jan baptist van helmont is one of the most famous chemical authors of the seventeenth century , a liminal figure variously seen as the last of the medical  alchemical school of paracelsus , a transitional author at the threshold of the scientific revolution or as one of the first modern chemists . he was a polymath physician who dedicated himself to alchemical experiments while developing a new philosophy that made a particular impact on the following generation of chemists , including robert boyle , ernst stahl , hermann boerhaave and even antoine lavoisier . today , many history of science books credit van helmont for the discovery of the concept of gas , for performing some of the first quantitative experiments in chemistry and for his contribution to the demise of galenic medicine . van helmont saw himself as much more than a scientific figure : he felt called to develop a new van helmont s life and works are marked by the profound disruption caused by the lengthy persecution by the inquisition and the mechelen ecclesiastical court . the first proceedings against him were opened in 1625 ; the last were ended in 1642 , two years before his death . . he may have suffered even worse had he not been a member of a famous noble family , with good connections in the upper echelons of flemish society . even this would not have saved him , suggested french galenic physician guy patin ( 160172 ) after his death , if he had not been in the good graces of the queen mother of france . there was apparently some truth to them , as during the trial van helmont admitted to have been in contact with a confidant of queen mother maria de medici ( 15731642 ) . more importantly for the present analysis is the 163031 correspondence carried out between van helmont and marin mersenne in regards to king louis xiii ( 160143 ) himself . thus , the two philosophers discussed the marriage of the monarch to anne of austria ( 160166 ) , which was childless at the time of the exchange . in the letter of 29 march 1631 , van helmont told mersenne , who was in contact with the king , that he wished to visit france for the purpose of communicating the secret of successful procreation directly to louis xiii . he claimed that his remedies had helped numerous infertile women get pregnant even after seventeen years of sterile marriage , and promised he could do the same for the french monarch . van helmont further asked to be informed about the king s condition without the knowledge of the royal physicians . in the course of this letter , van helmont affirmed that the  hermetic school of alchemy was superior to all others in curing infertility , because it operated on the  magnetic attractor in the womb , which was the only cause of pregnancy . exterior homo in the context of king louis sterile marriage , and makes it possible that van helmont could have authored a consilium to be sent to the monarch . as we will see , the statement that the magnet in the uterus is responsible for procreation agrees very well with the ideas of the treatise . however , the circumstances do not completely exclude the possibility that mersenne would have sent van helmont a treatise congenial with the physician s views , especially since van helmont himself maintained that his ideas were common in the hermetic school , by which he probably meant the medical alchemists inspired or influenced by paracelsus . there is much in the  exterior homo that is in line with the theory of human generation advocated by theophrastus paracelsus ( 14931541 ) himself . paracelsus s theory emphasised divine agency in the making of the human embryo and expounded a christian view of conception . he also argued that true generation was done spiritually or mentally , downplaying the role of the coitus in procreation . in addition , the swiss physician sought to highlight the role of women in generation , going beyond the traditional galenic two - seed theory . exterior homo is part of volume two of the three - volume ms  causa j.b . helmontii medici , which can be found in the archives of the archbishopric of mechelen . the treatise is four folios in length , written in a neat scribal hand , which is clearly not that of van helmont . it may , however , be the writing of an amanuensis , as van helmont would have been wealthy enough to afford one . due to the calligraphic handwriting , the treatise is largely readable ; the only inconvenience is the quality of the paper , which in time has absorbed the ink and makes certain words hard to decipher . the text itself does not offer easy reading , as it appeals to a large number of doctrines and ideas . exterior homo displays an impressive knowledge of the bible , which it often interprets in an allegorical sense . generally , many sentences in the treatise seem feats of virtuosity , distilling a vast number of sources in shorthand - like expressions . on occasions , the text becomes obscure and elusive , particularly when it refers to religious matters . it seems this opacity is purposeful , as the author is capable of being extremely clear in other passages . although the overall sense of the text is intelligible , one is left with the impression that a lot is left unsaid . as the prosecutors had pointed out , the text is annotated and corrected solely in van helmont s hand . the majority of van helmont s annotations refer to latin grammar or choice of words . do convey the impression that van helmont is correcting a transcription of his own writing . nevertheless , he rejected this suggestion , maintaining that mersenne had explicitly allowed him to alter the contents of someone else s treatise . the only substantive marginalia is van helmont s comment  hence women being preferred to men in the scriptures , which refers to an obscure passage in the text , according to which the serpent in eden found it easier to corrupt the male ( adam ) than the female ( eve ) . this passage was underlined by the prosecutor for suspiciously meddling in matters of faith and for being the only passage that was commented on directly by van helmont . nevertheless , the prosecutor was unsuccessful in either attracting a confession of authorship from the flemish physician or in obtaining an explanation for the passage . based on its contents , exterior homo can be divided into two parts : in the first , the anonymous author espouses a philosophical view of man , his nature and constitution , while in the second he focuses on the subject of human generation . in the period , issues of reproduction were often seen in a larger religious and philosophical context that involved considerations about the human condition and the nature of the human soul . in exterior homo , both parts remain highly theoretical , with very little advice given . in this sense , it was probably meant to support a more practical consilium that has not been preserved . the  exterior homo treatise begins with a few preliminary statements which intend to position the discourse within the medical  philosophical tradition . the hippocratics , the treatise states , divide  the exterior man into three parts : the containing ( the body ) , the contained ( the humours ) and impetus faciens , which is the same as the spiritus . the treatise goes further in its classification , affirming that the physicians ( medici ) divide the spiritus into insitus ( resident or implanted ) and influens ( inflowing ) . again , no authority is cited , but the source of this idea is the french physician jean fernel ( 14971558 ) , for whom the spiritus influens was associated with the traditional galenic spirits , while the spiritus insitus was a divine force associated with vital heat . further on ,  exterior homo criticises the so - called schole theoremata or the theorem - based school of medicine for neglecting the role of potestates (  powers ) in the functioning of the human body . the term schole theoremata offers a clue as to the provenience of the treatise , since it was employed by the danish physician petrus severinus ( 15421602 ) to refer disparagingly to the galenic school . severinus was an influential medical philosopher , who was reputed for his interpretation of the works of the swiss physician theophrastus paracelsus ( 14931541 ) in his masterpiece idea medicinae philosophicae ( 1571 ) . his approach of placing paracelsus within the tradition of learned medicine made paracelsianism much more acceptable to the european intelligentsia . the suspicion that the author of  exterior homo was inspired by severinus is strengthened in the next paragraph , where the anonymous author describes the potestates of the soul . the concept of the  powers of the soul, developed by st augustine ( 354430 ) , explained how an