multifocal intraocular lens ( iol ) implantation has become an increasingly popular choice to reduce spectacle independence at near.1,2 while the majority of patients implanted with multifocal iols are happy with outcomes , some report being disappointed3,4 despite having very good uncorrected visual acuity ( va).35 reasons for dissatisfaction after multifocal iol implantation may include unmet high expectation,6 inability to tolerate small residual refractive errors , and visual quality complaints related to the iol design.5,7 secondary intervention ( retreatment ) may include corneal refractive surgery , a piggyback lens , or an iol exchange to correct residual refractive error . where issues are intractable , the lens may be explanted and replaced with a single - vision iol.1 as the use of multifocal iols increases , retreatment cases have also increased.1,8 there are a number of surgical and patient factors that can lead to the requirement for retreatment when a multifocal lens is implanted.9 surgical factors include variability in the effective lens position , iol centration , iol tilt , and surgically induced astigmatism , all of which may contribute to residual refractive error.1,9 patient factors may include an inability to adapt to the multifocal iol or a change in the patient s refraction,1,10 ocular health , or pupil size ; these factors can reduce the relative perceived effectiveness of the iol.9 blurred vision ( largely due to ametropia ) , posterior capsule opacification , and photic phenomena due to iol decentration or large pupils were the most common issues associated with dissatisfaction after multifocal iol implantation.3,7 contrast sensitivity complaints , glare , and halos have also been commonly reported in multiple studies.2,4,11 these phenomena are usually attributed to the fact that multifocal iol designs split incoming light to provide simultaneous correction of distance and near vision.4,12 in the majority of patients , symptoms either improve with time13,14 or can be treated successfully.3,15 several studies have examined retreatment rates after multifocal iols . reported rates of enhancement to reduce residual refractive error range from 5.24%16 to 23.66%,17 mostly in the form of laser - assisted in situ keratomileusis ( lasik).13,16,17 if symptoms are severe and seem to be related to the multifocal design , then exchanging the multifocal iol for a monofocal iol has been suggested.4 the reported rate of iol exchange appears lower , varying from 0.85%18 to 6.98%,7 presumably because exchange may be considered a more invasive option . a retreatment method is chosen based on the surgeon s perception of the best way to manage the underlying problem . since refractive error is a common cause of dissatisfaction with a multifocal iol , a common retreatment modality is corneal refractive surgery . however , corneal refractive surgery may increase the risk of undesirable corneal aberrations12 or may be contraindicated in patients with dry eyes common in cataract patients.10 piggyback iols are therefore often employed , especially when there is a large residual refractive error , where there may not be sufficient residual corneal tissue to perform the ablation.1 a piggyback iol is implanted in the sulcus to avoid interlenticular opacification , which was more commonly seen when the piggyback iol was placed in the bag.19 the purpose of this study was to report the retreatment rate after multifocal iol implantation , including reasons for retreatment , methods used , and clinical outcomes . the local ethics committee the regional committees for medical and health research ethics ( rek ) , norway reviewed and approved this retrospective chart analysis . the ethics committee did not require patient consent since no patient - protected information outside of surgery dates was collected . all multifocal iol surgeries performed by a single surgeon at one site in 2013 were identified . charts for those surgeries considered  uncomplicated   without surgical complications or comorbidity that might have influenced outcomes  were reviewed . information related to the original cataract surgery , and any subsequent retreatment , was tabulated for analysis . the tabulated data included preoperative biometry and the original lens implanted , along with postoperative refractive status . for those eyes where a retreatment was performed , similar data were tabulated for the secondary procedure . subjective impressions of patients who had a retreatment were also collected , both before and after the retreatment . the primary surgery was performed using a standard protocol for phacoemulsification and small incision surgery ( main incision 2.2 mm ) . one main incision ( 2.2 mm ) in the steepest axis and two side port incisions ( 1.0 mm ) located 60 from the main incision were made . the iol ( sulcoflex toric ; rayner intraocular lenses ltd , worthing , uk ) was loaded and injected through the main incision with the haptics placed in the sulcus . in the case of toric lenses , the lens was oriented to the correct axis after the viscoelastic