with an estimated incidence of approximately 290 new cases per 100,000 residents per year , hearing loss is one of the most frequent inner ear disorders in western countries . even though there is often at least partial remission , lasting hearing loss and tinnitus are problematic consequences in many cases . notwithstanding , the pathogenesis is still largely unknown even today and is subject to controversial discussion . the most frequently discussed causes of hearing loss , also due to the clinical signs with sudden , one - sided commencement and possible spontaneous remission within hours or days , include disturbances in the cochlear microcirculation . animal studies revealed that cochlear microcirculation is highly subject to disturbances and even slight changes in the regional blood flow may cause functional changes of the organ of corti . however , a monocausal occurrence is rather unlikely , so that numerous other causalities such as viral infections , immune and autoimmune pathological processes , endolymphatic hydrops or a sum of these mechanisms are under discussion . clinical evidence shows a negative effect of hyperlipidemia on hearing function   since high serum ldl ( low density lipoprotein ) and low hdl ( high density lipoprotein ) are commonly accepted as vascular risk factors . beyond from its well known part in development of atherosclerosis and increase of blood viscosity , cholesterol can impair cochlear microcirculation by diminishing the release of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide ( no ) from endothelial cells . a second possible mechanism of hearing impairment by high serum cholesterol is a direct action at the outer hair cell ( ohc ) membrane . isolated ohcs show diminished motility when incubated with a cholesterol enriched medium , probably due to increased stiffness caused by integration of cholesterol molecules into the lateral wall membrane . since fibrinogen is a large glycoprotein that defines rheological properties of whole blood by increasing plasma viscosity and inducing aggregation of erythrocytes , thrombocytes , and leucocytes , it is also thought to be a risk factor for inner ear disorders by reducing cochlear blood flow . acutely lowering serum ldl and fibrinogen by means of ldl and fibrinogen apheresis thus increases cochlear blood flow without additional hemodilution and has been proven to be effective in treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss . interestingly , a minor ( 1.8  db ) but significant improvement of hearing threshold at the contralateral , healthy ear was also observed in the study . within the last years , the apheresis was used as therapeutic option in treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss in particular if standard treatment with steroids or hemodilution were ineffective . because of the relevance for these patients , we aimed to assess whether lowering serum fibrinogen and ldl levels by fibrinogen / ldl apheresis may be an effective treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss in patients who are nonresponding toward other treatment options such as corticosteroids and plasmaexpanders . a retrospective study was performed to investigate remission rates in patients with sshl after treatment with single fibrinogen / ldl apheresis . in particular , we wanted to answer the question if a single fibrinogen / ldl apheresis is an option in treatment of sshl even if other therapies such as high doses of steroids or plasmaexpanders have been given unsuccessfully . we further wanted to compare the remission rates of different frequencies of hearing loss and different intervals between onset of sshl and apheresis . as main outcome measure , we examined the differences of pure tone threshold before and after 2 weeks of treatment . different frequencies of hearing loss were distinguished by means of pure - tone threshold : high- , low- , middle - frequency , pancochlear , deafness . concerning the interval between onset of sshl and apheresis , we defined the following groups  interval up to 14 days ; interval between 14 and 42 days ; interval between 42 and 90 days . , the patients were treated within the medical care unit , kempten - allgu and the university of munich , campus grohadern between january 2004 and june 2009 . all patients provided written informed consent . an independent office ( medizinisches wirtschaftsinstitut , munich , germany ) monitored and analyzed the data . the patients , from 1880 years of age suffering from acute sshl which previously had been treated unsuccessfully using therapies such as high doses of steroids or plasmaexpanders , were included . audiometric testing such as pure - tone audiometry ( frequencies 125 , 250 , 500 , 1000 , 2000 , 4000 , and 8000  hz ) , tympanometry and stapedius reflex measurements was performed before treatment and 2 weeks after therapy in accordance with iso 7029 . all laboratory tests were done immediately before and after treatment at the same laboratory using standard methods . we measured the concentrations of total cholesterol , hdl cholesterol , ldl cholesterol , triglycerides and lipoprotein(a ) , sodium , potassium , calcium , urea , glucose , creatinine , total protein , bilirubin , uric acid , albumin , high sensitivity c - reactive protein , alanine transaminase , and aspartate transaminase . we also assessed leucocytes , erythrocytes , thrombocytes , hemoglobin , packed - cell volume , mean corpuscular volume , mean corpuscular hemoglobin , mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration , the concentration of fibrinogen , the international normalization ratio , and the partial thrombin time . the patients having a clotting disorder , malignant disease , hepatitis b or c , hiv-1 , hiv-2 , or dementia were excluded . the procedure of fibrinogen / ldl apheresis has been described previously as h.e.l.p .