incorporeal soul exercised authority over the material body . here these powers are associated with roots , gifts , reasons , characters , ideas , or sculptures , hidden words. the roots , gifts and reasons prominently appear in severinus s idea medicinae as occult vital agents . severinus had also briefly discussed potestates as representing spiritual forces that act in bodies or in the semina . shadows of the body. the opening statements of  exterior homo hence offer a major insight into the treatise . fernelian current of medical  philosophical thought that emphasised the importance of the incorporeal spiritus over that of the three traditional , material galenic spirits ( the vital , animal and natural ) . second , the arguments identify the treatise as originating from the pen of a writer influenced by petrus severinus . exterior homo further discourses on the nature of the soul , which it describes as a luminous substance and the image ( simulacrum ) of god . the soul is derived from the father of lights or divine light ( lux ) . the soul as imago dei was an accepted orthodox tenet since the early fathers of the church . exterior homos view of the soul as immortal and divine in origin mirrors the paracelsian attempt to ground its understanding in christian sources . the treatise speculates that the soul has a tripartite structure , made up of anima stans (  standing soul ) , anima sedens (  sitting soul ) and anima cadens ( the  falling soul ) . the idea of a tripartite soul within the human body ( rational , irrational and passionate ) harks back to plato , supported in this perspective by both aristotle and galen . yet the actual soul triad stans - sedens - cadens seems to occur only in this treatise , and may have originated in a phrase found in the chief work of heinrich cornelius agrippa ( 14861535 ) , de occulta philosophia libri tres ( on the occult philosophy ) . the treatise explains that each of these souls has its own role and its specific place in the body . thus , the anima stans contemplates that which is above itself , and fittingly has its location in the brain : it is the reflective side of the soul , which manifests itself in night - time prayer . by comparison , the anima sedens is located in the heart : it is active and intimately linked with the potestates . the location of the activity of each soul is further explained by a reference from the bible :  day unto day uttereth speech , night unto night showeth knowledge. the author of  exterior homo interprets  speech to mean the active ( solar ) side of human life , with knowledge ( scientia ) belonging to the contemplative ( lunar ) side . hence , the two represent the active  contemplative poles of the human soul : the standing soul , through nightly prayer ( watch , pray and be sober ) , draws down an abundance of light from above . meanwhile , the sitting soul , shining at the concentricity of the solar light (  ) administers correctly all the aspects of mundane life . the standing soul , through nightly prayer ( watch , pray and be sober ) , draws down an abundance of light from above . meanwhile , the sitting soul , shining at the concentricity of the solar light (  ) administers correctly all the aspects of mundane life . the solar  lunar association is carried further , as  exterior homo claims that the anima sedens and stans are the two macrocosm analogy is here made explicit and drawn in line with the popular medical  astrological tradition that had long assigned the heart to the sun and the brain to the moon . having discoursed on the two higher souls , the author now proceeds to the third soul , the anima cadens (  falling soul ) , which is  always prone to slide downwards. apparently this soul also has its original seat in the heart , but travels downwards into the inferior powers . this soul is responsible for the sexual drive and reproduction , and is assigned to venus and mercury . the author takes a dim view of the anima cadens , which is described in religious terms as living  under the rule of sin. moving onward , the author points out that the soul is incapable of communicating directly with the body , as it is incorporeal and has no spatial dimension ( it lacks extremities , the author says , extremitatibus carens ) . hence , the soul needs an agency to intercede on its behalf : this is the spiritus , impetus faciens . by positing a tripartite structure of man ( soul , spirit and body ) , the treatise is in basic agreement with galenic doctrine ; nevertheless , it differs from it on its description of the spirit . galenists commonly referred to the spirit as being finely corporeal and tripartite ( natural , vital and animal ) . by comparison , the treatise s notion of interceding powers appears to refer to something more transcendental than the galenic spirits . agents of ideas ( agendorum ideas sive potestates ) or  active ideas. this terminology underlines the appropriation of overtly platonic concepts in the treatise . ideas are further associated with images , which are the instruments whereby the soul acts on the corporeal matter . such images have the power of creating true entities ( vera entia ) within the body . the treatise hence supports the renaissance theory of imagination whereby images are deemed to have a true material impact , at least in so far as the human body is concerned . to uphold this theory , the author brings the example of the  phantasms that are conceived by pregnant women and have the power to alter the foetus , a common conception in the period . the anonymous author further describes the powers as normally acting mildly , but occasionally expansively and impetuously , a fact which determined hippocrates to associate them with the impetus faciens . to explain their action , the treatise appeals again to a passage in the old testament ( kings 19:1012 ) , where the prophet elijah , having hidden in a cave and expecting god to pass by , experiences a strong wind , earthquake and fire , but is not deluded by these and eventually , after the commotion had passed , recognises god in a gentle whisper . the author of the treatise suggests that god is found more readily in the suave aura . through this example , the text makes the rather explicit attempt to describe the internal powers as heavenly forces . the balsam renders the humour vital and lively and instructs it with the knowledge ( scientia ) of its purpose . true to his agenda of emphasising the spiritual agency , the author does not discuss the body in any great detail , describing it as an instrument at the hands of the powers and ultimately of the soul . blood , the author maintains , is a special substance extracted from the limus of the macrocosm . here the treatise clearly draws on paracelsus s idiosyncratic interpretation of genesis 2:7 , where god creates man out of the dust of the ground ( limus  terrae ) . paracelsus understood this verse to mean that the limus was a quintessence of all things ; consequently , man s body contained all things within . exterior homo concurred with this standard paracelsian view , affirming that  the microcosm participates in all things in the universe (  ) by containing them. by linking blood with the primordial limus terrae , the treatise emphasises its significance . galenic medicine had already placed great importance on blood as the carrier of the vital spirit infused from the air into the body . yet some early modern physicians went further than galen by speculating that blood itself was a locus of spirit and power . heightened views of blood could be found in several paracelsian authors , including severinus and the flemish physician gerhard dorn ( 153084 ) , before reaching its fullest expression in the work of william harvey ( 15781657 ) . yet in a treatise like exterior homo , with its strong dualist tendencies between body and soul , blood is not seen as a positive force . the author laments that the blood of man contains within it the  will of the flesh and the  will of man , hence reflecting the original sin necessity through the blood ; by this the author appears to take the augustinian position that the original sin is passed physically from generation to generation through the seed . this too is in line with paracelsian thought : paracelsus had extolled chastity and virginity as an imitation of christ and a path to regeneration , and several of his followers shared his views . along the same lines , the treatise expresses the view that christian baptism regenerates the body by restoring its lost virginity . by contrast , the sexual , here called generation , it insists , always happens under the law of sin ; in support of this idea , the treatise adduces a biblical citation from psalms 