movie was set in). Maya had demanded 4  million protection money; Wadhwani claimed to deal directly with Dubai. Maya kidnaps Wadhwani's sniveling, overweight kid. When Wadhwani complains, the big boss asks Maya to cut it out and return the child immediately. Maya quietly informs the boss that he has upped his demands and that he wants to reign supreme in Bombay.
The film also explores the personal lives of the protagonists. Khan's wife Rohini, played by (Neha Dhupia) is unable to bear the constant neglect of his family life. She files for divorce. Patil's divorce is nearly upon him, too. In the enemy camp, Buwa has shacked up with a bar dancer Tanu (Aarti Chhabria), and is unable to spend any quality time with her. Fellow criminals Phatu (estranged from his parents) and RC (Shabbir Ahluwalia) (plagued by ghost-like visions of an innocent family he gunned down) have similar troubles.
It all comes to a head in November 1991. The five criminals, including Maya and Buwa, secure themselves while holding Wadhwani's kid, in a flat at Swati building in Lokhandwala. Khan is tipped off of the location by an informant. (In Dhingra's questioning, Khan allegedly also received a call from the big boss in Dubai. Khan vehemently denies this.) Khan assembles a large squad of cops and lays siege to the location. He announces over the bullhorn that residents are advised to stay indoors and bolt their windows.
A long and devastating gun battle begins. The criminals launch rocket-propelled grenades from their flat and try to escape. But they are overwhelmed by police fire, and all five criminals are eventually slain. The battle lays waste to the building: Film shots show the staircases, hallways, and several civilian flats completely pulverized by gunfire. Reporter Meeta Matu covers the action live.
Up to this point, Dhingra has been negative and denigrating of Khan and his efforts with the ATS. He cites press reports and civilian complaints that condemn Khan (and the ATS) of unilateral and unwarranted excessive force in a residential locality. Charges are brought against Khan and the ATS. But when Dhingra rises to defend them as their appointed counsel, he, in a surprising twist, presents an unconventional argument as a defence.
The film ends with Khan and the ATS being acquitted.
Production.
Many scenes were shot on actual locations at the Lokhandwala Complex in Mumbai. There was a chase sequence with Sunil Shetty and Arbaaz Khan playing cops, and Ravi Gosain (Aslam Kesai) through Lokhandwala. It would have been difficult to shoot this sequence with the public around. Hidden cameras were used at five places, and the two actors ran 200 meters at the real location to can the scene.
Controversy.
The film sparked much controversy regarding the fictionalised portrayal of the incident. Sikh groups complained about the wrongful portrayal of Sikhs as extremists. This led to Sikh groups wanting the film banned and "bitterly" opposing the film.
Soundtrack.
The soundtrack for "Shootout at Lokhandwala" was released during April 2007 by T-Series.
Sequel.
Director Sanjay Gupta confirmed a sequel of the film. In early 2012, it was announced that the sequel Shootout at Wadala would star John Abraham, Anil Kapoor, Kangana Ranaut and Sonu Sood. Abraham is featured as the lead protagonist gangster Manya Surve; Ranaut appears as his supportive girlfriend Vidhya Joshi, and Sood appears as Dawood Ibrahim.


List of Neolithic cultures of China

This is a list of Neolithic cultures of China that have been unearthed by archaeologists. They are sorted in chronological order from earliest to latest and are followed by a schematic visualization of these cultures.
It would seem that the definition of Neolithic in China is undergoing changes. The discovery in 2012 of pottery about 20,000 years BC indicates that this measure alone can no longer be used to define the period. It will fall to the more difficult task of determining when cereal domestication started.
Schematic outline.
These cultures are brought together schematically for the period 8500 to 1500 BC. Neolithic cultures remain unmarked and Bronze Age cultures (from 2000 BC) are marked with *. There are many differences in opinion by dating these cultures, so the dates chosen here are tentative:
For this schematic outline of its neolithic cultures China has been divided into the following nine parts:


Hteiktin Ma Lat

Princess Limbin Hteiktin Ma Lat (; 13 October 1894 – 1965), also Tin Tin Ma Lat, was a princess of Burma and one of the senior members of the Royal House of Konbaung.
Biography.
Hteiktin Ma Lat was born on 13 October 1894 in Calcutta, British India. She was the second daughter of Limbin Mintha and his consort Kin Me (Yenatha Khin Khin Gyi), the princess of Limbin. She was the great-granddaughter of King Tharrawaddy and granddaughter of Prince Kanaung. She studied at Girl's High School in Allahabad, India; she was well-educated and spoke English fluently.
Maurice Collis, a colonial judge and author, wrote in his 1938 book "Trials in Burma" of receiving a call from Ma Lat in 1928: "She sat on the sofa, a beautiful woman, in a blue silk skirt and a jacket of white lawn, her complexion corn-coloured, her eyes large and brilliant, and with exquisite hands." Crown Prince Wilhelm, after meeting her at the Allahabad Club, described her as the most "striking woman" he had met during his Far Eastern tour.
Queen consort of Sikkim.
Prince Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal, son of the King of Sikkim, and Ma Lat began a regular correspondence. When Prince Limbin and his family returned to Burma (to live in Rangoon), Sidkeong visited them there in 1912. By then he and the princess had agreed to marry, the British having secured Limbin's approval. The wedding was initially set for 1913 but then delayed because of Sidkeong's father's deteriorating health. In February 1914 the old king died, Sidkeong became king, and his wedding to Ma Lat was set for 10 February 1915. The two exchanged many letters expressing their love for one another and their glad anticipation of a life together.
In December 1914, Sidkeong was found dead in his bedroom, apparently of heart failure, aged 35, in what the British described as "mysterious circumstances".
Later life.
On 19 October 1921, Ma Lat married Herbert Bellamy, a horse breeder and bookmaker of Bombay, Calcutta, Batavia and Singapore. He was also a manager at Maymyo Racecourse and an orchid collector. She gave birth to their only daughter, Yadana Nat-Mei, in 1932.


Danna Mohamed of the Maldives

Sultan Danna Mohanmed Sri Raadha Bavana Mahaa Radun was the Sultan of Maldives in 1421. He was the son of Prince Yoosuf Abbas Hadheygirin, and a member of the Hilaalee dynasty. This Sultan ruled the country for only 11 months until he was forced to abdicate by Prince Yoosuf (later Sultan Yoosuf).
In his reign he built many places such as Henveyru Danna Muhammed Mosque, Maafannu Bandaara Mosque and the Kanbaafaanu Royal Palace (now Maavaage).
He served as Prime Minister to Osman I and was the paternal uncle of Hassan I and Hussain I.


Kingdom of Travancore


Khwaja Zakiuddin

Khwaja Zakiuddin was a Bengali aristocrat and Pakistani statesman. He was a member of the Dhaka Nawab family.
Early life.
Zakiuddin was born on 9 January 1918. His father was Khwaja Shahabuddin, a Pakistan government Minister, and his mother was Farhat Banu, a member of the Bengal Legislative Assembly. He graduated from the University of Dhaka and then went to University College, London. He survived the London Blitz during World War II.
Career.
After returning from London Zakiuddin joined the Grindlays Bank in Bombay in 1943. He was one of the first Indian Muslims to be employed in a British Bank in India. He worked in Grindlays Bank branches in Kolkata, Karachi, and Peshawar. He joined the State Bank of Pakistan in the 1950s. He retired in 1976.
Personal life.
Zakiuddin married Begum Binoo, she was the daughter of Khan Bahadur Hafizur Rahman Chowdhury and Abida Khatoon. Zakiuddin and Binoo had two daughters Yasmeen Murshed, and Almas Zakiuddin and one son, Zahed Zakiuddin. His daughter Yasmeen Murshed, served as the ambassador of Bangladesh to Pakistan. Zakiuddins brother was Lieutenant General Khwaja Wasiuddin of Bangladesh Army.
Death.
Zakiuddin died on 16 January 2003 in Karachi, Pakistan.


Kimpulan

Kimpulan (also known as Pustakasala temple) is a 9th to 10th century Hindu temple located in the area of Islamic University of Indonesia (UII) library in Kaliurang road, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The temple was buried about underground. Parts of the temple have been excavated to reveal square andesite stone walls and statues of Ganesha, Nandi, and Lingam-Yoni.
Discovery.
The temple was accidentally discovered on 11 December 2009 during land excavations to lay foundations for the construction of a new university library. The discovery drew public attention and sparked excitement and curiosity. The news instantly drew many visitors to the site. The Archaeology office (BP3) in Yogyakarta feared that large numbers of curious visitors would harm the excavation site, and feared looting might take place. So to prevent harm to the site, the area was surrounded with tin fences and closed; it is off-limits for visitors.
Like the temples of Sambisari, Morangan and Kedulan, the temple is thought to have been buried by an ancient volcanic eruption from the nearby Mount Merapi about a millennium ago. The discovery of this temple was the most exciting archaeological finding in Yogyakarta recently, leading to speculation about whether other ancient temples still lie underground in the vicinity, buried under Mount Merapi's volcanic ash.
History.
Further study and archaeological excavation of the site by the Yogyakarta Archaeological office is in progress. So far, the temple clearly shows it is of Hindu Shaivite nature, and the style of carving and statues strongly suggests construction took place sometime around the 9th to 10th century, during Mataram Kingdom period.
During the discovery, the temple was known to the public as Candi UII (Universitas Islam Indonesia temple), because it was discovered on the UII campus grounds. Later, the Archaeological Office of Yogyakarta (BP3) named the temple "Candi Kimpulan" after Kimpulan village, the location of the site. However the UII Wakf Foundation Board suggested another name; "Pustakasala" which means "library" in Sanskrit. The suggested name was meant to emphasize its history of discovery, as the temple site was originally meant to be the university library. The name "Pustakasala" was also chosen to emphasize the educational nature of the university. Moreover, the Ganesha statue was discovered in the site, and in Java, Ganesha is traditionally known as the god of learning, intellect, wisdom, and knowledge.
Architecture.
The temple is clearly a Hindu Shaivite temple. However the temple architecture is quite unusual for a temple dated from this time period. Unlike common Central Java Hindu temples, the stone main structure and towering roof are absent. The temple is modestly small in size and has simple decorations. It only consists of several squares of walled stone base and staircases with the carving of Kala. The inner chambers contain statues of Ganesha, Nandi, and Lingam-Yoni.
So far, experts suggest that the history and architecture of this temple is a modest one. The body, column, and roof of the temple probably were made from wood or some organic material that has decayed over time and left no traces. The temple was probably similar to present day Balinese temples with a tall Meru-style roof. Unlike the magnificent and richly decorated Prambanan temple that served as the royal national temple of the Mataram Kingdom, Kimpulan was a modest village shrine built by the common people of a village on the outskirts of the capital.


