the human hand is essential for interaction with the surrounding environment , so its functional integrity is critical for individual 's social life and daily activities . the aetiology is obscure for most cases of which some occur sporadically whereas others have the clear genetic background . congenital hand anomalies may be isolated , component of a syndrome or may occur in the form of a sequence . the most widely accepted classification system is that designed by swanson and modified by the international federation of societies for surgery of the hand and the japanese society for surgery of the hand [ table 1 ] . it is based on the morphological variations related to developmental defects and has the advantages of being simple and practical . abbreviated international federation of societies for surgery of the hand swanson classification of congenital hand anomalies achieving the best functional outcome with improving hand appearance as possible are the main goals of management of hand anomalies . the management is best achieved by a multidisciplinary team including , a hand surgeon , a paediatrician , a physiotherapist , a psychotherapist and a geneticist to get desirable results . early effective psychotherapy of parents helps in improving their reaction with their child 's anomaly and reduces their fear and sense of guilt . the management plan should be carefully designed , started early and must be completed before school age to avoid the negative social impacts on the child . the recommended age of reconstruction is between 1 and 2 years old , however , earlier surgical intervention is indicated for certain anomalies that may result in progressive deformity such as radial dysplasia or syndactyly between digits of unequal lengths . this study was achieved from october 2012 to november 2014 and included all patients with hand anomalies presented to the outpatient clinic of plastic surgery department of sohag university hospital from different governorates of upper egypt . a detailed history was taken and complete physical examination with necessary investigations ( plain x - ray , routine pre - operative investigations ; blood grouping , blood picture , prothrombin time and concentration ) were done . the management plan was individually designed regarding patient 's age , type and severity of deformity present , residual hand function and appearance of the affected hand . the plan and possible complications different surgical procedures were done including excision of accessory digits , separation of syndactylised digits using different techniques with or without grafting , correction of camptodactyly through several procedures and correction of cleft hand through defect excision and web reconstruction . follow - up was arranged for all cases at regular visits ( every week in the 1 months then every 2 weeks for the following 2 months , then monthly visits with minimum follow - up of 3 months ) . physiotherapy for needed cases was done up to 6 months at the rehabilitation clinic of rheumatology department of sohag university hospital . patients ' age ranged from 2 months up to 37 years old with mean presentation age was 6-year - old . the family history of similar anomalies was found in 20 patients and family history of other anomalies was found in 6 patients . forty - three patients had isolated hand anomaly / anomalies , whereas associated anomalies were detected in 21 patients of which 8 patients had different syndromes [ tables 2 and 3 ] . distribution of hand anomalies of the study different syndromes encountered in the study failure of differentiation anomalies was detected in 33 patients whereas duplication was found in 25 patients [ table 4 ] . types and frequency hand anomalies in the study polydactyly was the most common anomaly detected ; it was found in 25 patients of whom 18 patients were females and 7 patients were males . ulnar polydactyly was more frequent than radial polydactyly [ table 5 ] ; detected in 19 out of 25 patients . for patients with radial polydactyly , wassel type ii was the most common type ; detected in 4 out of 6 patients , the other two patients had wassel type iv . polydactyly cases of the study sixteen patients with ulnar polydactyly were operated with excision of the accessory digit [ figure 1 ] . three patients with radial polydactyly were operated of whom 2 patients had a dominant ulnar digit , and one patient had dominant radial digit which was preserved [ figure 2 ] . bilateral ulnar polydactyly and brachydactyly type d. ( a ) both hands , dorsal aspect . ( b ) x - ray of both hands right hand radial polydactyly type ii with dominant radial digit . the patient had positive family history of similar condition ( father ) ; ( a ) right hand , lateral view . ( c ) right hand of patient 's father syndactyly was the second most common anomaly . it was detected in 24 patients ( 36% ) ; 15 females and 9 males [ table 6 ] . syndactyly cases of the study the 3 web was the most commonly affected [ figure 3 ] ; it was involved in 17 cases ( 71% ) followed by the 2 web , involved in 10 cases ( 42% ) . eighteen patients ( 75% ) were operated of whom dorsal triangular flap technique was applied for 13 patients , dorsal rectangular flap technique for 4 patients and one patient needed butterfly flap technique for web deepening [ figures 4 and 5 ] . fifteen patients needed grafting ( 83% ) of which full thickness grafting was used in 6 cases ( 40% ) . other complications , including flexion contracture , hypertrophic scarring and wound infection , were noticed [ figure 6 ] . frequency of web affection in syndactyly cases different techniques used for web reconstruction in syndactyly simple incomplete syndactyly of 2 and 3 webs of the left hand associated with hypoplastic lt pectoralis major muscle ( poland 's syndrome ) . ( d ) left hand