this study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the world medical association of helsinki . informed consent was obtained from all participants after an explanation of the purpose and possible consequences of the study . the inclusion criteria were as follows : primary nasal pterygium , willingness to attend the required study visit , and lack of any systemic disease . the exclusion criteria were as follows : any corneal disease or scar ; contact lens use within 3 months ; cicatricial ocular surface disease ; other comorbid ocular diseases such as ocular allergies ; continuous use of topical ocular medications ; and histories of ocular surgery or ocular injury . dry eye symptoms were assessed using ocular surface disease index ( osdi ) questionnaire , which was developed to assess the vision - related health - targeted quality of life with dry eye disease . clinical parameters and their evaluation meibomian gland expression was assessed by assigning grades for clarity and ease of meibum expression in a region of the eyelid using a slit lamp . the quality of expression was graded according to the degree of opacity and viscosity on a 04 scale , in which 0 indicated normal viscosity ; 1 , opaque , normal viscosity ; 2 , opaque , increased viscosity ; 3 , severe thickening ( toothpaste ) ; and 4 , no expression , glands completely blocked . lid margin abnormalities were scored as 0 ( absent ) or 1 ( present ) for the following four parameters : vascular engorgement , plugged meibomian gland orifices , anterior or posterior displacement of the mucocutaneous junction , and irregularity of lid margin . if any of these signs was present , 1 point was assigned for each item , with a total possible score range of 04 points . meiboscores were performed using the keratograph 5 m ( oculus optikgerate gmbh , wetzlar , germany ) for the central 15 meibomian glands on each eye . the meiboscores for the upper and lower eyelids were summed to obtain a score from 0 to 6 for each eye . it was obtained using the following grades for each eyelid : 0 ( no loss of meibomian glands ) ; 1 ( meibomian gland loss involving less than one - third of the total meibomian gland area ) ; 2 ( area lost between one - third and two - thirds of the total meibomian gland area ) ; and 3 ( area lost more than two - thirds of the total meibomian gland area ) [ fig . 1 ] . representative photographs depicting upper ( a ) and lower ( b ) eyelids of various grades in pterygium patients . ( a0 , b0 ) grade 0 , no loss of meibomian glands ; ( a1 , b1 ) grade 1 , meibomian gland area loss less than one - third ; ( a2 , b2 ) grade 2 , meibomian gland area loss was greater than one - third and less than two - thirds ; ( a3 , b3 ) grade 3 , meibomian gland area loss was greater than two - thirds tear film instability was measured by breakup time ( but ) , which is the time required for dry spots to appear on the corneal surface after blinking . tear film instability was evaluated by placing a single fluorescein strip over the inferior tear meniscus after instilling a drop of normal saline . the precorneal tear film was examined with a slit lamp , and the elapsed times before initial formation of dry spots were recorded . schirmer 's test ( sit ) was performed without topical anesthesia as the final step in the examination by placing a standard schirmer tear test filter strip in the mid - lateral portion of the lower fornix . the lower tear meniscus status was evaluated using fourier domain optical coherence tomography ( fd - oct ) . vertical 2 mm scan images of the middle of the lower eyelid were obtained three times per eye . the tear meniscus height ( tmh ) , tear meniscus depth ( tmd ) , and tear meniscus area ( tma ) were measured . the tmh was defined as the distance between the upper meniscus of the cornea and the lower meniscus of the lid . the tmd was defined as the distance from the midpoint of the air / meniscus interface to the cornea / lower eyelid junction , and the tma was defined as the area consisting of the boundaries of the cornea , the lower eyelid , and the tear meniscus . the data were expressed as the means  standard deviation . a linear mixed model with bonferroni post hoc analysis was used to evaluate repeated measurements of continuous values such as osdi score , but , sit , and tmh , tmd , and tma . a generalized linear mixed model analysis was used for repeated measurements of noncontinuous values including lid margin abnormalities , meibum expression , and meiboscore . the mean osdi score of patients with pterygium was 14.2  5.7 , which was significantly higher than that of the normal eyelids ( 9.9  4.5 ; p < 0.001 ) [ table 2 ] . meanstandard deviation of the ocular surface parameters that were measured between two groups lid margin abnormality score and meibomian gland expression score were significantly higher in pterygium group compared with the normal eyelids ( p < 0.01 , respectively ) [ table 1 ] . furthermore , meiboscores were significantly higher in pterygium group ( median total meiboscore score = 2.0  1.3 ) compared to the normal eyelids ( median total meiboscore = 0.9  0.6 ; p < 0.001 ) [ table 2 ] . the mean tear breakup time ( tbut ) was 8.2  2.7 s ( range 521 s ) in pterygium group and 12.1  3.9 s ( range the difference between two groups was statistically significant ( p < 0.01 ) [ table 1 ] . however , the values of tmh , tmd , tma , and sit were not significantly different between two groups ( all p > 0.05 ) [ fig . 