chronic illness is a condition that requires compliance to treatment for the illness to be under control . chronic illnesses are the first significant cause of mortality in the world , accounting for 60% of all deaths worldwide and 70% of all deaths in iran . in developed countries , approximately 50% of the patients with chronic illnesses follow treatment . in developing countries average rates of compliance in patients with chronic illnesses are from 0 to 100% . in iran , promotion of compliance is one way to prevent worrisome consequences to enhance patients quality of life and concurrently to reduce costs on medical treatment . to improve compliance , however , this term is not clearly defined in the literature , and therefore , there is no completely reliable and valid method for measuring compliance . research on compliance has been performed from 1950 , but it is still an important issue in patients with chronic illness . marston ( 1970 ) remarked that it was deceiving to compare the rate of compliance from disparate research finding because of its multifarious working definitions . furthermore , there is an increased criticism of studies that measure compliance without a consensual definition . besides , there are many terms referring to  compliance  as  adherence  and  concordance ,  but no consensus on a unified definition for each term to differentiate between these terms . to improve the compliance of patients , it is fundamental to facilitate the measurement and comprehensive understanding of compliance . appraising the literature surrounding compliance is required to ensure that the existing definition represents all attributes of compliance , considering patients and healthcare professionals consolidation perception on treatment . a better design to present unambiguous and comprehensive working definitions of compliance is the hybrid model concept analysis . the aim of this study was to explore and define the concept of compliance and to formulate a working definition . the hybrid model concept analysis was used as presented by schwartz - barcott and kim ( 1993 ) , which amalgamates theoretical and empirical analysis and is specifically beneficial when exploring a known concept in a new context or when trying to find out new distinctive attribute of it . the model includes three phases : first , in the theoretical phase , data are collected by using literature reviews to develop a foundation for the second phase . second , in the fieldwork phase , qualitative data are obtained through semi - structured interviews to refine a concept of compliance . third , in the analytical phase , the concept application and its importance is justified after integration of the data gained during this phase . in this study , the theoretical phase is presented which involves selecting a concept , searching the literature , dealing with meaning and measurement , and identifying a working definition for the fieldwork phase . the selection of a concept for study has been approached in various ways . in this study , compliance was selected from the clinical experiences of a researcher who had encountered worsened medical outcomes of patients non - compliant behaviors such as suffering from disease side effects and disease complication , or increase in the rate of rehospitalization and readmission in the emergency department . despite this in such situations , both professionals and patients blamed each other , which not only will fail to improve the situation , but may even intensify the problem . it is time to cease focusing on patient non - compliance behaviors and focus the issue as a whole by exploring the meaning of compliance . schwartz - barcott and kim ( 1993 ) emphasized the extensive need to review the literature . however , it is important to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the comparable definitions to generate a tentative definition which is extracted from the literature . the questions posed by schwartz - barcott and kim ( 1995 ) guided the inquiry into the literature for providing an initial direction of this search . a literature search was undertaken through the available resources including medline , cinahl , ovid , elsevier , pro quest , and blackwell databases . the databases were searched between 1975 and 2010 using the keywords of  compliance ,   non - compliance , adherence ,  and  concordance ,  and taking into consideration the inclusion criteria and availability of abstract [ figure 1 ] . the retrieval and selection process of articles in the literature review process the literature was reviewed through the following steps : 
 the search results were evaluated to discard duplicated recordsthe remaining records ( 96,767 ) were assessed to choose the relevant abstractsthe abstracts ( 1597 ) were selected for entry to retrieve the pertinent full textsthe selected full texts ( 221 ) were appraised . the search results were evaluated to discard duplicated records the remaining records ( 96,767 ) were assessed to choose the relevant abstracts the abstracts ( 1597 ) were selected for entry to retrieve the pertinent full texts the selected full texts ( 221 ) were appraised . the relevant full texts were chosen one by one , and all references of retrieved articles were manually reviewed . articles were retrieved if the title included compliance as a key component within the article . finally , 23 relevant retrieved articles were reviewed [ table 1 ] . the analysis began with reading the articles carefully several times . the process of data extraction continued until there were no new data in the articles . studies reviewed for data extraction ( n=23 ) once the definitions are available , it is useful to search for main points of disparity and similarity , as this type of comparison provides the investigator with some ideas of the degree of consensus among users of a particular concept and leads to an understanding of the degree of inter - subjectivity of