hepatic angiomyolipoma ( aml ) is a rare mesenchymal tumor of the liver composed of smooth muscle cells , adipose tissue , and proliferating blood vessels . since its first description by ishak in 1976 , approximately 200 cases have been reported in the english literature.1 this type of tumor is usually seen in kidneys associated with tuberous sclerosis.2 definite pathologic diagnosis is made by identification of the three different components and hmb-45 positive staining.3 in the past , this tumor has been considered an entirely benign and slow - growing lesion without the possibility of malignant transformation . therefore , several authors have suggested that this disease can be managed with conservative treatment.47 however , since 2000 , several reports have revealed that this kind of tumor can be malignant with evidence of recurrence.810 although the combination of ultrasonography , computed tomography ( ct ) , magnetic resonance ( mr ) imaging , and angiography increases the accuracy in diagnosis of hepatic aml , the correct preoperative diagnostic rate of imaging studies has been reported to be less than 50%.6,1014 even the postoperative pathologic diagnosis has been easily mistaken as hepatocellular carcinoma ( hcc).14,15 many patients have been treated with surgical resection of the tumor . the purpose of this study is to retrospectively review the clinical , imaging , and pathological features of patients with hepatic aml treated at our hospital and to summarize our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease . we also review the literature to highlight the important questions concerning hepatic aml : ( 1 ) is hepatic aml a pure benign tumor ? ( 2 ) what is the natural course of this tumor ? does the tumor size enlarge frequently during observation ? ( 3 ) what difficulties exist in preoperative diagnosis with imaging studies and fine needle aspiration biopsy ( fnab ) ? ( 4 ) is it proper for a hepatitis - carrier patient with hepatic aml to be treated with conservative management ? ( 5 ) what are the criteria for patients with hepatic aml to be treated with surgical resection or conservative management ? the clinical , imaging , and pathological features of 10 patients with hepatic aml treated at the authors institute were retrospectively reviewed . all tumor tissue was paraffin - embedded for routine hematoxylin and eosin ( h&e ) staining . immunohistochemical assays were performed using a three - step indirect peroxidase complex technique with the following antibodies : hmb-45 ( dako , dilution 1:40 ) , actin ( dako , dilution 1:50 ) , s-100 ( dako , dilution 1:800 ) , cytokeratin ( biogenix , dilution 1:80 ) , vimentin ( dako , dilution 1:50 ) , and c - kit ( mbl , dilution 1:200 ) . ten patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma were diagnosed at national taiwan university hospital from july 1995 to june 2004 . there was marked female predominance ( 9/10 ) . the median age was 44  years old with a range from 34 to 64  years . most patients ( 60% ) presented no symptoms and were detected incidentally by health check - ups or during medical exams for other diseases . four of 10 patients had symptoms caused by the space - occupying effect of the tumors such as abdominal pain , abdominal fullness , and palpable mass , or other nonspecific symptoms such as fever , general malaise , or body weight loss ( tables  1 and 2 ) . the plasma levels of -fp and cea were within normal limits in all patients . table  1clinical presentation of hepatic angiomyolipomaclinical featureno . of patientsage3464  years ( median 44  years)gender ( female : male)9:1symptoms  no symptom6  abdominal pain2  abdominal fullness2  palpable mass1  body weight loss2  malaise1  fever2tumor location  right lobe5  left lobe4  caudate1tumor size ( cm )  < 53  5101  > 106preoperative diagnosisangiomyolipoma4(40% )  based on radiological images2  based on tumor biopsy2hepatocellular carcinoma3(30%)angiosarcoma1(10%)hemangioma1(10%)metastasis1(10%)associated liver diseasehbv carrier2table  2clinical profile of patients with hepatic angiomyolipomacasesex / agetumor size ( cm)/lobesymtoms / signsincidental findingtreatmentoutcome / f / u months1f/3418/rnilh / catypical hepatectomywell/39 mon2f/3410/repigastralgiaright lobectomywell/59 mon3f/3713/lpalpable mass , abdominal fullness , bw loss , feverextended left lobectomydead/14 mon recurrent , liver and lung mets4f/4020/repigastralgiaright lobectomywell/109 mon5f/427/rnilh / cfnab and f / ulost f / u/6mon6f/4611/labdominal fullness , malaise , bw loss , feverleft lateral segmentectomywell/40 mon7f/4915/rnilexam of appendicitiss56 segmentectomywell/37 mon8f/513/cnilh / ccaudate lobectomywell/40 mon9f/532.5/lnilf / u echo due to colon cancer s / pleft lateral segmentectomywell/33 mon10m/644/lnilh / cleft