monogenic forms of childhood obesity are very rare ; they are caused by a mutation in a single gene and are not affected by environmental factors.1 to understand the mechanisms regulating energy intake and fat accumulation in the body , it is important to study the genetic alterations causing monogenic obesity . mutations in only a few genes , proopiomelanocortin ( pomc ) , leptin receptor ( lepr ) , leptin ( lep ) , proconvertase 1 ( pc1 ) , and melanocortin 4 receptor ( mc4r ) , are known to cause the development of severe obesity in early childhood.1,2 most of these genes are involved in the central nervous regulation of hunger and satiety , where the leptin / leptin receptor system plays a pivotal role.3 of all monogenic forms of obesity , the only one causally treatable is congenital leptin deficiency caused by homozygous mutations of the leptin gene.4 human lep is located on chromosome 7q31.3 , and its translational product is leptin , which plays a decisive role in the regulation of human appetite ; defects in lep result in severe metabolic disorders.5,6 leptin is a hormone produced mainly by white adipose tissue , with multiple actions in the endocrine and immune systems , including glucose homeostasis , reproduction , bone formation , tissue remodeling , and inflammation.7 it is a key regulator of energy homeostasis , by regulating energy intake and expenditure through its actions on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.8,9 in the clinical histories of patients with leptin deficiency , early development is usually normal . the most notable feature is intense hyperphagia with food - seeking behavior and aggressive behavior when food is denied . in the research setting , measurements of energy intake at ad libitum test meals reveal the extent of hyperphagia , with food intake three to five times than that of children of the same age as well as more hunger and impaired satiety seen after meals of fixed quantity and composition.10 current clinical recommendations suggest that children with a normal birth weight but rapid weight gain in the first few months of life leading to extreme obesity should be tested for congenital leptin deficiency.1113 congenital leptin deficiency caused by homozygous mutations in the leptin gene results in impaired satiety , intense hyperphagia , and extreme early - onset obesity accompanied by multiple metabolic , hormonal , and immunological abnormalities . children with leptin deficiency have marked abnormalities of t - cell number and function,10 resulting in high rates of childhood infection and therefore a high rate of childhood mortality.14 in those who survive , obesity continues in adult life , with hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinemia consistent with the severity of obesity.15 in this manuscript , we have summarized the presentation of a saudi child with a progressive increase in weight and hyperphagia . this study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of helsinki and approved by the research and ethical committee of prince sultan military medical city ( psmmc ) , riyadh , kingdom of saudi arabia . written informed consent was obtained from the parent of the patient . genomic dna was screened for mutations in the lep gene ( omim 164160 ) on chromosome 7q32.1 . coding exons 2 and 3 and the corresponding exon intron boundaries were amplified by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the mentioned sets of primers and analyzed by direct sequencing . direct sanger sequencing was performed using an abi sequencer 3500 xl ga ( applied biosystems ) . genomic dna was screened for mutations in the lep gene ( omim 164160 ) on chromosome 7q32.1 . coding exons 2 and 3 and the corresponding exon intron boundaries were amplified by polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the mentioned sets of primers and analyzed by direct sequencing . direct sanger sequencing was performed using an abi sequencer 3500 xl ga ( applied biosystems ) . a two - and - half - year - old girl was presented to our clinic because of excessive weight gain . she was born at full term , by normal vaginal delivery with a birth weight of 2.82 kg and no complications during pregnancy . her history was significant for bronchial asthma treated with fluticasone inhaler 50 g twice daily with no other medication . there was no history of excessive hair growth or skin rash , constipation , lethargy or decreased activity , abnormal movement , vomiting , irritability or loss of consciousness , or obstructive sleep apnea . the patient is the second child of two healthy , non - obese saudis with known consanguinity . the patient was born with normal size and weight but gained weight rapidly thereafter , leading to obesity at the age of three months . parents are first - degree relatives ( cousins ) and they have another child , a normal baby boy . the anthropometric and endocrinologic characteristics of the patient are summarized in table 2 . her growth parameters were 71 cm height and 15.16 kg weight at the age of 11 months and 99 cm height and 33 kg weight at the age of 2.5 years . clinical analysis showed normal levels of free thyroxine ( t4 ) , thyroid - stimulating hormone ( tsh ) , cortisol , insulin , c - peptide , blood sugar , hba1c , follicle - stimulating hormone , and luteinizing hormone . sequencing revealed a homozygous deletion of one nucleotide and insertion of three nucleotides on position c.1444 in exon 2 of the lep gene ( c.144delins tac ) , which led to a frameshift and a premature termination codon ( gln49thrfs*23 ; fig . a two - and - half - year - old girl was presented to our clinic because of excessive weight gain . she was born at full term , by normal vaginal delivery with a birth weight of 2.82 kg and no complications during pregnancy . her history was significant for bronchial asthma treated with fluticasone inhaler 50 g twice daily with no other medication . there was no history of excessive hair growth or skin rash , constipation , lethargy or decreased activity , abnormal movement , vomiting , irritability or loss of consciousness , or obstructive sleep apnea . the patient is the second child of two