meaning . in this step , once the main points of similarity and dissimilarity among existing definitions and between these points and one 's initial definition become obvious , a definition is chosen or created for more detailed investigation . in this study , the analysis of articles was conducted in several steps . first , the extracted data were analyzed by organizing the content of the data with regard to the definitions , antecedents , attributes , consequences , and measurement of compliance . subsequently , articles were searched for major points of contrasts and similarities between definitions . finally , a working definition with further necessary or appropriate details was generated . the selection of a concept for study has been approached in various ways . in this study , compliance was selected from the clinical experiences of a researcher who had encountered worsened medical outcomes of patients non - compliant behaviors such as suffering from disease side effects and disease complication , or increase in the rate of rehospitalization and readmission in the emergency department . despite this in such situations , both professionals and patients blamed each other , which not only will fail to improve the situation , but may even intensify the problem . it is time to cease focusing on patient non - compliance behaviors and focus the issue as a whole by exploring the meaning of compliance . schwartz - barcott and kim ( 1993 ) emphasized the extensive need to review the literature . however , it is important to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the comparable definitions to generate a tentative definition which is extracted from the literature . the questions posed by schwartz - barcott and kim ( 1995 ) guided the inquiry into the literature for providing an initial direction of this search . a literature search was undertaken through the available resources including medline , cinahl , ovid , elsevier , pro quest , and blackwell databases . the databases were searched between 1975 and 2010 using the keywords of  compliance ,   non - compliance , adherence ,  and  concordance ,  and taking into consideration the inclusion criteria and availability of abstract [ figure 1 ] . the retrieval and selection process of articles in the literature review process the literature was reviewed through the following steps : 
 the search results were evaluated to discard duplicated recordsthe remaining records ( 96,767 ) were assessed to choose the relevant abstractsthe abstracts ( 1597 ) were selected for entry to retrieve the pertinent full textsthe selected full texts ( 221 ) were appraised . the search results were evaluated to discard duplicated records the remaining records ( 96,767 ) were assessed to choose the relevant abstracts the abstracts ( 1597 ) were selected for entry to retrieve the pertinent full texts the selected full texts ( 221 ) were appraised . the relevant full texts were chosen one by one , and all references of retrieved articles were manually reviewed . articles were retrieved if the title included compliance as a key component within the article . finally , 23 relevant retrieved articles were reviewed [ table 1 ] . the analysis began with reading the articles carefully several times . the process of data extraction continued until there were no new data in the articles . once the definitions are available , it is useful to search for main points of disparity and similarity , as this type of comparison provides the investigator with some ideas of the degree of consensus among users of a particular concept and leads to an understanding of the degree of inter - subjectivity of meaning . in this step , retrieved articles once the main points of similarity and dissimilarity among existing definitions and between these points and one 's initial definition become obvious , a definition is chosen or created for more detailed investigation . in this study , the analysis of articles was conducted in several steps . first , the extracted data were analyzed by organizing the content of the data with regard to the definitions , antecedents , attributes , consequences , and measurement of compliance . subsequently , articles were searched for major points of contrasts and similarities between definitions . finally , a working definition with further necessary or appropriate details was generated . the results are presented under the headings of definition , measurement , and working definition . despite the abundance of research in this area , most authors used the term  compliance ,  but did not define it . the fact that how people with chronic condition act in accordance with prescribed treatment was at first introduced as compliance . compliance was defined by sackett and haynes ( 1976 ) as  the extent to which a person 's behavior in terms of taking medications , following diets or executing lifestyle changes coincides with medical or health advice . mcgann ( 1999 ) quoted the definition , but continues it with this expression ,  this definition fails to notice the ways in which a recommended advice influences patients life and gives the healthcare professional the role of master .  