the incidence of copd is predicted to increase in japan and the people s republic of china over the next 30 years due to factors such as greater tobacco use and an ageing population.1,2 furthermore , an epidemiology study of airflow limitation in japanese adults aged 40 years showed that copd is under - recognized , with 10.9% of those assessed having airflow limitation , yet only 9.4% had received a previous diagnosis of copd.2 in maintenance treatment of copd , the combination of a long - acting muscarinic antagonist ( lama ) with a long - acting 2-agonist ( laba ) is recommended for patients who have persistent symptoms with single - agent therapy.3,4 the lama tiotropium is well established as an effective maintenance treatment for copd , with improvements in lung function , health - related quality of life , and dyspnea , reduced hospitalizations compared to placebo or ipratropium , and decreased risk of exacerbations compared to salmeterol or ipratropium.57 the laba olodaterol has a different mode of action to tiotropium while exhibiting preferable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles,8 and has been shown to be effective when administered once daily in combination with tiotropium in patients with copd.911 in japan , tiotropium has been a well - established first - line treatment in copd with documented efficacy and safety profiles , while the efficacy and safety of olodaterol monotherapy have been assessed over 4 weeks in japanese patients with copd.12 combined tiotropium + olodaterol has been shown to be effective , with an acceptable safety profile when administered once daily for 6 weeks in the vivacito study,9 and for 52 weeks in tonado 1 and 2 , two large , replicate , randomized , double - blind , phase iii studies , in patients with moderate to very severe copd.13 a considerable number of japanese patients with copd participated in these large phase iii studies and there are known to be physiologic differences between japanese and overall ( global ) populations . these differences include lower average body weight and alternative background medication preferences , ie , a higher frequency of lama use and a lower frequency of inhaled corticosteroid ( ics ) use . these differences may originate from the treatment guidelines issued in 2004 and 2009 by the japanese respiratory society in which a lama is recommended as first - line treatment for copd and a laba / ics combination is recommended for patients with severe disease ( global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease [ gold ] 4 ) . consequently , there is a question as to whether the combination of tiotropium + olodaterol has similar efficacy and safety in the japanese population . in this sub - analysis of the japanese patients included in the tonado studies , we assessed whether there were any differences in the efficacy and safety of tiotropium + olodaterol between japanese and overall populations . we present the results from the japanese patients included in the combined data set from the multinational , replicate , phase iii , multicenter , randomized , double - blind , active - controlled , five - arm , parallel - group studies tonado 1 and 2 ( nct01431274 and nct01431287 ) . the study design has been described previously;13 briefly , patients were randomized to receive once - daily olodaterol 5 g , tiotropium 2.5 g , tiotropium 5 g , tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g , or tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g for 52 weeks ( figure 1 ) . primary end points in the tonado studies were assessed at week 24 of treatment ; safety was assessed throughout the study . ethical approval for this study was obtained from the respective institutions ( supplementary materials ) . written patients were randomized if they met the following main inclusion criteria : outpatients aged 40 years with a history of moderate to very severe copd ( gold 24 ) ; post - bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) < 80% of predicted normal ; post - bronchodilator fev1/forced vital capacity ( fvc ) < 70% ; current or ex - smokers with a smoking history of > 10 pack - years . exclusion criteria included significant disease other than copd , clinically relevant abnormal baseline laboratory parameters , or a history of asthma . in the tonado studies , three primary end points were evaluated at week 24 : change from baseline in fev1 area under the curve from 03 hours ( auc03 ) divided in hours ; trough fev1 ( mean of the values measured at 23 hours and 23 hours and 50 minutes following drug administration at the clinic visit of the previous day for the week 24 visit ) ; and st george s respiratory questionnaire ( sgrq ) total score . secondary end points were mahler transition dyspnea index ( tdi ) at week 24 ( key secondary end point ) and change from baseline in trough fvc . further end points included peak fev1 from 03 hours and peak fvc from 03 hours ; fev1 and fvc at 5 , 15 , and 30 minutes and 1 , 2 , and 3 hours following inhalation , peak expiratory flow rate , rescue medication use , and patients global rating assessments.13 safety was assessed via adverse events ( aes ) , recorded throughout the study . this subgroup analysis for the japanese sub - population from the tonado studies was performed using the same statistical analyses for the same key end points at the same time points as for the overall population , ie , analysis of the primary end points at week 24 was performed for all randomized patients with non - missing baseline and at least one post - baseline measurement at or before week 24 for any primary efficacy end point and who received at least one dose of study medication ( full analysis set ) . tiotropium + olodaterol therapy was compared to the component monotherapies at 5% level of significance in which the mean changes from baseline in fev1 auc03 and trough fev1 and the mean sgrq total score and tdi focal score were analyzed using a mixed - effects model for repeated measurements approach including the fixed , categorical effects of treatment , planned test day , and treatment - by - test - day interaction , as well as the continuous , fixed covariates of baseline and baseline - by - test - day interaction . all p - values from treatment comparisons are nominal ( ie , not alpha protected ) , as the studies were not powered to show significant differences . aes were included if they occurred in the period between the first dose of study medication and 21 days after the last study medication administration . aes were coded using medical dictionary for regulatory activities ( meddra ) version 16.1 and unblinded data were reviewed regularly by an independent data monitoring committee . we present the results from the japanese patients included in the combined data set from the multinational , replicate , phase iii , multicenter , randomized , double - blind , active - controlled , five - arm , parallel - group studies tonado 1 and 2 ( nct01431274 and nct01431287 ) . the study design has been described previously;13 briefly , patients were randomized to receive once - daily olodaterol 5 g , tiotropium 2.5 g , tiotropium 5 g , tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g , or tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g for 52 weeks ( figure 1 ) . primary end points in the tonado studies were assessed at week 24 of treatment ; safety was assessed throughout the study . ethical approval for this study was obtained from the respective institutions ( supplementary materials ) . written patients were randomized if they met the following main inclusion criteria : outpatients aged 40 years with a history of moderate to very severe copd ( gold 24 ) ; post - bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) < 80% of predicted normal ; post - bronchodilator fev1/forced vital capacity ( fvc ) < 70% ; current or ex - smokers with a smoking history of > 10 pack - years . exclusion criteria included significant disease other than copd , clinically relevant abnormal baseline laboratory parameters , or a history of asthma . in the tonado studies , three primary end points were evaluated at week 24 : change from baseline in fev1 area under the curve from 03 hours ( auc03 ) divided in hours ; trough fev1 ( mean of the values measured at 23 hours and 23 hours and 50 minutes following drug administration at the clinic visit of the previous day for the week 24 visit ) ; and st george s respiratory questionnaire ( sgrq ) total score . secondary end points were mahler transition dyspnea index ( tdi ) at week 24 ( key secondary end point ) and change from baseline in trough fvc . further end points included peak fev1 from 03 hours and peak fvc from 03 hours ; fev1 and fvc at 5 , 15 , and 30 minutes and 1 , 2 , and 3 hours following inhalation , peak expiratory flow rate , rescue medication use , and patients global rating assessments.13 safety was assessed via adverse events ( aes ) , recorded throughout the study . this subgroup analysis for the japanese sub - population from the tonado studies was performed using the same statistical analyses for the same key end points at the same time points as for the overall population , ie , analysis of the primary end points at week 24 was performed for all randomized patients with non - missing baseline and at least one post - baseline measurement at or before week 24 for any primary efficacy end point and who received at least one dose of study medication ( full analysis set ) . tiotropium + olodaterol therapy was compared to the component monotherapies at 5% level of significance in which the mean changes from baseline in fev1 auc03 and trough fev1 and the mean sgrq total score and tdi focal score were analyzed using a mixed - effects model for repeated measurements approach including the fixed , categorical effects of treatment , planned test day , and treatment - by - test - day interaction , as well as the continuous , fixed covariates of baseline and baseline - by - test - day interaction . all p - values from treatment comparisons are nominal ( ie , not alpha protected ) , as the studies were not powered to show significant differences . aes were included if they occurred in the period between the first dose of study medication and 21 days after the last study medication administration . aes were coded using medical dictionary for regulatory activities ( meddra ) version 16.1 and unblinded data were reviewed regularly by an independent data monitoring committee . in total , 413 japanese patients were randomized and treated in the tonado studies ( figure 2 ) . lung - function characteristics were similar at baseline for the japanese sub - population compared to the overall population ( table 1 ) . the mean age of japanese study participants was slightly higher ( 69 versus 64 years ) , with a greater proportion of men ( 94% versus 73% ) , and a lower body mass index score ( 22.4 versus 25.9 ) compared to the overall population . fewer japanese patients were current smokers ( 18% versus 37% of the