pelvic lymph node status is considered to be one of the important prognostic factors for patients with uterine cervical cancer treated with surgery [ 1 , 2 ] and definitive radiotherapy ( rt ) [ 3 , 4 ] . several authors have reported the treatment results of surgical debulking or dissection of metastatic pelvic nodes before definitive rt or concurrent chemoradiotherapy ( ccrt ) [ 57 ] . in contrast , limited clinical data are available for boost external beam rt ( ebrt ) to the metastatic nodes . since 1998 we have delivered boost ebrt to clinically metastatic pelvic nodes ( 10 mm in the shortest diameter , as evaluated by computed tomography ( ct)/magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) ) for patients with cervical cancer who were treated with definitive rt / ccrt . in this paper , we retrospectively reviewed our experience with boost ebrt to assess the efficacy and toxicity in patients with cervical cancer . we retrospectively analyzed 174 patients with uterine cervical cancer who were treated with definitive rt alone or ccrt in the department of radiology of the university of the ryukyus hospital between january 1998 and december 2005 . patients who had para - aortic or common iliac lymph node enlargement were excluded from this study because at our institution such patients are usually treated with extended field ccrt . , we did not routinely perform ( 18 ) f - fluorodeoxyglucose - positron emission tomography as part of the pre - treatment work - up for patients with cervical cancer . lymph nodes 10 mm in minimum diameter were interpreted as clinically positive [ 9 , 10 ] . there were 57 patients ( 33% ) who were considered to have node metastases , with a total of 95 positive nodes . the maximum diameter of the nodes ranged from 1060 mm ( median , 15 mm ) and the number of lymph nodes ranged from one to four ( median , two ) for each patient . the tumor diameter could not be evaluated in three patients because of an absence of pre - treatment mri . twenty - four patients were treated with rt alone , and the remaining 150 patients were treated with ccrt . 
 table 1.patient characteristics ( n = 174)characteristicstotal ( n = 174)ln negative ( n = 117)ln positive ( n = 57)p valuemedian age ( range in years)51 ( 2489)52 ( 2489)48 ( 2980)0.086figo stage ( % )  ib115 ( 8)14 ( 12)1 ( 2)0.26  ib26 ( 3)3 ( 2)3 ( 5 )  iia4 ( 2)4 ( 3)0  iib76 ( 44)52 ( 45)24 ( 42 )  iiia1 ( 1)1 ( 1)0  iiib69 ( 40)41 ( 35)28 ( 49 )  iva3 ( 2)2 ( 2)1 ( 2)pathology ( % )  sqcc168 ( 96)113 ( 96)55 ( 96)0.74  adeno5 ( 3)3 ( 3)2 ( 4 )  adenosq1 ( 1)1 ( 1)0median tumor diameter5559570.055(mm ) ( range)(2495)(2480)(3095)treatment  rt alone241950.48  ccrt1509852assessed by mri - t2wi ( three patients without pretreatment mri are not included ) . sqcc , squamous cell carcinoma ; adeno , adenocarcinoma ; adenosq , adenosquamous cell carcinoma ; rt , radiotherapy ; ccrt , concurrent chemoradiotherapy . patient characteristics ( n = 174 ) assessed by mri - t2wi ( three patients without pretreatment mri are not included ) . sqcc , squamous cell carcinoma ; adeno , adenocarcinoma ; adenosq , adenosquamous cell carcinoma ; rt , radiotherapy ; ccrt , concurrent chemoradiotherapy . all patients were treated with a combination of ebrt and high - dose - rate intracavitary brachytherapy ( hdr - icbt ) . the details of ebrt and hdr - icbt as delivered in our department have been described in previous reports [ 11 , 12 ] . briefly , ebrt was delivered to a total dose of 50 gy in 25 fractions over 56 weeks . the initial 40 gy was delivered to the whole pelvis ( wp ) through anterior  posterior and posterior  anterior ( ap  pa ) ports or four - box fields using a high - energy photon beam ( 15 mv ) . then , 10 gy was administered through the same wp field with a midline block ( mb ) , 4 cm in width ( wp  mb ) , delivered through ap total doses of hdr - icbt were 1824 gy and administered in three or four fractions as prescribed at point a ( median , 18 gy administered in three fractions ) . fifty - two of 57 patients ( 91% ) with positive pelvic nodes were treated with boost ebrt to the nodes . the boost ebrt was omitted in five patients at the discretion of the treating physicians ( i.e. complete response was achieved after 40 gy of ebrt ) . treatment planning ct was performed again for nodal boost irradiation at the end of ebrt of 50 gy . we defined the remaining visible nodes as persistent nodal ctv ( pn ctv ) . the persistent nodal planning target volume ( pn ptv ) finally , a 5-mm leaf margin was attached to the pn ptv with adjustment of doses for organs at risk ( e.g. small intestine ) . when the pn ptv overlapped bowel loops , the overlapped volume was deleted from the pn ptv . the fields were chiefly expanded laterally if the field size was < 4  4 cm . a total dose of 610 gy administered in three to five fractions ( median , 6 gy in three fractions ) was delivered through three or four ports ( fig . the prescribed doses were calculated at the center of the pn ptv or within pn ptv where there is no steep dose gradient . the total prescribed doses of ebrt for the positive lymph nodes ranged from 5060 gy ( median , 56 gy ) . 