substance had been removed in front of and behind the piggyback iol . retreatment was based on the individual patient s desire to improve his or her visual outcomes . data were tabulated in excel , and preliminary data checking and analyses were performed using access ( both microsoft corporation , redmond , wa , usa ) . statistical analyses were performed using the statistica data analysis software system , version 12 ( statsoft , inc . , statistical testing was performed using analysis of variance ( anova ) for continuous variables and appropriate nonparametric testing ( eg , fisher s exact test ) for categorical variables . the chart review identified 416 eyes of 209 patients undergoing uncomplicated multifocal iol implant surgery in the specified time period . retreatments were performed on 10.8% of the eyes ( 45/416 ) including 12.4% of the patients ( 26/209 ) . average time from original implantation to retreatment was 340 days ( ~11 months ) , with a range from 6 to 20 months . there were an approximately equal number of males and females in the database , with no significant difference in the retreatment rate by sex ( chi - square test , p=0.6 ) . the average age of patients was 639 years , with no difference in retreatment rate by age ( anova , p=0.7 ) . the average axial length was statistically significantly higher in the retreatment group ( 24.191.23 mm vs 23.761.25 mm , p<0.04 ) ; the difference was not considered clinically significant . average corneal astigmatism was slightly higher in the retreatment group ( 1.380.99 d ) relative to the untreated group ( 1.021.64 d ) , but the difference was not statistically significant ( anova , p=0.16 ) . postoperatively , eyes that required retreatment had statistically significantly higher residual refractive astigmatism than those who did not require retreatment ( 1.210.51 d vs 0.510.39 d , p<0.01 ) . three quarters ( 34/45 ) of the eyes undergoing retreatment had 1.0 d or more of residual cylinder versus 15% ( 56/371 ) of the eyes that did not require retreatment . there was no statistically significant difference in the spherical equivalent refractions ( seq ) between the two groups ( p=0.6 ) ; the distributions of postoperative seq were similar between the two groups . the iol implanted in the original surgery varied , but the two largest groups accounted for 85% of the implants ; these were patients implanted with bilateral trifocal iols ( [ finevision ; physiol sa , lige , belgium ] , in 202/416 eyes , 49% ) and blended bifocal iols ( in 152/416 eyes , 37% ) . the blended bifocal iol included a near bifocal or near bifocal toric lens ( sn6ad1 or snd1tx ; alcon laboratories , inc . , fort worth , tx , usa ) in one eye and an intermediate bifocal or intermediate bifocal toric lens ( sv25t0 or sv25tx , alcon ) in the other eye . both the trifocal and the blended bifocal modalities appeared effective , with retreatments required in 14 of 202 eyes implanted with trifocal iols and 16 of 152 eyes implanted with blended bifocal iols . the difference between retreatment rates was not statistically significantly different ( p=0.12 ) . on average , the blended bifocal group underwent retreatment ~2 months earlier than those who were implanted with other primary iols . the remaining 15 eyes requiring retreatment were originally implanted with an intermediate bifocal ( six ) , an intermediate bifocal toric ( two ) , a near bifocal ( six ) , and a near bifocal toric ( one ) . table 1 shows the four retreatment methods and the number of eyes for which follow - up data were missing . all patients receiving the collamer piggyback toric iol ( visian toric icl ; staar surgical company monrovia , ca , usa ) had originally been implanted with a bifocal or bifocal toric iol , and 82% ( 9/11 ) of the eyes improved . after implantation with the hydrophobic acrylic piggyback toric iol ( sulcoflex toric , rayner intraocular lenses ltd ) , 71% ( 17/24 ) of eyes improved . an uncorrected distance va of 20/25 or better was achieved in 83% ( 19/23 ) and 78% ( 7/9 ) of the eyes implanted with the sulcoflex and staar toric iols , respectively . all patients receiving piggyback iols were implanted with a toric lens due to the presence of refractive astigmatism of 0.50 d. the choice of toric piggyback iol was arbitrary . patient comments were unprompted and categorized here based on specific statements in the text . more than one issue could be reported . the two most common reasons patients elected to undergo retreatment were poor near vision followed by poor distance vision . near , intermediate , and distance vision issues accounted for 82% ( 37/45 ) of the overall comments . table 2 also includes the vision issues reported before and after retreatment in 23 patients ( 40 eyes ) ; three patients ( five eyes ) were excluded because only their 1 day post - retreatment data were available for analysis . of these 40 eyes , 31 ( 78% ) had an apparent improvement in their initial complaints ; 78% of the patients ( 18/23 ) reported an improvement . reported near vision issues significantly decreased , and there were no comments regarding distance vision after retreatment . however , there was a small increase in reported intermediate vision issues after retreatment ; a total of four patients ( eight eyes ) reported them . one of these patients reported difficulty with intermediate vision before retreatment with significant astigmatism in both eyes ( 1.25 dc in one eye and 2.00 dc in the other eye ) . after retreatment , this patient noted improvement in intermediate vision with some residual slight haze ; the astigmatism was reduced ( 0.5 dc ou ) , but there was mild residual myopia in one eye ( 0.50 d seq ) . two other patients complained of reduced near vision before retreatment and complained of reduced intermediate va after retreatment . another patient complained of problems functioning / working before retreatment and problems with intermediate vision after retreatment . this last patient was implanted with a blended bifocal iol , and the eye implanted with the intermediate vision iol was slightly hyperopic ( + 0.50 d seq ) before retreatment and ended up myopic ( 1.38 d seq ) after retreatment . it is helpful to know if the patient s preoperative complaints are useful in determining success after refractive retreatment with lasik or piggyback iols . of the 23 patients ( 40 eyes ) , 13 patients ( 23 eyes ) complained only of refractive - related problems ( including distance , near , and/or intermediate va ) , seven patients ( 12 eyes ) complained of refractive and other visual disturbances , and three patients ( five eyes ) complained only of other visual disturbances . when preoperative complaints were only refractive in nature , a larger percentage of patients noted improvement ( 85% or 11/13 vs 70% or 7/10 ) one eye of one patient suffered a retinal detachment 6 months after femto - lasik retreatment , but prior to this , the patient had va better than 20/20 . another patient had problems with corneal erosion in both eyes but was able to maintain va better than 20/25 after a sulcoflex toric ( rayner intraocular lenses ltd ) piggyback iol was implanted . two patients had lens rotations in both eyes , and both of these patients were implanted with the sulcoflex toric piggyback iol . for one of these patients , the other patient had lens rotation at the 1 day postoperative , so it is possible that the lens just needed more time to stabilize . no cases of glaucoma , iris chafing , or uveitis have been observed in any retreated eyes to date , and there have been no cases of interlenticular opacification or any hyperopic shift . in this study , the retreatment rate for multifocal iol implantation was 10.8% ; this falls within the range reported in the literature , although different multifocal iols were implanted in earlier studies.16,17 there was no statistically significant difference in retreatment rates between the two most common multifocal iols implanted in this study . iols share similar optical properties when tested on a bench , although each has a unique pattern for distributing light to far , near , and ( for trifocal iols ) intermediate foci.20 results here suggest that patient factors , particularly residual refractive error , are the most important drivers of the retreatment rate with these lenses . available post - retreatment data indicate that retreatment successfully resolved patient concerns in 78% ( 31/40 ) of the eyes ; this corresponds well to a study by woodward et al.7 however , intermediate vision complaints persisted in two eyes of one patient and worsened in six eyes of three patients . the patient with persistent reduced intermediate va had noted improvement after retreatment , most likely as a result of the effective reduction of astigmatism ; the low residual myopia in one eye may be the reason for the remaining slight intermediate va complaints . one patient had a blended bifocal iol , and the eye treated with the intermediate bifocal iol had some residual hyperopia prior to retreatment and significant residual myopia after retreatment ; this is likely to have negatively impacted post - retreatment intermediate va . the worsening in the intermediate vision in the other two patients ( four eyes ) may be a reflection of trying to address their near vision complaints prior to retreatment ; this underscores the importance of thorough patient education about the expected visual tradeoffs with multifocal iols . residual refractive error has been shown to be the most likely reason for dissatisfaction with multifocal iol implantation6 and this also appeared to be the case in this study . patients with lower preoperative astigmatism were less likely to require retreatment ; this result is in agreement with other studies.3,5,7 other potential causes for dissatisfaction with multifocal iols that were not evaluated in this study include pupil size , the presence of higher - order aberrations , reduced contrast sensitivity,3 and the patient s preoperative refractions ; for instance , many appreciate that hyperopes are more likely to be satisfied with multifocal iols than myopes.6,13 interestingly , photic