this study was supported by grants from the national institutes of health ( p30-dk050456 , gm097057 , ag039758 ) , u.s . department of defense ( w81xwh-13 - 1 - 0060 ) , and american diabetes association ( ada 7 - 12-bs-093 ) .
mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 ( mtorc1 ) negatively regulates autophagy at early stages by phosphorylating unc51-like kinase 1 ( ulk1 ) . 
 our recent study expanded the roles of mtorc1 in autophagy by identifying ultraviolet radiation resistance - associated gene product ( uvrag ) as a substrate of mtorc1 . 
 this finding has provided new insight into the roles of mtorc1 in cellular membrane processes and cancer .