Kassapa III of Anuradhapura

Kassapa III was King of Anuradhapura in the 8th century, whose reign lasted from 732 to 738. He succeeded his brother Aggabodhi V as King of Anuradhapura and was succeeded by his younger brother Mahinda I.


Pakubuwono VII

Pakubuwono VII (also transliterated Pakubuwana VII) (28 July 1796 – 10 May 1858) was the seventh Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta) from 1830 to 1858. He was a younger son of Pakubuwono IV.
References.
Miksic, John (general ed.), et al. (2006) "Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java" (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004) Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore


Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral House

The Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral House is one of the heritage houses in Silay City, Negros Occidental, Philippines belonging to Angel Araneta Ledesma and his wife Rizalina Javelona Lopez. Also known as "Balay Verde "or the "Green House", it is strategically located along Plaridel Street, near the Silay City Hall, the San Diego Pro-cathedral, Police Department, and the Puericulture Center.
History and architecture.
The Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral House was built in 1933 using the logs that were available in the lumber yard business of Angel Ledesma. The two-story house combines the Colonial Plantation architecture and the American clapboard style that was popular in the Revivalist era of the American period.
In 1992, the family sold the house to an individual, who later sold it to the government of Silay. Eventually, it houses the Office of Culture, Arts and Tourism of the City of Silay.


Srindrabhupesvarachuda

Srindrabhupesvarachuda (13th-century - 14th-century), was a princess and queen of the Khmer Empire, married to king Indravarman III of the Khmer Empire (r. 1295–1308).
She was the eldest daughter of king Jayavarman VIII. She married Indravarman III, who succeeded her father when he abdicated in 1295. An inscription notes that they were crowned:
Queen Srindrabhupesvarachuda is most known for the role she played in the succession of her spouse to the throne. Reportedly, she had a brother who was originally intended to succeeded to the throne, but she convinced her father to deprive her brother of the succession and instead give it to her spouse by right of marriage, and her father:


Hudhei of the Maldives

Al-Sultan Hudhei Kalaminjaa Siri Raadha Suvara Mahaa Radun (Dhivehi: އައްސުލްޠާން ހުދެއި ކަލަމިންޖާ ސިރީ ރާދަސުވަރަ މަހާރަދުން) or Al-Sultan Hudhei Kalaminjaa Siri Veeru Abaarana Mahaa Radun (Dhivehi: އައްސުލްޠާން ހުދެއި ކަލަމިންޖާ ސިރީ ވީރު އަބާރަނަ މަހާރަދުން), was the Sultan of the Maldives from 1258 to 1264. He belonged to the Lunar Dynasty and was the son of "Hiriya Maavaa Kilege" (Dhivehi: ހިރިޔާ މާވާކިލެގެ). He ruled the country for 6 years.


Ki Wasyid

Kyai Hajji Wasyid bin Muhammad Abbas (born Qosyid; 1843 – 30 July 1888) better known as Ki Wasyid, was an Indonesian hero who led the on July 9, 1888 until his fall on the battlefield on July 30, 1888 in Banten. In practice, Ki Wasyid's movement in the war was heavily influenced by the thinking of his teachers: and , a murshid of tariqa (Sufi order).
In his struggle, he has strategic skills and capabilities, such as how he conducts political communications with ulama, "jawara", and other fighters in Banten and outside Banten to engage in war against the Dutch colonialists.
Biography.
Early life.
Wasyid was born in 1843 in the village of Delingseng, Ciwandan, Cilegon, Banten. He was born as the only child from Bantenese couple, Kyai Muhammad Abbas and Njai Johariah. From his father and mother line, he was the descendant of a fighter, that was Ki Mas Jong. His complete lineage was Ki Wasyid bin Ki Abbas bin Ki Qoshdu bin Ki Jauhari bin Ki Mas Jong. Ki Mas Jong was the right-hand man of Prabu Pucuk Umun, king of Pajajaran. After the defeat of the Kingdom of Sunda by the Sultanate of Banten, he then converted to Islam and became a right-hand man of Maulana Hasanuddin, sultan of Banten.
Wasyid was born from a family of rebels against the invaders. His father, Abbas, took part in the Wakhia uprising (Gudang Batu war) in 1850. Wasyid young grew up in exile because his father often took his family to move places to avoid the pursuit of Dutch troops.
Education.
Wasyid obtained first education like a basic religious science from his father who was also a fighter and religious teacher. He also once studied to Ki Wakhia, a friend of his father who led the Gudang Batu war in Serang. He then took education to local pesantren in West Java, Central Java, and East Java.
After obtaining education at local pesantren, Wasyid then deepen his religious knowledge in Mecca while performing Hajj. In the holy land he studied to Sheikh Nawawi al-Bantani. Upon his return from Mecca, Wasyid traveled extensively from kampong to kampong to fulfill the invitation of the people to preach. In addition to preaching, he also taught at his pesantren in Beji Village, Cilegon. The three principal teachings distributed to his students are about tawhid, fiqh, and tasawwuf. Together with his comrades: Hajji Abdurahman, Hajji Akib, Hajji Haris, Hajji Arsyad Thawil al-Bantani, Hajji Arsyad Qashir, and Hajji Tubagus Ismail, they spread the teachings of Islam to the people. .
Personal life.
Wasyid married Atikah, a girl from Beji, Cilegon. From his marriage he was blessed with two children: Muhammad Yasin and Siti Hajar. Siti Hajar was married to Ki Alwi and has a son named Syam'un who was an Indonesian Independence fighter figure, founder of Al-Khairiyah Citangkil, and Regent of Serang period 1945-1949.
Activity.
Qadi.
In addition to being a fighter and scholar who mastered the science of religion, before the outbreak of Cilegon war, Wasyid also served as an advisor to the Supreme Court (qadi) in Afdeling Cilegon.
Da'wah.
Wasyid was known as an ulama who preaches from one place to another to rekindle the spirit of jihad and invite people away from the act of shirk in the midst of a society that at that time trust in superstition.
In 1887 before the Cilegon war, in the village of Lebak Kelapa, there was a big tree that was worshiped and considered sacred, able to destroy the disaster and grant the request as long as giving offerings to Jinn. Time and again Wasyid reminded the peoples that asking other than to Allah is shirk, but the warning was ignored. Seeing this situation Wasyid with some of his students cut down the idols trees at night. The destruction of the tree raises the anger of the tree owner. He then complain the incident to the Dutch government with allegations that Wasyid has done damage and harming him as the tree owner. On these charges Wasyid was finally arrested and tried in a colonial court on November 18, 1887. Wasyid was punishable by whip and imprisonment, and was fined 7.50 guilders.
Cilegon war.
Wasyid was a Cilegon warlord (Geger Cilegon 1888) or also known as Wasyid war. The factors behind this event have been described by Wasyid: "first", two colonial government officials, the patih and prosecutors have forbidden Muslims to worship in the mosque. "Second", the increase in boat taxes and other business taxes. "Thirdly", officials disregarded the kyai, even hostile to Islam, forbidding prayers aloud and forbidding to make towers of high mosques, and spreading too many spies to find fault with those who violate the rules.
Driven by these factors, Wasyid made a plan and organized all elements of the people of Banten to take the fight. Wasyid holds meetings in various places and uses tariqa as a gathering place and together performs prayer and dhikr. Wasyid and other kyai can meet on this occasion to organize strategies, tactics, and coordination.
One of the important meetings before the uprising was a meeting on April 22, 1888 held at Wasyid's residence in Beji. At the end of the banquet, 300 guests gathered at the mosque, where the kyai and their disciples swore: "first", that they would take part in a war; "secondly", that those who break the promise will be regarded as kafir; "third", that they will not divulge their plans to outsiders.
On the sidelines of preoccupation three months before the battle, Wasyid led the preparations of war by promoting the practice of pencak silat, the gathering and making of weapons, and burning the spirit through his sermons to wage war and jihad.
On June 15, 1888, several prominent leaders met at Wasyid's house in Beji, where they talked about the date of the start of the attack. They reached an agreement that the uprising would begin on July 12. However, after the meeting of June 22, 1888, the date of the rebellion was changed to 9 July 1888. This was because Wasyid and Hajji Iskak called for an immediate rebellion in anticipation of the possibility of their plans known by government officials.
As the chief of operations, Wasyid began to organize attack strategy, he divided troops in several groups each tasked to attack prison, the other freed prisoners, attacked "Kepatihan", and attacked the Assistant Resident's house. On Monday, July 9, 1888 the war began and in the afternoon, Cilegon could be occupied by Wasyid and his troops. However, under the command of captain A.A. Veen Huyzen, the Dutch perform operations to break the resistance and do chase against Wasyid and his friends. The fighting continued until 30 July 1888, where Wasyid, Hajji Tubagus Ismail, Hajji Usman, and Hajji Abdul Gani were killed on the battlefield as shuhada and heroes of Cilegon war.
Appreciation.
On September 25, 2013, Wasyid's fighting story in Cilegon's war was lifted into a film titled "Ki Wasyid: Di Balik Jihad sang Pejuang 1888", directed by Darwin Mahesa and produced by Kremov Pictures.
To commemorate his struggle, the Banten Provincial Government will then propose Wasyid as the National Hero of Indonesia.