phenomenon was a rare complaint reported by the current patient population ; this may be a reflection of careful preoperative patient selection . despite the lower than expected photic phenomena complaints , it may be important to be attentive to other patient complaints before deciding on retreatment options . the results here suggest that if the patient complains only of decreased distance , near , and/or intermediate vision , then a refractive retreatment , such as refractive corneal surgery or piggyback iols , may leave the patient with fewer complaints after retreatment . however , if patients have other visual disturbances , with or without refractive complaints , then a more thorough investigation of the symptoms will likely help identify the best retreatment modality for these patients . the accuracy of the postoperative refraction , the centration , and stability of the lens are critical in ensuring a successful outcome with piggyback iols , especially in patients originally implanted with multifocal iols.10 mild decentration of the primary iol in conjunction with a piggyback iol that is not well aligned with the primary iol may result in poor visual outcome for patients with multifocal iols.21 corneal refractive surgery is also a good retreatment modality though dry eyes are known to increase with increasing age and can increase after cataract surgery with detrimental effects on postoperative outcomes.2224 injury to the corneal nerve with corneal ablation can produce unfavorable long - lasting ocular symptoms,25 further worsening results . we applied the judicious use of corneal ablation as a retreatment after multifocal iol implantation ; corneal refractive surgery was successful when dry eye syndrome was not a concern . the collamer piggyback toric iol ( visian toric icl ; staar surgical company ) has been shown to provide good and stable visual outcome.26,27 the sulcoflex lens ( rayner intraocular lenses ltd ) is another relatively new piggyback iol . the sulcoflex lens has been demonstrated to be safe , predictable , and effective at improving uncorrected distance and near va.10 both lenses performed the same when used as a retreatment modality in this study . the complication rate after retreatment was low , attesting to the safety of the most commonly used retreatment modality , the piggyback iols or , more specifically , the sulcoflex toric iols . the sulcoflex toric piggyback iol exhibited good rotational stability with only one of the 29 eyes implanted having lens rotation that may have impacted visual quality . the good refractive outcomes , stability , and low complication rates reported here with the sulcoflex toric piggyback iol are consistent with other studies.10,21 no iris chafing or interlenticular opacification have been observed with this lens , during this study or in other patients in practice ; this is presumably a function of its design and material properties . in conclusion , residual refractive error appears as a common cause of patient symptoms that are sufficient to warrant surgical retreatment . preoperative astigmatism appears as an important predictor of success with multifocal iol implantation , although this may be less of a concern with the introduction of multifocal toric iols . this is one of few studies examining the use of the sulcoflex toric piggyback iols in patients originally implanted with multifocal iols , results appear promising .
purposeto determine the incidence and etiology of required retreatment after multifocal intraocular lens ( iol ) implantation and to evaluate the methods and clinical outcomes of retreatment.patients and methodsa retrospective chart review of 416 eyes of 209 patients from one site that underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery with multifocal iol implantation . 
 biometry , the iol , and refractive data were recorded after the original implantation , with the same data recorded after retreatment . 
 comments related to vision were obtained both before and after retreatment for retreated patients.resultsthe multifocal retreatment rate was 10.8% ( 45/416 eyes ) . 
 the eyes that required retreatment had significantly higher residual refractive astigmatism compared with those who did not require retreatment ( 1.210.51 d vs 0.510.39 d , p<0.01 ) . 
 the retreatment rate for the two most commonly implanted primary iols , blended bifocal ( 10.5% , 16/152 ) and bilateral trifocal ( 6.9% , 14/202 ) iols , was not statistically significantly different ( p=0.12 ) . in those requiring retreatment , refractive - related complaints were most common . 
 retreatment with refractive corneal surgery , in 11% of the eyes , and piggyback iols , in 89% of the eyes , was similarly successful , improving patient complaints 78% of the time.conclusioncomplaints related to ametropia were the main reasons for retreatment . 
 residual astigmatism appears to be an important determinant of retreatment rate after multifocal iol implantation . 
 retreatment can improve symptoms for a high percentage of patients ; a piggyback iol is a viable retreatment option .