middle - aged and older japanese type 2 diabetic subjects without apparent cardiovascular disease participated in this study . we considered subjects eligible when they fulfilled the following criteria : age 40 years or older at the time of enrollment and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes based on japan diabetes society s criteria . exclusion criteria were : angina pectoris or anginal equivalent symptoms ; history of myocardial infarction , heart failure , or coronary revascularization ; history of sophisticated cardiac study ( exercise ecg , echocardiography , myocardial perfusion scintigraphy , coronary ct angiography , or coronary angiography ) ; elevated liver enzymes ( glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase or glutamic pyruvic transaminase 2.5-times the normal range ) ; and renal insufficiency ( serum creatinine 2.0 mg / dl ) . screening of the study subjects was performed consecutively during the registration period ( from april 2007 to december 2009 ) at the outpatient clinics of diabetes in osaka police hospital . all the patients who met eligibility criteria were asked if they could participate in the current study , and all the patients who agreed to participate were registered . we also prepared another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects for the validation study . all the participants underwent carotid ultrasonography , rest or exercise ecg , and coronary ct angiography . in this validation cohort , 20 out of 99 study subjects underwent revascularization after the screening test for smi ( 9 ) . the study protocol was approved by the committees on the ethics of human research of osaka police hospital . a written informed consent was obtained from all the participants after a full explanation of the study . blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for analysis of serum concentrations of glucose , total cholesterol , triglycerides , hdl cholesterol , ldl cholesterol , and hba1c . diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was made by the principal investigator in accordance with the standards of the japan diabetes society ( 10 ) . dyslipidemia was defined as ldl cholesterol 120 mg / dl , hdl cholesterol < 40 mg / dl , triglycerides 150 mg / dl , or current use of lipid - lowering agents . hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure 130 mmhg or diastolic blood pressure 80 mmhg , or current use of antihypertensive agents . b - mode ultrasonography of the carotid artery was performed using an ultrasound machine ( toshiba ssa-790ce ; toshiba medical systems , tokyo , japan ) with a 7.5-mhz linear transducer . scanning of the extracranial common carotid artery ( cca ) , the carotid bulb , and the internal carotid artery ( ica ) in the neck was performed bilaterally in three different longitudinal projections as well as transverse projections . the imt was measured as the distance between two parallel echogenic lines corresponding to the blood  intima and media  adventitia interface on the posterior wall of the artery using manual reading system equipped with the ultrasonograph . the greatest thickness of imt ( including plaque lesions ) in the cca , the carotid bulb , and the ica were measured separately , and the greatest value of them was defined as maximum imt and used as the representative value for each individual ( 11 ) . in addition , three determinations of imt were conducted at the site of the thickest point and two adjacent points ( located 1 cm upstream and 1 cm downstream from the thickest point ) in the cca . these three determinations were averaged ( mean imt ) and the greatest value among the six mean imts ( three from the left and three from the right ) was used as the representative value for each individual . carotid plaque was defined as a focal structure encroaching into the arterial lumen or demonstrating a thickness > 1.5 mm as measured from the media  adventitia interface to the intralumen interface . to confirm the utility of maximum imt in predicting severe cad in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects , we performed similar analyses using another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects who were recruited at osaka university hospital ( 9 ) . in this hospital , all scans were conducted by experienced laboratory physicians using the same ultrasound system and the same measuring method of imt that were used in osaka police hospital . reproducibility analysis of 20 replicate measurements yielded absolute mean differences of 0.03  0.05 and 0.05  0.05 mm for maximum imt and mean imt , respectively . the interobserver coefficient of variation for measurement of maximum imt and mean imt were 0.7% and 2.3% , respectively . in this study , all the participants underwent exercise ecg or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for detection of smi , and those with positive results for these tests were subject to coronary ct angiography or coronary angiography ; exercise ecg was most frequently performed ( n = 324 ) , followed by coronary ct angiography ( n = 170 ) , myocardial perfusion scintigraphy ( n = 72 ) , and coronary angiography ( n = 31 ) . tests were terminated because of chest pain , fatigue , dyspnea , arrhythmias , or marked st - segment changes on ecg . the following st - segment changes were considered positive for ischemia : horizontal or down - sloping st - segment depression 0.1 mv persisting 0.08 s and st - segment elevation 0.1 mv compared with control tracing in any lead except augmented vector right ( avr ) . the test