Darubhatika Tissa of Anuradhapura

Darubhatika Tissa was King of Anuradhapura in the 1st century BC, whose reign lasted the year 47 BC. He succeeded Vatuka as King of Anuradhapura and was succeeded by Niliya.


Sena II of Anuradhapura

Sena II was King of Anuradhapura in the 9th century, whose reign lasted from 853 to 887. He succeeded his uncle Sena I as King of Anuradhapura and was succeeded by his brother Udaya I.
The lost treasures during Sena I's reign to Pandyan invaders were restored by King Sena II. He readied a large army for retribution from Pandyas(Tamils) when a disappointed prince from Pandyan dynasty sought his help.
Sena II sent a large force under his Commander to besiege Madura, capture it and install the Pandyan prince on the throne. Madura was duly besieged, stormed and captured with the reigning Pandyan king killed. The Commander recovered all the treasures lost from Sri Lanka and returned to a hero's welcome.
The Army had brought a heresy from India called 'Neelapata Darshanaya'. However, this did not take root.
King Sena II secured the country against another Tamil invasion. He restored and built new tanks, revived Buddhist festivals and repaired Temples and made liberal offerings to them.


Rajendra Narayan

Raj Rajendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur (1882–1913), eldest son of Nripendra Narayan, was Maharaja of Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.
Education.
Raj Rajendra Narayan was born in a Kulin Kayastha Family at Woodsland Palace of Calcutta on 11 April 1882. At the age of 12, Raj Rajendra Narayan was sent to England for studying. In 1900 he entered Oxford University where he played Polo with the Oxford University polo team. After having completed his studies at Oxford, Raj Rajendra Narayan returned to India and helped his father in carrying out state proceedings, but also received military training at "Caded Core".
However, during his stay in England, Raj Rajendra Narayan got a chest-injury while playing polo and from then on he felt acute pain in his chest. That turned out to be the cause of a type of depression for him because of which he didn't get married.
He received the honorary rank of Lieutenant in the British Army on 4 June 1902.
Reign.
After the death of his father Raj Rajendra Narayan, he ascended the throne as the 22nd Maharaja of Cooch Behar in 1911. He participated in the religion of the Brahma, but was known to rule without being partial to any side, which gained him respect.
Death.
When his illness progressed dramatically Rajendra Narayan visited London for medical treatment under Dr. Rijin Russel. While his illness deteriorated further, he expressed his desire to die at Cooch Behar itself, but died in London at midnight on 1 September 1913. His ashes were brought back and buried at Cooch Behar. Since Raj Rajendra Narayan died leaving no descendants, Jitendra Narayan ascended the throne of Cooch Behar in 1913.


Kure Naval Arsenal

 was one of four principal naval shipyards owned and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy.
History.
The Kure Naval District was established at Kure, Hiroshima in 1889, as the second of the naval districts responsible for the defense of the Japanese home islands. Along with the establishment of the navy base, a ship repair facility was also constructed, initially by moving the equipment from the Onohama shipyards near Kobe. Construction was supervised by the French engineer Louis-Émile Bertin. The first warship constructed at Kure, "Miyako", was launched in 1897. The "Kure Shipyards" were officially renamed the "Kure Naval Arsenal" in 1903.
Kure developed into one of the largest shipbuilding facilities in the Empire of Japan, capable of working with the largest vessels. The Arsenal included a major steel works (built with British assistance), and also facilities for producing naval artillery and projectiles. The battleships "Yamato" and "Nagato" were designed and constructed at Kure.
The facilities of the Kure Naval Arsenal were repeatedly bombed by the United States Navy and United States Army Air Forces during the Pacific War, and over 70% of its buildings and equipment was destroyed.
After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Kure Naval Arsenal was turned over to civilian hands.
Current facilities.
The extensive dry dock, ship building, repair and engineering facilities are now owned and operated by Japan Marine United, one of Japan's largest merchant marine and naval shipbuilders.


Pakubuwono III

Pakubuwono III (also transliterated Pakubuwana III) (1732 – 1788) was the third Susuhunan (ruler of Surakarta). Also known as "Sinuhun Paliyan Negari "He was proclaimed by the Dutch as ruler of Mataram in 1749, but when the state was divided into the states of Surakarta and Yogyakarta in 1755, he was proclaimed as the first Susuhanan of Surakarta.
References.
Miksic, John (general ed.), et al. (2006) "Karaton Surakarta. A look into the court of Surakarta Hadiningrat, central Java" (First published: 'By the will of His Serene Highness Paku Buwono XII'. Surakarta: Yayasan Pawiyatan Kabudayan Karaton Surakarta, 2004) Marshall Cavendish Editions Singapore


Gordon Luce

Gordon Hannington Luce was a colonial scholar in Burma. He was born on 20 January 1889 and died on 3 May 1979. His outstanding library containing books, manuscripts, maps and photographs – The Luce Collection – was acquired by the National Library of Australia in 1980, as part of its major research collections on Asia.
Luce was the twelfth of thirteen children of the Rev. John James Luce, Vicar of St Nicholas's, Gloucester. He was educated at Dean Close School, Cheltenham, from where he gained a classical scholarship to Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and in 1911, obtained a first class degree in Classics. During his Cambridge years he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles and his circle of friends included Arthur Waley, giving him admission to the friendship of such contemporaries as Rupert Brooke, Aldous Huxley, and John Maynard Keynes and other members of the Bloomsbury Group.
In 1912 Luce was appointed Lecturer in English Literature at Government College, Rangoon, later a constituent college of the University of Rangoon. There he developed a lasting friendship with the young Pali scholar Pe Maung Tin. In 1915, he married Pe Maung Tin's sister Ma Tee Tee.
Luce's studies of Burmese culture resulted in articles contributed to the Journal of the Burma Research Society. He was a prolific author throughout his life and wrote books and articles on a wide variety of subjects relating particularly to Burma's history and languages. such as "Chinese Invasions of Burma in the 18th Century", "Inscriptions of Burma", "The Economic Life of the Early Burman", and "An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Karen Languages". His three volume "Old Burma – early Pagan", covers the history, art and architecture of Burma and its capital city Pagan in the 11th and 12th centuries. Phases of pre-Pagan Burma, on the earlier history of Burma, appeared posthumously. His writings remain authoritative today and are widely cited.
During the Japanese invasion in 1942 Luce and his wife escaped into India. He returned to Rangoon after the war and remained there until 1964, when, like other foreigners, he was forced to leave the country. His final fifteen years were spent on Jersey. The high esteem in which he was held by Burmese and Western scholars is reflected in the publication of the two-volume work, "Essays to G. H. Luce" by his colleagues and friends in honour of his seventy-fifth birthday, which appeared in 1966.
The Luce Collection.
The Luce manuscripts cover a wide variety of materials. They are stored at the National Library of Australia in 32 boxes and 22 folios. A broad listing is available. Ten boxes contain general correspondence. There are over two thousand books in the Luce Collection. While the main focus is on Burma, the collection contains materials on the history, languages and cultures of Southeast Asia. All titles have been catalogued onto the NLA's National Bibliographic Database.
The Buddhist Digital Resource Center hosts online an additional set of unpublished notebooks and portfolio's of Luce, which include his transcriptions of Burmese inscriptions. The originals are held at SOAS, University of London.
Siam Society collection.
The Siam Society under Royal Protection in conjunction with the Siamese Heritage Protection Program has made the "Journal of the Siam Society" (JSS) in PDF format available to all; the collection includes these by Luce, Gordon H.


Qasim Khan

Qasím Khan (or "Qasim of Kasimov") (died 1469) was the first khan of the Tatar Qasim Khanate, from 1452 to his death in 1469. He was the son of Kazan khan Oluğ Möxämmäd.
He participated in the battles of Belyov in 1437 and of Suzdal in 1445. After the Battle of Suzdal, he and his brother Yaqub were sent to Moscow to control the results of the treaty. He stayed at the palace of Vasili II of Russia to serve him. (When his father died in 1445 the Kazan throne went to his elder brother Mäxmüd which may have something to do with his decision to enter Russian service.) In 1449 at the Pakhra river near Moscow he defeated troops of Sayid Ahmad I, the khan of the Great Horde, that came to conquer Muscovy. In 1447–1453 he supported Vasili in his struggle against Dmitry Shemyaka. In 1452 Vasili II granted him a principality in Ryazan Principality, in territory formerly of Mishar Yurt, as a hereditary estate and Kasimov city. Those lands were designated the Qasim Khanate. During the 1467–1469 war the Russians attempted to make him Khan of Kazan. In 1469 he was followed by his son Daniyal.


Droughts in Korea

A drought beginning in June 2015 affected both South and North Korea. The amount of rain that year was in places less than half of average, following a dry year in 2014. On 19 June, the water level in the Soyang Dam was —the lowest recorded water level since its creation on 24 June 1978, when the water level was —and the Soyang Lake completely evaporated. North Korea was also affected by extreme drought with the United Nations estimating approximately US$110 million of support would be needed.


