flowable restorative resins with a low viscosity are recommended as the material of choice for restoring class v cavities . flowable composites are easier to place and more self - adaptable compared to conventional restorative resin composites . however , due to its lower filler content , they demonstrate higher polymerization shrinkage1 and have inferior mechanical properties.2 the importance of perfect seal for success and longevity of esthetic restorations has been well documented.3,4 however , polymerization shrinkage has remained a problem despite improvements in materials and techniques for light - cured composites.5,6 stress from shrinkage results with cracked enamel rods , marginal gaps , and open margins . microleakage around resin composite restorations occurs from these gaps and resulting in post - operative sensitivity , marginal discoloration , secondary caries , pulpal inflammation , and partial or total loss of the restoration.7,8 it has been reported that the inorganic filler content of the composite,9,10 the type of monomer , light intensity and curing cycle1113 affect the polymerization shrinkage . the curing profile of composites was modified to improve their physical and mechanical properties and lessen polymerization shrinkage.14,15 over the past few years many different light curing modes have emerged . one of them is to slow down the polymerization process by initial reduction of resin conversion.16 in this step - cure method , the composite is first cured at low intensity , then stepped up to a high intensity light.17,18 the purpose is to reduce polymerization stress by inducing the composite to flow in the gel state during the first application . however , the reduction in shrinkage is small and results in less composite polymerization because the lower intensity light yields lower energy levels . in pulse - delay curing , a single pause of light is applied , followed by a pause and then by a second pulse cure.17,1920 the slower polymerization during the first pulse might favor the formation of extended polymer chains and hence cross - linking.21 recently , led curing lights that offer many advantages over conventional halogen curing units were introduced to clinical practice . conventional halogen curing units have longer curing times , their components may degrade by time and may have inadequate output.22,23 moreover , they induce heat.24,25 on the other hand , most of the energy radiated from led light falls within the absorption spectrum of champhoroquinone photoinitiators , they are claimed to be more effective for polymerizing composite resins.22,26 they emit less heat and have longer life with minimal decrease in output overtime.25,2729 as the usage of led light and different curing modes increase in daily practice , the aim of this in vitro study was to determine the effect of different light curing units / modes on the microleakage behavior of flowable composites . forty extracted caries - free human premolars , stored in a 0.25% mixture of sodium azide in ringer solution until the date of use were selected for the study . the teeth were cleaned with scalers and polished with pumice . buccal and lingual class v cavities ( 2.0 mm in height , 2.5 mm in mesiodistal direction and 1.5 mm in depth ) were prepared with a fissure diamond ( diatech , swiss dental instruments , heerbrugg , switzerland ) in an air turbine under copious water at the cement enamel junction ( cej ) . the cervical wall was located in dentin and the occlusal wall was located in enamel . the 80 cavities of 40 teeth were etched with 34% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds . after the gel was rinsed for 10 seconds , the cavities were blot dried to remove excess moisture without desiccation of dentin . these teeth were randomly assigned into two groups ( n=20 ) and then each group was divided into four subgroups ( n=10 ) as follows ; group i : prime&bond nt ( dentsply / caulk , milford , de , usa ) was applied to the cavity and saturated all surfaces for 20 seconds . after removing excess solvent by gently air drying for 5 seconds , it was light cured with halogen curing unit ( hilux , benlioglu , ankara , turkey ) for 10 seconds . then esthet - x flow ( dentsply / caulk , milford , de , usa ) was placed and polymerized with different light curing units / modes . group ii : solobond m ( voco , cuxhaven , germany ) was applied to the cavity and let act for 30 s. then solobond m was dispersed with a gentle air and polymerized for 20 seconds with halogen curing unit ( hilux , benlioglu , ankara , turkey ) for 10 seconds . each group was randomly divided into four subgroups ; while the samples of the first subgroup was polymerized with conventional halogen light ( hilux 200 , benlioglu dental , turkey ) the rest of them were polymerized with different curing modes of light - emitting diode ( mini led , satelec , france ) . the second subgroup was polymerized with fast curing ; the third subgroup with pulse curing and those of the fourth subgroup with step curing mode of led . the restorations were finished with fine and extra - fine finishing diamond burs ( diatech dental ag , heerbrugg , switzerland ) used in a high - speed handpiece under constant air / water coolant and polished with sequential aluminum oxide discs ( sof - lex , 3 m , s aul , mn , usa ) . the apex of the roots was sealed with wax and then the teeth were covered with two coats of nail varnish except for 1 mm around the margins of the restoration . the specimens were thermocycled 500 times ( 555c ) and then were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin for 24 hours . after rinsing , the restorations were longitudinally sectioned and dye penetration was assessed under a stereomicroscope ( x40 ) . dye penetration was scored for both enamel and dentin margins on a scale from 0 to 4 : 1= dye penetration within 1/3 of cavity wall 2= dye penetration within 2/3 of cavity wall 3= dye penetration within last 1/3 of cavity wall up to the axial wall 4= dye penetration spreading along the axial wall microleakage data were subjected to non - parametric statistical analysis ( kruskal - wallis and mann - whitney u tests ) at a significance level .05 . the results demonstrated no significant leakage differences among the flowable composite resins polymerized with halogen curing unit ( p>.05 ) . while fast - curing and pulse - curing modes of led presented no statistical differences between the resins ( p>.05 ) , the difference was significant when step - curing mode of led were used ( p<.05 ) . no statistically significant differences in leakage were observed between curing units / modes for esthet - x flow samples ( p>.05 ) . for grandio flow samples only step - curing mode of led caused statistically higher leakage scores than halogen and other curing modes of led ( p<.05 ) . one way to minimize polymerization