children up to 6 years of age who lived with pesticide applicators were monitored for increased risk of pesticide exposure : 48 pesticide applicator and 14 reference families were recruited from an agricultural region of washington state in june 1995 . 
 a total of 160 spot urine samples were collected from 88 children , including repeated measures 3 - 7 days apart . 
 samples were assayed by gas chromatography flame photometric detector for dimethylphosphate metabolites . 
 dimethylthiophosphate ( dmtp ) was the dominant metabolite . 
 dmtp levels were significantly higher in applicator children than in reference children ( p = 0.015 ) , with median concentrations of 0.021 and 0.005 microg / ml , respectively ; maximum concentrations were 0.44 and 0.10 microg / ml , respectively . 
 percentages of detectable samples were 47% for applicator children and 
 27% for reference children . 
 a marginally significant trend of increasing concentration was observed with decreasing age among applicator children ( p = 0.060 ) , and younger children within these families had significantly higher concentrations when compared to their older siblings ( p = 0.040 ) . 
 applicator children living less than 200 feet from an orchard were associated with higher frequency of detectable dmtp levels than nonproximal applicator children ( p = 0.036 ) . 
 these results indicate that applicator children experienced higher organophosphorus pesticide exposures than did reference children in the same community and that proximity to spraying is an important contributor to such exposures . 
 trends related to age suggest that child activity is an important variable for exposure . it is unlikely that any of the observed exposures posed a hazard of acute intoxication . 
 this study points to the need for a more detailed understanding of pesticide exposure pathways for children of agricultural workers.imagesfigure 1.figure 2.figure 3 .