does the radiology report , radiology s most conspicuous and permanent product , in its present form , meet the expectations of referring clinicians ? and if not , how can the report , and in a broader sense the communication between radiologists and referring clinicians , be improved ? one of our recent projects at the university of antwerp is cover ( clinicians opinions , views and expectations concerning the radiology report ) , a bi - national survey in the netherlands and flanders , the dutch - speaking part of belgium . the quantitative results of these surveys have been reported recently . at the end of the cover questionnaire , respondents were able to make suggestions on how to improve the radiology report . in this article , we present a synthesis of the suggestions of referring clinicians , both hospital specialists and general practitioners . we are well aware of the fact that radiologists are clinicians too but for practical purposes we will use the term  clinicians as shorthand for  referring clinicians in this paper . permission for the cover internet survey was obtained from the institutional review board of the authors medical center . informed consent and hipaa compliance were waived by the ethics committee , as no patient health data were used in the surveys . the medical director of each hospital sent an e - mail to all clinical specialists who routinely prescribe imaging examinations to invite them to participate . the e - mail addresses of general practitioners ( gps ) were found in the 2008 address book of the order of physicians of the province of antwerp , and all those who had such an address received the e - mail directly from the investigators . by clicking a hyperlink in the e - mail , responders were referred to a digital questionnaire prepared using surveymonkey , a commercial tool for internet surveys ( surveymonkey , portland , or , usa ) . the main part of the survey consisted of a set of 46 statements on the radiology report , for which respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement according to a five - tiered likert scale . at the end of this section the survey was performed in two university and two community hospitals in flanders , one university and one community hospital in the netherlands , and among the general practitioners ( gps ) in the province of antwerp , flanders . it took place in two consecutive waves of 2  weeks in the course of the second half of 2008 or the first half of 2009 , according to the institution . after these two waves of 2  weeks , the survey was closed and the results were downloaded . the investigators identified , examined , ordered , counted , compared and synthesised subjects and themes by means of qualitative analysis software ( qsr nvivo 8 , qsr international , doncaster , vic , australia ) . of a total of 3,884 invitations to participate , we received 735 response forms from clinicians ( 18.9% ) . the rate of completed response forms with suggestions ranged from 29.1 to 37.5% , according to the institution or target group ( average 31.7% , i.e. 233 out of 735 ) ( table  1 ) . of the clinicians who made suggestions , 148 ( 63.5% ) were male and 85 ( 36.5% ) were female . their ages ranged from 26 to 78  years ( average 46.4 , median 46 , standard deviation 10.7 ) . an overview of the medical specialty of the responders can be found in table  2 . table 1response rates of clinicians and rate of completed questionnaires with suggestions in covercentre or groupsentresponded ( % ) with suggestions ( % ) community hospital 1 nl5916 ( 28.1)6 ( 37.5)university hospital 1 nl1,391163 ( 11.7)59 ( 36.2)community hospital 2 fl11976 ( 63.9)23 ( 30.3)community hospital 3 fl4525 ( 55.6)8 ( 32.0)university hospital 2 fl35965 ( 18.1)21 ( 32.3)university hospital 3 fl590108 ( 18.3)34 ( 31.5)total clinical specialists2,561453 ( 17.7)144 ( 31.8)total gps1,323282 ( 21.3)82 ( 29.1)grand total3,884735 ( 18.9)233 ( 31.7)nl the netherlands , fl flanders , belgiumtable 2specialities represented among responders with suggestions , absolute number and percentage of totalspecialitynumberpercentagegeneral practice8235.2paediatrics156.4surgery156.4internal medicine ( general)125.2other ( not listed)125.2oncology114.7gynaecology114.7anaesthesiology114.7cardiology93.9orthopaedics83.4gastroenterology - hepatology83.4physical and rehabilitation medicine62.6ear , nose and throat medicine62.6pulmonology52.1urology41.7neurology41.7psychiatry31.3ophthalmology31.3dermatology20.9endocrinology - diabetology20.9emergency medicine10.4rheumatology10.4nephrology10.4haematology10.4total233100.0 response rates of clinicians and rate of completed questionnaires with suggestions in cover nl the netherlands , fl flanders , belgium specialities represented among responders with suggestions , absolute number and percentage of total fifty - one different themes were identified , and suggestions were linked to one or several of these themes ( table  3 ) . we only present these numbers as an indication of the relative