students chose from a menu of didactic sessions , among which were pain pharmacotherapy lectures . a reference book on pain management was also offered to students free of charge . the pharmacotherapy lectures included information about indications , adverse effects , routes of administration and dosing of commonly used analgesics . in a modified who analgesic ladder oxycodone was categorised , along with codeine and tramadol , as a weak opioid ( and also as a strong opioid ) . in fact , oxycodone is ( at least 1.5  times ) more potent than morphine,16 
 17 which was correctly identified as a strong opioid . the original who pain ladder ( see table 1 ) was intended to promote effective and cost effective pain management and does not mention oxycodone.18 analgesics listed in the who pain ladder and lecture version nsaids , non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs . the effectiveness of opioids for chronic non - cancer pain was emphasised . in the case - based discussions , all the resolutions involved opioid prescriptions , and trade names of opioid combination products were used . the following quote was attributed to a canadian medical association journal review article,19 although the sentence does not appear in the paper : there is now strong consistent evidence that opioids relieve chronic neuropathic and nociceptive pains and improve function in placebo - controlled trials with patients who suffer chronic non - cancer pain . there is now strong consistent evidence that opioids relieve chronic neuropathic and nociceptive pains and improve function in placebo - controlled trials with patients who suffer chronic non - cancer pain . while the cited paper states that " [ o]pioids were effective in the treatment of [ chronic non - cancer pain ] overall " the evidence was not characterised as either  strong or consistent in the cited paper and the following cautions were included : " most trials were not long enough to estimate the duration of efficacy of opioids in chronic pain , the potential for opioid tolerance , or long - range adverse effects such as hypogonadism or opioid abuse " and [ m]ost trials that compare opioids with other drugs were not adequately designed as equivalence or noninferiority trials [ ... ] there is a need for well - designed equivalence trials to compare opioids and other drugs.19 these limitations of the evidence for the use of opioids for non - cancer pain are also discussed in clinical practice guidelines.7 
 8 the adverse effects of opioids were downplayed . for example ( even though opioids cause organ damage when they produce fatal overdoses ) , and no studies related to the risks of addiction , misuse or death were cited . the lectures also questioned the efficacy of non - opioid analgesics and emphasised their adverse effects , including reference to a study linking acetaminophen use to cardiovascular events . the reference book managing pain : the canadian healthcare professional 's reference20 
 21 was offered to students free of charge . the book contained a  modified who analgesic ladder that listed oxycodone among weak opioids . an earlier edition of that book20 touted long - acting opioid formulations as having a  lower abuse potential than short - acting formulations . this book is funded and copyrighted by one of the funding pharmaceutical companies and , in some instances , bookmarks displaying trade names of the sponsor 's products were tethered to the books . the university centre that organised the lectures received funding for educational and research activities from several sources , including pharmaceutical companies that sell opioid analgesics . by 2007 the amount of this funding exceeded can$500  000.22 pharmaceutical companies supported the development of the educational sessions with at least can$1  17  000 of financial contributions between 2002 and 2006.23 in some years , but not others , the student course manual disclosed the industry funding sources . the lectures on pharmacotherapy were delivered by a guest speaker who was a speakers bureaus member for some of the same companies . the speaker 's conflicts of interest were not disclosed to students in either the course manual or the lecture notes . one of the sponsoring companies paid the production costs of the reference book and this financial support was disclosed in the textbook . after senior university officials were informed of concerns about the course in 2010 , speaker conflict disclosures were instituted and distribution of the textbook ceased . the lectures continued in 2010 and the content was similar to that in previous years . after the 2010 session , the faculty of medicine declared that the non - faculty lecturer would no longer teach its students but did not inform previous students of concerns about the content of the lectures or the reference book . after these decisions were made , the university conducted an inquiry that examined the governance of the university body organising the lectures and the handling of industry sponsorship.23 medical students received information about opioids in educational sessions that were developed using funding from pharmaceutical companies that sell opioids . the course material contained information that aligned with the interests of these companies by minimising opioid - related harms relative to those of other analgesics , overstating the evidence for their effectiveness , and in at least one instance , provided a potentially dangerous characterisation of the potency of a commonly used opioid . the information provided in these lectures may have affected patient care , although this has not been demonstrated and all attendees should have received further education about pain management before beginning independent practice . several lessons can be derived from this case about how to prevent , recognise and deal with potential problems . strategies for identifying and preventing potential problems include the education of trainees and educators about avoiding and managing interactions with the pharmaceutical industry , more transparent disclosure procedures and the harmonisation of conflict of interest policies . despite good intentions , industry involvement in medical education can cause unrecognised problems . the educational programme in question was well known for promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and it was recognised with a teaching award . although the organisers did not believe that the content was influenced by sponsorship and referred to industry financial support as  philanthropic,22 for several