cerebrovascular accident or stroke is among the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in developed and developing countries . the incidence of stroke has been reported to be increasing in developing countries located in middle east ( 1 - 4 ) . the age adjusted incidence rates of ischemic stroke in iranian population was 616 per 100,000 residents ( 4 ) . currently stroke is the third cause of mortality worldwide associated with high economical and social burden ( 1,3 ) . this type of classification is based upon detecting thrombosis in carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries by duplex ultrasonography , or finding embolic evidence when examining the heart through electrocardiogram and echocardiogram ( 1,4 ) . usually , echocardiography is needed to find the source of emboli , because treatment of embolic and thrombotic stroke is quite different . anti - coagulating agents like warfarin are used in the embolic type ; however , we used anti - platelet in thrombotic type ( 5 ) . there are two types of echocardiography : transthoracic echocardiography ( tte ) and transesophageal echocardiography ( tee ) . tte remains the cornerstone of noninvasive cardiac imaging , but tee is superior for identifying the potential cardiac sources of emboli , including left atrial thrombi , valvularvegetations , thoracic aortic plaque , patent foramen ovale , and spontaneous left atrial echocardiographic contrast ( 6 ) . 
 
 in some studies , some cardiac causes are patent foramen ovale with right to left shunt , atrial fibrillation , aortic artery atherosclerosis , severe left ventricular dysfunction , recent myocardial infarction , and valvular heart diseases ( 8 - 11 ) . few studies have been done on stroke etiologies in iran ; they show several risk factors with different risks ( 12 - 13 ) . according to these studies tte was not able to detect several cardiac lesions specifically in the atrium and aortic arch . the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of cardiac sources of emboli detected by tee in the ischemic stroke patients in namazee hospital of shiraz university of medical sciences , the largest academic hospital in south of iran . this is a hospital - based cross - sectional study conducted during a 13-month period from january 2012 to february 2013 in shiraz nemazee teaching hospital.all the patients admitted in emergency room and neurology ward with the diagnosis of ischemic stroke on the basis of their medical reports , clinical examination and ct scans were included and underwent tee by an expert cardiologist . patients with hemorrhagic stroke , those with watershed infarction and also those for whom tee could not be done due to patients clinical condition and had no permission to do tee were excluded from the study ; but patients with lacunars infarction were not excluded . the study protocol was approved by the institutional review board ( irb ) of shiraz university of medical sciences and the approval of the ethics committee was achieved before beginning of the study . tee findings including valvular diseases , aortic arch atheroma , pfo , atrial septal defect , ventricular septal motion disorders , and other disorders were collected . the collected demographic data included age , gender , and risk factors such as hypertension , diabetes mellitus , hyperlipidemia , smoking , and any records of coronary artery diseases . the acquired data were assessed and analyzed in spss statistical software ( version16 ) , using descriptive statistics including frequency , percentage , mean and standard deviationand chi - square test . in this study , 101 patients ( 44% ) were male and 128 ( 56% ) were female . sixteen patients ( 7% ) were within the range of15 to 45 years old ( young adult stroke ) including 9 females and 7 males . 213 patients ( 93% ) were older than 46 years , including 120 females ( 56% ) and 93 males ( 44% ) . high risk and potential cardiac sources of emboli ( 14 ) are shown in table 1 . totally , 20 patients ( 8.7% ) including 15 females ( 6.52% ) and 5 males ( 2.18% ) had atrial fibrillation ( af ) . ms : mitral stenosis , mr : mitral regurgitation , as : aortic stenosis , ar : aortic regurgitation , lv : left ventricular 
 
 aortic arch atheroma was detected in 56 patients ( 24.5% ) including 22 males ( 9.6% ) and 34 females ( 14.9% ) and all of the patients were older than 46 years . also prevalence of aortic athroma was calculated within 3 age groups ( age < 45 years , age 45 - 60 years and age > 60 years ) ; it is presented in table 2 . due to lack of variance similarity between ages in each grade groups of atheroma , kruskal - wallis test was done ; p value was not significant ( p= 0.06 ) . mean age of the patients with aortic atheroma was 72.28.60 years old that was more than patients without it ( 66.47.30 years old ) . ejection fraction was lower than 30% in 8 patients ( 3.5% ) and it was 30  50 % in 22 patients ( 9.6% ) , all of whom were older than 46 years old . in this study , stroke was more common in males than females ( 56% vs. 44% ) . as a whole , stroke has been reported to be slightly more common in females ( range from 51 - 53% ) ( 15 - 17 ) . 
 
