benign prostate hyperplasia ( bph ) , which is accompanied by lower urinary tract symptoms ( luts ) such as voiding ( feeling of incomplete emptying and straining ) and storage ( nocturia and urgency ) , is quite common among middle- and advanced - aged men . considering the fact that prostate volume increases with age , bph and moderate - to - severe luts exhibit an increasing incidence , especially in developed countries , which enjoy increased life expectancies . a diagnosis of bph is particularly important because of its impact on the patient s quality of life . for example , bph might cause significant luts even without manifesting identifiably increased prostate volume . despite the fact that prostate volume does not correlate directly with the severity of symptoms , an enlarged prostate might increase the chance of progression of both luts and bph . the prevalence of bph is quite high among men ; however , men with bph do not experience the same level of risk for progression . there are studies in the literature that demonstrate that anatomical factors related to the prostate , such as transitional zone volume ( tzv ) , transitional zone index ( tzi ) , intravesical prostatic protrusion ( ipp ) , and presumed circle area ratio ( pcar ) , are more influential on progression than total prostate volume in urodynamically obstructed patients [ 68 ] . histology - visible irregular proliferation of smooth muscles , connective tissues , and glandular epithelial cells in the transitional zone of the prostate causes increased prostate stiffness in bph . therefore , the fact that the clinical progression does not solely depend on total prostate volume , and that various histologic components are involved in the development of bph , might justify the use of elastography to reveal changes in tissue stiffness . in this respect , acoustic radiation force impulse ( arfi ) elastography can be considered a non - invasive and cost - effective elasticity imaging technology quantifying the shear wave velocity ( swv ) of tissues . many organs , including the liver , breast , thyroid , and kidney , can be examined with arfi elastography to reveal their elasticity properties . there are a few recent studies in the literature investigating the contribution of arfi elastography to the establishment of diagnoses of bph and prostate cancer [ 1417 ] . an enlarged prostate ( prostate volume > 20 ml ) , a maximum urinary flow rate ( qmax ) < 10 ml , and an international prostate symptom score ( ipss ) > 7 are accepted as important criteria for the diagnosis of bph and the determination of its clinical progression . the present study aimed to evaluate the difference in swv between a bph group and a group without bph , to analyze the relationship between the severity of bph assessed by the ipss and arfi elastography with swv measurements . this prospective study included a total of 105 consecutive male patients who were admitted to the urology clinic between august 2014 and may 2015 . forty healthy volunteers exhibiting no bph and no evidence of urinary system pathology were enrolled in the study to constitute the control group . in addition , the bph group was divided into two subgroups , based on their ipss results : a mild - to - moderate bph group ( ipss range : 119 ) and a severe bph group ( ipss range : 2035 ) . both the patients and the control group participants signed an informed consent form prior to the study . the exclusion criteria included the following : a prostatic depth more than 8 cm from the skin , uncontrolled diabetes mellitus , neurologic diseases that could affect the voiding function , bladder and prostate cancers , history of lower urinary tract surgery and urinary tract infection , and a measured voided volume < 125 ml . the total ipss score was calculated by adding the two sub - scores together , namely the voiding and storage symptoms sub - scores . the ipss asks the patient to score seven symptoms on a scale ranging from 1 to 5 , considering the last 30 days of their lives . the ipss also includes one question that assesses the encumbering nature of the patient s symptoms . symptoms can have a maximum score of 5 , which makes the highest possible score 35 . a score of 17 is regarded as mildly symptomatic , 819 as moderately symptomatic , and 2035 as severely symptomatic . the question about the encumbering nature of the symptoms is scored separately , on a scale ranging from 0 to 6 . uroflowmetry measurements , including qmax and average urinary flow rate ( qave ) , were performed in a standing position using bluetooth uroflowmetry ( urodyn+ , mms , flowmaster , nl ) . pvr measurements were performed by means of a bladder scanner ( logiq c3 , premium , ge , china ) . all ultrasound ( us ) examinations were performed using the acuson s2000 ultrasound system ( siemens solutions , mountain view , ca , usa ) with the convex probe ( 4 c1 , frequency range : 14 mhz ) . arfi measurements ( virtual touch tissue quantification package ) were performed by the same radiologist ( b.a . ) , who had 15 years of abdominal us experience and two years of elastography experience , and was blind to the patients clinical data . the prostate volume was calculated using the following formula : /6(transverse diameter  anteroposterior diameter  cephalocaudal diameter ) . shear wave velocity ( swv ) was recorded from a 106 mm rectangular region of interest ( roi ) . then , a total of ten valid swv measurements were taken for each of the five central and five peripheral areas . the roi is placed in the peripheral area and central area of the prostate gland . measurements were made of non - calcified areas . in cases of invalid measurement ( expressed as x.xx m / s ) , the measurement was repeated . swv values in meters per second ( m / s ) , which provide numerical measurements and quantitative data on parenchymal elasticity properties , were expressed in mean ( sd ) and range ( figure 1 ) . spss 16.0 ( statistical