overall population ) and duration from diagnosis was 5 years compared to 7 years for the overall population . however , there was a slightly higher smoking history compared to the overall population ( 64 versus 46 pack - years ) . in total , 50% of the overall study population were gold 2 compared to 60% of the japanese population . furthermore , the proportion of patients using ics and short - acting muscarinic antagonists , short - acting -agonists , and labas was lower in the japanese population compared to the overall population , while the proportion of patients using xanthines and lamas was higher ( table 1 ) . common baseline sgrq scores were 33.7 for the japanese population and 43.5 for the overall population . generally , demographics were similar for japanese patients across the treatment groups ( table s1 ) . improvements in lung function following treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol were slightly better in japanese patients compared to the overall population . analysis of the combined data from the two studies revealed improvements in the change from baseline in fev1 auc03 with both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol compared to monotherapies in japanese patients . improvements in mean change from baseline ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] ) in fev1 auc03 at week 24 of treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 151 ml ( 104 , 198 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 134 ml ( 83 , 185 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( nominal p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) , while tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g improved values by 87 ml ( 39 , 134 ) more than olodaterol 5 g and by 70 ml ( 18 , 122 ) more than tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p<0.01 ) ( figure 3a and tables s2 , s3 , and figure s1a ) . these results were similar to those seen in the overall population ; improvements in mean ( 95% ci ) fev1 auc03 at week 24 of treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 128 ml ( 111 , 144 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 110 ml ( 93 , 127 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g improvements were 115 ml ( 98 , 131 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 111 ml ( 95 , 128 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( p<0.0001 for all comparisons ) ( figures 3a and s1a ) . change from baseline in mean ( 95% ci ) trough fev1 at week 24 improved to a greater extent with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the individual components in japanese patients . improvements with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 131 ml ( 85 , 176 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 108 ml ( 59 , 156 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( nominal p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g increases were 60 ml ( 14 , 105 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g ( nominal p<0.01 ) and 47 ml ( 3 , 97 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p - value not significant ) ( figure 3b , tables s2 , s3 , and figure s1b ) . this is similar to the overall population : with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g improvements were 85 ml ( 67 , 102 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 60 ml ( 43 , 77 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g , improvements were 62 ml ( 45 , 80 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 45 ml ( 28 , 62 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) ( figures 3b and s1b ) . further lung - function end points are shown up to week 52 in figure s2 and tables s4 and s5 . sgrq total scores improved in japanese patients at week 24 of treatment in all groups , with the largest reduction in symptom scores seen in the group receiving tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g . improvements in total sgrq scores were greater in the japanese population compared to the overall population , although japanese patients had a much lower common baseline sgrq score . the differences in total sgrq scores between tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g and each component were not statistically significant for the overall population or the japanese sub - population ( table 2 ) . the largest improvements for tiotropium + olodaterol compared to each component were in the symptom domain of the sgrq ( figure s3 ) . baseline dyspnea index score was slightly higher ( ie , lower symptoms ) in japanese patients compared to the overall population ( 7.75 versus 6.54 , respectively ) . mahler tdi focal score improved to > 1 for both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol in japanese patients compared to scores of 0.400.85 for the individual components . tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g improved mahler tdi focal score by > 0.7 units compared to the monotherapies ( nominal p<0.05 for both comparisons ) and tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g by > 0.8 units compared to olodaterol 5 g and tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p<0.01 for both comparisons ) at week 24 ( table 3 ) . improvements with nominal p<0.05 were also seen in patients global rating at week 24 for both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol compared to individual components . the majority of patients rated their symptoms as improved up to week 52 ( figure 4 and tables s6 and s7 ) . adjusted weekly