gliclazide is a second - generation sulfonylurea , an oral hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus . it decreases blood glucose level by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic -cells and increasing sensitivity of the -cells to a glucose stimulus . moreover , long - term treatment of gliclazide improves insulin - mediated glucose utilization and potentiates the post - receptor insulin sensitive pathway [ 1 , 2 ] . it may have advantages in reducing platelet aggregation and slowing the progression of diabetic retinopathy [ 35 ] . gliclazide is a weak acid compound with high lipophilicity and has ph - dependent solubility . the drug is insoluble under acidic condition in the stomach and its solubility increases with increasing ph in the intestinal region . due to its lipophilicity , drug absorption is limited by the ability of the drug to be released from the dosage form . immediate release preparations of gliclazide have been marketed for a long time with the general administration of twice daily taken with the main meals . recently , a new formulation of modified release gliclazide ( gliclazide mr ) has been developed to a progressive delivery of the short acting gliclazide , intending to be administered once daily . this formulation gains more interest as it gives better diabetic control and improves patient compliance [ 6 , 7 ] . modified release dosage forms of gliclazide are generally tailored in a hydrophilic matrix base which expands once in contact with gastrointestinal fluid to form a gel layer which gradually deliberates the drug over 24  h . contrary to other modified release formulations , the presence of food has no influence on the drug absorption from gliclazide mr . this property proves a superiority of gliclazide mr to the conventional tablets where the variation in bioavailability is commonly reported . gliclazide mr shows linear pharmacokinetic properties over the dose range of 15120  mg and low individual variability at 16% . after oral administration , gliclazide concentration increases during the first 6  h , followed by a plateau - shaped curve from the 6th to the 12th  h , then progressively declines in a monoexponential manner with terminal half - life ( t1/2 ) of 1316  h [ 8 , 9 ] . the drug is highly bound to albumin ( 95% ) and extensively metabolized in the liver to at least 7 metabolites which show no hypoglycemic activity . after being metabolized , drug clearance is 0.9  l / h with the distribution volume of 19  l. an initial recommended dose is 30  mg once daily taken with breakfast , and the daily dose can be monitored in the range of 30120  mg . dose titration should be carried out in the steps of 30  mg , according to the fasted blood glucose response and each step should last for at least 2 weeks . adverse events of gliclazide mr are mild and transient which not requiring discontinuation of the therapy . the incidence and type of adverse events are similar in the treatment with gliclazide mr or gliclazide 80  mg . the most frequent adverse events include arthralgia , arthritis , back pain , and bronchitis . complication of cardiovascular atp - sensitive potassium channel interaction generally found in diabetes patients has not been observed at therapeutic concentrations with gliclazide mr treatment and antioxidant properties of the drug are independent of the glycemic control .   to accomplish bioequivalence approach , the two orally administered drug products are considered to be bioequivalent when the same rate and extent of the absorption are demonstrated . many research groups have reported bioavailability of gliclazide mr based on pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers and diabetes patients [ 79 ] ; nevertheless , there are scanty reports addressing bioequivalence study of this formulation . one reports bioequivalence of two sustained release gliclazide tablet formulations after single- and multiple - dose regimens , however , only in the fasted condition . with respect to international guidelines for bioequivalence study , the effect of food should be approved [ 12 , 13 ] . in this current work , we originate the bioequivalence study of two gliclazide mr , glycon mr , and diamicron mr , in healthy thai volunteers in both fasted and fed conditions . blood samples were collected over 72  h after oral administration and examined for pharmacokinetic characteristics . analysis of bioequivalence for two products was evaluated as well as the effect of food on the drug absorption . the study was approved by the research ethics committee of the chiang mai university , thailand . the study was assigned in both fasted and fed conditions with a single - dose , two - treatment , two - period , and two - sequence crossover study . 1 was administered with the test product , following by the reference product whereas group no . each volunteer received both products under fasted and fed conditions with a 2-week washout period . eighteen healthy thai male volunteers , aged between 1842 years old and the body mass index within 1925  kg / m , were participated in the study . all volunteers were in a good health condition on the basis of medical history , physical examination , routine blood test , and possessing negative test for hepatitis b surface antigen ( hbs - ag ) , anti - hepatitis - c antibody ( anti - hcv ) , and anti - hiv . volunteers with known contraindication or hypersensitivity to gliclazide were excluded as well as those with known history of drug abuse , alcohol consumer , or cigarette smokers . no drug was allowed 1 month before the study period to avoid the effect of inducting or inhibiting hepatic metabolizing enzyme and the risk of drug interaction . the method and condition of the study were clearly informed to all volunteers , and the signed informed consent was obtained from all volunteers before entering the study . j6gl00930 , siam bheasach , thailand , expiry 12/2008 ) and reference product was diamicron mr ( lot no . 5l6232 , servier , france , expiry 11/2008 ) . since gliclazide mr is an oral hypoglycemia agent , blood glucose level , blood pressure , and heart rate were monitored before drug administration . the blood glucose level was determined from fingertip using finetouch lancing device and medisafe blood glucose meter with test tip , ( terumo corp . the blood pressure and heart rate were monitored using digital blood pressure monitor ( model ua-767 plus , a&d medical , tokyo , japan ) . . 