 fig . ( a ) anterior  posterior / posterior  anterior port , ( b ) lateral port and ( c ) dose distribution at the isocenter ( a ) anterior  posterior / posterior  anterior port , ( b ) lateral port and ( c ) dose distribution at the isocenter . the details of the ccrt used in our institution have been described in a previous report . cisplatin ( cddp ) at a dose of 20 mg / m was administered intravenously for 2 h / day for 5 days concomitantly with ebrt ; this schedule was repeated every third week . the median number of cycles per patient was two ( range , one to six ) . continuous variables that were not normally distributed ( e.g. age ) were compared using the mann categorical variables ( e.g. stage ) were compared using a chi - squared test . for small numbers of variables , the kaplan  meier method was used to derive estimates of the overall survival rate ( os ) , disease - free survival rate ( dfs ) and pelvic control rate ( pc ) . the tests for equivalence of the estimates of os , dfs and pc were performed using the breslow and log  rank statistic . doses resulting from hdr - icbt were not added to the ebrt prescribed dose administered to the lymph nodes . toxicity was documented according to the radiation therapy oncology group acute and late morbidity scoring criteria . the duration of follow - up ranged from 3142 months ( median , 66 months ) . all patients were treated with a combination of ebrt and high - dose - rate intracavitary brachytherapy ( hdr - icbt ) . the details of ebrt and hdr - icbt as delivered in our department have been described in previous reports [ 11 , 12 ] . briefly , ebrt was delivered to a total dose of 50 gy in 25 fractions over 56 weeks . the initial 40 gy was delivered to the whole pelvis ( wp ) through anterior  posterior and posterior  anterior ( ap  pa ) ports or four - box fields using a high - energy photon beam ( 15 mv ) . then , 10 gy was administered through the same wp field with a midline block ( mb ) , 4 cm in width ( wp  mb ) , delivered through ap total doses of hdr - icbt were 1824 gy and administered in three or four fractions as prescribed at point a ( median , 18 gy administered in three fractions ) . fifty - two of 57 patients ( 91% ) with positive pelvic nodes were treated with boost ebrt to the nodes . the boost ebrt was omitted in five patients at the discretion of the treating physicians ( i.e. complete response was achieved after 40 gy of ebrt ) . treatment planning ct was performed again for nodal boost irradiation at the end of ebrt of 50 gy . we defined the remaining visible nodes as persistent nodal ctv ( pn ctv ) . the persistent nodal planning target volume ( pn ptv ) finally , a 5-mm leaf margin was attached to the pn ptv with adjustment of doses for organs at risk ( e.g. small intestine ) . when the pn ptv overlapped bowel loops , the overlapped volume was deleted from the pn ptv . the fields were chiefly expanded laterally if the field size was < 4  4 cm . a total dose of 610 gy administered in three to five fractions ( median , 6 gy in three fractions ) was delivered through three or four ports ( fig . the prescribed doses were calculated at the center of the pn ptv or within pn ptv where there is no steep dose gradient . the total prescribed doses of ebrt for the positive lymph nodes ranged from 5060 gy ( median , 56 gy ) . 
