the successful placement and restoration of dental implants in the edentulous posterior maxilla could potentially be compromised by a lack of adequate vertical dimension of the alveolar bone present between the alveolar crest and the floor of the maxillary sinus . to address these problems , maxillary sinus elevation surgery was developed to increase the height of the bone available for implant placement in the posterior maxilla . although the complication rate of maxillary sinus bone augmentation is low , there exist intra - operative risks of sinus membrane perforation and bleeding [ 39 ] and postoperative risks of wound infection and sinusitis [ 2,7,8,1012 ] , graft or barrier membrane exposure , graft infection ( warranting its removal ) , cyst formation , and flap dehiscence . in addition to the maxillary sinus bone augmentation procedure , the implant surgery itself , whether performed simultaneously or as a second - stage procedure , may be complicated by implant displacement , implant migration into the sinus , or failure to achieve osseointegration . as an alternative to maxillary sinus bone augmentation the described advantages were as follows : 1 ) the placement of longer implants , 2 ) a reduced cantilever length , and 3 ) increased posterior implant support with avoidance of anatomical structures [ 1722 ] . to overcome the drawbacks of maxillary sinus bone augmentation , some authors have suggested the use of alternative anatomical areas for implant placement . inserting the implant in the pterygoid process or tangential to the palatal curvature in the area of the first or second molar krekmanov placed the implants into the pterygoid plate , palatally tilted , close to and parallel with the posterior sinus wall or close to and parallel with the anterior sinus wall . however , some authors mentioned a risk of severe complications after using the pterygoid area for implant insertion . reychler and olszewski reported perforation of the skull base and penetration of the middle cranial fossa after inserting pterygoid implants in the pterygoid process with associated chronic fatigue and severe headaches . krekmanov reported mobility of 3 of the 14 implants inserted in the pterygoid plate , palatal curvature , and close to the posterior sinus wall . another alternative area for implant placement , not requiring the use of specific implants , could be maxillary sinus septa . the feasibility of this method was initially described by fortin ; 3 out of 11 implants were placed into maxillary sinus septa with the help of an intra - operative surgical guide . the hypothesis was that maxillary sinus septa are suitable alternative anatomical areas for implant placement to avoid sinus grafting in partially and completely edentulous patients . therefore , the aims of this simulation study were to assess : 1 ) the anatomical region of best use for implants within maxillary sinus septa , 2 ) the type of implant that fits best with maxillary sinus septa , and 3 ) the added bone height to the available alveolar bony height obtained by using maxillary sinus septa . one hundred partially or completely edentulous patients , with maxillary sinus septum present in the region of the edentation , were consecutively identified from the cone beam computed tomography ( cbct ) database of the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery , cliniques universitaires saint luc , bruxelles , belgium . the study was retrospective , and the cbct examination was performed for a reason other than for this study . the exclusion criteria included minors , pregnant women , and patients with cbct images that presented either inadequate information or signs of a previous surgery . the study received approval from the comit dthique hospitalo - facultaire of the universit catholique de louvain , brussels , belgium ( 2014/13mar/104 ) . the cbct ( i - cat ) radiological protocol was as follows : 120 kvp , 18 mas , 0.3 mm voxel size , 21 cm height and 16 cm diameter field of view . the axial images were transferred to the 3d planning software ( nobel biocare , gteborg , sweden ) . the dicom files obtained from cbct were introduced into the software that displays axial , coronal and sagittal images . the implant was selected from the library and freehand positioned in 2-dimensional ( 2d ) images and visualized by 3d reconstruction . the presence of maxillary sinus septa was initially evaluated using the axial planes , and then using the reconstructed sagittal and coronal planes . three - dimensional reconstructions were performed for each patient . for each patient , 1 observer defined the position of the implant according to the available bony crest and to the sinus septal volume . the observer analyzed whether the tilted axis of the implant did not intersect with the adjacent teeth . the simulation was carried out in real time in all 3 planes ( figure 1 ) . the transverse ( also known as axial or horizontal ) plane is an x - z plane , parallel to the ground , which separates the superior from the inferior . the coronal ( also known as frontal ) plane is a y - x plane , perpendicular to the ground , which separates the anterior from the posterior . the sagittal ( also known as lateral ) plane is a y - z plane , perpendicular to the ground , which separates left from right . every bony prominence more than 4 mm wide or 4 mm high was considered as a septum . one observer ( e.d . ) selected the implants with the best fit for each maxillary sinus septum corresponding to the following criteria : 1 ) the angle between the implant axis and the transversal axis ranged between 45 and 135 and 2 ) the implant was mesiodistally and buccopalatally surrounded by a minimum of 1.5 mm of bone ( figure 1 ) . the coronal angle was the angle formed by the implant axis ( automatically generated by the software ) and the transversal axis in the coronal plane . the sagittal angle was the angle formed by the implant axis and the transversal axis in the sagittal plane ( figure 2 ) . the implant library provided 23 types of implants , with diameters ranging from 2.8 mm to 6 mm and lengths ranging from 7 mm to 52.5 mm . the zygomatic implants , 3052.5 mm length , are not suitable for implant placement in