lobectomywell/32monh / c  =  health check - up , bw  =  body weight , f / u  =  follow - up , fnab  =  fine needle aspiration biopsy , mon  =  month , mets  =  metastasis , s / p  =  postoperation clinical presentation of hepatic angiomyolipoma clinical profile of patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma h / c  =  health check - up , bw  =  body weight , f / u  =  follow - up , fnab  =  fine needle aspiration biopsy , mon  =  month , mets  =  metastasis , s / p  =  postoperation based on the combined imaging studies of abdominal ultrasonography , ct , mr imaging , and angiography , the diagnostic accuracy of hepatic aml in this series was only 20% ( table  1 ) . other preoperative imaging impressions included hepatocellular carcinoma , angiosarcoma , hemangioma , and metastatic lesions . the accurate preoperative diagnostic rate was 40% ( 4/10 ) after imaging studies and fnab ( table  1 ) . five tumors were in the right lobe of the liver and four were in the left lobe . the median tumor size was 10.5  cm , ranging from 2.5  cm to 20  cm ( tables  1 and 2 ) . gross pathology identified all tumors as a well - circumscribed , nonencapsulated tumor masses consisting of soft to elastic tissue . the cut surface in tumors varied from yellow to dark brown . histopathologic studies of these 10 tumors showed a picture of hepatic angiomyolipoma composed of myoid and vascular components with a variant content of fatty tissue . most tumors were found positive for hmb-45 ( 10/10 ) , sma ( 4/9 ) , s-100 ( 7/9 ) , vimentin ( 6/9 ) , but negative for cytokeratin ( 0/9 ) . only three tumors were found positive for c - kit ( table  3 ) . table  3immunohistochemical studycasehmb-45actins-100cytokeratinvimentinc - kit1+++++2+++++++3+++++4+++++5++6++++++7+++++8+++9++++10++++++++ : strongly staining , > 30% positivity ; + : weakly staining , 1030% positivity ;  no staining , or < 10% positivity immunohistochemical study + + : strongly staining , > 30% positivity ; + : weakly staining , 1030% positivity ;  no staining , or < 10% positivity one patient ( case 5 ) was confirmed with aml through fine needle aspiration biopsy . these nine patients , except for one patient ( case 3 ) , had no postoperative complications or disease recurrence , and were regularly followed up at our outpatient department , follow - up ranging from 32 to 109  months ( table  2 ) . the very unusual patient ( case 3 ) was a 37-year - old woman with a 13    9    9  cm , large tumor at the left lobe of the liver , receiving extended left lobectomy ( fig . figure  1a 37-year - old woman ( case 3 ) presented with fever and palpable abdominal mass . ( a ) the axial view of contrast - enhanced ct scans on portal venous phase shows a huge hepatic tumor at the left hepatic lobe with heterogeneous enhancement . ( b ) the mr coronal tru fisp , fast imaging with steady - state precession . ( tr / te / fa  =  4.3/2.1/72 ) shows engorged vessels in the tumor . ( c ) after 6  months of extended left lobectomy , the abdominal ultrasonography reveals a huge recurrent tumor ( arrows ) in the previous location of left hepatic lobe , and numerous smaller tumors in the right lobe . ( d ) celiac angiography also demonstrates the recurrent huge tumor and other multiple smaller ones in the right lobe of liver . note the early drainage vein ( arrow).figure  2microscopic appearance of the hepatic angiomyolipoma in case 3 . ( a ) the primary tumor is composed of polygonal to spindle cells arranged in solid sheets or trabecular pattern with endothelial lining . some of the tumor cells have eosinophilic cytoplasm , and some have large fat vacuoles . some of the nuclei are bizarre , and some have large eosinophilic nucleoli ( h&e stain , original magnification  100 ) . ( b ) the tumor cells are strongly immunoreactive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  100 ) . recurrent tumor was noted 6  months later , and the patient received fine needle aspiration biopsy . ( c ) microscopically , it shows tumor cells with clear to ample eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in trabecular pattern ( h&e stain , original magnification  40 ) . ( d ) immunohistochemical staining shows the tumor cells are also positive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  200 ) . a 37-year - old woman ( case 3 ) presented with fever and palpable abdominal mass . ( a ) the axial view of contrast - enhanced ct scans on portal venous phase shows a huge hepatic tumor at the left hepatic lobe with heterogeneous enhancement . ( b ) the mr coronal tru fisp , fast imaging with steady - state precession . ( tr / te / fa  =  4.3/2.1/72 ) shows engorged vessels in the tumor . the right portal vein ( arrow ) ( c ) after 6  months of extended left lobectomy , the abdominal ultrasonography reveals a huge recurrent