 fig . ( a ) anterior  posterior / posterior  anterior port , ( b ) lateral port and ( c ) dose distribution at the isocenter . boost irradiation ports and dose distribution at the isocenter . ( a ) anterior  posterior / posterior  anterior port , ( b ) lateral port and ( c ) dose distribution at the isocenter . the details of the ccrt used in our institution have been described in a previous report . cisplatin ( cddp ) at a dose of 20 mg / m was administered intravenously for 2 h / day for 5 days concomitantly with ebrt ; this schedule was repeated every third week . the median number of cycles per patient was two ( range , one to six ) . continuous variables that were not normally distributed ( e.g. age ) were compared using the mann categorical variables ( e.g. stage ) were compared using a chi - squared test . for small numbers of variables , the kaplan  meier method was used to derive estimates of the overall survival rate ( os ) , disease - free survival rate ( dfs ) and pelvic control rate ( pc ) . the tests for equivalence of the estimates of os , dfs and pc were performed using the breslow and log  rank statistic . doses resulting from hdr - icbt were not added to the ebrt prescribed dose administered to the lymph nodes . toxicity was documented according to the radiation therapy oncology group acute and late morbidity scoring criteria . the duration of follow - up ranged from 3142 months ( median , 66 months ) . the 5-year os , dfs and pc for all 174 patients were 85% , 75% and 89% , respectively . patients with positive nodes had significantly poorer outcomes than patients with no positive nodes , except when determining the pc . the 5-year os , dfs and pc for patients with positive and negative nodes were 73% and 92% ( p = 0.001 ) , 58% and 84% ( p < 0.001 ) , and 83% and 92% twenty - five of 57 patients ( 44% ) with positive nodes had recurrences , as follows : cervix in 8 patients ( 14% ) ; pelvic lymph nodes in 5 patients ( 9% ) ; and distant metastases in 20 patients ( 35% ) . all pelvic nodal recurrences developed in the area where boost ebrt was delivered , but one patient also had multiple nodal failures in a non - boosted area . of 20 patients with distant metastases , 13 had para - aortic lymph node ( pan ) recurrences . there were no tumor , patient or treatment - related factors that significantly affected the incidence of pan recurrences . of the five patients who did not receive boost ebrt despite having positive nodes , none had nodal recurrences . table 3 shows the lymph node control rate based on the size of the lymph node . no significant difference was observed in the control rate based on nodal diameter . 
 fig . ( a ) overall survival rate , ( b ) disease - free survival rate and ( c ) pelvic control rate . table 2.patterns of recurrence according to pelvic node status assessed by ct / mrirecurrence sitetotal ( n = 174)ln negative ( n = 117)ln positive ( n = 57)pelvis alone  primary1064  pelvic ln000  both211  total1275distant alone  pan624  other1385  pan + other707  total261016pelvis and distant  primary + pan000  primary + other110  pelvic node + pan101  primary + pelvic ln + pan110  primary + pelvic ln + other202  primary + pelvic ln + pan + other101  total624total recurrences441925ln , lymph node ; pan , para - aortic node . table 3.pelvic node failure according to size of lymph nodessize of node ( mm)nnode failure1019344 ( 12%)20291403091 ( 11%)p = 0.76maximum diameter assessed by ct / mri . cumulative rates according to pelvic node status . ( a ) overall survival rate , ( b ) disease - free survival rate and ( c ) pelvic control rate . patterns of recurrence according to pelvic node status assessed by ct / mri ln , lymph node ; pan , para - aortic node . pelvic node failure according to size of lymph nodes maximum diameter assessed by ct / mri . for patients with positive nodes , node - related factors included maximum diameter ( 1019 vs. 2029 vs. 30 mm ) , and the number of positive nodes ( single vs. multiple ) . treatment - related factors included the prescribed dose to the positive nodes ( 56 gy vs. 60 gy ) . no significant differences in the os , dfs or pc were observed for these factors . thirty - five patients had late complications ( table 4 ) . delivery and dose of boost ebrt had no significant effects on the incidence or grades of late complications . table 4.late complicationstotalboostno boost(n = 174)(n = 52)(n = 122)p valuesmall intenstineall grade25 ( 14%)7 ( 13%)18 ( 15%)0.82grade 33 ( 2%)2 ( 4%)1 ( 1%)0.16rectumall grade7 ( 4%)1 ( 2%)6 ( 5%)0.35grade 3000nabladderall