51:5 :  behold , i was brought forth in  iniquity , and in sin my mother  conceived  me. the overview of the first part of the treatise has pointed out the strong religious themes of the work . its christian view has a significant platonic undertone that clearly departs from medieval scholastic tradition . the author talks about the august origins of the soul ( anima ) , which it had forgotten when chained to the body , and about the  prison of the body ( corporis ergastulo ) in which it has been confined . the theme of the body as the  prison of the soul had a long tradition in christian platonic thought where it was deemed to accurately portray the state of the soul after the fall of man . soul dualism is further enhanced by the dichotomy between  inner and  outer man ( homo exterior and interior ) , a concept that had a venerable career in christian thought , particularly that of mystical persuasion . the inner man usually reflected the divine in man , while the outer man was the soul ( sometimes seen together with the body ) that lived in contact with the exterior world . in the early modern period , the dichotomy of inner and outer man was adopted by paracelsus and many of his followers . in exterior homo , the outer man is described as being the inner spirit ( impetus faciens , or spiritus ) together with the body . after espousing a general theory of man , the author of  exterior homo proceeds to express his views on human generation . he notes that fecundity is a divine quality , a prerogative of the word itself , referring to the command in genesis 1:22 to  be fruitful and multiply. the emphasis on the sacred nature of procreation was common in the early modern world . at the same time , the author was ambivalent toward sexual relations , condemning human reproduction through coitus . the key to understanding the treatise s views rests in its radical argument on behalf of the superiority of women over men . thus , the treatise can be inscribed within the renaissance trope of the dignity of women , which had been inaugurated by agrippa , but also upheld by paracelsus . the  exterior homo author takes a similarly radical view . for him , females are superior to males , who are described as incontinent and lecherous . in rather obscure words , he also seems to suggest that the serpent of eden found adam an easier target for sin than eve , as the male was made weaker in virtue . exterior homo carries the praise of women even further , making reference to god s statement in genesis 3:15 according to which the offspring of the woman would crush the head of the serpent . this verse in genesis 3.15 was commonly thought in the early modern age to be a prophecy referring to christ , and the treatise employs this as an argument that christ originated only from the female seed , and not the male one . foamy ( or venereal ) from the male s  sanguine ( or mercurial ) seed . in espousing a two - seed doctrine of generation , the writer chooses the views of galen over those of aristotle , who insisted that only males had seed . yet the text goes further than both authorities and the limits of traditional natural philosophy in general . thus , it attempts to formulate a christian view of human generation by speculating on a  divine mode of reproduction that occurred before the original sin . in rather veiled words , the author explains that the church itself blessed woman , not man , to be fruitful , and implies that pre - lapsarian generation must have occurred without a male seed . yet this method of procreation remained possible even after the original sin in the case of very holy women . the writer points out that the bible bore witness to the fact that blessed women , such as sarah , rachel and elisabeth , procreated through god himself , not through sexual intercourse . the author talks about this generation being a  mystery hidden in the church and imparted only to initiates ( ecclesia mysteriorum synmista ) . although the sense of the text is somewhat unclear , the views seem to draw on those expressed by paracelsus . they mirror paracelsus s concern of heightening the role of god in human generation , his praise of women , his emphasis on their role in reproduction , and his attempt of differentiating ordinary women from holy ones ( albeit concentrating on virgin mary ) . exterior homo serves as an introduction to the author s theory of ordinary human reproduction . first , the writer argues that the male seed does not actually contribute to the seminal mass at all ; instead , it only  excites and promotes the self - generation of women . interestingly , this idea reflects the speculations of early seventeenth - century aristotelian physicians . according to fabrizio daquapendente , william harvey and others the aristotelian physicians used this theory to show that the role of the male in generation was spiritual , hence superior to the material conception of the female . exterior homo employed this theory in an exactly opposite way : in order to demote and demean the importance of the male in generation . to substantiate this view , the treatise adduces several empirical observations that point to the minor role of males in generation . hence , the author argues that men s weak generational power is proven by the fact that birth defects are caused by the female , and that all beings that come out of an egg ( fish , birds , insects , etc ) are pre - formed by the mother . more importantly , cross - breeding shows that the offspring is most like to the mother : the author points out that when a female coney is crossed with a male dormouse the outcome is always a coney , with only the tail to betray the male s side . having thus established the comparative role of the male and female in reproduction , the treatise proceeds to explain the actual process of generation . the theory emphasises spiritual agency : nothing can be conceived without the intervention of the soul , in this case the reproductive soul , anima cadens . it vitalises the seed by a ray of light , which seals the powers , the active ideas , into it . the author makes it clear that without the light of the falling soul the seed would be an empty husk . in this , the author sets forth his theory of image - ideas that act as  seals on the generative mass , seals which contain the blueprint of the future development of the foetus . this emphasis on the importance of the womb is clearly a paracelsian legacy . according to his views the concept draws extensively on paracelsian and severinian ideas : paracelsus had maintained that the spirit archeus or vulcan was responsible for making seeds fertile . severinus did not use the term archeus , but had agreed with paracelsus that the seed was inhabited by a spiritus architectonicus ; his term is mirrored in the treatise by the notion of the the archeus does not lie on the material , but on the spiritual plane , resembling the description of vulcan in paracelsus treatises as an alchemical agency revealed by the action of the stars . in a manner reminiscent of severinian speculation , the author describes the archeus as containing within itself the knowledge of the future body as a type of spiritual nucleus . entelechy , an aristotelian term that referred to the predestined purpose of each thing . in this sense it is an architect of the body , which designs the structure and then creates it in a similar manner to that of an artist making a sculpture . friction and , once awakened , attracts the male seed within itself and proceeds to create a new being . the male seed , as such , is only responsible for the excitement , or awakening , of the somnolent archeus in the womb . consequently , the treatise affirms , in order to get a woman pregnant , a physician must exclusively concentrate on the archeus refreshing ( refocillatur ) or  reintegrating ( reintegratur ) the archeus by means of alchemical medicine . the treatise flatly rejects traditional galenic remedies , such as the cure by heat and cold , cautery , perspirations or evacuations . instead , the author recommends the use of medicine obtained by the separation of the subtle from the gross . this principle too is supported with a quote from the bible , jeremiah 15:19 . in these passages , the treatise clearly draws on the quintessential tradition in alchemy , which dated back to the high middle ages and had been promoted by paracelsus . the spagyric process , described as a secret union or conjunction ( syzygia ) , results in a purer , more powerful medicine than ordinary concoctions . the arcanum is obtained by reducing the prime matter into a small but highly potent dose by distillation and sublimation . spiritualised by this process , losing its  earthly