tumor ( arrows ) in the previous location of left hepatic lobe , and numerous smaller tumors in the right lobe . ( d ) celiac angiography also demonstrates the recurrent huge tumor and other multiple smaller ones in the right lobe of liver . ( a ) the primary tumor is composed of polygonal to spindle cells arranged in solid sheets or trabecular pattern with endothelial lining . some of the tumor cells have eosinophilic cytoplasm , and some have large fat vacuoles . some of the nuclei are bizarre , and some have large eosinophilic nucleoli ( h&e stain , original magnification  100 ) . ( b ) the tumor cells are strongly immunoreactive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  100 ) . recurrent tumor was noted 6  months later , and the patient received fine needle aspiration biopsy . ( c ) microscopically , it shows tumor cells with clear to ample eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in trabecular pattern ( h&e stain , original magnification  40 ) . immunohistochemical staining shows the tumor cells are also positive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  200 ) . unfortunately , 6  months later , ultrasonography showed recurrent hepatic lesions at the right lobe of the liver ( fig . mri also confirmed a large tumor in the caudate lobe and numerous smaller nodules in the right lobe of the liver . the clinical and histologic picture demonstrated recurrent malignant hepatic angiomyolipoma . at the 11th postoperative month , ten patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma were diagnosed at national taiwan university hospital from july 1995 to june 2004 . there was marked female predominance ( 9/10 ) . the median age was 44  years old with a range from 34 to 64  years . most patients ( 60% ) presented no symptoms and were detected incidentally by health check - ups or during medical exams for other diseases . four of 10 patients had symptoms caused by the space - occupying effect of the tumors such as abdominal pain , abdominal fullness , and palpable mass , or other nonspecific symptoms such as fever , general malaise , or body weight loss ( tables  1 and 2 ) . the plasma levels of -fp and cea were within normal limits in all patients . table  1clinical presentation of hepatic angiomyolipomaclinical featureno . of patientsage3464  years ( median 44  years)gender ( female : male)9:1symptoms  no symptom6  abdominal pain2  abdominal fullness2  palpable mass1  body weight loss2  malaise1  fever2tumor location  right lobe5  left lobe4  caudate1tumor size ( cm )  < 53  5101  > 106preoperative diagnosisangiomyolipoma4(40% )  based on radiological images2  based on tumor biopsy2hepatocellular carcinoma3(30%)angiosarcoma1(10%)hemangioma1(10%)metastasis1(10%)associated liver diseasehbv carrier2table  2clinical profile of patients with hepatic angiomyolipomacasesex / agetumor size ( cm)/lobesymtoms / signsincidental findingtreatmentoutcome / f / u months1f/3418/rnilh / catypical hepatectomywell/39 mon2f/3410/repigastralgiaright lobectomywell/59 mon3f/3713/lpalpable mass , abdominal fullness , bw loss , feverextended left lobectomydead/14 mon recurrent , liver and lung mets4f/4020/repigastralgiaright lobectomywell/109 mon5f/427/rnilh / cfnab and f / ulost f / u/6mon6f/4611/labdominal fullness , malaise , bw loss , feverleft lateral segmentectomywell/40 mon7f/4915/rnilexam of appendicitiss56 segmentectomywell/37 mon8f/513/cnilh / ccaudate lobectomywell/40 mon9f/532.5/lnilf / u echo due to colon cancer s / pleft lateral segmentectomywell/33 mon10m/644/lnilh / cleft lobectomywell/32monh / c  =  health check - up , bw  =  body weight , f / u  =  follow - up , fnab  =  fine needle aspiration biopsy , mon  =  month , mets  =  metastasis , s / p  =  postoperation clinical presentation of hepatic angiomyolipoma clinical profile of patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma h / c  =  health check - up , bw  =  body weight , f / u  =  follow - up , fnab  =  fine needle aspiration biopsy , mon  =  month , mets  =  metastasis , s / p  =  postoperation based on the combined imaging studies of abdominal ultrasonography , ct , mr imaging , and angiography , the diagnostic accuracy of hepatic aml in this series was only 20% ( table  1 ) . other preoperative imaging impressions included hepatocellular carcinoma , angiosarcoma , hemangioma , and metastatic lesions . the accurate preoperative diagnostic rate was 40% ( 4/10 ) after imaging studies and fnab ( table  1 ) . five tumors were in the right lobe of the liver and four were in the left lobe . the median tumor size was 10.5  cm , ranging from 2.5  cm to 20  cm ( tables  1 and 2 ) . gross pathology identified all tumors as a well - circumscribed , nonencapsulated tumor masses consisting of soft to elastic tissue . histopathologic studies of these 10 tumors showed