breast brachytherapy has been used since 1920 , when keynes used radium needles implanted to entire breast . in 1960s , new rules of implantation and dose calculation for interstitial brachytherapy known as paris dosimetry system ( pds ) were established . the pds became widely used , initially for a low - dose - rate wire sources and later extended to the high - dose - rate applications with ir stepping source . it 's role increased when treatment of early - stage breast cancer evolved from radical surgery to breast conserving surgery with adjuvant whole breast irradiation and additional boost dose to the tumor bed [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] . the pds may still be used as a basis for dose specification for volume implants if the recommendations of icru report 58 are followed . however , current advances in imaging and technologies applied in brachytherapy showed limitations of pds . implementation of 3d image - based brachytherapy planning allows to create treatment plans based on target volumes instead of plans related only to the implant geometry . 3d visualization allows to examine the actual relationship of the implant to the target volume and perform dose - volume analysis of organs at risk ( oars ) . a variety of dose optimization algorithms enables to obtain required target coverage respecting the required dose homogeneity . many studies confirmed that increasing the dose to surroundings of the lumpectomy cavity reduced local recurrence rate , but on the other hand , the cosmetic outcome is inversely related to radiation dose . proper target coverage , high dose homogeneity and conformity , and controlling dose to oars , therefore , are essential in brachytherapy planning . 3d imaging in currently available planning software 's gives us possibility to evaluate these parameters in clinical cases . the purpose of this study is to analyze our first experience with 3d image - guided breast brachytherapy , compare dose distribution parameters between pds , and image based treatment plans as well as to evaluate changes in planning procedure after implementing 3d system . first , 49 consecutive patients during breast conserving therapy treated with 3d image - based high - dose - rate ( hdr ) interstitial brachytherapy as a boost after external beam radiotherapy were selected for the study . it was our first experience with planning based on computed tomography ( ct ) , and the first couple of patients were implanted only based on surgery scar , clinical examination , and the results of mammography . localization of tumor bed was done considering surgical clips . in our hospital , in majority of cases , only one surgery clip is placed on the muscle beneath the tumor bed . on this pre - planning ct we 've measured distances in all three dimensions from surgery clips to distinctive elements of patient 's body , such as nipple , sternum , or rib . then a printout containing 3d visualization of patient 's body with all these structures and measurements was prepared . distances from this visualization were measured on patient 's breast just before implantation to help localize lumpectomy cavity . printout of pre - planning procedure with ribs counted and numbered and distances marked in all three dimensions from surgery clips to distinctive elements of patient 's body ( sternum and nipple ) during the interstitial brachytherapy procedure , 4 to 13 metal needles in 1 , 2 or 3 planes ( 2 patients  1 plane , 31 patients  2 planes , 16 patients  3 planes ) were inserted into tumor bed with template guidance . the ct images were sent to the brachytherapy planning system oncentra masterplan ( version 4.3 , nucletron , an elekta company , elekta ab , stockholm , sweden ) , where planning target volume ( ptv ) and oars ( skin , most exposed rib , and ipsilateral lung ) were contoured . first , based on pds , using geometrical optimization , and the second one , image - based plan using graphical optimization ( opt ) . the reference isodose in pds was 85% in every case , whereas in opt plans an isodose was chosen to obtain proper target coverage . dose and volume parameters ( d90 , d100 , vptv90 , vptv100 ) , dose at oars , total reference air kerma ( trak ) , and quality assurance parameters : dose nonuniformity ratio ( dnr ) , dose homogeneity index ( dhi ) , and conformity index ( coin ) were used for a comparison of both plans . the following definitions are used in our study : dhi inside ptv = ( vptv100  vptv150)/vptv100 ; coin = ( vptv100/vptv )  ( vptv100/v100 ) where v 