healthy , non - obese saudis with known consanguinity . the patient was born with normal size and weight but gained weight rapidly thereafter , leading to obesity at the age of three months . parents are first - degree relatives ( cousins ) and they have another child , a normal baby boy . the anthropometric and endocrinologic characteristics of the patient are summarized in table 2 . her growth parameters were 71 cm height and 15.16 kg weight at the age of 11 months and 99 cm height and 33 kg weight at the age of 2.5 years . clinical analysis showed normal levels of free thyroxine ( t4 ) , thyroid - stimulating hormone ( tsh ) , cortisol , insulin , c - peptide , blood sugar , hba1c , follicle - stimulating hormone , and luteinizing hormone . sequencing revealed a homozygous deletion of one nucleotide and insertion of three nucleotides on position c.1444 in exon 2 of the lep gene ( c.144delins tac ) , which led to a frameshift and a premature termination codon ( gln49thrfs*23 ; fig . mutations in only a few genes are known to cause the development of severe obesity in early childhood.1 of all monogenic forms of obesity , the only one causally treatable is congenital leptin deficiency caused by homozygous mutations of the leptin gene.4 mutations in lep genes are autosomal recessively inherited.16 in this patient , a homozygous deletion of one nucleotide and insertion of three nucleotides were detected on position c.1444 in exon 2 of the lep gene ( c.144delins tac ) , which led to a frameshift and a premature termination codon ( gln49thrfs*23 ) . eight mutations in the lep gene have been reported to be associated with congenital leptin deficiency in human beings.13 to the best of our knowledge , the mutation seen in our patient has not been described in the literature or databases so far . this frameshift mutation probably results in degradation of the mrna ( nonsense - mediated decay ) or in a truncation of lep protein . mutations in the gene encoding lep typically lead to an absence of or decrease in circulating leptin and to extreme obesity . this form of leptin deficiency caused by mutations in the leptin gene is very rare . a review by funcke et al.13 found that a total of 30 patients had been reported to carry mutations in the lep gene , and most of the patients described had consanguine parents . lep mutation associated with congenital obesity has been identified and reported in patients of pakistani,10,1720 turkish,2124 egyptian,25 indian,26 turkmenistani,27 and austrian28,29 backgrounds . the evaluation of such patients before and during leptin replacement therapy has unveiled the importance of leptin in the homeostasis of several systems , such as the brain , immunity , and glucose metabolism . it is plausible that mutations in the lep gene could result in a bioinactive form of the hormone in the presence of apparently appropriate leptin levels.30 body composition measurements have shown that these disorders are characterized by the preferential deposition of fat mass . the mean percentage body fat among homozygous carriers of lep mutations has been reported as very high at 58% , compared with 45% for equally obese children of the same age.31 lep is expressed in adipose tissue , and its product leptin affects food intake and energy expenditure . therefore , mutations in lep can possibly damage the function of leptin and disturb the metabolic balance , leading to severe obesity and other metabolic disorders . mechanistically , defects in the synthesis and/or secretion of the hormone have been proposed and demonstrated for some of these mutations . affected patients can be successfully treated with recombinant human leptin.13 moreover , leptin replacement therapy has been reported to reverse endocrine and metabolic alterations associated with leptin deficiency.32 leptin deficiency has also been associated with hypothalamic hypothyroidism characterized by a low free t4 and high serum levels of bioinactive tsh.10 however , in this patient , levels of t4 and tsh were within normal range , indicating normal thyroid function . first , screening for the mutation in the patient s parents and sibling could not be performed . second , the frequency of this mutation in the normal saudi population is also not known . in addition , more clinical data regarding visceral and subcutaneous fat would be of great help in ascertaining some of the conclusions . finally , functional study of this novel mutation was not carried out to elucidate the mechanism of the disease . a novel homozygous frameshift mutation c.144delin tac ( g1n49thrfs*23 ) in exon 2 of the lep gene was detected . we speculated this mutation to be a casual mutation leading to monogenic obesity in this saudi child . we advised the counseling of the parents for starting leptin replacement therapy and monitoring its outcome .
backgroundmonogenic obesity is a rare type of obesity caused by a mutation in a single gene . 
 patients with monogenic obesity may develop early onset of obesity and severe metabolic abnormalities.case presentationa two - and - half - year - old girl was presented to our clinic because of excessive weight gain and hyperphagia . 
 she was born at full term , by normal vaginal delivery with birth weight of 2.82 kg and no complications during pregnancy . 
 the patient was the second child of two healthy , non - obese saudis with known consanguinity . 
 she gained weight rapidly leading to obesity at the age of three months.methodsthe demographic data and clinical features were recorded . 
 blood samples were collected and tested for endocrine and metabolic characteristics and genetic studies . 
 mutations of the lep gene were screened . the coding exons 2 and 3 and the corresponding exon 
 intron boundaries were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers , analyzed by direct sequencing using an abi sequencer 3500 xl ga ( applied biosystems ) , and evaluated using the jsi seqpilot software . 
 the resulting sequence data were compared with the reference mm_0002302.conclusionwe report a novel homozygous frameshift mutation c.144delin tac ( g1n49thrfs*23 ) in exon 2 of the lep gene associated with extreme obesity .