a picture of hepatic angiomyolipoma composed of myoid and vascular components with a variant content of fatty tissue . most tumors were found positive for hmb-45 ( 10/10 ) , sma ( 4/9 ) , s-100 ( 7/9 ) , vimentin ( 6/9 ) , but negative for cytokeratin ( 0/9 ) . only three tumors were found positive for c - kit ( table  3 ) . table  3immunohistochemical studycasehmb-45actins-100cytokeratinvimentinc - kit1+++++2+++++++3+++++4+++++5++6++++++7+++++8+++9++++10++++++++ : strongly staining , > 30% positivity ; + : weakly staining , 1030% positivity ;  no staining , or < 10% positivity immunohistochemical study + + : strongly staining , > 30% positivity ; + : weakly staining , 1030% positivity ;  no staining , or < 10% positivity one patient ( case 5 ) was confirmed with aml through fine needle aspiration biopsy . nonoperative management with close follow - up was performed . however , this patient was lost after 6  months of follow - up . these nine patients , except for one patient ( case 3 ) , had no postoperative complications or disease recurrence , and were regularly followed up at our outpatient department , follow - up ranging from 32 to 109  months ( table  2 ) . the very unusual patient ( case 3 ) was a 37-year - old woman with a 13    9    9  cm , large tumor at the left lobe of the liver , receiving extended left lobectomy ( fig . figure  1a 37-year - old woman ( case 3 ) presented with fever and palpable abdominal mass . ( a ) the axial view of contrast - enhanced ct scans on portal venous phase shows a huge hepatic tumor at the left hepatic lobe with heterogeneous enhancement . ( b ) the mr coronal tru fisp , fast imaging with steady - state precession . ( tr / te / fa  =  4.3/2.1/72 ) shows engorged vessels in the tumor . ( c ) after 6  months of extended left lobectomy , the abdominal ultrasonography reveals a huge recurrent tumor ( arrows ) in the previous location of left hepatic lobe , and numerous smaller tumors in the right lobe . ( d ) celiac angiography also demonstrates the recurrent huge tumor and other multiple smaller ones in the right lobe of liver . note the early drainage vein ( arrow).figure  2microscopic appearance of the hepatic angiomyolipoma in case 3 . ( a ) the primary tumor is composed of polygonal to spindle cells arranged in solid sheets or trabecular pattern with endothelial lining . some of the tumor cells have eosinophilic cytoplasm , and some have large fat vacuoles . some of the nuclei are bizarre , and some have large eosinophilic nucleoli ( h&e stain , original magnification  100 ) . ( b ) the tumor cells are strongly immunoreactive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  100 ) . recurrent tumor was noted 6  months later , and the patient received fine needle aspiration biopsy . ( c ) microscopically , it shows tumor cells with clear to ample eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in trabecular pattern ( h&e stain , original magnification  40 ) . ( d ) immunohistochemical staining shows the tumor cells are also positive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  200 ) . a 37-year - old woman ( case 3 ) presented with fever and palpable abdominal mass . ( a ) the axial view of contrast - enhanced ct scans on portal venous phase shows a huge hepatic tumor at the left hepatic lobe with heterogeneous enhancement . ( b ) the mr coronal tru fisp , fast imaging with steady - state precession . ( tr / te / fa  =  4.3/2.1/72 ) shows engorged vessels in the tumor . the right portal vein ( arrow ) ( c ) after 6  months of extended left lobectomy , the abdominal ultrasonography reveals a huge recurrent tumor ( arrows ) in the previous location of left hepatic lobe , and numerous smaller tumors in the right lobe . ( d ) celiac angiography also demonstrates the recurrent huge tumor and other multiple smaller ones in the right lobe of liver . ( a ) the primary tumor is composed of polygonal to spindle cells arranged in solid sheets or trabecular pattern with endothelial lining . some of the tumor cells have eosinophilic cytoplasm , and some have large fat vacuoles . some of the nuclei are bizarre , and some have large eosinophilic nucleoli ( h&e stain , original magnification  100 ) . ( b ) the tumor cells are strongly immunoreactive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  100 ) . recurrent tumor was noted 6  months later , and the patient received fine needle aspiration biopsy . ( c ) microscopically , it shows tumor cells with clear to ample eosinophilic cytoplasm arranged in trabecular pattern ( h&e stain , original magnification  40 ) . ( d ) immunohistochemical staining shows the tumor cells are also positive for hmb-45 ( original magnification  200 ) . unfortunately , 6  months later , ultrasonography showed recurrent hepatic lesions at the right lobe of the liver ( fig . mri also confirmed a large tumor in the caudate lobe and numerous smaller nodules in the right lobe of the liver . the clinical and histologic picture demonstrated recurrent malignant hepatic angiomyolipoma . at the 11th postoperative month , in the past , hepatic aml has been considered as a  benign  mesenchymal tumor . however , in 2000 , dalle reported the first case of malignant hepatic aml with vascular invasion and recurrence with multiple liver metastases and suspected portal vein thrombosis 5  months after primary tumor resection.8 another two cases have been reported with hepatic recurrence after operation . one case was a 16-year - old girl with hepatic aml , receiving left lobectomy , with late recurrence noted 6  years after operation.9 the other one was in the flemming s report . recurrent hepatic tumors were noted 3  years after operation.10 flemming also suggested that a proliferation index exceeding 3% and multicentric growth indicate a propensity for recurrence . in this study , we reported a 37-year - old woman with left hepatic aml . a recurrent hepatic mass was noted 6  months after tumor resection , and multiple lung metastases were noted later . the patient died 14  months after diagnosis . to our knowledge , this case is the fourth reported case of recurrence in the literature , and the tumor in this case behaved as the most malignant one.810 therefore , hepatic aml should not be considered as an entirely benign tumor ; at least , it has malignant transformation potential . accordingly , conservative treatment should be performed carefully , especially for patients with poor compliance , who are unable to undergo a strict follow - up regimen . there were few reports concerning the growth velocity of hepatic aml in long - term follow - up . in one retrospective study of 26 patients , there were six patients who were followed up for more than 1  year and finally decided to receive operation because of the enlargement of the lesions . in that study , the tumor size of one patient increased from 4 to 10  cm during the 5-year follow - up . another patient had a tumor increasing from 1.5 to 5  cm in 13  years follow - up.13 in another case report of a 38-year - old patient , the tumor size enlarged from 8 to 14.4  cm over a 3-year follow - up period.16 irie also reported that a 40-year - old woman had hepatic aml with tumor size increasing in size from 4  cm to 7  cm during a 14-month follow - up period.16 although hepatic aml seems slow - growing , the probability of tumor enlargement and hence an induced mass - compression effect is not uncommon in the long - term follow - up period . in the present series , the median age of patients was 44  years old , and 70% of patients were below 50  years . if all of these patients had received nonoperative management , the mass effect of tumor enlargement might have been presented during a long - term follow - up period , especially in younger patient groups with longer remaining years of life . moreover , the difficulties and complications of operation at later years would increase when the tumor enlarges , especially for those patients with an original larger tumor ( > 5  cm ) . similar to the patients presented in this series , most patients with hepatic aml are not symptomatic.1214 usually , these patients are diagnosed during health check - ups . most symptoms are mass - compression effects including upper abdominal pain , abdominal fullness , and palpable mass . there are also some vague symptoms such as body weight loss , general malaise , and fever . in one review article with a collection of 52 patients , the incidence of symptoms or signs dramatically increased when tumor size was larger than 5  cm.11 twenty - one percent ( 4/19 ) of patients with a tumor smaller than 5  cm present symptoms / signs ; however , the incidence increases to 64% ( 7/11 ) when tumor size is between 5 and 10  cm . the incidence increases to 89% when tumor size is larger than 10  cm . in our series , 40% ( 4/10 ) of patients were symptomatic , and all four of these patients had a tumor larger than 10  cm . accordingly , we suggested that patients with tumor larger than 5  cm should receive tumor resection , because most patients in this group were predisposed toward being symptomatic . the typical findings in imaging studies of hepatic aml are as follows : ( 1 ) heterogeneously hyperechoic mass in us , ( 2 ) heterogeneously low density with low attenuation value ( less than 20 hu ) in plain ct , ( 3 ) high intensity on t1 and t2 weighted mri , and ( 4 ) hypervascularity and tumor stain on angiography.12 although a combination of us , ct , mri , and angiography is able to increase the accuracy in preoperative diagnosis , hepatic aml usually shows various patterns in imaging studies . the differences in imaging