deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are well - known complications of lengthy orthopaedic procedures.1 the administration of thromboprophylaxis after spine surgery is based on individual preferences.2 it is our practice not to administer any chemical or mechanical measures , except early mobilization , to prevent thromboembolic complications.1 what is the incidence of deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) and pulmonary embolism ( pe ) after major spine surgery among patients receiving no dvt prophylaxis ? inclusion criteria : anterior and/or posterior spinal fusion and/or decompression of the cervical , thoracic , or lumbar region with the patient under general anesthesia ( referred to as major spine procedures ) . exclusion criteria : paraplegia , disseminated malignancy , surgery done under local anesthesia , polytrauma , younger than 12 years , and follow - up of less than 1 month . patient population : this study was conducted at kovai medical center and hospital , coimbatore , india . from february 2009 , 121 patients underwent major spine surgery under general anesthesia and were clinically monitored for the development of venous thrombosis or thromboembolism , from the time of admission to the last follow - up ( fig . every patient , their relatives , and the staff were instructed in and encouraged to begin active lower limb mobilization as soon as the patient recovered from anesthesia . outcomes : dvt and pe as defined by signs ( tachycardia , tachypnea , and hypoxemia ) and symptoms ( dyspnea , swelling of the lower limbs ) confirmed with doppler scan . the patient population consisted of 51% male , with a mean age of 46 years and a range of 13 to 75 years ( table 1 ) . sixty - seven percentage of the patients had comorbidities , of which hypertension ( 25.6% ) and diabetes mellitus ( 21.5% ) were the most common . the surgical index procedures were performed for degenerative spinal disease or intervertebral disc prolapse in 53% of patients ; non  spinal cord injury ( sci)/spine fractures , 16% ; spondylolisthesis , 13% ; discovertebral osteomyelitis , 12% ; and deformity , 4% of cohort patients . the average duration of general anesthesia was 4.4 hours ( range , 124 hours ) . sixty - two percentage of patients had anesthetic time of 4 hours or more ; and 6% had anesthetic time of more than 8 hours . most of our procedures ( 57.8% ) were in the lumbar spine , followed by cervical spine ( 19.5% ) , and only 4.7% were thoracic procedures . all patients were followed - up more than 1 month . in the outpatient department 115 ( 95% ) of 121 patients continued to be followed - up for more than 3 months . we had to rely on telephone - based inquiry in 6 ( 5% ) of our 121 patients for follow - up later than 1 month due to their remote home location . in the lumbar spine , there were 36 fusions ( of which 8 were multilevel ) and 33 decompression surgeries ( of which 13 were multilevel ) . anterior approaches were used in 9 cases which included 3 thoracic and 6 lumbar / thoracolumbar procedures . plif indicates posterior lumbar interbody fusion ; tlif , transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion ; plf , posterolateral fusion ; acdf , anterior cervical discectomy and fusion ; and acf , anterior corpectomy and fusion . there is a sustained and on - going debate in the literature regarding routine prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing spine surgery.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 the practices and suggestions range from chemoprophylaxis,3,4 mechanical devices,4,5 or no prophylaxis.6 the incidence of postoperative venous thrombosis as such is reported to be lower in the asian population.6 the complications of chemoprophylaxis can be more threatening than thromboembolism itself.3,5,6 sequential compression devices5 try to mimic the calf muscle pump6 and hence may be superfluous if a patient actually activates the calf muscles and produces a  pumping effect . for the purpose of this study , we defined major spine surgery as one performed with the patient under general anesthesia to distinguish from minimally invasive procedures like endoscopic discectomy , which are commonly done under local anesthesia or conscious sedation in our hospital . in planning this study it was assumed that the incidence of dvt might be low after major spine surgery.3,7 therefore , no antithrombotic prophylaxes were given in order that we might determine the true incidence of venous thromboembolism after major spine surgery . even though no typical primary prophylaxis was performed , the author started active range of motion exercises of both lower and upper extremities when the patient emerged from general anesthesia . study strengths : this study is unique in that no prophylaxis was used in the study population , even in lengthy surgical procedures lasting more than 20 hours . it emphasizes the value of simple early mobilization , which is often forgotten , due to a sense of false security provided by chemical or mechanical thromboprophylaxis . it also relied on simple patient selection paradigm , using chemoprophylaxis only for known high - risk conditions such as patients with sci , disseminated tumor disease , and those who were confined to bed rest for other reasons . study weaknesses : we primarily relied on clinical symptoms and signs to identify our cases of dvt ; therefore , some subclinical cases might have been missed.4 but doing a doppler study in every case is not considered cost - effective in our healthcare system considering the fact that the reported incidence of dvt is very low.5,6,8 our sample size was relatively small and consequently prevented us from identifying the incidence of the rare occurrence of pe . no dvt prophylaxis ( chemical or mechanical ) was given to any selected  low - risk patient . patients with sci and disseminated neoplasia received chemical thromboembolism prophylaxis . only one patient , who administered continuous epidural analgesia and was not mobilized in the early postoperative period , developed dvt . although the study is a weakly powered retrospective review of the incidence of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) or pulmonary embolism in a consecutive series of  major spine surgery patients  the concept of early mobilization by the patient or the patient 's family and not using other adjunctive and more costly dvt prophylaxis is an interesting idea . tasking patients or the patients families to reliably mobilize extremities actively or passively as soon as possible after the patient emerged from anesthesia is an example of a simple and eminently practical self - help program that could dramatically lower healthcare costs in a different litigious healthcare system . further studies with more objective definition of type of surgery , intraoperative dvt prophylaxis , intraoperative blood loss , and resuscitation strategies , smoking status and history of coagulation disorders with more clearly delineated reporting of patient outcomes and larger numbers of patients to power the study are needed to make this a truly great article . the fact that this article can stimulate discussion , and perhaps further research into the area , gave it merit for publication in the opinion of our reviewers .
study design :  retrospective cohort study.clinical question :  what is the incidence of deep vein thrombosis ( dvt ) and pulmonary embolism ( pe ) after major spine surgery when no prophylactic measures were used?methods :  a prospective evaluation of 121 patients who underwent 128 major spine surgeries was conducted to determine the incidence of clinically identifiable dvt . as a matter of practice , no patient was given thromboprophylaxis , either mechanical or chemical.results :  only one patient developed the signs and symptoms of dvt , which was further confirmed by a doppler study . 
 the overall incidence of dvt was 0.78% . 
 there was no clinically evident case of pe.conclusions :  considering the low rate of incidence of dvt and pe , routine screening and prophylaxis for dvt appears unwarranted in major spine surgery.final class of evidence  prognosisstudy design  prospective cohort  retrospective cohort  case control  case seriesmethods  patients at similar point in course of treatment  f / u  85%  similarity of treatment protocols for patient groups  patients followed up long enough for outcomes to occur  control for extraneous risk factorsoverall class of evidenceiiithe definiton of the different classes of evidence is available on page 63 .