in the field of nursing , some researchers stated that compliance is realized as more than following behavior or just compliance with healthcare professionals recommendations . they emphasized on patients activity and responsibility in the process of treatment , in which the patients act in close cooperation with the healthcare professionals for maintaining their health . the care plan is dictated by healthcare professionals and the patients as obedience should follow them . adherence emphasizes on the relationship between patients and healthcare professionals with respect and mutual cooperation . the old definitions have been revised to give the current definition for  adherence  by the world health organization . however , researchers used  compliance  broadly , but often with the identical underlying definition as  adherence ,  and they used these terms interchangeably with identical definitions in some cases . in spite of consistency across health disciplines in regard to the importance of the phenomenon of adherence , the definition of this concept is still vague and arguable . adherence is also described as the extent to which the patients comply with the agreed prescribed regimen . but compliance points to the extent to which the patient complies with the recommendations of the healthcare professionals , which are not invariably agreed upon by the patient . the compatible relationship between healthcare professionals and patients leads to a partnership in treatment that is in keeping with the patients desires and ability . while compliance and adherence both comply with specific behaviors , concordance complies with the process of consultation resulting in healthcare professionals  patient agreement . although compliance research is varied based on how the term has been defined and measured , there is argument over the application of all these terms : compliance , adherence , and concordance , which are used interchangeably . in order to explore and gain a broader understanding of compliance , the attributes , antecedents , and consequences of compliance were identified and are described below . some attributes of compliance were recognized in the literature reports which provided adequate and sufficient information on the subject . the word compliance suggests that patients obey or acquiesce the recommendations of healthcare professionals ; it just indicates alignment to the specific medical goals and patients should endure to healthcare professionals authority and obey orders passively as powerless recipients of care , by virtue of enforcing the determination and intention of another . evangelista ( 1999 ) assigned the attributes of compliance and labeled them as the following categories :  ability to carry out medical advice , flexibility , adaptability , and subordinate behaviors . however , some authors focused on  an active responsible act of care  in which patients act to improve health in close cooperation with the healthcare professionals , as a substitute for obeying orders passively . the term adherence captures the increasing complexity of medical care by characterizing the extent to which patients follow set goals for their medical treatment . despite the fact that both adherence and compliance have implicit meaning of power imbalance and medical paternalism , most of the researchers prefer  adherence  in contrast to  compliance . the researchers considered patients behavior as adherent if they did what the healthcare professionals suggested . in addition , adherence indicates an active participation to follow a prescribed regimen , cooperation , and perseverance in practice , and retain healthier behavior . in this study , antecedents are those events that should have occurred before compliance , which is divided into two categories [ figure 2 ] . antecedents and defining attributes of compliance internal factors describe how the patients characteristics , the disease , and treatments affected their compliance to treatment . there are some factors may affect on patients compliance such as demographic ( e.g. age and gender ) psychological , disease and treatment related factors . psychological factors refer to health beliefs about meaning of illness , lack of knowledge or misconceptions about treatment , religious beliefs that deem that disease is god 's will , concerns about developing dependence on drugs , negative attitude toward treatment ( e.g. anger about illness or feeling of stigmatization ) , patients expectancies of health and treatment , patients motivation and satisfaction to the treatment , and patients communication and coping method . the features of disease that are discerned as the effective factors on compliance are length of illness , disease intensity , the number of complications , the degree of disability , and the symptoms ( symptomless , lack of symptoms , or temporary absence of symptoms , and the rate of undesirable symptoms ) . furthermore , treatment - related factors can exert an effect on compliance , including the nature of treatment ; convenience and practical way of administration ( oral , inhalation , or injection medication ) ; duration ( long- or short - term therapy ) ; the number , dose , and frequency of medication ; the cost of dealing with therapy ( purchase of medication , special diet , medical equipment , and transportation to attend appointments ) ; complexity of treatment ( rigid , inflexible , unachievable , and unattractive advice ) ; ineffective treatment ; length and quantity of change imposed by the treatment ; and an unspecified time span of treatment . external factors describe how compliance is affected by healthcare professionals behavior , healthcare system , and socioeconomic factors . to date , researchers have determined healthcare professionals characteristics as the important factors that influence compliance , such as communication approaches ( quality , duration , and frequency of communication , and giving reassurance , respect , and empathy ) , emotional support , cooperative behavior , clinical competency ( e.g. monitoring and providing feedback , providing definite and understandable instructions , giving reason for behavioral change required , creating a connection between treatment and patients attitudes and beliefs , enhancement of patient - centered therapy ) , and incongruence of advice from other healthcare professionals . furthermore , there is an abundance of research that explores some factors related to healthcare system that have an impact on compliance , such as access to available health facility and organization of services , convenience of healthcare settings , administrative errors , design and delivery of programs , lack of institutional support , patient satisfaction with care , lack of programs to resolve the challenges of self - care , access to appropriate resources , the quality of the referral process , the available systems for information transfer between different parts of the health service , and the available appropriate systems to inform patients about their medicines . in addition , socioeconomic factors such as income , insurance coverage , and social , emotional , and financial support are very important to patients for applying and maintaining the prescribed treatment . in this study , consequences are those events that occur as a result of the occurrence of compliance . the desired consequences of compliance include reducing symptoms , complications of disease , complexity of the treatment , mortality , hospitalization and emergency room visit rates , and wasted medication . compliance may lead to increased life expectancy and improved morbidity , empowerment , a sense of mastery , self - confidence , ability to cope , satisfaction , and improvement in quality of life , and in turn , shorten costs to the healthcare service and , as a result , to national economies , even though some undesirable consequences such as dependence and lack of control or powerlessness can be expected . if patients feel incapable to control their own life , helplessness and patients dependency may occur which can have an effect on patient satisfaction and , hence , quality of life . since research on compliance has diversified according to how it has been defined and measured , there are discussions about the usage of these mentioned terms : compliance , adherence , and concordance . valid definition and methods for measuring the efficacy of such interventions on compliance are necessary and crucial . sackett and haynes ( 1979 ) presented the construction of compliance that facilitated the measurement of patients behavior based on healthcare recommendations . some researchers measured health professionals competence to distinguish non - compliant patients and found that they were precise in determining compliance in just 10% of the patients . researchers became more interested in developing objective measures of compliance , including patient self - report questionnaires , pill counts , electronic monitoring devices , prescription record reviews , measurement of medicine metabolites in the blood , and outcome measures of specific disease - related symptoms . the most commonly used method , pill counts , did not prove to be a reliable indicator because of multiple pharmacies in which each patient obtained prescription refills and , also , other prescribed treatments such as diet and lifestyle changes were ignored . nevertheless , patients self - reports are considered a reliable method ; most researchers use the 4-item morisky scale frequently , which has failed to determine a valid measurement . this is due to the fact that each item assesses a single behavior for taking medication and it can not determine the compliance behavior overall . as a result , there is no suitable standardized self - reporting instrument , and researchers have measured a special aspect of compliance or specific medications , which are deliberated based on their research purpose . compliance measurement should be according to a clear , valid , and acceptable definition , and it is essential to determine the extent of the patient 's behavior that coincides with the prescribed treatment . in addition , the ponderous aspect in assessing compliance is the identification of patients with non - compliant or compliant behavior or the classification of patients in arbitrary categories such as  recalcitrant ,   careless ,  or without regard for the method that researchers applied to measure compliance , they should provide the definition of compliance clearly , develop a valid method of measurement , and subsequently allocate patients into varied classification . this means that compliance and its related concept will be evaluated in a continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other , but the extremes are quite distinctly based on the extent of the patients participation in their treatment . compliance will be located at one end of a continuum of participation in a treatment program on the basis of the degree to which the patient is involved in treatment regimen planning for therapeutic goal attainment . the opposite end point is occupied by the concept of concordance and the approximate midpoint by the concept of adherence , but there is no exact border to differentiate between them . as a result , a working definition of compliance was formulated by comparing and contrasting the existing definitions with the researcher 's tentative definition :  compliance is an intentional and responsible process of care in dyad level , in which patients and healthcare professionals make efforts to achieve mutually derived health goals collaboratively . it means that compliance leads to changes and maintenance of desired health behavior and incorporates these factors as part of the patients daily life . these changed behaviors are congruent with professional advice , which are consultative , capable of achieving , and context based . despite the abundance of research in this area , most authors used the term  compliance ,  but did not define it . the fact that how people with chronic condition act in accordance with prescribed treatment was at first introduced as compliance . compliance was defined by sackett and haynes ( 1976 ) as  the extent to which a person 's behavior in terms of taking medications , following diets or executing lifestyle changes coincides with medical or health advice . mcgann ( 1999 ) quoted the definition , but continues it with this expression ,  this definition fails to notice the ways in which a recommended advice influences patients life and gives the healthcare professional the role of master .  