tooth bleaching has become one of the most popular cosmetic procedures offered in dental practice . patients seek increasingly to have an attractive smile , as it is considered synonymous with health , good appearance , professional and social benefit . although tooth color is only one of the aspects involved in facial harmony , it represents the most important isolated factor because it is immediately noticed . smile and teethrelated physical appearance plays a key role in human social interaction . at the individual level , dental health and esthetics have been demonstrated to be visibly related both to patient selfesteem 1 and increased comfort in social interactions 2 while , at the societal level , physically attractive people are systematically considered as possessing higher social competence , intellectual ability , psychological adjustment , and relationship satisfaction than their lessattractive counterparts 3 , 4 , 5 . several methods have been described in the literature for bleaching vital teeth , such as the use of different chemical agents , concentrations , time of application , and product format 6 , 7 , 8 . the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals and the ability to penetrate through enamel and dentin produce the oxidation of polymeric organic pigments that cause tooth discoloration . carbamide peroxide decomposes into urea and hydrogen peroxide and the active process of bleaching does the same 9 . athome bleaching presents a number of advantages such as ease of application , no need for light activation , less peroxide concentration , and lower costs . however , it also presents some disadvantages , such as longer time of treatment , comparatively lower patient 's collaboration , and lacking of professional control . inoffice bleaching was proposed with the aim of reducing agent bleaching exposure through total control of the procedure performed by a dentist or a dental hygienist also when the patient does not collaborate . even if inoffice bleaching involves the application of higher concentration of bleaching agents , and often also requires light activation of the whitening product , longer sessions are necessary to guarantee the effectiveness of the treatment , although this leads to an obvious increase in the costs of treatment 10 . further , before bleaching , it is always recommended to examine the surface characteristics of dental enamel carefully , in order to avoid unwanted side effects such as , for instance , enamel structural changes or the progression of whitespot lesions 11 , 12 , 13 . in recent years , an increasing number of bleaching products have appeared in the market for professional use only . manufacturers have introduced different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for inoffice bleaching , ranging from 10% to 38% , which can be activated by light sources or heat . the main side effect often associated with high concentration of hydrogen peroxide is tooth sensitivity due to pulp irritation . tooth sensitivity may cause both physical and psychological discomfort to the patient , but in most cases , it represents a reversible effect as most sensitivity occurs within the first 2 weeks after treatment 14 . probably this kind of dental sensitivity is due to some vehicle used to carry the active ingredient , which causes reversible pulpitis , or is the consequence of increased temperature of the pulp when light activation is performed . different sources of light can be used , such as halogen , plasma arc , light emitting diode ( led ) , ultraviolet lamp , laser , and hybrid light . available studies do not allow for an ultimate judgment about whether or not tooth bleaching can be either ( safely ) increased or accelerated by whatever additional light activation 15 , 16 . despite the advantages offered by the bleaching treatment , the effect of bleaching agents on dental hard tissues is still controversial . a number of studies have evaluated the influence of bleaching agents on the properties of enamel and dentin 17 , 18 . some chemical products have a lower than ideal ph which can cause changes in the mineral content of the enamel , this in turn promotes or increases enamel erosion or abrasion . however , studies have shown that the addition of fluoride or calcium to the composition of the bleaching agent can minimize mineral loss in hard tooth tissues 19 . the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of a 38% hydrogen peroxide gel with calcium and strontium ions used for inoffice bleaching , both with led and laser activation , in order to test the extent to which different light activation does or does not affect tooth color change . a further aim was to compare the two lightactivation techniques with respect to the possible onset of adverse clinical and psychological side effects to determine which of the two lightactivation techniques would lead to better outcomes both from an objective ( plaque index ) and subjective perspective ( perceived tooth sensitivity and surface smoothness ) . ten systemically healthy patients , aged 2154 years , were recruited from new referrals to department of oral hygiene of dental clinic of university vitasalute san raffaele of milan . inclusion criteria were : ( 1 ) good health ; ( 2 ) all anterior teeth ( superior and inferior ) without restorations or caries ; and ( 3 ) willing to provide informed consent and to ensure compliance throughout the study . exclusion criteria were : ( 1 ) pregnancy or lactation ; ( 