the use of resin composites for restoring posterior stress - bearing cavities has increased significantly in recent years . as an alternative to amalgam , the early attempts to apply resin composites in posterior teeth had only limited success because of insufficient material properties.1 improvements in the properties of the materials together with their positive clinical performances encourage continuously the use of posterior resin composites as a viable alternative to amalgam.2 the mechanical properties of resin - based composite mainly depend on its microstructure and composition . these characteristics are directly related to the composition of the composite.3 one of the primary concerns is adaptation ( both internal and marginal ) and the resulting interfacial seal of resin composite to the preparation walls . when placing and contouring a composite , a clinician often has difficulty to adapt the material to the cavity preparation because of the paste s high viscosity . unlike amalgam , highly filled composite resins can not be  condensed  by using a heavier force to reduce porosity or to enhance adaptation.35 to decrease wear and polymerization shrinkage in posterior applications , resin composite manufacturers increased filler content . however , this modification results in higher paste viscosity.6,7 furthermore , many contemporary resin composites are also sticky and difficult to manipulate , resulting in greater problems in placement.3 freedman8 and friedman9 claimed that warming resin based restorative materials prior to placement and contouring enhances composite adaptation to preparation walls by increasing the viscosity of unpolymerized resin composite paste . the extent of viscosity change may be attributed to many factors : resin composition , filler content and shape.1012 thus because of the wide variety in chemistry and composition of resin composites currently used , a great variation in the viscosity of these materials in response to evaluated temperatures may be expected.3 an additional advantage of heating the resin composite prior to placement and polymerizing is the accompanying increase in monomer conversion.1317 with increased paste temperature , free radicals and propagating polymer chains become more mobile as a result of decreased paste viscosity and react to a greater extent , resulting in a more complete polymerization reaction and greater cross - linking . the increase in polymerization may lead to improved mechanical properties and increased wear resistance.13,16,17 fractures within the body of restorations and at the margins have been cited as a major problem regarding the failure of posterior resin composites.18 the fracture related material properties , such as fracture resistance , elasticity , and the marginal degradation of materials under stress have usually been evaluated by the determination of the material parameters such as flexural strength and flexural modulus.19 the aim of this in vitro study was to assess the flexural strength and flexural modulus of two resin composites prepared at room temperature or preheated to a temperature of 40 , 45 or 50c . one nanohybrid ( grandio , voco , cuxhaven , germany ) , and a microhybrid resin composite ( filtek z250 , 3 m espe , st . the materials were inserted into rectangular moulds with the dimensions specified by the iso 4049/2000 specification ( 25 mm x 2 mm x 2 mm ) at room temperature ( rt ) or preheated to a temperature of 40 , 45 or 50c with ease - it composite softener ( ronvig dental , daugaard , denmark ) . then the specimens were cured with standard ( 700 mw / cm for 40 sec ) or step - cure ( 150180 mw / cm for 10 sec and 650700 mw/ cm2 for 30 sec ) modes of high intensity halogen ( elipar highlight , 3 m espe , st . the mould was positioned over a glass slide and a mylar strip and the resin composite was inserted as a single increment . another mylar strip was positioned and pressed against it with a glass slide for excess removal before polymerization . a three - point bending test was performed using a universal testing machine ( lloyd lrx ; lloyd instruments ltd , fareham hants , uk ) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm / min . the maximum loads were obtained and the flexural strength (  ) was calculated in megapascals ( mpa ) by using the following formula : where f is the maximum load ( in newtons ) ; l is the distance between the supports ( in millimeters ) ; b is the width of the specimen ( in millimeters ) and h is the height ( in millimeters ) . the modulus of elasticity ( gpa ) was determined as : where f is the maximum load ; l is the distance between the supports ; b is the width of the specimen ; h is the height of the specimen , and d is the deflection ( in millimeters ) corresponding to the load f. the data were analyzed by one - way analysis of variance and the differences between materials , curing and preheating protocols were assessed with tukey hsd tests ( p=0.05 ) to determine the effect of material , curing and preheating protocols ( spss 15.0 version , spss inc . , pearson s correlation test was used to examine the correlation between mechanical properties ( flexural strength and flexural modulus ) and preheating . table 2 summarizes the mean values and standard deviations of the tested groups . while there were no statistically significant differences between flexural strengths of the tested materials for curing and preheating protocols ( p=0.299 ) , there were statistically significant differences between the flexural modulus of the tested groups ( p<.001 ) . the flexural modulus values of z250 showed significant differences between room temperature and preheated to 40c ( p=0.009 ) and , between preheated to 45c and 50c ( p<.001 ) at standard curing mode . flexural modulus values of grandio were significantly higher than z250 for all the curing protocols and tested temperatures . no significant correlation was found between preheating and tested mechanical properties [ flexural strength ( p=0.174 ) and flexural modulus ( p=0.486 ) of the materials . preheating resin systems