years the lectures contained statements that promoted the products being sold by sponsors . a non - faculty lecturer with conflicts of interests it should not come as a surprise that the students attending these sessions also did not recognise the problematic content since even practising physicians often fail do so.24 the difficulty in recognising problems underlines the need to identify and avoid potentially problematic sessions before they take place . box 1 provides a decision aid that can be used to document the interaction between topics that may be subject to pharmaceutical industry influence and conflicts of interest . the confluence of a controversial topic involving therapeutics and relevant conflict of interest in this case should have prompted greater attention to this high - risk combination . note that in this case the content of the course was reportedly reviewed every year by a curriculum committee , yet the problems were not detected or dealt with through this process . topic . is the information or opinions about the topic likely to be influenced by conflicts of interests ? is third - party ( eg , pharmaceutical industry ) funding necessary or might the session or materials be delivered without such funding ? is it necessary to involve educators with conflicts of interest or are qualified educators without conflicts of interest available ? medical students25 
 26 and physicians24 
 27 are unlikely to believe that their views are biased by their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry , but there is evidence that educational interventions are effective at changing this view.28 
 29 trainees might be more likely to recognise problematic content if they had a taxonomy for describing the spectrum of such content from a selective presentation of correct information to falsehoods . both didactic and role playing educational sessions can alert medical students to the effects of marketing on clinical decision - making.29 
 30 for example , an educational session for second- and third - year medical students comprising a session with a former pharmaceutical representative , a faculty debate and online modules increased scepticism about the appropriateness of pharmaceutical company involvement in teaching.29 such educational sessions can be part of a broader effort to educate trainees about the financial implications of clinical decision - making,31 which may include the subtle implications of gift acceptance3234 and the price patients pay for direct physician marketing such as the distribution of textbooks.35 in undergraduate medical education , there may not be a simple strategy to ensure that competing interests are fully disclosed,3639 and this case demonstrates that disclosures are sometimes omitted . one option is to hold information about faculty potential conflicts of interest in a central online repository that is accessible to students . such a public registry would allow students to determine the conflicts of interest of physicians they meet in clinical settings  there currently is no easy way for students to do this . one medical school already requires public online reporting of conflicts,38 and there is another online database listing payments from certain pharmaceutical companies to physicians.40 these proofs of concept may encourage other institutions to implement registries and perhaps they might be combined into one central public registry . however , it is also important to recognise the limitations and potentially negative consequences of disclosure that may include moral licensing ( the belief that biased advice is justifiable because conflicts have been declared ) and strategic exaggeration ( the tendency to provide more biased advice to overcome expected scepticism resulting from conflict disclosure).41 
 42 the fact that the industry support for the sessions in this case was referred to as  unrestricted educational grants may make one question the meaningfulness of that term and favour the use of neutral terms such as funding. if even industry  unrestricted educational grants are associated with inaccuracies , the complete elimination of industry funding from undergraduate medical education may be necessary . discussing problematic cases of industry involvement in medical education may increase awareness and reduce the likelihood of reoccurrences . indeed , this very case might have been prevented if the organisers had been aware of analogous problems elsewhere . claims not unlike those made in the lectures and the reference book were the subject of investigations into the marketing of opioids in the usa that resulted in fraud convictions . three executives at the american manufacturer of long - acting oxycodone pleaded guilty to fraud in 2007.13 the agreed statement of facts in the guilty plea indicates that some company employees decided not to correct the prevalent misperception that oxycodone was less potent than morphine.43 
 44 also , long - acting oxycodone was touted as having less addiction and abuse potential and being less likely to be diverted compared with other opioid formulations.44 that illegal marketing15 occurred at the same time as both the dramatic increase in opioid prescriptions and the increase in opioid - related mortality in the usa.9 
 10 opioid prescriptions and opioid - related deaths both also rose in ontario during the period medical students were exposed to this information in an industry - supported lecture series.11 
 12 this increasing mortality underlines how important it is for trainees and their future patients to be protected from problematic information in undergraduate medical education even as collaborations between universities and industry continue . yet today the management and monitoring of industry involvement in undergraduate medical education lags behind that in medical research . policies about industry involvement in undergraduate medical education vary by jurisdiction , do not consistently deal with all important concerns and can be vague . for example , three issues raised by this case are treated differently by current american and canadian guidelines ( table 2).3639 hopefully this unevenness will soon be replaced by the sort of consistency demonstrated by the large group of medical journals that recently agreed on a uniform conflict of interest disclosure form for authors.2 the institute of medicine has recommended standardised disclosures and bans on speaker bureau membership and industry gift acceptance.39 example guidelines on industry involvement in medical education * the guidelines for cme / cpd events but  the same principles will also apply for educational events ( such as noon - hour rounds and journal clubs ) which are held as part of medical or residency training. the canadian medical association guidelines have been endorsed by the association of faculty of medicine of canada . existing conflict of interest policies would allow lecture series such as this one to take place at most medical schools . for example , the 10 american medical schools with most stringent conflict of interest policies as rated by the american medical student association in their  pharmfree scorecard could all have hosted a lecture series such as the one discussed here as they allow industry sponsorship of medical school lectures and speakers who receive funding from the same companies.6 