 100 and v 
 150 means volume receiving 100% and 150% of prescribed dose , respectively , v 
 ptv100 and v 
 ptv150 means volume of ptv receiving 100% and 150% of prescribed dose , respectively , and v 
 ptv means volume of ptv . doses at oars were evaluated by a dose at most exposed 0.1cc ( d0.1cc ) and at the most exposed 2cc ( d2cc ) of specific oar . the second comparison was done to analyze a learning curve during our first experience with 3d image - guided planning . all plans ( both pds and opt ) were divided into two groups : group of the first 20 patients and group of the next 29 patients out of all 49 analyzed cases . the comparison was done between dose and volume parameters and quality assurance parameters of both groups . a difference between two variables was considered statistically significant when the p - value was less than or equal than 0.05 . the mean number of catheters was 7 but the mean for the first 20 patients was 5 and almost 9 for the remaining 29 patients . the volume of ptv ranged from 13.6 cm to 163.4 cm ( mean : 58.2 cm ) , while the mean volume irradiated by prescribed dose was 53.0 cm and 66.0 cm for pds and opt plan , respectively . the mean value of isodose selected for prescribing dose for opt plans was 73% in order to achieve acceptable dose coverage . the mean d90 was 88.2% and 105.9% , the d100 was 59.8% and 75.7% , the vptv90 was 88.6% and 98.1% , the vptv100 was 79.9% and 98.9% , and the trak was 0.00375 gym and 0.00439 gym for the pds and opt plans , respectively . doses received by organs at risk were slightly higher in opt plans because of lower value of prescribed isodose in these plans and amounted to 73.9% for skin d0.1cc , 59.2% for skin d2cc , 28.1% for the most exposed rib , and 21.0% for ipsilateral lung . the same doses for pds plans amounted to 67.5% for skin d0.1cc , 52.8% for skin d2cc , 24.5% for the most exposed rib , and 18.1% for ipsilateral lung . we obtained mean dnr of 0.29 and 0.42 , mean dhi inside ptv of 0.71 , and 0.54 for pds and opt plans , respectively . simultaneously a comparison was made between mean values of all doses and dosimetric parameters of both types of plan . mean values of dosimetric parameters and doses at oars of both plans are shown in table 1 . mean values of dosimetric parameters and doses at organs at risk ( oars ) of both plans vptv90 [ % ] , vptv100 [ % ]  relative percentage of planning target volume , which receives 90% and 100% of prescribed dose , respectively ; d90 [ % ] , d100 [ % ]  dose to the 90% and 100% volume of interest relative to the prescribed dose , respectively ; d0.1cc , d2cc  dose at the most exposed 0.1cc and 2cc of volume of interest , respectively , dnr  dose nonuniformity ratio , dhi inside ptv  dose homogeneity index inside planning target volume , coin  conformity index , trak [ gym ]  total reference air kerma , pds paris dosimetry system , opt  image - based plan using graphical optimization during this study , we 've observed our learning curve . most of the parameters had better values in the last 29 patients compared to the first 20 . mean values of dosimetric parameters divided into two groups of consecutive patients vptv100 [ % ]  relative percentage of planning target volume , which receives 100% of prescribed dose , d90 [ % ] , d100 [ % ]  dose to the 90% and 100% volume of interest relative to the prescribed dose , respectively , dnr  dose nonuniformity ratio , dhi inside ptv  dose homogeneity index inside planning target volume , coin  conformity index , pds paris dosimetry system , opt  image - based plan using graphical optimization in our study , there was a high linear correlation between traks and volume of ptv ( pds : r = 0.97 and opt : r = 0.98 ) , and also with number of needles ( pds : r = 0.88 and opt : r = 0.86 ) for both types of plans . there was also high linear correlation between trak and dhi in pds plan ( r = 0.8 ) but there were only very poor linear correlations between these parameters in opt plans ( r = 0.1 ) , as well as between trak and the value of prescribed isodose trak depends mostly on volume of ptv , while dhi and value of isodose chosen to obtain proper target coverage depends on implant quality . there were also high linear correlations between f - factor and dhi ( r = 0.76 ) showed in figure 3 but there was no linear correlation between f - factor