since endoscopic ultrasound ( eus)-guided intervention was developed , its indications have been expanding rapidly . eus - guided interventions have been mainly reported in adults , and data on safety and efficacy in pediatric patients are limited . we experienced eus - guided drainage of intra - abdominal abscess in a 1-year - old infant with a history of kasai operation for congenial biliary atresia , complicated by bile leak . a 1-year - old female infant was admitted to the intensive care unit due to bile peritonitis with 3 days of fever and abdominal pain . she had a history of kasai operation at the neonatal period for congenital biliary atresia . computed tomography ( ct ) scan on admission revealed a massive ascites and paracentesis revealed bile peritonitis , and the patient underwent emergent surgical closure of bile leak at bilio - jejunal anastomosis . however , infection and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ) were not improved after surgery . subsequent ct scan on postoperative day 8 revealed residual fluid collection in the omental sac at the dorsal aspect of the stomach ( fig . the patient was referred to our department and emergent endosonography ( eus)-guided abscess drainage was performed after full informed consent . eus - guided transgastric approach was considered safer than percutaneous route which was difficult to avoid hurting the stomach by ultrasonographic observation the patient was 80.1 cm in height and weighed 9.66 kg . sedation for the procedure was provided by an anesthesiologist ; dexmedetomidine hydrochloride ( dex ) 2.0 ml / hr ( 0.8 mg / kg / hr ) , fentanyl 20 mg and three times of midazolam 1 mg . a muscle relaxant , rocuronium bromide 10 mg , was injected intravenously just before inserting the echo - endoscope . the patient was intubated and placed in the left lateral decubitus position , and bent backwards , with her mandible and forehead firmly grasped to allow scope insertion . the echo - endoscope ( uct260 ; olympus medical systems corp . , eus - guided puncture of abdominal abscess using a flexible 19-gauge fine needle aspiration ( fna ) needle ( expect slimline 19 gauge flex ; boston scientific corp . , natick , ma , usa ) was performed ( fig . 2 ) and brownish cloudy fluid was aspirated . a 0.025-inch guidewire ( visiglide 2 ; olympus medical systems corp . ) was inserted deep into the abscess cavity , followed by tract dilation by a 6-f coaxial cautery dilator ( cysto - gastro set ; endo - flex gmbh , germany ) . finally , a 7-f pigtail naso - cystic drainage tube was successfully inserted . during the procedure , infection and dic resolved after eus - guided abscess drainage and ct scan 2 days after the procedure revealed resolution of abdominal abscess . however , one the next day , hematemesis was observed without bleeding from the nasocystic tube , and emergent upper endoscopy was performed using a standard endoscope ( gif q260j ; olympus medical systems corp . ) . active bleeding was seen at the puncture site of eus - guided abscess drainage in the stomach , and hemostasis was obtained by clipping after removal of nasocystic tube . she was discharged 14 days after eus - guided drainage without any recurrence of bleeding or abdominal abscess . eus and eus - fna in pediatric patients have been increasingly utilized , but eus - guided intervention , i.e. , eus - guided drainage of pseudocyst is rarely reported.1,2 for the drainage of intra - abdominal abscesses in children , laparotomy or percutaneous drainage is commonly used , with a reported improvement rate of from 50% to 80%.35 when percutaneous drainage is difficult due to the location , endoscopic drainage can be a less invasive alternative to laparotomy . there are two issues in pediatric eus : sedation and lack of dedicated devices . in this case , we were able to insert a regular echoendoscope safely even in a 1-year - old infant , by providing sedation with intravenous anesthesia using a small amount of muscle relaxant , and bending the patient s mandible backwards to linearize the insertion axis of the echoendoscope . general anesthesia is commonly employed for pediatric endoscopy , but intravenous anesthesia can be an option . for intravenous anesthesia , propofol , fentanyl and/or midazolam are often used.6,7 we were able to provide safe and effective sedation by using dex , fentanyl , and midazolam . in addition , additional muscle relaxation with rocuronium bromide enabled the safe insertion of an echoendoscope and consequently allowed completion of the whole procedure . under eus guidance , puncture of the blood vessels can be avoided , but the burning effects of a cautery dilator can cause delayed bleeding by inflammation extending to the surrounding mucosa . self - expandable metallic stent ( sems ) was reported as effective in prevention and treatment of both leakage and bleeding from puncture site.8,9 although bleeding was easily controlled by endoscopic application of clips in this case , sems can be inserted through the fistula if bleeding is difficult to control . the use of a cautery dilator , though effective , might not be needed in this case because the inserted drainage tube is thin . in conclusion , we experienced successful eus - guided drainage for intra - abdominal abscess in a 1-year - old infant using a standard echo - endoscope . with the assistance of anesthesiologist and the appropriate posture ,
endoscopic ultrasound ( eus)-guided intervention has been established as a safe , effective and minimally invasive procedure for various diseases in adults , but there have been limited reports in pediatric patients . herein , we report our experience with successful eus - guided drainage of an intra - abdominal abscess in a 1-year - old infant concomitant with disseminated intravascular coagulation . the abscess was punctured via the stomach using a standard , convex - type echoendoscope , and the patient s condition improved after naso - cystic catheter placement . 
 although the clinical course was complicated by delayed hemorrhage from the puncture site , the bleeding was successfully managed by endoscopic hemostasis using a standard forward - viewing endoscope .