 box 2 contains a list of questions that can be asked of any institution 's conflict of interest policy to determine whether this lecture series would be permitted . given that the problematic content in this case was not detected for several years , it is plausible that problematic information is being disseminated in other industry - supported teaching sessions at medical schools right now . box 2could this happen at other institutions?are conflict of interest disclosures left to individual instructors ? or are they made in a transparent and verifiable manner such as in an online repository?are members of industry speakers bureau members involved in medical education ? or are they prohibited?is public reporting of conflict of interest neglected by the policy ? or is it required by the policy?are industry gifts to medical students allowed ? or are they prohibited?are all industry payments handled by course organisers ? or are they administered independently of course organisers?is the term  unrestricted educational grant used in disclosure statements ? or is a neutral term such as funding used ? are conflict of interest disclosures left to individual instructors ? or are they made in a transparent and verifiable manner such as in an online repository ? are members of industry speakers bureau members involved in medical education ? or are they prohibited ? is public reporting of conflict of interest neglected by the policy ? or is it required by the policy ? are all industry payments handled by course organisers ? or are they administered independently of course organisers ? is the term  unrestricted educational grant used in disclosure statements ? or is a neutral term such as it is important for educators to respond appropriately and promptly once a problem has been identified  especially when patient safety is at stake . the response to these educational  adverse events might be guided by principles used to deal with clinical misadventure45 and include prompt disclosure to those affected as well as corrective measures . box 3 suggests how these principles might be applied to problematic conflicts of interest in undergraduate medical education . the potential harm to patients related to the presented information in this case can still be mitigated by notifying past students of the problems with the lectures and the reference book that they may still use when making clinical decisions . medical school conflict of interest policies do not require disclosure of educational misadventure.6 properly handled problems would serve as positive learning opportunities for both trainees and educators . box 3handling identified problematic conflicts of interest in undergraduate medical educationimmediately disclose the problem to superiors within the institutiondetermine which trainees were probably affected , noting that similar sessions might have been delivered in previous years or to trainees at different levels of trainingdisclose the problem to the affected trainees in a timely fashionif patient care was , or might have been , affected , disclose the problem to patients and take steps to mitigate any harm to patientsif other institutions are likely to be affected by a similar problem , disclose the problem to themdetermine how the problem materialised with reference to institutional policies ( ie , determine if policies were inadequate or if adequate policies were not implemented)if there was a delay in identifying the problem , determine why the problem was not identified soonerdetermine how similar problems might be avoided in the future and make this public immediately disclose the problem to superiors within the institution determine which trainees were probably affected , noting that similar sessions might have been delivered in previous years or to trainees at different levels of training disclose the problem to the affected trainees in a timely fashion if patient care was , or might have been , affected , disclose the problem to patients and take steps to mitigate any harm to patients if other institutions are likely to be affected by a similar problem , disclose the problem to them determine how the problem materialised with reference to institutional policies ( ie , determine if policies were inadequate or if adequate policies were not implemented ) if there was a delay in identifying the problem , determine why the problem was not identified sooner determine how similar problems might be avoided in the future and make this public strategies for identifying and preventing potential problems include the education of trainees and educators about avoiding and managing interactions with the pharmaceutical industry , more transparent disclosure procedures and the harmonisation of conflict of interest policies . despite good intentions , industry involvement in medical education can cause unrecognised problems . the educational programme in question was well known for promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and it was recognised with a teaching award . although the organisers did not believe that the content was influenced by sponsorship and referred to industry financial support as  philanthropic,22 for several years the lectures contained statements that promoted the products being sold by sponsors . a non - faculty lecturer with conflicts of interests it should not come as a surprise that the students attending these sessions also did not recognise the problematic content since even practising physicians often fail do so.24 the difficulty in recognising problems underlines the need to identify and avoid potentially problematic sessions before they take place . box 1 provides a decision aid that can be used to document the interaction between topics that may be subject to pharmaceutical industry influence and conflicts of interest . the confluence of a controversial topic involving therapeutics and relevant conflict of interest in this case should have prompted greater attention to this high - risk combination . note that in this case the content of the course was reportedly reviewed every year by a curriculum committee , yet the problems were not detected or dealt with through this process . topic . is the information or opinions about the topic likely to be influenced by conflicts of interests ? is third - party ( eg , pharmaceutical industry ) funding necessary or might the session or materials be delivered without such funding ? is it necessary to involve educators with conflicts of interest or are qualified educators without conflicts of interest available ? medical students25 