mean daily ( 24-hour ) rescue medication use ( puffs / day ) was substantially reduced with both tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 and 5/5 g over the 52-week period of the study . reductions in rescue medication use were observed for tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g compared to both tiotropium 5 g and olodaterol 5 g , in particular in the second half of the study ( figure 5 ) . a similar effect was observed in the use of rescue medication during the day and at night ( figures s4 and s5 ) . of these , severe aes ( defined as incapacitating or causing inability to work or perform usual activities ) were reported in 7.3% of japanese patients and drug - related aes ( as assessed by the investigator ) were reported in 8.5% . incidences of aes , serious aes , and drug - related aes were generally well - balanced across treatment groups and were mostly mild or moderate in intensity . only two on - treatment deaths occurred . similarly to the overall population , the most frequently reported aes in japanese patients were from the meddra system organ classes of  respiratory , thoracic , and mediastinal disorders  and  infections and infestations , with copd ( including copd exacerbation / worsening ) and nasopharyngitis being the most commonly reported . the incidence of these most common events was comparable across treatment groups ( table 4 ) . although aes occurred at a slightly higher rate in the japanese population compared to the overall population ( 82.1% versus 74.4% ) , there was generally no increase in the incidence of aes with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the mono - components in both populations . in total , 413 japanese patients were randomized and treated in the tonado studies ( figure 2 ) . lung - function characteristics were similar at baseline for the japanese sub - population compared to the overall population ( table 1 ) . the mean age of japanese study participants was slightly higher ( 69 versus 64 years ) , with a greater proportion of men ( 94% versus 73% ) , and a lower body mass index score ( 22.4 versus 25.9 ) compared to the overall population . fewer japanese patients were current smokers ( 18% versus 37% of the overall population ) and duration from diagnosis was 5 years compared to 7 years for the overall population . however , there was a slightly higher smoking history compared to the overall population ( 64 versus 46 pack - years ) . in total , 50% of the overall study population were gold 2 compared to 60% of the japanese population . furthermore , the proportion of patients using ics and short - acting muscarinic antagonists , short - acting -agonists , and labas was lower in the japanese population compared to the overall population , while the proportion of patients using xanthines and lamas was higher ( table 1 ) . common baseline sgrq scores were 33.7 for the japanese population and 43.5 for the overall population . generally , demographics were similar for japanese patients across the treatment groups ( table s1 ) . improvements in lung function following treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol were slightly better in japanese patients compared to the overall population . analysis of the combined data from the two studies revealed improvements in the change from baseline in fev1 auc03 with both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol compared to monotherapies in japanese patients . improvements in mean change from baseline ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] ) in fev1 auc03 at week 24 of treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 151 ml ( 104 , 198 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 134 ml ( 83 , 185 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( nominal p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) , while tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g improved values by 87 ml ( 39 , 134 ) more than olodaterol 5 g and by 70 ml ( 18 , 122 ) more than tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p<0.01 ) ( figure 3a and tables s2 , s3 , and figure s1a ) . these results were similar to those seen in the overall population ; improvements in mean ( 95% ci ) fev1 auc03 at week 24 of treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 128 ml ( 111 , 144 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 110 ml ( 93 , 127 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g improvements were 115 ml ( 98 , 131 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 111 ml ( 95 , 128 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( p<0.0001 for all comparisons ) ( figures 3a and s1a ) . change from baseline in mean ( 95% ci ) trough fev1 at week 24 improved to a greater extent with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the individual components in japanese patients . improvements with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 131 ml ( 85 , 176 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 108 ml ( 59 , 156 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( nominal p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g increases were 60 ml ( 14 , 105 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g ( nominal p<0.01 ) and 47 ml ( 3 , 97 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p - value not significant ) ( figure 3b , tables s2 , s3 , and figure s1b ) . this is similar to the overall population : with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g improvements were 