 in our study , cardiac source of emboli ( cse ) was found in 40.7% ( high risk cardiac source of emboli in 30.7% and potential cause in 11% ) of patients and rheumatic valvular diseases in 16.7 % of cse . according to a study on young adults suffering from ischemic stroke in eastern iran , cse was present in 19.8% of the patients and rheumatic valvular disease comprised 46.6% of the cse ( 15 ) . in other studies , cardio embolism has been detected in 15.820 % of patients ( 18 - 20 ) . lower cse findings in the above mentioned studies , at least partly is due to usage of transthoracic echocardiography for evaluation of cardiac source of emboli . prevalence of af is less than 1% in the general population ; it comprises approximately 2 - 10% of stroke patients over the age of 60 years , and increases up to 9% at the age of 80 to 89 years ( 18,19 ) . high prevalence of af in present study may be because of its higher prevalence in old patients . in present study , prevalenceof septal aneurysm was 3.05% ( 7 patients ) that is similar to the zibaeenezhad et al . study in iran ( 21 ) . in a study by nighoghossian et al . on 79 patients with unexplained stroke , atrial septal aneurysm found in 34.5% ( 22 ) although some studies demonstrated a lower range between 10.1 and 27.7% ( 23 - 25 ) . many reasons explain this difference including different diagnostic criteria , methodology , and age of patients . mitral annular calcification ( mac ) may predispose patients to infective endocarditis and embolization of vegetative material . mac has also been reported to be a risk factor for af ( 26 ) . we have detected mac in 5.7% of patients that is lower than that of other studies on patients free of prevalent cardiovascular disease ( 26,27 ) . another important finding in the current study was high frequency of aortic atheroma ( 24.5% , 56 cases ) including 34 female ( 14.9% ) and 22 males ( 9.6% ) . mean age of the patients with aortic atheroma was higher than those without it ( 72.2 vs. 66.4 years ) ; it was not statistically significant ( p.v= 0.06 ) . in other studies , aortic atheroma prevalence was approximately 6.7 - 65.3% ( 28 - 30 ) . similar to the framingham heart study ( 30 ) , our results showed that aortic artery atherosclerosis was more frequent in females . this is consistent with an autopsy data showing that women have more fatty streaks in their abdominal aorta comparing to men at all ages ( 31 ) . our study showed that in a considerable percentage of ischemic stroke patients a high risk cardiac source of emboli can be detected by tee . 6954 ) from shiraz university of medical sciences and this article was extracted from thesis of mohammad amin toodeji , medical student at sums . nasrinshokrpour for editorial assistance and mrssarehroosta for statistical analysis at center for development of clinical research of nemazee hospital .
background : embolus is one of the causes of ischemic stroke that can be due to cardiac sources 
 such as valvular heart diseases and atrial fibrillation and atheroma of the aorta . 
 transesophageal 
 echocardiography ( tee ) is superior in identifying potential cardiac sources of emboli . due to insufficient 
 data on tee findings in ischemic stroke in iran , 
 the present study was done to evaluate tee 
 in detecting cardiac sources of emboli . 
 the main aim of this study was to describe the cardiogenic 
 sources of emboli using tee in the ischemic stroke patients . 
 methods : this is a cross - sectional study conducted during a 13-month period from january 2012 to 
 february 2013 in shiraz nemazee teaching hospital . 
 patients admitted with stroke diagnosis were 
 included ; but hemorrhagic stroke cases were excluded . 
 229 patients with ischemic stroke diagnosis 
 were included and underwent tee . 
 results : causes of cardiac emboli were detected in 65 cases ( 40.7% ) and categorized to high - risk 
 ( 29.7% ) and potential risk ( 11% ) . 
 high risk cardiac sources included atrial fibrillation ( 8.7% ) , mitral 
 valve disease ( ms or mi ) 11 cases ( 4.75% ) , aortic valve disease ( as or ai ) 8 ( 3.5% ) , prosthetic 
 valve 3 ( 1.35% ) , dilated cardiomyopathy 45 ( 19.65% ) and congestive heart failure with ejection fraction 
 < 30% in 8 cases ( 3.5% ) . 
 potential cardiac sources of emboli comprised 7 cases ( 3.05% ) of septal 
 aneurysm , 4 ( 1.75% ) left ventricular hypokinesia , 13 ( 5.7% ) mitral annular calcification and 9 
 cases ( 3.95% ) complex atheroma in the ascending aorta or proximal arch . 
 conclusion : our study showed that high risk cardiac sources of emboli can be detected using tee 
 in a considerable percentage of ischemic stroke patients . 
 the most common high risk cardiac etiologies 
 were dilated cardiomyopathy and valvular heart diseases .