and target coverage in opt plans ( r = 0.1 ) . correlation between total reference air kerma ( trak ) values for paris dosimetry system ( pds ) ( orange ) and graphical optimization ( opt ) ( blue ) plans , and volume of planning target volume ( ptv ) correlation between dose homogeneity index for graphical optimization ( opt ) plans and value of prescribed isodose ( f - factor ) chosen for dose specification in these plans paris dosimetry system has been successfully used for decades in interstitial brachytherapy due to its biggest advantage  homogenous dose distribution . in our study , we implemented standard pds with geometrical optimization in plans made on ct 's and compared to second plans optimized to achieve proper target coverage . the target coverage in image - guided plans ( opt ) was significantly higher than in plans based on pds but the dose homogeneity was worse . one of them was based on the same principles as our pds plan , that means standard pds with geometrical optimization . they pointed high homogeneity of this type of plan with dnr of 0.25 and dhi inside ptv of 0.74 . these values are almost the same as our results ( 0.29 and 0.71 , respectively ) but we received better target coverage and dose conformity : d90 was 88% and 60% , and coin 0.66 and 0.55 in our study and major 's , respectively . in their another study , major et al they obtained homogeneity parameters slightly better than ours ( mean dnr was 0.32 and mean dhi inside ptv was 0.66 , compared to our 0.42 and 0.54 , respectively ) but they used pre- and postimplant ct , what probably resulted in better implant . also used preimplant ct and obtained excellent results of mean d90  96.5% and dhi for the whole implant of 0.76 . analyzed non - ct - based implantation with geometrical optimized plan and they obtained worse target coverage but very high homogeneity with mean values of d90 , d100 , and dhi for whole implant , respectively , 73% , 68% , and 0.89 for five selected patients ( from 8 selected for the study ) . analyzed retrospectively a group of 11 patients and showed that even slight dwell time adjustment could result in better target coverage from 85.3% to 97.0% for lumpectomy cavity , while keeping dhi on high level of 0.86 ( 0.89 before adjustment ) . in their study , there was no information about improvement of coverage of entire target volume ( cavity with 1 cm margin ) . das et al . obtained excellent results of median d100 of 96% and mean dhi of 0.73 using geometrical and graphical optimization in ct - based plans   but it has to be added that they identified ptv by injecting contrast material inside lumpectomy cavity and used preimplant mammography . . showed that high values of dose homogeneity index reduce risk of late fibrosis , so it is very important to improve homogeneity while keeping good target coverage and conformity of our plans . major et al . found high improvement of their results after using preimplant ct ( vptv100 from 70% to 91% , dnr from 0.35 to 0.33 and coin from 0.40 to 0.68 ) [ 11 , 18 ] . cholewka et al . came to the same conclusion after comparing their 2d plans without pre - planning to ct based guided plans . they obtained an improvement of vptv100 from 86.1% to 91.7% and dose homogeneity index from 0.53 to 0.60 . the same trend could be seen in our study when comparing our first 20 patients implanted mostly basing on surgical scar and clinical examination with the next 29 with pre - planning based on ct scans . we 've noticed an increase of vptv100 from 93.5% to 94.2% and dose homogeneity index from 0.56 to 0.60 for the whole implant , and from 0.54 to 0.55 for ptv only . it means that further improvements of implant quality could be achieved during the implantation of needles . tang et al . analyzed impact of implantation method on the implant quality comparing free hand technique under ultrasound guidance with template method based on ct images with radiographic contrast injected into tumor bed before needles insertion . they obtained excellent dose homogeneity index for both methods ( 0.74 for free hand and 0.76 for template technique ) , with significantly better target coverage and less high doses volumes for insertion with template guidance . there is a number of studies focused on the impact of different image - based pre - planning methods on treatment plan quality [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] . all of them confirmed that before implantation