after separation of 3 web types and frequency of complications after syndactyly separation four patients had camptodactyly ; two males and two females . the little finger was the most frequently affected digit ; was involved in three patients [ figure 7 ] . all patients had unilateral deformity and were operated using multiple z - plasties of skin , release of flexor digitorum superficialis tendon and checkrein ligament with k - wire application for at least 3 weeks . joint stiffness and residual flexion deformity of varying degrees were detected in all operated cases . x - ray of the right hand , anteroposterior and lateral views revealed flexion contracture of the right little finger , narrow proximal interphalangeal joint space and hyperextension of metacarpophalangeal joint five patients had clinodactyly of whom two patients had familial clinodactyly [ figure 8 ] . one patient was operated using multiple z - plasties of skin with k - wire application for 3 weeks . by follow - up ( c ) x - ray of right hand , anteroposterior view clinodactyly cases of the study five patients had constriction band syndrome ; three males and two females [ table 8 ] . type iv was the most common type and was encountered in all patients [ figure 9 ] . three patients were operated with multiple z - plasties of the constricting rings were done for type i and type ii deformities , digits separation with web reconstruction using dorsal triangular flap and grafting was done for type iii deformity ( acrosyndactyly ) . for type iv deformity with shallow 1 web , web deepening using volar rectangular flap was done . constriction band syndrome cases of the study constriction band syndrome of both hands type iv associated with right leg constriction rings . ( d ) x - ray of both hands , anteroposterior view cleft hand was detected in five patients . all patients were females with two patients were identical twins and had cleft hands cleft feet syndrome [ figure 10 ] . one patient was operated in whom excision of the v - shaped defect with web space reconstruction using transpositional flaps from the adjacent fingers were done . split hands split feet syndrome , bilateral cleft hand type 3 with complex complete syndactyly of the right 1st web , simple incomplete syndactyly of the left 1st web , left thumb duplication type ii and duplicated proximal phalanx of the left index and distal phalanx of the left ring finger . short finger type was the most common type ; was detected in all cases [ figure 11 ] . female patient , 5 years old with right hand symbrachydactyly ( short finger type ) and simple incomplete syndactyly and right hypoplastic thumb ( type ii ) . ( b ) x - ray of right hand , anteroposterior view three patients had brachydactyly ; two females and one male . types of brachydactyly encountered in the study were type e1 ( short metacarpal bone ) , type d ( short distal phalanges of both thumbs ) and type a1 ( short middle phalanges ) . type e1 was unilateral ; involving the left 4 metacarpal bone whereas patients with type d and type a1 had bilateral hand deformity . the patient with type e1 brachydactyly was operated using distraction osteogenesis for 6 weeks [ figure 12 ] . about 4 mm distraction was achieved , but the case was complicated with earlier bony consolidation . left ring finger brachydactyly type e1 . ( c ) x - ray of left hand , anteroposterior and lateral views vascular malformations were detected in three patients ; two females and one male . congenital trigger finger was detected in one patient who was presented at the age of 4 months with middle fingers of both hands were affected . repeated extension splintage was applied for 2 months with mild improvement of the deformity was noticed . congenital hand anomalies are more common among males with male to female ratio is 3:2 . in this study , this can be explained by social concepts as the presence of such anomalies in a female child threatens her social life and marriage opportunity . hand anomalies are either isolated , associated with other anomalies or may be a component of a syndrome . this study revealed that 67% of patients had isolated hand anomaly / anomalies whereas 33% of patients had multiple anomalies . although the aetiology of most hand anomalies in our community is still unknown , the common positive history of consanguinity in upper egypt may be a significant etiological factor for the occurrence of certain hand anomalies . the delay of seeking medical advice can be attributed to lack of awareness and education with low socioeconomic status and wrong traditional concepts in upper egypt community . failure of differentiation and duplication are the most frequent anomalies with polydactyly is the most common individual diagnosis with an incidence of about 1 per 1000 live births . this study also revealed that failure of differentiation and duplication anomalies were most frequent deformities ( 90.6% ) with polydactyly was the most common anomaly encountered . in this study , the majority of patients were females ( 72% ) , but this can be explained by relatively higher percentage of females included in the study ( 59% ) . according to wassel classification , radial polydactyly was classified into seven types based on the level of duplication and number of bony components . wassel type ii was the most frequent type which can be attributed to the limited number of radial polydactyly cases in the study . syndactyly was relatively common ( 36% of patients ) with females were more commonly affected which can be explained by relative higher percentage of females in the study and small number of cases . the 3 web is the most commonly involved , followed by 4 web and the 2 web . in this study , the 3 web was the most common web affected followed by the 2 web ( 42% ) , however , firm conclusions regarding percentages