1 ] . spearman correlation analysis indicated that the meiboscore was significantly correlated with ocular symptom scores ( r = 0.312 , p < 0.01 ) , but ( r = 0.287 , p < 0.01 ) , lid margin abnormality score ( r = 0.273 , p < 0.01 ) , and meibomian gland expression score ( r = 0.251 , p < 0.01 ) in pterygium group . our present data suggested that pterygium patients had significantly higher osdi scores , lid margin abnormalities , meibum expressibility , and meiboscores compared with the control group . however , no changes in the sit and lower tear meniscus volume values were observed . we did not detect a significant difference in sit value between normal participants and pterygium patients . the relationship between pterygium and sit had been difficult to define . in the previous study , roka et al . demonstrated that the values of sit were significantly reduced in pterygium patients . conversely , kampitak and leelawongtawun demonstrated that the sit results did not change in pterygium patients and the size of pterygium did not correlate with sit results . some studies believed that these contradictory results may attribute to the methods that were used to evaluate tear function were not objective and quantitative . since fd - oct was reported to provide objective tear data with low intraindividual variability and high intervisit reproducibility , we used it to assess tear quantity in our study . changes in the tmh were not significantly different between two groups , which indicated that the tear meniscus production was not changed in pterygium patients . therefore , we can speculate that the tear film quantitation remained unchanged in the pterygium patients . suggested that tear fluid secretion may increase as a compensatory response to meibomian gland loss to maintain ocular surface homeostasis . this disagreement could be triggered by compensatory mechanisms such as reflex production of aqueous and lipid components of the tear film , resulting in transient improvements in tear film stability . this compensatory mechanism could be plausible because , in all the studies , the sit showed no abnormal tear production . as expected , most of the objective tear tests did not correlate with each other because they provide partial information of different aspects of the disease process . in our study therefore , we can speculate that the quantity of the tear film in patients with pterygium is adequate but that its quality or composition is abnormal . the most superficial layer is lipid layer , which is produced by the meibomian glands and stabilizes tear films by retarding evaporation and lowering surface tension . we investigated the morphologic changes in meibomian glands associated with pterygium using a noncontact meibographic technique . the resulting data demonstrated that pterygium patients were significantly associated with a greater degree of meibomian gland loss compared with the normal patients . this process is exacerbated by an excessive production of cytokines and growth factors that are involved in complex regulatory pathways . inflammation is also associated with meibomian gland changes and implicate in meibomian gland dysfunction ( mgd ) pathogenesis . meibomian gland inflammation is often recognized with ocular surface inflammation in conditions such as blepharokeratoconjunctivitis , ocular rosacea , and phlyctenular keratitis . in vivo laser cm images , ibrahim found that the mean inflammatory cell density was significantly higher in mgd patients than the controls . direct inflammatory damage to eyelid due to elevated inflammatory status and the release of inflammatory cytokines , including tumor necrosis factor -  , interleukin-4 , and interleukin-5 , may spread to the anterior and posterior lid margin , thus resulting in meibomian gland changes . chronic repeated inflammation might also cause meibum stagnation followed by the keratinization of orifices in the meibomian glands . another key etiological factor known to be associated with pterygium is the exposure to ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . in the laboratory , fibroblast cells cultured from pterygium tissue have upregulated matrix metalloproteinases when exposed to uv stimulation . some studies postulate that pterygium was associated with limbal microenvironmental anomaly where the resident epithelial cells became hyperproliferative . the hyperkeratinization of the epithelium at the lid margin and meibomian gland might affect the structural changes with meibomian glands . meibomian glands ' alterations in pterygium patients may have aggravated the tear stability and ocular surface damage , possibly because of the changes in the lipid layer of the tear film , which may have resulted from a greater extent of meibomian glands dropout and lid margin changes . our study revealed new evidence regarding the pathologic changes of meibomian gland ( mg ) in pterygium . further research will be necessary to evaluate the exact mechanism by which meibomian gland changes related to pterygium .
background : recent studies have demonstrated that pterygium has a close relationship with dry eye disease . 
 this study is to determine abnormalities in meibomian gland and tear function in patients with pterygium and to assess the relationship between the variables.materials and methods : forty eyes from forty patients with primary nasal pterygium and forty eyes from forty volunteers without ocular pathologies were enrolled in this study . 
 ocular surface disease index scores , meibomian gland expression scores , lid margin abnormality scores , meiboscore , tear film breakup time ( but ) , schirmer test ( sit ) value , and the lower tear meniscus height ( tmh ) , tear meniscus depth ( tmd ) , and tear meniscus area ( tma ) using fourier domain optical coherence were performed . 
 analysis of variance was applied for intergroup comparisons . a statistical significance level of p < 0.05 was considered.results:ocular symptom scores , but scores , lid margin abnormality , meibomian gland expression , and meiboscore were significantly higher in pterygium patients than in controls ( p < 0.01 for all scores ) . 
 however , the sit scores , the lower tmh , tmd , and tma values did not revealed a significant difference between two groups ( all p > 0.05 ) . 
 multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that meiboscore significantly correlated with ocular symptom scores , but , lid margin abnormality scores , and meibomian gland expression scores.conclusions:meibomian gland function may be altered in pterygium patients , which is associated with uncomfortable ocular symptoms . 
 being aware of meibomian gland changes seems essential to understand the complex relationship among pterygium , tear film functions , and ocular surface changes .