importance of the themes to the respondents . as we do not report the results of a quantitative study , we do not further specify the number of respondents who put forward each and every idea we present in this section . table 3frequency of themes mentioned three times or more in clinicians suggestions for improving the reportsubjectnumber of referencessubjectnumber of referencesclinical information and the clinical question94accessibility of the report10conclusion / impression of the report55multidisciplinary rounds8structured reports37content7communicating directly to the clinician25descriptive part of the report7completeness19report as training update for clinicians7integrating images or referring to images19satisfaction with the report7relevant findings outside of the clinical question19competence of the radiologist6mentioning a diagnosis / differential diagnosis19irrelevant reports6concise reporting17narrative reports5electronic patient record ( epr)16terminology5vague reports / the hedge16variable quality or approach5suggestions for further examinations16probability of a diagnosis4use of abbreviations14quality of the report4use of a standard lexicon14performing the right / inadequate examinations4measuring lesions13language3proofreading reports12preformatted text3 frequency of themes mentioned three times or more in clinicians suggestions for improving the report in the following sections , we present a synthesis of these suggestions , as well as a selection of quotes . each quote is accompanied by a note stating specialty , age , gender and place of activity ( fl flanders , belgium , nl the netherlands ) of the person quoted . many respondents thought it is the duty of the referring clinician to provide the radiologist with useful clinical information and a clear and unequivocal clinical question . it was felt that the clinical questions provided in the request form should be addressed in the report . pneumonia? , not just :  no abnormal findings but also :  no signs of pneumonia , so we know the radiologist has looked at the patient with the eye of a clinician . ( anesthesiologist , m , 41 , nl ) answering questions with new questions was considered inappropriate . several clinicians , gps especially , were convinced that the radiologist does not always read the clinical question on the request . so can i suppose they haven't been read ?  ( gp , m , 40 , fl ) one of the respondents wrote  if radiologists would present themselves credibly as imaging clinicians , referring clinicians would be more prone to provide useful information  . mentioning the absence of clinical information was deemed unjust towards the referring clinician :  a note saying :  clinical information : none suggests that the referring clinician has not transmitted any information , while the request may have been lost , may have been removed by the technician , the patient was unable to present it , etc . ( ear , nose and throat specialist , m , 54 , fl ) one colleague was convinced that radiologists make too little use of their right to read the electronic patient record ( epr ) of inpatients for useful information . another thought that in the case of complex clinical questions , the radiologist should see the patient before and after the examination . clinicians were well aware of their responsibility to request the most appropriate examination . if the radiologist does not agree , she / he should not perform the examination and should contact the clinician . but :  when a clinical specialist requests an examination , the radiologist has to check if the examination can answer the clinical question , but not question the indications for the examination . ( surgeon , m , 43 , nl ) the selection of an examination protocol should be done by a radiologist himself , not by a roentgen technician . even with extensive clinical information , i often see routine sequences without sagittal t2-weighted images in case of hydrocephalus ( aqueduct stenosis ? ) or without contrast when a brain tumor is suspected . ( non - listed specialist , m , 51 , fl ) radiologists could complement a tentative diagnosis by giving a degree of certainty . on the other hand :  no conclusions like  infiltrate can not be excluded. no test has a sensitivity of 100% . ( nephrologist , m , 35 , nl ) where appropriate , the conclusion should contain advice to the gp for follow - up examinations or for referral to a dedicated specialist . in reports of complex examinations such as ultrasound , the radiologist should describe accurately what has been seen , not just note that the examination is normal . pathological findings outside the scope of the examination however , e.g. a bone lesion on a chest x - ray , should always be mentioned . we sometimes have to go back three or four chest x - rays to know what the condition was   ( anesthesiologist , f , 40 , fl ) if a diagnosis can not be made , a differential diagnosis should be presented .  