for patients with cervical radiculopathy , electrodiagnostic examination is complementary to imaging studies , a great importance having the detection of axonal injury . emg is considered positive for the presence of radiculopathy if abnormalities occur in two muscles innervated by the same nerve root , but by different nerves , and also when the muscles that are innervated by another root are without modification , thus eliminating the diagnosis of mononeuropathies and polyneuropathies . the proximal segment of the peripheral nerve is not assessed by the usual electrodiagnostic studies , these areas being able to be investigated only by assessing late responses . the principle that underlies the obtainment of late responses is to excite a nerve in its distal portion and obtain a response using surface electrodes , after the excitation propagates proximally to the spinal cord and then returning to the periphery . regarding the f - wave , there are some parameters that are usually evaluated and they are : average latency of f - wave , persistence , presence of repetitive or increased amplitude f - waves . parameters that are rarely evaluated are : chronodispersion , proximal velocity , tacheodispersion , the ratio between f and m - wave amplitude . it would be desired to enter into evaluation also the latency difference between f and m - waves and the f ratio . regarding the a - wave there are no recommendations for its parameters , they should only be mentioned as being present . given that its presence indicates reinnervation , calculating its parameters : amplitude , latency and latency difference to f - wave may provide information on this process . one can also determine the distance at which the collateral branch occurs in relation to the point of stimulation . this paper aims to assess the parameters of late responses and ultimately determine the usefulness of each , taking into study a large number of cases and investigating even the least used parameters . we included a total of 114 patients with mean age 52 and the female / male ratio 55.26/44.74 . the examination included the bilateral study of the median , ulnar and radial nerves , including the assessment of f and a - waves parameters . when appropriate , the number of nerves and muscles was expanded for an accurate diagnosis . the investigation method was approved by the ethical committee of the faculty of medicine - transilvania university of brasov . all patients were given a detailed explanation of the study and all provided a written informed consent . the parameters of the late responses , having the highest observed percentage of changes , will lead to the formulation of a composite score , along with the recommendations of the american association of electrodiagnostic medicine ( aaem ) for cervical radiculopathies . the f - wave was defined as the second wave occurring after the m response with minimum amplitude of 100 v at supramaximal stimulation of the motor nerve , recording on the muscle innervated by that nerve . a third wave occurring between m and f - wave response , is defined as a - wave , being differentiated from the f - wave by constant morphology , latency and amplitude . for the median nerve stimulation was applied at the wrist , between the tendons of flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus , with the cathode oriented proximally . the recording was made with surface electrodes , the active one applied on the muscle belly of abductor pollicis brevis and the reference distal to it at least 3 cm , the examined muscle being relaxed . was applied at the wrist medial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon , with the cathode oriented proximally . the recording was made with surface electrodes , the active one applied on the muscle belly of abductor digiti minimi and the reference distal to it at least 3 cm , the examined muscle being relaxed . the skin was cleaned with alcohol before placing electrodes . to determine the supramaximal current intensity that needs to be applied , the same assembly of electrodes was used , but with the cathode oriented distally and the current intensity was gradually increased to obtain maximum amplitude of the m response . to obtain f - waves , a current 30% higher than the above each nerve was stimulated with the respective intensity of the current with a duration of 0.2 ms , using 10 to 20 consecutive stimulations at a frequency of 1 hz . the surface temperature of the limbs was 32 degrees celsius . screen settings for each examination were 7.5 ms / div , 1.5 mv / div , low cut filter 5 hz and high cut 10,000 hz . the studied parameters for f - wave were : 
 the minimum latency;the average latency;the maximum latency;chronodispersion ( defined as the difference between the minimum and maximum latency);the difference between the minimum latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave;the difference between the average latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave;the difference between the maximum latency of wave f - wave and the latency of m - wave;proximal maximum velocity calculated by the formula : ( the distance from the point of stimulation and c7 ) 2 / ( ( latency f - latency m )  1 msec);proximal average velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( average latency of f-1));minimum proximal velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( maximum latency of f-1));tacheodispersion ( defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum velocity);the average ratio of the