85 ml ( 67 , 102 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 60 ml ( 43 , 77 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g , improvements were 62 ml ( 45 , 80 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 45 ml ( 28 , 62 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) ( figures 3b and s1b ) . further lung - function end points are shown up to week 52 in figure s2 and tables s4 and s5 . sgrq total scores improved in japanese patients at week 24 of treatment in all groups , with the largest reduction in symptom scores seen in the group receiving tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g . improvements in total sgrq scores were greater in the japanese population compared to the overall population , although japanese patients had a much lower common baseline sgrq score . the differences in total sgrq scores between tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g and each component were not statistically significant for the overall population or the japanese sub - population ( table 2 ) . the largest improvements for tiotropium + olodaterol compared to each component were in the symptom domain of the sgrq ( figure s3 ) . baseline dyspnea index score was slightly higher ( ie , lower symptoms ) in japanese patients compared to the overall population ( 7.75 versus 6.54 , respectively ) . mahler tdi focal score improved to > 1 for both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol in japanese patients compared to scores of 0.400.85 for the individual components . tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g improved mahler tdi focal score by > 0.7 units compared to the monotherapies ( nominal p<0.05 for both comparisons ) and tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g by > 0.8 units compared to olodaterol 5 g and tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p<0.01 for both comparisons ) at week 24 ( table 3 ) . improvements with nominal p<0.05 were also seen in patients global rating at week 24 for both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol compared to individual components . the majority of patients rated their symptoms as improved up to week 52 ( figure 4 and tables s6 and s7 ) . adjusted weekly mean daily ( 24-hour ) rescue medication use ( puffs / day ) was substantially reduced with both tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 and 5/5 g over the 52-week period of the study . reductions in rescue medication use were observed for tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g compared to both tiotropium 5 g and olodaterol 5 g , in particular in the second half of the study ( figure 5 ) . a similar effect was observed in the use of rescue medication during the day and at night ( figures s4 and s5 ) . improvements in lung function following treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol were slightly better in japanese patients compared to the overall population . analysis of the combined data from the two studies revealed improvements in the change from baseline in fev1 auc03 with both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol compared to monotherapies in japanese patients . improvements in mean change from baseline ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] ) in fev1 auc03 at week 24 of treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 151 ml ( 104 , 198 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 134 ml ( 83 , 185 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( nominal p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) , while tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g improved values by 87 ml ( 39 , 134 ) more than olodaterol 5 g and by 70 ml ( 18 , 122 ) more than tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p<0.01 ) ( figure 3a and tables s2 , s3 , and figure s1a ) . these results were similar to those seen in the overall population ; improvements in mean ( 95% ci ) fev1 auc03 at week 24 of treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 128 ml ( 111 , 144 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 110 ml ( 93 , 127 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g improvements were 115 ml ( 98 , 131 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 111 ml ( 95 , 128 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( p<0.0001 for all comparisons ) ( figures 3a and s1a ) . change from baseline in mean ( 95% ci ) trough fev1 at week 24 improved to a greater extent with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the individual components in japanese patients . improvements with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g were 131 ml ( 85 , 176 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 108 ml ( 59 , 156 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( nominal p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g increases were 60 ml ( 14 , 105 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g ( nominal p<0.01 ) and 47 ml ( 3 , 97 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p - value not significant ) ( figure 3b , tables s2 , s3 , and figure s1b ) . this is similar to the overall population : with tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g improvements were 85 ml ( 67 , 102 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 60 ml ( 43 , 77 ) greater than tiotropium 5 g ( p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) . for tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g , improvements were 62 ml ( 45 , 80 ) greater