as much information as possible should be included to precisely localize the tumor bed . it 's too small group and too short period of time to make a reliable evaluation , but a trend could be seen when comparing groups of the first 20 and the next 29 patients . analyzed their learning curve in first experiences with 3d image - based partially breast brachytherapy . they 've noticed a gentle progress every 6 months during the whole 4 years of observation . the scale of their improvement is similar to our results when comparing the same period of time . there are very few studies containing information about values of trak in breast brachytherapy planning , even it is recommended for reporting in every brachytherapy application by estro . we consider trak as very valuable factor , especially in case of transition from standard 2d planning to 3d image - based method . in our study , we noticed 16% increase of trak from 0.0038 gym for standard paris system based planning to 0.0044 gym for 3d planning . the reason for that is the lower prescription isodose line what increases irradiated volume . in both types of our planning methods , values of trak were highly correlated with volume of ptv as evident from the graph 1 . contemporary standards of brachytherapy planning are image - based and all recommendations emphasized that 3d imaging is crucial to receive proper target coverage [ 26 , 27 ] . however , long - term studies proved good results after bcs obtained with boost based on pds . retrospectives studies provided by resch et al . on large cohort of 410 women with early stage breast cancer after bct with interstitial brachytherapy boost showed excellent results with only 16 recurrences ( 2 and 3.9% in 5-year and 10-year actuarial recurrence rate ) , and only 7% of cosmetic outcomes classified as bad . with 7% ipsilateral breast failure after median follow - up time of 94 months on cohort of 100 patients . it will take time to collect as many reliable image - guided long - term studies as 2d - based ones available at present . our first experience with 3d image - based planning showed that optimized plans based on ct could significantly improve target coverage and dose conformity but only at the cost of worse dose homogeneity compared to plans based on principles of pds . we 've observed a learning curve during implantation as well as in treatment planning procedure . implementation of 3d imaging in pre - planning procedure could result in further improvements of implant quality and allow to obtain satisfactory dosimetric parameters .
purposethe purpose of this study is to evaluate our first experience with 3d image - guided breast brachytherapy and to compare dose distribution parameters between paris dosimetry system ( pds ) and image - based plans.material and methodsfirst 49 breast cancer patients treated with 3d high - dose - rate interstitial brachytherapy as a boost were selected for the study . 
 every patient underwent computed tomography , and the planning target volume ( ptv ) and organs at risk ( oar ) were outlined . 
 two treatment plans were created for every patient . 
 first , based on a paris dosimetry system ( pds ) , and the second one , imaged - based plan with graphical optimization ( opt ) . 
 the reference isodose in pds implants was 85% , whereas in opt plans the isodose was chosen to obtain proper target coverage . 
 dose and volume parameters ( d90 , d100 , v90 , v100 ) , doses at oars , total reference air kerma ( trak ) , and quality assurance parameters : dose nonuniformity ratio ( dnr ) , dose homogeneity index ( dhi ) , and conformity index ( coin ) were used for a comparison of both plans.resultsthe mean number of catheters was 7 but the mean for 20 first patients was 5 and almost 9 for the next 29 patients . 
 the mean value of prescribed isodose for opt plans was 73% . 
 the mean d90 was 88.2% and 105.8% , the d100 was 59.8% and 75.7% , the vptv90 was 88.6% and 98.1% , the vptv100 was 79.9% and 98.9% , and the trak was 0.00375 gym1 and 0.00439 gym1 for the pds and opt plans , respectively . 
 the mean dnr was 0.29 and 0.42 , the dhi was 0.71 and 0.58 , and the coin was 0.68 and 0.76 , respectively.conclusionsthe target coverage in image - guided plans ( opt ) was significantly higher than in pds plans but the dose homogeneity was worse . also , the value of trak increased because of change of prescribing isodose . 
 the learning curve slightly affected our results .