since the introduction of resin bonded restorations by rochette , these prostheses have been notably enhanced and changed . despite successful clinical treatments , debonding of these restorations is regarded as the main problem of this treatment.1234 in early resin - bonded prostheses , the weak bond of cement to metal was the main cause of debonding . this deficiency was improved through several techniques , such as electrolytic or chemical etching of the casting surface , incorporation of macromechanical retention , applying silicoater , and air abrasion with aluminum oxide particles . the current resin cements are chemically active and capable of creating strong bond with base metal alloys.5 although adhesion to metal has been enhanced , the retention rate of resin bonded restorations is not satisfactory yet . debonding still occurs commonly at the cement - dentin interface.123 several studies have evaluated the effects of biomechanical properties and preparation design on the success of resin - bonded prostheses . they have consequently emphasized the resistance and retention forms as the determining factors of better clinical retention of resin - bonded restorations.456789 therefore , the design of these prostheses has changed from minimum or no preparation to extensive preparations with additional features such as boxes and grooves or occlusal rest seats . unfortunately , extensive preparations increase the potential loss of enamel , which is highly crucial for bonding and adversely affects the retention.67910 increasing the adhesive - tooth contact surface through managing the surface roughness is a technique to improve the retention . however , there are limited studies evaluating the effect of roughness created by different rotary instruments on the success of full coverage restorations . studied the surface roughness produced by diamond , tungsten carbide , and tungsten carbide finishing burs and found that diamond burs increased the surface area by a larger degree when compared with carbide burs.11 in another study , ayad et al . detected that crosscut carbide burs raised the retention of full coverage restoration cemented with zinc polycarboxylate by 46 - 55% . the study suggested considering retentive measures in preparation design when smooth surface is preferred . roughening the preparation surface with rotary instruments increases the cement - tooth interlocking mechanism and improves the retention ; consequently , the need for extra retentive measures declines.12 due to the inconclusive literature about the effect of dentin roughness on the retention of crowns and also the lack of similar studies on resin - bonded restorations , it seems essential to determine the influence of dentin roughening by diamond rotary instruments on the retention of these restorations . therefore , the present study aims to compare the effects of diamond rotary burs with different grit sizes on retention of resin - bonded restorations . the null hypothesis of this study is that different grit sizes of diamond rotary instruments do not affect the shear bond strength of resin - bonded restorations . in this experimental study , 60 maxillary central incisors of the same size were collected and stored in 1% chloramine - t solution ( solarbio bioscience & technology co. , ltd . , the teeth were intact and extracted because of periodontal diseases . by using a dental surveyor , each tooth was embedded in a polymeric tube filled with auto - polymerizing acrylic resin ( unifast ii , gc corp . , . then the proximal and buccal enamel surfaces of the teeth were cut with a low speed diamond saw ( diamant , gmbh , d&z , berlin , germany ) and the buccal dentin was prepared as a rectangle ( 4  4 mm ) . a caliper with an accuracy of 0.1 mm ( mitutoya , tokyo , japan ) was used to measure and control the dimensions of all specimens . once the samples were ready , their buccal dentin was ground with wet silicon carbide paper ( shanghai hangli co. , ltd . , different grit sizes of silicon carbide papers were used in a sequence of 420 , 600 , 1000 , and 1200 for 20 seconds . after standardization of the dentin roughness , samples were randomly classified into four groups and polished surface of each group was prepared by using diamond rotary burs ( nti - kahla gmbh ; kahla , germany ) of different grit sizes . based on the grit size of the diamond bur used , each group was named as sc ( super - coarse with surface roughness of 181 m ) , c ( coarse : 151 m ) , m ( medium : 107 - 126 m ) , and f ( fine : 40 m ) . the samples in group sc were prepared merely by very coarse diamond bur with surface roughness of 181 microns and a high - speed air turbine . the samples in group c were prepared with super - coarse grit size diamond bur followed by a coarse grit bur ( 151 m ) . the surfaces of samples in group m were prepared with super - coarse , coarse , and a medium grit size ( 107 - 126 m ) diamond burs