than olodaterol 5 g and 45 ml ( 28 , 62 ) greater than tiotropium 2.5 g ( p<0.0001 versus either monotherapy ) ( figures 3b and s1b ) . further lung - function end points are shown up to week 52 in figure s2 and tables s4 and s5 . sgrq total scores improved in japanese patients at week 24 of treatment in all groups , with the largest reduction in symptom scores seen in the group receiving tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g . improvements in total sgrq scores were greater in the japanese population compared to the overall population , although japanese patients had a much lower common baseline sgrq score . the differences in total sgrq scores between tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g and each component were not statistically significant for the overall population or the japanese sub - population ( table 2 ) . the largest improvements for tiotropium + olodaterol compared to each component were in the symptom domain of the sgrq ( figure s3 ) . baseline dyspnea index score was slightly higher ( ie , lower symptoms ) in japanese patients compared to the overall population ( 7.75 versus 6.54 , respectively ) . mahler tdi focal score improved to > 1 for both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol in japanese patients compared to scores of 0.400.85 for the individual components . tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g improved mahler tdi focal score by > 0.7 units compared to the monotherapies ( nominal p<0.05 for both comparisons ) and tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 g by > 0.8 units compared to olodaterol 5 g and tiotropium 2.5 g ( nominal p<0.01 for both comparisons ) at week 24 ( table 3 ) . improvements with nominal p<0.05 were also seen in patients global rating at week 24 for both doses of tiotropium + olodaterol compared to individual components . the majority of patients rated their symptoms as improved up to week 52 ( figure 4 and tables s6 and s7 ) . adjusted weekly mean daily ( 24-hour ) rescue medication use ( puffs / day ) was substantially reduced with both tiotropium + olodaterol 2.5/5 and 5/5 g over the 52-week period of the study . reductions in rescue medication use were observed for tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g compared to both tiotropium 5 g and olodaterol 5 g , in particular in the second half of the study ( figure 5 ) . a similar effect was observed in the use of rescue medication during the day and at night ( figures s4 and s5 ) . severe aes ( defined as incapacitating or causing inability to work or perform usual activities ) were reported in 7.3% of japanese patients and drug - related aes ( as assessed by the investigator ) were reported in 8.5% . incidences of aes , serious aes , and drug - related aes were generally well - balanced across treatment groups and were mostly mild or moderate in intensity . only two on - treatment deaths occurred . similarly to the overall population , the most frequently reported aes in japanese patients were from the meddra system organ classes of  respiratory , thoracic , and mediastinal disorders  and  infections and infestations , with copd ( including copd exacerbation / worsening ) and nasopharyngitis being the most commonly reported . the incidence of these most common events was comparable across treatment groups ( table 4 ) . although aes occurred at a slightly higher rate in the japanese population compared to the overall population ( 82.1% versus 74.4% ) , there was generally no increase in the incidence of aes with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the mono - components in both populations . although the burden of disease for copd is worldwide , the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents may differ between countries due to variable patient characteristics , such as body mass index , as well as differing baseline treatments . in addition , fewer japanese patients were current smokers , yet with higher pack - year smoking history , and fewer used ics , short - acting -agonists , labas , and short - acting muscarinic antagonists at baseline , although a higher proportion of japanese patients were using lamas or mucolytics at baseline . therefore , we assessed the efficacy and safety of tiotropium + olodaterol in a japanese sub - population . there were nominally statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in lung function as measured by the change from baseline in trough fev1 and fev1 auc03 with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to either monotherapy , with slightly greater improvements in pulmonary function in japanese patients following treatment with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the overall population . one explanation for this could be the greater proportion of patients with slightly milder disease in the japanese sub - population . furthermore , improvements were seen in all treatment groups for sgrq total scores ( change from baseline ) , above the minimum clinically important difference of four units.14 these improvements were nominally statistically significant for tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g compared to individual components , with japanese patients reporting much less severe sgrq scores in their stable periods and superior improvements in sgrq scores following treatment . similarly , tdi focal score improved with tiotropium + olodaterol to a greater extent than with the individual components . although these studies were not designed to assess