amplitudes f / m;the maximum ratio of the amplitudes f / m;the percentage of f - waves with high amplitude ( greater than 1 mv);f - wave persistence;the percentage of repetitive f - waves;f ratio calculated using the formula : ( ( latency f - latency m ) -1ms ) / ( latency m2);the right - left difference between the mean latencies of the f - wave of the median nerve;the right - left difference between average velocity of the f - wave of the median nerve . chronodispersion ( defined as the difference between the minimum and maximum latency ) ; the difference between the minimum latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave ; the difference between the average latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave ; the difference between the maximum latency of wave f - wave and the latency of m - wave ; proximal maximum velocity calculated by the formula : ( the distance from the point of stimulation and c7 ) 2 / ( ( latency f - latency m )  1 msec ) ; proximal average velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( average latency of f-1 ) ) ; minimum proximal velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( maximum latency of f-1 ) ) ; tacheodispersion ( defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum velocity ) ; the average ratio of the amplitudes f / m ; the maximum ratio of the amplitudes f / m ; the percentage of f - waves with high amplitude ( greater than 1 mv ) ; the percentage of repetitive f - waves ; f ratio calculated using the formula : ( ( latency f - latency m ) -1ms ) / ( latency m2 ) ; the right - left difference between the mean latencies of the f - wave of the median nerve ; the right - left difference between average velocity of the f - wave of the median nerve . the studied parameters for a - wave were : 
 the amplitude;the latency;the latency difference between a - wave and f - wave;calculation of the distance from the generating branch to the point of stimulation . the latency difference between a - wave and f - wave ; calculation of the distance from the generating branch to the point of stimulation . m - wave , f - wave and a - wave latencies were calculated from the deflexion of those waves and the amplitudes were calculated peak - to - peak . the f - wave was defined as the second wave occurring after the m response with minimum amplitude of 100 v at supramaximal stimulation of the motor nerve , recording on the muscle innervated by that nerve . a third wave occurring between m and f - wave response , is defined as a - wave , being differentiated from the f - wave by constant morphology , latency and amplitude . for the median nerve stimulation was applied at the wrist , between the tendons of flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus , with the cathode oriented proximally . the recording was made with surface electrodes , the active one applied on the muscle belly of abductor pollicis brevis and the reference distal to it at least 3 cm , the examined muscle being relaxed . was applied at the wrist medial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon , with the cathode oriented proximally . the recording was made with surface electrodes , the active one applied on the muscle belly of abductor digiti minimi and the reference distal to it at least 3 cm , the examined muscle being relaxed . the skin was cleaned with alcohol before placing electrodes . to determine the supramaximal current intensity that needs to be applied , the same assembly of electrodes was used , but with the cathode oriented distally and the current intensity was gradually increased to obtain maximum amplitude of the m response . to obtain f - waves , a current 30% higher than the above each nerve was stimulated with the respective intensity of the current with a duration of 0.2 ms , using 10 to 20 consecutive stimulations at a frequency of 1 hz . the surface temperature of the limbs was 32 degrees celsius . screen settings for each examination were 7.5 ms / div , 1.5 mv / div , low cut filter 5 hz and high cut 10,000 hz . the studied parameters for f - wave were : 
 the minimum latency;the average latency;the maximum latency;chronodispersion ( defined as the difference between the minimum and maximum latency);the difference between the minimum latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave;the difference between the average latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave;the difference between the maximum latency of wave f - wave and the latency of m - wave;proximal maximum velocity calculated by the formula : ( the distance from the point of stimulation and c7 ) 2 / ( ( latency f - latency m )  1 msec);proximal average velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( average latency of f-1));minimum proximal velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( maximum latency of f-1));tacheodispersion ( defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum velocity);the average ratio of the amplitudes f / m;the maximum ratio of the amplitudes f / m;the percentage of f - waves with high amplitude ( greater than 1 mv);f - wave persistence;the percentage of repetitive f - waves;f ratio calculated using the formula : ( ( latency f - latency m ) -1ms ) / ( latency m2);the right - left difference between the mean latencies of the f - wave of the median nerve;the right - left difference between average velocity of the f - wave of the median nerve . chronodispersion ( defined as the difference between the minimum and maximum latency ) ; the difference between the