Out Run

 (also stylized as OutRun) is an arcade driving video game released by Sega in September 1986. It is known for its pioneering hardware and graphics, nonlinear gameplay, a selectable soundtrack with music composed by Hiroshi Kawaguchi, and its deluxe hydraulic motion simulator arcade cabinet. The goal is to avoid traffic and reach one of five destinations.
The game was designed by Yu Suzuki, who traveled to Europe to gain inspiration for the game's stages. Suzuki had a small team and only ten months to program the game, leaving him to do most of the work himself. The game was a critical and commercial success, becoming one of the best-selling video games of its time and Sega's most successful arcade cabinet of the 1980s. It was ported to numerous video game consoles and home computers and spawned a number of sequels. "Out Run" has been cited as an influence upon later video games.
Gameplay.
"Out Run" is a 3D driving video game in which the player controls a Ferrari Testarossa Spider from a third-person rear perspective. The camera is placed near the ground, simulating a Ferrari driver's position and limiting the player's view into the distance. The road curves, crests, and dips, which increases the challenge by obscuring upcoming obstacles such as traffic that the player must avoid. The object of the game is to reach the finish line against a timer. The game world is divided into multiple stages that each end in a checkpoint, and reaching the end of a stage provides more time. Near the end of each stage, the track forks to give the player a choice of routes leading to five final destinations. The destinations represent different difficulty levels and each conclude with their own ending scene, among them the Ferrari breaking down or being presented a trophy.
Development.
During the mid-1980s, Sega experienced success in the arcades with games developed by Yu Suzuki. "Hang-On" was a good seller and "Enduro Racer" had been successful enough for Sega to consider a second production run. Both are motorcycle racing games, and "Out Run" was Suzuki's chance to develop a car racing game. His original concept was to base the game on the American film "The Cannonball Run", of which he was a fan. He disliked racing games where cars exploded on impact, and wanted gamers to enjoy the experience of driving and to feel "superior".
Suzuki initially conceived the game's setting across the United States, and he requested to scout various locations there. According to Suzuki's boss, Youji Ishii, Sega president Hayao Nakayama believed the US was too unsafe, and suggested Europe as a safer option. Additionally, Suzuki concluded that the US was too "large and empty" for the game's design. He scouted Europe for two weeks in a BMW 520 for ideas. This tour included Frankfurt, Monaco, Rome, the Swiss Alps, the French Riviera, Florence, and Milan. While in Monaco, Suzuki was inspired to use the Ferrari Testarossa as the playable car in the game, so when he returned to Japan he arranged for his team to find and photograph one. They took many photos of the car from every side and recorded the sound of the engine.
A small team of four programmers, a sound creator, and five graphic designers developed "Out Run". Suzuki had to use only personnel that were available and not assigned to other projects at the time. As a result, Suzuki did most of the programming and planning himself, spending extra hours at the studio to complete development of the game within ten months. Suzuki believed that the most difficult part of developing the game was to make it as fun as possible, which he achieved by emphasizing the design elements of wide roads, buildings, and a radio with soundtrack selection.
Four cabinet designs were released, all of which are equipped with a steering wheel, a stick shift, and acceleration and brake pedals. Two of the cabinet designs are upright, one of which has force feedback in the steering wheel. The other two models are sit-down motion simulator cabinets that resemble the in-game car and use a drive motor to move the main cabinet—turning and shaking according to the onscreen action. Both models feature stereo speakers mounted behind the driver's head. The arcade system board made specifically for the game is the Sega OutRun, based on the Sega System 16. Suzuki stated that he was often unable to make games based on existing hardware and that Sega would have to create a new board. He said that his "designs were always 3D from the beginning. All the calculations in the system were 3D, even from "Hang-On". I calculated the position, scale, and zoom rate in 3D and converted it backwards to 2D. So I was always thinking in 3D". The game achieves its 3D effects using a sprite-scaling technique called Super-Scaler technology, as used one year earlier in "Hang-On". Released in September 1986, "Out Run"s fast sprite-scaling and 3D motion provide a smoother experience than other contemporary arcade games.
