acute rheumatic fever ( arf ) and rheumatic heart disease ( rhd ) continue to be a major health problem in developing countries , and rhd is the leading cause of heart failure in children and young adults worldwide , resulting in disability and premature death ; 8085% of children younger than 15 years live in areas where rheumatic heart disease is endemic . while polyarthritis is the initial and most common major manifestation , carditis is the most serious manifestation of arf   and occurs in around a half of patients [ 49 ] within 3 weeks of onset of arf . although the initial attack can lead to severe valvular disease , arf might be insidious at onset , and rhd most often results from cumulative valve damage due to recurrent episodes of arf with a paucity of clinical symptoms [ 1 , 10 , 11 ] . given that the efficacy and safety of antibiotic prophylaxis are well established and should lead to near complete eradication of advanced rhd when combined with broader changes such as improved living conditions , education , and awareness [ 1214 ] , early detection of acute rheumatic carditis will allow appropriate initiation of secondary prophylaxis . no diagnostic method exists that detects onset of carditis prior to appearance of full - blown clinical or echocardiographic abnormalities . the jones criteria introduced in 1944 are clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of arf and carditis , and since then , other criteria have been put forward to increase sensitivity and encourage investigators to standardise patients ' characteristics [ 10 , 15 , 16 ] . however , 80 years on , in the absence of any pathognomonic laboratory / imaging test that can establish diagnosis , arf and acute rheumatic carditis continue to be a clinical diagnosis . additionally , arf criteria do not exclude other causes of febrile polyarthritis , which still need to be considered in the differential diagnosis , adding further confusion and doubt to the final diagnosis .   in 2012 , however , these guidelines are not intended for the diagnosis of carditis in the setting of arf . whilst echocardiography is valuable in confirming established valve disease , the assessment of its severity , and screening for valve disease in geographic locations with a high prevalence of rhd , its role in detection of early carditis in a first episode of arf or in established rhd is not as well established . brain - type natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) , a member of the natriuretic peptide family , is produced in cardiac myocytes and secreted into the circulation in response to cardiac volume load , causing diuresis , natriuresis , and vasodilatation , as well as inhibition of the renin - aldosterone system and sympathetic activity . bnp is produced as a prohormone that is cleaved in the circulation into active bnp and the n - terminal peptide , nt - probnp . both can be assayed , but nt - probnp has a longer plasma half - life and higher plasma concentrations   and therefore can give a good estimate of bnp production . nt - probnp level was found to be elevated in children with congenital and acquired heart disease , resulting in left and right ventricular volume and/or pressure overload , with the highest levels found in patients with acute lv dysfunction due to acute myocarditis and acute cardiomyopathy , while patients with chronic dilated cardiomyopathy and those with low pressure left to right shunt tended to have the lowest levels . circulating nt - probnp levels were also found to be significantly associated with the mitral valve score in patients with chronic rheumatic valve disease and significantly correlated with worsening functional class . recently , normal values for nt - probnp concentrations in a large cohort of healthy 8-year - old school children followed over a 4-year period have been published . the present study was designed to evaluate plasma nt - probnp as a marker of carditis in patients with acute rheumatic fever , as compared to controlled quiescent rhd and healthy controls . the study was ethically approved by the pediatric department , and consent was obtained from the all children and their parents / carers before enrollment . seventy - nine children were studied in 3 groups : 16 patients with acute rheumatic carditis who were studied during the acute phase of their illness and after its resolution ; 33 patients with known rhd not in activity ( quiescent rhd ; disease control group ) ; and a cohort of 30 healthy children as a healthy control group . arf was diagnosed when two major or one major and two minor manifestations plus evidence of preceding gas infection were present . carditis was defined as the presence of a new murmur , pericardial