quails are most susceptible to various diseases such as coccidiosis which is recognized as a serious parasitic disease problem limiting quail industry . descriptions of eimeria date from the beginning of the last century , and ever since means for an appropriate characterization and identification of the species have been discussed . several parameters can be used   and new methods have been developed [ 36 ] . various species of eimeria have been isolated from the different species of quails such as e. tsunodai , e. uzura , and e. bateri described from japanese quails   and e. lophortygis and e. okanaganensis described from california quails , while e. crusti and e. oreortygis are described from mountain quail , e. conturnicis and e. bateri are described from grey quail , e. colini and e. lettyae are described from bob white quail , and also e. tahamensis is described from arabian quail . the natural infection of eimeria in quails is characterized as subclinical because of the mild and nonspecific clinical signs . nevertheless , coccidiosis is considered as an important disease because the endogenous stages of the parasites and a high number of oocysts in feces are associated with intestinal lesions . therefore , the objective of the study was to identify the species and report the gross and histopathological lesions of eimeria in japanese quails in zaria , nigeria . this study was carried out in zaria located in kaduna state , located within latitudes 117 to 1112  n and longitude 0741  e. it is a medium sized city with an estimated population of 408,198 . it has an estimated land area of about 300 square kilometers and it is approximated that about 4075% of its working population derive their principal means of livelihood from agriculture . zaria which is located in the north guinea savannah zone of nigeria has an annual ambient temperature , ranging between 18.0  3.7c and 31.8  3.2c . the harmattan season ( the cold - dry period of the year ) lasts from november to february , while the hot - dry season lasts from march to may and the rainy season lasts from june to october [ 15 , 16 ] . the samples were labeled and transported to the helminthology laboratory in the department of veterinary parasitology and entomology , faculty of veterinary medicine , ahmadu bello university , zaria . in the laboratory samples the faecal samples were examined for the presence of coccidia oocysts using the simple floatation technique as described by urquhart et al . . oocyst positive samples were diluted into 2.5% aqueous potassium dichromate ( k2cr2o7 ) and kept in petri dishes for sporulation at room temperature . after sporulation , oocysts were recovered by centrifugation with saturated sugar solution as described by duszynski and wilber   and used in subsequent analysis . the shape indices ( length / width ) of the sporulated oocysts were determined by using the method for species identification as described by harper and penzorn . the calculated oocysts shape index values were then compared with the standard diagnostic guide provided by teixeira et al .   to determine the species encountered in the study . the birds were euthanized and this was accomplished in accordance with guide for the care and use of laboratory animals . segments of the small intestine ( duodenum , jejunum , and ileum ) and large intestine ( caeca ) were taken for gross and histopathological studies . intestinal scraping smear was carried out to detect the presence of developmental stages of the parasite within the intestine using giemsa stain as described by dubey . histological examination was carried out to confirm the presence of the developmental stages of the parasites and pathological lesions within the small and large intestine using haematoxylin and eosin stain as described by mitchell et al . . oocysts measurements were analyzed using the software excel ( microsoft ) for mean and standard deviation . table 1 shows the oocyst dimensions and morphological characteristics of different eimeria species identified in the study . the eimeria species encountered in the study were eimeria bateri ( figure 2 ) and three other eimeria species ( figures 3 , 4 , and 5 ) not covered by the diagnostic guidelines . the main gross pathology seen was the ballooning of the caeca which contains no bloody exudate in the lumen ( figure 6 ) . histopathologically , desquamation of intestinal mucosa was observed ( figure 9 ) and caecal necrosis ( figure 8) . developmental stages of the parasite especially the merozoites and schizont were seen in the intestinal epithelium ( figures 7 , 8 , and 9 ) . the study showed that there were coccidia oocysts in the farm sampled from . in our study the identification of eimeria species was done using the oocysts morphometric technique . eimeria bateri with shape index of 1.36 conformed to the guidelines of teixeira et al .   