bioactive molecules present in the amphibian skin include many peptides that can generally be classified as having either regulatory or hormonal functions , or antimicrobial activity.1 an important family of bioactive compounds having regulatory or hormonal functions within amphibians are the bradykinin - related peptide ( brps ) which are counterparts of mammalian bradykinin.2 bradykinin is a peptide that mediates a wide range of physiological phenomena in mammals including vasodilation , hypotension , smooth muscle contraction , pain and inflammation.3,4 the brps produced by frog skin generally differ from the canonical mammalian bradykinin in primary structure , mainly due to modifications of both the nh2-and cooh - terminals.3 bradykinin and brps occur in the defensive secretions of anurans independently of a kallikrein  kinin system , which is the means by which bradykinin is produced in mammalian tissues.5,6 previous studies addressing the cloning of amphibian skin kininogens ( pre - pro - bradykinins ) in a variety of species2,7 have revealed a plethora of different precursor structures with a few encoding single brp domains and others encoding multiple domains . some species produce multiple splice variants while others have single transcripts . within the multi - domain precursors , prediction of the brp precursor structure within a given species , based on the information present in contemporary databases , is thus impossible . the molecular cloning of the skin - derived biosynthetic precursor of brps , bombinakinin m / maximakinin from the giant fire bellied toad bombina maxima , was the first study reporting the relationship of the amphibian skin kininogens to those in higher vertebrates , especially in mammals . a considerable amount of data now exists for the skin kininogen structures from representative bombinid toads , ranid frogs and some hylids.3,4,811 studies on natural peptides from amphibians have so far dealt with only a few species . although the diversity of amphibians is very rich in india , studies on the natural peptides of frogs are limited to a single species r. tigerina.12 hence , the present work is designed to identify the brps present in the skin secretions of the indian bronzed frog hylarana temporalis , currently considered endemic to india and sri lanka . all the procedures involved in the present study were approved by the rgcb institutional animal ethics committee ( iaec/63/sg/2007/rgcb ) . adult male and female ( n = 8) frogs of h. temporalis were captured from different locations along the western ghats bordering the state of kerala , india . the skin secretions were obtained by mild transdermal electrical stimulation13 and collected by washing the dorsal region with nuclease free water . polyadenylated mrna was isolated from lyophilized skin secretion in a stabilization buffer using magnetic oligo ( dt ) beads as directed by the manufacturer ( dynal biotech , uk ) . a pcr - based cdna library was constructed using the smart cdna amplification kit ( clontech , uk ) in strict accordance with the manufacturers instructions . the first strand of cdna was synthesized using mmlv rt by smart ii a oligonucleotide primer 5 aagcagtggtatcaacgcagagtacgcggg-3 and 3cds primer a 5 aagcagtggtatcaacgcagagtac(t)30v n-3 ( n = a , c , g or t ; v = a , g , c ) , which were supplied with the kit . the second strand was amplified using advantage dna polymerase from clontech - uk , by 3cds primer a and 5pcr primer 5-aagcagtggtatcaacgcagagt-3. two sense primers , including a degenerate primer ( s1 ; 5-gawyyayyhragccyaaadatg 3 ) and a specific primer were designed from a highly conserved domain of the signal peptide and untranslated 5 regions of peptide - encoding cdnas from ranid frogs.14 the antisense primer used in the pcr reactions was 3cds primer a as described above . the pcr was done with advantage dna polymerase ( clontech , uk ) under the following conditions : 94 c for 2 min ; followed by 30 cycles of 92 c for 10s , 50 c for 30s , 72 c for 40s ; and followed by a final extension at 72 c for 10 min . pcr products were gel purified and cloned using the pgem - t easy vector system ( promega corp . ) . the primary structure of skin kininogen from h. temporalis was subjected to homology searches using blastx ( for short nearly exact matches ) available as an on - line database at ncbi ( national centre for biotechnology information ) . all the procedures involved in the present study were approved by the rgcb institutional animal ethics committee ( iaec/63/sg/2007/rgcb ) . adult male and female ( n = 8) frogs of h. temporalis were captured from different locations along the western ghats bordering the state of kerala , india . the skin secretions were obtained by mild transdermal electrical stimulation13 and collected by washing the dorsal region with nuclease free water . polyadenylated mrna was isolated from lyophilized skin secretion in a stabilization buffer using magnetic oligo ( dt ) beads as directed by the