2 ) adverse effects to peroxides ; ( 3 ) systemic diseases possibly interfering with the research ; ( 4 ) clinical diagnosis of generalized chronic periodontitis ; ( 5 ) enamel dysplasia ; ( 6 ) tetracyclinestained teeth ; ( 7 ) tooth sensitivity of < 1 on the vas questionnaire scale ; ( 8) use of any bleaching agents within the last year ; and ( 9 ) physical or mental handicap . the study design was approved by the local ethical committee and was found to conform with the requirements of the declaration of helsinki . in this study , we used a bleaching agent which was a gel of 38% hydrogen peroxide with calcium and strontium ions ( trilly white dmt  dental medical technologies  lissone , italy ) . for the light activation , we used a light emitting diode ledlamp ( 430490 nm , 4 w / mentadent prefessional xtra white lamp mc italia srl  lainate , italy ) and a diode laser ( 980 nm , 7 w / diode laser dmt srl  lissone , italy ) . the oral cavity of each patient was randomly divided into two equivalent parts ( splitmouth design ) ( t 
 0  baseline ) , that is , right before the bleaching treatment , the halfdental arches of the patients were assigned to either the test or the control treatment group according to a randomization list . pi was measured according to silness and loe 20 criteria ; bop was recorded by means of a standard periodontal probe ( pcpunc15 hufriedy , chicago , il ) with a manual pressure of approximately 25 g and was considered positive if bleeding occurred within 30 sec after probing . an examiner blind to conditions assessed the color of the teeth according to a classical vita shade guide ( vita zahnfabrik ) by means of a digital spectrophotometer ( spectroshade micro  mht medical high technologies , verona , italy ) . measurements were taken from the same area ( middle of the tooth ) of each tooth ( first upper incisors ) two times consecutively . when these two values equaled , they were registered . when the values were not equal , additional measurements were taken until equal measurements were obtained , and only one measurement for each tooth was recorded . initial digital photos of teeth were taken . in order to calculate the variation between specimens according to the vita classical scale , the recorded values were ordered in scores from 1 to 16 in a luminosity sequence , with 1 representing the lightest specimens and 16 representing the darkest . patients were instructed to indicate any tooth or oral sensitivity by marking the corresponding level of perceived sensitivity on the horizontal line , ranging from 0 to 10 , with 10 representing the highest sensitivity score . patients were instructed to indicate perceived dental surface roughness by reporting ( i.e. , marking ) their feeling on the horizontal line ( 0 = no sensed roughness to 10 = maximum sensed roughness ) . after clinical and subjective recordings , bleaching treatment was performed according to the manufacturer 's instructions . supragingival prophylaxis using pumice stone with a brush and the application of a gingival barrier ( acrylic curing dam  dmt srl the bleaching agent was activated by led for 10 min , in both arcs simultaneously . this step was performed two times consecutively , while the control site was protected with a gauze . afterward , in the control side , the application of the bleaching agent was activated by laser diode ( 1 w  20  for tooth in pulse mode ) . this step was performed two times as well . at the end of the bleaching treatment , the peroxide gel was wiped with cotton , and the gingival barrier was removed . all patients received instructions to avoid any substance that could stain teeth and any food and beverages with acidic ph levels in the first 48 h following the treatment . ( i.e. , immediately after the bleaching session ) , the color of teeth was assessed in the same manner as at time 0 ( t 
 0 = before treatment ) . ( i.e. , 2 weeks after the bleaching treatment ) , clinical recordings of pi , bop , and tooth color , along with subjective ratings of tooth sensitivity and surface roughness , were collected . data from clinical parameters and subjective ratings were analyzed using statistical software ( statistical package for the social sciences , spss inc . , data were expressed as the median ( mdn ) and interquartile range ( ir ) . as both intra and intertreatment differences were assessed using a splitmouth design based on a withinparticipants analytical strategy 21 , 22 , 23 , all pairwise comparisons were performed using the wilcoxon nonparametric signedrank test for related observations . the decision criterion for statistical significance was set at  = 0.05 ( i.e. , p < 0.05 for hypothesis testing ) . at time 0 ( t 