package for the social sciences version 16.0 for windows , spss inc . , for the evaluation of the continuous variables , we used student s t - test for parametric data and the mann - whitney u test for nonparametric data ; the categorical valuables were analyzed with the chi - square test . the relation between the parameters was analyzed with the spearman and pearson correlation test . in order to predict the severity of bph , we calculated the areas under the roc curves for the prostate shear wave speed . this prospective study included a total of 105 consecutive male patients who were admitted to the urology clinic between august 2014 and may 2015 . forty healthy volunteers exhibiting no bph and no evidence of urinary system pathology were enrolled in the study to constitute the control group . in addition , the bph group was divided into two subgroups , based on their ipss results : a mild - to - moderate bph group ( ipss range : 119 ) and a severe bph group ( ipss range : 2035 ) . both the patients and the control group participants signed an informed consent form prior to the study . the exclusion criteria included the following : a prostatic depth more than 8 cm from the skin , uncontrolled diabetes mellitus , neurologic diseases that could affect the voiding function , bladder and prostate cancers , history of lower urinary tract surgery and urinary tract infection , and a measured voided volume < 125 ml . the total ipss score was calculated by adding the two sub - scores together , namely the voiding and storage symptoms sub - scores . the ipss asks the patient to score seven symptoms on a scale ranging from 1 to 5 , considering the last 30 days of their lives . the ipss also includes one question that assesses the encumbering nature of the patient s symptoms . symptoms can have a maximum score of 5 , which makes the highest possible score 35 . a score of 17 is regarded as mildly symptomatic , 819 as moderately symptomatic , and 2035 as severely symptomatic . the question about the encumbering nature of the symptoms is scored separately , on a scale ranging from 0 to 6 . uroflowmetry measurements , including qmax and average urinary flow rate ( qave ) , were performed in a standing position using bluetooth uroflowmetry ( urodyn+ , mms , flowmaster , nl ) . pvr measurements were performed by means of a bladder scanner ( logiq c3 , premium , ge , china ) . all ultrasound ( us ) examinations were performed using the acuson s2000 ultrasound system ( siemens solutions , mountain view , ca , usa ) with the convex probe ( 4 c1 , frequency range : 14 mhz ) . arfi measurements ( virtual touch tissue quantification package ) were performed by the same radiologist ( b.a . ) , who had 15 years of abdominal us experience and two years of elastography experience , and was blind to the patients clinical data . the prostate volume was calculated using the following formula : /6(transverse diameter  anteroposterior diameter  cephalocaudal diameter ) . shear wave velocity ( swv ) was recorded from a 106 mm rectangular region of interest ( roi ) . then , a total of ten valid swv measurements were taken for each of the five central and five peripheral areas . the roi is placed in the peripheral area and central area of the prostate gland . m / s ) , which provide numerical measurements and quantitative data on parenchymal elasticity properties , were expressed in mean ( sd ) and range ( figure 1 ) . spss 16.0 ( statistical package for the social sciences version 16.0 for windows , spss inc . , for the evaluation of the continuous variables , we used student s t - test for parametric data and the mann - whitney u test for nonparametric data ; the categorical valuables were analyzed with the chi - square test . the relation between the parameters was analyzed with the spearman and pearson correlation test . in order to predict the severity of bph , we calculated the areas under the roc curves for the prostate shear wave speed . a total of 100 subjects were included in this study , 60 constituting the bph group and 40 constituting the control group . the bph group had a mean age of 60.56 years ( range 5073 years ) while the control group had a mean age of 58.54 years ( range 5065 years ) ; there was no significant difference between the two groups ( p=0.09 ) . the mean prostate volumes of the bph and control groups were 66.626 ml ( range : 21131 ) vs. 41.96 ml ( range 2548 ) , respectively , which also indicated a significant difference between the two groups ( p<0.01 ) . there were significant differences between the bph and control groups with regards to swv of the central area [ 2.520.59 ( 1.153.46 ) m / s vs. 1.470.42 ( 0.612.74 ) m / s , p<0.01 ] ( figure 2 ) . on the other hand , there was no significant difference between the two groups in swv of the peripheral area [ ( 1.490.44 m / s , range 0.722.47 ) and ( 1.360.37 m / s , range 0.592.11 ) , respectively , p=0.1 ] the bph group , which was divided into two subgroups based on the ipss results as a mild - to - moderate bph group ( range 119 ) and a severe bph group ( range 2035 ) , had 19 mild - to - moderate bph patients and 41 severe bph patients . there were no significant differences between the two subgroups in terms of age , prostate volume , or swv of the peripheral area ( table 1 ) . however , there was a significant difference between the two subgroups in swv of the central area ( p=0.02 ) ( table 1 , figure 3 ) . furthermore , there was a significant difference between the two subgroups in some of the uroflowmetric parameters , namely qmax and qave ( table 1 ) . a significant positive correlation was observed between the ipss results and the swv of the central area ( r=0.466 , p<0.01 ) . a significant negative correlation was found between the qmax and swv of the central area ( r=0.420 , p=0.02 ) . in addition , significant negative correlation was found between the voiding time and swv of the central area ( r=0.357 , p=0.01 ) ( table 2 ) . for