minimum latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave ; the difference between the average latency of f - wave and the latency of m - wave ; the difference between the maximum latency of wave f - wave and the latency of m - wave ; proximal maximum velocity calculated by the formula : ( the distance from the point of stimulation and c7 ) 2 / ( ( latency f - latency m )  1 msec ) ; proximal average velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( average latency of f-1 ) ) ; minimum proximal velocity calculated by the formula : maximum proximal velocity  ( ( minimum latency of f-1 ) / ( maximum latency of f-1 ) ) ; tacheodispersion ( defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum velocity ) ; the average ratio of the amplitudes f / m ; the maximum ratio of the amplitudes f / m ; the percentage of f - waves with high amplitude ( greater than 1 mv ) ; the percentage of repetitive f - waves ; f ratio calculated using the formula : ( ( latency f - latency m ) -1ms ) / ( latency m2 ) ; the right - left difference between the mean latencies of the f - wave of the median nerve ; the right - left difference between average velocity of the f - wave of the median nerve . the studied parameters for a - wave were : 
 the amplitude;the latency;the latency difference between a - wave and f - wave;calculation of the distance from the generating branch to the point of stimulation . the latency difference between a - wave and f - wave ; calculation of the distance from the generating branch to the point of stimulation . m - wave , f - wave and a - wave latencies were calculated from the deflexion of those waves and the amplitudes were calculated peak - to - peak . emg diagnosis showed pluriradicular injury in 42.11% of the cases . in cases with severe uniradicular root , c7 was the most frequently affected in 42.98% of patients , c5 in 7.89% , and c8-t1 in 6.14% . 17.54% of cases had also entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel . in terms of f - waves of the median and ulnar nerves , the minimum latency of this wave was changed in 12% , average latency in 8.82% and maximum in 14.40% of cases . the minimum latency difference between the f and m - wave showed changes in 20% , the average in 16.18% and the maximum in 24% of the cases . f - waves of increased amplitude where present in 27.38% of cases , persistence was altered in 46.03% , and 9.52% of patients had an increased number of repetitive f - waves . the average amplitude ratio between f and m - waves was altered in 4.40% and the maximum in 2.81% of cases ( fig . maximum velocity was modified in 21.22% of patients , the minimum in 22.04% and the average in 22.28% of cases . right - left difference of the mean latency of the f - waves was altered in 9.52% of patients , and the left - right difference of the average velocity in 7.69% of cases ( fig . can see that there is a highly significant positive correlation between the distal latency of the motor response and the minimum , average and maximum latency of the f - wave . however , there is a significant positive correlation between chronodispersion and the minimum , average and maximum latency difference between f and m - waves , and the maximum latency of the f - waves ( tab . the patient age was significantly negatively correlated with the minimum , medium and maximum proximal velocity , in the same way appearing the correlations between the velocities and f ratio . tacheodispersion showed a significant positive correlation with the minimum , average and maximum proximal velocity and also with the presence of high amplitude f waves . on the other hand , the presence of repetitive f - waves showed a highly significant positive correlation with the average and maximum amplitude ratio between f and m - waves . there was also a negative correlation between the presence of f - waves blocks and the maximum velocity or maximum ratio between f and m - waves amplitude ( tab . the a - waves occurred in only 11.40% of patients , with a mean amplitude of 120.53 v ( fig . the average distance where the generating branch occurred from the point of stimulation was 37.76 cm ( fig . in addition to the recommendations of the aaem in the examination of the patients with cervical radiculopathy : 
 at least an examination of the sensory and motor response in the affected limb . if more than one of these tests is abnormal , will evaluate other nerves of the same limb or contralateral limb.at least one emg examination for muscles innervated by the roots c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 and t1 in the symptomatic limb and also of the cervical paraspinal muscles ( except in patients who have undergone laminectomy at this level ) . examination will be performed in muscles innervated by the nerve root suspected , but from different nerves ; examination will demonstrate normal muscles innervated by proximal and distal roots to the affected root . if more than one of these tests is abnormal , will evaluate other nerves of the same limb or contralateral limb . at least one emg examination for muscles innervated by the roots c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 and t1 in the symptomatic limb and also of the cervical paraspinal muscles ( except in patients who have undergone laminectomy at this level ) . examination will be performed in muscles innervated by the nerve root suspected , but from different nerves ; examination will demonstrate normal muscles innervated by proximal and distal roots to the affected root . we recommend also the study of the following parameters of the f - waves : 
