↑ Cristina Guardiola-Griffiths. (2018). Isabel I, Queen of Castile. Retrieved from http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0395.xml/. ↑ Weissberger,Barbara, Queen Isabel I of Castile Power, Patronage, Persona. Tamesis, Woodbridge, 2008, p. 20–21 1 2 Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & Co., 1860, p. 28 1 2 Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p. 83 ↑ Plunkett, Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 52 ↑ Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p. 85–87 ↑ Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p. 93–94 1 2 3 Plunkett, Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 68 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 35 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 36–39 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 39-40 1 2 3 Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 5 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 53 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 62–63 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 9 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 70–71 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 72 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 10,13–14 1 2 Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 78 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 11,13 ↑ Gerli, p. 219 ↑ Guardiola-Griffiths, Cristina (2010). Legitimizing the Queen: Propaganda and Ideology in the Reign of Isabel I of Castile. https://www.bucknell.edu/script/upress/book.asp?id=463: Bucknell University Press. pp.xa052, 73. ISBNxa0978-1-61148-018-4. ↑ McIntosh, Kenneth; et al. (2005). Castile. Two Worlds Meet: First Encounters Between Spain & the Americas – via History Reference Center. ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 93 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 96 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 98 ↑ ↓ Spanish historian Ana Carrasco Manchado: ...The battle [of Toro] was fierce and uncertain, and because of that both sides attributed themselves the victory. Prince John, the son of Alfonso of Portugal, sent letters to the Portuguese cities declaring victory. And Ferdinand of Aragon did the same. Both wanted to take advantage of the victorys propaganda. In Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)u200b, 2006, p. 195, 196. 1 2 ↓ Spanish historian Cesáreo Fernández Duro: ...For those who ignore the background of these circumstances it will certainly seem strange that while the Catholic Monarchs raised a temple in Toledo in honour of the victory that God granted them on that occasion, the same fact [the Battle of Toro] was festively celebrated with solemn processions on its anniversary in Portugal in La batalla de Toro (1476). Datos y documentos para su monografía históricau200b, in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, tome 38, Madrid, 1901,p. 250. ↑ ↓ Manchado, Isabel I de Castilla y la sombra de la ilegitimidad: propaganda y representación en el conflicto sucesorio (1474–1482)u200b, 2006, p. 199 (foot note nr.141). ↑ ↓ Pulgar, Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragónu200b, chapter XLV. ↑ ↓ Garcia de Resende- Vida e feitos dEl Rei D.João II, chapter XIII. ↑ ↓ chronicler Hernando del Pulgar (Castilian): ...promptly, those 6 Castilian captains, which we already told were at the right side of the royal battle, and were invested by the prince of Portugal and the bishop of Évora, turned their backs and put themselves on the run. in Crónica de los Señores Reyes Católicos Don Fernando y Doña Isabel de Castilla y de Aragónu200b, chapter XLV. ↑ ↓ chronicler Garcia de Resende (Portuguese): ... And being the battles of both sides ordered that way and prepared to attack by nearly sunshine, the King ordered the prince to attack the enemy with his and Gods blessing, which he obeyed (...). (...) and after the sound of the trumpets and screaming all for S. George invested so bravely the enemy battles, and in spite of their enormous size, they could not stand the hard fight and were rapidly beaten and put on the run with great losses. In Vida e feitos dEl Rei D.João II, chapter XIII. ↑ ↓ chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian): (...) the [Castilian] horsemen (...) moved forward(...).They were received by prince D. John... which charge... they couldnt stand but instead were defeated and ran away  in↵Historia General de Españau200b, tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, p. 299,300. ↑ ↓ chronicler Damião de Góis (Portuguese): (...)these Castilians who were on the right of the Castilian Royal battle, received [the charge of] the Princes men as brave knights invoking Santiago but they couldnt resist them and began to flee, and [so] our men killed and arrested many of them, and among those who escaped some took refuge (...) in their Royal battle that was on left of these six [Castilian] divisions.  in Chronica do Principe D. Joamu200b, chapter LXXVIII. ↑ ↓ chronicler Juan de Mariana (Castilian): ...the enemy led by prince D. John of Portugal, who without suffering defeat, stood on a hill with his forces in good order until very late (...). Thus, both forces [Castilian and Portuguese] remained face to face for some hours; and the Portuguese kept their position during more time (...) in Historia General de Españau200b, tome V, book XXIV, chapter X, p. 299,300. ↑ ↓ chronicler Rui de Pina (Portuguese): And being the two enemy battles face to face, the Castilian battle was deeply agitated and showing clear signs of defeat if attacked as it was without King and dubious of the outcome.