grade4 ( 2%)2 ( 4%)2 ( 2%)0.37grade 3000naothersall grade5 ( 3%)2 ( 4%)3 ( 2%)0.38grade 3000naincluding lower extremity edema in two , leg pain in one , cellulitis in one and deep vein thrombosis in one.na , not available . including lower extremity edema in two , leg pain in one , cellulitis in one and deep vein thrombosis in one . the present retrospective analysis demonstrated that boost ebrt achieves favorable pelvic nodal control without increasing late complications for cervical cancer patients with clinically positive nodes treated by definitive rt or ccrt . several investigators have reported the clinical outcomes of cervical cancer patients who underwent surgical node debulking . hacker et al .   performed surgical debulking in 34 patients who had lymph node enlargement with a maximum diameter > 1.5 cm , and reported pelvic recurrences in 10 patients ( 29% ) , as follows : pelvic side wall recurrences in five patients ; central pelvis recurrences in four patients ; and pelvic side wall and central pelvis recurrences in one patient . cosin et al .   also reported the outcomes of 266 patients who underwent surgical debulking ; specifically 4 of 39 patients ( 11% ) with microscopic metastases and 9 of 79 patients ( 13% ) with macroscopic metastases developed pelvic recurrences . they concluded that surgical debulking was beneficial because no prognostic difference was observed between the two groups ; however , the number of patients who developed pelvic recurrences after surgical node debulking was not small in these series . in contrast , few reports are available regarding the outcomes after boost ebrt administered to pelvic node metastases . grigsby et al .   reported the clinical outcomes of 132 patients treated with boost ebrt administered to pelvic nodes who were assessed by pet and/or ct . pelvic node failure occurred in only 9% of patients with positive nodes after receiving boost ebrt . based on these findings , we suggest that boost ebrt can achieve favorable nodal control without surgical debulking . grigsby et al .   demonstrated that dose escalation had no effect on improving the pc ; the prescribed dose to lymph nodes was high ( 66.874.1 gy ) compared with ours . in the current series , favorable nodal control was achieved within 5660 gy with no dose  response relationship . niibe et al .   demonstrated that patients who received > 51 gy to pan had improved survival compared with those who received < 50 gy . they also showed that a dose 60 gy produced no severe late complications , and recommended that patients with pan recurrences should be treated with 5160 gy . indicated that 90% of a tumor with a diameter < 2 cm could be eradicated by a prescribed dose of 60 gy . according to nccn guidelines , highly conformal boosts of an additional 1015 gy ( total dose , 5560 gy ) are recommended for limited volumes of unresected gross adenopathy . only one patient with a node diameter 30 mm had a nodal recurrence . despite the limited number of patients , the possibility exists that boost ebrt with prescribed doses of 5660 gy can achieve favorable nodal control regardless of a node diameter <3 cm . the present study demonstrated that patients with positive pelvic nodes treated with boost ebrt had a significantly worse dfs and os compared with node - negative patients , despite the good pc . grigsby et al .   also showed that patients with a positive node oversized by 2 cm had a worse os and dfs . in the present study , the predominant failure for node - positive patients was distant metastases , especially in pans . reported that surgical debulking achieved significantly improved os ( surgical debulking , 80.6% ; non - surgical treatment , 51.1% ; p = 0.001 ) . in contrast , cheung et al .   and kupet et al .   indicated that surgical debulking did not have a positive effect on the os . several authors have concluded that pelvic lymph node metastasis is a significant prognostic indicator for developing distant metastasis [ 3 , 5 , 8 , 17 , 20 ] . thus , additional systemic chemotherapy with or without prophylactic pan irradiation might be appropriate treatment options to further improve outcomes for patients with positive pelvic nodes . we showed that the delivery and dose of the boost ebrt had no significant effect on the incidence of late complications . in contrast , several investigators have reported a high incidence of late complications in surgical debulking series . hacker et al .   