was considered negative only when 85% of the maximum heart rate predicted was achieved without positive st - segment changes . other results were considered borderline , and the patients with borderline results were evaluated with stress ecg - gated tl myocardial perfusion imaging . exercise stress was performed with the same protocol and vasodilator stress was performed by intravenous infusion of adenosine ( 120 g / kg / min ) . data were acquired with dual - head single - photon emission ct camera ( infinia ; ge healthcare , little chalfont , england ) , followed by reconstruction into long - axis and short - axis projection perpendicular to the heart axis . perfusion defect ( segmental tracer activity < 50% of maximum ) was identified on the stress image first and was divided into ischemia ( reversible defects : > 10% increase in tracer uptake on the rest image compared with stress image ) or scar ( irreversible defects ) . patients were judged as having ischemia by stress test when his or her exercise st - segment response was positive or spect images presented ischemic change . coronary ct angiography was performed with the use of a 64-slice multidetector ct scanner ( lightspeed vct ; ge medical systems ) with 64-  0.625-mm section collimation , 350-ms rotation time , 100- to 120-kv tube voltage , and 280- to 750-ma tube using ecg modulation . patients with at least one stenotic lesion with 50% obstruction of the coronary artery were considered to have significant coronary artery stenosis . indications for coronary revascularization for patients with cad were decided based on the american college of cardiology / american heart association guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention ( 12 ) . all values are reported as means  sd , median and interquartile range , or real numbers of subjects with the percentage in parentheses . between - group differences of the average were compared using the unpaired t test for parametric data , and the mann - whitney u test was used for nonparametric data . between - group differences of numbers and percentages were compared using a  test . the prediction ability of maximum imt to identify severe cad was examined by receiver - operating characteristic ( roc ) curve analyses . furthermore , to examine whether the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors could improve the prediction ability for severe cad , roc curves were plotted for conventional coronary risk factors , with and without maximum imt . the incremental effect of adding maximum imt to the conventional risk factors for identifying severe cad was evaluated with the use of the z test . middle - aged and older japanese type 2 diabetic subjects without apparent cardiovascular disease participated in this study . we considered subjects eligible when they fulfilled the following criteria : age 40 years or older at the time of enrollment and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes based on japan diabetes society s criteria . exclusion criteria were : angina pectoris or anginal equivalent symptoms ; history of myocardial infarction , heart failure , or coronary revascularization ; history of sophisticated cardiac study ( exercise ecg , echocardiography , myocardial perfusion scintigraphy , coronary ct angiography , or coronary angiography ) ; elevated liver enzymes ( glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase or glutamic pyruvic transaminase 2.5-times the normal range ) ; and renal insufficiency ( serum creatinine 2.0 mg / dl ) . screening of the study subjects was performed consecutively during the registration period ( from april 2007 to december 2009 ) at the outpatient clinics of diabetes in osaka police hospital . all the patients who met eligibility criteria were asked if they could participate in the current study , and all the patients who agreed to participate were registered . we also prepared another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects for the validation study . all the participants underwent carotid ultrasonography , rest or exercise ecg , and coronary ct angiography . in this validation cohort , 20 out of 99 study subjects underwent revascularization after the screening test for smi ( 9 ) . the study protocol was approved by the committees on the ethics of human research of osaka police hospital . a written informed consent was obtained from all the participants after a full explanation of the study . blood samples were collected after an overnight fast for analysis of serum concentrations of glucose , total cholesterol , triglycerides , hdl cholesterol , ldl cholesterol , and hba1c . diagnosis of type 2 diabetes was made by the principal investigator in accordance with the standards of the japan diabetes society ( 10 ) . dyslipidemia was defined as ldl cholesterol 120 mg / dl , hdl cholesterol < 40 mg / dl , triglycerides 150 mg / dl , or current use of lipid - lowering agents . hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure 130 mmhg or diastolic blood pressure 80 mmhg , or current use of antihypertensive agents . b - mode ultrasonography of the carotid artery was performed using an ultrasound machine ( toshiba ssa-790ce ; toshiba medical systems , tokyo , japan ) with a 7.5-mhz linear transducer . scanning of the extracranial common carotid artery ( cca ) , the carotid bulb , and the internal carotid artery ( ica ) in the neck was performed bilaterally in three different longitudinal projections as well as transverse projections . the imt was measured as the distance between two parallel echogenic lines