traditionally , two dimensional ( 2d ) film - based planning with point dose - based prescription was used , in which dose is prescribed to the point a , and the isodose line traveling through point a forms the classic pear shape encompassing the intended boost treatment volume . with increasing availability of 3-dimensional ( 3d ) imaging compatible applicators , 3d volumetric planning has been recommended by the american brachytherapy society ( abs ) 2012 guidelines [ 24 ] . by contouring the high risk clinical target volume ( hr - ctv ) , the bladder and the rectum dose volume information , e.g. , d90% of the hr - ctv , and the d2cc of the rectum and the bladder , would be used to design the plan . in clinical practice , due to the limited access of good soft tissue contrast image modality , e.g. , mri , a hybrid planning approach combining point a - based prescription and dose volume - based plan evaluation is often adopted , in which ct images are used to localize sources and evaluate critical structure dose volume information , but point a - based prescription rather than target - based dose prescription is used . the abundant clinical experience accumulated by the radiation oncologists throughout decades of practice , makes point a - based prescription still an important component in cervical cancer brachytherapy with active researches underway [ 57 ] . the definition of point a has had several variations in terms of its location along the tandem direction . in the original manchester system , point a was defined as  2 cm lateral to the central canal of the uterus , and 2 cm up from the mucous membrane of the lateral fornix in the axis of the uterus the definition was modified to be  2 cm up from the lower end of the last intrauterine tube , and then 2 cm laterally in the plane of uterus  ( aos ) based on the observation that a high proportion of the patients had  the cervix eroded away and the lateral vaginal fornices covered by fungating tumor or , in the indurated type of cancer , so narrowed that they scarcely exist  . since the last intrauterine tube is usually placed against the cervical os , following this definition aos would be easier to define in 2d film - based planning due to the superior radiographic visibility of the flange of the tandem , which is supposedly adjacent to the cervical os . for example , the definition of point a from the vaginal fornices ( aovoid ) has been adopted by the abs guidelines [ 24 ] , whereas the definition of point a from the cervical os ( aos ) is described and referenced to in a standard medical physics textbook . switching between two point a definitions in clinical practice may be problematic . several studies [ 5 , 1015 ] showed that a slight variation in point a location can result in significant dose variation . in a very recent study , anderson et al .   evaluated the impact of selection of different point as on the dose to hr - ctv contoured from mr images in high - dose - rate ( hdr ) cervical cancer brachytherapy patients . however , in certain cases the point a dose difference could be as high as 12% . in this study , we retrospectively evaluated the dosimetric impacts due to different point a definitions based on a series of 3d ct planning images for low - dose - rate ( ldr ) cervical cancer brachytherapy from our institution . in addition to the geometric shift of point a location from one definition to another , the changes of the treatment volume ( i.e. , the volume encompassed by the prescription isodose line ) and the changes of various volumetric , and dosimetric parameters of critical organs were also analyzed . results derived from this study may provide useful information on relationships between point a definitions and 3d volumetric , and dosimetric parameters and may help in the transfer of clinical experiences of point a - based prescription to 3d target volume - based prescription . twenty ct - based ldr brachytherapy plans of 11 cervical patients treated from december 2009 through august 2011 were retrospectively reviewed in the eclipse treatment planning system ( varian medical systems , palo alto , ca ) . critical organs including the rectum and the bladder were contoured and confirmed by two radiation oncologists independently . in the original plan used for treatment , point as were defined following the modified manchester definition ( aos ) : 2 cm superior to the cervical os along the tandem and 2 cm lateral . the top of the flange on the tandem was used as a surrogate for the cervical os since the anatomical os was difficult to identify and the flange was right next to the os . in all cases , henschke applicators   were used with different cap sizes , and 3 - 4 cs sources were used in the tandem and 1 cs source in each ovoid . the source arrangement was optimized to deliver prescription dose to point a while minimizing the values of 2cc ( the dose rate value corresponding to 2 cc on the cumulative dose volume histogram ) of the rectum and the bladder . the prescription dose to point a was 22.5 gy for each fraction following our institution guideline for cervical cancer ldr . aovoid was inserted into the same ct image following the 2012 abs recommendation   for each of the clinical plans . a