off - label use is very common among pediatricians , and the main cause is attributable to the lack of drugs specifically designed and marketed for children in different age groups . in pediatrics , drugs are often prescribed using dosage and indications approved for adults , resulting in increased risk of serious adverse events ( including drug therapeutic failure ) . moreover , physicians when administering drugs to children are frequently forced to deviate from the established labelling indications , by manipulating drug formulation to obtain a pediatric dose or by changing the indicated route of administration . off - label prescribing could be related to several problems such as safety for the patient , costs for the society , and legal risk for the physician ; therefore , this practise should be used only when the benefit outweighs the risk . italian legislation on the use of off - label drugs is based on law no . off - label is allowed for drugs included in a specific list , which includes the innovative drugs not yet marketed in italy , drug still undergoing clinical trials , and medicines administered for a different therapeutic indication not included in the leaflet , in case of absence of therapeutic alternatives and previous written consent of the patient . 94/1998 allows the physician , in individual cases , to off - label use a drug on the basis of efficacy evidence , under his / her direct responsibility , and after obtaining written informed consent by the patient . this law does not allow the widespread off - label use but permits the physicians to prescribe the appropriate therapy based on data published on the international valuable literature and previously documented demonstration of the absence of other therapeutic alternatives . in this context , the aim of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of off - label drugs in pediatricians of calabria region of italy . this study was prompted on calabrian pediatricians members of the italian society of pediatrics ( sip ) in two phases . the first phase started in december 2012 and finished in march 2013 and was aimed to perform a directory of off - label drugs most commonly used by pediatricians in agreement with data obtained from italian agency for drugs ( aifa ) referred to the law no . 648/1996 . during the second phase , started in april and finished in may 2013 , sip 's pediatricians completed an online anonymous questionnaire with 10 answers [ table 1 ] . the first 5 questions referred specifically to drugs and their off - label use , while the last 5 asked to general guidelines on both risks and limitations of off - label drugs in clinical practice . the answers were analyzed by a working group composed of pharmacists and pharmacologists of the center of documentation and information on drugs and the chair of pharmacology of the university  magna graecia  of catanzaro . during the first phase , a table of 28 drugs most commonly used as off - label was completed ( see table 2 ) . during the second phase , 180 calabrian pediatricians sip 's members were asked to take part at this study and 85 ( 47.3% ) of them completed the anonymous questionnaire . in particular , 35 were medical doctor ( md ) general pediatricians ( 41% ) , 32 md hospital pediatricians ( 38% ) , 10 md attending the specialty in pediatrics ( 12% ) , and 8 md outpatient pediatricians ( 9% ) . most commonly used off - label drugs , in agreement with data of aifa and list of law no . 648/1996 . sometimes  [ figure 1 ] , and commonly drugs were used off - label for age [ figure 2 ] and to treat respiratory diseases [ table 3 ] ; beclomethasone was the most widely used drug [ table 4 ] . sixty - six mds used off - label drugs for lack of formulations approved for pediatric use , while 32 revealed that use of off - label drugs have negative effects on prescriptive appropriateness , although their use may be related with the development of adverse reactions [ table 5 ] . for 75 pediatricians ( 88% ) the information about the risk / benefit of off - label drugs is inadequate and 63 pediatricians ( 74% ) declared not to have a good knowledge about this practice . times of use off - label drugs off - label use in agreement with the leaflet of each drug categories of off - label drugs most frequently prescribed off - label drugs most frequently prescribed risks associated with the use of off - label drugs less than 15% of all the drugs currently marketed and less than half of those specifically intended for children are used on the basis of clinical trials which demonstrate specific features of risk - benefit balance in children . this study was designed to describe the extent of off - label drug use , to identify drugs most commonly used off - label , and to identify factors associated with off - label drugs use in children and above all what is the opinion of pediatricians relative to this problem and their knowledge about it . the data analysis reveals , in agreement with the data in the literature , that in pediatrics , off - label prescriptions are very numerous , often driven by the lack of specific formulations on the market for children . the off - label drugs most prescribed are those used for diseases of the respiratory tract and the medication most often used in our studied group is beclomethasone . pediatricians demonstrate an awareness of the issues related to the use of off - label drugs , and most importantly , they agree with the data in the literature , indicating an increase in the occurrence of adverse reactions . the lack of pediatric formulations on the market is considered a major limitation for clinical practice , but not for prescriptive appropriateness . most compilers did not consider themselves to be sufficiently well prepared in the off - label use of drugs , and specifically , they consider the information relating to the risks / benefits resulting from such use completely inadequate . in light of all the issues regarding the use of off - label drugs in pediatrics , the centre for documentation and information on medicine along with the chair of pharmacology at the university magna graecia  in catanzaro and in collaboration with the regional section of the italian society of pediatrics will begin a drug surveillance project entitled ,  monitoring , support and security regarding off - label prescriptions in pediatrics within the calabrian territory  . the aim will be to highlight how off - label prescriptions are used within our region , what the issues are relating them and what the possible solutions that could be used . pediatric therapies are often complicated by the shortage of medicines on the market that are designed for children of different ages thus forcing the pediatrician towards a problematic off - label use of adult formulations with the increased possibility of adverse reactions and possible medication errors due to the difficulties in administering the right dosage . it would be desirable to increase the studies and clinical trials to support a greater marketing of specific drugs for the pediatric age . in the meantime , it is important to improve the training of pediatricians on the subject , starting with a course of study , in order to make them more prepared to deal with the problem , but also to increase the information on the risks inherent in the use of off - label drugs , so as to increase the awareness of the prescriber . our task was brought about in order to make aware a very well known but often forgotten problem . we believe that the contribution of pediatricians is a great help in highlighting some aspects of the problem and especially in seeking a possible resolution .
off - label use is very common among pediatricians , and the main cause is attributable to the lack of drugs specifically designed and marketed for children in different age groups . in this study 
 , we evaluated , through a questionnaire , the knowledge of off - label drugs in pediatrics . 
 furthermore , we made a directory of 28 off - label drugs most commonly used by pediatricians in agreement with data obtained from italian agency for drugs ( aifa ) referred to the law no . 
 648/1996 ; 180 pediatricians referred to the italian society of pediatrics calabrian section were asked to complete an online anonymous questionnaire . 
 eighty five ( 47.3% ) of these completed the anonymous questionnaire , 40% revealed that they used off - label drugs  sometimes  ; generally , drugs were used off - label for age and to treat respiratory diseases . for 75 pediatricians ( 88% ) the information about the risk / benefit of off - label drugs is inadequate and 63 pediatricians ( 74% ) did not have a good knowledge about this practice . in conclusion , the knowledge of off - label drugs is very low in pediatricians ; more information about off - label drugs could be useful in order to improve the appropriateness of drugs prescription and to reduce the development of side effects and improving drug safety .