metformin hydrochloride ( met ) is an oral biguanide and chemically it is n , n - dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide ( figure 1(a ) ) , which reduces the elevated blood glucose concentration in patients with diabetes but does not increase insulin secretion . it does not lower the glucose levels in nondiabetic subjects [ 1 , 2 ] . chemically glimepiride ( glm ) is ( figure 1(b ) ) 3-ethyl-4-methyl - n-[2-[4-[(4-methylcyclohexyl ) carbamoylsulfamoyl]phenyl]ethyl]-5-oxo-2h - pyrrole-1-carboxamide . glm is an oral hypoglycemic agent that acts by stimulating the release of insulin from functioning pancreatic beta cells and increasing sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin [ 35 ] . chemically , atorvastatin calcium ( atr ) ( figure 1(c ) ) is ( r , 8r)-2(4-flurophenyl)-,-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1h - pyrrole-1-heptonoic acid trihydrate . atorvastatin calcium ( atr ) is a competitive inhibitor of hmg - coa reductase used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia . fixed dose combination drugs are used to maintain steady state of glucose and lipid levels in blood plasma . tablet dosage form ( tripill ) contains an oral lipid lowering agent , atorvastatin , and two oral antihyperglycemic drugs , glimepiride and metformin hydrochloride . the combination of these three drugs complements each other and provides a reduction in plasma cholesterol along with glycemic control , thereby providing comprehensive control of diabetes associated with dyslipidemia . the objective of the present investigation is to develop a simple and novel method for the simultaneous estimation met , glm , and atr by employing hplc . the literature search reveals that , few methods were reported for this combination in dosage form and in plasma [ 810 ] , there are some other methods that are reported for individuals as well as individual drugs with other drug combinations [ 1120 ] . the analytical method employed for the quantitative determination of drug in formulation plays a significant role in the evaluation and interpretation of drug release from the formulation . therefore , a complete validation of analytical methods was performed according to ich guidelines   to yield reliable results that could be satisfactorily interpreted . so , the proposed method can be employed for the determination of three dugs in bulk and combination formulations ( tripill ) as well as in future studies of these drugs . the instruments employed in this study are hplc - perkin elmer , uv-200 series with the total chrome software , waltham , usa ; sonicator - sharp analytical , hyderabad , india ; analytical balance - sartorius , german ; millipore direct - q 3 u.v . atr , met , and glm were gift samples obtained from aurobindo pharma ( hyderabad , india ) . acetonitrile of hplc grade , o - phosphoric acid , and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were of a.r . tripll 2 tablet dosage form with concentrations of atr-10  mg , met-500  mg , and glm-2  mg was purchased from the market . preparation of standard stock solution . accurately weighed 10  mg of each drug , that is , met , glm , atr and transferred into a 10  ml volumetric flask dissolved with small amount of solvent ( acetonitrile  :  water 50  :  50 ) and made up of the volume with 50  :  50  v / v water and acetonitrile . daily working standard solutions of mixture were prepared by suitable dilution of the stock solution with the mobile phase . preparation of a buffer . accurately weighed 2.72  g of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate dissolved in 1000  ml of hplc grade water and ph was adjusted to 3.0 by using orthophosphoric acid . the chromatographic separation was done by using grace smart altima c-8 column ( 250  4.6  mm , 5   ) with mobile phase acetonitrile : phosphate buffer ph 3.0 ( 60  :  40% v / v ) at a flow rate of 1  ml / min and detection wavelength was 235  nm with 25  l of injection volume . the chromatographic method was optimized by changing various parameters , such as ph of the mobile phase , organic solvent and buffer used in the mobile phase , and composition of the mobile phase on trial error basis by varying one parameter and keeping all other conditions constant . the validation parameters like linearity , sensitivity , accuracy , precision , recovery , and stability of drugs were studied according to the ich guidelines . selectivity was studied by comparing the chromatograms obtained from the blank sample with the chromatogram obtained from a standard drug mixture . the linearity of this method was evaluated by linear regression analysis , using least square method , and the linearity of drugs was found in the concentration range of 20200  g / ml for met , 10150  g / ml for atr and glm . calibration standards are prepared by spiking the required volume of working standard ( 200  g / ml ) solution into different 10  ml volumetric flasks and volume made up with mobile phase to yield concentrations of 