adhesive dentistry has undergone remarkable changes since the introduction of phosphoric acid as an enamel conditioner1 and the same principles still guide adhesion , that is , partial demineralization of the dental structure and impregnation of the etched area with resin monomers . the technique of dentin hybridization and the concept of hybrid layer8 caused a significant advance in adhesive dentistry . from the 90 's until the current days , the adhesive technology incorporating new components had provided a great progress and unquestionable clinical and laboratorial improvements in cavity sealing , reduction of microleakage and increase of tensile bond strength11,14 . the adhesive systems can be classified in two major groups , according to the need or not of acid etching prior to the impregnation of the dental substrate with resin monomers . the materials that require previous acid etching are classified as total - etch adhesive systems , whereas those that perform the conditioning of the dental surface simultaneously to resin monomer interdiffusion are classified as self - etching adhesive systems4,12,15 . the total - etch adhesive systems use a strong acid agent , like phosphoric acid , that removes the smear layer and demineralizes enamel and dentin , exposing the collagen fibrils and increasing the surface free energy . the presence of hydrophilic monomers , which are agents that promote adhesion in these materials , makes their use critical regarding the moisture that remains in the dental substrate after cavity rinsing and drying . overdrying causes tissue dehydration , especially in dentin , and can compromise the performance of these adhesive systems6,10,16,17 . the self - etching adhesive systems have a significantly lower ph than that of total - etch adhesive systems because the acidic monomer present in their composition propitiates changes in the substrate , smear layer incorporation / dissolution and surface demineralization simultaneously to resin monomer impregnation . the use these materials eliminates the need of phosphoric acid etching , water rinsing and air drying as separate steps of the bonding protocol . it is assumed that self - etching adhesive systems form a zone of interdiffusion free of non - hybridized areas because the entire depth of dentin demineralization is simultaneously filled with resin monomers . same efficacy can not be warranted when conventional etch - and - rinse systems are used12,15 . the study of hybrid layer morphology and the effect of conditioners on dentin is an important resource to analyze the characteristics of dental substrate and to understand which factors can contribute to improve the effectiveness of adhesive systems . the purpose of this study was to evaluate comparatively by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) the effect of different conditioners on dentin micromorphology , when used according to the same protocol . twenty caries - free third molars extracted from young patients for therapeutic indication were used in this study . the teeth were sectioned with a diamond saw ( isomet 1000 ; buheler , lake bluff , il , usa ) 3 mm below the occlusal third to remove the cusps . two - millimeter - thick dentin disks were obtained by sectioning the crowns parallel to the occlusal surface . deep dentin was chosen because this region favors adhesive diffusion through the demineralized dentin and hence provides the best conditions for resin monomer infiltration , as the number and diameter of tubules in coronal dentin increases significantly from the middle to the deepest layer near the pulp11 . the disks were polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper for 30 s to produce a standardized smear layer similar to that formed on bur - prepared dentin . the disks were bisected in a mesiodistal direction to obtain two sticks from each disk . the dentin sticks were randomly assigned to 4 groups ( n=10 ) , according to the treatment protocol : no treatment ( control ) , 37% phosphoric acid gel , ibond and clearfil se bond conditioners . prior to application of the conditioners , the dentin sticks were marked on the laterals sides and on the opposite side with a diamond saw in order to facilitate their fracturing for sem analysis . the specimens were submitted to the treatment with the conditioners as displayed in table 1 . immediately after conditioner application and rinsing , the specimens were immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 m sodium cacodylate buffer for 6 h for fixation , thereafter rinsed with 0.1 m sodium cacodylate and then rinsed for 1 min with distilled water . then , the dentin sticks were dehydrated in ethanol ascending degrees as follows : 50% , 70% and 90% for 5 min each and then 100% for 3 h. next , the specimens were ultrasonicated for 15 min in 100% ethanol and then carefully fractured manually on the middle and bonded in metallic platforms with cyanoacrylate . half of the specimens were positioned in such a way that they could be observed in a cross - sectional view , while the others were positioned to permit a longitudinal view . the dentin specimens were sputter - coated with gold ( scd 030 ; blazers ag , balzers , liechtenstein ) and