 fasted conditioneach volunteer randomly received a 30-mg gliclazide mr tablet either the test product or the reference product with 240-ml 20% glucose solution after overnight fasting . after completion of the fasted condition , all volunteers were enrolled to the fed condition with a 2-week washout period between two conditions . each volunteer randomly received a 30-mg gliclazide mr tablet either the test product or the reference product with 240-ml 20% glucose solution after overnight fasting . after completion of the fasted condition , all volunteers were enrolled to the fed condition with a 2-week washout period between two conditions . fed conditioneach volunteer randomly received a 30-mg gliclazide mr tablet , either the test product or the reference product , at 10  min after receiving a melander type standard breakfast as recommended in the earlier study . each volunteer randomly received a 30-mg gliclazide mr tablet , either the test product or the reference product , at 10  min after receiving a melander type standard breakfast as recommended in the earlier study . for both studied conditions , volunteers were required to remain upright for 4  h after dosing . glucose solution was then served at 2  h and a standard lunch was served at 4  h after dosing . h ) and at 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 24 , 36 , 48 , 60 , and 72  h after dose . blood samples were centrifuged for 10  min at 3000  rpm and the plasma was taken and immediately kept at 20c until assay . the drug was extracted from the plasma by solid phase extraction using a 50-m c18-e extraction column ( strata , phenomenex , us . ) . the drug content was determined by hplc with a uv detector ( shimadzu , japan ) . chromatographic system consisted of a 5-m c-18 reversed phase column equipped with a guard column of the same material ( inertsil ods-3 , gl sciences , japan ) and the uv detector set at 230  nm . mobile phase was a mixture of 10  mm perchloric acid ( ph 3.5)/acetonitrile/2-propranolol / triethylamine ( 500/230/230/0.5  v / v ) . the system was an isocratic run with a flow rate of 1.0  ml / min at 55c using glibenclamide as an internal standard . a linear regression was performed to determine the drug concentration in the range of 102000  ng / ml ( r = 0.9994 ) . the lower limit of quantitation was 10.0  ng / ml with the accuracy ( % ) and precision ( cv % ) of 114.26 and 14.99 , respectively . the accuracy and precision for intraday assay validation were 104.79 and 8.56 , respectively , and for interday assay validation were 99.85 and 8.88 , respectively . the phase extraction validation was presented by average accuracy and precision of 96.86% and 6.27% for a fasted unknown sample and 95.69% and 10.39% for a fed unknown sample , respectively . less than 67% ( 4 out of 6 ) of oc samples were within 15% deviated of their respective nominal value . maximum plasma concentration ( cmax ) and time to reach the peak concentration ( tmax ) as well as the time of the first measurable concentration ( tlag ) were obtained directly from the plasma concentration - time profile . the area under the plasma concentration - time profile from time zero to infinity ( auc0 ) and half - life ( t1/2 ) were determined regarding the noncompartmental analysis . the slope of the terminal log - linear portion of the plasma concentration - time profile was determined by least - square regression to find an elimination rate constant ( ke ) . the area under the plasma concentration - time profile from time zero to the last quantifiable point ( auc0t ) was calculated using the trapezoidal rule and the area from the last quantifiable point to infinity ( auct ) was determined as ct / ke . the auc0 was the sum of auc0t + auct. relative bioavailability ( frel ) referred to the ratio of the mean value of the pharmacokinetic parameter of the test product to the reference product . bioequivalence analysis for the two products was determined by an analysis of variance ( anova ) at  = 0.05 to determine statistical differences of cmax , auc0t , and auc0 which represented the extent and rate of drug absorption . statistic analysis of cmax and auc was performed on the logarithmically ( ln ) transformed data . the 90% confidence interval ( ci ) for the ratio of the test product to the reference product based on ln - transformed data was interpreted .   statistical evaluation for the effect of food was performed by comparing cmax , tmax , auc0t , and auc0 from the fasted and fed conditions using anova . the magnitude of the difference between fasted and fed conditions was calculated as 90% ci of the ratio ( fed / fasted ) using the residual variance of the three - way anova with the reference as the fasted condition . bioequivalence interpretation requires the 90% ci of the cmax , auc0t , and auc0 to be within the acceptance criteria of 0.81.25 ( cder 2002 , cder 2003 ) . eighteen healthy thai male volunteers participated in the study . their mean values of age , weight , height , and body mass index were 28.61  6.63  yr , 64.23  5.00  kg , 1.69  0.04  m , and 22.38  1.65  kg / m , respectively . there was no complaint on the therapy or presence of sign and symptom of hypoglycemia . three volunteers had fever , sore throat , and running nose on the third visit of the study while one volunteer had stuffy nose and running nose on the forth visit . the plots of gliclazide plasma concentrations versus time under the fasted condition are showed in figure 1 and pharmacokinetic characteristics are summarized in table 2 . the test product gave slightly greater auc with higher cmax and longer tmax than the reference