previously , patients with dentoskeletal malformations and head and neck tumors , who were scheduled for orthognathic surgery , routinely underwent diagnostic evaluation to assess the functionality of temporomandibular joint ( tmj ) and masticatory muscles . the therapy for patients with dentoskeletal malformations and temporomandibular disorders ( tmds ) may be a demanding challenge for clinicians ; it is not only important to correct skeletal malformation , but also to reduce arthralgia , muscular pain , and tmj dysfunctions . in the early 2000 's , pakula and dervis , stated that functional tmj status may be significantly improved and pain levels reduced with orthognathic surgery . on the other hand , wolford asserted that patients with pre - existing tmj dysfunction undergoing orthognathic surgery are likely to have significant worsening of the tmj dysfunction postsurgery . according to wolford , tmds must be closely evaluated , treated if necessary , and monitored in the orthognathic patient . aoyama in 2005 stated that the surgical correction of dentoskeletal malformations may affect tmj dysfunction symptoms . abrahamsson in 2007 , in order to answer the question regarding the effects of orthognathic surgery on tmds , published a systematic review of the literature . in the paper , the authors highlighted the current difficulty to provide conclusive answers on this topic because of the unreliability of the studies emerged from the analysis of the literature , and stated the need for further studies . the same authors published in 2009 a study that analyzed a consecutive series of patients referred for orthognathic surgery and compared them with a control group . they concluded that patients who were to be treated with orthognathic surgery had more signs and symptoms of tmds . to clarify these relationships , the aims of this study were to document the presence of tmds in patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery and to record the development of tmds and symptoms during the entire treatment period . the patient population comprised a consecutive series of patients with dentoskeletal malformations referring to the department of oral and maxillofacial sciences , sapienza university of rome , from january 2003 to january 2006 . a total of 460 patients were excluded because they lived too far from rome ; 1168 were examined and 1047 were barred according to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria . inclusion criteria were patients with dentoskeletral malformations and surgical treatment by bilateral sagittal split osteotomy ( bsso ) of the mandible or le fort i plus bsso . exclusion criteria included presence of systemic joint or muscular disorders , presence of organic lesion , or traumatic outcome of tmj or in any other part of the maxillofacial district ( tmj ankylosis , etc . ) . patients who reported previous orthognathic surgical or tmd therapy or those suffering from psychiatric disorders were also excluded . second , patients were examined by an interdisciplinary team ( surgeon , radiologist , orthodontist , prosthodontist , and gnathologist of the dental school of the same university ) to assess the status of the tmj . assessment of temporomandibular status was performed using the rdc / tmd criteria at t0 ( prior to the orthodontic therapy ) , t1 ( 3 months after the surgery ) , and t2 post - therapeutic cycle ( 612 months postoperatively ) . at t0 , the following data were registered : tmd frequency , type and prevalence , percentage and diffusion of the joints and muscular pain , as well as pain intensity levels in the joints using a severity scale related to the visual analog scale ( vas ) scale . we monitored the progression of the tmds during the orthodontic therapy and assigned a value to the progression at the end of this phase before surgery [ figures 1 and 2 ] . tmj pain progression during treatment headache progression during treatment all patients underwent surgical treatment : 12 ( 15.7% ) had bilateral sagittal split osteotomy ( bsso ) , 6 with condylar position devices ; 64 ( 84.2% ) had le fort i + bsso , 15 with condylar position devices [ table 1 ] . the use of condylar positioning devices was avoided in patients with dentoskeletal malformations who exhibited no presurgical tmd . these devices are used in most patients who demonstrate more severe tmd prior to surgery . they are used during bsso in therapeutic position with most patients having had a functional split therapy of tmj prior to surgery . the paired - sample t - test procedure was used to test the hypothesis of no difference between the two variables . if the treatment had no effect , the average difference between the measurements was 0 . this method was used to analyze the