Suzuki also set about simulating car features that were previously lacking in earlier driving games, so that being a skillful driver in real life would translate to being skillful in the game. They simulated features such as horsepower, torque, gear ratios and tire engineering close to real cars. They also added AI assistance for features that were difficult to control, such as drifting. For the drifting, they added details such as, if the car's tyres grip the road surface too closely, the car's handling becomes too twitchy, something that wasn't appreciated in earlier driving games.
"Out Run"s original score was composed by Hiroshi Kawaguchi, who had previously composed soundtracks for other games designed by Suzuki, including "Hang-On". The soundtrack is similar in style to Latin and Caribbean music. Three selectable tracks are featured: "Passing Breeze", "Splash Wave", and "Magical Sound Shower". An additional track, "Last Wave", plays at the final score screen. Some of the game's audio samples were corrupted due to one of the master ROM chips failing, and the glitch was not noticed until Sega was preparing a soundtrack box-set for the game's 20th anniversary. The correct files were recovered from an 8-inch floppy disk, and subsequent re-releases of the game use the fixed data.
Reception.
"Out Run"s arcade release received positive reviews and became one of the most popular arcade games of the year. Clare Edgeley reviewed the arcade game in both "Computer and Video Games" and in "Sinclair User", praising the graphics and the element of danger in the gameplay as well as the hydraulic motion simulator cabinet. "Top Score" newsletter called it "the most enjoyable" and "realistic driving video game ever created" while praising its innovative simulator cabinet, detailed visuals and stereo soundtrack. A review in "Commodore User" described it as "a great game for driving enthusiasts" and awarded it a score of 9 out of 10. Gary Penn, writing for "Crash" called the game "highly polished" and praised the attention to detail. In "Your Sinclair", Peter Shaw praised its realism and described it as "the most frighteningly fast road race game I've ever played".
"Out Run" was ported to numerous home consoles and computers. The Sega Master System version was praised. "Computer and Video Games" concluded that it had "all the thrill power of the arcade version". "The Games Machine" gave the Master System version a score of 72%, stating that the Master System version came closest to the original coin-op. Reviewers for "Dragon" described it as a "refreshing" game "that provides hours of entertainment". "Computer Gaming World" named it as the year's best arcade translation for Sega.
The reception for the 8-bit personal computer ports published elsewhere by U.S. Gold was mixed. The ZX Spectrum version received positive scores from "Your Sinclair" and "Sinclair User". Some reviewers at "Crash" expressed disappointment at the low quality in contrast to the arcade original. "The Games Machine" gave the Spectrum version a score of 61%, noting the machine's technical limitations in comparison to the Master System and Commodore systems. The Commodore versions received positive to average reviews, though "Computer and Video Games" described the Commodore 64 port as "rushed". The Amstrad CPC port received a score of 8 out of 40 from "Computer and Video Games", which described it as a "travesty", and a 37% score from "Amstrad Action" where the reviewer considered it one of the worst arcade conversions ever. 
Reactions to the 16-bit versions were generally positive. The Atari ST version (1988) was described by "Computer and Video Games" as "far from perfect", but that it came closer to the arcade original than the other ports. The 1991 Sega Genesis version also received positive reviews, scoring 90% from French gaming magazines "Joypad" and "Joystick", as well as an 85% from Swedish magazine "Svenska Hemdatornytt".
Commercial performance.
In Japan, "Out Run" topped the "" charts for upright/cockpit arcade cabinets in November 1986, and remained at the top of the charts in December 1986. "Out Run" went on to become Japan's highest-grossing large arcade cabinet of 1987 according to the annual "Gamest" charts, as well as Japan's fourth highest-grossing arcade game of 1988 and 23rd highest of 1989. In North America, it topped the "RePlay" dedicated arcade game chart in February 1987. In Europe, the game topped the UK Electrocoin arcade charts from February 1987 through June 1987. 
Sega had sold 18,000 "Out Run" arcade machines worldwide by early 1987, including 3,500 units in Japan, 8,000 units in the United States, and 6,500 units in Europe and Southeast Asia. By late 1987, "Out Run" had sold 20,000 units worldwide, earning Sega over ( adjusted for inflation) in arcade machine sales, and becoming Sega's best-selling arcade cabinet of the 1980s. By 1994, 30,000 cabinets had been sold worldwide. Sega eventually surpassed "OutRun"s arcade sales with "Virtua Fighter" (1993) and "Virtua Fighter 2" (1994).