Yapahuwa

Yapahuwa (Sinhalese language : යාපහුව) was one of the ephemeral capitals of medieval Sri Lanka. The citadel of Yapahuwa lying midway between Kurunagala and Anuradhapura was built around a huge granite rock rising abruptly almost a hundred meters above the surrounding lowlands.
In 1272, King Bhuvenakabahu transferred the capital from Polonnaruwa to Yapahuwa in the face of Dravidian invasions from South India, bringing the Sacred Tooth Relic with him. Following the death of King Bhuvenakabahu in 1284, the Pandyans of South India invaded Sri Lanka once again, and succeeded in capturing Sacred Tooth Relic. Following its capture, Yapahuwa was largely abandoned and inhabited by Buddhist monks and religious ascetics.
Location and Name.
The rock fortress complex of Yapahuwa is situated in the North Western Province, Sri Lanka. It is approximately between southeast of Mahawa midway Kurunegala and Anuradhapura. The original name of this Buddhist Heritage is Yapawwa, but now this is called as Yapahuwa which is a kind of distortion of its genuine etymological sense.
History.
Yapahuwa served as the capital of Sri Lanka in the latter part of the 13th century (1273–1284). Built on a huge, 90 meter high rock boulder in the style of the Sigiriya rock fortress, Yapahuwa was a palace and military stronghold against foreign invaders.
The palace and fortress were built by King Buvanekabahu I (1272–1284) in the year 1273. Many traces of ancient battle defences can still be seen, while an ornamental stairway, is its biggest showpiece. On top of the rock are the remains of a stupa, a Bodhi tree enclosure, and a rock shelter/cave used by Buddhist monks, indicating that earlier this site was used as a Buddhist monastery, like many boulders and hills in the area. There are several caves at the base of the rock. In one of them there is a shrine with Buddha images. One cave has a Brahmi script inscription.
At the southern base of the rock there is a fortification with two moats and ramparts. In this enclosure there are the remains of a number of buildings including a Buddhist shrine. There is also a Buddhist temple called Yapahuwa Rajamaha Vihara built during the Kandyan period.
The Tooth Relic was brought from Dambadeniya and kept in the Tooth Temple built for the purpose at the top of the third staircase. The relics were carried away from the temple here to South India by the Pandyas, and then recovered in 1288 by Parakkramabahu III (1287–1293), who temporarily placed them in safety at Polonnaruwa.


Xerxes (Sasanian prince)

Xerxes was a 6th-century Sasanian prince who distinguished himself in his war against the Byzantine Empire.
He was the son of the Sasanian king Kavadh I, and is first mentioned as a Sasanian general during the Iberian War between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires. In 528, Xerxes under an army numbering 30,000 men, fought the Byzantine at the Battle of Thannuris, where the Byzantines suffered a heavy defeat. Ca. 800 Byzantines along with their general Coutzes were captured by the Sasanians.
However, the victory was costly, and the army of Xerxes had lost ca. 500 of his Immortal units. These losses enraged Kavadh I, who had Coutzes imprison and disgrace Xerxes.


Anusapati

Anusapati, Anushanatha, or Anushapati, is the second king of Singhasari, an Indianized Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1248.
He was the son of Tunggul Ametung, the first husband of Ken Dedes. Anushapati assassinated Ken Arok in 1227, avenging his father's death.
The semi-mythical Pararaton, a Javanese historical chronicle, states that Tunggul Ametung, the ruler of the minor Javanese kingdom of Tumapel, was killed by the first king of Singhasari Ken Arok using a cursed kris, a type of Javanese knife, forged by Mpu Gandring. After he killed Tunggul Ametung, Ken Arok married Ken Dedes and formed the kingdom of Singhasari. The Pararaton alleges that Anusapati used the same cursed kris to kill Ken Arok.
According to the Pararaton, Anusapati was killed by his half-brother, Panji Tohjaya, using the same kris he used to kill Ken Arok.


Adusius

Adusius (Old Persian ', Ancient Greek ') was, according to the account of Xenophon in his Cyropaedeia, sent by Cyrus the Great with an army into Caria, to put an end to the feuds which existed in the country. He afterwards assisted Hystaspes in subduing Phrygia, and was made satrap of Caria, as the inhabitants had requested.


Kusuma Negara III

Adi 'Abd al-Majid ibn al-Marhum Panembahan Ismail, Panembahan Kusuma Negara III (b.?. d. after 1913) was the Panembahan (in full Sri Paduka Tuanku Gusti Adi 'Abd al-Majid Panembahan) of the Sintang traditional state 1905 - 1913. He was born as Ade Usman, the son of his predecessor Sri Paduka Tuanku Ismail, Panembahan Kusuma Negara II Panembahan of Sintang. His mother was his father's first wife Dayang Zainab, Ratu Permaisuri. His father soon appointed him as heir apparent (full original title Gusti Adi 'Abd al-Majid, Pangeran Ratu Adipati Kusuma Negara). Assuming the throne following the death of his father on 22 December 1905, Usman was suspended from ruling in 1912 by the Netherlands East Indies authorities and was deposed by them on 16 January 1913 for "bad behaivour" and exiled to Bongor in Java. He died on Java after that date.


Fort Marlborough

Fort Marlborough (Indonesian Benteng Marlborough, also known as Malabero) is a former East India Company fort located in Bengkulu City, Sumatra. It was built between 1713-1719 by the East India Company under the leadership of Governor Joseph Collett as a defensive fort for the British East India Company's Residency there. It was one of the strongest British forts in the eastern region, second only to Fort St. George in Madras, India.
Building.
The fort is made of bricks 50 to 180 centimeters in thickness. The 2000 Enggano earthquake, which registered 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, and of 2007, with its 3.5-meter tsunami, had no effect on the strongly built fort.
The fort has a rectangular layout, with an arrowhead-shaped bastion on each corner. The entrance to the fort is in the southwest, protected by a ravelin. A dry moat follows the trace of the fort. A wooden bridge spans the ditch that separates the main building from the front building. The southwest side has an arch entrance with a wooden door. The fort encompasses 2.7 hectares, and stands on a site of 4.4 hectares.
History.
The British East India Company built the fort between 1713–1719. In 1714 Governor Collett obtained permission to build a new fort in Bencoolen. He named the new fort, which he built two miles from an older fort (Fort York), Fort Marlborough.
The fort was built on an artificial hill, and construction, using both convict and local labor, took several years to complete. During that period, the civil officers and the military garrison were divided between the old and the new fort.
In April 1715 Governor Collett sent a copy of the plan of the first Fort Marlborough; the plan showed that the fort was walled with earth ramparts and ditch, with gun platforms on the bastions. The pace of construction was slow.
In 1760, during the Seven Years' War, a French squadron under the command of Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing took the fort and used it as a base to attack and subdue other British settlements on the west coast of Sumatra. Before returning to the Mascarenes, he ransomed the fort back to the British.
At one time, the native people of Bengkulu burned the fort, forcing the inhabitants to flee to Madras. They returned in 1724 after an agreement was reached. In 1793, another attack on the fort occurred, killing one British officer, Robert Hamilton. Another attack happened in 1807, killing a resident, Thomas Parr. Both are commemorated with monuments in Bengkulu City erected by the British colonial government. The monument to Parr is southeast of the fortress.
The British transferred Bengkulu, then known as Bencoolen, to Dutch control under the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, which defined British and Dutch spheres of influence. In exchange, the Dutch ceded Malacca to Britain and gave up their designs on the British settlement of Singapore. In 1837, the fort had about 60 Dutch soldiers occupying it. The Japanese occupied the fort during their occupation of the Dutch East Indies (1942–1945). Then, during the Indonesian National Revolution period, the fort housed the headquarters of the Indonesian national police until the Dutch reoccupied the fort. When the Dutch left Indonesia in 1950, the Indonesian Army took over the fort. In 1977, the fort was handed over to the Department of Education and Culture to be restored and converted into a heritage site.


Shahrag

Shahrag (Persian: شهرگ; also spelled Shahrak) was an Iranian aristocrat, who served as the governor of Pars during the Arab invasion of Iran.
He is first mentioned in 644, when he defeated the Arab military leader al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami near Estakhr. Some time later, Uthman ibn Abi al-As established a military base at Tawwaj, and shortly after defeated and killed Shahrag near Rew-shahr (however other sources states that it was Shahrak's brother who killed him).


Duncan Lewis

Major General Duncan Edward Lewis (born 3 August 1953) is an Australian military officer, diplomat and intelligence chief. From 2014 to 2019, he was the Director-General of Security of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). Prior to that appointment, he held the post of Australian Ambassador to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He is a retired Australian Army officer, and formerly Special Operations Commander Australia (2002–2004), National Security Adviser, and Secretary of the Department of Defence.
Military career.
Duncan Lewis graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1975. Following graduation, he was assigned to the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New South Wales and a Graduate Diploma in Defence Studies and Management from Deakin University. He attended the British Army Staff College, Camberley and the US Army War College.
During his military career, Lewis served three postings with the Special Air Service Regiment, later commanding the Regiment from 1990 to 1991. For this service, Lewis was decorated with the Conspicuous Service Cross (CSC).
From 1994 to 1996, Lewis was Australian Army Attache in Jakarta, and during the INTERFET period he was appointed the Australian Defence Force (ADF) spokesman on East Timor.
Lewis was promoted to brigadier in January 2000 and appointed Commander Sector West UNTAET in East Timor, where he commanded Australian and New Zealand forces. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC) for his accomplishments with the unit.
Lewis assumed his appointment as Commander Special Forces in January 2001, and was promoted to the rank of major general on 19 December 2002. In the Australia Day Honours of 2005, Lewis was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia.
Post-military career.
Subsequent to his retirement from the army in 2005, Lewis joined the Australian Public Service and was appointed to the position of First Assistant Secretary of the National Security Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. In December 2008 he began serving as National Security Adviser to the Rudd Labor Government. On 5 August 2011 it was announced that he would be appointed the Secretary of the Australian Department of Defence, (SECDEF), effective early September. Lewis was the first former military officer to be appointed to this position.
Diplomatic career.
On 17 September 2012 it was announced that Lewis had been appointed Australia's ambassador to Belgium, the European Union, Luxembourg and NATO, and would leave the Department of Defence on 10 October. While newspaper reports suggested that Lewis was unhappy with the government's cuts to defence spending, he stated that "notwithstanding media reporting, I have not been forced out of my current position and I am not departing defence for any reason other than to take up this ambassadorial posting at the request of the prime minister".
Director-General of Security.
On 15 May 2014, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop and Attorney-General George Brandis issued a joint media release announcing that Lewis was to stand down as Ambassador to Belgium, the EU, Luxembourg and NATO, and would be appointed as Director-General of Security (the head of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation, Australia's domestic intelligence agency) following the retirement of David Irvine in September 2014. In this role he was one of the architects of a new "Push Back" policy to counter Chinese influence in Australia. Lewis retired on 15 September 2019, and was replaced by Mike Burgess, the former director-general of the Australian Signals Directorate.


