an eighteen year old african american male presented to the emergency room with a 1-week history of sore throat , muscle aches , fever , headache , and photophobia . physical examination revealed a tall , thinly built young man , in mild pain with an oral temperature of 97.5f , blood pressure of 114/69 mmhg , heart rate of 89 beats per minute ( bpm ) and respirations of 18/minute . the examination of the central nervous system revealed neck stiffness ; kernig s and brudzinski s signs were not elicited . hemoglobin was 17.5 g / dl , hematocrit 50.8 g / dl , and white count 20.3  10/l with 89% granulocytosis , and platelet count of 35  10/l . basic metabolic profile was within normal limits , except for a potassium level of 3.2 meq / l , blood urea nitrogen of 44.9 mg / dl , and creatinine of 2.3 mg / dl . the blood culture grew penicillin sensitive group c streptococcus ( gcs ) within 24 hours of incubation . further work - up revealed right cavernous and ophthalmic vein thrombosis on magnetic resonance imaging ( figures 1 and 2 ) . gcs is a rare cause of bacteremia , mostly associated with zoonological infections.18 it can cause a mucopurulent pulmonary disease in horses and mastitis in cattle.2,3 in humans , gcs can be part of the normal oral , skin , and genitourinary flora but , gcs infection can be highly virulent , causing rapid , disseminating disease24 carrying with it a mortality of about 25%.4,5 the dismal prognosis is linked to the severity of illness and the high level of virulence of the organism.2 this group of streptococci can be differentiated from other species by their hemolysis pattern and their ability to ferment sorbitol and trehalose.4 examples of major species include streptococcus equisimilis , s. zooepidemicus , s. equi , s. dysgalactiae , with the most common type isolated from the human throat being s. milleri.14,6,7 unfortunately , one of our limitations was our laboratory was unable to identify the species of gcs . one study , which was based on the throat swabs of 1,016 college patients , showed that gcs was associated with pharyngitis.3 this is significant concerning our patient as he had complained of symptoms of sore throat and had a tonsillar exudate . gcs menigitis , though rare , has a strong association with patients who were in close contact with infected animals or consumed unpasterized milk.1,2,69 huang et al reported 13 cases of gcs meningitis;2 of these cases , five died , four suffered permanent neurological sequelae of some kind , and four recovered without lasting sequelae.2 to the best of our knowledge , ours is the first case of gcs meningitis with cavernous sinus thrombosis . adverse outcomes can still occur despite timely initiation of appropriate antimicrobial treatment.2,4,5 blood cultures taken 24 hours after starting treatment would be negative , as well as cerebrospinal - fluid analysis . this expectionally rapid eradication rate of the pathogen exists in the presence of continued fever spikes and a worsening clinical picture,2 as was the case for our patient . he continued to have symptoms of fever and chills for at least 710 days after starting treatment . a classic presentation of meningitis includes nuchal rigidity , fever , headache , and photophobia . however , without aggressive treatment , patients can rapidly develop more severe signs such as tetraparesis,9 aortic aneurysms , osteomyelitis and lymphadenitis,5 hearing loss , and blindness.2,4,5 a possible complication of meningitis can be the development of a thrombosis in the cavernous sinus . this is a cavity at the base of the brain which drains deoxygenated blood from the brain back to the heart . the cause is usually from a spreading infection in the nose , sinuses , ears , or teeth . cavernous sinus thrombosis symptoms include : decrease or loss of vision , chemosis , exophthalmos , headaches , and paralysis of the cranial nerves that course through the cavernous sinus , features which were observed in our patient . this infection is life - threatening and requires immediate treatment , which usually includes antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage . when the patient originally entered the hospital he was started on extended coverage antibiotics : ceftriaxone and vancomycin . once the diagnosis was established , and given the history of a pencilin allergy , we decided to begin treatment with chloramphenicol , one gram intravenously , every 6 hours . twelve to 24 hours later , the sensitivity profile showed that the pathogen was susceptible to only penicillin g. at this juncture , it was decided to desensitize the patient to pencillin . he did not suffer any ill effects of the desensitization and his antibiotic regimen was switched to intravenous penicillin g , four million units every 4 hours . due to risk of bleeding , considering patient s low platelet count , the decision was made to not fully anticoagulate our patient , but to manage him with 5000 units of subcutaneous heparin three times daily . some advocate for the use of gentamicin , an aminoglycoside , with penicillin g to create a synergistic effect in severely ill patients or those who are immunocompromised.10 our patient continued this treatment regimen for 6 weeks . during these 6 weeks he developed an empyema , which had to be drained with a chest tube , likely secondary to septic emboli . oculomotor or abducens palsy in patients with meningitis further indicates thrombosis of the cavernous sinus since these nerves pass through the sinus . to our knowledge we have presented the first case of gcs meningitis with cavernous sinus thrombosis .
group c streptococcus ( gcs ) is a rare cause of bacteremia in humans . 
 it is mostly associated with zoonological infections . 
 although gcs can be part of the normal oral , skin , and genitourinary fora , an infection with this pathogen can be highly virulent , causing rapid , disseminating disease . with a mortality of about 25% 
 , the poor prognosis is linked to the severity of illness and the high level of virulence of the organism . 
 only a few cases of gcs meningitis have been reported . 
 we present the first case of gcs meningitis with cavernous sinus thrombosis .