nocturnal enuresis can be defined as any intermittent incontinence while asleep in a child being at least five years old . this clinical problem is an important concern for family because it leads to considerable emotional distress and concern in affected children , their parents and results in some psychological consequences , such as low self  esteem in children , some other psychological problems and specially low school success . bed wetting can be diagnosed at 5 year - olds and beyond ; clinically , it is generally left untreated until the children are 7 - 8 years old . most studies have been investigated to find the etiology of enuresis but most of them have found only risk factors for it because this disorder has a multifactorial etiology [ 46 ] . we conducted a study to estimate the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in urmia , iran . urmia is a mountainous city located in northwest iran with a population of about 500000 . a sample of 1600 students , 7 - 11 years old , representative for the primary school population of urmia were included in the study . seven clusters were selected randomly and two schools ( a boys and a girls school ) were selected in each cluster randomly . finally fourteen schools were selected and questionnaires sent to the parents inviting them to come to school on special day after a week . 1142 ( 71% ) of them came and we explained them our questionnaire ; at the end , 974 of them filled the questionnaire completely under our supervision . revising the questionnaires , we excluded children who were out of our age period range . at last 918 ( 57% ) the items of the questionnaire were designed to collect four sections of information about children and their families ( fig . nocturnal enuresis was defined as any intermittent incontinence while asleep in a child being at least five years old , and day time incontinence any intermittent incontinence in day time in the same age range . the second section required information on background data of the child such as age , gender , school performance , history of urinary tract infection ( uti ) , history of neonatal icterus , breast feeding lasting longer than one year , history of febrile convulsion and birth weight . educational performance was filled by parents due to elementary education office definition : good , moderate , and fail . the third section was about data of the children 's families such as history of enuresis in parents and siblings , parents level of education and employment , divorced or dead parents , total number of family members , unplanned pregnancy and mother 's smoking . educational level of parents was divided into two groups : primary school or less as a low educational level and junior high school or more as a high educational level . the fourth section dealt with treatment of enuresis such as visiting a physician and kind of treatment ( medication , alarm treatment , fluid restriction and waiting for maturity ) . all analyses were performed with spss for windows with p<0.05 considered to indicate significant association . analyses were done by chi - square test for univariate and multivariate analysis , logistic regression to determine the significant predictive factors for nocturnal enuresis . of the 1600 questionnaires distributed , 918 ( 57% ) were included in analysis . these consisted of 453 boys and 465 girls . the overall prevalence of nocturnal and day time incontinence was 18.7% ( n=172 ) and 5.5% ( n=51 ) respectively ( table 1 ) . there was a tendency for a steady decrease in the frequency of nocturnal enuresis with increasing age . there was no statistically significant difference in frequency of nocturnal enuresis in the two genders . crowded families , positive family history , low educational level of the parents , jobless father , working mother and single parent ( divorced or widowed ) were significantly higher in children with enuresis when compared to non - enuretics . poor school performance , positive history of uti , not breast feeding , and low birth weight were significantly higher in enuretics when compared to non - enuretics . unplanned pregnancy , neonatal icterus , febrile convulsion , mother 's smoking did not show any increase in enuretics when compared to non - enuretics . medication was the most ( 64.5% ) preferred treatment for enuresis , waiting for maturity was the least ( 6.5% ) preferred . table 5 shows logistic regression test to determine the significant predictive factors for nocturnal enuresis . prevalence of enuresis the frequency of nocturnal enuresis in relation to age and gender n = number of enuretic children ; n = total number in each age group percentage in enuretic children family factors related to enuresis personal factors that were related to enuresis ns : non - significant ; uti : urinary tract infection multivariate analysis to determine the significant predictive factors for nocturnal enuresis this is a population - based study , which was aimed to detect prevalence and risk factors of nocturnal enuresis in urmia , a city in northwest iran . we obtained the prevalence of enuresis in 7 - 11 year - old children as 18.7% . in previous studies from other provinces , the prevalence of enuresis was reported 7.7% and 6.8% which is lower than ours , but in one province it was reported 17.5% which is similar to our study . also in children of a rural community in southwestern nigeria and turkey it has been reported 17.5%[10 , 2 ] . it is noticeable that the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis has been reported 8% for taiwan children , and 9.2% for korean children . previous studies demonstrated that the prevalence of enuresis tended to decrease with increasingage[2 , 4 ] , similarly in the present study , 31.3% of the children were wetting their bed at age 7 whereas 13.3% of them were wetting their bed at age 11 . as nocturnal enuresis is mostly expected to improve spontaneously , its decrease with age is thought to be mostly due to spontaneous improvement . in the present study , there was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of nocturnal enuresis between boys and girls ( 20.9% versus 16.5% ) . although in some literature the prevalence of enuresis was more common in boys than in girls [ 2 , 5 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 1520 ] . enuresis was more frequent among children with positive family history and this is consistent with the literature[2 , 4 , 5 , 11 , 2022 ] . some studies have reported parents of enuretics had low educational level[2 , 19 , 22 ] . similar results were seen in school age children in northwest turkey and istanbul[4 , 13 ] . the present results also showed that single parent ( divorced or parent death ) is an important factor associated with enuresis . our results correspond with those of the studies in taiwan and turkey[2 , 11 ] . the personal factors encountered more in enuretics were : poor school performance , positive history of uti , not breast feeding , and low birth weight . in our study poor school performance was comparable with other epidemiologic studies from various countries with poor school performance [ 2 , 4 , 21 , 23 ] . according to our findings , history of recurrent uti was significantly associated with enuresis . 20.9% enuretics had positive history of uti which is similar to that in turkish and european children[2 , 21 ] . beside other factors , the role of not breast feeding and low birth weight were found to be important in 27.9% and 43% of the enuretics compared with 17.2% and 27.9% non - enuretics . according to our findings unplanned pregnancy , neonatal icterus , febrile convulsion , or mother 's smoking was not increased in enuretics when compared to non - enuretics . in the present study 19.8% ( n=13 ) of the children were seen by a physician similar to that of 17.2% in turkey . in our study , only 19.8% of the cases used medication . as a limitation to the study we did not consider the severity of enuresis and related factors . furthermore , it is recommended that our findings should be confirmed by further studies with attention to severity factors related to enuresis . in summary , the prevalence of enuresis in urmia was similar to studies in other countries having similar socioeconomic status . our results represented enuresis associated with a lot of personal and familial factors which were comparable to other epidemiologic studies from various countries .
objectivenocturnal enuresis is a common psychosocial concern for both parents and children . in the present study 
 we have determined the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in urmia , iran children and associated personal and familial factors with this problem.methodsa cross sectional epidemiological study for detection of nocturnal enuresis prevalence rate and evaluation of associated familial and personal factors in elementary school children ( 7 - 11 years old ) from urmia were investigated . 
 the subjects were selected by cluster sampling method . 
 chi square test and logistic regression were used in univariate and multivariate respectively.findingsof the 1600 questionnaires distributed , 918 ( 57% ) were completed and included in the final analysis . 
 the rest , which were not filled by parents and also those out of our study age range were excluded . 
 gender of the subjects was almost equally distributed ( 48.6% males and 51.4% females ) . 
 prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 18.7% ( n = 172 ) and prevalence of day time incontinence was 5.5% ( n=51 ) . 
 there was no significant gender difference between these two groups . 
 enuretics had crowded families , positive family history , low educational level of parents , jobless father , working mother , single parent , poor school performance , positive history of urinary tract infection ( uti).conclusionour results with enuresis prevalence and associated factors were comparable to other epidemiological studies from various countries . 
 we found that iranian families do not pay sufficient attention to their enuretic children .