manufacturer ( dynal biotech , uk ) . a pcr - based cdna library was constructed using the smart cdna amplification kit ( clontech , uk ) in strict accordance with the manufacturers instructions . the first strand of cdna was synthesized using mmlv rt by smart ii a oligonucleotide primer 5 aagcagtggtatcaacgcagagtacgcggg-3 and 3cds primer a 5 aagcagtggtatcaacgcagagtac(t)30v n-3 ( n = a , c , g or t ; v = a , g , c ) , which were supplied with the kit . the second strand was amplified using advantage dna polymerase from clontech - uk , by 3cds primer a and 5pcr primer 5-aagcagtggtatcaacgcagagt-3. two sense primers , including a degenerate primer ( s1 ; 5-gawyyayyhragccyaaadatg 3 ) and a specific primer were designed from a highly conserved domain of the signal peptide and untranslated 5 regions of peptide - encoding cdnas from ranid frogs.14 the antisense primer used in the pcr reactions was 3cds primer a as described above . the pcr was done with advantage dna polymerase ( clontech , uk ) under the following conditions : 94 c for 2 min ; followed by 30 cycles of 92 c for 10s , 50 c for 30s , 72 c for 40s ; and followed by a final extension at 72 c for 10 min . pcr products were gel purified and cloned using the pgem - t easy vector system ( promega corp . ) . the primary structure of skin kininogen from h. temporalis was subjected to homology searches using blastx ( for short nearly exact matches ) available as an on - line database at ncbi ( national centre for biotechnology information ) . the skin secretion of h. temporalis served as a source for isolating mrna that encodes the biosynthetic precursors for skin peptides . this library was subjected to 3race procedures using the primers described and full - length pre - pro - bradykinin nucleic acid sequence data was obtained successfully . the pre - pro - bradykinin obtained in the present study was denoted as hylaranakinin te in accordance with nomenclature rules recently suggested for antimicrobial skin peptides15 in an attempt to establish a universally understood system . the complete nucleotide sequence of hylaranakinin te and the deduced amino acid sequence are shown in figure 1a , b. the deduced open reading frame consisted of 115 amino acid residues and encoded two copies of brps . the polypeptide begins with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acid residues , followed by a spacer region and mature peptide regions that encode for two brps : a canonical bradykinin r-9-r ( rppgfspfr ) and thr6-bk ( a variant of canonical bradykinin with thr substitued ) . the thr6-bk reported in the present study had an unusual fp - insertion in the n - terminal part . moreover , we uncovered a c - terminal extension fvpassl for r-9-r and found that the thr6-bk ends in fapeii , which is very different from the iapaiv sequence reported in other ranid frogs ( fig . a blast search in the embl protein sequence database revealed that the skin kininogen obtained from the present study exhibited 89% structural similarity to the skin brp ( kininogen-1 ) precursor from odorrana schmackeri.7 the skin secretion of h. temporalis served as a source for isolating mrna that encodes the biosynthetic precursors for skin peptides . this library was subjected to 3race procedures using the primers described and full - length pre - pro - bradykinin nucleic acid sequence data was obtained successfully . the pre - pro - bradykinin obtained in the present study was denoted as hylaranakinin te in accordance with nomenclature rules recently suggested for antimicrobial skin peptides15 in an attempt to establish a universally understood system . the complete nucleotide sequence of hylaranakinin te and the deduced amino acid sequence are shown in figure 1a , b. the deduced open reading frame consisted of 115 amino acid residues and encoded two copies of brps . the polypeptide begins with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acid residues , followed by a spacer region and mature peptide regions that encode for two brps : a canonical bradykinin r-9-r ( rppgfspfr ) and thr6-bk ( a variant of canonical bradykinin with thr substitued ) . the thr6-bk reported in the present study had an unusual fp - insertion in the n - terminal part . moreover , we uncovered a c - terminal extension fvpassl for r-9-r and found that the thr6-bk ends in fapeii , which is very different from the iapaiv sequence reported in other ranid frogs ( fig . a blast search in the embl protein sequence database revealed that the skin kininogen obtained from the present study exhibited 89% structural similarity to the skin brp ( kininogen-1 ) precursor from odorrana schmackeri.7 brps represent one of the most extensively studied peptide families that are present in the defensive skin secretions in amphibians . in the present study , the skin secretions of hylarana temporalis were investigated for the presence of brps and to clone their precursor cdna using validated molecular cloning techniques . after the successful molecular cloning of