the practical application of stereotaxis waited until 1947 , when spiegel and wycis began their pioneering work . many giant neurosurgeons find different solution for neuronavigation and stereotactic surgery.[15 ] soon then image - guided surgical navigation lead to the development of new methods of less invasive surgery of the nervous system . but still the major limitations related to preoperative data were , one ; the three - dimensional ( 3d ) data set has limited value unless the imaging coordinates in some way can be related to the absolute position of the patient 's head and two ; the images have limited or no value when the anatomy changes , for example during tumor resection or cyst / ventricle aspiration.[68 ] the first limitation has been partially solved by stereotactic devices and neuronavigation systems . for stereotactic systems , however , the equipment are cumbersome to handle , and the access to the lesion is limited to a single trajectory.[68 ] for frame - based stereotactic system , the main problem was that the neurosurgeons were not able to perform a craniotomy and access to pathology was possible only for biopsy or a very limited craniotomy.[59 ] on the other hand , for neuronavigation systems beside the brain shift , the other source of pitfalls ( e.g. technical and registration errors ) exists.[810 ] considering all these advantages and disadvantages , we decided to design a hybrid system based on the strong points and priority of stereotactic and neuronavigation systems . pantograph stereotactic localization and guidance system ( pslgs ) consists of three main parts : ( 1)- special pantograph , ( 2)- main frame , which supports the head of patient , and ( 3)- monitoring system , which is attached to the main frame and show the cts or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) images [ figures 1 and 2- a , b , c and d ] . the main frame of system is fixed to the head of the patient by its three arms [ figures 1 and 2- a ] . the arms have been designed in a manner that they could rotate around the ring . the slices of images aggregate one or two millimeter apart according to request of neurosurgeon and the axial images will be transferred to liquid cristal display ( lcd ) . in the operating room , the main frame is fixed to operating table and lcd is attached to the main frame by its special arms [ figures 1 and 2- c and d ] . these arms are designed so that the lcd could be at any position in relation to the head of the patient . four guideline points have been designed over the frame , which will be used to adjust the data of the patient image with their counterparts on lcd by pantograph . the pantograph , which is also attached to main frame has two arms and can easily move at any direction [ figures 1 and 2- e and f ] . the navigator part of the pantograph ( the first arm ) can support biopsy needle , cusa , endoscope , or any other devices of operation . the other arm of pantograph has a pointer that move at the same direction and plane as the navigator arm displace . a special laser pointer is located over this second arm of pantograph which shows the directions of pointer before it reach the surface of lcd [ figures 1 and 2- e ] , so this arm show the data over lcd and the other arm ( navigator arm ) show the counterpart data over the patient 's brain and cranium [ figures 1 and 2- e and f ] . we designed a simulation operation on two cases , an occipital cavernous angioma and a frontal oligodendroglioma . the brain of both cases that has been seen on cts and mri were reconstructed and simulated and then a simulation films were constructed to see the ability of system to detect and localize the pathology . the software that have been used for reconstruction and simulation were ; poser ( version 7 ) , catia ( version 5- r18 ) , and 3 dimension max ( version 2008 ) . ( b ) the head of the patient have been fixed to operating table at prone position and the images have been transferred to monitor . ( e and f ) the pantoghraph show that the data of the patient head and pathology are seen at the same location of their counterpart on lcd . ( b ) the head of patient have been fixed at supine position to operating table and the mri images have been transferred to monitor . ( c and d ) the patient and images on lcd data have been adjusted . ( e and f ) the pantoghraph show that the data of the patient head and pathology are seen at the same location of their counterpart on lcd . we designed a simulation operation on two cases , an occipital cavernous angioma and a frontal oligodendroglioma . the first case was all data related to a female , 27-year - old with cavernous angioma , who was referred to us because of progressive homonymous hemianopia and visual loss . a simulation operation with mri ( t2 series ) was designed and the capabilities of system evaluated . these two cases were selected because they were at opposite site and exactly at two extreme parts of the cranium and brain . the main problem ahead on many neurosurgeons is the way they could approach a deep lesion inside cranial cavity[15 ] . although sterotactic and neuronavigation have their own benefits but have also pitfalls as well[1012 ] . frame - based stereotactic systems ( fbss ) have the advantage of proven clinical utility and instrument carriage with a high degree of mechanical stability and accuracy on the other hand frameless methods are more complex , but also more flexible , and may have wide applications in general neurosurgery.[1013 ] in fbss , neurosurgeons do not have any opportunity to change the trajectory or the plain of biopsy during operation but , with pslgs it is easy to choice or change the new target on cts or mri throughout the operation like any other neuronavigation systems . for some systems , such as sonowand , the possibility of using intra - operative sonoghraphy during operation exists , but this advantage needs a lot of equipments and technology that also could not be fined for many neurosurgical centers . for fbss , the frame and the arc of the system is a great barrier for neurosurgeon to perform a craniotomy ; however , in neuronavigation system this is not the case . in our system , the frame is so designed that the pedicles can rotate around the main frame and provides a very large field of operation or craniotomy . on the other hand , for lekcell and other stereotactic system the manipulation of arc and other compartments of systems is not so easy and may change the data of registration during operation but with pslgs the neurosurgeon does not need to use the three - point cranial holder ( e.g. mayfield ) before operation as it should be considered for neuronavigaiton system . except for the needle of biopsy , other devices are not compatible with stereotactic systems . our system is so designed that it can support all devices that neurosurgeon need during operation such as cusa , suction tube , sonoghraphy probe and so on . this is one of the most important neuronavigaiton system priorities that we have considered for our system as well . in pslgs all of the devices can be hold by the arm of pantograph and could be fixed at any position during operation . the registration is mechanical in pslgs so the chance of human error is very low as it may occur for some of neuronavigation system . the first plane of images is at the same plane of monitor ( lcd ) , which is at its default position . the only registration that neurosurgeons have to do before operation is to adjust one of the predicted markers over the frame with its counterpart on lcd slices but for neuronavigation system it takes at least half an hour for image and patient registration . finally , pslgs is easy to use and less expensive . for countries that do not have the chance of having sophisticated technology and neuronavigation
everyday , neurosurgeons face the problem of orientation within the brain but the advent of stereotactic surgery and neuronavigation have solved this problem . 
 frame - based stereotactic systems ( fbss ) and neuronavigation systems have their own strengths and priority and pitfalls , which were the main driving force for us to design a new system . 
 this hybrid system comprises three main parts : main frame , monitoring system , and pantograph , which are connected to each other and to the operating table by particular attachments . for using this system , after performing ct scan or magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) the axial view 
 will be transferred to liquid cristal display ( lcd ) . in the operating room , 
 the head of the patient fixes to the operating table and registration is completed by two arms of pantograph . 
 we made a simulation operation with our system on an occipital cavernous angioma and a frontal oligodendroglioma . 
 the software , which have been used for simulation were as follows ; poser ( version-7 ) , catia ( version 5- r18 ) , and 3 dimension max ( version 2008 ) . 
 the accuracy of this system is approximately two millimeter . 
 the advantages of this system are : easy to use , much less expensive , and compatible with different devices , which may be needed during neurosurgical operation . for countries that do not have the opportunity to have sophisticated technology and neuronavigation system 
 , we believe that our system is a one - stop solution .