Tong Enzheng

Tong Enzheng (; 1935 – April 20, 1997) was a prominent Chinese archaeologist, historian, designer, and science fiction author.
Career.
Tong authored the textbook "Cultural Anthropology" and specialized in early southwest China. He also was involved in redesigning the Sichuan University Museum. He also became noted for his criticism of the influence of Lewis H. Morgan on Chinese anthropology. Tong also led the "Southern Silk Road Project.", pursuing the study of links between ancient Southeast Asia and China.
Not many of Tong's publications in Chinese have been translated. In English, one of his most widely cited articles is a review of Chinese archaeology under socialism.
In science fiction he wrote the satirical "New Journey to the West", and the short story "Death Ray on a Coral Island". This won an award for "China's best short story" in 1978 and was later adapted to film. Both his science fiction writings as well as his archaeological and historical scholarly writings were reprinted in a multi-volume set issued in 1998 from Chongqing Publishing House (Tong Enzheng wenji, 3 volumes, 1998, ).
He died in the US after fleeing China following the Government crackdown on the protests at Tiananmen Square. At the time, he was a visiting scholar at Wesleyan University, which has instituted a lecture series in his name, an Enzheng Tong Archaeology Library located at its Mansfield Freeman Center for East Asian Studies.


Brahmachal

The Kingdom of Brahmachal (), also known as Badapanchala (), was one of the many petty kingdoms of the Sylhet region. It was established by Brahmajit by gradually off-shooting from the Gour Kingdom in 1170 AD due to familial tensions. It would reunite during the reign of Govardhan of Gour for a few years before being annexed to the Twipra Kingdom. Govardhan's successor, Gour Govinda, would again reunite Brahmachal with Gour in 1260.
Location.
The kingdom consisted mainly of the northern parts of the modern-day Moulvibazar District, with its capital at Brahmachal (modern-day Baramchal in Kulaura) - from which it takes its name. The Kingdom of Tungachal, part of modern-day Habiganj District, was a vassal state to Brahmachal as well.
History.
Establishment.
Before the establishment of the Brahmachal Kingdom, the area was a part of the Gour Kingdom. In 1140 AD, Kshetra Pal ascended the Gour throne. Raja Kshetra Pal practised polygyny and had two wives; Ratnavati and Surama. During his reign, an earthquake took place which changed the country's contour and topography. It is said that a new river emerged in the town, which the King named after his second and favourite wife, Rani Surama, as the Surma River. The King's first son came from Surama and his name was Brahmajit. A few years later, Kshetra's first wife Ratnavati also gave birth to a son, called Dharmadhwaj. However, conspiracies emerged in the country as a number of people were suspicious of Ratnavati accusing her of jealousy and child illegitimacy as Kshetra was an old man by this time. After Kshetra died, his eldest son, Brahmajit stepped to the throne. His stepmother Ratnavati and her associates gave Brahmajit a hard time as she believed that as she was the elder wife, her son should have been the King.
Scared for his life, Brahmajit moved his capital to a place known as Brahmachal (now Baramchal, Kulaura), just north of the Twipra Kingdom. He then appointed his stepbrother Dharmadhwaj to govern over the old capital, which retained its name as Gour. Conflict did not emerge as both rulers thought that they were in control of the kingdom as a whole, but gradually the two lands split to become two different kingdoms; Gour and Brahmachal. The two stepsons worked together and hosted a Vedic yajna at the Bhatera Homer Tila at Brahmachal which was arranged by Priest Nidhipati Shastri, who was a descendant of Ananda Shastri - a Brahmin from Mithila who arrived in Sylhet during the rule of Govinda-Rana Kesava Deva of Gour. Another yajna was hosted by Raja Sengkwchak Dharmadhar of the Twipra Kingdom with Nidhipati as a priest as well who was rewarded with what would become the Ita Kingdom.
Brahmajit was succeeded by his son, Indrajit and then Jayananda. Jayananda had two sons; Srinanda and Upananda. Srinanda suffered from chronic rheumatism. Upananda is described in the Hattanath Tales as evil and jealous individual as he took advantage of this by conspiring with military general Amar Singh against his brother. Upananda succeeded in becoming with the acceptance of the royal officers and kept Singh as his commander-in-chief. Srinanda protested against this but was unsuccessful and subsequently migrated to Kamrup where he became a sannyasi of Kamakhya Temple, leaving behind his wife, Anna Purna - a neglected ex-wife of Raja Gai Gobind of the Jaintia Kingdom - and his son, Govinda. It is said that here, Srinanda gained a better reputation and was even considered by some Hindus to be "God of the Sea" and "Pura Raja".
Loss of Independence.
Govardhan of Gour rose to power in 1250 following the death of his father. During this period, Upananda was the Raja of Brahmachal (centred in modern-day Baramchal in Kulaura). The long-lasted conflict between the north and south continued during Govardhan's reign. Govardhan appointed his chief minister, Madan Rai, to somehow find a way to lure Upananda's general, Amar Singh, to use him as a tool to infiltrate Brahmachal. Govardhan and Rai then made an agreement with Govardhan's general Virabhadra to give his daughter, Chandra Kala, in marriage to Singh. The marriage was successful, despite protests, and Singh maintained a good relationship with General Virabhadra and a developing relationship with the Gour royal court. Singh had close ties with the Kuki chiefs, the border guards for the Twipra Kingdom south of Brahmachal. He managed to persuade the Kuki chiefs into raiding Raja Upananda's palace in the dead of the night, massacring most of its inmates. With the emergence of a civil war between Brahmachal and Gour, Raja Upananda was subsequently killed. Brahmachal became a part of the Gour kingdom again, and Govardhan appointed Amar Singh as its feudal governor.
The Raja of the Twipra Kingdom, Ratan Manikya was informed of Singh's treacherous actions and how he tricked the Kuki chiefs, he decided that he has to take action. He was also told of the murder of Raja Epivishnu of Tungachal, who was a subordinate ruler within the Brahmachal Kingdom and was a friend of the latter. Ratan believed the Gour administration was going too far and decided to also put a stop to Govardhan's scheme to invade other neighbouring kingdoms. He sent a contingent towards Brahmachal to attack Amar Singh. Singh's forces were outnumbered and requested assistance from Govardhan. However, Govardhan was unable to help as Gour was facing an invasion in the north from the Jaintia Kingdom. Singh was killed by the Tripura forces and the Kuki chiefs saw this as an opportunity for them to annex Brahmachal to the Twipra Kingdom. Jaidev Rai, son of the minister of Raja Upananda, who was the king of Brahmachal before Amar Singh, was made the feudal ruler of the area under the Tripuris.
In 1260, Govinda of Gour rose to power following the murder of Raja Govardhan. He intended to retrieve the territories which had been lost during the reign of the former king. By making peace with Ratan Manikya of Tripura and gifting him an elephant, Govinda was able to retrieve Brahmachal (which included Tungachal) back to the Gour administration. During the Conquest of Sylhet in 1303, Brahmachal was incorporated into Shamsuddin Firuz Shah's sultanate.


Timur Malik

Timur Malik () was a statesman in the Khwarazmian Empire, who served as the governor of Khujand in the region of Transoxiana. He is known for his valiant though ultimately unsuccessful defense of Khujand in 1219-1220 during the Mongol invasions, and is hence considered a national hero in Tajikistan.
Biography.
Timur Malik was sometime before the Mongol invasions appointed as the governor of Khujand, a city famous for its vineyards and gardens, for its trade, and for the bold citizens. The city also had a citadel, and when the Mongols arrived, the citizens withdrew behind its walls.