and  immature character and acquiring a firmamental temperament. by this the author means that the medicine transcends the galenic temperaments ( hot , cold , humid or dry ) , which are not suitable for procreation , and attains a higher , celestial power . macrocosm analogy is re - affirmed , since the power of the archeus is connected with that of its corresponding star ( astrum ) . this means that the astrological  favour ( astrologico  favore ) must be sought . the author does not explain what he means by this , and one is left to speculate whether he means that the archeus of the womb , for instance , must be treated by an alchemical medicine associated with planet venus ( copper ) or whether the  favour must be drawn down from venus into a talisman . once the elevation of the medicine is achieved , the powers of the arcanum work with the corporal powers in perfect harmony , or it is an important tenet of paracelsian medicine that the cure must conform to the body : the principle of  like cures like. in the treatise , the author affirms that the arcana are  akin or the medicine becomes easily assimilated into the body and is hence able to excite the internal magnet of the womb . the treatise concludes rather abruptly with the statement that the wise alone can dominate the malignant stars , a phrase common in the middle ages and attributed to ptolemy . the author again draws a microcosmic  macrocosmic analogy , as it is clear that the malignant stars that he is referring to are present in the microcosm ( human body ) as disease . it is another strong affirmation that is meant to sway the reader into employing alchemical remedies rather than harmful galenic concoctions . wise men are clearly the paracelsian physicians , who are in possession of the knowledge that can ward off illnesses . as mentioned in the introduction , the treatise was meant to be part of a practical medical consultation for king louis xiii of france on the matter of his sterile marriage to anne of austria . the actual medical prescription has not been retained and perhaps was never written . if van helmont had indeed been its author , he would have sent the treatise to the king as a formal introduction , or advertisement of his vast knowledge and learning on the subject of human generation . in this sense , the treatise could also be read as a quest for patronage . however , , van helmont may have thought a subtler approach would be more appropriate to his status ; indeed , in his later opuscula medicina inaudita ( 1642 ) , he prided in his refusal to pander to the wishes and requests of sovereigns . instead , van helmont would have hoped to impress the french monarch with his medical , philosophical and religious insight , in the hope of securing a private audience . the flemish physician had made it clear in the letter to mersenne that he could only share his reproductive secret in the king s presence . we can speculate that this secret would have involved alchemical medicine , perhaps enriched by the influence of propitious stars . if the work was indeed by van helmont , we may wonder why the treatise was still in his possession when he was arrested in 1634 , particularly since the discussion with mersenne dated back to 1631 . we can speculate that , in fact , he could have sent another copy and retained this annotated one for his records : surely van helmont would not have sent a treatise full of grammar corrections to the french sovereign . on the other hand , if he did send it to france , no records of a response from either mersenne or the king have survived . moreover , van helmont s plans of emigrating to france and hence escaping the spanish inquisition s influence never materialised . at the same time , we can not of course exclude van helmont s own declaration , according to which this was someone else s consilium that had been shared with him by mersenne . this plausible explanation was accepted by the ecclesiastical court and can not easily be dismissed due to our suspicions regarding van helmont s authorship . the  exterior homo treatise begins with a few preliminary statements which intend to position the discourse within the medical  philosophical tradition . the hippocratics , the treatise states , divide  the exterior man into three parts : the containing ( the body ) , the contained ( the humours ) and impetus faciens , which is the same as the spiritus . here the treatise goes further in its classification , affirming that the physicians ( medici ) divide the spiritus into insitus ( resident or implanted ) and influens ( inflowing ) . again , no authority is cited , but the source of this idea is the french physician jean fernel ( 14971558 ) , for whom the spiritus influens was associated with the traditional galenic spirits , while the spiritus insitus was a divine force associated with vital heat . further on ,  exterior homo criticises the so - called schole theoremata or the theorem - based school of medicine for neglecting the role of potestates (  powers ) in the functioning of the human body . the term schole theoremata offers a clue as to the provenience of the treatise , since it was employed by the danish physician petrus severinus ( 15421602 ) to refer disparagingly to the galenic school . severinus was an influential medical philosopher , who was reputed for his interpretation of the works of the swiss physician theophrastus paracelsus ( 14931541 ) in his masterpiece idea medicinae philosophicae ( 1571 ) . his approach of placing paracelsus within the tradition of learned medicine made paracelsianism much more acceptable to the european intelligentsia . the suspicion that the author of  exterior homo was inspired by severinus is strengthened in the next paragraph , where the anonymous author describes the potestates of the soul . the concept of the  powers of the soul, developed by st augustine ( 354430 ) , explained how an incorporeal soul exercised authority over the material body . here these powers are associated with  roots , gifts , reasons , characters , ideas , or sculptures , hidden words. the roots , gifts and reasons prominently appear in severinus s idea medicinae as occult vital agents . severinus had also briefly discussed potestates as representing spiritual forces that act in bodies or in the semina . shadows of the body. the opening statements of  exterior homo hence offer a major insight into the treatise . fernelian current of medical  philosophical thought that emphasised the importance of the incorporeal spiritus over that of the three traditional , material galenic spirits ( the vital , animal and natural ) . second , the arguments identify the treatise as originating from the pen of a writer influenced by petrus severinus . exterior homo further discourses on the nature of the soul , which it describes as a luminous substance and the image ( simulacrum ) of god . the soul is derived from the father of lights or divine light ( lux ) . the soul as imago dei was an accepted orthodox tenet since the early fathers of the church . exterior homos view of the soul as immortal and divine in origin mirrors the paracelsian attempt to ground its understanding in christian sources . the treatise speculates that the soul has a tripartite structure , made up of anima stans (  standing soul ) , anima sedens (  sitting soul ) and anima cadens ( the  falling soul ) . the idea of a tripartite soul within the human body ( rational , irrational and passionate ) harks back to plato , supported in this perspective by both aristotle and galen . yet the actual soul triad stans - sedens - cadens seems to occur only in this treatise , and may have originated in a phrase found in the chief work of heinrich cornelius agrippa ( 14861535 ) , de occulta philosophia libri tres ( on the occult philosophy ) . the treatise explains that each of these souls has its own role and its specific place in the body . thus , the anima stans contemplates that which is above itself , and fittingly has its location in the brain : it is the reflective side of the soul , which manifests itself in night - time prayer . by comparison , the anima sedens is located in the heart : it is active and intimately linked with the potestates . the location of the activity of each soul is further explained by a reference from the bible :  day unto day uttereth speech , night unto night showeth knowledge. the author of  exterior homo interprets  speech to mean the active ( solar ) side of human life , with knowledge ( scientia ) belonging to the contemplative ( lunar ) side . hence , the two represent the active  contemplative poles of the human soul : the standing soul , through nightly prayer ( watch , pray and be sober ) , draws down an abundance