observed under a scanning electron microscope ( philips xl series  xl 20 ; philips , eindhoven , the netherlands ) at 25 kv . the overall aspect of etched dentin surface was evaluated with regards to depth of intertubular demineralization ( as measured by image tool software 2.00 ( uthscsa , san antonio , tx , usa ) , cuff - like aspect of peritubular dentin , funnel - shaped aspect of dentinal tubules , presence / absence of smear layer , presence / absence of smear plugs ( percentage of occluded , partially occluded and open tubules ) , in order to compare the conditioners and their ph values . anova was applied to compare the means of depth of demineralization and tukey 's test ( p=0.05 ) was applied to determine the significance of detected differences among the groups . the analysis of cross - sectional and longitudinal specimens under sem showed that the tested conditioners promoted alterations in dentin micromorphology . specimens that received no treatment and those etched with phosphoric acid ( groups 1 and 2 , respectively ) will be first compared in order to characterize phosphoric acid aggressiveness on dentin , which will be used as parameter for comparison to the other groups . all conditioners used in this study were effective in removing the smear layer completely , but not all of them were able to remove the smear plugs . the results of group 1 ( no treatment ) showed the expected pattern of dentin substrate after polishing . the smear layer and smear plugs were maintained over dentin occluding 100% of the tubules . in group 2 ( phosphoric acid etching ) , a depth of demineralization of 1.83 m was observed and the dentinal tubules had a funneled aspect and 100% of occluded openings . in group 3 ( ibond ) , dentin demineralization was not observed . the funneled aspect was absent and the cuff - like peritubular dentin aspect could be observed in the open dentin tubules . in group 4 ( clearfil se bond primer ) , a depth of demineralization of 0.80 m was observed and approximately 50% of the dentin tubules were open and peritubular dentin exhibited a cuff - like aspect . the results of each group according to the evaluated criteria are shown in table 2 . scores : a= > 1.51 m of depth of demineralization ; b= 0.5 to 1.0 m of depth of demineralization ; and c= < 0.5 m or absence of depth of demineralization . the use of self - etching adhesive systems has increased remarkably in clinical practice13 due to technique simplification and reduction of the number of clinical steps . in addition , total - etch adhesive systems may produce imperfections in the hybrid layer due to dentin dehydration because acid etching and drying of the cavity are critical points of the bonding protocol . self - etching adhesive systems contain acidic monomers that allow them promoting adhesion to smear - covered dentin . the acidic monomers are able to infiltrate and incorporate the smear layer within the hybrid layer5,13 . it is discussed whether the ph of self - etching adhesive systems is acid enough to produce adequate demineralization compared to etch - and - rinse adhesive systems . the ph is a key factor to determine the penetration potential throughout dentin and the depth of demineralization , and it is clinically relevant for the postoperative sensitivity in deep cavities and for prevention of the water tree process2,5,9,11,12 . during their evolution , adhesive systems have undergone significant modifications in their chemical composition , such as the addition of hydrophilic monomers , acidic monomers and different diluents however , neither of these improvements has turned them immune to the hydrolytic degradation that occurs with time . self - etching adhesive systems produce semi - permeable membranes after polymerization and this permeability allows water leakage , which can be accumulated in the different layers of the adhesive interface , creating porosities that have been recognized as the first signal of interfacial degradation over time4 , apart from dentin intrinsic humidity , which can also cause hydrolysis . in the non - treated control group , dentin surface was completely covered by smear layer and all tubules were occluded ( presence of smear plugs ) . a consistent , well defined hybrid layer can not be formed under these conditions , which justifies dentin conditioning to remove the mineral content of this tissue and prepare the collagen network for adhesive infiltration . a previous scanning electron microscopic study has reported similar results while evaluating the effects of some contemporary adhesive systems on the dentin morphology7 . in the present study , the phosphoric acid - etched specimens ( group 2 ) presented a greater depth of demineralization than those conditioned with self - etching adhesive systems ( groups 3 and 4 ) and exhibited surfaces free of smear layer and smear plugs , presenting 100% of open dentinal tubules . the funnel - shaped aspect of the dentinal tubules was observed solely in this group . in the other groups , this aspect seems to be related to the ph of adhesive materials and is characteristic of adhesive systems with lower ph . although the specimens treated with clearfil se bond ( primer acidic ) did not present