(...) And without discipline and with great disorder they went to Zamora. So being the Prince alone on the field without suffering defeat but inflicting it on the adversary he became heir and master of his own victory in Chronica de El- rei D.Affonso V...u200b 3rd book, chapter CXCI. ↑ ↓ French historian Jean Dumont in La imcomparable Isabel la Catolica/ The incomparable Isabel the Catholicu200b, Encuentro Ediciones, printed by Rogar-Fuenlabrada, Madrid, 1993 (Spanish edition), p. 49: ...But in the left [Portuguese] Wing, in front of the Asturians and Galician, the reinforcement army of the Prince heir of Portugal, well provided with artillery, could leave the battlefield with its head high. The battle resulted this way, inconclusive. But its global result stays after that decided by the withdraw of the Portugals King, the surrender... of the Zamoras fortress on March 19, and the multiple adhesions of the nobles to the young princes. ↑ ↓ French historian Joseph-Louis Desormeaux: ... The result of the battle was very uncertain; Ferdinand defeated the enemys right wing led by Alfonso, but the Prince had the same advantage over the Castilians. In↵Abrégé chronologique de lhistoire de lÉspagneu200b, Duchesne, Paris, 1758, 3rd Tome, p. 25. ↑ ↓ Spanish academic António M. Serrano:  From all of this it is deductible that the battle [of Toro] was inconclusive, but Isabella and Ferdinand made it fly with wings of victory. (...) Actually, since this battle transformed in victory; since 1 March 1476, Isabella and Ferdinand started to rule in the Spains throne. (...) The inconclusive wings of the battle became the secure and powerful wings of San Juans eagle [the commemorative temple of the Battle of Toro] . in San Juan de los Reyes y la batalla de Torou200b, revista Toletum Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, segunda época, 1979 (9), pp. 55–70. Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas de Toledo, Toledo. ISSN: 0210-6310 ↑ ↓ A. Ballesteros Beretta: His moment is the inconclusive Battle of Toro.(...) both sides attributed themselves the victory.... The letters written by the King [Ferdinand] to the main cities... are a model of skill. (...) what a powerful description of the battle! The nebulous transforms into light, the doubtful acquires the profile of a certain triumph. The politic [Ferdinand] achieved the fruits of a discussed victory. In Fernando el Católico, el mejor rey de Españau200b, Ejército revue, nr 16, p. 56, May 1941. ↑ ↓ Vicente Álvarez Palenzuela- La guerra civil Castellana y el enfrentamiento con Portugal (1475–1479)u200b: That is the battle of Toro. The Portuguese army had not been exactly defeated, however, the sensation was that D. Juanas cause had completely sunk. It made sense that for the Castilians Toro was considered as the divine retribution, the compensation desired by God to compensate the terrible disaster of Aljubarrota, still alive in the Castilian memory. ↑ ↓ Spanish academic Rafael Dominguez Casas: ...San Juan de los Reyes resulted from the royal will to build a monastery to commemorate the victory in a battle with an uncertain outcome but decisive, the one fought in Toro in 1476, which consolidated the union of the two most important Peninsular Kingdoms. In San Juan de los reyes: espacio funerário y aposento régiou200b in Boletín del Seminário de Estúdios de Arte y Arqueologia, number 56, p. 364, 1990. ↑ ↓ Historian Marvin Lunenfeld: In 1476, immediately after the indecisive battle of Peleagonzalo [near Toro], Ferdinand and Isabella hailed the result as a great victory and called a cortes at Madrigal. The newly created prestige was used to gain municipal support from their allies(...) in The council of the Santa Hermandad: a study of the pacification forces of Ferdinand and Isabellau200b, University of Miami Press, 1970, p. 27. ↑ Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic. J.B. Lippincott & CO., 1860, p. 184–185 1 2 Battle of Guinea: ↓ Alonso de Palencia, Década IV, Book XXXIII, Chapter V (Disaster among those sent to the mines of gold [Guinea]. Charges against the King...), pp. 91–94. This was a decisive battle because after it, in spite of the Catholic Monarchs attempts, they were unable to send new fleets to Guinea, Canary or to any part of the Portuguese empire until the end of the war. The Perfect Prince sent an order to drown any Castilian crew captured in Guinea waters. Even the Castilian navies which left Guinea before the signature of the peace treaty had to pay the tax (quinto) to the Portuguese crown when they returned to Castile after the peace treaty. Isabella had to ask permission of Afonso V so that this tax could be paid in Castilian harbours. Naturally all this caused a grudge against the Catholic Monarchs in Andalusia. ↑ ↓ Historian Malyn Newitt: However, in 1478 the Portuguese surprised thirty-five Castilian ships returning from Mina [Guinea] and seized them and all their gold. Another...Castilian voyage to Mina, that of Eustache de la Fosse, was intercepted ... in 1480. (...) All things considered, it is not surprising that the Portuguese emerged victorious from this first maritime colonial war. They were far better organised than the Castilians, were able to raise money for the preparation and supply of their fleets, and had clear central direction from ... [Prince] John. In A history of Portuguese overseas expansion, 1400–1668u200b, Routledge, New York, 2005, pp. 39–40. ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 109–110 1 2 ↓ Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius In a war in which the Castilians were victorious on land and the Portuguese at sea, ... in Foundations of the Portuguese empire 1415–1580u200b, volume I, University of Minnesota Press, 1985, p. 152. ↑ ↓ Alonso de Palencia, Decada IV, Book XXXI, Chapters VIII and IX (preparation of 2 fleets [to Guinea and to Canary, respectively] so that with them King Ferdinand crush its enemies [the Portuguese]...). ↑ ↓ Alonso de Palencia, Decada IV, book XXXII, chapter III: in 1478 a Portuguese fleet intercepted the armada of 25 navies sent by Ferdinand to conquer Gran Canary – capturing 5 of its navies plus 200 Castilians – and forced it to fled hastily and definitively from Canary waters. This victory allowed Prince John to use the Canary Islands as an exchange coin in the peace treaty of Alcáçovas. ↑ ↓ Pina, Chronica de El-Rei D. Affonso Vu200b, 3rd book, chapter CXCIV (Editorial error: Chapter CXCIV erroneously appears as Chapter CLXIV.Reports the end of the siege of Ceuta by the arrival of the fleet with Afonso V). ↑ ↓ Quesada, Portugueses en la frontera de Granadau200b, 2000, p. 98. In 1476 Ceuta was simultaneously besieged by the moors and a Castilian army led by the Duke of Medina Sidónia. The Castilians conquered the city from the Portuguese who took refuge in the inner fortress, but a Portuguese fleet arrived in extremis and regained the city. A Ceuta dominated by the Castilians would certainly have forced the right to conquer Fez (Morocco) to be shared between Portugal and Castile instead of the monopoly the Portuguese acquired. 1 2 ↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 101–103. ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 38 ↑ ↓ Mendonça, 2007, p. 53. ↑ ↓ António Rumeu de Armas- book description, MAPFRE, Madrid, 1992, page 88. 1 2 ↓ Mª Monserrat León Guerrero in El segundo viaje colombinou200b, University of Valladolid, 2000, chapter 2, pp. 49–50. ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 121 ↑ Boruchoff, David A. Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God. Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 242–247. ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 125 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 42 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, pp. 48–49 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 125-126 ↑ Prescott, William. History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, The Catholic. J.B Lippincott & CO., 1860, p. 186 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 123 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 133 1 2 Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 150 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 152–155 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 28 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 29 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 29–32 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 30 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 42–47 ↑ Plunkett, Ierne. Isabella of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 142 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 143 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 49 ↑ Plunkett,Ierne. Isabel of Castile. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 146 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48–49 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 104–106 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 111 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 112–130 ↑ Liss,Peggy. Isabel the Queen, Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 316 1 2 Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 120 ↑ Edwards, John. Ferdinand and Isabella. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 119 ↑ F. Weissberger, Barbara Queen Isabel I of Castile: Power, Patronage, Personau200b, Tamesis Books, 2008, p. 27, accessed 9 July 2012 1 2 Liss,Peggy. Isabel the Queen, Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 298 ↑ Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. (Yale University Press, 1997. p. 29–31). ↑ Liss,Peggy. Isabel the Queen, Oxford University Press, 1992. p. 308 ↑ Hunt, Jocelyn. Spain 1474–1598. Routledge, 2001, p. 20 ↑ The Oxford History of Mexico. ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 241–260 ↑ Edwards,John. The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 282 ↑ Pulgar, Crónica de los Reyes Católicos, trans. in David A. Boruchoff, Historiography with License: Isabel, the Catholic Monarch, and the Kingdom of God, Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 242. ↑ Marineo Sículo, De las cosas memorables de España (1539), trans. in David A. Boruchoff, Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I, Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 12. ↑ http://www.queenisabel.com/Canonisation/CanonicalProcess.html Accessed 8 October 2012 ↑ Boruchoff, David A. Instructions for Sainthood and Other Feminine Wiles in the Historiography of Isabel I. Isabel la Católica, Queen of Castile: Critical Essays. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, pp. 1–23. ↑ Isabel la Católica en la Real Academia de la Historia. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. 2004. p.xa072. ISBNxa0978-84-95983-54-1. ↑ Princess of Isabellas coat of arms with crest: García-Menacho Osset, Eduardo (2010). El origen militar de los símbolos de España. El escudo de España [Military Origin of Symbols of Spain. The Coat of Arms of Spain]. Revista de Historia Militar (in Spanish) (Extra): 387. ISSNxa00482-5748. ↑ Menéndez-Pidal De Navascués, Faustino; El escudo; Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; ODonnell, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña. Símbolos de España. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1999. ISBNxa084-259-1074-9 ↑ Image of the Isabellas coat of arms with lions as supporters, facade of the St. Paul Church inValladolid (Spain) Artehistoria. Retrieved 3 January 2012. ↑ Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps ↑ Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps:Quantities Issued