reported that severe late complications occurred in six patients ( 18% ) ; five of these complications were small bowel obstructions , and one patient developed ischemic bowel in the distribution of the superior mesenteric artery necessitating resection of the small bowel and a duodenocolic anastomosis . marana et al .   also indicated that 9 of 36 patients ( 25% ) had late complications . first , this study was based on a small number of retrospective cases from a single institution . some bias ( e.g. indication of boost ebrt and dose ) can not be avoided . a prospective study is needed to determine the appropriate boost ebrt method , including appropriate target volumes and doses for positive pelvic nodes . second , the current study did not include patients with positive common iliac and para - aortic nodes because these patients received different treatments . in our institution , such patients received another treatment strategy involving concurrent chemotherapy using prophylactic extended field ebrt . unfortunately , the exclusion of the patients might have brought unexpected bias affecting the outcome of the study . third , the dose contribution to the pelvic nodes resulting from hdr - icbt was not accounted for in the current study . reported that there is an approximate 1.4 gy contribution from hdr - icbt when 5.05.5 gy is prescribed at point a. our prescribed hdr - icbt dose was 18 gy in three fractions in nearly all of the patients . although most patients were treated using the same radiotherapy protocol , there might be some uncertainty regarding doses administered to the nodes due to anatomic variations between patients . in a future study investigating optimal dosing , an adequate calculation of the dose contribution from hdr - icbt is mandated , along with the use of three - dimensional image - guided brachytherapy ( 3d - igbt ) . finally , evaluation of nodal status was based solely on morphologic findings on ct / mri in the current study . several investigators demonstrated superior sensitivity and specificity of fdg - pet to ct / mri in the evaluation of lymph node metastases . the present results showed that boost ebrt for the treatment of pelvic lymph nodes in definitive radiotherapy for uterine cervical cancer yielded a favorable nodal control with a low incidence and grades of late complications . based on these results , debulking surgery is not always essential for patients with pelvic node metastases . to investigate the optimal methods for using boost ebrt , a prospective study incorporating the dose contribution from icbt using 3d treatment planning ( image - guided brachytherapy ) is necessary . additional treatments , such as adjuvant chemotherapy and prophylactic pan irradiation , are needed to improve survival in patients with uterine cervical cancer with clinically positive pelvic nodes .
the purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze the treatment results of boost external beam radiotherapy ( ebrt ) to clinically positive pelvic nodes in patients with uterine cervical cancer . 
 the study population comprised 174 patients with figo stages 1b14a cervical cancer who were treated with definitive radiotherapy ( rt ) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy ( ccrt ) and high - dose - rate intracavitary brachytherapy ( hdr - icbt ) . 
 patients with positive para - aortic or common iliac nodes ( 10 mm in the shortest diameter , as evaluated by ct / mri ) were ineligible for the study . 
 fifty - seven patients ( 33% ) had clinically positive pelvic nodes . 
 the median maximum diameter of the nodes was 15 mm ( range , 1060 mm ) and the median number of positive lymph nodes was two ( range , one to four ) . 
 fifty - two of 57 patients ( 91% ) with positive nodes were treated with boost ebrt ( 610 gy in three to five fractions ) . 
 the median prescribed dose of ebrt for nodes was 56 gy . 
 the median follow - up time for all patients was 66 months ( range , 3142 months ) . 
 the 5-year overall survival rate , disease - free survival rate and pelvic control rate for patients with positive and negative nodes were 73% and 92% ( p = 0.001 ) , 58% and 84% ( p < 0.001 ) , and 83% and 92% ( p = 0.082 ) , respectively . 
 five of 57 node - positive patients ( 9% ) developed pelvic node recurrences . 
 all five patients with nodal failure had concomitant cervical failure and/or distant metastases . 
 no significant difference was observed with respect to the incidence or severity of late complications by application of boost ebrt . 
 the current retrospective study demonstrated that boost ebrt to positive pelvic nodes achieves favorable nodal control without increasing late complications .