 26 and physicians24 
 27 are unlikely to believe that their views are biased by their interactions with the pharmaceutical industry , but there is evidence that educational interventions are effective at changing this view.28 
 29 trainees might be more likely to recognise problematic content if they had a taxonomy for describing the spectrum of such content from a selective presentation of correct information to falsehoods . both didactic and role playing educational sessions can alert medical students to the effects of marketing on clinical decision - making.29 
 30 for example , an educational session for second- and third - year medical students comprising a session with a former pharmaceutical representative , a faculty debate and online modules increased scepticism about the appropriateness of pharmaceutical company involvement in teaching.29 such educational sessions can be part of a broader effort to educate trainees about the financial implications of clinical decision - making,31 which may include the subtle implications of gift acceptance3234 and the price patients pay for direct physician marketing such as the distribution of textbooks.35 in undergraduate medical education , there may not be a simple strategy to ensure that competing interests are fully disclosed,3639 and this case demonstrates that disclosures are sometimes omitted . one option is to hold information about faculty potential conflicts of interest in a central online repository that is accessible to students . such a public registry would allow students to determine the conflicts of interest of physicians they meet in clinical settings  there currently is no easy way for students to do this . one medical school already requires public online reporting of conflicts,38 and there is another online database listing payments from certain pharmaceutical companies to physicians.40 these proofs of concept may encourage other institutions to implement registries and perhaps they might be combined into one central public registry . however , it is also important to recognise the limitations and potentially negative consequences of disclosure that may include moral licensing ( the belief that biased advice is justifiable because conflicts have been declared ) and strategic exaggeration ( the tendency to provide more biased advice to overcome expected scepticism resulting from conflict disclosure).41 
 42 the fact that the industry support for the sessions in this case was referred to as unrestricted educational grants may make one question the meaningfulness of that term and favour the use of neutral terms such as funding. if even industry  unrestricted educational grants are associated with inaccuracies , the complete elimination of industry funding from undergraduate medical education may be necessary . discussing problematic cases of industry involvement in medical education may increase awareness and reduce the likelihood of reoccurrences . indeed , this very case might have been prevented if the organisers had been aware of analogous problems elsewhere . claims not unlike those made in the lectures and the reference book were the subject of investigations into the marketing of opioids in the usa that resulted in fraud convictions . three executives at the american manufacturer of long - acting oxycodone pleaded guilty to fraud in 2007.13 the agreed statement of facts in the guilty plea indicates that some company employees decided not to correct the prevalent misperception that oxycodone was less potent than morphine.43 
 44 also , long - acting oxycodone was touted as having less addiction and abuse potential and being less likely to be diverted compared with other opioid formulations.44 that illegal marketing15 occurred at the same time as both the dramatic increase in opioid prescriptions and the increase in opioid - related mortality in the usa.9 
 10 opioid prescriptions and opioid - related deaths both also rose in ontario during the period medical students were exposed to this information in an industry - supported lecture series.11 
 12 this increasing mortality underlines how important it is for trainees and their future patients to be protected from problematic information in undergraduate medical education even as collaborations between universities and industry continue . yet today the management and monitoring of industry involvement in undergraduate medical education lags behind that in medical research . policies about industry involvement in undergraduate medical education vary by jurisdiction , do not consistently deal with all important concerns and can be vague . for example , three issues raised by this case are treated differently by current american and canadian guidelines ( table 2).3639 hopefully this unevenness will soon be replaced by the sort of consistency demonstrated by the large group of medical journals that recently agreed on a uniform conflict of interest disclosure form for authors.2 the institute of medicine has recommended standardised disclosures and bans on speaker bureau membership and industry gift acceptance.39 example guidelines on industry involvement in medical education * the guidelines for cme / cpd events but  the same principles will also apply for educational events ( such as noon - hour rounds and journal clubs ) which are held as part of medical or residency training. the canadian medical association guidelines have been endorsed by the association of faculty of medicine of canada . existing conflict of interest policies would allow lecture series such as this one to take place at most medical schools . for example , the 10 american medical schools with most stringent conflict of interest policies as rated by the american medical student association in their  pharmfree scorecard could all have hosted a lecture series such as the one discussed here as they allow industry sponsorship of medical school lectures and speakers who receive funding from the same companies.6 