of light from above . meanwhile , the sitting soul , shining at the concentricity of the solar light (  ) administers correctly all the aspects of mundane life . the standing soul , through nightly prayer ( watch , pray and be sober ) , draws down an abundance of light from above . meanwhile , the sitting soul , shining at the concentricity of the solar light (  ) administers correctly all the aspects of mundane life . the solar  lunar association is carried further , as  exterior homo claims that the anima sedens and stans are the two macrocosm analogy is here made explicit and drawn in line with the popular medical  astrological tradition that had long assigned the heart to the sun and the brain to the moon . having discoursed on the two higher souls , the author now proceeds to the third soul , the anima cadens (  falling soul ) , which is  always prone to slide downwards. apparently this soul also has its original seat in the heart , but travels downwards into the inferior powers . this soul is responsible for the sexual drive and reproduction , and is assigned to venus and mercury . the author takes a dim view of the anima cadens , which is described in religious terms as living  under the rule of sin. moving onward , the author points out that the soul is incapable of communicating directly with the body , as it is incorporeal and has no spatial dimension ( it lacks extremities , the author says , extremitatibus carens ) . hence , the soul needs an agency to intercede on its behalf : this is the spiritus , impetus faciens . by positing a tripartite structure of man ( soul , spirit and body ) , the treatise is in basic agreement with galenic doctrine ; nevertheless , it differs from it on its description of the spirit . galenists commonly referred to the spirit as being finely corporeal and tripartite ( natural , vital and animal ) . by comparison , the treatise s notion of interceding powers appears to refer to something more transcendental than the galenic spirits . ideas , or more specifically  agents of ideas ( agendorum ideas sive potestates ) or  active ideas. this terminology underlines the appropriation of overtly platonic concepts in the treatise . ideas are further associated with images , which are the instruments whereby the soul acts on the corporeal matter . such images have the power of creating true entities ( vera entia ) within the body . the treatise hence supports the renaissance theory of imagination whereby images are deemed to have a true material impact , at least in so far as the human body is concerned . to uphold this theory , the author brings the example of the  phantasms that are conceived by pregnant women and have the power to alter the foetus , a common conception in the period . the anonymous author further describes the powers as normally acting mildly , but occasionally expansively and impetuously , a fact which determined hippocrates to associate them with the impetus faciens . to explain their action , the treatise appeals again to a passage in the old testament ( kings 19:1012 ) , where the prophet elijah , having hidden in a cave and expecting god to pass by , experiences a strong wind , earthquake and fire , but is not deluded by these and eventually , after the commotion had passed , recognises god in a gentle whisper . the author of the treatise suggests that god is found more readily in the suave aura . through this example , the text makes the rather explicit attempt to describe the internal powers as heavenly forces . the potestates are , in turn , impressed by the soul into the corporeal  radical humour and  radical balsam of the body . the balsam renders the humour vital and lively and instructs it with the knowledge ( scientia ) of its purpose . true to his agenda of emphasising the spiritual agency , the author does not discuss the body in any great detail , describing it as an instrument at the hands of the powers and ultimately of the soul . blood , the author maintains , is a special substance extracted from the limus of the macrocosm . here the treatise clearly draws on paracelsus s idiosyncratic interpretation of genesis 2:7 , where god creates man out of the dust of the ground ( limus  terrae ) . paracelsus understood this verse to mean that the limus was a quintessence of all things ; consequently , man s body contained all things within . exterior homo concurred with this standard paracelsian view , affirming that  the microcosm participates in all things in the universe (  ) by containing them. by linking blood with the primordial limus terrae , the treatise emphasises its significance . galenic medicine had already placed great importance on blood as the carrier of the vital spirit infused from the air into the body . yet some early modern physicians went further than galen by speculating that blood itself was a locus of spirit and power . heightened views of blood could be found in several paracelsian authors , including severinus and the flemish physician gerhard dorn ( 153084 ) , before reaching its fullest expression in the work of william harvey ( 15781657 ) . yet in a treatise like exterior homo , with its strong dualist tendencies between body and soul , blood is not seen as a positive force . the author laments that the blood of man contains within it the  will of the flesh and the  will of man , hence reflecting the original sin necessity through the blood ; by this the author appears to take the augustinian position that the original sin is passed physically from generation to generation through the seed . this too is in line with paracelsian thought : paracelsus had extolled chastity and virginity as an imitation of christ and a path to regeneration , and several of his followers shared his views . along the same lines , the treatise expresses the view that christian baptism regenerates the body by restoring its lost virginity . by contrast , the sexual , here called generation , it insists , always happens under the law of sin ; in support of this idea , the treatise adduces a biblical citation from psalms 51:5 :  behold , i was brought forth in  iniquity , and in sin my mother  conceived  me. the overview of the first part of the treatise has pointed out the strong religious themes of the work . its christian view has a significant platonic undertone that clearly departs from medieval scholastic tradition . the author talks about the august origins of the soul ( anima ) , which it had forgotten when chained to the body , and about the  prison of the body ( corporis ergastulo ) in which it has been confined . the theme of the body as the  prison of the soul had a long tradition in christian platonic thought where it was deemed to accurately portray the state of the soul after the fall of man . soul dualism is further enhanced by the dichotomy between  inner and  outer man ( homo exterior and interior ) , a concept that had a venerable career in christian thought , particularly that of mystical persuasion . the inner man usually reflected the divine in man , while the outer man was the soul ( sometimes seen together with the body ) that lived in contact with the exterior world . in the early modern period , the dichotomy of inner and outer man was adopted by paracelsus and many of his followers . in exterior homo , the outer man is described as being the inner spirit ( impetus faciens , or spiritus ) together with the body . after espousing a general theory of man , the author of  exterior homo proceeds to express his views on human generation . he notes that fecundity is a divine quality , a prerogative of the word itself , referring to the command in genesis 1:22 to  be fruitful and multiply. the emphasis on the sacred nature of procreation was common in the early modern world . at the same time , the author was ambivalent toward sexual relations , condemning human reproduction through coitus . the key to understanding the treatise s views rests in its radical argument on behalf of the superiority of women over men . thus , the treatise can be inscribed within the renaissance trope of the dignity of women , which had been inaugurated by agrippa , but also upheld by paracelsus . the  exterior homo author takes a similarly radical view . for him , females are superior to males , who are described as incontinent and lecherous . in rather obscure words , he also seems to suggest that the serpent of eden found adam an easier target for sin than eve , as the male was made weaker in virtue . exterior homo carries the praise of women even further , making reference to god s statement in genesis 3:15 according to which the offspring of the woman would crush the head of the serpent . this verse in genesis 3.15 was commonly thought in the early modern