rub , tachycardia out of proportion to fever , gallop rhythm cardiomegaly , recurrent arrhythmia , and/or congestive heart failure . we excluded patients with infective endocarditis and children who had undergone previous surgical valve repair or replacement of cardiac valves . all study candidates underwent a thorough medical history , physical examination , routine investigations ( fbc , esr , crp , and asot ) , 12-lead ecg , and plain chest x - ray . enzyme immunoassay of plasma nt - probnp ( biomedica gruppe ; http://www.bmgrp.com ) was performed on venous blood samples . vivid7 dimension n-3190horten norway ) for all study participants included m - mode measurements , lv end - diastolic and end - systolic volumes , ejection fraction ( biplane modified simpson method ) , assessment of the degree of mitral regurgitation and aortic regurgitation by colour flow doppler , and mitral inflow velocities . peak systolic strain and time to peak systolic strain were measured at the left ventricle lateral , septal , anterior , and inferior walls at basal and mid level , and the mean values were calculated . data were collected and analyzed using student 's t - test and mann - whitney test for comparison of parametric and nonparametric data , respectively , and pearson and spearman 's tests for detection of correlations in parametric and nonparametric data , respectively . the performance of nt pro - bnp as a predictor of acute rheumatic carditis and the optimal cut - off level were assessed by the roc curve . the demographic , clinical features , routine laboratory data , medical treatment , and type and severity of valve lesions of the three studied groups are shown in table 1 . in group a , 12 patients had recurrent acute rheumatic carditis , while 7 patients were in their first presentation of acute rheumatic carditis . eleven patients in the acute rheumatic carditis group ( 69% ) were in nyha classes iii and iv , compared to none of the quiescent rhd group . all patients with acute rheumatic fever were treated with oral prednisone and salicylates , and 3 patients received packed rbc transfusions for associated anaemia . fractional shortening and ejection fraction were not significantly different between groups ( p > 0.05 ) . patients in acute rheumatic carditis had significantly higher end - diastolic volumes and end - systolic volumes ( figure 1 ) . following resolution of the acute carditis , the values of edv and esv dropped , but this was not statistically significant ( figure 2 ) . the e / e ( ratio between the doppler mitral inflow e wave ( cm / sec ) and the pwtdi lateral mitral annulus e wave ( cm / sec ) ) was significantly increased in the acute carditis group ( 10.7  5.3 ) and quiescent rhd group ( 7.6  4.2 ) compared to controls ( 5.2  1.7 ) ( p < 0.01 ) . there was no difference in systolic strain or time to peak systolic strain among the three different groups in the different measured segments or between the mean strain and time to peak strain of all studied 8 lv segments in the 3 groups ( p > 0.05 ) ( figure 3 ) . patients in acute rheumatic carditis had significantly higher nt - probnp values than patients with quiescent rhd and controls ( p < 0.001 ) . similarly , patients with quiescent rhd had significantly higher nt - probnp values than controls ( p < 0.001 ) ( table 1 ; figure 4 ) . there was no significant difference in nt - probnp levels between patients with acute rheumatic carditis presenting in their first attack and those with recurrent rheumatic carditis ( p > 0.05 ) . we found a significant positive correlation between nt probnp levels and e / e ratio ( r = 0.308 ; p < 0.05 ) , edv ( r = 0.55 ; p < 0.001 ) and esv ( r = 0.57 ; p < 0.001 ) . following resolution of the acute rheumatic carditis , mean plasma nt - probnp levels dropped ( 174.6  65  fmol / ml ; p < 0.001 ) , but was still significantly higher than the control group ( p < 0.001 ) . an nt - probnp plasma level of 265  fmol / ml had a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 92.9% in detecting acute carditis in patients with acute rheumatic fever using the roc curve . nt - probnp was significantly increased in children with acute rheumatic carditis compared both to children with quiescent rhd and healthy controls . iv ) secondary to rheumatic carditis and worsening valve lesions , with resultant volume overload as evidenced by significantly increased edv and esv . nt - probnp levels dropped significantly after resolution of the acute carditis and improvement of heart failure and volume overload secondary to treatment . similar to other studies , the various conventional echocardiographic parameters measured in this study did not help to differentiate between acute