 0  baseline ) , that is , right before the bleaching treatment , the halfdental arches of the patients were assigned to either the test or the control treatment group according to a randomization list . pi was measured according to silness and loe 20 criteria ; bop was recorded by means of a standard periodontal probe ( pcpunc15 hufriedy , chicago , il ) with a manual pressure of approximately 25 g and was considered positive if bleeding occurred within 30 sec after probing . an examiner blind to conditions assessed the color of the teeth according to a classical vita shade guide ( vita zahnfabrik ) by means of a digital spectrophotometer ( spectroshade micro  mht medical high technologies , verona , italy ) . measurements were taken from the same area ( middle of the tooth ) of each tooth ( first upper incisors ) two times consecutively . when these two values equaled , they were registered . when the values were not equal , additional measurements were taken until equal measurements were obtained , and only one measurement for each tooth was recorded . initial digital photos of teeth were taken . in order to calculate the variation between specimens according to the vita classical scale , the recorded values were ordered in scores from 1 to 16 in a luminosity sequence , with 1 representing the lightest specimens and 16 representing the darkest . patients were instructed to indicate any tooth or oral sensitivity by marking the corresponding level of perceived sensitivity on the horizontal line , ranging from 0 to 10 , with 10 representing the highest sensitivity score . patients were instructed to indicate perceived dental surface roughness by reporting ( i.e. , marking ) their feeling on the horizontal line ( 0 = no sensed roughness to 10 = maximum sensed roughness ) . after clinical and subjective recordings , bleaching treatment was performed according to the manufacturer 's instructions . supragingival prophylaxis using pumice stone with a brush and the application of a gingival barrier ( acrylic curing dam  dmt srl the bleaching agent was activated by led for 10 min , in both arcs simultaneously . this step was performed two times consecutively , while the control site was protected with a gauze . afterward , in the control side , the application of the bleaching agent was activated by laser diode ( 1 w  20  for tooth in pulse mode ) . this step was performed two times as well . at the end of the bleaching treatment , all patients received instructions to avoid any substance that could stain teeth and any food and beverages with acidic ph levels in the first 48 h following the treatment . ( i.e. , immediately after the bleaching session ) , the color of teeth was assessed in the same manner as at time 0 ( t 
 0 = before treatment ) . ( i.e. , 2 weeks after the bleaching treatment ) , clinical recordings of pi , bop , and tooth color , along with subjective ratings of tooth sensitivity and surface roughness , were collected . data from clinical parameters and subjective ratings were analyzed using statistical software ( statistical package for the social sciences , spss inc . , chicago , il ) . data were expressed as the median ( mdn ) and interquartile range ( ir ) . as both intra and intertreatment differences were assessed using a splitmouth design based on a withinparticipants analytical strategy 21 , 22 , 23 , the decision criterion for statistical significance was set at  = 0.05 ( i.e. , p < 0.05 for hypothesis testing ) . baseline tooth color median values ( mdn ) were equivalent both in the control and in the test group ( p = 0.655 > 0.05 ) . tooth color significantly changed between baseline and 2 weeks after treatment both in the control and in the test group ( p 
 s = 0.005 and 0.007 , respectively ) . no significant difference was observed between control and test group 2 weeks after treatment ( p = 0.180 > 0.05 ) . tooth color as assessed in 10 selected teeth in test and control group ir , interquartile range ; mdn , median . baseline tooth sensitivity median values ( mdn ) were identical both in the control and in the test group ( p = 1.000 > 0.05 ) . further , tooth sensitivity did not differ between baseline and measurements at 2 weeks after treatment in the control group ( p = 1.000 > 0.05 ) , while it showed a significant increase in the test group ( p = 0.042 ) . two weeks after treatment , tooth sensitivity was significantly higher in the test group than in the control group ( p = 0.042 ) . tooth sensitivity as assessed in 10 selected teeth in test and control group ir , interquartile range ; mdn , median . there were no differences in surface roughness , neither between test versus control groups nor between baseline versus later measurements . in each cell of the study design , reported tooth roughness turned out to be absent . the plaque index median value ( mdn ) was significantly higher in the control than in the test group ( p = 0.021 ) at baseline ( t 
 0 ) , while pi median values were comparable 2 weeks later ( p = 0.721 > 0.05 ) . both within the control group and the test group , no significant differences were observed in comparing measurements made at baseline and 2 weeks later ( p 
 s = 0.106 and 0.091 > 0.05 , respectively ) . plaque index as assessed in 10 selected teeth in test and control group ir , interquartile range ; mdn , median ; pi , plaque index . the bleeding on probing median value ( mdn ) was slightly but significantly higher in the control than in the test group ( p = 0.047 ) at baseline ( t 