precursors ( skin kininogen ) cdnas and translation of the open reading frames , two copies of brps were confirmed as fully mature peptides within the skin secretion . the deduced pre - pro - bradykinin was named hylaranakinin te . accumulated data from several studies has established that the organisation of the biosynthetic precursors of amphibian skin peptides is both highly ordered and highly conserved between different taxa.16 in general , the hydrophobic amino acid residue - rich signal peptide is followed by a region rich in acidic amino acid residues that terminates with a single copy of the bioactive peptide . alignment of either nucleic acid sequences or open reading frame amino acid sequences of the cloned biosynthetic precursor transcripts from many species of amphibians showed highly conserved nucleic acid and amino acid sequences within the signal peptide as well as the nontranslated 3 and 5 regions . this permitted the design of general pcr primer sets that are class , family or genus specific within the amphibians.14 thus with a skin secretion - derived cdna library from an unstudied species and a general primer set , one can  shotgun amplify  and clone peptide transcripts in the absence of primary structural data for a specific peptide.14 the nucleotide and open reading frame of skin kininogen from the present study on hylarana temporalis is illustrated in figure 1 . the acidic spacer is a hexadecapeptide and is highly conserved in its primary structure and in length across other reported ranid species.2 in the repeat domains found in h. temporalis skin kininogen , a classical double basic residue propeptide convertase cleavage site ( -kr- ) is located immediately after the acidic spacer domain . the bradykinin nonapeptide domains are flanked by decapeptide agnsgkvilk and agysrmirfp in the n - terminus of r-9-r and thr6-bk , respectively , which is quite different from the octapeptide agys / armir mostly seen in other reported ranid brps.2 the thr6-bk is essentially a copy of canonical bradykinin with site substitution as well an unusual insertion ( -fp- ) at the n - terminus . in other ranids , the nonapeptide domains are flanked by a highly conserved heptapeptide ( i / vapass / tl ) and the open reading frame terminates in a highly conserved hexapeptide ( iapaiv ) . in the present study , the c - terminal contains a phenylalanine residue that has not been reported to date in any of the brps from amphibians . the domain is flanked by hexapeptide fvpass and the open reading frame terminates in fapeii . the most striking feature of the present study is the heterogeneity of the precursor site and organisation within a species . hylarana guentheri has 56 domains coding for three brps17 where as h. temporalis contains only two domains encoding brps . even though the blast search showed 89% structural similarity to the kininogens from odorrana schmackeri skin , it has a single kininogen containing seven tandem repeat domains encoding canonical bradykinin.7 all known brps are bradykinins with extensions from its n - terminus or its c - terminus by amino acid residue segment . there are three types of kininogens in mammals : high molecular weight and , low molecular weight kininogens and t - kininogens.18 all brps and their precursors from mammals are highly homologous . it suggests that mammals share a similar or the same mode of bradykinin biosynthesis . unlike the mammalian bradykinin and its precursor , amphibian brps and their precursors are extremely variable , as evident from the present study ( fig . this and related studies2 suggest that amphibians may not share a similar mode of biosysnthesis of bradykinin . a large number of brps with diverse structures were identified from amphibian skin , but their role in the biological system is not clear . however , there are speculations that the potent pain- and inflammation - inducing properties of brps make them ideal deterrents to mammalian predators.19
bradykinin - related peptides ( brps ) constitute one of the most studied groups of bioactive peptides in amphibian skin secretions . 
 the present study describes the successful isolation of a novel brp ( hylaranakinin te ) from the skin secretion of the indian bronzed frog hylarana temporalis . 
 the deduced open reading frame consisted of 115 amino acid residues with a putative signal peptide of 22 amino acid residues , followed by a spacer region and mature peptide regions that encode for two brps : a canonical bradykinin r-9-r with a c - terminal extension of fvpassl and thr6-bk . 
 the thr6-bk reported in the present study had an unusual fp - insertion in the n - terminal part and ended in fapeii , which is very different from the iapaiv sequence reported in other ranid frogs . unlike the mammalian bradykinin and its precursor , amphibian brps and their precursors are extremely variable , as evident from the present study . 
 this forms the first report of brps from hylarana temporalis , endemic to india and sri lanka .