prior to photo - polymerization have many potential advantages like increasing the degree of conversion,16,20 increasing the surface hardness.21 previous studies have showed that preheating increased the flow and enhance the adaptation of the resin to the prepared tooth walls and , thus , potentially reduced microleakage.20 flow of commercial resin composites could be increased by preheating.22 the overall extent and rate of monomer conversion in resin systems cured at higher temperatures are better than that performed at room temperature.4,16 in recent studies a significant increase in conversion were observed upon preheating.1517,23 in clinical situations when the resin composite is preheated , the temperature of the resin composite could affect the pulp tissue when it is placed in the cavity but with the time delay between dispensing it from the syringe and placing it into the preparation a significant decrease occurs.23 daronch et al24 found no significant differences in the intrapulpal temperatures between either room temperature or preheated resin composite at similar restorative stages . in another study , daronch et al25 concluded that the resin composite temperature decreased rapidly upon compile removal from the heating device . flexural strength and modulus are meaningful mechanical properties for brittle materials , although the results can not be extrapolated to the clinical behavior without considering some aspects , namely flaw distribution26 and structural reliability of the material.27 nonetheless , the in vitro three - point bending flexural test is recommended by the iso 4049/200028 specification for polymer based materials and is widely used for comparative purposes.29,30 an optimal tooth restoration material should mimic structural , mechanical and physical characteristics of dentin and enamel.31 xu et al32 measured the elastic modulus of human enamel and dentin and obtained a mean value of 19 gpa for the dentin . the mechanical properties of all the resin composites tested in this study either at room temperature or preheated , are far from those of enamel . however , nanohybrid resin composite had similar flexural modulus ( 16.83 20.12 gpa ) to flexural modulus of dentin . filler content , filler size and the distribution of the filler particles were determined to highly influence the physical and mechanical properties of the resin composites . it has been shown that the filler volume fraction and filler load level of the resin composites correlate with the material strength and elastic modulus , as well as the fracture toughness of the material.3338 kim et al39 found out that the mechanical properties of the resin composites are related to their filler content . resin composites with the highest by volume exhibited the highest flexural strength and flexural modulus . in the present study , no significant difference were found between flexural strengths of the groups , but microhybrid resin composite had higher flexural strength values than nanohybrid resin composite at all tested temperatures . however , there were significant differences between the flexural modulus of two materials in all the tested temperatures and curing protocols . the nanohybrid resin composite had significantly higher flexural modulus values than microhybrid resin composite with both curing protocols and all tested temperatures . this result is in agreement with beun et al40 who reported that the nanohybrid resin composite has higher elastic modulus while the universal hybrid resin composite has higher flexural strength . no significant correlations were found between the flexural strength and preheating and also between the flexural modulus and preheating of the tested materials . when microhybrid resin composite ( z250 ) was cured with standard curing protocols , the flexural modulus was significantly higher when the resin composite material was preheated to a temperature of 40c . also there were no significant differences between the curing protocols and between the temperatures for nanohybrid resin composite . further research is needed for evaluating the effects of preheating on the other mechanical properties and on pulp tissue . the results of this study showed preheating and different curing protocols did not have any harmful effect on the mechanical properties of the tested materials . so it could be concluded that these materials could be preheated because of the other potential clinical advantages like more adaptation to the cavity walls .
objectivesthe purpose of this study was to compare the flexural strength and modulus of two commercial resin composites , at room temperature and 40 , 45 and 50c prior to light polymerization with standard and step - cure protocols.methodsone nanohybrid ( grandio , voco , cuxhaven , germany ) , and microhybrid composite resin ( filtek z250 , 3 m espe , st . 
 paul , mn , usa ) were used . 
 the materials were inserted into rectangular moulds at room temperature or preheated to a temperature of 40 , 45 or 50c and cured with standard or step - cure protocols with high intensity halogen ( elipar highlight , 3m - espe , st . 
 paul , mn , usa ) . 
 ten specimens were prepared for each preheating and light curing protocol . 
 a three - point bending test was performed using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm / min . 
 the data were analyzed by one - way analysis of variance and tukey s post hoc tests ( p<.05 ) to examine the effect of curing protocol and preheating . 
 pearson s correlation test was used to determine the correlation between tested mechanical properties and preheating.resultsthere were no statistically significant difference between tested mechanical properties of the materials , curing protocols and temperature of the materials . 
 no significant correlation was found between preheating and tested mechanical properties.conclusionsthe mechanical properties of the tested materials did not changed by preheating so the tested materials could be preheated because of the other potential clinical advantages like more adaptation to the cavity walls .