in the field of nursing , some researchers stated that compliance is realized as more than following behavior or just compliance with healthcare professionals recommendations . they emphasized on patients activity and responsibility in the process of treatment , in which the patients act in close cooperation with the healthcare professionals for maintaining their health . the care plan is dictated by healthcare professionals and the patients as obedience should follow them . adherence emphasizes on the relationship between patients and healthcare professionals with respect and mutual cooperation . the old definitions have been revised to give the current definition for  adherence  by the world health organization . however , researchers used  compliance  broadly , but often with the identical underlying definition as  adherence ,  and they used these terms interchangeably with identical definitions in some cases . in spite of consistency across health disciplines in regard to the importance of the phenomenon of adherence , the definition of this concept is still vague and arguable . adherence is also described as the extent to which the patients comply with the agreed prescribed regimen . but compliance points to the extent to which the patient complies with the recommendations of the healthcare professionals , which are not invariably agreed upon by the patient . it is defined as  the process of enlightened communication , which leads to an agreed treatment . the compatible relationship between healthcare professionals and patients leads to a partnership in treatment that is in keeping with the patients desires and ability . while compliance and adherence both comply with specific behaviors , concordance complies with the process of consultation resulting in healthcare professionals  patient agreement . although compliance research is varied based on how the term has been defined and measured , there is argument over the application of all these terms : compliance , adherence , and concordance , which are used interchangeably . in order to explore and gain a broader understanding of compliance , the attributes , antecedents , and consequences of compliance some attributes of compliance were recognized in the literature reports which provided adequate and sufficient information on the subject . the word compliance suggests that patients obey or acquiesce the recommendations of healthcare professionals ; it just indicates alignment to the specific medical goals and patients should endure to healthcare professionals authority and obey orders passively as powerless recipients of care , by virtue of enforcing the determination and intention of another . evangelista ( 1999 ) assigned the attributes of compliance and labeled them as the following categories :  ability to carry out medical advice , flexibility , adaptability , and subordinate behaviors . however , some authors focused on  an active responsible act of care  in which patients act to improve health in close cooperation with the healthcare professionals , as a substitute for obeying orders passively . the term adherence captures the increasing complexity of medical care by characterizing the extent to which patients follow set goals for their medical treatment . despite the fact that both adherence and compliance have implicit meaning of power imbalance and medical paternalism , most of the researchers prefer  adherence  in contrast to  compliance . the researchers considered patients behavior as adherent if they did what the healthcare professionals suggested . in addition , adherence indicates an active participation to follow a prescribed regimen , cooperation , and perseverance in practice , and retain healthier behavior . in this study , antecedents are those events that should have occurred before compliance , which is divided into two categories [ figure 2 ] . antecedents and defining attributes of compliance internal factors describe how the patients characteristics , the disease , and treatments affected their compliance to treatment . there are some factors may affect on patients compliance such as demographic ( e.g. age and gender ) psychological , disease and treatment related factors . psychological factors refer to health beliefs about meaning of illness , lack of knowledge or misconceptions about treatment , religious beliefs that deem that disease is god 's will , concerns about developing dependence on drugs , negative attitude toward treatment ( e.g. anger about illness or feeling of stigmatization ) , patients expectancies of health and treatment , patients motivation and satisfaction to the treatment , and patients communication and coping method . the features of disease that are discerned as the effective factors on compliance are length of illness , disease intensity , the number of complications , the degree of disability , and the symptoms ( symptomless , lack of symptoms , or temporary absence of symptoms , and the rate of undesirable symptoms ) . furthermore , treatment - related factors can exert an effect on compliance , including the nature of treatment ; convenience and practical way of administration ( oral , inhalation , or injection medication ) ; duration ( long- or short - term therapy ) ; the number , dose , and frequency of medication ; the cost of dealing with therapy ( purchase of medication , special diet , medical equipment , and transportation to attend appointments ) ; complexity of treatment ( rigid , inflexible , unachievable , and unattractive advice ) ; ineffective treatment ; length and quantity of change imposed by the treatment ; and an unspecified time span of treatment . external factors describe how compliance is affected by healthcare professionals behavior , healthcare system , and socioeconomic factors . to date , researchers have determined healthcare professionals characteristics as the important factors that influence compliance , such as communication approaches ( quality , duration , and frequency of communication , and giving reassurance , respect , and empathy ) , emotional support , cooperative behavior , clinical competency ( e.g. monitoring and providing feedback , providing definite and understandable instructions , giving reason for behavioral change required , creating a connection between treatment and patients attitudes and beliefs , enhancement of patient - centered therapy ) , and incongruence of advice from other healthcare professionals . furthermore , there is an abundance of research that explores some factors related to healthcare system that have an impact on compliance , such as access to available health facility and organization of services , convenience of healthcare settings , administrative errors , design and delivery of programs , lack of institutional support , patient satisfaction with care , lack of programs to resolve the challenges of self - care , access to appropriate resources , the quality of the referral process , the available systems for information transfer between different parts of the health service , and the available appropriate systems to inform patients about their medicines . in addition , socioeconomic factors such as income , insurance coverage , and social , emotional , and financial support are very important to patients for applying and maintaining the prescribed treatment . in this study , consequences are those events that occur as a result of the occurrence of compliance . the desired consequences of compliance include reducing symptoms , complications of disease , complexity of the treatment , mortality , hospitalization and emergency room visit rates , and wasted medication . compliance may lead to increased life expectancy and improved morbidity , empowerment , a sense of mastery , self - confidence , ability to cope , satisfaction , and improvement in quality of life , and in turn , shorten costs to the healthcare service and , as a result , to national economies , even though some undesirable consequences such as dependence and lack of control or powerlessness can be expected . if patients feel incapable to control their own life , helplessness and patients dependency may occur which can have an effect on patient satisfaction and , hence , quality of life . some attributes of compliance were recognized in the literature reports which provided adequate and sufficient information on the subject . the word compliance suggests that patients obey or acquiesce the recommendations of healthcare professionals ; it just indicates alignment to the specific medical goals and patients should endure to healthcare professionals authority and obey orders passively as powerless recipients of care , by virtue of enforcing the determination and intention of another . evangelista ( 1999 ) assigned the attributes of compliance and labeled them as the following categories :  ability to carry out medical advice , flexibility , adaptability , and subordinate behaviors . however , some authors focused on  an active responsible act of care  in which patients act to improve health in close cooperation with the healthcare professionals , as a substitute for obeying orders passively . the term adherence captures the increasing complexity of medical care by characterizing the extent to which patients follow set goals for their medical treatment . despite the fact that both adherence and compliance have implicit meaning of power imbalance and medical paternalism , most of the researchers prefer  adherence  in contrast to  compliance . the researchers considered patients behavior as adherent if they did what the healthcare professionals suggested . in addition , adherence indicates an active participation to follow a prescribed regimen , cooperation , and perseverance in practice , and retain healthier behavior . in this study , antecedents are those events that should have occurred before compliance , which is divided into two categories [ figure 2 ] . antecedents and defining attributes of compliance internal factors describe how the patients characteristics , the disease , and treatments affected their compliance to treatment . there are some factors may affect on patients compliance such as demographic ( e.g. age and gender ) psychological , disease and treatment related factors . psychological factors refer to health beliefs about meaning of illness , lack of knowledge or misconceptions about treatment , religious beliefs that deem that disease is god 's will , concerns about developing dependence on drugs , negative attitude toward treatment ( e.g. anger about illness or feeling of stigmatization ) , patients expectancies of health and treatment , patients motivation and satisfaction to the treatment , and patients communication and coping method . the features of disease that are discerned as the effective factors on compliance are length of illness , disease intensity , the number of complications , the degree of disability , and the symptoms ( symptomless , lack of symptoms , or temporary absence of symptoms , and the rate of undesirable symptoms ) . furthermore , treatment - related factors can exert an effect on compliance , including the nature of treatment ; convenience and practical way of administration ( oral , inhalation , or injection medication ) ; duration ( long- or short - term therapy ) ; the number , dose , and frequency of medication ; the cost of dealing with therapy ( purchase of medication , special diet , medical equipment , and transportation to attend appointments ) ; complexity of treatment ( rigid , inflexible , unachievable , and unattractive advice ) ; ineffective treatment ; length and quantity of change imposed by the treatment ; and an unspecified time span of treatment . external factors describe how compliance is affected by healthcare professionals behavior , healthcare system , and socioeconomic factors . to date , researchers have determined healthcare professionals characteristics as the important factors that