- apheresis ( heparininducedldl - precipitation ) . we treated 3  l plasma within 2  h ( plasmat futura , b braun medizintechnologie gmbh , melsungen , germany ) on an outpatient basis . this procedure reduced plasma cholesterol , ldl , fibrinogen , and lipoprotein(a ) by more than 50% . the statistical evaluation is descriptive and was performed with sas ( version 9.1 ) for windows and the software spss ( version 12.0 ) . data were presented at the symposium on therapeutic apheresis bad oeynhausen october 2012 and were already published elsewhere . laboratory tests revealed significant ( p  <  0.001 ) decreases of fibrinogen and plasma lipids by fibrinogen / ldl apheresis . regarding all patients and frequencies , complete remissions were observed in 15% of the cases , whereas partial remissions were seen in 46% . in 33% of the patients , we observed no change while 2% worsened ( fig .  1 ) . 1the remission rates of all patients in percent table 1the composition as well as the cardiovascular risk factors of all patients . values are given as numbers percent or mean  sd patients characteristicsgendermalen  =  144 ( 66%)femalen  =  73 ( 33%)age ( years)56.89    14.00hypertensionn  =  46 ( 21%)nicotine consumptionn  =  32 ( 12%)hyperlipidemian  =  69 ( 32%)diabetes mellitusn  =  6 ( 3%)table 2laboratory data before apheresisafter apheresisreduction rate ( % ) total cholesterol ( mg / dl)218.45    46.02115.27    25.28**47.2hdl cholesterol ( mg / dl)57.65 14.3846.62    10.56**19.1ldl cholesterol ( mg / dl)127.17    41.7555.50    22.91**56.4triglycerides ( mg / dl)195.47    122.4185.74    22,64**56.1lipoprotein(a ) ( mg / dl)30.61    28.3711.60 <  0.001 the remission rates of all patients in percent   the composition as well as the cardiovascular risk factors of all patients . values are given as numbers percent or mean  sd   figure  2 shows the remission rates divided into different frequencies of hearing loss . when we grouped complete and partial remissions ( remissions total ) , we observed remission rates of 61% in the high frequency group , 74% in low frequencies , 40% in middle frequencies , 66% in the pancochlear sshl group , and 40% in deaf patients . figure  3 gives evaluated hearing thresholds ( frequencies 125 , 250 , 500 , 1000 , 2000 , 4000 , and 8000  hz ) of all patients . after a single fibrinogen / ldl apheresis , a significant ( p  < the mean increase over all the patients and frequencies was 14.9    2.7  db.fig . 3the hearing thresholds before and after fibrinogen / ldl apheresis in percent   the remission rates divided into different frequencies of hearing loss   the hearing thresholds before and after fibrinogen / ldl apheresis in percent   figure  4 gives remission rates depending on the interval between onset of sshl and fibrinogen / ldl apheresis . the number of complete remissions decreased from 32% within 14 days to 15% within 42 days . also the number of remissions total ( complete + partial remissions ) decreased from 70% after 2 weeks between onset of sshl and apheresis to 63 and 21% for an interval of 6 weeks and 3 months respectively.fig . 4the remission rates depending on the interval between onset of sshl and apheresis   the remission rates depending on the interval between onset of sshl and apheresis little is known about the pathogenesis of idiopathic hearing loss ; nonetheless , disturbances in the cochlear microcirculation are among the most commonly discussed causes . in a significant number of patients , the clinical signs of hearing loss are similar to those of other vascular disorders such as stroke or myocardial infarction . blood supply of the inner ear is provided by the labyrinthic artery which is a functional end artery , and thus , shunting from the periphery can not compensate for disturbances in regional blood flow . furthermore , the labyrinthic artery supplies the vestibulocochlear artery and the spiralis modiolic artery , which supply the cochlea and the vestibular organ . more than 30% of the patients also have vestibular symptoms supporting the hypothesis that sshl may be of vascular origin . however , the association of hearing loss and vascular risk factors is still subject to controversial discussion . nonetheless , numerous therapeutic modalities were described and implemented under the hypothesis of vascular pathology of hearing loss in recent years . it was thus far not possible to prove the success of these therapies , since there are only very few clinical data which represent the remission rates of various types of hearing loss and therapeutic modalities while taking the time - related therapeutic window into account . a therapeutic option commonly used in europe consists of glucosteroids and hypervolemic hemodilution by means of plasma replacement products . the effect of corticosteroids is based on an antiinflammatory and swelling - reducing effect with the assumption that an inflammation or immune system modulated reaction on the inner ear may be causative for the development of hearing loss . the effect which reduces swelling as well as the increased response to catecholamines is also intended to increase cochlear blood flow . as for the rheological infusion therapy , there are also few placebo - controlled clinical studies about the effectiveness of steroid therapy in the treatment of idiopathic hearing loss . existing studies furthermore show nonuniform results , so that a metaanalysis which was published in 2006   herein also shows the unproven effect of cortisone . the use of plasma expanders increases the circulating blood volume and simultaneously reduces the relative share of the cellular part of the blood . the consequence is an increased heart time volume with simultaneously