the impact of tiotropium + olodaterol on copd exacerbations ( data not shown ) , it was interesting to note that fewer acute exacerbations were reported for japanese patients compared to the overall population . this may have been due to the inclusion of fewer patients with severe copd in the japanese arm of the study and earlier treatment of respiratory symptoms , as well as a lower proportion of current smokers . there was a slightly higher incidence of aes including infection in the japanese sub - population compared to the overall population but a lower incidence of copd ( including copd exacerbation / worsening ) . similar to the overall population and as expected in patients with copd , the most frequent events occurred in the system organ classes of  respiratory , thoracic , and mediastinal disorders  and  infections and infestations  . overall , incidence of aes was balanced across treatment groups in japanese patients and no major safety signals were identified with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to the mono - components . there was no additive adverse effect by combining the two different mechanisms of action . the safety profile of tiotropium + olodaterol in the japanese population was comparable to that of the overall population , with no additional safety risks . this sub - analysis broadly mirrored the results observed in the previously reported overall population13 and reflects those of other studies . to date , no studies have demonstrated any differences between ethnic groups in systemic exposure to inhaled medications such as -agonists.12,15 while there were key differences between japanese patients and the overall population in this study , such as lower body mass index scores , systemic exposure to olodaterol has been shown to be unaffected by age , sex , weight , or renal , liver , or lung function.12 there were several limitations to these studies . due to the long duration of 52 weeks , we decided not to include a placebo arm because it was considered unethical to deny treatment to symptomatic patients , as lamas are standard maintenance therapy for copd . although the number of patients included in the japanese arm was low ( ~8% of the overall population ) , the data generally mirror the results seen in the overall population , indicating consistent efficacy and safety for this population . once - daily dosing is more convenient for patients and could increase medication compliance,16 the monitoring of which is considered one of the most important factors by japanese health care providers when selecting an inhaler device.17 in this study , tiotropium + olodaterol was administered via one device  the respimat inhaler  which contains a liquid suspension and could provide physicians , as well as patients , with greater choice in their maintenance treatment options . the combination of tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 g significantly improved lung function and quality of life and provided symptomatic benefit over tiotropium or olodaterol monotherapies in japanese patients with copd . this was generally consistent with the overall population , although a slightly improved benefit was observed for japanese patients . the frequency of aes was balanced across treatment groups , with no increased incidence with tiotropium + olodaterol compared to monotherapies . the combination of tiotropium + olodaterol was well tolerated in japanese patients with copd with a similar safety profile to the overall population .
backgroundthe efficacy and safety of once - daily tiotropium + olodaterol ( t+o ) maintenance treatment was demonstrated in the large , multinational , replicate , randomized , phase iii , tonado 1 ( nct01431274 ) and 2 ( nct01431287 ) studies in patients with moderate to very severe copd 
 . however , there may be racial differences in the effects of t+o on lung function in patients with copd.methodsin this tonado subgroup analysis , we assessed efficacy and safety of t+o in japanese participants.resultsversus the overall population , the 413 japanese patients randomized and treated were slightly older , with more men , lower body mass index , lower baseline st george s respiratory questionnaire ( sgrq ) scores , fewer current smokers , but with higher pack - year smoking history 
 . a lower proportion of japanese patients used inhaled corticosteroids , short - acting muscarinic antagonists , or short- or long - acting -adrenergic agonists at baseline , but use of long - acting muscarinic antagonists was higher . at week 24 
 , mean improvements with t+o 5/5 g in forced expiratory volume in 1 second area under the curve from 03 hours response were 151 ml versus olodaterol and 134 ml versus tiotropium 5 g ; mean improvements with t+o 2.5/5 g were 87 ml versus olodaterol and 70 ml versus tiotropium 2.5 g . 
 mean improvements with t+o 5/5 g in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second were 131 ml versus olodaterol and 108 ml versus tiotropium 5 g ; mean improvements with t+o 2.5/5 g were 60 ml versus olodaterol and 47 ml versus tiotropium 2.5 g . 
 sgrq scores improved from baseline to a greater extent with both doses of t+o versus monotherapies . 
 responses were similar in the overall population . 
 adverse - event incidence was generally balanced across treatment groups.conclusionconsistent with results from the overall population , t+o 5/5 g was superior to each monotherapy for lung function and sgrq in the japanese sub - population of patients with copd in tonado.