corresponding to the blood  intima and media  adventitia interface on the posterior wall of the artery using manual reading system equipped with the ultrasonograph . the greatest thickness of imt ( including plaque lesions ) in the cca , the carotid bulb , and the ica were measured separately , and the greatest value of them was defined as maximum imt and used as the representative value for each individual ( 11 ) . in addition , three determinations of imt were conducted at the site of the thickest point and two adjacent points ( located 1 cm upstream and 1 cm downstream from the thickest point ) in the cca . these three determinations were averaged ( mean imt ) and the greatest value among the six mean imts ( three from the left and three from the right ) was used as the representative value for each individual . carotid plaque was defined as a focal structure encroaching into the arterial lumen or demonstrating a thickness > 1.5 mm as measured from the media  adventitia interface to the intralumen interface . to confirm the utility of maximum imt in predicting severe cad in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects , we performed similar analyses using another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects who were recruited at osaka university hospital ( 9 ) . in this hospital , all scans were conducted by experienced laboratory physicians using the same ultrasound system and the same measuring method of imt that were used in osaka police hospital . reproducibility analysis of 20 replicate measurements yielded absolute mean differences of 0.03  0.05 and 0.05  0.05 mm for maximum imt and mean imt , respectively . the interobserver coefficient of variation for measurement of maximum imt and mean imt were 0.7% and 2.3% , respectively . in this study , all the participants underwent exercise ecg or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for detection of smi , and those with positive results for these tests were subject to coronary ct angiography or coronary angiography ; exercise ecg was most frequently performed ( n = 324 ) , followed by coronary ct angiography ( n = 170 ) , myocardial perfusion scintigraphy ( n = 72 ) , and coronary angiography ( n = 31 ) . tests were terminated because of chest pain , fatigue , dyspnea , arrhythmias , or marked st - segment changes on ecg . the following st - segment changes were considered positive for ischemia : horizontal or down - sloping st - segment depression 0.1 mv persisting 0.08 s and st - segment elevation 0.1 mv compared with control tracing in any lead except augmented vector right ( avr ) . the test was considered negative only when 85% of the maximum heart rate predicted was achieved without positive st - segment changes . other results were considered borderline , and the patients with borderline results were evaluated with stress ecg - gated tl myocardial perfusion imaging . exercise stress was performed with the same protocol and vasodilator stress was performed by intravenous infusion of adenosine ( 120 g / kg / min ) . data were acquired with dual - head single - photon emission ct camera ( infinia ; ge healthcare , little chalfont , england ) , followed by reconstruction into long - axis and short - axis projection perpendicular to the heart axis . perfusion defect ( segmental tracer activity < 50% of maximum ) was identified on the stress image first and was divided into ischemia ( reversible defects : > 10% increase in tracer uptake on the rest image compared with stress image ) or scar ( irreversible defects ) . patients were judged as having ischemia by stress test when his or her exercise st - segment response was positive or spect images presented ischemic change . coronary ct angiography was performed with the use of a 64-slice multidetector ct scanner ( lightspeed vct ; ge medical systems ) with 64-  0.625-mm section collimation , 350-ms rotation time , 100- to 120-kv tube voltage , and 280- to 750-ma tube using ecg modulation . patients with at least one stenotic lesion with 50% obstruction of the coronary artery were considered to have significant coronary artery stenosis . indications for coronary revascularization for patients with cad were decided based on the american college of cardiology / american heart association guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention ( 12 ) . all values are reported as means  sd , median and interquartile range , or real numbers of subjects with the percentage in parentheses . between - group differences of the average were compared using the unpaired t test for parametric data , and the mann - whitney u test was used for nonparametric data . the prediction ability of maximum imt to identify severe cad was examined by receiver - operating characteristic ( roc ) curve analyses . furthermore , to examine whether the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors could improve the prediction ability for severe cad , roc curves were plotted for conventional coronary risk factors , with and without maximum imt . the incremental effect of adding maximum imt to the conventional risk factors for identifying severe cad was evaluated with the use of the z test . among a total of 333 subjects ( males , 71% ; age , 64.6  7.6 years [ mean  sd ] ; diabetes duration , 12.6  8.7 years ; hba1c , 7.5  1.1% ) , 268 ( 80% ) patients had hypertension and 254 ( 76% ) had dyslipidemia ( table 1 ) . baseline characteristics of the study population the results of smi screening are shown in fig . 