age to be a prophecy referring to christ , and the treatise employs this as an argument that christ originated only from the female seed , and not the male one . sanguine ( or mercurial ) seed . in espousing a two - seed doctrine of generation , the writer chooses the views of galen over those of aristotle , who insisted that only males had seed . yet the text goes further than both authorities and the limits of traditional natural philosophy in general . thus , it attempts to formulate a christian view of human generation by speculating on a  divine mode of reproduction that occurred before the original sin . in rather veiled words , the author explains that the church itself blessed woman , not man , to be fruitful , and implies that pre - lapsarian generation must have occurred without a male seed . yet this method of procreation remained possible even after the original sin in the case of very holy women . the writer points out that the bible bore witness to the fact that blessed women , such as sarah , rachel and elisabeth , procreated through god himself , not through sexual intercourse . the author talks about this generation being a  mystery hidden in the church and imparted only to initiates ( ecclesia mysteriorum synmista ) . although the sense of the text is somewhat unclear , the views seem to draw on those expressed by paracelsus . they mirror paracelsus s concern of heightening the role of god in human generation , his praise of women , his emphasis on their role in reproduction , and his attempt of differentiating ordinary women from holy ones ( albeit concentrating on virgin mary ) . exterior homo serves as an introduction to the author s theory of ordinary human reproduction . first , the writer argues that the male seed does not actually contribute to the seminal mass at all ; instead , it only  excites and promotes the self - generation of women . interestingly , this idea reflects the speculations of early seventeenth - century aristotelian physicians . according to fabrizio daquapendente , william harvey and others the aristotelian physicians used this theory to show that the role of the male in generation was spiritual , hence superior to the material conception of the female . exterior homo employed this theory in an exactly opposite way : in order to demote and demean the importance of the male in generation . to substantiate this view , the treatise adduces several empirical observations that point to the minor role of males in generation . hence , the author argues that men s weak generational power is proven by the fact that birth defects are caused by the female , and that all beings that come out of an egg ( fish , birds , insects , etc ) are pre - formed by the mother . more importantly , cross - breeding shows that the offspring is most like to the mother : the author points out that when a female coney is crossed with a male dormouse the outcome is always a coney , with only the tail to betray the male s side . having thus established the comparative role of the male and female in reproduction , the treatise proceeds to explain the actual process of generation . the theory emphasises spiritual agency : nothing can be conceived without the intervention of the soul , in this case the reproductive soul , anima cadens . it vitalises the seed by a ray of light , which seals the powers , the active ideas , into it . the author makes it clear that without the light of the falling soul the seed would be an empty husk . in this , the author sets forth his theory of image - ideas that act as  seals on the generative mass , seals which contain the blueprint of the future development of the foetus . moving further this emphasis on the importance of the womb is clearly a paracelsian legacy . according to his views the concept draws extensively on paracelsian and severinian ideas : paracelsus had maintained that the spirit archeus or vulcan was responsible for making seeds fertile . severinus did not use the term archeus , but had agreed with paracelsus that the seed was inhabited by a spiritus architectonicus ; his term is mirrored in the treatise by the notion of the vital or  seminal power , in line with renaissance view of the formative power . the archeus does not lie on the material , but on the spiritual plane , resembling the description of vulcan in paracelsus treatises as an alchemical agency revealed by the action of the stars . in a manner reminiscent of severinian speculation , the author describes the archeus as containing within itself the knowledge of the future body as a type of spiritual nucleus . entelechy , an aristotelian term that referred to the predestined purpose of each thing . in this sense it is an architect of the body , which designs the structure and then creates it in a similar manner to that of an artist making a sculpture . friction and , once awakened , attracts the male seed within itself and proceeds to create a new being . the male seed , as such , is only responsible for the excitement , or awakening , of the somnolent archeus in the womb . consequently , the treatise affirms , in order to get a woman pregnant , a physician must exclusively concentrate on the archeus refreshing ( refocillatur ) or  reintegrating ( reintegratur ) the archeus by means of alchemical medicine . the treatise flatly rejects traditional galenic remedies , such as the cure by heat and cold , cautery , perspirations or evacuations . instead , the author recommends the use of medicine obtained by the separation of the subtle from the gross . this principle too is supported with a quote from the bible , jeremiah 15:19 . in these passages , the treatise clearly draws on the quintessential tradition in alchemy , which dated back to the high middle ages and had been promoted by paracelsus . the spagyric process , described as a secret union or conjunction ( syzygia ) , results in a purer , more powerful medicine than ordinary concoctions . the arcanum is obtained by reducing the prime matter into a small but highly potent dose by distillation and sublimation . spiritualised by this process , losing its  earthly and  immature character and acquiring a firmamental temperament. by this the author means that the medicine transcends the galenic temperaments ( hot , cold , humid or dry ) , which are not suitable for procreation , and attains a higher , celestial power . macrocosm analogy is re - affirmed , since the power of the archeus is connected with that of its corresponding star ( astrum ) . this means that the astrological  favour ( astrologico  favore ) must be sought . the author does not explain what he means by this , and one is left to speculate whether he means that the archeus of the womb , for instance , must be treated by an alchemical medicine associated with planet venus ( copper ) or whether the  favour must be drawn down from venus into a talisman . once the elevation of the medicine is achieved , the powers of the arcanum work with the corporal powers in perfect harmony , or it is an important tenet of paracelsian medicine that the cure must conform to the body : the principle of  like cures like. in the treatise , the author affirms that the arcana are  akin or the medicine becomes easily assimilated into the body and is hence able to excite the internal magnet of the womb . the treatise concludes rather abruptly with the statement that the wise alone can dominate the malignant stars , a phrase common in the middle ages and attributed to ptolemy . the author again draws a microcosmic  macrocosmic analogy , as it is clear that the malignant stars that he is referring to are present in the microcosm ( human body ) as disease . it is another strong affirmation that is meant to sway the reader into employing alchemical remedies rather than harmful galenic concoctions . wise men are clearly the paracelsian physicians , who are in possession of the knowledge that can ward off illnesses . as mentioned in the introduction , the treatise was meant to be part of a practical medical consultation for king louis xiii of france on the matter of his sterile marriage to anne of austria . the actual medical prescription has not been retained and perhaps was never written . if van helmont had indeed been its author , he would have sent the treatise to the king as a formal introduction , or advertisement of his vast knowledge and learning on the subject of human generation . in this sense , the treatise could also be read as a quest for patronage . however , as a nobleman , van helmont may have thought a subtler approach would be more appropriate to his status ; indeed , in his later opuscula medicina inaudita ( 1642 ) , he prided in his refusal to pander to the wishes and requests of