the trochanteric femoral fracture is common in elderly patients ; with societies growing continuously older , the incidence has increased markedly in recent years.1 due to their poor bone quality , it is very difficult to achieve and maintain a stable fixation in elderly patients.2 the aim of surgery is to achieve early mobilization and the prompt return to prefracture activity levels . the treatment of this fracture remains a challenge to the surgeon . numerous variations of intramedullary nails have been devised to achieve a stable fixation and early mobilization of pertrochanteric fractures ; among these , the proximal femoral nail ( pfn ) , devised by the ao / asif group in 1996 , has proven to be a promising implant in per- , inter- , or subtrochanteric femoral fractures.3 these intramedullary devices are more stable under loading with a shorter lever arm , so the distance between the hip joint and the nail is reduced compared with that for a plate , thus diminishing the deforming forces across the implant.4 furthermore , these devices minimize soft - tissue dissection and thereby reduce surgical trauma , blood loss , infection , and wound complications.4 in this study , we aimed to report the results of a retrospective study carried out at our institute on 100 consecutive cases who had suffered proximal femoral fractures between january 2002 and february 2007 , and who were treated with a pfn . this retrospective study was approved by the local institutional ethics board in accordance with the standards of the declaration of helsinki , and informed written consent forms were obtained from all the participants . from january 2002february 2007 , we treated 100 consecutive cases of proximal femoral fractures with a pfn ( synthes gmbh , oberdorf , switzerland ) . a case documentation form was used to obtain intraoperative data , including age , sex , mechanism of injury , type of fracture according to ao / asif classification , and the american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ) physical status classification ( asa grade ) . all patients were operated in the supine position under image intensifier control by either consultants or registrars using standard techniques and a protocol.3 implantation of the pfn can be done with or without a fracture table . using the fracture table , the hip should be placed in a slight adduction position to facilitate the insertion of the nail . about 5 cm cranial to the tip of the greater trochanter , the skin is incised for about 5 cm . after passing the fascia and muscles , a 2.8 mm threaded k - wire is inserted at the tip of the greater trochanter under c - arm control . the k - wire is advanced into the femoral shaft in such a way that it is located in the middle of the shaft in both directions . the proximal part of the femoral shaft is reamed manually with a 17 mm reamer . after mounting the nail on the radiolucent insertion device , the nail can be introduced manually into the femoral shaft . via the aiming arm , which is attached to the insertion device , the guide wire for the neck screw is first introduced into the femoral neck in such a way that the screw will be placed into the lower half of the neck on the anteroposterior view and centrally on a lateral view . the hip pin is introduced first with the tip just about 25 mm medial to the fracture line ; then , the neck screw is inserted . afterwards , depending on the type of fracture , distal interlocking is either statically or dynamically achieved via the same aiming arm . in all cases antithrombotic prophylaxis was given using low molecular weight heparin ( fraxiparine ; glaxosmithkline , brentford , uk ) , and antibiotic prophylaxis was provided ( cefazolin ) . anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained 2472 hours postoperatively , and analyzed for reduction and position of the implant . the rehabilitation protocol was demonstrated , and the patients were mobilized on the first postoperative day . partial weight bearing as tolerated or restricted weight bearing was allowed according to the surgeon s recommendation on the day following surgery . clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at the time of admission and at the 6th week ; subsequent visits were organized on the 3rd month , 6th month , and 12th month , and patients with longer follow - up and annually postoperatively ( figures 1a , b , 2a and b ) . clinical evaluation was made using the harris hip scoring system , which considers pain , walking capacity , and physical examination findings.5 radiographic evaluations included union , calcification in the greater trochanter , cortical thickening at the distal locking site , cut - out of the helical screw in the femoral head , lateral migration of the helical screw ( telescoping ) , and shortening of the femoral neck length . all of the data were processed by spss 14.0 software ( spss inc . , il , usa ) . differences in the continuous variables between the two groups were compared using student s t - test for normally distributed data , or the wilcoxon rank - sum test for data not normally distributed . this retrospective study was approved by the local institutional ethics