studies occur because the relative proportions of vessels , muscles , and fatty tissue vary widely from one tumor to another . consequently , hepatic aml is sometimes difficult to diagnose based on imaging studies.17 therefore , fine needle aspiration biopsy has been reported to be useful in the preoperative diagnosis of this tumor.4,5,17,18 however , more attention should be paid to the tumor s various morphologic appearances when minute samples are interpreted . with the combined tools of imaging studies and fnab , the preoperative diagnostic accuracy has been smaller than 32% ( ranging from 0 to 32% ) in larger series.6,1015 in a collaborative study reported by tsui , including 30 cases from nine international hepatology centers , 50% were primarily misdiagnosed as carcinoma or sarcoma , either by imaging studies or by needle biopsy.15 in flemming s series , only one preoperative case was diagnosed correctly.10 in the present series , only four preoperative cases ( 40% ) were correctly diagnosed by combined imaging studies and fnab . definite pathologic diagnosis of this tumor is usually made by identification of the three different components of smooth muscle cells , adipose tissue , and blood vessels . hmb-45 positive staining of myoid cells has been used as a pathologic characteristic of hepatic aml.3,19 because of the rarity and pleomorphism of the histological features of hepatic aml , histologic diagnosis may be difficult , especially with needle biopsy . many features in aml can mislead the unwary pathologist to a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma : polygonal cells in trabecular arrangement , peliosis , nuclear pleomorphism , prominent eosinophilic nucleoli , deficient reticulin framework , presence of glycogen , eosinophilic globules , and tumor necrosis.14 in zhong s series of 2000 , none of the 14 cases were correctly diagnosed before operation . furthermore , five cases were misdiagnosed as hepatocellular carcinoma or sarcoma by pathologists , even after operation . therefore , we should be cautious when using fnab as a diagnostic tool . in an endemic area of hepatocellular carcinoma such as taiwan,20 conservative management is risky because cases of fat - rich minute hepatocellular carcinoma will make the differential diagnosis more difficult . furthermore , chang reported one case with hepatic aml and concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma.21 in this series , two patients were carriers of hepatitis b virus with a high risk for hepatoma formation . not only would these hepatitis - carrier patients bear more risk , but physicians would also bear more risk and psychological pressure during a long - term follow - up period if conservative management were adopted . because of the small patient number , we could not get definitely conclusive management suggestions solely from the results of this retrospective study . but a combination of our experience and a review of the literature , we suggest all symptomatic patients should receive surgical resection for hepatic angiomyolipoma . conservative management with close follow - up is suggested in patients with asymptomatic tumors and meet the following criteria : ( 1 ) tumor size smaller than 5  cm , ( 2 ) angiomyolipoma proved through fine needle aspiration biopsy , ( 3 ) patients with good compliance , and ( 4 ) not a hepatitis - virus carrier .
preoperative diagnosis of hepatic angiomyolipoma is difficult , and the treatment for it remains controversial . 
 the aim of this study is to review our experience in the treatment of hepatic angiomyolipoma and to propose a treatment strategy for this disease . 
 we retrospectively collected the clinical , imaging , and pathological features of patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma . 
 immunohistochemical studies with antibodies for hmb-45 , actin , s-100 , cytokeratin , vimentin , and c - kit were performed . 
 treatment experience and long - term follow - up results are summarized . during a period of 9  years 
 , 10 patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma were treated at our hospital . 
 there was marked female predominance ( nine patients ) . 
 nine patients received surgical resection without complications . 
 one patient received nonoperative management with biopsy and follow - up . 
 one patient died 11  months after surgery because of recurrent disease . 
 we propose all symptomatic patients should receive surgical resection for hepatic angiomyolipoma . 
 conservative management with close follow - up is suggested in patients with asymptomatic tumors and meet the following criteria : ( 1 ) tumor size smaller than 5  cm , ( 2 ) angiomyolipoma proved through fine needle aspiration biopsy , ( 3 ) patients with good compliance , and ( 4 ) not a hepatitis virus carrier .