↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 272. ↑ Knecht, 272. For a summary of the fluctuations in Catherine's historical reputation, see the preface to R. J. Knecht's Catherine de' Medici, 1998: xi–xiv. ↑ Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 20.; Frieda, 454–55. ↑ Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 26. ↑ Thomson, 98; Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 3; Neale, The Age of Catherine de Medici. ↑ Strage, Mark (1976). Women of Power: The Life and Times of Catherine de' Medici. London and New York: Harcourt, Brace & Jovanovich. Prologue, p.xi. 1 2 Frieda, 35. ↑ Goro Gheri, 15 April 1519, quoted by Frieda, 14. 1 2 Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 8. ↑ Frieda, 23–24. ↑ Young, The Medici: Volume II, 15. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, p. 11. ↑ Strage, pp. 13, 15 ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 10–11. ↑ Strage, p.15 ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 12. ↑ Frieda, 31; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, p. 14. ↑ Hay, Denys, ed., The Letters of James V, HMSO (1954), p.173, 180–2, 189, 1 2 Frieda, 53; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 16. ↑ Marseille 13: Eglise Saint-Ferréol les Augustins ↑ Frieda, 52. The contract was signed on the 27th and the religious ceremony took place the next day. ↑ Frieda, 53. ↑ Frieda, 54. ↑ "J'ai reçu la fille toute nue." Frieda, 54. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 29–30. Henry legitimised the child under the name Diane de France; he also produced at least two sons by other women. ↑ Frieda, 45. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 29. ↑ Knecht, 29. ↑ Frieda, 67. ↑ Frieda, 68. ↑ Frieda, 60, 95; Heritier, 38–42. ↑ Frieda, 114, 132. ↑ Giovanni Capello, quoted by Frieda, 132. ↑ Morris, 247; Frieda, 80. ↑ Frieda, 118; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 42–43. ↑ Frieda, 80–86. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 38; Frieda, 94–95. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 34; Frieda, 123. ↑ Frieda, 84. ↑ Guy, 46. ↑ Guy, 41. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 55. 1 2 3 Pettegree, 154. ↑ Frieda, 5. As reported by eyewitness Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador. ↑ Frieda, 6. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 56–58; Frieda, 146. ↑ Guy, 102–3. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 59; Frieda, 140. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 60. ↑ Morris, 248. ↑ Frieda, 146. 1 2 Frieda, 144. ↑ Frieda, 154; Holt, 38–39. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 64; Holt, 44. The incident was known later as the "tumult" or conspiracy of Amboise. ↑ Knecht, Renaissance France, 282. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 65–66. ↑ Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 32. ↑ Frieda, 151; Knecht, 72; Guy, 119. ↑ Pettegree, 154; Hoogvliet, 105. The regency was traditionally the preserve of the princes of the blood. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 73. ↑ Quoted by Frieda, 203. ↑ Frieda, 178, 180. ↑ Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 28. ↑ Manetsch, 22. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 80. ↑ Knecht, Renaissance France, 311; Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 11–12. The edict, also known as the Edict of Toleration and the Edict of January, was significant for effectively recognising the existence of Protestant churches and permitting their worship outside city walls. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 87; Frieda, 188. ↑ Frieda, 188–89. ↑ Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 140. ↑ Frieda, 191. The rebels signed the Treaty of Hampton Court with Elizabeth I of England, giving her Le Havre (to be exchanged later for Calais), in return for her support. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 89. ↑ Frieda, 192–93. His wife, Jeanne d'Albret, remained queen regnant of Navarre; and her eight-year-old son Henry became First Prince of the Blood. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 90. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 91; Carroll, 126; Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 17. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 91–92. ↑ Frieda, 268; Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 20. ↑ Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 15. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 104, 107–8; Frieda, 224. ↑ The Ottoman Empire and the world around it by Suraiya Faroqhi p.37 ↑ Wood, 17. ↑ Frieda, 234; Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 147. ↑ Frieda, 239; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 118. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 120. ↑ Frieda, 232. ↑ Quoted by Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 149. ↑ Bryson, 204. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 132. ↑ Frieda, 241. ↑ Wood, 28. ↑ Holt, 77; Frieda, 397. In 1579, François, Duke of Alençon, visited Elizabeth, who affectionately dubbed him "her frog" but, as always, proved elusive. ↑ Frieda, 257; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 135. ↑ Bryson, 282. ↑ Jeanne d'Albret wrote to her son, Henry: "I am not free to talk with either the King or Madame, only the Queen Mother, who goads me [me traite á la fourche] ... You have doubtless realized that their main object, my son, is to separate you from God, and from me". Quoted by Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 148–49. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 151. An autopsy revealed tuberculosis and an abscess. ↑ Sutherland, Massacre of St Bartholomew, 313. ↑ Frieda, 254, 304–5; Holt, 83. The investigators traced the house and horse to the Guises and claimed to have found evidence that the would-be killer was Charles de Louviers de Maurevert. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 154–57. Coligny was lobbying the king to intervene against the empire in the Netherlands. • Frieda, 292. The Duke of Anjou was later reported as saying that he and Catherine had planned the assassination with Anne d'Este, who longed to avenge her husband, Francis, Duke of Guise. • For an overview of historians' various interpretations, see Holt, 83–4. ↑ Pettegree, 159–60. ↑ Holt, 84. • The memoirs of Marshal Tavannes, edited by his son and published around 1620 (Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 122, 158), state that Catherine had summoned a war council in the Tuileries Gardens (so as not to be overheard) to plan the next move: "Because the attempt on the Admiral would cause a war, she, and the rest of us, agreed that it would be advisable to bring battle in Paris". It is almost certain, however, that when Charles gave the order "Kill them all!", he meant those drawn up on a list by Catherine, and not, as has often been claimed, all Huguenots. Frieda, 266–8. ↑ Holt, 84. ↑ Quoted by Morris, 252. ↑ Frieda, 324. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 163–64; Heller, 117; Manetsch, 60–61. The misogyny and anti-Italianism in Huguenot "histories" proved seductive not only to Protestants but to Catholics seeking a scapegoat for France's woes. ↑ Frieda, 350. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 172. ↑ Frieda, 375. ↑ Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 232, 240, 247. ↑ Frieda, 369. ↑ Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 22. ↑ Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 205. ↑ Holt, 104. ↑ Holt, 105–6; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 186; Frieda, 384–87. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 212–13; Frieda, 406–7. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 217. ↑ Frieda, 397. ↑ Frieda, 404. ↑ Frieda, 414. ↑ Frieda, 415. ↑ Frieda, 416; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 254–55. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 189; Frieda, 389. ↑ Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 209; Frieda, 392. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 200. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 201. ↑ Frieda, 412. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 185; Frieda, 386. ↑ Pettegree, 164. ↑ Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 255. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 249; Frieda, 412. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 251. ↑ Knecht, Renaissance France, 440. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 253. ↑ Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 287. ↑ Frieda, 420; Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 257. ↑ Frieda, 362–63. ↑ "The Day of the Barricades", as the revolt became known, "reduced the authority and prestige of the monarchy to its lowest ebb for a century and a half." Morris, 260. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 263. ↑ Frieda, 432. ↑ Henry wrote a note to Villeroy, which began: "Villeroy, I remain very well contented with your service; do not fail however to go away to your house where you will stay until I send for you; do not seek the reason for this my letter, but obey me." Sutherland, Secretaries of State, 300–3. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 264–65. ↑ Pettegree, 165. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 266. The words were reported to the government of Florence by Catherine's doctor, Filippo Cavriana, who acted as their informant. 1 2 Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 267. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 268–69. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 269. ↑ Hoogvliet, 109. ↑ Knecht, 220. ↑ Knecht, 240–41. ↑ Dimier, 205–6. ↑ Dimier, 308–19; Jollet, 17–18. 1 2 Blunt, 98. ↑ Blunt calls Caron's style "perhaps the purest known type of Mannerism in its elegant form, appropriate to an exquisite but neurotic society." Blunt, 98, 100. ↑ Frieda, 225. ↑ Yates, 68. ↑ Yates, 51; Strong, 102, 121–22. ↑ Lee, 44. ↑ Babelon, 263. ↑ Frieda, 79, 455; Sutherland, Ancien Régime, 6. ↑ Knecht, 228. ↑ Knecht, 223. ↑ Frieda, 266; Hoogvliet, 108. ↑ Zerner, 379. ↑ Hoogvliet, 111. Ronsard may be referring to Artemisia, who drank the ashes of her dead husband, which became part of her own body. ↑ Thomson, 168. ↑ Knecht, Catherine de' Medici, 244. ↑ Alan Davidson (11 August 2014). The Oxford Companion to Food (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. ↑ Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (18 January 2011). Savoring the Past: The French Kitchen and Table from 1300 to 1789. Simon and Schuster. pp. 43–51. ISBN 978-1-4391-4373-5. ↑ Stephen Mennell (1996). All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present (2nd ed.). University of Illinois Press. pp. 65–66, 69–71. ISBN 978-0-252-06490-6. ↑ Diderot, Denis; le Rond d'Alembert, Jean (1754). Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Paris: Briasson, David, Le Breton and Durand. p. vol. IV, p. 538. ↑ Gardner, Gerald B. The Meaning of Witchcraft. p. 91. 1 2 See Rowlands, Alison (2013). Witchcraft and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Oxford. p. 9. ↑ Gordetsky, Rabinowitz and O'Brien (2009). The "infertility" of Catherine de Medici and its influence on 16th century France (PDF). The Canadian Journal of Urology. 1 2 3 4 5 Frieda, Leonie. Catherine de Medici: A Biography. ↑ Herzig, Tamar (2013). Levack, ed. Witchcraft prosecutions in Italy. Oxford. ↑ Wiesner-Hanks, Merry (2012). Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. ↑ Gardner, Gerald. The Meaning of Witchcraft. p. 91. ↑ de Givry, Grillot. Witchcraft, Magic & Alchemy. p. 121. ↑ Farley, Peter R. Where Were You Before The Tree of Life? Volume 6. p. 218. ↑ Gortner, C. W. "History's Black Widow: The Legend of Catherine de Medici". Wonders and Marvels. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016. ↑ Frieda, 69; Heritier, 48, has the twins' deaths the other way round.