mandibular functionality comparing the differences between the measurements of the mandibular movements . the segmentation analysis evaluated the status of any patients ( tmj condyle disc coordination and arthralgia , muscular pain , headaches , and mandibular range of motions ) prior to and after treatment . data regarding each patient and the differences between their conditions pre and posttreatment were organized according to a depreciatory increasing alphanumeric scale ranging from 0 to 3 , where 0 corresponds to recovered / no symptoms , 1 corresponds to an improved condition ( at least one symptom improved and no symptoms worsened ) , 2 corresponds to a stable status ( no symptoms improved or worsened ) , and 3 corresponds to patient worsening ( none symptoms improved and at least one worsen ) . results were evaluated with a paired - sample t - test and segmentation analysis . the paired - sample t - test procedure was used to test the hypothesis of no difference between the two variables . if the treatment had no effect , the average difference between the measurements was 0 . this method was used to analyze the mandibular functionality comparing the differences between the measurements of the mandibular movements . the segmentation analysis evaluated the status of any patients ( tmj condyle disc coordination and arthralgia , muscular pain , headaches , and mandibular range of motions ) prior to and after treatment . data regarding each patient and the differences between their conditions pre and posttreatment were organized according to a depreciatory increasing alphanumeric scale ranging from 0 to 3 , where 0 corresponds to recovered / no symptoms , 1 corresponds to an improved condition ( at least one symptom improved and no symptoms worsened ) , 2 corresponds to a stable status ( no symptoms improved or worsened ) , and 3 corresponds to patient worsening ( none symptoms improved and at least one worsen ) . during the study period , 45 patients were lost to follow - up , and hence the final sample consisted of 76 patients . forty - seven patients ( 61.8% ) from the final study population were affected by tmd ( female - to - male ratio , 3:2 ; mean age , 27 years ) . at the time of initial evaluation prior to orthodontic ( presurgery ) therapy ( t0 ) , 25 ( 33.3% ) patients experienced tmj pain ( arthralgia ) , 27 ( 35.5% ) had muscular pain ( 10 myofacial pain ) , 31 ( 40% ) suffered headaches ( tension type and/or migraine ) , 42 ( 55.2% ) had disc dislocation with reduction , and 5 were affected by disc dislocation without reduction ( 6.5% ) . thirty - five ( 46.6% ) patients had occlusal signs of parafunctions ( bruxism and/or clenching ) , 8 ( 1.1% ) reported tinnitus , and 7 ( 8.8% ) dizziness . the patients were evaluated again at the end of the orthodontic treatment immediately prior to the surgery . at this time , 21 ( 27.6% ) already exhibited signs and symptoms of tmds : 17 ( 80.8% ) with arthralgia and disc dislocation with reduction and 4 ( 19.2% ) with muscular pain and limitation of mandibular movements . before surgery , we performed a conservative therapy ( splint therapy , physiotherapy , and pharmacotherapy tailored in various combination in respect of any singular patients ) when tmj and muscular signs and symptoms were present . this protocol was applied as the first therapy only when the disease was acute and the orthodontic treatment would be adversely affected . however , the conservative therapeutic protocol was always performed before surgery at the end of the orthodontic phase if articular and/or muscular signs and symptoms were present . in these patients , intraoperative condylar positioning devices were used . at t1 , 3 months after the orthognathic surgery , tmj pain changed from 33.3% ( 25 patients ) to 4.44% ( 3 patients ) , muscular pain changed from 35.5% ( 27 patients ) to 11.1% ( 8 patients ) , headaches improved from 40% ( 31 patients ) to 6.67% ( 5 patients ) , and disc dislocation from 55.2% ( 42 patients ) to 17.7% ( 13 patients ) . the most significant results can be seen from the comparison between t0 and t2 period [ table 2 ] . the improvement of arthralgia from t1 to t2 indicated no patients with this symptom at the final check - up . headache symptoms , which were reported at t2 , confirmed the same significant improvement obtained at t1 ; only 5 ( 6.67% ) patients were affected by this pathology after the treatment . positive results for disc dislocation either with or without reduction were also notable ; from 61.8% ( 47 patients ) at t0 to 13.3% ( 10 patients ) at t2 with occasional disc dislocation with reduction . symptoms time progress in patients with and without tmds , segmentation analysis highlighted the improvement caused about by the