board in accordance with the standards of the declaration of helsinki , and informed written consent forms were obtained from all the participants . from january 2002february 2007 , we treated 100 consecutive cases of proximal femoral fractures with a pfn ( synthes gmbh , oberdorf , switzerland ) . a case documentation form was used to obtain intraoperative data , including age , sex , mechanism of injury , type of fracture according to ao / asif classification , and the american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ) physical status classification ( asa grade ) . all patients were operated in the supine position under image intensifier control by either consultants or registrars using standard techniques and a protocol.3 implantation of the pfn can be done with or without a fracture table . using the fracture table , the hip should be placed in a slight adduction position to facilitate the insertion of the nail . about 5 cm cranial to the tip of the greater trochanter , the skin is incised for about 5 cm . after passing the fascia and muscles , a 2.8 mm threaded k - wire is inserted at the tip of the greater trochanter under c - arm control . the k - wire is advanced into the femoral shaft in such a way that it is located in the middle of the shaft in both directions . the proximal part of the femoral shaft is reamed manually with a 17 mm reamer . after mounting the nail on the radiolucent insertion device , the nail can be introduced manually into the femoral shaft . via the aiming arm , which is attached to the insertion device , the guide wire for the neck screw is first introduced into the femoral neck in such a way that the screw will be placed into the lower half of the neck on the anteroposterior view and centrally on a lateral view . the hip pin is introduced first with the tip just about 25 mm medial to the fracture line ; then , the neck screw is inserted . afterwards , depending on the type of fracture , distal interlocking is either statically or dynamically achieved via the same aiming arm . in all cases antithrombotic prophylaxis was given using low molecular weight heparin ( fraxiparine ; glaxosmithkline , brentford , uk ) , and antibiotic prophylaxis was provided ( cefazolin ) . anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained 2472 hours postoperatively , and analyzed for reduction and position of the implant . the rehabilitation protocol was demonstrated , and the patients were mobilized on the first postoperative day . partial weight bearing as tolerated or restricted weight bearing was allowed according to the surgeon s recommendation on the day following surgery . clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at the time of admission and at the 6th week ; subsequent visits were organized on the 3rd month , 6th month , and 12th month , and patients with longer follow - up and annually postoperatively ( figures 1a , b , 2a and b ) . clinical evaluation was made using the harris hip scoring system , which considers pain , walking capacity , and physical examination findings.5 radiographic evaluations included union , calcification in the greater trochanter , cortical thickening at the distal locking site , cut - out of the helical screw in the femoral head , lateral migration of the helical screw ( telescoping ) , and shortening of the femoral neck length . all of the data were processed by spss 14.0 software ( spss inc . , il , usa ) . differences in the continuous variables between the two groups were compared using student s t - test for normally distributed data , or the wilcoxon rank - sum test for data not normally distributed . the mean age of the patients was 77.66 years ( range : 3798 years ) and the sex distribution was 32 males and 68 females . the mean time from injury to surgery was 1.83 days ( range : 017 days ) . eighty - five patients were operated on under combined general and epidural anesthesia  five under spinal and epidural anesthesia , eight under spinal anesthesia , and two under epidural anesthesia . seventy - three fractures were reduced by closed means , whereas 27 needed limited open reduction . intraoperative femoral fracture occurred in one patient and was managed with dall  miles wires . the mean duration of the operation was 87.9 minutes ( range : 30300 minutes ) . the mean follow - up for the study group was 31.3 months ( range : 1275 months ) . changes in the hip score in relation to the type of fractures , asa score , and patient age were shown in table 2 . the data were analyzed to see whether there was an association between the harris hip score ( hhs ) and fracture classification , asa score , and age . the results revealed that hhs was negatively correlated with asa score and patient s age . hematomata of the surgical wound resolved satisfactorily in six patients ; migration of the screws was not observed . in three patients , there was ectopic new bone formation at the insertion point of the stabilizing and compression screw , but this did not affect the patient s condition . three patients died before discharge ( one due to pulmonary embolism , two due to cardiac arrest ) , and five patients died due to unrelated medical conditions