sequentially . group f was prepared with the same method of the previous group ( m ) and then treated with a fine bur ( 40 m).13 having prepared the dentin surface , a custom acrylic resin tray ( unifast ii : gc crop . , tokyo , japan ) was constructed for each sample , and the final impression was made with polyether impression material ( impregum ; 3 m espe ag , seefeld , germany ) . employing lost - wax casting technique , 60 metal castings ( 4  4 mm , 1 mm thick ) were made of nickel - chromium alloy ( verabond ii : aalbadent , cordelia , ca , usa ) . after finishing and polishing of the castings , their internal surfaces were air - abraded with 50 m aluminum oxide particles for 10 seconds . according to the manufacturer 's instruction , ed primer liquids a and b were mixed equally , applied on dentin surface , and air dried gently . then , equal amounts of panavia cement pastes ( panavia f2 ; kurary , osaka , japan ) were mixed for 20 seconds and applied on the surface of the casting and bonded to the prepared dentin surfaces . each sample was loaded in the universal testing machine ( hounsfield ; model h5-ks , surray , uk ) for 5 minutes with a load of 10 n. cement excess was removed and , after 5 minutes , samples were cured for 40 seconds by light curing unit ( astralis 7 ; ivoclar vivadent ag , lichtenstein , germany ) . all samples were thermocycled in 5 to 55 water baths for a total of 1000 cycles with dwell and transfer times of 15 seconds . in order to determine the shear bond strength , samples were mounted on the universal testing machine and an axial load was applied with a chisel - shaped rod at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm / min along the casting - cement interface until failure occurred . the maximum load that caused debonding tokyo , japan ) at 40  magnification , the types of failure were evaluated and classified into three categories as the following : ( i ) adhesive failure with the cement remnant on the prepared dentin surfaces , ( ii ) adhesive failure with the cement remnant on the casting surface , and ( iii ) mixed failure with cement remnants on both prepared dentin and casting surfaces . spss software ( ibm spss version 17 , chicago , il , usa ) was used for data analysis . one - way anova was performed to determine the effect of dentin roughness on shear bond strength , and tukey 's post - hoc test was used to compare the differences among the study groups . the mean  sd shear bond strength ( in mpa ) of the groups are summarized in table 2 . the shear bond strength of the samples prepared with super coarse grit diamond burs ( group sc ) was significantly higher than that with fine grit rotary instruments ( group f ) ( p < .001 ) . table 3 illustrates the failure mode distribution . regardless of the surface treatment , the most frequent failure type was adhesive failure with the resin cement remnants remained on the castings . mixed failure mode was detected in all groups ; however , it was most seen in group sc ( 33% ) followed by group c ( 20% ) . the results of the present study showed that the bond strength of panavia cement to dentin surfaces treated with super coarse grit diamond bur was higher than that with the fine grit diamond bur , and the difference was statistically significant . thus , the null hypothesis of the study that dentin roughness would not affect the retention of the resin - bonded restorations was rejected . although there is no similar previous study about the bond strength of resin - bonded restorations , the result of this study supports several reported studies that have emphasized the important effect of dentin roughness on crown retention . ayad et al.11 demonstrated that dentin surface treatment affects the adhesive bond strength through changing the surface structure . in a similar study , ayad et al . showed that higher dentin roughness increased the retention of the crowns cemented with zinc phosphate cements while the smooth surfaces of teeth created by finishing burs provided less retention . the study also reported that , regardless of the type of instrumentation , panavia exhibited more retentive strength than zinc phosphate cement . ayad concluded that the retention of casting restorations depended on both the type of cement and the bur used in dentin surface finishing . 