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 100 , 150 , and 200  g / ml of met , glm , and atr . the lod and loq of this method were verified based on the standard deviation of response , slope . intra- and interday accuracy and precision of this method were determined at three different concentration levels in 3 different days . on each day , three replicates were analyzed with independently prepared calibration curves . the accuracy and precision were expressed as percentage accuracy and relative standard deviation ( rsd ) , respectively . g / ml ) , 100% ( 50  g / ml ) , and 120% ( 60  g / ml ) of standard drug was added to the extracted solution of formulation , diluted the solution and injected into hplc , then calculated the recovery . robustness of the method was done by changing slight variation in the parameters like mobile phase composition , flow rate , and wavelength . present method did not show any significant change when the critical parameters were modified ( i.e. , mobile phase composition , flow rate , and ph of buffer ) . the stability of the drug solution was determined for the short - term stability and autosampler stability . short - term stability was carried out by keeping at room temperature ( 25c ) for 24  h. autosampler stability was determined by storing the samples for 24  h in the autosampler . each sample injected three times into hplc and concentrations obtained were compared with the nominal values of the quality control ( qc ) samples . the stress studies were carried out by taking 100  mg of each drug into 100  ml volumetric flask and added 5  ml of 1  m hydrochloric acid for acid degradation , 5  ml of 1  m sodium hydroxide for alkali degradation , and 10  ml of water for hydrolytic degradation ; then samples were kept in a water bath at 60c for 1  h. after heating , the solutions in volumetric flasks were neutralized , that is , 1  m hcl with 1  m naoh , 1  m naoh with 1  m hcl and volume made up with the mobile phase separately . photodegradation was carried out by the drug was kept under uv light 254  nm for 24  h. then diluted the drug solution with mobile phase to get suitable concentration within the linearity range and injected the samples into the hplc . 20 tablets were weighed and finely powdered , and an accurately weighed sample of powdered tablets equivalent to 10  mg of atr , 500  mg of met , and 2  mg of glm ( equivalent to one tablet ) was extracted with different extraction solvents like acetonitrile , methanol , water , and mobile phase . the recovery of drugs ( atr and glm ) was found to be less than 50% when extracting by using 100% water and the recovery of met was found to be less than 90% when extraction carried out by using acetonitrile . the 100% recoveries of all three drugs were found when extraction carried out by using the combination of water and acetonitrile ( 50  :  50 ) as extraction solvent . hence , the composition of 50  :  50 v / v of acetonitrile : water was used as extraction solution . the powder equivalent to one tablet was transferred and extracted with 50  :  50 of acetonitrile  :  water in a 100  ml volumetric flask and sonicated for 15  min . the solution obtained was diluted with the mobile phase so as to obtain a concentration in the range of linearity previously determined , and then filtered through 0.22   syringe filter . during the method development , top priority was given for the complete separation of drugs . the chromatographic method was optimized by changing various parameters , such as ph of the mobile phase , organic solvent and buffer used in the mobile phase , and composition of the mobile phase on trial error basis . phosphate buffer in various strengths are tried along with methanol and acetonitrile as organic solvent . a mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer with different ph values was tried . at ph 3.0 the separation was good enough ; then the proportions of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer ph 3.0 were tested as a mobile phase with grace smart c-8 columns . the mobile phase composition of 40  :  60 v / v phosphate buffer  :  acetonitrile was shown to have good resolution and retention time with minimal tailing factor in acceptable range . the method was optimized with the mobile phase composition of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer 60  :  40 ( v / v ) . there were no significant changes in the chromatographic response and peak shape with change in buffer molarity . after several trials , the method was optimized as a mixture of 20  mm potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer ( ph 3.0 ) and acetonitrile ( 40  :  60 v / v ) at a flow rate of 1  ml / min and at 235  nm by using grace smart , altima c-8 column . these chromatographic conditions achieved satisfactory resolution , retention time , and tailing for three drugs of met , glm , and atr . figure 2 shows that chromatogram of standard drug mixture and these are well separated from each other . the standard mixture solution was used as a system suitability