within the first 3 months of follow - up . advances in the treatment of chronic diseases and improvements in living standards have resulted in a considerable increase in the life expectancy of individuals.6 however , as the quality of bone decreases with age , the prevalence of hip fractures increases.7 the stability of fixation for intertrochanteric fractures depends on many factors : the age of the patient ; the patient s general health ; the time from fracture to treatment ; the adequacy of treatment ; concurrent medical treatment ; and the stability of fixation . which appropriate method and ideal implant to use are topics that are still open to debate , with proponents of the various approaches each claiming advantages over the other methods . dynamic hip screws are accepted as the gold standard in the surgical treatment of stable intertrochanteric fractures.7 the advantages of making dynamic hip screws the first choice in the treatment of stable fractures do not show similar success rates in unstable fractures . wolfgang et al8 reported mechanical complication rates of 9% for stable fractures and 19% for unstable fractures in intertrochanteric fractures treated with sliding screw plates . simpson et al9 listed the causes of fixation failure in intertrochanteric fractures in the following order : cut - out of the screw from the femoral head ; pull - out of the plate from the lateral cortex together with the screws ; and plate break . failure of dynamic hip screws in unstable fractures may be as high as 56% in special conditions such as reverse obliquity fractures.10 intramedullary devices , such as the gamma nail ( stryker , kalamazoo , mi , usa ) , have some theoretical advantages over the dynamic hip screws , as they do not depend on screw fixation of a plate to the lateral cortex , which can be a problem in very osteoporotic bone . in addition , they have a shorter moment arm , because the load is transmitted to the femur along a more medial axis . on the other hand , the gamma nail has a significantly increased risk of fracture at the tip of the nail , which had reached up to 18% in various studies , and other technical failures ( 8%15% of the cases ) , resulting in a high risk of reoperation.11 in terms of complications , cut - out of the screw , pull - out of the nail , or nail break were not observed in our study . gotfried12 reported that the fractures , which were preoperatively classified as type 3.1.a.2 , might turn to type 3.2.a.3 fractures postoperatively due to lateral cortex fracture . he attributed fracture of the lateral cortex to weakening of the bone during the use of a lateral cortex drill with a 16 mm diameter for the placement of the sliding screw . the stabilizing and compression screws of the pfn adequately compress the fracture , leaving between them a bone block for further revision , should the need arise . in our study , fracture of the greater trochanter with lateral extension did not occur in any patients during surgery . we concluded that this complication could be avoided by careful determination of the insertion site and sufficient drilling . femoral shaft fracture is a complication associated with the use of intramedullary hip nails , and is more frequent with the use of the gamma nail.13 fogagnolo et al14 reported one case ( 1/47 ) and banan et al15 reported two cases ( 2/46 ) of femoral diaphyseal fractures that occurred distal to the nail . so far , the exact reason for the shaft fractures at the tip of the gamma nail has not yet been found . friedl et al16 suggested that the necessary over - reaming of the shaft ( 3 mm more than the nail diameter ) weakens the entire shaft . frequent drilling for a proper distal interlocking because of malalignment of the aiming device torque of the nail when jammed in an unsatisfactorily reamed shaft is also seen as a cause.17 the pfn has been shown to prevent fractures in the femoral shaft , as it has a smaller distal shaft diameter , which reduces the stress concentration at the tip ( a 4.9 mm pfn compared with a 6.28 mm regular gamma nail).18 due to its position close to the weight - bearing axis , the stress generated on the intramedullary implants is negligible.18 in our study , only one case had intraoperative femoral fracture and was managed with dall  miles wires . the pfn system , developed by ao / asif , offers some major biomechanical innovations that can overcome the known limitations of the gamma nail . first , the addition of the 6.5 mm antirotation hip pin reduces the incidence of implant cut - out and the rotation of the cervicocephalic fragment.18 second , the smaller diameter and fluting of the tip of the nail is specially designed to reduce stress forces below the implant and , therefore , reduces the incidence of low - energy fracture at the tip.18 third , the pfn has a greater implant length , a smaller valgus angle , and this angle is set at a higher level . fourth , the more proximal positioning of the distal locking helps to avoid abrupt changes in the stiffness of the construct.18 although the rates of failure of fixation and femoral shaft fracture are low with the pfn , other problems , such as persisting thigh pain and