12 likewise , the study by mowery et al . revealed that the rough surface of prepared dentin provided a higher bond strength , which might be attributed to the increased total surface area involved in the bond.14 intimate contact of two opposing surfaces is necessary to establish a stable bond between dentin and the resin cement . the degree to which the adhesive moistens the dentin surface depends on the cement viscosity , contact angle between the two surfaces , topography of dentin surface , and the grit size of the cutting instrument.151617181920 when the dentin is cut , a smear layer of different thickness and density is formed on it , whose morphology and characteristics depend on the grit size of burs or abrasive instruments . accordingly , the greater the grit size of the abrasive rotary instrument , the thicker the smear layer.18192122 debris and smear layer reduce the surface energy , which may lead to poor adhesion ; for that reason , some investigations have recommended removing the smear layer to improve the bond strength.232425 to interpret the results of this study , it should be considered that the condition of the dentin surface after preparation ( including the roughness and smear layer characteristics ) has antagonistic effects on bonding of resin cements.262728 increasing the roughness of dentin surface provides a larger surface area for physical interaction with resin cement , resulting in stronger chemical bond with the dentin . on the other hand , thicker smear layer formed by diamond burs may prevent proper interaction between high - viscosity resin cement and the underlying dentin.181922293031 the negative effect of smear layer thickness on the bond strength was not observed in the present study . the ed primer in panavia cement kit had the ability to etch through the smear layer and leave the underlying dentin partially demineralized , increasing dentin permeability to the functional monomer of resin cement.3233 moreover , bonding to the prepared surface of dentin might also have been influenced by other factors . it seems that the pressure imposed on indirect restorations during cementation plays an important role in resin bonding and determines the efficacy of reaction between adhesive cement and dentin surface covered with smear layer . some studies agree that the seating pressure applied on luting agents during cementation of indirect restoration improves their adaptation and bond strength to dentin.162634 according to de munck et al . , viscosity of the material decreases under continuous shear rate.35 besides , higher seating pressure reduces the number of pores left on the bond interface or inside the adhesive cement . furthermore , intimate contact between the adhesive cement and the underlying dentin improves the physical interaction between the surfaces through affecting the factors involved in bond strength , including van der waals force , hydrogen bridges , and charge - transfers.162935 in addition to the positive effect of the seating pressure on the bond strength , chieffi et al . and other researchers have evaluated the effect of applying a constant pressure during the cement setting and concluded that it prevented water absorption and globule formation ; therefore , a better adhesive surface would be achieved.3436 as a result , decreasing infiltration of water from the underlying dentin into the primer - cement system might lead to better coupling of the resin to dentin and improve bond strength . thus , selecting the appropriate cement in combination with pressure application duration affected the bond strength significantly.36 with respect to the findings of this study , dentin surface roughness has the potential to improve the bond strength of resin bonded restoration . however , long - term in vitro and in vivo studies should be conducted to support clinical cases . additionally , new miscellaneous adhesive cements with high variety must be evaluated of their specific performance . according to findings of the current study , preparing tooth surface by using coarse diamond burs enhances the bond strength of resin - bonded restorations .
purposethis study aimed to investigate whether dentin surface preparation with diamond rotary instruments of different grit sizes affects the shear bond strength of resin - bonded restorations.materials and methodsthe buccal enamel of 60 maxillary central incisors was removed with a low speed diamond saw and wet ground with silicon carbide papers . 
 the polished surfaces of the teeth were prepared with four groups of rotary diamond burs with super - coarse ( sc ) , coarse ( c ) , medium ( m ) , and fine ( f ) grit sizes . 
 following surface preparation , 60 restorations were casted with nickel - chromium alloy and bonded with panavia cement . to assess the shear bond strength , 
 the samples were mounted on a universal testing machine and an axial load was applied along the cement - restoration interface at the crosshead speed of 0.5 mm / min . 
 the acquired data was analyzed with one way anova and tukey post hoc test ( =.05).resultsthe mean  sd shear bond strengths ( in mpa ) of the study groups were 17.75  1.41 for sc , 13.82  1.13 for c , 10.40  1.45 for m , and 7.13  1.18 for f. statistical analysis revealed the significant difference among the study groups such that the value for group sc was significantly higher than that for group f ( p<.001).conclusiondentin surface roughness created by diamond burs of different grit sizes considerably influences the shear bond strength of resin bonded restorations .