Carol Shaw

Carol Shaw (born 1955) is one of the first female game designers and programmers in the video game industry. She is best known for creating the Atari 2600 vertically scrolling shooter "River Raid" (1982) for Activision. She worked for Atari, Inc. from 1978–1980 where she designed multiple games including "3-D Tic-Tac-Toe" (1978) and "Video Checkers" (1980), both for the Atari 2600. She left game development in 1984 and retired in 1990.
Early life and education.
Shaw was born in 1955 and was raised in Palo Alto, California. Her father was a mechanical engineer and worked at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. In a 2011 interview, she said she didn't like playing with dolls as a child, but learned about model railroading from playing with her brother's set, a hobby she continued until college. Shaw first used a computer in high school and discovered she could play text-based games on the system. Shaw attended the University of California, Berkeley and graduated with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in 1977. She went on to complete a master's degree in Computer Science at Berkeley.
Career.
Atari.
Shaw was hired at Atari, Inc. in 1978, straight out of her Master's, to work on games for the Atari VCS (later called the 2600) with an official job title of Microprocessor Software Engineer. Her first project was "Polo", a promotional tie-in for the Ralph Lauren cologne. The game reached the prototype stage, but Atari chose not to publish it.
Shaw's first published game was "3-D Tic-Tac-Toe" for the Atari 2600 in 1978. She also wrote "Video Checkers" (1980), and collaborated on two titles: a port of the coin-op game "Super Breakout" with Nick Turner and "Othello" with Ed Logg (1981). Co-worker Mike Albaugh later put her on a list of Atari's "less publicized superstars":
Shaw worked on several projects for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers. With Keith Brewster, she wrote the "Atari BASIC Reference Manual". She developed the programmable "Calculator" application published by Atari on diskette in 1979.
Activision.
Shaw left Atari in 1980 to work for Tandem Computers as an assembly language programmer, then joining Activision in 1982. Her first game was "River Raid" (1982) for the Atari 2600, which was inspired by the 1981 arcade game "Scramble". The game was a major hit for Activision and personally lucrative for Shaw.
Shaw also wrote "Happy Trails" (1983) for the Intellivision and ported "River Raid" to the Atari 8-bit family and Atari 5200. She left Activision in 1984.
After games.
In 1984 Shaw returned to her former employer, Tandem. She took early retirement in 1990 and subsequently did some voluntary work including a position at the Foresight Institute. She has credited the success of "River Raid" as being a significant factor in enabling her to retire early.
In 2017, Shaw received the Industry Icon Award at The Game Awards. In the same year, she donated her gaming memorabilia, including games, boxes, source code, and designs, to the Strong National Museum of Play.
Personal life.
Shaw lives in California and has been married to Ralph Merkle, a researcher in cryptography and nanotechnology, since 1983.
Works.
Atari 2600
Intellivision
Atari 8-bit family
Unreleased