 0 ) , while treatment and control bop median values were comparable 2 weeks later ( p = 1.000 > 0.05 ) . within the control group , a significant difference was observed in comparing measurements taken at baseline versus 2 weeks later ( p = 0.007 ) , while no such difference emerged within the test group ( p = 0.105 > 0.05 ) . bleeding on probing as assessed in 10 selected teeth in test and control group ir , interquartile range ; mdn , median ; bop , bleeding on probing . the present clinical study evaluated the effectiveness of a 38% hydrogen peroxide gel with calcium and strontium ions , used for inoffice bleaching , activated either with led or laser light . clinical parameters and subjective ratings assessed at the baseline observation were revaluated after 2 weeks . the main aim of the study was to provide additional data on the effects of different light activations with respect to the whitening power of the lightactivated gel . further aims were to investigate the onset of both objective clinical adverse effects , such as possibly augmented dental plaque , and subjective side effects , such as perceived dental sensitivity and surface roughness . the real contribution of light sources to dental bleaching effectiveness has been one of the most debated and controversial subjects in recent years . previous studies have established that tooth bleaching associated with an energy source provides a faster and more effective treatment than the treatment provided without this device , because the presence of light and heat increases the reactivity of hydrogen peroxide . light , which matches the wavelength of photo initiators in the bleaching gel , increases the formation of hydroxyl radicals from peroxide , and this release is accelerated by a rise in temperature 6 , 7 , 9 . some researchers believe that they are effective in the bleaching process , while others believe that only certain lights are effective , and still others reported no effect of differential light activations at all 15 , 24 , 25 . the inoffice bleaching gel tested , caused a tooth shade change , independently from the lightactivation technique used in this study . both protocols employed were effective in promoting teeth bleaching with no significant differences in color change between test and control group . this outcome is in agreement with most literature findings which suggest that tooth shade change does not depend on the source of light activation 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 . in our study , we observed a significant tooth shade change from a median value of 9.00 to a median value of 5.00 in both conditions , with only very slight and negligible differences observed in interquartile range ( ir ) values . in lightactivated tooth bleaching procedures , there is a great concern about heat generated by the light sources which may cause pulp irritation or severe damage like necrosis . when the bleaching agent is activated under the influence of light , some amount of light is absorbed and the resulting energy converted into heat . this can be observed as a possible side effect during this type of tooth bleaching 30 , 31 . zach and cohen 32 reported pulp irreversibility in 15% of the teeth of rhesus monkeys with a temperature elevation of 5.6c , 60% for an elevation of 11c , and 100% for a temperature elevation of 16.6c , showing a potential histopathological alteration in the pulp tissue when the temperature exceeds 5.6c . 33 found that 42c might be a critical temperature to the pulp when sustained for 1 min ; baldissara et al . 34 reported that an intrapulpal temperature rise of 8.914.7c in humans does not induce pulpal pathology . as there is no agreement about which is the lowest value of pulp chamber temperature rise that would cause pulp damage , it is rational to use a light source that minimizes possible iatrogenic problems during clinical treatments 35 . different light sources , such as halogen , plasma arc , light emitting diode ( led ) , ultraviolet lamp , laser and hybrid light , can be used for bleaching treatment 36 . three dental laser wavelengths have been cleared by the fda ( food and drugs administration ) for tooth whitening : argon , co2 , and 980 nm gaalas diode , but also other laser radiation systems have been tested for this purpose 37 . conflicting results have been reported in the literature regarding the behavior of the different light sources . 31 reported that light activation of bleaching materials with diode laser caused higher temperature changes as compared to other curing units and the temperature rise detected was viewed as critical for pulpal health . found that during lightactivated tooth bleaching , halogen light promoted higher pulp chamber temperature rise than led unit and ledlaser system , but the increase in the pulp chamber temperature was compatible with pulpal health 39 . some other authors consider lightactivated tooth bleaching as a procedure safe for pulpal health regardless from pulp temperature increase 40 . probably , treatment time and not only the type of light source , is critical for the final outcome . as a result , the treatment time should be regulated to receive greater surface temperature increases than the pulp temperature increases 37 . however , buchalla and attin , in a systematic view , stressed that the application of activated bleaching procedures should be always critically assessed considering the physical , physiological , and pathophysiological implications 16 . 