Gettext

In computing, gettext is an internationalization and localization (i18n and l10n) system commonly used for writing multilingual programs on Unix-like computer operating systems. One of the main benefits of gettext is that it separates programming from translating. The most commonly used implementation of gettext is GNU gettext, released by the GNU Project in 1995. The runtime library is libintl. gettext provides an option to use different strings for any number of plural forms of nouns, but it has no support for grammatical gender.
History.
Initially, POSIX provided no means of localizing messages. Two proposals were raised in the late 1980s, the 1988 Uniforum gettext and the 1989 X/Open catgets (XPG-3 § 5). Sun Microsystems implemented the first gettext in 1993. The Unix and POSIX developers never really agreed on what kind of interface to use (the other option is the X/Open catgets), so many C libraries, including glibc, implemented both. , whether gettext should be part of POSIX was still a point of debate in the Austin Group, despite the fact that its old foe has already fallen out of use. Concerns cited included its dependence on the system-set locale (a global variable subject to multithreading problems) and its support for newer C-language extensions involving wide strings.
The GNU Project decided that the message-as-key approach of gettext is simpler and more friendly. (Most other systems, including catgets, requires the developer to come up with "key" names for every string.) They released GNU gettext, a free software implementation of the system in 1995. Gettext, GNU or not, has since been ported to many programming languages. The simplicity of po and widespread editor support even lead to its adoption in non-program contexts for text documents or as an intermediate between other localization formats, with converters like po4a (po for anything) and Translate Toolkit emerging to provide such a bridge.
Operation.
Programming.
The basic interface of gettext is the function, which accepts a string that the user will see in the original language, usually English. To save typing time, and to reduce code clutter, this function is commonly aliased to codice_1:
printf(gettext("My name is %s.\n"), my_name);
printf(_("My name is %s.\n"), my_name); // same, but shorter
codice_2 then uses the supplied strings as keys for looking up translations, and will return the original string when no translation is available. This is in contrast to POSIX codice_3, AmigaOS codice_4, or Microsoft Windows codice_5 where a programmatic ID (often an integer) is used. To handle the case where the same original-language text can have different meanings, gettext has functions like codice_6 that accept an additional "context" string.
codice_7 is run on the sources to produce a codice_8 (Portable Object Template) file, which contains a list of all the translatable strings extracted from the sources. Comments starting with codice_9 are used to give translators hints, although other prefixes are also configurable to further limit the scope. One such common prefix is codice_10.
For example, an input file with a comment might look like:
/// TRANSLATORS: %s contains the user's name as specified in Preferences
printf(_("My name is %s.\n"), my_name);
codice_7 is run using the command:
 xgettext -c /
The resultant .pot file looks like this with the comment (note that xgettext recognizes the string as a C-language printf format string):
msgid "My name is %s.\n"
msgstr ""
In POSIX shell script, gettext provides a codice_12 library one can include that provides the many same functions gettext provides in similar languages. GNU bash also has a simplified construct codice_13 for the simple gettext function, although it depends on the C library to provide a codice_2 function.
Translating.
The translator derives a codice_15 (Portable Object) file from the template using the codice_16 program, then fills out the translations. codice_16 initializes the translations so, for instance, for a French language translation, the command to run would be:
 msginit --locale=fr --input=name.pot
This will create codice_18. The translator then edits the resultant file, either by hand or with a translation tool like Poedit, or Emacs with its editing mode for codice_15 files. An edited entry will look like:
msgid "My name is %s.\n"
msgstr "Je m'appelle %s.\n"
Finally, the .po files are compiled with codice_20 into binary codice_21 (Machine Object) files. GNU gettext may use its own file name extension codice_22 on systems with another gettext implementation. These are now ready for distribution with the software package.
GNU codice_20 can also perform some checks relevant to the format string used by the programming language. It also allows for outputting to language-specific formats other than MO; the X/Open equivalent is codice_24.
In later phases of the developmental workflow, codice_25 can be used to "update" an old translation to a newer template. There is also codice_26 for reverse-compiling codice_21 files, and many other utilities for batch processing.
Running.
The user, on Unix-type systems, sets the environment variable codice_28, and the program will display strings in the selected language, if there is an codice_21 file for it.
Users on GNU variants can also use the environment variable codice_30 instead. Its main difference from the Unix variable is that it supports multiple languages, separated with a colon, for fallback.
Plural form.
The codice_31 interface accounts for the count of a noun in the string. As with the convention of codice_2, it is often aliased to codice_33 in practical use. Consider the code sample:
// parameters: english singular, english plural, integer count
printf(ngettext("%d translated message", "%d translated messages", n), n);
A header in the codice_34 (empty string) entry of the PO file stores some metadata, one of which is the plural form that the language uses, usually specified using a C-style . Let's say we want to translate for the Slovene language:
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Language: sl\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n%100==1 ? 1 : n%100==2 ? 2 : n%100==3 || n%100==4 ? 3 : 0);\n"
Since now there are four plural forms, the final po would look like:
msgid "%d translated message"
msgid_plural "%d translated messages"
msgstr[0] "%d prevedenih sporočil"
msgstr[1] "%d prevedeno sporočilo"
msgstr[2] "%d prevedeni sporočili"
msgstr[3] "%d prevedena sporočila"
Reference plural rules for languages are provided by the Unicode consortium. msginit also prefills the appropriate rule when creating a file for one specific language.
Implementations.
In addition to C, gettext has the following implementations: C# for both ASP.NET and for WPF, Perl, PHP, Python, Scala, and Node.js.
GNU gettext has native support for Objective-C, but there is no support for the Swift programming language yet. A commonly used gettext implementation on these Cocoa platforms is POLocalizedString. The Microsoft Outlook for iOS team also provides a LocalizedStringsKit library with a gettext-like API.