the need for hardware removal because of iliotibial tract irritation , are of concern . extension of the nail to the distal femoral cortex was not associated with fracture occurrence , but it presented as pain at the medial aspect of the femur.18 this condition was not encountered in our study . in the series of 295 patients with trochanteric fractures treated with the pfn by domingo et al,4 the authors emphasized that the surgical technique is not complex , the number of complications recorded was acceptable , and the overall results obtained were comparable with those of other fracture systems . in our study , the intraoperative variables and the systemic complications were similar to those encountered by other authors.3,19 most patients ( 78% ) showed a near - anatomical fracture reduction , and fracture healing occurred in all patients at the final follow - up . there were few postoperative complications associated with mechanical failure . no cases of implant breakage and fatigue were seen during the follow - up period . the high incidence of open reduction in our study was mainly due to the complexity of the fractures , and not due to delayed operations . in pfn fixations , proper alignment between the two main fragments and proper placement of the lag screws in the femoral head should be ensured . in accordance with similar reports , systemic and local complications , as well as the death rate observed in our study were not different.20,21 the number of reoperations due to technical or mechanical failures was quite high , as was the incidence of intraoperative difficulties in pfn implantation . we also believe that variables such as the duration of hospitalization , commencement of the sitting posture , and early weight - bearing in unstable fractures are related to the pathology , which is associated with advanced age , general health status , and type of fracture , rather than with the surgical technique itself . at present , we consider that the pfn is an acceptable and minimally invasive implant for unstable proximal femoral fractures . various studies concerning the functional outcomes of operative treatments of hip fractures have been performed.20,21 for an elderly patient with a femoral neck fracture , the ability to mobilize in their own home and in their community would determine their ability to live independently.22 before surgical treatment of a femoral neck fracture , the patients and their relatives have to be informed of what should be expected concerning the effect of pre - and perioperative risk factors on the outcome of surgery , postoperative rehabilitation , daily care , and other social issues . quality of life and function are usually measures that are important for patients and health care providers . the hhs was developed to evaluate outcomes following orthopedic surgery of the hip joint . in our study , the hhs was negatively correlated with the asa score and patient age . our study showed that pfn is a reliable fixation method with good fracture union and no major complications noted across all types of trochanteric femoral fractures .
purposein this study , we aimed to report the results of a retrospective study carried out at our institute regarding cases of patients who had suffered proximal femoral fractures between january 2002 and february 2007 , and who were treated with a proximal femoral nail.materials and methodsone hundred consecutive cases were included in the study . 
 a case documentation form was used to obtain intraoperative data including age , sex , mechanism of injury , type of fracture according to association for osteosynthesis / association for the study of internal fixation ( ao / asif ) classification and the american society of anesthesiologists ( asa ) physical status classification ( asa grade ) . 
 clinical and radiographic examinations were performed at the time of admission and at the 6th week ; subsequent visits were organized on the 3rd month , 6th month , and 12th month , and in patients with longer follow - up and annually postoperatively . 
 the harris score of hip function was used , and any change in the position of the implants and the progress of the fracture union , which was determined radiologically , was noted.resultsthe mean age of the patients was 77.66 years ( range : 3798 years ) , and the sex distribution was 32 males and 68 females . 
 seventy - three fractures were reduced by closed means , whereas 27 needed limited open reduction . 
 the mean follow - up time for the study group was 31.3 months ( range : 1275 months ) . 
 postoperative radiographs showed a near - anatomical fracture reduction in 78% of patients . 
 the harris hip score was negatively correlated with the asa score and patient age . 
 no cases of implant failure were observed . 
 three patients died before discharge ( one due to pulmonary embolism , two due to cardiac arrest ) , and five patients died due to unrelated medical conditions within the first 3 months of the follow-up.conclusionour study showed that proximal femoral nail is a reliable fixation with good fracture union , and it is not associated with major complications in any type of trochanteric femoral fracture .