1 . among the 333 subjects , 55 ( 17% ) had smi on exercise ecg or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy ; 24 patients had positive ecg alone , 16 patients had positive myocardial perfusion scintigraphy alone , and 15 patients had concordant positive findings on both tests . among the 55 patients with smi , 41 ( 75% ) were revealed to have significant coronary artery stenosis ( 50% ) diagnosed by subsequent coronary ct angiography or coronary angiography . then , 17 ( 31% ) patients had severe cad diagnosed , corresponding to the treatment with coronary revascularization , and all of them underwent percutaneous coronary intervention ( n = 11 ) or coronary bypass graft surgery ( n = 6 ) . results of smi screening . among 55 patients having smi , 41 patients had significant coronary artery stenosis ( 50% ) , and 17 were treated with coronary revascularizations . mps , myocardial perfusion scintigraphy ; ccta , coronary ct angiography ; cag , coronary angiography ; pci , percutaneous coronary intervention ; cabg , coronary artery bypass grafting . patients with severe cad had greater mean imt than patients without it , but it was not significant . however , maximum imt and plaque number were significantly greater in patients with severe cad equivalent to coronary revascularization ( table 1 ) . furthermore , all the patients who were treated with revascularization had thickening of maximum imt > 1.6 mm . to demonstrate that maximum imt is a determinant of severe cad independent of the other risk factors , we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis including gender , age , hypertension , dyslipidemia , smoking status , hba1c , and maximum imt as independent variables . we found two independent predictors of severe cad in the final discrimination function : maximum imt ( or , 2.36 ; 95% ci , 1.374.08 ; p = 0.002 ) and hba1c ( or , 1.64 ; 95% ci , 1.092.45 ; p = 0.017 ) . we tried to assess the impact of maximum imt in the cca , the carotid bulb , and the ica , separately . however , imt measurements in the ica area were obtainable in only 50% of all participants mainly because of the difficulty of observation . therefore , we set the following three indices : cca , carotid bulb ica , and combined maximum imt ( cca or carotid bulb ica , whichever is greater ) . the prediction abilities of cca , carotid bulb ica , and combined maximum imt estimated by the area under the roc curve ( auc ) were 0.62 ( 95% ci , 0.460.78 ) , 0.72 ( 95% ci , 0.600.83 ) , and 0.74 ( 95% ci , 0.630.86 ) , respectively . in addition , the prediction ability of plaque numbers was 0.74 ( 95% ci , 0.620.86 ; p = 0.001 ) . the auc for mean imt was 0.64 ( 95% ci , 0.490.79 ; p = 0.051 ) . even when measurement of mean imt was performed in a region free of plaque , the auc for mean imt was 0.66 ( 95% ci , 0.510.80 ; p = 0.031 ) . next , we evaluated the prediction ability of severe cad by roc curves plotted for conventional coronary risk factors ( age , gender , smoking status , hypertension , and dyslipidemia ) with maximum imt and for those without maximum imt . this analysis revealed that the auc significantly increased after the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors ( 0.67 , 95% ci , 0.570.77 with conventional coronary risk factors versus . 0.79 , 95% ci , 0.700.88 with conventional coronary risk factors and maximum imt ; p = 0.039 ) , suggesting that the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors could improve the risk estimation for severe cad ( fig . a : the auc significantly increased after the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors including age , gender , smoking status , hypertension , and dyslipidemia ( from auc 0.67 to 0.79 ; p = 0.039 ) . b : the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm . to determine cut - off value of maximum imt for screening of severe cad , this analysis revealed that the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm ( sensitivity , 0.71 ; specificity , 0.70 ; positive predictive value [ ppv ] , 0.11 ; negative predictive value [ npv ] , 0.98 ) ( fig . next , we divided the study subjects into the elderly ( 65 years or older ) group ( n = 162 ) and the nonelderly ( younger than 65 years ) group ( n = 171 ) , because the value of maximum imt was significantly correlated with age ( r = 0.274 ; p < 0.001 ) ( supplementary fig . roc curve analyses revealed that the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 1.55 mm in the nonelderly ( sensitivity , 1.00 ; specificity , 0.44 ; ppv , 0.10 ; npv , 1.00 ) and 2.65 mm in the elderly group ( sensitivity , 1.00 ; specificity , 0.71 ; ppv , 0.15 ; npv , 1.00 ) ( fig . sensitivity , specificity , ppv , and npv of maximum imt to identify severe cad . a : the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm in all subjects , 1.55 mm in the nonelderly ( younger than 65 years old ) , and 2.65 mm in the elderly ( 65 years or older ) group . b : the performance of the cut - off values of maximum imt was validated in another cohort . to confirm the utility of maximum imt in identifying severe cad in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects , we performed similar analyses using another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects who were recruited at osaka university hospital ( 12 ) . in this cohort , roc curve analyses showed that the auc for maximum imt ( cca or carotid bulb ica , whichever is greater ) to identify severe cad was 0.75 ( 95% ci , 0.630.87 ; p < 0.001 ) and that the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.65 mm ( sensitivity , 0.60 ; specificity , 0.80 ; ppv , 0.43 ; npv , 0.89 ) . next , to evaluate the performance of the cut - off value of maximum imt derived from the derivation cohort ( n = 333 ; cut - off level of maximum imt 2.45 mm ) , we applied this value to identify severe cad in this validation cohort ( n = 99 ) and examined its predictive ability . in this validation cohort , as a whole , 12 out of 34 ( 35% ) patients whose maximum imt was above cut - off value ( 2.45 mm ) underwent revascularization ( pretest probability , 0.20 ; sensitivity , 0.60 ; specificity , 0.72 ; ppv , 0.35 ; npv , 0.88 ) . furthermore , we divided the subjects in this validation cohort into the nonelderly ( younger than 65 years old , n = 54 ) and the elderly ( 65 years or older , n = 45 ) groups and evaluated the performance of the cut - off levels of maximum imt derived from the derivation cohort ( 1.55 mm and 2.65 mm , respectively ) . in the nonelderly group , 9 out of 32 ( 28% ) whose maximum imt was above cut - off value ( 1.55 mm ) were treated with revascularization ( pretest probability , 0.17 ; sensitivity , 1.00 ; specificity , 0.49 ; ppv , 0.28 ; npv , 1.00 ) . in the elderly group , 9 out of 19 ( 47% ) whose maximum imt was above the cut - off value ( 2.65 mm ) were treated with revascularization ( pretest probability , 0.24 ; sensitivity , 0.82 ; specificity , 0.71 ; ppv , 0.47 ; npv , 0.92 ) ( fig . these results indicate the validity and the reproducibility of maximum imt as a tool for screening the high - risk subjects with severe cad . among a total of 333 subjects ( males , 71% ; age , 64.6  7.6 years [ mean  sd ] ; diabetes duration , 12.6  8.7 years ; hba1c , 7.5  1.1% ) , 268 ( 80% ) patients had hypertension and 254 ( 76% ) had dyslipidemia ( table 1 ) . baseline characteristics of the study population the results of smi screening are shown in fig . 1 . among the 333 subjects , 55 ( 17% ) had smi on exercise ecg or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy ; 24 patients had positive ecg alone , 16 patients had positive myocardial perfusion scintigraphy alone , and 15 patients had concordant positive findings on both tests . among the 55 patients with smi , 41 ( 75% ) were revealed to have significant coronary artery stenosis ( 50% ) diagnosed by subsequent coronary ct angiography or coronary angiography . then , 17 ( 31% ) patients had severe cad diagnosed , corresponding to the treatment with coronary revascularization , and all of them underwent percutaneous coronary intervention ( n = 11 ) or coronary bypass graft surgery ( n = 6 ) . results of smi screening . among 55 patients having smi , 41 patients had significant coronary artery stenosis ( 50% ) , and 17 were treated with coronary revascularizations . mps , myocardial perfusion scintigraphy ; ccta , coronary ct angiography ; cag , coronary angiography ; pci , percutaneous coronary intervention ; cabg , coronary artery bypass grafting . patients with severe cad had greater mean imt than patients without it , but it was not significant . however , maximum imt and plaque number were significantly greater in patients with severe cad equivalent to coronary revascularization ( table 1 ) . furthermore , all the patients who were treated with revascularization had thickening of maximum imt > 1.6 mm . to demonstrate that maximum imt is a determinant of severe cad independent of the other risk factors , we performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis including gender , age , hypertension , dyslipidemia , smoking status , hba1c , and maximum imt as independent variables . we found two independent predictors of severe cad in the final discrimination function : maximum imt ( or , 2.36 ; 95% ci , 1.374.08 ; p = 0.002 ) and hba1c ( or , 1.64 ; 95% ci , 1.092.45 ; p = 0.017 ) . we tried to assess the impact of maximum imt in the cca , the carotid bulb , and the ica , separately . however , imt measurements in the ica area were obtainable in only 50% of all participants mainly because of the difficulty of observation . therefore , we set the following three indices : cca , carotid bulb ica , and combined maximum imt ( cca or carotid bulb ica , whichever is greater ) . the prediction abilities of cca , carotid bulb ica , and combined maximum imt estimated by the area under the roc curve ( auc ) were 0.62 ( 95% ci , 0.460.78 ) , 0.72 ( 95% ci , 0.600.83 ) , and 0.74 ( 95% ci , 0.630.86 ) , respectively . in addition , the prediction ability of plaque numbers was 0.74 ( 95% ci , 0.620.86 ; p = 0.001 ) . the auc for mean imt was 0.64 ( 95% ci , 0.490.79 ; p = 0.051 ) . even when measurement of mean imt was performed in a region free of plaque , the auc for mean imt was 0.66 ( 95% ci , 0.510.80 ; p = 0.031 ) . next , we evaluated the prediction ability of severe cad by roc curves plotted for conventional coronary risk factors ( age , gender , smoking status , hypertension , and dyslipidemia ) with maximum imt and for those without maximum imt . this analysis revealed that the auc significantly increased after the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors ( 0.67 , 95% ci , 0.570.77 with conventional coronary risk factors versus . 