Koreatown

A Koreatown (Korean: 코리아타운), also known as a Little Korea or Little Seoul, is a Korean-dominated ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area outside the Korean Peninsula.
History.
Koreatowns as an East Asian ethnic enclave have only been in existence since the mid 1860s as Korea had been a territorially stable polity for centuries; as Jaeeun Kim describe it, "The congruence of territory, polity, and population was taken for granted". Large-scale emigration from Korea was only mainly into the Russian Far East and Northeast China; these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 million Koreans in China and several hundred thousand ethnic Koreans in Central Asia.
Koreatowns in the western countries such as the United States, Canada have only been in place much later with the Los Angeles Koreatown receiving official recognition in 2008. Also many Koreatowns are not officially sanctioned where the only evidence of such enclaves exist as clusters of Korean stores with Korean signage existing only on the storefronts. In the 1992 Los Angeles riots, many Korean businesses were targeted where the signage only served to point out targets for rioters. In Philadelphia's Koreatown, anti-Korean sentiment was so strong that official signage was often vandalized as residents protested the "official recognition" of such areas, making many Koreatowns across the western countries never having official statuses that many Chinatowns receive today. Many Koreatowns today exist in a suburban setting as opposed to the urban settings of Chinatown mainly because many ethnic Koreans, especially in the western countries, fear crime that is often associated with the city dwellings and the higher quality of schools as education is often a top priority, which is why the Philadelphia Koreatowns exist in suburban settings such as Cheltenham, Pennsylvania instead of its original location in the Olney section of Philadelphia.
Characteristics.
The features described below are characteristic of many modern Koreatowns.
Korean signage.
Many modern Koreatowns will exhibit the usage of the Korean language and Hangul on storefront signs sometimes on official highway signage. Officially sanctioned Koreatowns may also exhibit signs in the local language. In English, the word "Koreatown", "Little Korea" and "Korea Way" can sometimes be seen, as in the case with the Los Angeles Koreatown. As Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea as well as one of the two official languages in China's Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, there are approximately 80 million people who speak Korean worldwide. For over a millennium, Korean was written with adapted Chinese characters called hanja, complemented by phonetic systems like "hyangchal", "gugyeol" and "idu". In the 15th century, a national writing system called hangul was commissioned by Sejong the Great, but it only came into widespread use in the 20th century, because of the "yangban" aristocracy's preference for hanja.
Most historical linguists classify Korean as a language isolate
 while a few consider it to be in the controversial Altaic language family. The Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax.
Korean restaurants.
Many Koreatowns will have stores that serve Korean cuisine, usually serving as the major differentiator between other East Asian and Southeast Asian ethnic enclaves such as Chinatown and Little Saigons. The Korean national cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient agricultural and nomadic traditions in Southern Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula, Korean cuisine has evolved through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.
Korean cuisine is largely based upon rice, vegetables and meats. Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number of side dishes ("banchan") that accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Kimchi is served often, sometimes at every meal. Commonly used ingredients include sesame oil, "doenjang" (fermented bean paste), soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, pepper flakes and "gochujang" (fermented red chili paste).
Locations.
Korean demographics.
Many Koreatowns are actual ethnic enclaves where nearly four-fifths of migrant Koreans live in just three countries: China, the United States and Japan. Other countries with greater than 0.5% Korean minorities include Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan, New Zealand, and Uzbekistan. All these figures include both permanent migrants and sojourners. If one focuses on long-term residents, there were about 5.3 million Korean emigrants as of 2010.
Americas.
Argentina.
Buenos Aires's 'Barrio Coreano' is in the neighborhood of Flores, specifically in the south of this neighborhood. The primary artery of the district is Avenida Carabobo, which houses various Korean businesses and organizations, including restaurants, beauty salons, a Korean school (Instituto Coreano Argentino) and churches, among others.
In recent years, there has been a huge move from the Bajo Flores towards the Avellaneda Avenue, the reason being the increasing theft and insecurity around the slums close to Avenida Castanares. What some might call these days "The New Koreatown" has been increasing in size at a faster rate while the shops in Avenida Carabobo have been closing.
There are over 22,000 Koreans in Argentina, most of them in Buenos Aires, where the Asian population is around 2.5%.
Brazil.
Brazil has several Korean enclaves but, recently a Koreatown was formed in Bom Retiro a densely populated area of Brazil's biggest city, São Paulo.
The Korean consulate in Brazil said that the municipal government in São Paulo has designated Bom Retiro as 'Koreatown' and could pass an ordinance that will see the city provide administrative and financial support to the new community.
Chile.
The Korean population of Chile is mostly concentrated in Patronato in Santiago. Currently, approximately 3000 Koreans live in Chile.
The Korean community is well organized and united. Colonia Coreana organizes several events annually. Among these events are: soccer tournaments, Korean festivals, and the annual Mr. and Ms. Patronato.
Mexico.
Mexico has a large Korean population that lives in and around Zona Rosa in Mexico City. According to the newspaper "Reforma", there are at least 1,000 Koreans living in Zona Rosa and about 3,000 total in Colonia Juárez, the larger official neighborhood of which Zona Rosa is a part. The area around Hamburgo, Praga, Florencia, and Biarritz streets converted into “Pequeño Seul,” or Little Seoul in the 1990s before receding since then.
Canada.
Toronto.
Toronto officially designated the area on Bloor Street from Bathurst Street to Christie St. as Koreatown in 2004.[12] According to the 2001 census Toronto had roughly 43,000 Koreans living in the city,[13] and in 2011 the numbers have grown to 64,755.[14] The Korean community in Toronto has developed Koreatown such that it offers a Korean grocery store,[15]hairdressers, karaoke bars and a multitude of restaurants.[16] The City of Toronto describes Koreatown as "Korea Town is primarily a business district offering a wide range of Korean restaurants, high-end-fashion Korean boutiques, herbalists, acupuncturist and many other unique services and shops which are filled with made-in-Korea merchandise."[12] Koreatown Toronto is also known for its Spring Dano Festival which is run on the 5th day of 5th month of the Korean Lunar Calendar. The festival is run is the Christie Pits area and has been run for the past 21 years with the exception of 2013 when it was cancelled.[12][17] Today, although many Koreans work in the area, very few Koreans actually live there. An influx of Latino immigrants is changing the demographics of the area today.
Koreatown North is the unofficial name for the area situated along Yonge Street from Sheppard Avenue in North York, an administrative area in northern Toronto, to the Clark Avenue in neighboring Thornhill, Ontario. This area does not have official signage as they are mixed with establishments catering to Persians and Chinese clientele.
Vancouver.
The highest concentration of Koreans are found near Lougheed Town Centre in Burnaby, British Columbia and in the adjacent city of Coquitlam.
United States.
The first large group of Korean Immigrants settled in America between 1901 and 1905. Between those years 7,226 immigrants, including 6,048 men, 637 women, and 541 children, came on 65 trips. Most of the early immigrants of that period had some contract with American missionaries in Korea. For some Western-oriented Korean intellectuals, immigrating to the United States was considered useful, in part, to help them in the modernization of their homeland. Consequently, the recruiter for labourers for the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association (HSPA), David Deshler, had no trouble finding Koreans from a wide range of social classes willing to sail to Hawaii.
San Francisco, Dinuba, and Riverside, California have a claim as the first Korean U.S. settlement.
Atlanta, Georgia.
Atlanta has a population of approximately 50,000 individuals of Korean descent. Atlanta's Koreatown is mostly centered around the corridor extending from Duluth, Georgia, westward along Buford Highway into northeast Atlanta. KoreanBeacon named Atlanta #5 in its list of Top Korean-American cities, citing the Korean population in Gwinnett County, GA (which contains Duluth) doubling over the past decade, in addition to large stretches of Buford Highway being populated with retail and services with many signs in Korean. Atlanta also has four Korean-language television stations broadcast in the Atlanta area, in addition to a local daily Korean newspaper, the Atlanta ChoSun.
Aurora, Colorado.
Roughly two thousand Korean immigrants live in Aurora, and the stretch of Havana Street running from Mississippi Avenue to Iliff Avenue contains a very high number of Korean businesses. A motion to designate the surrounding area as an official Koreatown was at one time considered by the Aurora City Council.
Baltimore, Maryland.
There is a small portion of lower Charles Village, referred to as the Station North Arts and Entertainment District, is sometimes referred to as Koreatown or Little Korea and is home to a number of Korean restaurants, but it has not been officially designated as a Koreatown. This developing Koreatown is bounded on the north by 24th Street, on the south by North Avenue, on the west by Maryland Avenue, and on the east by St. Paul Street. Meanwhile, suburban Ellicott City, Maryland and Catonsville, Maryland has also developed Koreatowns, along Route 40.
Boston, Massachusetts.
Boston's Koreatown is in Allston Village and includes parts of Cambridge Street and Brighton, Harvard, and Commonwealth Avenues, with a growing Korean and Korean American residential and commercial presence.
Chicago, Illinois.
Chicago's Albany Park neighborhood has been referred to as Chicago's "Koreatown" since the 1980s. The majority of Korean shops in Albany Park can be found along Lawrence Avenue (4800 North) between Kedzie (3200 West) and Pulaski (4000 West). This particular section of Lawrence Avenue has been officially designated by the city of Chicago as "Seoul Drive" because of the multitude of Korean-owned enterprises on the street. Although many of the Korean Americans in the neighborhood have been moving to the north suburbs in recent years, it still retains its Korean flavor. Every year there is a Korean festival, and the neighborhood is home to a Korean television station (WOCH-CD Ch. 41) and radio station (1330 AM) as well as two Korean-language newspapers. There are still many Korean businesses interspersed among the newer Mexican bakeries and Middle Eastern grocery stores. Approximately 45% of the businesses on this particular stretch of Lawrence Avenue are owned by Korean-Americans.
Columbus, Ohio.
Koreatown is in the vicinity of Bethel and Henderson Roads in Northwest Columbus. This area includes several Korean grocery stores, churches, and restaurants.
Dallas, Texas.
A sizable Koreatown can be found in Dallas, though this mostly commercial area of the city has not been officially designated as such. Dallas has the largest Korean American community in Texas and second (to Atlanta) in the southern United States. Instead, large signs situated at the intersection of Harry Hines Boulevard and Royal Lane proclaim the area as the Asian Trade District. The signs also feature depictions of a red and blue "taeguk," a symbol that is prominently featured on the national flag of South Korea, thereby acknowledging the specifically Korean affiliation of the district. This area in the northwest part of the city is characterized by a large number of Korean-owned businesses serving the city's sizable Korean American community, concentrated along a 1.5 mile strip of Royal Lane between Luna Rd and Harry Hines Blvd. Although Korean business is undoubtedly the most dominant in the area, there are isolated Chinese and Vietnamese businesses as well. Another Koreatown can be found in Carrollton, Texas, which is part of the greater DFW area. This area is referred to as "New Koreatown" by locals, due to it growing from the arrival of Hmart to the city. Over the years, more and more restaurants and shops have opened around the Hmart.
Honolulu, Hawaii.
Korean businesses congregate on Keeaumoku Street, which earned the nickname "Koreamoku." As of 2016 it has been officially designated as a Koreatown. Roughly bounded by Kalakaua Ave (East), Kapiolani Blvd. (South), King St. (North) and Keeaumoku St. (West).
Houston, Texas.
Spring Branch in Houston is considered to have the largest Koreatown in the Houston area.
Orange County, California.
Koreatown (also referred to as Little Seoul or the Korean Business District on nearby street signage) is on Garden Grove Boulevard between Beach Boulevard (Route 39) and Brookhurst Street in Garden Grove, Orange County, California. The Korean population in Orange County more than doubled between 1990 and 2010.
Los Angeles, California.
The Greater Los Angeles Area is home to the largest number of ethnic Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula. Koreatown is an officially recognized district of the city and contains probably the heaviest concentration of Korean residents and businesses. However, when the term "Koreatown" is used it usually refers to a larger area that includes the adjacent neighborhoods of Wilshire Center, Harvard Heights and Pico Heights. Koreans began to move into the area in the late 1960s after changes in US immigration laws, establishing numerous businesses, although never outnumbering Latino residents. In the aftermath of the 1992 riots, Koreatown entered into a period of development, especially during the 1994 Asian Market Crisis as South Korean investors sought to invest in the then-profitable California real-estate market. More recently, L.A.'s Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting and an increased crime rate, prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area.
New York metropolitan area.
As of the 2010 United States Census, the self-identified Korean American population in the metropolitan New York Combined Statistical Area was 218,764, the second largest population of ethnic Koreans outside Korea.
According to the 2011 American Community Survey, there were approximately 100,000 Korean Americans in New York City, with two-thirds living in borough of Queens. In particular, Fresh Meadows is home to the most Korean immigrants of any neighbourhood in the city. In Bergen County, New Jersey, where several towns are home to significant Korean populations, the survey counted 63,247 Korean Americans or 6.9% of the total population. The Korean population in borough of Manhattan has nearly doubled to approximately 20,000 since the 2000 Census.
As of 2014, there were 180 franchisees of Korean coffeehouse chain Caffe Bene in the metro area. Korean Air and Asiana Airlines provide non-stop flights from Seoul to JFK Airport.
Manhattan.
In Midtown Manhattan, Koreatown is bordered by 31st and 33rd Streets, Fifth Avenue, and the Avenue of the Americas, close to the Empire State Building and Macy's at Herald Square. The heart of the district is the block of 32nd Street between Fifth Avenue and Broadway, officially nicknamed "Korea Way", which features stores on multiple stories, with small, independently run establishments reaching up to the third or fourth floors, including restaurants, exuding an ambience of Seoul. The New York City Korean Chamber of Commerce estimates there to be more than 100 small businesses on the block. It is home to numerous restaurants that serve both traditional and/or regional Korean cuisine and Korean fusion fare (including Korean Chinese cuisine), several bakeries, grocery stores, supermarkets, bookstores, consumer electronics outlets, video rental shops, tchotchke and stationery shops, hair and nail salons, "noraebang" bars, nightclubs, as well as cell phone service providers, internet cafés, doctors' offices, banks, and hotels. Approximately twelve 24/7 restaurants conduct business on Korea Way. According to the 2000 Census, a slightly larger area including Koreatown was 46 percent Asian. Koreatown is expanding eastward toward Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan.
Long Island.