41 in a more recent systematic review , came to similar conclusions . in our study , the main difference between the two lightactivation groups was the onset of perceived tooth sensitivity , which was significantly higher in the led side than in the diode laser side 2 weeks after treatment  this finding pointing not only to a clinical but also to a socialrelational relevant outcome . in fact , dental sensitivity could importantly affect both patients perception of quality of treatment and their social functioning . however , even if ostensibly causing some discomfort to the patient within the first 2 weeks after the bleaching treatment , this unwanted side effect should attenuate and disappear at later points in time . according to the data from the literature discussed above , one could assume that this different behavior does not depend so much on the type of light activation used , as the total exposure time to the activation light . teeth were exposed to a total of 20 of light activation while in the control side  diode laser activation our finding on postbleaching dental sensitivity is in agreement with some literature reports in which bleaching with diode laser resulted in less tooth and gingival sensitivity than bleaching with other systems 27 , 42 . to date , however , no ultimate judgment can be formulated on this issue . in the bleaching gel tested in our study , manufacturer developed a particular formulation by combining hydrogen peroxide with calcium and strontium ions . this combination should have resolved the sensitivity problem and the enameldentin decalcification by the formation of insoluble salts , in particular , calcium phosphate and oxalate of strontium having affinity with enamel hydroxyapatite and dentinal tubules . this would contrast the decalcification allowing the remineralization of enamel and , clogging dentinal tubules would prevent dentinal sensitivity . this hypothesis has not been confirmed , at least as regards the prevention of the onset of dental sensitivity . the subjective feeling of surface roughness was invariantly absent among participants , who reported a constant feeling of smoothness , and no differences of any sort  neither between groups , nor before and after bleaching . most of the studies available in the literature have revealed no significant micromorphological changes associated with the whitening process in subsurface enamel , dej , and dentin areas . these findings mainly resulted from in vitro studies on extracted teeth for periodontal or orthodontic reasons . less common are in vivo reports by making replicas of the teeth treated with the whitening technique . in scanning electron microscope observation , typical enamel surface morphology is generally observed after bleaching treatment , leading to the conclusion that any change caused by the whitening agents are minimal or imperceptible 43 , 44 . nevertheless , some other studies revealed that bleaching agents can affect the hard tissues of the teeth leading to a loss of mineral content in the enamel , changing the surface of the enamel with erosions , modifying its physical properties , and increasing the superficial roughness and the susceptibility to caries . 18 demonstrated that inoffice bleaching agents affected human enamel morphology producing porosities , depressions , increased depth of enamel grooves , and partial removal of enamel prisms . 45 observed that homebleaching agents may lead to microalterations in the surface micromorphology of enamel with no alterations in microhardness . ito and momoi ( 2011 ) demonstrated , on sem images , that the increase in enamel surface roughness , and erosion depth due to 30% hydrogen peroxide were smaller when the bleaching product was in addition with nahco2 . the reason for the lack of unanimity concerning the effects that bleaching agents have on the enamel may be due to a variety of factors such as the use of nonstandardized protocols in different studies , the origin of the enamel samples employed , the immediate remineralizing effect of saliva , and the phs of the product employed . also for the bleaching agent tested in our study , sem images would be necessary , especially on in vivo samples . the lack of changes in sensed surface roughness is not per se a sufficient criterion to exclude any micromodifications of the enamel surface . in our study , there were no significant differences in the pi and bop scores between the test and control sides 2 weeks after treatment . in conclusion , in this study  a preliminary case control study with small sample size  the type of light activation of the tested bleaching product ( a 38% hydrogen peroxide gel with calcium and strontium ions ) does not seem to be essential for differential tooth color change . the type of lightactivation technique , however , would seem important in determining the extent to which unwanted side effects , such as the onset of dentine sensitivity , can be reduced . patients treated with the laseractivation technique reported no residual tooth sensitivity already after 2 weeks from treatment . as sensitivity is one of those side effects that , in extreme cases , can lead to physical and psychological disability 47 , the lack of sensitivity after bleaching treatment with laser activation represents a clear advantage for the patient who can return to his or her habitual social functioning in a short period of time . our preliminary results are worthy of additional investigations to better elucidate the effectiveness of these two different lightactivation techniques and their side effects . right now this is to state that there is no actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial , personal , or other relationships with other people or organizations that could have inappropriately influenced the results of the study .
key clinical messagetooth bleaching is a widespread dental treatment with important psychosocial antecedents and outcomes involved . in the activation of inoffice 
 bleaching agents , a selective light radiation , that is , a diode laser seems to be a positive choice to decrease the time of bleaching without surface modification and with no residual tooth sensitivity for maximum effect and minimal clinical and psychological side effects .