numerous studies have examined the morbidity and mortality of spine surgery,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 however , there is a paucity of literature examining the occurrence of cardiac complications after spine surgery . cardiac complications are a leading cause of death after non - cardiac surgery.4,5,10 lee et al reported a 0.8% incidence of cardiac complications after lumbar fusion in retrospective review of 901 patients,11 but identification of statistically significant risk factors was limited by the study methodology . the objective of this study is to identify risk factors for cardiac complications after spine surgery . study design : registry study using prospectively collected data . all patients who underwent spinal surgery from january 1 , 2003 to december 31 , 2004 at harborview medical center and the university of washington medical center , seattle , washington . patients younger than 18 years of age patients with incompletely recorded surgical invasiveness scores were not available for analysis . patients with surgical invasiveness scores of 0 , as these included patients who did not undergo spinal surgery ( risser casting or closed reduction under general anesthesia ) patient population : the spine end results registry at the university of washington medical center is a prospectively recorded database of patients who underwent spinal surgery from january 1 , 2003 to december 31 , 2004 at harborview medical center or the university of washington medical center in seattle wa . detailed information regarding patient demographic , medical comorbidity , surgical invasiveness and adverse outcomes were prospectively recorded as described by mirza et al.12,13 all patients were followed for at least 2 years prospectively for cardiac complications . outcome : the primary outcome measure was the occurrence of a cardiac complication in the 2-year follow - up period . a detailed list of all cardiac complications and operational definitions and thresholds we used are summarized in table 3 . univariate analysis evaluating the association between each categorical variable and a pulmonary complication was performed using pearson 's chi - square test or fisher 's exact tests ( where cell counts were low ) . univariate analysis evaluating the association between each continuous variable and a pulmonary complication was performed using unpaired t - tests . multivariate log - binomial regression was used to determine the association between each risk factor and a pulmonary complication , while controlling for other predictive factors . risk factors were included in the multivariate log - binomial regression model if they were deemed of clinical importance by the study investigators or if their univariate association had a p - value < .10 . we examined diabetes and prior cardiac history as individual risk factors and subsequently examined and adjusted charlson comorbidity score minus these two components ( table 2).15 of the 1,745 patients , 38 were not included because they were younger than 18 years of age and 100 were excluded for surgical invasiveness scores of 0 ( risser casting or closed reduction under general anesthesia ) . fifteen had missing invasiveness scores , leaving 1592 patients for analyses ( figure 1 ) . thirty two percent smoked , 12% were illicit drug users and 11% had diabetes ( table 1 ) . there were 136 cardiac adverse outcomes in 107 patients after spine surgery ( table 3 ) . in this patient population , there were 37 deaths within the 2-year period , of which 15 were cardiac related . the mortality rate from cardiac complications was 2.36 per 1000 persons per year . in the univariate analysis , age , diabetes , previous cardiac history , elevated adjusted charlson comorbidity score,14 revision surgery , combined anterior - posterior approaches and surgical invasiveness were statistically significant risk factors for cardiac complication after spine surgery ( table 4 ) . in the multivariate analysis , increasing age , elevated adjusted charlson comorbidity score,14 and surgical invasiveness index were statistically significant risk factors for cardiac complication ( table 5 ) . patient selection and sampling weights are assigned to 19 predetermined clinical conditions with the final score being the sum of the weights assigned to the conditions with scores ranging from 037 . one point for each additional decade of life over 50-years - of - age can be added to initial score to create a single index . the higher the weight total , the greater the likelihood of mortality . rr  =  relative risk , ci  =  confidence intervals significant , rr  =  relative risk , ci  =  confidence intervals the incidence of cardiac complications after spine surgery was 6.7% . reported cardiac complication rates after spine surgery range from 0.5% to 9.5%.1,2,7,9,11 our reported rate of cardiac complications is on the higher end of those previously reported from other centers . first , all cardiac complications that occurred within 2 years after spine surgery were assessed for . this very inclusive approach likely overestimates the actual number of cardiac occurrences that were directly attributable to the index procedure . this is in part due to the unique patient collective it serves , the practice environment and treatment