0.79 , 95% ci , 0.700.88 with conventional coronary risk factors and maximum imt ; p = 0.039 ) , suggesting that the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors could improve the risk estimation for severe cad ( fig . a : the auc significantly increased after the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors including age , gender , smoking status , hypertension , and dyslipidemia ( from auc 0.67 to 0.79 ; p = 0.039 ) . b : the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm . to determine cut - off value of maximum imt for screening of severe cad , roc curve was plotted for maximum imt alone . this analysis revealed that the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm ( sensitivity , 0.71 ; specificity , 0.70 ; positive predictive value [ ppv ] , 0.11 ; negative predictive value [ npv ] , 0.98 ) ( fig . next , we divided the study subjects into the elderly ( 65 years or older ) group ( n = 162 ) and the nonelderly ( younger than 65 years ) group ( n = 171 ) , because the value of maximum imt was significantly correlated with age ( r = 0.274 ; p < 0.001 ) ( supplementary fig . roc curve analyses revealed that the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 1.55 mm in the nonelderly ( sensitivity , 1.00 ; specificity , 0.44 ; ppv , 0.10 ; npv , 1.00 ) and 2.65 mm in the elderly group ( sensitivity , 1.00 ; specificity , 0.71 ; ppv , 0.15 ; npv , 1.00 ) ( fig . sensitivity , specificity , ppv , and npv of maximum imt to identify severe cad . a : the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm in all subjects , 1.55 mm in the nonelderly ( younger than 65 years old ) , and 2.65 mm in the elderly ( 65 years or older ) group . b : the performance of the cut - off values of maximum imt was validated in another cohort . to confirm the utility of maximum imt in identifying severe cad in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects , we performed similar analyses using another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects who were recruited at osaka university hospital ( 12 ) . in this cohort , roc curve analyses showed that the auc for maximum imt ( cca or carotid bulb ica , whichever is greater ) to identify severe cad was 0.75 ( 95% ci , 0.630.87 ; p < 0.001 ) and that the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.65 mm ( sensitivity , 0.60 ; specificity , 0.80 ; ppv , 0.43 ; npv , 0.89 ) . next , to evaluate the performance of the cut - off value of maximum imt derived from the derivation cohort ( n = 333 ; cut - off level of maximum imt 2.45 mm ) , we applied this value to identify severe cad in this validation cohort ( n = 99 ) and examined its predictive ability . in this validation cohort , as a whole , 12 out of 34 ( 35% ) patients whose maximum imt was above cut - off value ( 2.45 mm ) underwent revascularization ( pretest probability , 0.20 ; sensitivity , 0.60 ; specificity , 0.72 ; ppv , 0.35 ; npv , 0.88 ) . furthermore , we divided the subjects in this validation cohort into the nonelderly ( younger than 65 years old , n = 54 ) and the elderly ( 65 years or older , n = 45 ) groups and evaluated the performance of the cut - off levels of maximum imt derived from the derivation cohort ( 1.55 mm and 2.65 mm , respectively ) . in the nonelderly group , 9 out of 32 ( 28% ) whose maximum imt was above cut - off value ( 1.55 mm ) were treated with revascularization ( pretest probability , 0.17 ; sensitivity , 1.00 ; specificity , 0.49 ; ppv , 0.28 ; npv , 1.00 ) . in the elderly group , 9 out of 19 ( 47% ) whose maximum imt was above the cut - off value ( 2.65 mm ) were treated with revascularization ( pretest probability , 0.24 ; sensitivity , 0.82 ; specificity , 0.71 ; ppv , 0.47 ; npv , 0.92 ) ( fig . these results indicate the validity and the reproducibility of maximum imt as a tool for screening the high - risk subjects with severe cad . it has been thought that carotid imt is associated with future risk for cardiovascular disease , but it remains controversial whether measurement of carotid imt is clinically useful as a screening test for cad . our study showed that the addition of maximum imt to conventional coronary risk factors could substantially improve the prediction ability for severe cad equivalent to coronary revascularization in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients . this finding suggests that measurement of carotid imt in these patients is clinically useful for screening individuals at high - risk for severe cad . it has been reported that in healthy populations , 2.510% of middle - aged men have asymptomatic but active cad ( 1315 ) . in diabetic patients , the prevalence of smi determined by noninvasive imaging is reported to be 1231% ( 2,1619 ) . in this study , we found that the prevalence of abnormal smi screening findings was 17% in our asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients , which was consistent with the previous findings . it should be noted that many of them had coronary arteriosclerosis ; 75% of them were revealed to have significant coronary artery stenosis ( 50% ) by subsequent coronary ct angiography or coronary angiography , and 31% of them actually were treated with revascularization ( fig . 