The Long Island Koreatown is one of the largest and fastest growing ethnic enclaves outside Korea. The core of this Koreatown originated in the Flushing neighborhood borough of Queens. It has continued to expand rapidly eastward through the neighborhoods of Murray Hill, Bayside, Douglaston and Little Neck, and into adjacent suburban Nassau County, Long Island. In the 1980s, a continuous stream of Korean immigrants many of whom began as workers in the medical field or Korean international students moved to New York City to find or initiate professional or entrepreneurial positions. They established a foothold on Union Street in Flushing between 35th and 41st Avenues, featuring restaurants and karaoke ("noraebang") bars, grocery markets, education centers and bookstores, banking institutions, offices, electronics vendors, apparel boutiques and other commercial enterprises. As the community grew more affluent and rose in socioeconomic status, Koreans moved eastward along Northern Boulevard, buying homes in more affluent and less crowded Queens neighborhoods and Nassau County, bringing their businesses with them. The eastward pressure was created in part by the inability to move westward due to the formidable presence of the enormous Flushing Chinatown () centered on Main Street. The expansion led to the creation of an American "Meokjagolmok" or "Restaurant Street", around the Murray Hill station of Long Island Rail Road station which is reminiscent of Seoul. According to "The New York Times", a "Kimchi Belt" stretches along Northern Boulevard and the Long Island Rail Road tracks, from Flushing into Nassau County; while according to a Korean food chef, "Queens is the closest you can come to authentic Korean food". The Long Island Koreatown features numerous restaurants that serve both traditional and/or regional Korean cuisine. Korean Chinese cuisine is also available in the Long Island Koreatown.
Bergen County.
Koreans began moving to Eastern Bergen County, New Jersey in the 1980s and by the 1990s, several enclaves were established. According to the 2010 Census, Bergen County had the highest per capita population of Koreans of any United States county, at 6.3%, including all of the nation's top ten municipalities by percentage of Korean population. In 2012, the county mandated the publication of voting ballots in the Korean language.
The two most prominent Koreatowns are centered along Broad Avenue in Palisades Park and Leonia, Ridgefield and around the intersection of Main Street and Lemoine Avenue in Fort Lee, close to the George Washington Bridge. Both districts have developed dining destinations for Korean cuisine, while Broad Avenue in Palisades Park has evolved into a dessert destination as well. Koreatown, Palisades Park has been nicknamed the "Korean village" and "Koreatown on the Hudson". The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition celebrated in Overpeck County Park. Korean "chaebols" have established North American headquarters operations in Bergen County, including Samsung, LG Corp, and Hanjin Shipping. Korean professionals have also expanded northward into the Northern Valley area and more recently, into adjacent Rockland County, New York. Route 303 in Tappan, New York, Rockland County, has become the hub of Korean activity in the Lower Hudson Valley area.
Oakland, California.
The largest concentration of Korean businesses and community services in the San Francisco Bay Area is centered on Oakland's Telegraph Avenue between 20th and 35th Streets between Downtown Oakland and the Temescal district. Roughly 150 Korean-owned businesses are located in the neighborhood, including a shopping center and Korean American community centers. This segment of Telegraph Avenue is lined with bright banners proclaiming the district as "Koreatown-Northgate" with the slogan "Oakland's got Seoul" and accompanied by an annual cultural festival. Officially named "Koreatown-Northgate", the area was characterized by urban decay before Korean Americans began opening businesses and reviving the area in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Before 1991, the area was characterized by homelessness and crime and was known as the Northgate district. The aftermath of the Los Angeles Riots of 1992 also saw a large number of Koreans from Southern California moving to the Bay Area and opening businesses and buying property in the district on a large scale. There has been criticism from the non-Korean residents about the city officially naming the district Koreatown, mostly from the African American population who form the majority in the area. Despite Korean Americans owning much of the property in the neighborhood, the largest group of residents still remains African American. Tensions remain between African Americans and Koreans in the neighborhood, which has witnessed declines in both populations. Despite some Koreans continuing to move into the neighborhood, the majority of the Bay Area's Korean population is concentrated in the suburbs surrounding Oakland and in the South Bay.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia's first Koreatown is located in the Olney section of the city. Since the late 1980s, the Korean community has expanded to the north and now straddles the border between Philadelphia proper and the suburb of Cheltenham, though many Korean American businesses and organizations and some residents remain in Olney and adjoining neighborhoods. Upper Darby Township, bordering West Philadelphia, also has a large Korean American population; meanwhile, a rapidly growing Korean population and commercial presence has emerged in nearby suburban Cherry Hill, New Jersey since 2010, centered along Marlton Pike.
Washington, D.C..
Koreatown in Annandale, Virginia starts at the intersection of Little River Turnpike and Hummer Road, runs for 1.5 miles to the turnpike's intersection with Evergreen Lane and provides a hub for the 93,787 individuals of Korean descent residing in the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area, as estimated by the 2009 American Community Survey. According to the "Boston Globe", over 1,000 Korean-owned businesses are in Annandale. They cater to Koreans as well as non-Koreans. Businesses and establishments include accountants, banks, bakeries, billiards, bookstores, churches, college preparatory classrooms, cybercafés, department stores, newspapers, optometrists, real estate offices, restaurants and salons.
East Asia.
Mainland China.
The population of Koreans in China include millions of descendants of Korean immigrants with citizenship of the People's Republic of China, as well as smaller groups of South and North Korean migrants, with a total of roughly 2.3 million people as of 2009. China has the largest ethnic Korean population living outside mainland Korea.
Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture has 854,000 ethnic Koreans living there who are or (), () and form one of the 56 ethnicities officially recognized by the Chinese government.
Beijing.
There are roughly 200,000 Koreans living in Beijing, including 120,000 "Chosŏnjok/Joseonjok" (ethnic Korean citizens of China) and about 80,000 South Korean migrants. Prominent areas include Wudaokou and Wangjing.
There are two Koreatowns in Beijing: The bigger Korean enclave is in Wangjing in the Chaoyang district. There are many Korean companies who have established their businesses in Wangjing. Wangjing also has an all-Korean international school (all grade levels) in the Wangjing vicinity. Many of the Korean businesses in Wangjing cater towards families, businessmen, students and tourists with restaurants, bath houses/spas, bookstores, clubs/bars, golfing and Korean banks. Although Wangjing is known as a Korean district, there is a great number of third- and fourth-generation Korean Chinese ethnic minorities who live and coexist with South Korean nationals.
The second Koreatown, Wudaokou, is in the Haidian district where most of the city's universities are. Because of the vibrant university scene in Wudaokou, there are many Korean college students who live and attend universities in this area.
Although the Korean districts are on different ends of the city, Wangjing and Wudaokou are connected by subway line 13.
Qingdao.
An estimated 182,000 ethnic Koreans live in Qingdao, Shandong Province, including 134,000 "Chosŏnjok/Joseonjok" and 48,000 South Korean migrants.
Shenyang.
Shenyang has a large Koreatown known as Xita/Sŏtap/Seotap (; , ) meaning Western Pagoda. Both North and South Korea have consulates in Shenyang but in different districts.
Shanghai.
86,000 Koreans live in Shanghai, including 65,000 "Chosŏnjok/Joseonjok" and 21,000 South Korean migrants. Longbai in the Minhang district, to the west of the city, has a Korean-oriented neighborhood.
Hong Kong.
In 2011, there were 13,288 individuals of Korean descent in Hong Kong. Kimberley Street in Tsim Sha Tsui has Korean restaurants and grocery stores; and is known by the local nicknames Korean Street and Little Korea ().
Japan.
During the Korea under Japanese rule, approximately 2.4 million ethnic Koreans emigrated to Japan. Some for economic reasons and some were forced to move during the Second World War to work as laborers. While most departed after the war, still many chose to remain and were joined in the 1950s by a wave of refugees from Jeju Island. Today, Koreans, known as "Zainichi Koreans" (, "Chaeilchosŏnin/Jaeil-Joseon-in", who on paper retain the nationality of the old Korea) or "Zainichi Koreans" (, "Chaeil-han-guk-in/Jaeil Hangug-in", who have adopted South Korean nationality), are the largest ethnic minority in Japan, amounting to 620,000 in 2002. Those with North Korean ties are a key source of remittances to North Korea. There is a separate group of more recent migrants from South Korea with strong links to their home country, and there is a considerable cultural gap between these so-called "newcomers" and the Zainichi Koreans.
Osaka.
The Korean enclave in the city of Osaka, numbering over 90,000, is the largest in Japan, concentrated in the Ikuno Ward, where 25% of the inhabitants are of Korean origin. Tsuruhashi in the Ward is the largest Koreatown in Japan and is dominated by Jeju Islanders. Imazato-Shinchi is an area increasingly dominated by recent South Korean "new-comers". The total Korean population in Osaka prefecture amounted to 150,000 in 2002.
Tokyo.
According to official statistics in 2002, the Korean population in Tokyo amounted to 80,000, which was the second largest following that of Osaka.
Tokyo's Korean-oriented commercial centre is located in the district of Okubo around the area of Shin-Okubo Station and Okubo Station in Shinjuku Ward. Shinjuku Ward itself has over 14,201 registered Korean residents, representing over 20% of the registered Korean residents in Tokyo. Unlike other Japanese Koreatowns, the Okubo Koreatown developed after World War II and is dominated by "new-comers" - recent immigrants from South Korea who have retained their ethnic and cultural identity, as can be seen from the ubiquitous signs written in hangul.
One of the contributing factors in the development of Okubo into a Korean area was the low rents. The low rents and willingness of landlords to accept foreign tenants attracted Korean and other Asian migrants to the area. These businesses cater to the migrant community and increasingly Japanese who come to experience ethnic cuisine. Other immigrants from China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and various other nationalities make this one of the most colourful and multicultural areas in Tokyo.
The area around Mikawashima station on the Jōban Line, to the north of the city, is a Koreatown dominated by Zainichi immigrants from Jeju island.
Also noteworthy is a smaller-scale Zainichi Korean quarter to the southeast of Ueno station, and to the southwest, a community of South Korean "new-comers".
Shimonoseki.
Green Mall in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi is a Koreatown. It is also known as "Little Pusan" partly because of the Kanpu ferry that goes to the city of Pusan in South Korea.
Taiwan.
A small Koreatown exists in Zhongxing Street located in Yonghe District, New Taipei City
Southeast Asia.
Indonesia.
A 31,000 m2 Koreatown block is being constructed on north Jakarta Pulomas. Upon its completion, it will be the first artificially made Koreatown in the world with 7 blocks and 9 buildings.
Koreans in Indonesia number approximately 40,000, which makes Indonesia the 12th largest country with Koreans living outside Korea.
Malaysia.
Kuala Lumpur.
There are more than 20,000 Koreans living in the capital of Malaysia. Sri Hartamas is an affluent residential township in the city which houses many migrants families, particularly from Korea. There are two Korean supermarkets in the area - Seoul Mart and Lotte Mart, various Korean restaurants and many Korean hair saloons. Malaysia's first officially registered school for Korean nationals, the Malaysia Korean School, was established on 7 December 1974; it had 26 teachers and enrolled 148 students as of 2006. It is located on Jalan Ampang.
Sabah.
About 1,800 to 2,000 Koreans reside in Sabah, most of them in the state's capital of Kota Kinabalu. Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal project in Kimanis, Papar has brought South Korean employees of Samsung Engineering to work and live there until the terminal completion in December 2013. Around 200,000 South Korean tourists came to Malaysia in 2006; Kota Kinabalu was their most popular destination.
Sarawak.
There were also some North Koreans working and living in the mine industry on Sri Aman.
This was revealed after a tragedy that killed one and injuring seven others North Koreans in 2014.
Philippines.
The most well-known Koreatown in the Metro Manila area is located in Makati's Barangay Poblacion. Most of the Korean businesses can be found in the area bounded north-south by JP Rizal Avenue and Jupiter, and east-west by Makati Avenue and Rockwell Drive, with P. Burgos running roughly through the middle of the area. In Quezon City, the Kalayaan Plaza Building has various Korean businesses, apartments and a church (one of seven or eight Korean churches in QC that existed in 2005).
On Angeles, Pampanga. Anunas is the barangay that houses the city's Korean Town, a chain of Korean establishments along the Fil-Am Friendship Highway. Anunas is also identified as one of the growth centers of the city, focusing on light industries such as woodcarving and rattan craft.
Currently, Manila Mayor Isko Moreno and South Korea Ambassador to the Philippines Kim Inchul are in talks about establishing a "Korea Town" in Manila's Malate district
Singapore.
There are Koreatowns in the Upper Bukit Timah area and the Tanjong Pagar area due to the large number of Koreans living in these two areas. Koreans in Singapore formed a population of 16,650 individuals as of 2010, according to the South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Thailand.
There is one Koreatown in Bangkok near Sukhumvit Soi 12 and one in Phuket.
It consists mainly of North Korean refugees and South Korean expatriates, along with a number of South Korean immigrants who have naturalised as citizens of Thailand and their descendants.
Vietnam.
Koreans in Vietnam is a community of Vietnam with a population of Korean migrants along with Vietnamese citizens of Korean ancestry. The population initially came in a military capacity, fighting on both sides of the Vietnam War. After the end of the war, there was little Korean migration or tourism in Vietnam, until the rise of the South Korean economy and the decline of the North resulted in an influx of South Korean investors and North Korean defectors, as well as South Korean men seeking Vietnamese wives. As of 2011, according to statistics of South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, they numbered roughly eighty thousand people, making them the second-largest Korean diaspora community in Southeast Asia, after the Korean community in the Philippines and the tenth-largest in the world. A more recent estimate from Vietnam Television says their population might be as large as 130,000.
Europe.
United Kingdom.
London.
The south west London suburb of New Malden is home to the largest population of both South Koreans and North Koreans in Europe. One-third of New Malden residents are Korean and the town is a cultural hub for Koreans in the United Kingdom. Korean businesses include two large supermarkets (H Mart and Korea Foods), several corner shops, cafés, karaoke bars, travel agents, hair dressers, butchers and over 20 restaurants.
Oceania.
Australia.
Sydney.
Sydney's primary Koreatowns are located in the heavily immigrant populated neighbourhood areas of Strathfield, Eastwood and Campsie, which is home to The Sydney Korean Society. These suburbs and surrounding areas are famous for their Korean population which have created a strong cultural identity for the community. These areas are home to a number of Korean speaking businesses and retail stores which include Korean restaurants, DVD stores, supermarkets, hairdressers and cafes.
Other important Korean commercial areas are located in the northern Sydney suburbs of Epping and Chatswood. The intersection of Bathurst Street and Pitt Street in Sydney's Central Business District is also becoming a popular area for Korean commercial activity which once again include restaurants, karaoke, supermarkets and hairdressers.
Melbourne.
Melbourne's de facto Koreatown is concentrated around the vicinity of La Trobe Street.
It also now has a distinct pocket on Victoria Street North Melbourne directly opposite the Victoria Market.