shrinkage is to allow the flow of resin composite during setting by means of controlled polymerization . this can be done by pre - polymerization at low power density followed by final cure at high power density.30 it has been claimed that slower polymerization causes an improved flow of molecules in the material , decreasing the polymerization shrinkage stress in a restoration , which is associated with less shrinkage.31 therefore this technique is expected to produce better marginal integrity and sealing . it has been shown that soft - start polymerization may result lesser marginal gap , increased marginal integrity and reduced shrinkage.5,30,3234 however in the present study the different light curing units and modes had no effect on esthet - x flow samples leakage scores . this result agrees with those of friedl et al35 and yap et al36 who also found no significant improvement in marginal adaptation and reduction in shrinkage when a soft - start mode was used . muangmingsuk et al37 also investigated the influence of different curing methods and reported no difference between soft - start - curing and conventional curing . in a recent study38 evaluating the curing effect of a very high intensity led and a conventional led including soft - start modes on the microleakage of a pit and fissure sealant , no statistically significant difference in microleakage was observed . this result totally concurs with our findings as the same light curing unit was used in both studies . similarly fleming et al39 reported that the use of a soft - start polymerization compared with a standard polymerization protocol did not offer any significant reduction in associated gingival microleakage . on the other hand step - curing modes of led light caused a higher degree of microleakage in grandio flow samples in the present study . the higher the proportion of filler , the more difficult it is for the light to penetrate the composite.26 grandio flow has more filler / weight content than esthet - x flow , which are more prone to light scattering and therefore might be more sensitive for variations in light units and modes . on the other hand small particles scatter light more than large particles.40 therefore penetration of light to deep in the material is difficult in small particle size composite resins.41 in a study evaluating the influence of soft - start light curing exposure on polymerization shrinkage stress and marginal integrity of adhesive restorations , the effect of soft - start curing mode was found to be depend on the material itself.42 it might be expected that fast - curing would increase the microleakage for both flowable resins because of the generation of excess shrinkage . in the present study while fast - cured grandio flow samples showed higher microleakage , no statistically significant difference was observed between different modes of led and also with esthet - x flow samples . similar to our findings , pradelle - plasse et al43 reported that the fast - cure mode of polymerization by led curing unit gave results as good as those obtained with other curing protocols in terms of microleakage . many studies have demonstrated that pulse mode which is a kind of soft - start curing mode involving a delay significantly improved the marginal integrity.44,45 similar to these findings , both flowable composite resins in this study showed no leakage when a pulse - curing mode of led was used . the efficacy of the slow - curing method combined with the interval between two irradiations with low intensity and high intensity was reported in a study by uno et al.46 however , in another recent study it was concluded that different light curing modes might have no effect on the microleakage of cervical cavities.47 svizero et al48 also reported that ramp and pulse - delay light curing methods did not improve marginal sealing of composite resins . grandio flow bonded with olobond m , esthet - x flow was bonded with prime and bond nt . although they are both acetone contained adhesives , prime and bond nt is a filled adhesive with viscoelastic properties . moreover the thickness of the adhesive layer obtained with a filled adhesive is higher and improves ability of the interfaces to maintain adhesion and to resist dimensional changes.43 this might serve as an explanation for curing modes did not have any influence on microleakage scores of esthet - x flow . it has been reported that the resin formulation plays major role rather than curing unit type and mode in polymerization.49 in the present study none of the restorations , irrespective of material or curing mode , exhibited microleakage on enamel margins . this finding is consistent with previous investigations and not surprising as dentin is a less favorable bonding substrate than enamel . under the limitations of this in vitro study it can be concluded that the effect of curing units type and curing ( mode ) methods on flowable composite resin leakage is material - dependent .
objectivesthe aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of different light curing units and modes on microleakage of flowable composite resins.methodseighty class v cavities were prepared in buccal and lingual surfaces of 40 extracted human premolars with cervical wall located in dentin and the occlusal wall in enamel . 
 these teeth were randomly assigned into two groups ( n=20 ) and restored with different flowable composites ; group i : esthet - x flow , group ii : grandio flow . 
 each group was randomly divided into four subgroups ; while the samples of the first subgroup were polymerized with conventional halogen light , the rest of them were polymerized with different curing modes of light emitting diode ( led ) . 
 the second subgroup was polymerized with fast - curing ; the third subgroup with pulse - curing and those of the fourth subgroup with step - curing modes of led . 
 after the samples were thermocycled and immersed in dye , they were longitudinally sectioned . 
 dye penetration was assessed under a stereomicroscope . 
 data were analyzed by kruskal - wallis and mann - whitney u tests.resultsnone of the restorations showed leakage on enamel margins . on dentin margins 
 no significant differences were observed between flowable composite resins polymerized with halogen light ( p>.05 ) . 
 while step curing mode of led presented significant differences between the resins , the difference was insignificant when fast - curing and pulse - curing mode of led were used . 
 no statistically significant differences were observed between curing units for esthet - x flow samples . for grandio flow samples , 
 only step - curing mode of led caused statistically higher leakage scores than halogen and other curing modes of led ( p<.05).conclusionsthe effect of curing units type and curing mode on flowable composite resin leakage might be material - dependent .