preferences of its medical practitioners as well as administrative factors pertaining to data collection and quality assurance . thresholds used to identify and code certain conditions may differ from one institution to another . prospective data gathering usually also has a tendency to increase reporting of highlighted events , such as complications . in our case thus a negative patient selection may be present in form of sicker and more seriously ill patients . our facilities also serve as teaching institutions , with variable background experiences ranging from beginners to extremely experienced providers possibly affecting adverse outcomes rates . though the results of the present study may seem intuitive , the influence of these risk factors has been questioned in the literature.2,7,11 diabetes and previous cardiac history were not identified as risk factors in the multivariate analysis . this may be due in part to the relative infrequent number of cardiac complications , which resulted in wide confidence intervals and low power to detect a clinically important difference . we observed more than an eight fold increase in risk for patients older than 65 years , even when controlling for all other potential confounding risk factors . strengths : this is a large prospectively enrolled patient cohort with wide - ranging data sets that allow us to utilize multivariate analysis to examine risk factors for cardiac complications after spine surgery . limitations : the binary representation of some data demonstrates the presence of disease , but not the severity and this may have potentially confounded the results , particularly in the multivariate analysis . future research should investigate prediction models whereby the probability of a cardiac adverse outcome can be predicted for each patient who undergoes spine surgery based on their composite of risk factors . this prediction model would need to be externally validated in another population of spine surgery patients . in this study , the incidence of cardiac complications after spine surgery was 6.7% with a mortality rate of 2.36 per 1000 persons per year . risk factors for cardiac complications after spine surgery include age > 65 years , diabetes , previous cardiac history , revision surgery , elevated charlson morbidity score , greater surgical invasiveness.14 cardiac and other internal medical complications are commonly assumed to be covered by other specialties , such as anesthesia or medical specialties and are therefore overlooked by surgical specialties such as ours . however , as this study shows , subspecialties such as spine have very specific concerns , which are not specifically addressed by anyone but us . possible shortcomings of this study concern lack of control of variables typical for a retrospective study such as this . for cardiac conditions this may include perioperative beta - blockade or absence thereof , use of chemical thrombembolism prophylaxis and utilization of intensive care facilities for at - risk patients . the value of this study however lies in this cohort size and diversity of conditions treated . it may direct us to utilize preoperative medicine consult services to optimize preoperative preparations for at - risk patients and may help us counsel patients more honestly .
study design :  registry study using prospectively collected dataobjective :  to determine risk factors for cardiac complications in spine surgery.methods :  the spine end results registry 20032004 is an exhaustive database of 1,592 patients who underwent spine surgery at the university of washington medical center or harborview medical center . 
 detailed information regarding patient demographic , medical comorbidity , surgical invasiveness and adverse outcomes were prospectively recorded . 
 the primary outcome of measure was the occurrence of a cardiac complication in the perioperative period . 
 relative risk ( rr ) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each of the categorical variables . 
 multiple log - binomial regression analysis was performed to investigate the independent factors associated with cardiac complication.results :  the incidence of cardiac complication after spine surgery was 6.7% . 
 there were 136 cardiac complications in 107 patients after spine surgery . 
 age , diabetes , previous cardiac history , elevated adjusted charlson comorbidity score , revision surgery , combined anterior - posterior approaches , and surgical invasiveness were statistically significant risk factors for cardiac complication after spine surgery.conclusions :  the results of the present study suggest numerous statistically significant risk factors for cardiac complications after spine surgery . 
 these results may aid the clinician with preoperative risk stratification and patient counseling.methods evaluation and class of evidence ( coe)methodological principle : study design :  prospective cohort  retrospective cohort ( registry)  case control  case seriesmethods  patients at similar point in course of treatment  follow - up 85%  similarity of treatment protocols for patient groups  patients followed for long enough for outcomes to occur  control for extraneous risk factorsevidence class : iithe definiton of the different classes of evidence is available on page 73 .