fecal incontinence , defined as the loss of anal sphincter control , leads to the unwanted release of stool or gas . fecal incontinence is one of the most common causes of institutionalization in the elderly , and accounts for over $ 400,000,000 per year only for diapers . one of the major causes of fecal incontinence in women is vaginal delivery , resulting in anal sphincter injury . transient fecal incontinence is reported in 25% of women after first vaginal delivery . because of obstetric factors , the incidence of fecal incontinence reaches 3% after vaginal delivery . when an anatomic defect is present in the anal sphincter and conservative treatment has not been successful , surgical correction is preferred . although sphincteroplasty is the main treatment , its long - term results are not satisfying , with most of the patients again suffering from incontinence at long - term follow - up . only 26 to 83% of the patients with obstetric sphincter injury experience good continence and intact muscle wrap after overlapping sphincteroplasty . biofeedback can help in 50 to 100% of patients with fecal incontinence and may improve the functional results of patients after sphincteroplasty . moreover , biofeedback is an effective treatment for fecal incontinence and improvement in quality of life . biofeedback therapy has enhanced the quality of life for most patients with minor anatomical defects and functional abnormality . anal sphincter function is augmented by muscle strengthening , conferring increased sensitivity , perception , and coordination . the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in combination with surgery in the management of fecal incontinence . the present randomized controlled trial was registered in the iranian registry of clinical trials ( registration # irct 201206039936n1 ) and conducted in shahid faghihi hospital , shiraz , iran , from 2011 to 2012 . all patients who met the inclusion criterion and had none of the exclusion criteria were enrolled . twenty - seven women aged between 18 and 65 years with a complaint of fecal incontinence because of delivery trauma were recruited ( figure 1 ) . all the women underwent surgery in shahid faghihi hospital in 2012 and were included in the study after they signed a written informed consent form . consort flow diagram shows the allocation of the study population the inclusion criterion was candidacy for sphincteroplasty due to having an anatomic anal sphincter defect after vaginal delivery more than 3 months previously or having an unsuccessful trial of pelvic - floor physical therapy . the exclusion criteria comprised planning for future vaginal childbirth ; having a medical history of diabetic or neuromuscular disorders , pelvic surgery , pelvic irradiation , inflammatory bowel disease , and previous surgery on the anal sphincter ; and fecal incontinence before delivery . all the patients were asked to complete the wexner scale scoring system of incontinence at baseline . the scale consisted of items about the frequency of incontinence to feces or gas , and the results were expressed as a fecal incontinence score ( wexner score ) , as was described by jorge and wexner . the continence score ranged from 0 to 20 , with higher scores representing more severe incontinency . anoscopy , anal manometry , and endoanal sonography were done for all the patients before the operation : they had anal sphincter defects between 30 and 90 on endoanal sonography , with anal resting pressures < 30 cm h2o and wexner scores > 10 . follow - up evaluation was performed after 6 months using the scoring system and manometry ( anal resting pressure , anal maximum squeezing pressure , and mean pressure ) . in group i , biofeedback therapy was performed 3 months before and 6 months after the surgery . in group ii , biofeedback therapy was applied only 6 months after the surgery . in group iii , only surgical management ( sphincteroplasty and levatorplasty ) was done without any biofeedback exercises . first , the specialist nurse described the position for biofeedback exercise ( left lateral ) . next , she asked the patients to perform a series of ten 5-second contractions of the anal canal , and checked that the contractions were done through the anal canal sphincter not though the buttock muscles . in addition , they were trained regarding high fiber diet , fluid therapy , posture during defecation , and body exercise . this study was approved by the ethics committee of shiraz university of medical sciences , shiraz , iran , and was registered in the iranian registry of clinical trials ( registration # irct201206039936n1 ) . the primary outcome of the study was the wexner score , and the secondary outcome was manometry evaluation in patients needing sphincteroplasty and levatorplasty for fecal incontinence . the data are expressed as meansd or median ( range ) for the continuous variables and count ( percentage ) for the categorical ones . the statistical significance of differences in the continuous variables was determined using nonparametric equivalents of the analysis of variance ( kruskal  wallis h test ) or the student t - test for the paired or unpaired data where appropriate . in addition , significance of differences in the categorical data was determined using the fisher exact test or the chi - square test . all the statistical analyses were performed using statistical package for the social sciences ( spss ) for windows , version 16 . the mean duration of incontinence in our patients was 6.004.67 years , and the mean preoperative wexner score was 15.102.13 . the baseline clinical characteristics of the patients in each group are presented in table 1 . wallis h test to compare the baseline characteristics between the 3 groups our results revealed a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative wexner scores and anal resting pressure in all the 3 groups . additionally , the differences between the preoperative and postoperative anal maximum squeezing pressure and mean pressure were significant only in group i and group iii , but not in group ii ( table 2 ) . differences between the preoperative and postoperative values in each group * p values are based on the mannwhitney u test to compare the preoperative and postoperative values in each group . ard : anal resting pressure ; amd : anal maximum squeezing pressure ; mean : mean pressure as is depicted in table 3 , the reduction in the wexner score was significantly lower in group iii . however , no significant differences were observed between the 3 groups concerning the mean difference of preoperative and postoperative anal resting pressure , anal maximum squeezing pressure , and mean pressure . comparison of the mean differences between the preoperative and postoperative values * p values are based on the kruskal wallis h test to compare the changes in the preoperative and postoperative values between the 3 groups . ard : anal resting pressure ; amd : anal maximum squeezing pressure ; mean : mean pressure fecal incontinence is a challenging condition because of its various psychosocial impacts on daily life and quality of life . it is aimed at treating the defects of the anterior sphincter , similar to what happens in obstetric trauma , and restoring the anatomy of the anal sphincter . engel , nikoomanesh , and schuster described biofeedback for fecal incontinence for the first time . anorectal biofeedback is a technique for increasing patients awareness of the physiological process and is deemed a safe option for alleviating their symptoms and enhancing their quality of life . several studies have suggested anorectal biofeedback as a useful , first - line therapy for fecal incontinence , constipation , and chronic pelvic pain . additionally , biofeedback training has led to significant reductions in the severity and duration of fecal incontinence . biofeedback seems to be helpful for patients with persistent fecal incontinence after sphincteroplasty , but its mechanism of success is not clear . some studies have demonstrated that sensory thresholds , but not resting or squeeze pressure , are improved by biofeedback . also , a theory suggests that biofeedback helps by increasing the sensory awareness of the anorectal function . in the current study , the wexner score and manometric parameters were improved in almost all the groups ( except for anal maximum squeezing pressure and mean pressure in group ii ) after the surgery . moreover , the improvement in the wexner score was significantly higher with biofeedback therapy ( group i and group ii ) . however , no significant differences were found between the 3 groups regarding the changes in the manometric parameters . thus , the present study revealed no significant role for biofeedback therapy in the improvement of manometric parameters in the patients with fecal incontinence resulting from obstetric trauma in short term ( 6 months ) . however , the wexner score , which is an indicator of patient satisfaction , increased with biofeedback therapy following sphincteroplasty . overall , studies have suggested that there is a serious need for powerful , randomized controlled trials to evaluate issues in incontinence therapy , such as surgery versus biofeedback , for the initial treatment of patients with sphincter defects . currently , there is no conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of biofeedback in the treatment of fecal incontinence in patients with significant sphincter defects . moreover , there is a paucity of high - quality data on the effectiveness of biofeedback therapy . yet , biofeedback therapy is advised for most patients with fecal incontinence needing surgical or nonsurgical management . finally , it seems that the successful treatment of these patients requires attention to each patient s severity of incontinence because the available treatments range from medications and physical therapy to complex surgical procedures . first and foremost among the limitations in the present study is its small sample size . another weakness of note is that we did not perform nerve conduction velocity and electromyography . therefore , more fundamental research should be conducted to advance the field of fecal incontinence therapy . in general , surgical treatment is now reserved for moderate - to - severe fecal incontinence and recently developed treatments such as biofeedback should be individualized to the patient .
fecal incontinence is a challenging condition in that it exerts various psychosocial impacts on daily life . 
 different treatment modalities have been suggested for fecal incontinence . 
 the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of biofeedback therapy in combination with surgery in the management of fecal incontinence.the present randomized controlled trial was performed on 27 women with a complaint of fecal incontinence because of delivery trauma . 
 the patients underwent sphincteroplasty and levatorplasty via the same method by 2 colorectal surgeons . 
 in group i , biofeedback therapy was performed 3 months before and 6 months after the surgery ; in group ii , biofeedback therapy was applied only 6 months after the surgery ; and in group iii , only surgical management was performed.the results revealed a significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative wexner scores of incontinence in all the 3 groups . additionally , the difference between the preoperative and postoperative scores was significant only in group i and group iii , but not in group ii . 
 the reduction in the wexner score was significantly less in group iii . 
 however , no significant difference was observed between the 3 groups concerning the mean difference of preoperative and postoperative manometry.the present study revealed no significant role for biofeedback therapy alone in the improvement of manometric evaluation . 
 however , the wexner score , which is an indicator of patient satisfaction , increased with biofeedback therapy following sphincteroplasty.in general , surgical treatment is now reserved for selected patients with fecal incontinence and has recently been developed with biofeedback therapy . 
 trial registration number : irct201206039936n1