influence compliance , such as communication approaches ( quality , duration , and frequency of communication , and giving reassurance , respect , and empathy ) , emotional support , cooperative behavior , clinical competency ( e.g. monitoring and providing feedback , providing definite and understandable instructions , giving reason for behavioral change required , creating a connection between treatment and patients attitudes and beliefs , enhancement of patient - centered therapy ) , and incongruence of advice from other healthcare professionals . furthermore , there is an abundance of research that explores some factors related to healthcare system that have an impact on compliance , such as access to available health facility and organization of services , convenience of healthcare settings , administrative errors , design and delivery of programs , lack of institutional support , patient satisfaction with care , lack of programs to resolve the challenges of self - care , access to appropriate resources , the quality of the referral process , the available systems for information transfer between different parts of the health service , and the available appropriate systems to inform patients about their medicines . in addition , socioeconomic factors such as income , insurance coverage , and social , emotional , and financial support are very important to patients for applying and maintaining the prescribed treatment . in this study , consequences are those events that occur as a result of the occurrence of compliance . the desired consequences of compliance include reducing symptoms , complications of disease , complexity of the treatment , mortality , hospitalization and emergency room visit rates , and wasted medication . compliance may lead to increased life expectancy and improved morbidity , empowerment , a sense of mastery , self - confidence , ability to cope , satisfaction , and improvement in quality of life , and in turn , shorten costs to the healthcare service and , as a result , to national economies , even though some undesirable consequences such as dependence and lack of control or powerlessness can be expected . if patients feel incapable to control their own life , helplessness and patients dependency may occur which can have an effect on patient satisfaction and , hence , quality of life . since research on compliance has diversified according to how it has been defined and measured , there are discussions about the usage of these mentioned terms : compliance , adherence , and concordance . valid definition and methods for measuring the efficacy of such interventions on compliance are necessary and crucial . sackett and haynes ( 1979 ) presented the construction of compliance that facilitated the measurement of patients behavior based on healthcare recommendations . some researchers measured health professionals competence to distinguish non - compliant patients and found that they were precise in determining compliance in just 10% of the patients . researchers became more interested in developing objective measures of compliance , including patient self - report questionnaires , pill counts , electronic monitoring devices , prescription record reviews , measurement of medicine metabolites in the blood , and outcome measures of specific disease - related symptoms . the most commonly used method , pill counts , did not prove to be a reliable indicator because of multiple pharmacies in which each patient obtained prescription refills and , also , other prescribed treatments such as diet and lifestyle changes were ignored . nevertheless , patients self - reports are considered a reliable method ; most researchers use the 4-item morisky scale frequently , which has failed to determine a valid measurement . this is due to the fact that each item assesses a single behavior for taking medication and it can not determine the compliance behavior overall . as a result , there is no suitable standardized self - reporting instrument , and researchers have measured a special aspect of compliance or specific medications , which are deliberated based on their research purpose . compliance measurement should be according to a clear , valid , and acceptable definition , and it is essential to determine the extent of the patient 's behavior that coincides with the prescribed treatment . in addition , the ponderous aspect in assessing compliance is the identification of patients with non - compliant or compliant behavior or the classification of patients in arbitrary categories such as  recalcitrant ,   careless ,  or without regard for the method that researchers applied to measure compliance , they should provide the definition of compliance clearly , develop a valid method of measurement , and subsequently allocate patients into varied classification . this means that compliance and its related concept will be evaluated in a continuous sequence in which adjacent elements are not perceptibly different from each other , but the extremes are quite distinctly based on the extent of the patients participation in their treatment . compliance will be located at one end of a continuum of participation in a treatment program on the basis of the degree to which the patient is involved in treatment regimen planning for therapeutic goal attainment . the opposite end point is occupied by the concept of concordance and the approximate midpoint by the concept of adherence , but there is no exact border to differentiate between them . as a result , a working definition of compliance was formulated by comparing and contrasting the existing definitions with the researcher 's tentative definition :  compliance is an intentional and responsible process of care in dyad level , in which patients and healthcare professionals make efforts to achieve mutually derived health goals collaboratively . it means that compliance leads to changes and maintenance of desired health behavior and incorporates these