1 ) . therefore , it would be clinically worthwhile to screen patients with asymptomatic cad ( especially those who should be treated with revascularization ) in the management of diabetes , although the utility in identifying severe but asymptomatic cad is still debated . first , we confirmed that maximum imt was significantly associated with severe cad equivalent to revascularization . multiple logistic regression analyses showed that maximum imt was an independent predictor of severe cad in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients without history of cad . next , we evaluated the incremental effect of adding maximum imt to the conventional risk factors for identifying severe cad by roc curves . the predictive abilities of cca , carotid bulb ica , and combined maximum imt ( cca or carotid bulb ica , whichever is greater ) estimated by the auc were 0.62 , 0.72 , and 0.74 , respectively . these results suggest that carotid bulb ica maximum imt is more closely associated with severe cad rather than cca maximum imt , and that combined maximum imt most directly reflects it . taken together , our findings are consistent with previous reports showing that the ica imt is more useful for predicting cardiovascular events than mean imt ( 20 ) . the auc significantly increased after the addition of maximum imt to conventional risk factors , suggesting that maximum imt substantially improves the prediction ability of severe cad in these patients ( fig . next , we investigated the cut - off level of maximum imt for identifying the presence of severe cad . the greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm ( fig . 2b ) . when we limited cad screening with exercise ecg or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy to the patients whose maximum imt was above this cut - off level , the prevalence of severe cad in the subjects who underwent cad screening tests increased from 5% ( pretest probability ) to 11% ( posttest probability ) , indicating that maximum imt provided greater efficiency to detect severe cad ( fig . furthermore , when we applied age - specific cut - off values of maximum imt , the sensitivity of screening for the severe cad further increased in both the nonelderly ( pretest probability , 6% ; posttest probability , 10% ; and sensitivity , 100% ) and the elderly subjects ( pretest probability , 5% ; posttest probability , 15% ; sensitivity , 100% ) . the difference in cut - off levels of maximum imt between the elderly and the nonelderly groups became > 1.0 mm ( 2.65 and 1.55 mm , respectively ) , because maximum imt of patients with severe cad showed relatively high values with broad range ( 1.64.4 mm ) in the nonelderly group but much higher values ( > 2.7 mm ) in the elderly group in the current study . interestingly , mean difference of maximum imt between the elderly and the nonelderly group was calculated to be 0.91 mm in the patients with severe cad but 0.37 mm in the patients without it , suggesting that the progression of maximum imt had been more accelerated in those who had development of severe cad . it also has been reported that patients with cad have more rapid progression of imt than patients without cad and that conventional risk factors are related to progression in them ( 21 ) . the utility of maximum imt in identifying severe cad in asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects also was validated in another cohort of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects . in this validation cohort , although exercise ecg and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy are most commonly performed for detection of smi , they have limited sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing of cad ( 22,23 ) . however , coronary ct angiography is highly accurate for the detection of cad at an early stage , whereas it has the potential of significant adverse effects ( 24 ) . interestingly , the cut - off levels of maximum imt and their performance in this cohort were comparable with those in the derivation cohort . these results support the utility of the measurement of maximum imt and the validity of cut - off levels of maximum imt proposed in the current study . to the best of our knowledge , there are few reports that show a cut - off level of carotid imt , and this is the first report showing the cut - off level of maximum imt for identifying severe cad . generally , excess body weight is regarded as one of the most important risk factors for cad and can be a predictor for future cad . in this study , however , the subjects with severe cad showed significantly lower bmi than that in the subjects without severe cad ( table 1 ) . this phenomenon might be attributable to poor diabetic control in the subjects with severe cad , because poor diabetic control causes body weight loss . actually , these patients showed significantly higher hba1c , irrespective of higher insulin treatment ratio , as compared with those without severe cad . first , this is a study with a relatively small number of subjects and there is a gender imbalance of the participants ( out of 333 subjects , 71% were male ) . furthermore , the actual number of the subjects included in the current study was approximately one - fourth the estimated number of the patients who met the eligibility criteria , which holds a certain risk of yielding some kind of selection biases . therefore , the clinical utility of maximum imt as a screening tool should be verified in studies with larger sample size . especially , the cut - off level of maximum imt should be confirmed by further studies . second , the utility of screening patients with type 2 diabetes for asymptomatic cad is still controversial . previous studies showed long - term safety and efficacy of intensive medication therapy and coronary revascularization in type 2 diabetic patients ( 25,26 ) . however , many cardiologists are now skeptical of revascularization of asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients , because the bari2d study did not show any substantial difference between intensive medical therapy and revascularization , such as coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention in type 2 diabetic patients with stable cad ( 26 ) . thus , it is still controversial regarding which patients benefit from coronary artery revascularization and how it is clinically important to