sovereigns . instead , van helmont would have hoped to impress the french monarch with his medical , philosophical and religious insight , in the hope of securing a private audience . the flemish physician had made it clear in the letter to mersenne that he could only share his reproductive secret in the king s presence . we can speculate that this secret would have involved alchemical medicine , perhaps enriched by the influence of propitious stars . if the work was indeed by van helmont , we may wonder why the treatise was still in his possession when he was arrested in 1634 , particularly since the discussion with mersenne dated back to 1631 . we can speculate that , in fact , he could have sent another copy and retained this annotated one for his records : surely van helmont would not have sent a treatise full of grammar corrections to the french sovereign . on the other hand , if he did send it to france , no records of a response from either mersenne or the king have survived . moreover , van helmont s plans of emigrating to france and hence escaping the spanish inquisition s influence never materialised . at the same time , we can not of course exclude van helmont s own declaration , according to which this was someone else s consilium that had been shared with him by mersenne . this plausible explanation was accepted by the ecclesiastical court and can not easily be dismissed due to our suspicions regarding van helmont s authorship . this article has so far shown that the  exterior homo treatise is a work written in the first half of the seventeenth century by a paracelsian physician familiar with renaissance medicine and the works of petrus severinus . in this section , i will seek to situate the treatise in relation to the known writings of van helmont , considering the likelihood that he might have been the author of the treatise . van helmont s masterpiece , ortus medicinae ( 1648 ) was published posthumously in amsterdam by his son franciscus mercurius ( 1614/1898 ) . given its comprehensiveness and influence , most scholars have based their analysis of helmontian thought on this large compendium . however , van helmont s thought had developed over time , and my doctoral dissertation has argued that his writings should be separated between the  early ,  mature and  late stages . the early stage comprises the 1607 youthful treatise eisagoge de artem medicam  paracelso restitutam . the mature one contains his writings between 1608 and 1634 , including de magnetica vulnerum curatione ( 1621 ) , supplementum de spadanis fontibus ( 1624 ) , surviving letters , as well as a range of manuscripts still found in the mechelen archives . finally , the late stage ( 163444 ) includes the opuscula medica inaudita as well as the posthumous ortus . this proposed division is important in the context of the present analysis , as  exterior homo can clearly be positioned at the boundary between the mature and late stage . this means that resemblance between mature helmontian treatises ( written before 1634 ) and  exterior homo strengthen the suspicion that the work was written by van helmont himself . of course , we can not discount the possibility that the writer of  exterior homo was influenced by van helmont s printed works themselves . exterior homo on van helmont s later work , but could also be understood as exposition or correction of earlier ideas . beyond the authorship issue , the comparison between  exterior homo and van helmont s mature and later works serves to highlight the little - studied changes in helmontian thought over time . for the purpose of this assessment , it is equally important to note that the youthful and mature works of van helmont show him as an outspoken supporter of paracelsus and his ideas . yet , as scholars have rightly pointed out , van helmont initially absorbed paracelsian doctrine through the primary medium of petrus severinus . the severinian influence , strongest in the 1607 manuscript eisagoge , is also felt in the mature treatise de spadanis fontibus . mature van helmont adopted the severinian interpretation of hippocrates to enormon ( impetus faciens ) as being the same as the spiritus of the ficinian architectonical chaos of severinus ( similar to the spiritus mechanicus or architectonicus ) with to enormon . finally , in the ortus medicinae , van helmont refers to the paracelsian spirit archeus as an equivalent for the hippocratic term . thus , we can find in van helmont s mature and later thought the same rich association of spiritus with to enormon , the archeus and the spirit - architect that was present in exterior homo. the treatise s theoretical distinction between the spiritus insitus and influens can be found in van helmont s mature work . in de magnetica we can find a sentence similar to that of  exterior homo :  physicians divide this spirit into the implanted or mummial , as well as the inflowing spirit , which departs with life. here van helmont interprets the spiritus insitus to mean a spirit that dwells within the body for a short time after death , while the other flies away immediately . the idea of the spiritus insitus and spiritus influens also appears in the late ortus medicinae . however , at this point van helmont changes his terminology : he equates the spiritus insitus not with the mummy , but with the local archeus or spiritus insitus vitalis . yet the importance of the spiritus insitus remains ; the resident spirits govern every organ of the body . the implanted spirit of the seed , the archeus of generation , constructs the foetus and endows it with all of the organs necessary for survival . as in exterior homo , the spiritus insitus of the late ortus medicinae is connected with medical astrology . van helmont argues that  the planetary spirits shine brightest in the bowels. this statement is complemented in the dutch abbreviated version of the ortus , dageraad ( 1661 ) , and the german translation , aufgang der artzney kunst ( 1683 ) , with a paragraph where the different exterior homo : the sun is associated with the heart and the moon with the head . why this statement is missing in ortus is a mystery ; walter pagel tried to explain it by suggesting that it  may have been thought suitable for a more popular version in the vernacular. in any case , the brief statement in the ortus implies that van helmont believed in medical astrology . at the same time , the idea of the sun in the heart and moon in the head squares uneasily with van helmont s ortus concept of the sensitive soul and the mind being lodged in the stomach . in the mature de magnetica , van helmont also develops a theory of the powers ( potestates ) that is similar to that in exterior homo. this theory is intimately connected with the proposed dichotomy between the  exterior and  interior man . the exterior man is essentially  an animal making use of the reason and will of the blood. the powers of the blood belong to the exterior man , while the powers of the mind belong to the interior man . van helmont uses the expression exterior and interior homo not only in his mature but also in his late works . once excited , it can transport the spirit of the exterior man into a distant object by means of the force of imagination , or natural magic . this emphasis on blood and natural magic disappears in the ortus medicinae , most likely due to the censorship of his earlier work by the inquisition . the mature van helmont adheres to the traditional paracelsian interpretation of the macrocosm  microcosm analogy . in a 1631 letter to mersenne , van helmont explains that blood is  our microcosmic sea , a statement that resembles the similar affirmation in exterior homo. furthermore , in de magnetica he often refers to the microcosm as man , containing all essences of things within . by comparison , in his late stage van helmont the  exterior homo concept of a  will of the flesh is already present in de magnetica . the will of the flesh and blood is separate from the will of god or the will of man . this  will of flesh and blood , which unconsciously belongs to all animated beings , dwells in the exterior man as the product of original sin . the concept of the  will of the flesh reappears in the ortus medicinae as well . mature van helmont seemed to share the  exterior homo s views of the superiority of women and of the inferiority of sexual generation . his opinions on this matter are not expressed in the published treatises , but can be inferred from his archives . as already pointed out , van helmont agreed with the idea of the superiority of women over men in the annotation he made on  exterior homo. his pre-1634 support for the idea of the inferiority of sexual generation is conjectural . amongst