Two periods of war (1641--53 and 1689--91) caused huge loss of life and resulted in the final dispossession of the Irish Catholic landowning class and their subordination under the Penal Laws.
Two periods of war (1641--53 and 1689--91) caused huge loss of life. The ultimate dispossession of most of the Irish Catholic landowning class was engineered, recusants were subordinated under the Penal Laws.