therapy ; 57 ( 75.5% ) patients were considered to be recovered , 14 ( 17.9% ) improved , none were considered stable , whereas 5 patients ( 6.6% ) demonstrated some worsening in the form of tmj sounds , 3 of these patients had not presented disc dislocation before surgery [ table 3 ] . at final examination ( t2 ) , more than 90% ( 71 patients ) segmentation analysis of tmds the improvement of the mandibular functionality was determined by measuring the maximum mouth opening pre- and post - therapy . before surgery , the minimum mouth opening was 24 mm and the maximum 64 mm with an average of 46.7 mm and a standard deviation of 8.8214 whereas at t2 the minimum was 36 mm and the maximum 54 mm with an average of 43.6  9.6582 . statistically significant results emerged from the paired sample t - test comparing the t0t2 data of the mandibular lateral movements . the most significant results can be observed on the pair - sequences between the differences measurement of the mandibular range of motion . hence , correlations between t0t1 and between t1t2 were statistically significant [ table 4 ] . we initiated this study to document the overall incidence of tmds in patients with dentoskeletal deformities who were scheduled to undergo orthognathic surgery . the motivation for such documentation was to ascertain whether surgery could prove useful in the improvement or eradication of tmds , in addition to correcting the structural deformities , as some data suggest . our systematic collection of pre and postoperative data enabled us to make a proper evaluation of the possible benefits / detrimental effects of surgery on tmds on this patient population . tmds in orthognathic population were present in 43.5% of the sample considered in our study ; due to the prevalence of this pathology , a complete initial assessment was warranted . only after such an assessment , it was possible to perform orthodontic , gnathologic , and surgical treatment in a balanced manner for any patient . our data indicates beyond any doubt that both functional status and pain levels related to tmds can be significantly improved with a multi - disciplinary approach . in addiction , we intend to highlight that the lateral mandibular movement slowly have improved , which is statistically significant . it should be also noted that it is possible to obtain these results only if the tmds are properly assessed and resolved before surgical treatment . we concluded that the surgeon 's intervention need to be modified in the presence of presurgical tmds . further studies with larger patient populations , having the same skeletal malformation , are needed to confirm our hypothesis .
objectives : temporomandibular disorders may be associated with dental and facial malformations . the aim of this study is to record the prevalence of tmds in patients scheduled for orthognathic surgery , reporting the development of tmds and symptoms during the entire period of the treatment , and demonstrating the benefits of a team effort on this population.materials and methods : assessment of temporomandibular status was performed using the rdc / tmd criteria at t0 ( prior to orthodontic therapy ) , t1 ( 3 months after the surgery ) , and t2 post - therapeutic cycle ( 6 to 12 months postoperatively ) . a total of 76 participants were included in the study ; all the patients underwent surgical treatment : 12 had bilateral sagittal split osteotomy , 6 with condylar position devices ; 64 had le fort i + bilateral sagittal split osteotomy , and 15 with condylar position devices . 
 results were evaluated with a paired - sample t - test and segmentation analysis.results:forty-seven patients were affected by tmds . at t0 , 
 25 patients experienced tmj pain , 27 had muscular pain , 31 suffered headaches , 42 had disc dislocation with reduction , and 5 were affected by disc dislocation without reduction . 
 thirty - five patients had occlusal signs of parafunctions , 8 reported tinnitus , and 7 dizziness . at t1 , tmj pain changed from 33.3% to 4.44% , muscular pain changed from 35.5% to 11.1% , headaches improved from 40% to 6.67% , and disc dislocation from 55.2% to 17.7% . 
 segmentation analysis highlighted improvement after therapy ; 57 patients were considered recovered , 14 improved , none were considered stable , whereas 5 patients demonstrated some worsening , 3 of whom had not presented disc dislocation before surgery . at t2 , 
 71 patients were considered completely recovered or improved.conclusions:our data indicates beyond any doubt that both functional status and pain levels related to tmds can be significantly improved with a multi - disciplinary approach . 
 we concluded that surgeon 's intervention need to be modified in the presence of presurgical tmds .