the documents confiscated by the court in 1634 were some extracts that van helmont attributed to cornelius agrippa . van helmont distanced himself from this document , but suspicion remains that he may have been sympathetic to the doctrine . this is highly important in light of the fact that his late work , the ortus medicinae , makes this view explicit and comprehensive . thus , in the ortus , van helmont firmly believed that carnal copulation was the actual original sin , sharing such unorthodox beliefs with his fellow compatriots michel de bay and cornelius jansen . van helmont maintained that the apple contained within it an urge toward concupiscence , which made adam defile eve . in the  ortus , van helmont linked this unorthodox theory with that of the superiority of women over men . eve was of firmer chastity and her body created more perfectly. in her case , the loss of virginity due to adam s rape was equal to a fall from a high spiritual status , as she was reduced to a role of mothering in a similar way to animals . hence , only virgins come close to the elevated position of undefiled eve , the virgin mary being the sole woman to recover the pre - fall role of divine generator . in the initial divine plan , man was composed only of body and mind , the mind governing the body directly . however , after the original sin , the mind retreated in the recesses of the body , and the place of governor of the body was taken by a new entity , the sensitive soul ( anima sensitiva ) . this inferior soul bears strong similarity to the treatise s anima cadens , and is similarly mortal . van helmont s theory of generation is advocated in the ortus medicinae in very similar terms to the treatise . exterior homo , the womb possesses magnetism , which is described as the key aspect of generation . procreation is achieved when the male seed is attracted by the womb s magnet within the uterus . van helmont uses the same quote from the bible , god opened the womb of sarah , to show that the male seed has a relatively unimportant role in generation . he also affirms , in direct line with paracelsus and  exterior homo , that procreation is a divine gift and that god intervenes directly in generation . van helmont also refers to the experiment whereby a dormouse was crossed with a coney to suggest the lesser importance of the male in conception , whose primary role is only to excite the mother s womb for generation . the process of generation is also explained in terms similar to the  exterior homo treatise : the seed draws down the light ( aura vitalis ) which contains the seal of image - ideas , or the pattern of the body . van helmont also argued that images influenced the creation of new beings or even of disease . in respect to the theory of the soul , exterior homo. the soul is also a light descended from the  father of lights and an imago dei ; however , van helmont generally emphasises that it is the mind ( mens ) as the interior part of the soul that most resembles god . as in exterior homo , van helmont also believes that the soul requires an agency to implement its will ; this agency is usually referred to as the spirit or archeus . in addition , van helmont s commitment to alchemical medicine as opposed to galenic treatment is too well known to analyse here . he was thoroughly devoted to the paracelsian view of  like cures like , and maintained that arcana cured by appeasing the archeus , not by irritating it . the most obvious difference is the affirmation of a platonic tripartite theory of the soul ( anima stans  anima sedens and anima cadens ) . this elaborate theory can not be found in van helmont s works , at least those that have been deciphered . as already pointed out , there is a similarity between the treatise s anima cadens and the sensitive soul of van helmont s late works , but the  exterior homos perspective of the contemplative and active souls as separate entities is harder to reconcile with van helmont s works . we should not conclude by this that the subjects of contemplation and action are of no concern to van helmont . on the contrary , he articulates a complex process of acquiring knowledge through mystical contemplation , which then translates into practical knowledge . exterior homo has revealed strong similarities between van helmont s ideas and those of the treatise . these include the division of man into  exterior and  interior , the separation of the spiritus into  resident ( insitus ) and  inflowing ( influens ) , the impression of images into the generative mass by the light of the soul , the existence of a spirit called archeus  vulcan which renders the seed fertile , and the importance of magnetism in procreation . the similarity is even more striking when we consider the radical argument that women are superior to men , and that they were supposed to give birth supernaturally , without the aid of male seed . even though the  exterior homo is evasive on the subject of divine generation , its ideas seem to correspond well with those of van helmont . nevertheless , these resemblances can not by themselves ascertain that van helmont is the author of the treatise , as they can be attributed to mutual influence . it is also not impossible that another paracelsian shared his views , particularly since many of the ideas can be traced back to the thought of paracelsus , severinus or croll . this is the more so as both van helmont and  exterior homo maintained that these beliefs were not unique to themselves . exterior homo referred to the initiates ( synmista ) of the inner church , while van helmont often talked about the ideas of the hermetic school which he identified himself with . exterior homo , without attributing authorship with absolute certainty . leaving the thorny issue of authorship aside , the treatise should be deemed valuable in and of itself through the fascinating perspective it conveys .  exterior homo clearly draws on paracelsian and severinian ideas to construct a comprehensive medical philosophy , which includes a complex if underdeveloped theory of the nature and structure of man , of the original sin , the difference between men and women , and of the way the human body functions . in light of these , it proposes an unusual perspective of human generation , which emphasises the role of the women and of spiritual agency in procreation . it further advocates the use of non - galenic , alchemical medicine in order to stimulate reproduction . the reader of  exterior homo can not but be impressed by the breadth of philosophical and religious thought presented in only four folios of text . biology , medicine , chemistry , physics , theology , philosophy converge into one coherent , if unusual vision of the human being . in this sense , the treatise is representative of the paracelsian attempt to unify knowledge and then use it in pragmatic ways for the betterment of others . thus , in  exterior homo , the grand philosophical speculation on the nature of man is ultimately  brought down to earth and converted into useful knowledge on the specific subject of reproduction . although the treatise does not include practical recipes , a full consilium would have involved the prescription of alchemical medicine . it was indeed the application of philosophical theory to medical practice that constituted an important part of the paracelsian worldview .
this article discusses a latin manuscript that can be found in the jan baptist van helmont ( 15791644 ) archives in mechelen ( malines ) , belgium . 
 the manuscript bears no author and no title , and begins with the words 
 exterior homo , hence being referred by this provisional title in the analysis . 
 ecclesiastical prosecutors investigating van helmont for heresy in 1634 considered that it was written by him , but this was vehemently denied by the flemish physician . 
 the present article takes a first detailed look at the content of the treatise and ideas contained therein . 
 it hence identifies the manuscript as belonging to a seventeenth - century physician influenced by the ideas of theophrastus paracelsus ( 14931541 ) and his interpreter petrus severinus ( 15421602 ) , and containing a complex medical philosophy drawn on alchemical thought . 
 thus , the anonymous author presents a comprehensive view on the nature and structure of man , as well as an idiosyncratic theory of human generation . following the analysis of the treatise , 
 the article further compares it with the known works of j.b . 
 van helmont , and finds that it is very similar to his ideas . 
 hence , the article concludes that it is 
 likely that the manuscript is indeed written by van helmont , although lack of direct evidence prevents certain attribution .