new plan was generated based on the same source arrangement , but with the prescription point changed from aos to aovoid . it should be noted that since two point as are most likely at different locations with different dose rates , the change of the prescription point would change the treatment time , and the absolute dose to the target volumes and normal structures . dosimetric parameters including dose rates to both point as , the treatment volumes ( tv ) and dose rates to 2 cc of the rectum and the bladder respect to the prescription dose ( 2cc / (a ) ) were recorded . tv was defined as the volume encompassed by the isodose rate line traveling through the prescription point , e.g. , in the original plan it was the volume encompassed by isodose rate line traveling through aos , and in the new plan it was the volume encompassed by isodose rate line traveling through aovoid . a positive value on the x - axis indicates that aovoid was superior to aos along the tandem direction . the average shift between aovoid and aos was 8.9 mm with a standard deviation of 5.4 mm . only 2 out of 20 cases had aovoid inferior to aos . a histogram of the shifts between aovoid and aos along the direction parallel to the tandem . the positive number indicates aovoid was superior to aos 
  based on the original planned source arrangement which was kept to be the same between the original clinical plan and the new plan , the average dose rate at aovoid was 43.7 cgy / hr , and the average dose rate at aos was 51.3 cgy / hr . the standard deviation of the dose rate at aovoid was 6.38 cgy / hr ( 14.6% of the mean ) and 6.77 cgy / hr ( 13.2% of the mean ) for aos . if we calculate ( (aos/(aovoid ) for an individual case , the dose rate ratio was 119% on average . the average treatment volume ( tv ) defined by aovoid ( tv(aovoid ) ) was 118.0 cc , which was 30% more than the average tv(aos ) of 93.0 cc . table 1 listed the treatment volume ( tv ) between the original clinical plan and the new plan among all the cases . dosimetric parameters between the original plan and the new plan tv is the treatment volume . figure 2 shows the relationships between the geometric shift of point a ( aovoid  aos ) , the ratio of (aovoid / (aos ) and tv(aovoid)/tv(aos ) . with point a shifting away from the ovoids , (a ) decreased and tv(a ) increased . from the graph , the geometric shift of point a was poorly correlated with the dose rate change to point a and tv change . therefore , there was no reliable mathematical formula to calculate the dosimetric consequences , e.g. , point a dose rate change , and the tv change , from the geometric changes the 2nd order polynomial fitting lines are also plotted the doses to 2 cc of the rectum and the bladder were measured relative to the prescription dose and listed in table 1 . with the same source arrangement between the original clinical plan and the new plan , therefore , 2cc for bladder and rectum would stay the same regardless of the prescription method . however , by prescribing to point a , the bladder and rectum d2cc would be different between two plans and determined by the 2cc to (a ) ratio . in the original plan which had aos as the prescription point , the average rectum and the bladder 2cc were 51% and 89% of (aos ) , respectively , compared to 60% and 106% of (aovoid ) , when aovoid was used as the prescription point . in this study we were able to utilize 3d ct image- guided treatment planning to extract information about not only the shift of point a and dose rate change , but also the changes of prescribed treatment volume and critical organ volumetric dose in ldr cervical cancer brachytherapy . this study revealed that there was a clear difference in dose delivered when using the two different point a definitions . for the investigated patient population , this difference led to an almost 9 mm shift in point a location along the tandem on average , which is similar to anderson et al . this observation is different from the finding by tod and meredith , in which they suggested the change from the original point a definition in the manchester system ( aovoid ) to the modified manchester system ( aos ) due to minimum difference between those two points , but better visualization of aos on radiograph . they wrote :  in the average case the lower end of the cervical canal is level with the lateral fornices , as indicated by ovoid position  . the difference in the current study could be due to the difference in patients bulk of disease at the time of treatment . in their paper , the authors mentioned that a high proportion of patient under treatment had their cervix  eroded away  . patients with such an advanced stage of disease may not be as common in today due to comprehensive screening and early diagnoses . although the original rationale for changing the original point a definition in the manchester system ( aovoid ) to the modified manchester system ( aos ) may not apply today , we are not recommending one definition over another , which is a question that should only be answered by clinical trials . this study is intended to provide volumetric and dosimetric information on what a clinician may encounter if he / she utilizes the different definition of point a in clinical practice . currently , with the recently published abs guidelines [ 24 ] , it is likely that more and more practices which have been prescribing to aos will tend to start to prescribe to aovoid . if the source arrangement and source strength remains the same , the dose rate at aovoid is 14% lower than that of aos . therefore , without correspondingly adjusting the prescription dose , the total reference air kerma would be 14% higher and the treatment volume would be 30% larger . 