and the other three eimeria species with shape indices of 1.48 , 1.03 , and 1.40 could not speciate as they do not conform to any of the given species by the above authors . in spite of the shortcomings identified above , differences in morphology of the oocyst which were ovoid , subspherical , and ellipsoidal , presence and absence of polar granule discrimination of eimeria species using this technique has sort of limitations to be used as a single tool for diagnosis , meaning that results obtained with this method should be carefully interpreted [ 25 , 26 ] . this is because the measurements of the oocysts may undergo variations due to changes in metabolism of the parasites or birds and even in the value of the shape morphometric indices of the oocysts that may overlap leading to misleading conclusions regarding the species . despite the limitations of morphometric techniques , there are some reports that indicated that oocyst morphometry could also be a sensitive method for the discrimination of eimeria species of poultry in field trials as it shows high degree of agreement with the molecular methods [ 2831 ] . the use of molecular techniques is the most specific and rapid way of diagnosing eimeria infection especially when it involves several species occurring concurrently [ 3234 ] . however , in developing countries like nigeria very few laboratories have the facilities and personnel to carry out these molecular techniques for routine diagnosis of coccidiosis . the study also showed that the gross lesions associated with eimeria infection in japanese quails were limited to mainly ballooning of the caeca . the reports of previous works seem to be at variance with the present observation as regards the pathogenicity of eimeria in quails . reported a wide range of clinical signs such as lack of appetite , ruffled feathers , uncoordinated movements , inhibition of laying , and loss of weight in naturally infected young and mature quails reared at the laboratory . in young japanese quailsinfected with eimeria bateri , mild loss of weight , anorexia , and softening of feces were observed and were considered mild and easy to overcome . tsunoda and muraki   also reported low pathogenicity in japanese quails experimentally infected with 1  10 oocysts of eimeria uzura with signs limited to diarrhea and anemia with no mortality was reported . used pure and mixed cultures of e. uzura to infect quails and reported mortality , lower weight gain , and poor reproductive performance . several factors such as environment , differences in the parasite strain , and management system may be responsible for the discrepancies in the observation of the various works . the findings from this study show that merozoites are the main endogenous stages of the parasites found in the small intestine and schizonts in the large intestine . the absence of other pathogenic stages such as the gametocytes means that the pathology of the infected quails will be mild . these observations resemble those of norton and peirce , mazurkiewicz et al . , and tsutsumi   as regards the site of infection . desquamation of epithelial lining and caecal necrosis were also observed in the study . in conclusion , four eimeria species were identified in the study , only eimeria bateri speciated as it conformed to the guideline used . due to the limitations of speciation using the oocysts morphometry technique , there is the need for further studies to be carried out using molecular techniques to properly identify the unknown species of eimeria which were detected in the study . the study also showed that the gross and histopathological changes in intestinal tract pointed to the serious effect of eimeria species in quails . this observation has an important value since there is a paucity of information on the pathogenicity of eimeria spp . in quails .
the objective of the study was to identify the species , gross and histopathological lesions of eimeria in japanese quails in zaria . 
 a total of 400 fresh faecal samples were collected and 10 quail birds were purchased from a quail farm . 
 the faecal samples were processed using simple floatation technique . 
 oocysts shape indices of sporulated oocysts were determined . 
 the intestines were observed for gross lesions and segments were analyzed using giemsa stain and haematoxylin and eosin stain and then observed microscopically for the developmental stages of the parasite . 
 four species of eimeria were identified in the study . 
 eimeria bateri of shape index of 1.36 conformed to the guidelines used while the other three eimeria species with shape indices of 1.48 , 1.03 , and 1.40 were not confirmed . 
 the main gross lesion seen was nonhaemorrhagic ballooning of the caeca . 
 intestinal scrapping smear revealed a developmental stage of the parasite ( merozoites ) in the jejunum . 
 histopathology also revealed a developmental stage ( schizont ) of the parasite in the caecum and desquamation of the epithelial lining with areas of necrosis . 
 further study is required using molecular techniques to properly identify the unknown species of eimeria that were detected in the study .