 chronodispersion , tacheodispersion , persistence . in addition to the recommendations of the aaem in the examination of the patients with cervical radiculopathy : 
 at least an examination of the sensory and motor response in the affected limb . if more than one of these tests is abnormal , will evaluate other nerves of the same limb or contralateral limb.at least one emg examination for muscles innervated by the roots c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 and t1 in the symptomatic limb and also of the cervical paraspinal muscles ( except in patients who have undergone laminectomy at this level ) . examination will be performed in muscles innervated by the nerve root suspected , but from different nerves ; examination will demonstrate normal muscles innervated by proximal and distal roots to the affected root . if more than one of these tests is abnormal , will evaluate other nerves of the same limb or contralateral limb . at least one emg examination for muscles innervated by the roots c5 , c6 , c7 , c8 and t1 in the symptomatic limb and also of the cervical paraspinal muscles ( except in patients who have undergone laminectomy at this level ) . examination will be performed in muscles innervated by the nerve root suspected , but from different nerves ; examination will demonstrate normal muscles innervated by proximal and distal roots to the affected root . we recommend also the study of the following parameters of the f - waves : 
 chronodispersion , tacheodispersion , persistence . there are different opinions in literature regarding the role of late responses in evaluating patients with radiculopathy , many more studies focusing on the evaluation of lumbar radiculopathy . conclude that they are nonspecific or that they only serve to exclude the presence of other pathologies . we reinforce the need for bilateral examination due to an increased number of cases with severe right and left root injury , which was detected in half of the cases in our study . of the patients examined more than a tenth showed entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel . from the f - wave parameters , the latencies had changed at a rate less than a quarter of the total cases , slightly more altered were the differences in latency between the f and m - waves and f ratio . although there are studies that claim that right - left difference in latency of the f - wave is a sensitive parameter for root damage , such as the study by takahashi et al . , the present study revealed changes in only 8% of cases . these values , however , support the results of kueter et al . , who found also a small percentage of changes in cervical radiculopathy . the parameters with the most important alterations were persistence , tacheodispersion and chronodispersion , which changed in about a half of the patients . the very small percentage of the changes observed for these parameters can be due to the fact that the median and the ulnar nerves account only for the lower cervical roots . with regard to the a - wave , it occurred in a small number of cases , about 10% , with an average amplitude of about 120 v , and an average latency of 15 ms . the distance from the point of stimulation where the collateral branch appeared , was calculated to be approximately 35 cm . positive correlations were noted between the distal latency of the motor response and f - wave latencies . so , if the first one is prolonged , then we would expect the latter one to increase . another positive correlation appeared between f - wave latencies or chronodispersion and latency differences between f and m - waves , so we can conclude that an increase of f - wave latencies will attract an increase in chronodispersion . f - wave velocity was positively correlated with the tacheodispersion and negatively with the presence of f - wave blocks and f ratio . thus , the decrease in the velocity can be associated with a lower persistence of these waves . another positive correlation appeared between the amplitude ratio of f and m - waves with the presence of repetitive f - waves , suggesting that an increase in f - wave amplitude is associated with an increase in the percentage of f - waves with the same morphology .
backround and aimthis paper aims to assess the parameters of late responses and then determine their usefulness in patients with cervical radiculopathy.patients and methodswe studied a total of 114 patients with bilateral assessment of median and ulnar nerves and of f and a waves parameters.resultswe draw attention to the need of bilateral electrodiagnostic examination due to changes occurring in a third of cases also in the asymptomatic limb . 
 pluriradicular injuries occurred in one third of cases . 
 the root that was most commonly affected in cases of uniradicular lesion was c7 . 
 the parameters with the most important alterations were persistence , tacheodispersion and chronodispersion , which were changed in about a half of the patients . 
 with regard to the a wave , it occurred in a small number of cases , about 10% , with an average amplitude of about 120 v and an average latency of 15ms . 
 the distance from the point of stimulation where the collateral branch appeared was calculated to be approximately 35 cm.conclusionsamong the f wave parameters , persistence , tacheodispersion and chronodispersion are recommended to be studied ; these parameters were also included in the composite score along with the aaem recommendations .