predicting bph severity , swv values of the prostate central area had a sensitivity of 96% , a specificity of 73% , positive predictive value of 68.6% , negative predictive value of 80% ( area under the roc curve , 0.899 , for a cutoff value of 1.125 m / s or less ) ( figure 4 ) . the cellular proliferation observed in bph causes increased stromal smooth muscle tonus and prostate volume . first , an increase occurs in bph nodules in the periurethral zone , followed by enlargement of the glandular nodules . increased prostate volume , which represents the static component of bph , and increased stromal smooth muscle tone , which represents the dynamic component of bph , cause luts as well as urinary tract infections , acute urinary retention , renal failure , hematuria and bladder calculi . increased prostate volume does not have a direct correlation with the severity of luts or the stage of bladder outlet obstruction ( boo ) . in the present study , we aimed to investigate the potential contribution of swv measurement by arfi elastography to determining the severity of luts in bph patients by taking arfi elastography measurements of the prostate and comparing the measured values to the patients ipss and uroflowmetry results . in this study , bph patients were compared to healthy volunteers in terms of swv prostate values . as a result , the swv of the central area was found to be significantly higher in the bph patients . however , there was no significant difference between the two groups in the swv of the peripheral area . furthermore , the swv of the peripheral area was lower than that of the central area . similarly , zheng et al .   performed arfi imaging of the prostate by transabdominal us and reported a higher swv value for the inner gland compared to the outer gland of the prostate in bph patients ; also , the swv values ( m / s ) were significantly greater in bph patients than with a normal prostate . zheng et al . also found a swv value of 1.98 m / s in the normal group , which is in agreement with our results , but our swv values for bph patients were higher than the patient group of zheng et al . in the present study , bph patients were divided into mild - to - moderate and severe bph groups based on their ipss results , and severe bph patients were found to have a higher swv of the central area than mild - to - moderate bph patients . in their experimental study involving canines , fu et al . detected a strong correlation between urodynamic parameters and prostate elasticity . in another study , zhang et al . reported a strong correlation between the swv of the transitional area measured by transrectal us and the boo stage in bph patients . in addition , they found the elastic modulus of the transitional area to be significantly higher than that of the peripheral area . the present study demonstrates a correlation between the swv of the central area and the severity of bph . a significant negative correlation was found between the qmax , voiding time , and swv of the central area , but there was no correlation between pvr and swv of the central area . bph patients exhibit significant differences in elastic fibers , collagen fibers , and smooth muscle cells . previous studies reported a higher rate of stromal hyperplasia than epithelial hyperplasia in symptomatic patients . in this respect , observation of changes in prostate stiffness caused by differences in prostatic tissue components might help determine the severity of bph . arfi imaging by transabdominal us , a non - invasive means compared to transrectal us , ensures a more objective assessment of prostate stiffness by providing numerical swv measurements . first , deeply located prostates could not be examined because the roi could go no deeper than 8 cm from the skin . second , the study lacked a detailed zonal evaluation , because the swv measurements were made by transabdominal us . third , our hospital is a center for complicated cases ; unfortunately , many patients with more complicated cases had to be excluded . in conclusion , our arfi elastography results indicated that the central prostate swv values of bph patients were significantly higher relative to those of a healthy control group . the central prostate swv values increased in proportion to the increased the severity of bph . measurement of swv by arfi technology constitutes a non - invasive alternative to other methods for the determination of bph severity .
backgroundthe aim of this study was to investigate the potential contribution of acoustic radiation force impulse ( arfi ) elastography to the determination of the severity of benign prostate hypertrophy ( bph ) by performing shear wave velocity ( swv ) measurements of the prostate using arfi technology.material/methodssixty bph patients and 40 healthy volunteers were included in this study . 
 swv measurements of the prostate were performed by transabdominal ultrasonography ( us ) , both in the bph patients and control subjects . 
 the bph patients also underwent uroflowmetry measurements . using the international prostate symptom score ( ipss ) , 
 the bph patients were divided into two subgroups , a mild - to - moderate bph group and a severe bph group , to compare swv values.resultsthe bph patients had higher swv values for the central area of the prostate compared to the control subjects ( 2.520.59 m / s and 1.470.42 m / s , p<0.01 ) . 
 the swv values of the central area of prostate were higher in the severe bph group compared to the mild - to - moderate bph group ( 2.620.58 and 2.250.55 , p=0.02).conclusionsour arfi elastography results indicated that the central prostate swv values of bph patients were significantly higher relative to those of a healthy control group . 
 the central prostate swv values increased in proportion to the increased severity of bph . 
 measurement of swv by arfi technology constitutes a non - invasive alternative to other methods for the determination of bph severity .