List of disasters in Bangladesh by death toll

This is a list of disasters and tragic events in Bangladesh sorted by death toll.in 2007 Cyclone Aila attacked Cox'sBaza, Teknaf Moheshkhali Island list ofBangladeshd natural disasters in 1970 people Were killed by national 102000
1991 killed 110000


Menua

Menua () was the fifth known king of Urartu from c. 810 BC to approximately 786 BC. The name is sometimes written as "Menuas" or "Minua". In Armenian, Menua is rendered as "Manavaz" ("Manaz"). The name Menua may be connected etymologically to the Ancient Greek name Minos.
A younger son of the preceding Urartuan King, Ishpuini, Menua was adopted as co-ruler by his father in the last years of his reign. Menua enlarged the kingdom through numerous wars against the neighbouring countries and left many inscriptions across the region. He organized a centralised administrative structure, fortified a number of towns and constructed fortresses. Amongst these was Menuakhinili located on Mount Ararat. Menua developed a canal and irrigation system that stretched across the kingdom. One of those canals was a 50 kilometre canal, which was named the Menua Canal after the king. It flowed at a rate of 1500 to 3000 litres of water per second, depending on the time of the year. Several of these canals are still in use today.
He briefly co-ruled with his son, Inushpua, but was succeeded by another son, Argishti I.
It is believed that Menua founded the city of Manazkert (Malazgirt).


Japan New Party

The Japan New Party (日本新党 "Nihon Shintō") was a Japanese political party that existed briefly from 1992 to 1994.
The party, considered liberal, was founded by Morihiro Hosokawa, a former Diet member and Kumamoto Prefecture governor, who left the Liberal Democratic Party to protest corruption scandals. In 1992, the party elected four members to the House of Councillors, including Hosokawa. Although this was a disappointing result for them, in 1993 they were able to capitalize on voter dissatisfaction with the LDP, electing a total of 35 members (including 3 who joined after the election). Hosokawa became Prime Minister leading a broad coalition, but was soon forced to resign.
By 1994, the Japan New Party dissolved, its members flowing into the New Frontier Party (新進党).