a typical presentations of tuberculosis are not uncommon . periprosthetic infection with tuberculosis after total joint replacement has well published . tuberculosis of the elbow following open reduction internal fixation of a distal humerus fraeture is extremely rare . we report case of a healthy , immunocompetenet 49-year - old male who underwent open reduction and internal fixation with bicolumnar plating for distal humerus fracture and presented after 18 month with cystic swelling over medial aspect of operated site . there was no wound dehiscence and the underlying fracture was healed well without any signs of implant loosening or bony involvement . although synovial tuberculosis after fracture fixation is a rare entity , tuberculosis should be kept as a differential diagnosis . a typical presentations of tuberculosis are not uncommon . periprosthetic infections with tuberculosis have been reported in the past . however it is very rare to find tuberculous synovitis presenting as a late complication following open reduction internal fixation of a fracture . there are only two case reports describing tuberculosis with involvement of bone after fracture fixation . of those that have been published on the matter , we present a rare case report of 49 year old male with cystic swelling over medial side of left elbow joint which was previously operated for fracture supracondylar humerus with bicolumnar plating one and half years ago . a 49 year old male presented with left supracondylar humerus fracture with intercondylar extension ( fig 1 ) . there was no history of clinical signs or symptoms of tuberculosis and there was no primary focus in the lungs at the time of presentation . the fracture was treated with olecrenon osteotomy and medial and lateral column plating ( fig 2 ) . stitches were removed on 14th post - operative day and the incision healed well . patient resumed back his activities and remained asymptomatic . after one and half years after the index surgery , patient presented with a swelling over the medial side of operated left elbow joint . there was no history of trauma , fever , any other joint pain or any systemic symptoms . physical examination showed a cystic mass measuring 55 cm over medial aspect of operated left elbow with mild tenderness without any erythema . plain radiograph of left elbow showed united distal humerus fracture ( fig 3 ) without any lysis , erosions or reduction in joint space . the white cell count was 5800/mm3 , esr was 20 mm at end of 1 hour , crp was negative and , all other serum biochemical investigations were within normal limits . bursa excision was done which was found to be a cyst arising from synovium of elbow joint and material with cyst wall and synovium was sent for culture and histopathology . ( figs 5 , 6 ) anetroposterior and lateral radiographs showing a supracondylar humerus fracture in intercondylar extension . anteroposterior and lateral radiographs showing healed fracture without any osteolysis , loosening or changes suggestive of tuberculosis the patient was informed about the use of pertaining data for case report publication . there are reports of tuberculosis infection following total joint arthroplasty [ 1 , 4 ] . however tuberculosis following internal fixation of a fracture has been very rare [ 2 , 3 ] . osteoarticular tuberculosis is characteristically a monoarticular disease and usually affects weight - bearing joints , with 10 - 15% being polyarticular . non - weight bearing joints affected by tuberculosis , such as the elbow , are rarely reported in the medical literature . tuberculous infection of the upper extremities and synovitis of the elbow joint are relatively rare and difficult to diagnose accurately at an early stage . [ 5,6 , 7 ] the common diagnostic dilemma in elbow tb is due to the similarity of disease with the more common pathologies like rheumatoid arthritis , low virulence pyogenic arthritis , gout , pigmented villonodular synovitis and even sometimes neoplasms . intra- operative picture showing medial cystic swelling that was arising from synovium of the elbow joint . clinical picture showing healed incision after cyst excision and good painfree range of motion of the elbow joint . anteroposterior and lateral radiographs after cyst excision and removal of medial plate with out any bony change of tuberculosis . the bacteria can reach implant by hematogenous spread or by local reactivation of dormant bacteria . reduced immune response following trauma has been thought to cause reactivation of dormant bacteria at a distant focus . kumar et al have reported a series of five patients having skeletal tuberculosis after fracture fixation . the authors found that all patients were exposed to severe trauma ; all fractures were in the metaphyseal region . the range of time frame between initial surgery and diagnosis of tuberculosis was four to nine months . our patient is different in several aspects to the patients in the series by kumar et al . our patient was not exposed to severe trauma , there was no bony involvement and there was no loosening of implant . the longest duration between surgery and manifestation of infection was of 9 months in the series by kumar et al . our patient presented after 18 months from the index procedure . in another report by habib et al , there was involvement of the bone and the implants were loose needing implant removal . in our case the insidious onset of non - tender cystic swelling over medial elbow joint arising from synovium appears to be primary focus of tuberculosis because there was no evidence of tb foci elsewhere in the body . radiological findings in osteoarticular tuberculosis are nonspecific and require aspiration or synovial biopsy for culture and histopathological examination for confirmation of diagnosis . a high degree of clinical suspicion is necessary for early diagnosis and prompt treatment so as to avoid later complication . as this case illustrates , patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis do not always have the classic systemic symptoms associated with pulmonary tuberculosis . also every postoperative patient with swelling at operative site may not be pyogenic infection but should be investigated thoroughly keeping in mind the differentials like tuberculosis . however , it is important to realize that these  normal findings do not rule out disease . a history of exposure to , and risk factors for , tuberculosis especially in the presence of atypical osteoarticular disease should always be considered in endemic countries . although tuberculosis as a late complication following open reduction internal fixation of a fracture is very rare , tuberculosis should be kept as one of the differential diagnosis . although synovial tuberculosis after fracture fixation is a rare complication , tuberculosis should be kept as a differential diagnosis . surgeons should have high index of suspicion to diagnose atypical presentations of tuberculosis . while dealing with such cases , it is prudent to send the debrided material for histopathological examination . tuberculosis should be kept as a differential diagnosis of late coplication following open reduction and internal fixation of a fracture .
introduction : a typical presentations of tuberculosis are not uncommon . periprosthetic infection with tuberculosis after total joint replacement has well published . 
 tuberculosis of the elbow following open reduction internal fixation of a distal humerus fraeture is extremely rare.case report : we report case of a healthy , immunocompetenet 49-year - old male who underwent open reduction and internal fixation with bicolumnar plating for distal humerus fracture and presented after 18 month with cystic swelling over medial aspect of operated site . there was no wound dehiscence and the underlying fracture 
 was healed well without any signs of implant loosening or bony involvement . 
 cystic swelling was excised and histopathology provided the diagnosis of tuberculosis . 
 patient was treated with anti tubercular chemotherapy and patient made uneventful recovery.conclusion:although synovial tuberculosis after fracture fixation is a rare entity , tuberculosis should be kept as a differential diagnosis . 
 surgeons should have high index of suspicion to diagnose atypical presentations of tuberculosis .