improved flow attributes of the whole blood . the objective of therapeutic improvement of the blood s flowing behavior is to improve the microcirculation , since this is required for optimal supply of oxygen and energy carriers to the inner ear as well as removal of metabolic end products . hydroxyethyl starch solutions find particular use in clinical practice . aside from the effect of hemodilution , he s also brings about a reduction of inflammation signs and endothelial cell activation . overall , no study which contained at least 50 rheologically treated patients showed a hearing gain or a higher remission rate as compared to the control group which was treated with placebo . as a side effect of therapy with he s , a dosage dependent , long lasting , but reversible itching sensation has been described . with high dosing of he s , cumulative embedment of hydroxyethyl starch of more than 180  g into the reticuloendothelial system is discussed as causative . fibrinogen / ldl apheresis is an established procedure to acutely reduce the concentration of serum ldl and lipoprotein(a ) to 60% and that of fibrinogen to 65% of the original values . reduction of plasma fibrinogen improves the blood s rheological properties and results in a significant reduction of plasma viscosity , an improvement of endothelial functions in coronary and peripheral arteries   as shown by positron emission tomography   and an increase in tissue oxygenation as measured in muscle with polarographic needle methods . furthermore , the reduction of serum cholesterol increases the release of nitric oxide and could reestablish autoregulation of cochlear blood flow . hence , the reduction of plasma ldl cholesterol by apheresis treatment increases cochlear blood flow in animals and has been used in patients with sshl . in a prospective study , shiraishi et al .   showed a better hearing recovery in patients by lowering fibrinogen due to the venom enzyme batroxobin in comparison to steroids . acutely lowering the fibrinogen and serum ldl by means of fibrinogen / ldl apheresis has also been proven effective in a clinical trial . in a prospective randomized clinical study , suckfuell et al .   showed that pure - tone thresholds in patients with sudden hearing loss improved more , but not significantly attributable to apheresis compared to plasmaexpander and prednisolone treatment . interestingly , also a minor but significant elevation of the hearing threshold of the healthy contralateral ear was observed in this study . however , this study did not evaluate rates of remission in regard to different frequencies and interval between first symptoms and apheresis , since patients were included within 1 week after sshl only . another question was if apheresis is helpful after unsuccessfully conducted therapies such as high doses of steroids or plasmaexpanders . to this aim , we retrospectively investigated the outcome of a single fibrinogen / ldl apheresis as treatment of sshl after not responding toward other therapies such as corticosteroids and plasmaexpanders . if regarding all patients and frequencies , complete remissions were observed in 15% , partial remissions were seen in 46% . these data are in line with a previously reported cohort of 152 patients , where remission rates of 11% ( complete remission ) and 43% ( partial remissions ) have been found . the better results of the present study may be explained by the fact that fibrinogen was significantly ( p  <  0.01 ) higher ( 308.7    90.95  mg / dl vs. 282.23    75.22 in this study , the outcome of fibrinogen / ldl apheresis was significantly better in patients with higher ldl and fibrinogen concentrations . furthermore , the interval between onset of sshl and apheresis was slightly but not significantly shorter ( 27    35 days vs. 31    41 days ) . these data approve previous results   showing a rapid decrease in remissions after latency of apheresis of more than 6 weeks . . however , the high rate of mostly part remissions usually takes place within the first 2 weeks . this fact corroborates the efficacy of fibrinogen / ldl apheresis in treatment of sshl as successful second - line therapy even at times when spontaneous remissions are not expected anymore . after not responding toward other therapeutic options such as corticosteroids and plasmaexpanders , the 217 patients presenting with sshl were treated with single apheresis . complete remissions were reported in 15% , partial remissions were seen in 46% . the therapeutic window is approximately 6 weeks . high remission rates corroborate the effects of fibrinogen / ldl apheresis in treatment of sshl . this article is part of a supplement sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from b. braun and fresenius medical care . this article is part of a supplement sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from b. braun and fresenius medical care .
backgroundfibrinogen / ldl apheresis has been proven to be effective in treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss ( ssnh ) . 
 this study is aimed to investigate if reduction of fibrinogen and serum ldl is also effective in patients with ssnh non - responding toward treatment with corticosteroids and plasmaexpanders.methodsremission rates of 217 patients suffering from sshl were investigated after treatment with apheresis . 
 all patients were non - responders after other therapies such as high doses of steroids or plasmaexpanders.resultssingle apheresis resulted in complete or partial remissions in 61% of patients 
 when given after other unsuccessful conducted therapies such as corticosteroids and plasmaexpanders.conclusionfibrinogen/ldl apheresis is a promising rescue therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss even after unsuccessful other therapies .