The 8-bit computer game ports published by U.S. Gold sold over 200,000 copies within two weeks of release in the United Kingdom, and more than 250,000 by Christmas 1987, topping the UK's Christmas 1987 chart. "Out Run" became the fastest-selling and best-selling computer game in the UK that year. By early March 1988, the ZX Spectrum version had sold over 350,000 copies, becoming the UK's all-time fastest-selling game up until then. "Out Run" remained on the UK charts for several years. In May 1988, the Atari ST version of "Out Run" became the first 16-bit title to top the UK all-formats chart (which had previously been topped only by Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum titles). "Out Run" also topped the all-formats chart again in November 1990, topped the PC Engine charts during JanuaryFebruary 1991, and the Commodore 64 version was number-two on the all-formats chart in March 1992. In 2020, it was revealed that "Out Run" is the second best-selling Sega Ages title in overseas markets outside of Japan (after "Sonic the Hedgehog"), especially in Europe.
Accolades.
"Out Run" won the 1987 Golden Joystick Award for Game of the Year, beating "Renegade" and "The Last Ninja". "Out Run" also received the Golden Joystick Award for Arcade Game of the Year, beating "Renegade" and "Bubble Bobble". It also won "Best Visual Enhancement in a Video Game" at the 1986 Amusement Players Association's Players Choice Awards, for its advanced graphics; the overall Game of the Year award went to the arcade version of "Super Mario Bros."
"Out Run" has been listed among the best games of all time by "Next Generation", "Retro Gamer", "Stuff", "Time", G4, KLOV, NowGamer, Yahoo, and "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die". IGN also listed it as the fourth most influential racing game ever.
Legacy.
"Out Run" was followed by sequels including "Out Run 3-D" (1988), "Turbo Out Run" (1989), "Out Run Europa" (1991), "OutRunners" (1992), and "Out Run 2". "Rad Mobile" (1991) is similar to "Out Run". A conversion of "Out Run" was under development by Hertz for the Sharp X68000 but according to former Hertz employee Tsunetomo Sugawara, it never released due to company management cancelling its development. A 32X version was also reportedly under development by Sega that never released as well. A port of the arcade game was released for Nintendo Switch on 9 January 2019.
"Out Run" is listed among the best games of all time by publications such as "Next Generation", "Retro Gamer", "Stuff", and "Time", and by organizations such as G4, NowGamer, and Yahoo!. Writing in "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die", Joao Diniz Sanches praised "Out Run"s "unforgettable design and expertly tuned game balance", describing the game as ""the" consummate exhibit in an oversubscribed genre" and "one of the purest and most joyous experiences in video gaming".
Cultural impact.
Former Sega arcade director Akira Nagai has credited "Out Run" and similar games, for Sega's arcade success in the 1980s. According to Nagai, ""Out Run", in particular, was really amazing for its time... Suzuki went on to make "After Burner" and a number of other games, but "Out Run" is still talked about with a special kind of wonder. With the "taikan" games, Sega's arcade business, which had been Sega's lowest performer in sales, gradually started to rise... For me personally, "Hang-On" and "Out Run" are my most memorable titles. They helped lift the arcade industry out of its slump, and created entirely new genres".
In 2015, "Out Run" appeared at 4th place on IGN's list of The Top 10 Most Influential Racing Games Ever, behind "Pole Position", "Gran Turismo" and "Virtua Racing". According to Luke Reilly, "traces of "Out Run" DNA can be found in series like "Test Drive", "Need for Speed", "Project Gotham Racing", and "Burnout"" as well as "modern racers like the "Forza Horizon" games and "DriveClub"".
"Out Run" appeared in the film "" (2004). The game's title has been adopted as a name for the synthwave music genre, which is also known as "outrun" music, inspired by the game's soundtrack which is selectable in-game. French musician Kavinsky named his debut album "OutRun" (2013) after the game.