's finding , in which the change of total reference air kerma and treatment volume were merely 2% and 3% , respectively . the difference may due to the difference treatment modalities , e.g. , ldr vs. hdr . as shown in the current study , with a same source arrangement and strength , the dose rate at aovoid is likely to be lower than that at aos . in clinical practice , it is often the case where the source strength and arrangement is chosen , so that the dose rate at the prescription point is close to a certain value . thus , if a decision is made to shift the prescription point from aos to aovoid and the dose rate at aovoid is made to be similar to the value previously used for the cases with aos as the prescription point , the resultant dose rate at aos is most likely going to be higher , indicating a higher dose rate delivery compared to the prior clinical treatments . to demonstrate this effect , we carried out a simple experiment : a new plan prescribing to aovoid was generated assuming its prescription point aovoid received the same dose rate as the prescription point aos had in the original plan . figure 3 compares the dose rate to aos in the original plan and the dose rate to aos in the new plan . in the original plan , the dose rate to aos was 51.3 cgy / hr on average , whereas in the new plan the dose rate to aos had an average of 61.7 cgy / hr with certain cases well beyond 80 cgy / hr . as pointed out in the abs guideline for ldr cervical cancer brachytherapy , when point a dose rate increased from a typical 40 - 60 cgy / hr ldr range to 80 - 120 cgy / hr of medium - dose - rate range , late complications , including small bowel obstruction , vesico - vaginal fistula , and ureterohydronephrosis could increase from 30% to 45% , even the prescription dose remains the same . thus , when the prescription point is changed , both total prescription dose and dose rate to the previously would be defined treatment volume have to be taken into consideration to replicate accumulated clinical experiences . dose rate to aos in the original plan ( prescribed to aos ) and the new plan ( prescribed to aovoid ) , which delivers the same dose rate to the prescription point of all 20 cases point a based cervical cancer brachytherapy prescription and reporting has been introduced along with the film based planning in order to provide consistency in dose delivery and reporting , allowing for easier comparison of clinical outcomes . with the increasing availability of the 3d ct images , utilization of film based planning however , point a based prescription and reporting is still encouraged as the most current clinical experience is based on this practice and the prescription can be easily integrated in the 3d image based planning . this study further demonstrated that the point a re - definition can lead to significant dosimetric differences . careful consideration should be given when changing practice from one point a definition to another to ensure dosimetric , and clinical equivalency from the previous clinical experiences .
purposeto investigate the dosimetric difference due to the different point a definitions in cervical cancer low - dose - rate ( ldr ) intracavitary brachytherapy.material and methodstwenty ct - based ldr brachytherapy plans of 11 cervical patients were retrospectively reviewed . 
 two plans with point as following the modified manchester system which defines point a being 2 cm superior to the cervical os along the tandem and 2 cm lateral ( aos ) , and the american brachytherapy society ( abs ) guideline definition in which the point a is 2 cm superior to the vaginal fornices instead of os ( aovoid ) were generated . using the same source strength , 
 two plans prescribed the same dose to aos and aovoid . 
 dosimetric differences between plans including point a dose rate , treatment volume encompassed by the prescription isodose line ( tv ) , and dose rate of 2 cc of the rectum and bladder to the prescription dose were measured.resultson average aovoid was 8.9 mm superior to aos along the tandem direction with a standard deviation of 5.4 mm . with the same source strength and arrangement , aos dose rate was 19% higher than aovoid dose rate . 
 the average tv(aovoid ) was 118.0 cc , which was 30% more than the average tv(aos ) of 93.0 cc . 
 d2cc / d(aprescribe ) increased from 51% to 60% for rectum , and increased from 89% and 106% for bladder , if the prescription point changed from aos to aovoid.conclusionsdifferent point a definitions lead to significant dose differences . 
 careful consideration should be given when changing practice from one point a definition to another , to ensure dosimetric and clinical equivalency from the previous clinical experiences .