Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant)

Jakob Nielsen (born 5 October 1957) is a Danish web usability consultant and human–computer interaction (HCI) researcher. He was named the "“the guru of Web page usability”" in 1998 by The New York Times and the "“king of usability”" by Internet Magazine. 
Background.
Jakob Nielsen was born 5 October 1957 in Copenhagen, Denmark. He holds a Ph.D. in 1988 in human–computer interaction from the Technical University of Denmark.
Nielsen's earlier affiliations include Bellcore (now known as Telcordia Technologies, formally Bell Communications Research), teaching at the Technical University of Denmark, and the IBM User Interface Institute at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center.
Career.
Sun Microsystems.
From 1994 to 1998, he was a Sun Microsystems Distinguished Engineer. He was hired to make heavy-duty enterprise software easier to use, since large-scale applications had been the focus of most of his projects at the phone company and IBM. But luckily the job definition of a Distinguished Engineer is "you're supposed to be the world's leading expert in your field, so you figure out what would be most important for the company for you to work on." Therefore, Dr. Nielsen ended up spending most of his time at Sun defining the emerging field of web usability. He was the usability lead for several design rounds of Sun's website and intranet (SunWeb), including the original SunWeb design in 1994.
Nielsen Norman Group.
After his regular articles on his website about usability research attracted media attention, he co-founded usability consulting company Nielsen Norman Group (NN/g) of Fremont, California in 1998 with fellow usability expert Donald Norman. The company's vision is to help designers and other companies move toward more human-centered products and internet interactions, as experts and pioneers in the field of usability.
Other activities.
Nielsen is on the editorial board of Morgan Kaufmann Publishers' book series in Interactive Technologies. 
Nielsen writes a fortnightly newsletter, "Alertbox", on web design matters and has published several books on the subject of web design.
Contributions.
Nielsen founded the usability engineering movement for efficient and affordable improvements of user interfaces and he has invented several usability methods, including heuristic evaluation. He holds more than a thousand United States patents, mainly on ways of improving usability for technology.
In the early 1990s, Nielsen popularized the principle that five test users per usability test session is enough, allowing numerous tests at various stages of the development process. His argument is that "elaborate usability tests are a waste of resources." Once it is found that a few people are totally confused by a home page, little is gained by watching more people suffer through the same flawed design."
Jakob's law.
 Users will anticipate what an experience will be like, based on their mental models of prior experiences on websites. When making changes to a design of a website, try to minimize changes in order to maintain an ease of use.
Nielsen's law of internet bandwidth.
 Nielsen gave his name to Nielsen's law, in which he stated that network connection speeds for high-end home users would increase 50% per year, or double every 21 months. As a corollary, he noted that, since this growth rate is slower than that predicted by Moore's Law of processor power, user experience would remain bandwidth-bound.
Nielsen's usability heuristics.
 Nielsen's list of ten heuristics is probably the most-used usability framework for user interface design. Nielsen developed the heuristics based on work together with Rolf Molich in 1990, with the final set of heuristics that are still used today was published in Nielsen's book "Usability Engineering" (1993).
Additionally in Nielsen's book "Usability Engineering" (1993) he defined the five quality components of his "Usability Goals", which are:
Mobile usability.
On January 25, 2010, Nielsen decided to venture into designing a mobile application. He took to the internet as he was stumped how to test the application because he was faced with a strange scenario, the users will initially be novice and then become experts quickly as they will be using the app so frequently. Nielsen was stumped as he compared expert behavior to automated behavior.
iPad (1st generation; 2010) usability.
In 2010 and 2011, Nielsen wrote about iPad usability issues (specifically with the first generation of iPads) and identified problems with touch points that were too small, issues of discoverability, and “swipe ambiguity.” He expected to see more micropayment implementation (similar to the design of Microsoft's Xbox Live). In 2011, after one year of iPad's release of third party apps, Nielsen saw dramatic improvements and an increase of ease of use.
Windows 8 usability.
Nielsen has been quoted in the computing and the mainstream press for his criticism of Microsoft's Windows 8 (2012) user interface. Tom Hobbs, creative director of the design firm Teague, criticized what he perceived to be some of Nielsen's points on the matter, and Nielsen responded with some clarifications. The subsequent short and troubled history of Windows 8, released on October 26,2012, seems to have confirmed Nielsen's criticism: the sales of Windows-based systems plummeted after the introduction of Windows 8; Microsoft released a new version, Windows 8.1, on Oct 18,2013, to fix the numerous problems identified in Windows 8, and later released Windows 10, a complete overhaul, in July 2015.
Recognition and awards.
In 2010, Nielsen was listed by Bloomberg Businessweek among 28 "World's Most Influential Designers".
In recognition of Nielsen's contributions to usability studies, in 2013 SIGCHI awarded him the Lifetime Practice Award.
Criticisms.
As Nielsen's newsletter and website grew, and with his use of "acronomic platitudes" to describe his concepts, it has been thought by some that much of Nielsen's work was more about marketing himself than rooted in research.
Nielsen's usability heuristics.
In 1990, when the Nielsen heuristic evaluation guidelines were created (Nielsen and Molich, 1990), user interface was less complicated than it is in present-day. There has never been any research-based validation of Nielsen's heuristics. The University of Calgary published an article in 2008, questioning if the Nielsen heuristics were an oversimplification.
Nielsen has been criticized by some visual designers and graphic designers for failing to balance the importance of other user experience considerations such as typography, readability, visual cues for hierarchy and importance, and eye appeal.
Responsive design.
Nielsen's 2012 guidelines, "Repurposing vs Optimized Design" that web sites made for mobile devices be designed separately from their desktop-oriented counterparts has come under fire from Webmonkey's Scott Gilbertson, as well as Josh Clark writing in .net magazine, and Opera's Bruce Lawson, writing in Smashing Magazine, and other technologists and web designers who advocate responsive web design. In an interview with ".net" magazine, Nielsen explained that he wrote his guidelines from a usability perspective, not from the viewpoint of implementation. 
However, Nielsen appeared to have ignored the emerging software technology related to responsive web design, whereby a single body of code, while requiring more painstaking implementation, can be run on devices of various screen sizes, from mobile screens to desktop monitors. Nielsen has been accused of taking a "puritanical" approach to usability, and not being able to keep up his usability evaluations in step of technological changes. 
Bibliography.
Books.
Nielsen's published books include:
Articles.
This is a select list of Nielsen's published research, which includes: