Galor has made significant contributions to the study of development traps, population economics, the relationship between fertility, life expectancy, education, inequality and economic growth, technology and wage inequality, and the foundations of overlapping-generations models.
Galor has made significant contributions to the study of income distribution and economic growth, the transition from stagnation to growth, and human evolution and economic development. He has made other significant contributions to the study of development traps, the (demographic transition), and the advancement of the foundations of overlapping-generations models.