can not be obtained due to small number of cases . several techniques were described including dorsal triangular flap or dorsal rectangular flap with zigzag incision and full thickness grafting if needed . various techniques were utilized with zigzag incision , and full thickness graft was the most common surgical modality applied . complications after syndactyly separation are related to scar contracture and include web creep ( 224% ) , flexion contracture , deviation of digits , rotational deformity and nail deformity . in this study , these complications especially web creep were encountered . camptodactyly affects 1% of live births , and it is bilateral in 2/3 of cases . however , in this study , the deformity was unilateral in all cases , but this can not be conclusive finding due to the limited number of camptodactyly cases ( four patients ) . conservative treatment ( extension splintage ) is indicated for mild flexion deformities whereas surgical treatment is indicated for cases with severe deformities . several procedures were described and the choice of the proper one depends on the degree of flexion deformity , status of periarticular structures and the balance of forces around the joint . in this study , all patients needed surgical intervention because of severe flexion deformity and late presentation . the frequent occurrence of post - operative complications can be attributed to late presentation , lack of effective physiotherapy and delayed or irregular follow - up visits . clinodactyly was detected in five patients of whom familial clinodactyly was encountered in two patients ( 40% ) , but this can be related to small number of cases . residual angular deformity was noticed in the operated case which can be explained by the fact that no corrective bony osteotomy was done . the management is dependent on the severity of the deformity and procedure choice depends on the type of the deformity present . in this study , five patients had constriction band syndrome . cleft hand may be associated with other anomalies such as syndactyly , polydactyly or triphalangeal thumb . five types of cleft hand were recognised based on the status of the 1 web space . cleft hand was more commonly bilateral ( 60% ) with type iia was the most common type and syndactyly was the most frequent associated anomaly ; however , these results may be biased by the limited number of cases . four types were described based on severity of the deformity . in this study , three patients had symbrachydactyly with all cases were sporadic . it may be present as an isolated anomaly , associated with other anomalies or may be a component of a syndrome . the surgical treatment of aims at lengthening of the involved bony element which can be achieved through two methods ; distraction osteogenesis or single stage lengthening using bone graft with soft tissues release . in this study , all brachydactyly cases were sporadic ; however , this may be attributed to limited number of cases . the earlier bony consolidation that complicated the operated case can be attributed to lack of follow - up and lack of patient 's awareness regarding daily distraction . early and effective management is important to provide adequate hand function and to ameliorate the serious social and psychological impacts on the patient and the parents . it is better to be achieved by multidisciplinary team and should be individualised for every patient . according to the central agency for public mobilization and statistics , the official governmental organisation responsible for population census , the estimate population of sohag governorate by the end of 2014 was about 4.6 millions . our university hospital is a tertiary referral center ; it receives patients from all the areas of sohag governorate and it also receives some cases from the governorates south to it , namely , qena , luxor and aswan . however , we are not the only hospital that receives these anomalies and even in our hospital ; there are two departments dealing with this scope of anomalies , namely , plastic surgery and orthopaedic surgery departments . therefore , we can not conclude that this is the real population - based prevalence of hand anomalies , but indeed it represents a great part of real prevalence . these estimate prevalence is underestimated due to several cultural and social reasons . of these reasons , some parents do not seek medical advice for their children because they believe that it is not good to try to change what was created by god 's hand . the post - operative complications can be minimised by adequate pre - operative assessment of patients , proper choice of the operative procedure and adequate post - operative physiotherapy .
background : congenital hand anomalies are numerous and markedly variant . 
 their significance is attributed to the frequent occurrence and their serious social , psychological and functional impacts on patient 's life.patients and methods : this is a follow - up study of 64 patients with hand anomalies of variable severity . 
 all patients were presented to plastic surgery department of sohag university hospital in a period of 24 months.results:this study revealed that failure of differentiation and duplication deformities were the most frequent , with polydactyly was the most common anomaly encountered . 
 the mean age of presentation was 6 years and female to male ratio was 1.46:1 . 
 hand anomalies were either isolated , associated with other anomalies or part of a syndrome.conclusion:incidence of congenital hand anomalies in upper egypt is difficult to be estimated due to social and cultural concepts , lack of education , poor registration and deficient medical survey . 
 management of hand anomalies should be individualised , carefully planned and started as early as possible to achieve the best outcome .