 box 2 contains a list of questions that can be asked of any institution 's conflict of interest policy to determine whether this lecture series would be permitted . given that the problematic content in this case was not detected for several years , it is plausible that problematic information is being disseminated in other industry - supported teaching sessions at medical schools right now . box 2could this happen at other institutions?are conflict of interest disclosures left to individual instructors ? or are they made in a transparent and verifiable manner such as in an online repository?are members of industry speakers bureau members involved in medical education ? or are they prohibited?is public reporting of conflict of interest neglected by the policy ? or is it required by the policy?are industry gifts to medical students allowed ? or are they prohibited?are all industry payments handled by course organisers ? or are they administered independently of course organisers?is the term  unrestricted educational grant used in disclosure statements ? or is a neutral term such as are conflict of interest disclosures left to individual instructors ? or are they made in a transparent and verifiable manner such as in an online repository ? are members of industry speakers bureau members involved in medical education ? or are they prohibited ? are all industry payments handled by course organisers ? or are they administered independently of course organisers ? is the term  unrestricted educational grant used in disclosure statements ? or is a neutral term such as it is important for educators to respond appropriately and promptly once a problem has been identified  especially when patient safety is at stake . the response to these educational  adverse events might be guided by principles used to deal with clinical misadventure45 and include prompt disclosure to those affected as well as corrective measures . box 3 suggests how these principles might be applied to problematic conflicts of interest in undergraduate medical education . the potential harm to patients related to the presented information in this case can still be mitigated by notifying past students of the problems with the lectures and the reference book that they may still use when making clinical decisions . medical school conflict of interest policies do not require disclosure of educational misadventure.6 properly handled problems would serve as positive learning opportunities for both trainees and educators . box 3handling identified problematic conflicts of interest in undergraduate medical educationimmediately disclose the problem to superiors within the institutiondetermine which trainees were probably affected , noting that similar sessions might have been delivered in previous years or to trainees at different levels of trainingdisclose the problem to the affected trainees in a timely fashionif patient care was , or might have been , affected , disclose the problem to patients and take steps to mitigate any harm to patientsif other institutions are likely to be affected by a similar problem , disclose the problem to themdetermine how the problem materialised with reference to institutional policies ( ie , determine if policies were inadequate or if adequate policies were not implemented)if there was a delay in identifying the problem , determine why the problem was not identified soonerdetermine how similar problems might be avoided in the future and make this public immediately disclose the problem to superiors within the institution determine which trainees were probably affected , noting that similar sessions might have been delivered in previous years or to trainees at different levels of training disclose the problem to the affected trainees in a timely fashion if patient care was , or might have been , affected , disclose the problem to patients and take steps to mitigate any harm to patients if other institutions are likely to be affected by a similar problem , disclose the problem to them determine how the problem materialised with reference to institutional policies ( ie , determine if policies were inadequate or if adequate policies were not implemented ) if there was a delay in identifying the problem , determine why the problem was not identified sooner determine how similar problems might be avoided in the future and make this public this case study highlights several policy and practice changes that might reduce the likelihood of similar problems arising again and practices that might mitigate harm to patients when misleading information is presented to medical students . internationally harmonised policies and procedures for managing conflicts of interest should involve clear disclosure , independent oversight , education about conflicts of interest and transparent handling of identified problems . in high - risk situations such as education on controversial topics involving therapeutics , conflicts of interest should be closely monitored if they can not be completely avoided .
backgroundmedical schools are grappling with how best to manage industry involvement in medical education.objectiveto describe a case study of industry - supported undergraduate medical education related to opioid analgesics.methodinstitutional case study.resultsas part of their regular curriculum , canadian medical students attended pain pharmacotherapy lectures that contained questionable content about the use of opioids for pain management . 
 the lectures were supported by pharmaceutical companies that market opioid analgesics in canada and the guest lecturer was a member of speakers bureaus of the same companies . 
 these conflicts of interests were not fully disclosed . a reference book that reinforced some of the information in the lectures and that was paid for by a sponsoring company 
 was made available to students . 
 this is the first report of an association between industry sponsorship and the dissemination of potentially dangerous information to medical students.conclusionsthis case demonstrates the need for better strategies for preventing , identifying and dealing with problematic interactions between the pharmaceutical industry and undergraduate medical education . 
 these might include the avoidance of unnecessary conflicts of interest , more disclosure of conflicts , an open process for dealing with recognised problems and internationally harmonised conflict of interest policies .