solution it was injected into hplc . the retention time , tailing factor , resolution , and theoretical plates for each drug were observed . the percentage relative standard deviation ( % rsd ) of five consecutive injections for each parameter was calculated . the system suitability parameters of the present method were found to be within acceptable limits . the acceptable limits of the resolution between two adjacent peaks should be 2 and tailing factor should be 2   and the % rsd of these values should be 2 . system suitability tests confirmed that the chromatographic system was adequate for the analysis planned to be done . the linearity was performed and calibration curve is plotted between peak areas of drug against concentration of the drug . the curve was linear over the range of 20200  g / ml for met and 10150  g / ml for atr and glm . the % rsd was found to be less than 2 for all the drugs which indicates that the method is precise . the tailing factor for the drugs was always less than 2.0 and the components were well separated under all the changes carried out ( i.e. , mobile phase composition , flow rate , and ph of buffer ) . considering the modifications in the system suitability parameters and the specificity of the method , as well as carrying the experiment at room temperature , may indicate that the proposed method was robust . the stability of the drug was studied for short - term and autosampler stability using the qc samples . the samples were analyzed and compared with freshly analyzed qc samples ; no differences were found in accuracy and precision . the stability data presented in tables 4 and 5 indicate that there were no major changes observed in this study . forced degradation studies were carried out in acid , base , and neutral conditions ; atr was degraded more ( 30.19% ) in acidic conditions than basic and neutral conditions . in basic conditions met was degraded more ( 30.5% ) compared to the other two drugs ; no degradation was found in hydrolytic conditions . the amount of glm in acid and hydrolytic conditions was reduced , but there was no reduction in the amount of glm in basic conditions . two degradation peaks were appearing at retention time of 5.2  min and 9.62  min in the chromatogram under applied stress studies . hence this method could be employed for the determination of these three drugs , that is , met , glm , and atr in the presence of their degradation product . under photodegradation study atr degraded 4% and the chromatograms of stress conditions are shown in figure 3 and the percentage degradation of each in stress studies of met , glm , and atr were represented in ( table 6 ) . the results of assay of dosage form percentage recovery was found to be more than 98% for all the drugs ( atr , met , and glm ) ; the data was represented in table 7 ; the chromatogram from formulation was shown in ( figure 4 ) . the developed method possesses good selectivity and specificity ; there is no interference found in the blanks at retention times of atr , met , and glm and good correlation between the peak area and concentration of the drug under optimized conditions . the observation of % rsd less than 2 for both intra- and interday measurements indicates a high degree of precision . in the present method , a grace smart , altima c-8 column has been used at a flow rate of 1  ml / min . the stability of atr , met , and glm were found to be within the limits indicating that there is no degradation of drugs during the daily analysis . this method was applied for the simultaneous determination of atr , met , and glm in tablet dosage form .
a simple , rapid , and precise rp - hplc method for simultaneous analysis of atorvastatin calcium , metformin hydrochloride , and glimepiride in bulk and its pharmaceutical formulations has been developed and validated . 
 these drugs were separated by using grace smart altima c-8 column ( 250  4.6  mm , 5-m ) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile  :  phosphate buffer ( 60  :  40 ( v / v ) , ph 3.0 ) at a flow rate of 1  ml / min , injection volume 25  l , and detection at 235  nm . 
 metformin , atorvastatin , and glimepiride were eluted with retention times of 2.57  min , 7.06  min , and 9.39  min , respectively . 
 the method was validated for accuracy , precision , linearity , specificity , and sensitivity in accordance with ich ( q2b ) guidelines . 
 the results of all the validation parameters were found to be within the acceptable limits . 
 the calibration plots were linear over the concentration ranges from 10 to 150  g / ml , 20 to 200  g / ml , and 10 to 150  g / ml for atorvastatin , metformin , and glimepiride , respectively . 
 the accuracy and precision were found to be between 98.2%105% and 2% for three drugs . 
 developed method was successfully applied for the determination of the drugs in tablet dosage form and recovery was found to be > 98% for three drugs . 
 the degradation products produced as a result of stress studies did not interfere with drug peaks .