factors as part of the patients daily life . these changed behaviors are congruent with professional advice , which are consultative , capable of achieving , and context based . this concept analysis process was a difficult work for which there is not enough data for entry in the analysis . despite numerous published articles , most of the researchers used the term  compliance ,  but murphy and canales ( 2001 ) critiqued 60 nursing articles and reported that less than half of the articles ( 25 vs. 60 ) which they included in their analysis defined  compliance . besides , the literature lacks a definition of compliance as a distinct concept from surrogates . in addition , most authors refer to the same definition provided by sackett and haynes ( 1976 ) , even in some cases where this definition was used for both compliance and adherence . moreover , the term  adherence  was used interchangeably with the same underlying definition ; attributes of both compliance and adherence were considered as results of the current study . the results of this study provide insights into compliance of patients with chronic illnesses . although previous studies have suggested some components of compliance , the concept of compliance is wider than compliance solely with medication , while many of the most prevalent chronic illnesses entail a significant  treatment compliance component , often including medication , diet , clinic attendance , and changes in lifestyle with specific illness - related behaviors . the results of our concept analysis revealed that patients with chronic illnesses who do not follow the prescribed treatment are not a homogenous group , and many different and interacting external and internal factors can affect compliance behaviors , because this phenomenon is multi - dimensional and reciprocal action of dimensions can exert significant effect on patients compliance behaviors . that means it is not the patients responsibility alone to act in accordance with healthcare professionals . healthcare professionals should be aware that different suitable approaches should be developed to ensure that all patients with chronic illnesses are able to accept their advice that may be required to promote patient compliance . according to the results , we suggest that the phenomenon could be described as attention focused on actual , practical , or anticipated compliance . this study has also clarified some of the misunderstood issues in relation to the patient 's rights . it revealed that some opposite implicit meaning in the attributes of compliance , such as patient activity and responsibility in care , can refer to freedom of choice , in contrast to subordinate and passive obedience , which demonstrates an imbalance of power and healthcare dominance . on the other hand , ethical dilemmas ensue when patients are incompetent to make a goal - directed option and may have to be delayed in treatment . the imbalance of power between patients and healthcare professionals is another questionable issue and can be resolved by focusing on  intentional , collaborative and responsible process of care in dyad level  as described in the purposed working definition . in summation , ambiguity in compliance definition occurred when the researcher tried to emphasize theoretical differences in definition and yet overlooked them in practice . we need to relinquish certain restrictions of the theoretical definition , rather than exerting it practically . the researchers and clinicians must agree upon the criteria that determine the complying behavior of patients , and for assessing the compliance , they have to consider both the patients behavior to follow the advices and the outcome of treatment . the finding can give an insight to researchers to clarify the definition of compliance before designing the research . hence , the finding may help healthcare professionals to understand the process of compliance which is important to improve patients compliance behaviors in all aspects of treatment .
background : patients compliance to treatment is an important indicator for evaluating the successful management in chronic illnesses . despite the fact an applicable definition of compliance is required to suitable intervention and research , this concept is not clear and there is no consensus concerning its meaning , definition , and measurement . 
 the aim of this study was to explore the concept of compliance and to formulate a working definition.materials and methods : theoretical phase of schwartz - barcott and kim 's hybrid model of concept analysis was used to analyze the concept of compliance . 
 data were collected by using literature reviews . 
 medline , cinahl , ovid , elsevier , pro quest and blackwell databases were searched from 1975 to 2010 using the keywords  compliance ,   non - compliance , 
 adherence ,  and  concordance . 
 articles published in english were selected if they included adult patients with chronic illnesses and reported attributes of compliance ; 23 such relevant articles were chosen.results:the attributes of compliance included patient obedience , ability to implement medical advice , flexibility , responsibility , collaboration , participation , and persistence in implementing the advices . 
 antecedents are organized into two interacting categories : internal factors refer to the patient , disease , and treatment characteristics and external factors refer to the healthcare professionals , healthcare system , and socioeconomic factors . 
 compliance may lead to desirable and undesirable consequences . 
 a working definition of compliance was formulated by comparing and contrasting the existing definitions with regard to its attributes which are useful in clinical practice and research.conclusions:this finding will be useful in clinical practice and research . but 
 this working definition has to be tested in a clinical context and a broad view of its applicability has to be obtained .