identify severe but asymptomatic cad . therefore , it is unclear if a long - term clinical benefit was achieved in 17 subjects who had coronary revascularization in the current study . to evaluate whether carotid ultrasonography really leads to the improvement of difficult clinical outcomes ( e.g. , myocardial infarction ) third , among 55 subjects with smi , 6 patients rejected coronary ct angiography and coronary angiography . in this study , they were classified into the nonsevere cad group , because our purpose was to examine whether carotid imt is useful as a screening test for asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with severe cad equivalent to revascularization therapy . however , the results of statistical analyses did not change even though these six patients were excluded . fourth , previous studies have shown that the natural history , patterns of risk factors , and the prediction of cardiac and cerebral events are different for  carotid plaque ,  which is a focal structure encroaching into the arterial lumen , and the  traditional imt ,  which is measured in a region free of plaque , whereas both share some common atherosclerosis risk factors . in european countries , it is recommended that measurement of imt should be performed in a region free of plaque ( 27 ) and the distinction between imt and plaque should be clearly made . however , the japan society of ultrasonics in medicine recommends that measurement of imt should be performed at the site of greatest thickness , including plaque lesions ( 28 ) . a few studies performed in japan adopted this method and reported that this imt was useful as a marker for cardiovascular events and cad ( 29 ) . the current study was performed in japan and the imt was measured at the site of greatest thickness including plaque lesions according to japanese guideline . as a result , in 88% cases of all measurements , maximum imt represented plaque lesion . thus , the definition of maximum imt in our study and those of previous studies are different , and it would not be appropriate to make a simple comparison between our findings and previous ones . interestingly , the results of our study indicates that maximum imt including plaque lesion and the number of carotid plaques were both useful for identifying severe cad ( auc , 0.74 and 0.74 , respectively ) . on the contrary , even when measurement of mean imt was performed , whether in a region free of plaque , the prediction ability of mean imt was relatively poor ( auc , 0.66 and 0.64 , respectively ) . these findings seem to be consistent with previous reports suggesting that presence of plaque was more strongly associated with cardiovascular events than  traditional imt fifth , although carotid ultrasonography can be performed noninvasively and relatively inexpensively , its use for universal screening in type 2 diabetic patients is not feasible . therefore , the kind of diabetic population that should be given preference in receiving this clinical examination also must be clarified in further studies . finally , it is noted that the subjects of this study were japanese type 2 diabetic patients . thus , it would be premature to generalize our findings to other race or ethnic groups and nondiabetic subjects . notwithstanding these limitations , our study indicates that measurement of carotid maximum imt can provide useful information for identifying subjects at high risk for cad . in conclusion , our study suggests that carotid maximum imt is useful for screening asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with severe cad equivalent to revascularization .
objectivealthough many studies have shown that carotid intima - media thickness ( imt ) is associated with coronary artery disease ( cad ) , it remains inconclusive whether assessment of carotid imt is useful as a screening test for asymptomatic but severe cad in diabetic patients.research design and methodsa total of 333 asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients without history of cad underwent exercise electrocardiogram or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for detection of silent myocardial ischemia , and those whose test results were positive were subjected to coronary computed tomography angiography or coronary angiography . 
 the ability of carotid imt to identify severe cad corresponding to treatment with revascularization was examined by receiver - operating characteristic ( roc ) curve analyses.resultsamong the 333 subjects , 17 were treated with revascularization . 
 a multiple logistic regression analysis showed that maximum imt was an independent predictor of severe cad even after adjustment for conventional risk factors . 
 roc curve analyses revealed that the addition of maximum imt to conventional risk factors significantly improved the prediction ability for severe cad ( from area under the curve , 0.67 to 0.79 ; p = 0.039 ) . the greatest sensitivity and specificity 
 were obtained when the cut - off value of maximum imt was set at 2.45 mm ( pretest probability , 5% ; posttest probability , 11% ; sensitivity , 71% ) . 
 when we applied age - specific cut - off values , the sensitivity of screening further increased in both the nonelderly ( pretest probability , 6% ; posttest probability , 10% ; sensitivity , 100% ) and the elderly subjects ( pretest probability , 5% ; posttest probability , 15% ; sensitivity , 100%).conclusionsour study suggests that carotid maximum imt is useful for screening asymptomatic type 2 diabetic patients with severe cad equivalent to revascularization .