product . eight volunteers obtained higher cmax for the test product compared to the reference product ( frel > 125% ) while two volunteers had lower cmax for the test product compared to the reference product ( frel < 80% ) and the rest obtained comparable values . the tlag of the two products varied between 1 - 2  h and were within the time range reported previously [ 8 , 9 ] . the range of tmax of the test product and reference product were 416  h and 412  h , respectively . similarly , the median tmax of the test product ( 8.5  h ) was slightly longer than those of the reference product ( 7.0  h ) . the median tmax obtained from this study was relatively longer than the earlier report in the range of 410  h . however , the mean values of cmax , auc0t , and auc0 for the test product were not significantly different from those of the reference product and the frel values based on cmax , auc0t , and auc0 were 115.5% , 111.4% and 111.2% , respectively . the t1/2 values of the test product and reference product were similar and comparable to those values of 1217  h reported previously . table 3 summarizes the values of 90% ci of cmax , auc0t , and auc0 for bioequivalence evaluation . the values of all parameters were within the acceptance criteria of 0.81.25 , indicating the bioequivalence of these two products under the fasted condition . figure 2 depicts mean plasma concentration versus time profiles under the fed condition and the corresponding pharmacokinetic characteristics are summarized in table 4 . the profile of the test product showed slightly higher cmax and shorter tmax than the reference product . five volunteers gave higher cmax for the test product compared to the reference product ( frel > 125% ) while the rest obtained comparable values . similar to the fasted condition , the tlag of the two products varied between 1 - 2  h. the tmax of the test product was shorter than that of the reference product with the median values of 5  h and 8  h , respectively . however , there is no significant difference among the values of cmax , auc0t and auc0 between the test product and reference product . the frel values were 110.5% , 101.3% , and 100.4% for cmax , auc0t , and auc0 , respectively . the mean t1/2 values of the test product and reference product were similar which slightly longer than the earlier report . all 90% ci values of cmax , auc0t , and auc0 listed in table 3 are within the acceptance criteria , indicating that the two products were bioequivalent under the fed condition . comparison of gliclazide plasma concentrations under fasted and fed conditions is illustrated in figure 3 . the profiles of the reference product in both conditions were comparable whereas the profile of the test product under the fed condition gave the faster tmax of 5.6  h compared to 8.2  h under the fasted condition . this result is in agreement with the previous report conducted by delrat et al . ( 2002 ) where the cmax under fed condition ( 6  h ) is obtained earlier than the fasted condition ( 7  h ) . however , there is no significant difference in the values of cmax , auc0t and auc0 , t1/2 , and ke for both test product and reference product under the fasted and fed conditions . table 5 summarizes the 90% cis of the cmax , auc0t and auc0 obtained under the fasted and fed conditions for the test product and reference product . considering the acceptance criteria of 0.801.25 , all 90% ci values were within the criteria which indicates the insignificance of the food effect on the administration of gliclazide mr tablets from both products . the results of this study demonstrated that the test product , glycon mr , and the reference product , diamicron mr were bioequivalent and may be used as an evidence for physicians to select the more cost - effective preparation of the modified - release gliclazide tablets . bioequivalence of two products of modified - release gliclazide tablets was studied at the single dose of 30  mg . both products were well tolerated after oral administration , and food had no influence on their bioavailability . pharmacokinetic results and statistical analysis revealed the 90% ci values of cmax , auc0t , and auc0 in the acceptation criteria , indicating the bioequivalence of the test product , glycon mr , and the reference product , diamicron mr .
this study was aimed to investigate bioequivalence of modified - release 30  mg gliclazide tablets in 18 healthy thai volunteers . 
 a test product , glycon mr ( siam bheasach , th ) , was compared with a reference product , diamicron mr ( servier , france ) . 
 the study was performed under a single - dose , two - treatment , two - period , and two - sequence crossover design in fasted and fed conditions with a washout period of 2 weeks . 
 blood samples were collected for 72  h after drug administration . 
 drug plasma concentrations were determined by hplc with a uv detector . 
 analysis of pharmacokinetic characteristics was based on a non - compartmental model . 
 the logarithmically transformed data of cmax and aucs were analyzed for 90% confidence intervals using anova . 
 the test product gave slightly higher cmax in both conditions and shorter tmax in the fed condition . 
 however , there is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic characteristics between both products under fasted and fed conditions . 
 effect of food was not significantly observed . 
 the 90% confidence intervals were within the acceptance criteria of 0.801.25 regardless of the food effect , indicating bioequivalence between the two products on the rate and extent of gliclazide mr absorption without regard to meals .