rheumatic carditis and established chronic rheumatic heart disease without carditis . clinical studies using spectral tissue doppler for recording mitral annular velocities have produced convincing evidence of a positive , linear relation of e / e with invasively determined mean lv diastolic pressure regardless of lv ejection fraction , rhythm , and heart rate [ 2527 ] . in our patients , there was no evidence of diastolic dysfunction as evidenced between the lack of any significant difference between patient groups and controls in measured e / e. lv strain has been hailed as a very sensitive and volume - independent modality for assessment of myocardial function . strain imaging has been used to assess myocardial function in a wide range of cardiac conditions . it is useful in detecting early left ventricular ( lv ) dysfunction in the setting of systemic diseases with cardiac involvement , in differentiating transmural from nontransmural infarction and in identifying lv contractile reserve in regurgitant valve lesions . there was no significant difference in measured lv strain amongst our patient groups and in comparison to the control group . the echocardiographic data in our patients suggests that rheumatic myocarditis , reflected as impaired diastolic and/or systolic function , is not apparent in this patient group and that the elevated nt - probnp was due to uncontrolled heart failure as a consequence of the entire pancarditis  process , of which rheumatic valve affection was probably the major contributor . measurement of natriuretic peptides , used in conjunction with other clinical information , has been proven useful as a diagnostic marker to aid in the recognition of pediatric critical heart disease in the acute care setting . rheumatic carditis occurs a few weeks after the initial infection in about 50% of patients with acute rheumatic fever and presents as valvulitis , sometimes combined with pericarditis or myocarditis [ 6 , 30 ] . given the results of the current study , nt - probnp assay might be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of rheumatic carditis in patients presenting with noncardiac signs of rheumatic fever . baseline levels at initial presentation followed by weekly serial measurements may help detect the early onset of carditis in patients before the emergence of the more florid clinical signs of carditis . we found that a cut - off level of 265  fmol / ml had a reasonable high sensitivity and specificity for detecting acute carditis in the setting of rf and rhd ; however , there was wide overlap in nt - probnp values between the acute carditis group and the quiescent rhd group . whilst elevated nt probnp might also be a consequence of worsening mechanical heart failure or complicating infective endocarditis in a patient with established rheumatic valvular disease , it could potentially be highly suggestive of acute carditis in patients without history of rheumatic heart disease but presenting with one of the major noncardiac criteria of rheumatic fever .   given the paucity of investigations that detect early carditis in this patient population , the absence of any specific echocardiographic findings prior to onset of valve regurgitation , and the potential value of treatment in early rheumatic carditis , this can prove to be a valuable objective investigation to be added to the jones criteria .
background . rheumatic heart disease ( rhd ) is a leading cause of heart failure in children and young adults worldwide . 
 b - type natriuretic peptide ( bnp ) is a useful marker of critical pediatric heart disease , and its n - terminal peptide , nt - probnp , is elevated in congenital and acquired heart disease in children . 
 aim . to measure nt - probnp levels as a marker of carditis in children with acute rheumatic carditis , as compared to children with quiescent rhd and healthy controls 
 . methods . 
 16 children with acute rheumatic carditis , 33 children with quiescent rhd , and a cohort of 30 healthy children were studied . 
 transthoracic echocardiography was performed to assess valve and cardiac function . 
 tissue doppler echocardiography was performed for e / e ( ratio between mitral inflow e wave and lateral mitral annulus e wave ) and systolic strain . 
 results . 
 nt - probnp levels were significantly higher in children with acute rheumatic carditis and dropped with its resolution . 
 strain and e / e values were comparable among the three groups . conclusion . 
 nt - probnp is significantly elevated in children with acute rheumatic carditis in the acute stage compared to children with quiescent rhd and healthy subjects , in the presence of comparable echocardiographic indices of lv systolic and diastolic function .