sinus septa . the implants were represented by their real shapes , to allow the clinician to perform a realistic 3d virtual surgery . the observer evaluated the crestal height , the septal height , and the percentage of the maxillary sinus septum used for implant insertion ( abh = septal height + crestal height ) . the crestal height was defined as the distance between the margin of the alveolar bony crest and the base of the septum . the septal height was defined as the distance between the base of the septum and the top of the septum ( figure 3 ) . all of the measurements ( the sagittal and coronal angles and the crestal and septal heights ) were performed twice by 1 observer ( e.d . ) , with a 1-week interval between measurements . obtained data and scan data were recorded in an spss database ( ibm ) . the intraclass correlation coefficient has been advocated as a statistic for assessing agreement or consistency between 2 methods of measurement , in conjunction with a significance test of the difference between means obtained by the 2 methods . the intraclass correlation coefficient ( icc ) showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 intra - observer measurements ( p>0.05 ) . all of the implants were inserted in premolar and molar regions ( table 1 ) . in all sites , the most frequently used implant was 4/7 mm ( diameter / length ) ( table 2 ) . the range and the mean values of the performed measurements are shown in table 3 . the mean percentage of sinus septa used to insert the implants was 47.332.47% . the highest mean percentage value ( 53.34% ) the septum increased the available bone height by a mean value of 2.181.47 mm . in 45 cases , according to the european association for osseointegration guidelines , panoramic radiography is the most commonly used examination for oral implant placement in the upper jaw . fortin evaluated the degree to which the rate of severely resorbed posterior maxillae requiring sinus lift was overestimated on panoramic radiographs , showing that the use of the panoramic exam for oral implant planning in severely resorbed maxillae overestimates the need for a sinus augmentation procedure when compared with the use of both 3d planning software and strategic implant placement . the author considers that an image - guided procedure allows the surgeon to take advantage of the septa and palatal curvature . maxillary sinus septa are often described as a potential problematic area during maxillary sinus floor elevation when performing sinus lift surgery because of the risk of membrane perforation . instead , in this study we tried to use maxillary sinus septa as an alternative source of available bone height to treat partially and completely edentulous patients . with the mean added bone height ( 2.181.47 mm ) we can use a longer implant and can also better angulate the implant axis . the mean coronal angle of 80.1917.13 and the mean sagittal angle of 94.839.94 found in our study are within the range previously described by malo et al . for tilted implants ( 45 to 135 ) . placement of short implants has been described as a valuable alternative to sinus grafting . with the procedure proposed in this paper , implants are often tilted , which does not seem to be a drawback because preliminary studies on tilted implants have indicated a high survival rate . cbct and 3d virtual planning should become mandatory when using alternative anatomical regions such as sinus septa for implant positioning , for 3 main reasons : 1 ) to evaluate the anatomy and 3d dimensions of sinus septa , 2 ) to allow for the precise planning of implant positioning with virtual planning software based on cbct imaging , and 3 ) to generate an accurate 3d surgical guide that allows the surgeon to place implants precisely into planned positions . in further studies , the development and experimental validation of surgical guides for implant insertion in sinus septa , using low - cost 3d printers , should be assessed . a drawback of this study is that this was a simulation study performed on 3d reconstructions and not on real patients ; when we determined the implant insertion sites , we did not take into consideration the final prosthetic restoration . the null hypothesis was accepted ; the maxillary sinus septum may partially increase the total bony height in partially and completely edentulous patients . the molar region is the best area to place implants in maxillary sinus septa . the implant with a 4 mm diameter and 7 mm height had the best fit with maxillary sinus septa .
backgroundthe aim of this study was to simulate implant placement in the maxillary sinus septum , as a potential alternative site to avoid sinus grafting.material/methodsone hundred partially or completely edentulous patients , with their maxillary sinus septum present in the edentulous region , were selected from the database of the department of maxillofacial surgery , cliniques universitaires saint luc , bruxelles , belgium.three-dimensional ( 3d ) reconstructions were created using 3d planning software . 
 3d reconstructions were performed for each maxillary sinus . using the software implant library , the implants that presented the best fit with the maxillary sinus septum and that followed the established inclusion criteria were 
 selected.resultsall of the implants were inserted in premolar and molar regions . 
 most implants were inserted in the position of the second molar ( 21 of 55 ) or in the position of the first molar ( 17 of 55 ) . in all sites 
 the most frequently used implant was 4 mm in diameter and 7 mm in height.the mean coronal angle for the implant was 80.1917.13 degrees and the mean sagittal angle was 94.839.94 degrees.the septal height represents 38.13% of the total available bone height ( abh ) . 
 the mean percentage of the septum used to insert the implants was 47.332.47% . 
 the septum increased the available bone height by a mean value of 2.181.47 mm.in 45 cases , the septa did not permit implant placement.conclusionsin completely edentulous patients , inserting implants in sinus septa does not exclude the need for sinus grafting , but in partially edentulous patients , this minimally invasive technique is an alternative to subantral augmentation .