tubules with the funneled aspect , which is typical of acid - etched dentin , they exhibited a peritubular dentin with cuff - like aspect , characterized by the presence of a kind of deeper step in the internal surface . studies had demonstrated that self - etching adhesive systems with ph similar to that of phosphoric acid ( e.g. : prompt l pop ) are able to completely solve the smear layer and smear plugs and form a hybrid layer with thickness similar to that formed with etch - and - rinse adhesive systems3,4,9,12 . one of the main proposals of the self - etching adhesive systems is to suppress the hybridization deficit that might occur with total - etch adhesive systems represented by an acid - demineralized area that was not properly infiltrated by the adhesive material . however , recent studies have shown that discrepancies between the depth of demineralization and the depth of penetration of resin monomers can occur when self - etching adhesive systems are used . a study analyzed 10 adhesive systems , being 5 all - in - one systems and 5 two - step systems2 . areas of conditioned dentin not infiltrated by the adhesive were found below the hybrid layer in both types of adhesive systems . these areas were clearly identified in one - step adhesive systems ( xeno iii , ibond , brush & bond ) and in the experimental material . in two - step systems ( clearfil se bond and clearfil protect bond ) , non - infiltrated demineralized zones were occasionally found and , when present , they were discontinuous and thin . the authors concluded that the occurrence of conditioned zones , but not hybridized by adhesive monomers , is probably material - dependent and is not exclusive of one - step or two - step systems . in the present study , clearfil se bond presented a greater depth of demineralization and a higher percentage of open dentinal tubules ( around 50% ) , revealing more efficiency in removal of smear layer and smear plugs , which is favorable for the formation of an adjusted hybrid layer . on the other hand , in spite of having a similar ph to that of clearfil se bond , ibond presented a lesser depth of demineralization and was not so efficient in removing the smear layer , leaving some open ( approximately 39% ) , some partially occluded ( approximately 27% ) and some totally occluded ( approximately 33% ) dentinal tubules . it is important to point out that both adhesives present the same ph ( 1,9 ) , which suggests that ph is not the only factor accounting for the alterations produced by conditioners on dentinal substrate . this has also been demonstrated in a previous study5 , which investigated the differences in the hybrid layer formed by self - etching adhesive systems and the influence of primer ph and concluded that ph was not the most decisive factor for the obtained differences . there were differences in the interface , mainly referring to hybrid layer thickness , presence or absence of gaps in the adhesive / dentin interface and total or partial sealing of the dentinal tubules . in view of this , other characteristics of the tested adhesive systems might have contributed to the results reached in the present investigation and should therefore be addressed in future studies . however , it can not be stated that the agent aggressiveness was the only cause of the micromorphological alterations because a single morphological pattern was not established for each group , but rather an association of different aspects , according to the aggressiveness of the tested conditioner .
this study evaluated comparatively by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) the effect of different dental conditioners on dentin micromorphology , when used according to the same protocol . 
 forty dentin sticks were obtained from 20 caries - free third human molars and were assigned to 4 groups corresponding to 3 conditioners ( phosphoric acid 37% , clearfil se bond and ibond ) and an untreated control group . 
 after application of the conditioners , the specimens were immersed in 50% ethanol solution during 10 s , chemically fixed and dehydrated to prepare them to sem analysis . in the control group , dentin surface 
 was completely covered by smear layer and all dentinal tubules were occluded . in the phosphoric acid - etched group , 
 dentin surface was completely clean and presented exposed dentinal tubule openings ; this was the only group in which the tubules exhibited the funnel - shaped aspect . in the groups conditioned with clearfil se bond primer and ibond , which are less acidic than phosphoric acid , 
 tubule openings were occluded or partially occluded , though smear layer removal was observed . 
 se bond was more efficient in removing the smear layer than ibond . in the clearfil se bond group , 
 the cuff - like aspect of peritubular dentin was more evident . 
 it may be concluded all tested conditioners were able to change dentin morphology . 
 however , it can not be stated that the agent aggressiveness was the only cause of the micromorphological alterations because a single morphological pattern was not established for each group , but rather an association of different aspects , according to the aggressiveness of the tested conditioner .