in case several diagnoses are possible , it would help if the radiologist could give an idea of the probability of each one . ( internist , m , 55 , fl ) radiologists should  stick their necks out and take responsibility , rather than hiding themselves behind vague and ambiguous statements .  the umbrella effect (  tumor can not be excluded ) does not help us in any way . ( gp , f , 49 , fl ) radiologists should always be aware of the specialty of the referring clinician and tailor their reports accordingly . requesting x - rays is part of my routine as a cardiologist but reports invariably tell me there is no pulmonary infiltrate . i get the impression that the radiologist does nt know anything about heart configuration , volume and so on . ( cardiologist , m , 66 , fl ) radiologists should only describe what they know :  no comments on the quality and position of prostheses , as they are wrong most of the time .  ( orthopaedic surgeon , m , 38 , nl ) although radiologists may have a strong interest in the clinical side of medicine , their judgement should be based on the results of imaging procedures . i notice more and more often clinical diagnoses that can not be made on the basis of imaging alone . [  ] radiologists have to distinguish diagnosis from suspicion . ( pulmonologist , m , 34 , nl ) how about measurements ?  in case of a tumor , always measure ! the same in follow - up examinations , instead of talking about  further diminution    ( pediatrician , f , 49 , fl ) and :  measurements would be more instructive if the standard deviation would be given . liver too big for age is less informative than  liver volume too big , + 3.5 sd. ( neurologist , f , 36 , nl ) measurements too should be linked to specific images . radiology reports should be much shorter , schematic and concise , some of the respondents thought . so one can see in the wink of an eye where something abnormal was seen . reports should at least contain the clinical question , the examination technique , a description of the findings , a conclusion and sometimes advice . other tips : important findings should be highlighted .  providing digital images ( which are not compatible with our mac ! ) is a waste of time unless they specify which images we need to look at . ( gp , f , 50 , fl )  it would be interesting if the radiologist would use an arrow to indicate pathology like a hernia , a cyst on us  and especially in case of ct or mri   ( gp , f , 56 , fl ) the conclusion was considered an essential part of the report by many , especially gps . it was felt that the conclusion should only contain relevant results , and more specifically the answer to the clinical question . the use of templates to promote reporting consistency was advised by some but rejected by others . ready - to - use reports need to be avoided , they cause too many errors .  ( surgeon , m , 56 , fl )  no computer - generated reports in which just a few words have been changed .  ( gp , f , 49 , fl ) the importance of applying guidelines and criteria for follow - up was emphasised .  when evaluating scans in case of multiple sclerosis , use the barkhof criteria . ( neurologist , f , 36 , nl )  the contents need to comply with international guidelines written with the help of radiologists . in oncology , ( oncologist , m , 38 , nl ) several respondents objected to unusual abbreviations or eponyms 
 .  it 's a nuisance having to call the radiologist to ask for an explanation .  ( gp , f , 33 , fl ) what about the length of the report ? according to some , reports of simple examinations can consist of one or two words , but reports of complex examinations should be substantial . however , several thought that long and tedious radiology reports often cover up the radiologist s incompetence to answer the clinical question . and even when long reports are indicated , the conclusion should be short and clear . the idea that easy communication between clinician and radiologist is in the interest of the patient and can prevent vague conclusions came up several times . if the radiologist sees something unexpected , or if an examination fails or causes adverse effects , he / she must call the clinician . clinicians mentioned the need to look at the images themselves , so they can give feedback to the radiologist . the direct phone number of the reporting radiologist should always be present , so they can be contacted in case something is not clear . ( gp , m , 30 , fl ) and :  call centers are there for patients , not for doctors .  ( internist , f , 50 , fl ) the report should also contain a schedule of the hours the radiologist can be reached directly . it was suggested that exceptionally complex examinations should be analysed together by radiologist and clinician . if a radiologist on call , e.g. a resident - in - training , has reported an examination orally , what has been said should be quoted in the report . if the final report contradicts these preliminary conclusions , that should be mentioned too . quite often a supervisor will add something to a report that was made during the night , with dramatic consequences for its conclusion . ( surgeon , m , 36 , nl ) if they have a choice , clinicians would rather work with radiologists they know and trust . some radiologists give very vague descriptions , but we most often know which ones do so . ( gp , f , 43 , fl ) radiologists do not have an easy job but in general they perform quite well , some clinicians thought . their s is a great contribution to our work and a strong support for what we do . ( gp , m , 55 , fl ) if an examination has failed because the patient has moved or contrast medium administration was omitted , it is not enough to state this in the report . ( orthopedic surgeon , m , 38 , nl ) in the case of ercp examinations , the report often only refers to the results of endoscopy . imaging studies should be subjected to a double blind protocol , according to one respondent . reports can have an educational side :  good reports stimulate gps to study the images and can become a refresher course for their knowledge of anatomy .  ( gp , m , 64 , fl ) the flawless use of their mother tongue is dear to some clinicians . there is a need for terminological consistency :  standardization of terms like  bulging , ( gp , f , 50 , fl ) speech recognition is still a matter of dispute :  reports made using speech recognition are not corrected . . the result may be grammatically and semantically correct , but what about , for example , left many respondents thought it is the duty of the referring clinician to provide the radiologist with useful clinical information and a clear and unequivocal clinical question . it was felt that the clinical questions provided in the request form should be addressed in the report . pneumonia? , not just :  no abnormal findings but also :  no signs of pneumonia , so we know the radiologist has looked at the patient with the eye of a clinician . ( anesthesiologist , m , 41 , nl ) answering questions with new questions was considered inappropriate . several clinicians , gps especially , were convinced that the radiologist does not always read the clinical question on the request . so can i suppose they haven't been read ?  ( gp , m , 40 , fl ) one of the respondents wrote  if radiologists would present themselves credibly as imaging clinicians , referring clinicians would be more prone to provide useful information  . mentioning the absence of clinical information was deemed unjust towards the referring clinician :  a note saying :  clinical information : none suggests that the referring clinician has not transmitted any information , while the request may have been lost , may have been removed by the technician , the patient was unable to present it , etc . ( ear , nose and throat specialist , m , 54 , fl ) one colleague was convinced that radiologists make too little use of their right to read the electronic patient record ( epr ) of inpatients for useful information . another thought that in the case of complex clinical questions , the radiologist should see the patient before and after the examination . if the radiologist does not agree , she / he should not perform the examination and should contact the clinician . but :  when a clinical specialist requests an examination , the radiologist has to check if the examination can answer the clinical question , but not question the indications for the examination . ( surgeon , m , 43 , nl ) the selection of an examination protocol should be done by a radiologist himself , not by a roentgen technician . even with extensive clinical information , i often see routine sequences without sagittal t2-weighted images in case of hydrocephalus ( aqueduct stenosis ? ) or without contrast when a brain tumor is suspected . radiologists could complement a tentative diagnosis by giving a degree of certainty . on the other hand :  no conclusions like  infiltrate can not be excluded. no test has a sensitivity of 100% .  ( nephrologist , m , 35 , nl ) where appropriate , the conclusion should contain advice to the gp for follow - up examinations or for referral to a dedicated specialist . in reports of complex examinations such as ultrasound , the radiologist should describe accurately what has been seen , not just note that the examination is normal . pathological findings outside the scope of the examination however , e.g. a bone lesion on a chest x - ray , should always be mentioned . describing normal findings we sometimes have to go back three or four chest x - rays to know what the condition was ( anesthesiologist , f , 40 , fl ) if a diagnosis can not be made , a differential diagnosis should be presented .  in case several diagnoses are possible , it would help if the radiologist could give an idea of the probability of each one . ( internist , m , 55 , fl ) radiologists should  stick their necks out and take responsibility , rather than hiding themselves behind vague and ambiguous statements .  the umbrella effect (  tumor can not be excluded ) does not help us in any way .  ( gp , f , 49 , fl ) radiologists should always be aware of the specialty of the referring clinician and tailor their reports accordingly . requesting x - rays is part of my routine as a cardiologist but reports invariably tell me there is no pulmonary infiltrate . i get the impression that the radiologist does nt know anything about heart configuration , volume and so on . ( cardiologist , m , 66 , fl ) radiologists should only describe what they know :  no comments on the quality and position of prostheses , as they are wrong most of the time .  ( orthopaedic surgeon , m , 38 , nl ) although radiologists may have a strong interest in the clinical side of medicine , their judgement should be based on the results of imaging procedures . i notice more and more often clinical diagnoses that can not be made on the basis of imaging alone . [  ] radiologists have to distinguish diagnosis from suspicion . ( pulmonologist , m , 34 , nl ) how about measurements ?  in case of a tumor , always measure ! the same in follow - up examinations , instead of talking about  further diminution    ( pediatrician , f , 49 , fl ) and :  measurements would be more instructive if the standard deviation would be given . liver too big for age is less informative than  liver volume too big , + 3.5 sd. ( neurologist , f , 36 , nl ) measurements too should be linked to specific images . radiology reports should be much shorter , schematic and concise , some of the respondents thought . so one can see in the wink of an eye where something abnormal was seen . reports should at least contain the clinical question , the examination technique , a description of the findings , a conclusion and sometimes advice . other tips : important findings should be highlighted .  providing digital images ( which are not compatible with our mac ! ) is a waste of time unless they specify which images we need to look at . ( gp , f , 50 , fl )  it would be interesting if the radiologist would use an arrow to indicate pathology like a hernia , a cyst on us  and especially in case of ct or mri ( gp , f , 56 , fl ) the conclusion was considered an essential part of the report by many , especially gps . it was felt that the conclusion should only contain relevant results , and more specifically the answer to the clinical question . the use of templates to promote reporting consistency was advised by some but rejected by others . ready - to - use reports need to be avoided , they cause too many errors .  ( surgeon , m , 56 , fl )  no computer - generated reports in which just a few words have been changed . ( gp , f , 49 , fl ) the importance of applying guidelines and criteria for follow - up was emphasised . when evaluating scans in case of multiple sclerosis , use the barkhof criteria . ( neurologist , f , 36 , nl )  the contents need to comply with international guidelines written with the help of radiologists . in oncology , ( oncologist , m , 38 , nl ) several respondents objected to unusual abbreviations or eponyms 
 . it 's a nuisance having to call the radiologist to ask for an explanation . ( gp , f , 33 , fl ) what about the length of the report ? according to some , reports of simple examinations can consist of one or two words , but reports of complex examinations should be substantial . however , several thought that long and tedious radiology reports often cover up the radiologist s incompetence to answer the clinical question . and even when long reports are indicated , the conclusion should be short and clear . radiologists could complement a tentative diagnosis by giving a degree of certainty . on the other hand :  no conclusions like  infiltrate can not be excluded. no test has a sensitivity of 100% .  ( nephrologist , m , 35 , nl ) where appropriate , the conclusion should contain advice to the gp for follow - up examinations or for referral to a dedicated specialist . in reports of complex examinations such as ultrasound , the radiologist should describe accurately what has been seen , not just note that the examination is normal . pathological findings outside the scope of the examination however , e.g. a bone lesion on a chest x - ray , should always be mentioned . describing normal findings we sometimes have to go back three or four chest x - rays to know what the condition was ( anesthesiologist , f , 40 , fl ) if a diagnosis can not be made , a differential diagnosis should be presented .  in case several diagnoses are possible , it would help if the radiologist could give an idea of the probability of each one . ( internist , m , 55 , fl ) radiologists should  stick their necks out and take responsibility , rather than hiding themselves behind vague and ambiguous statements .  the umbrella effect (  tumor can not be excluded ) does not help us in any way .  ( gp , f , 49 , fl ) radiologists should always be aware of the specialty of the referring clinician and tailor their reports accordingly . requesting x - rays is part of my routine as a cardiologist but reports invariably tell me there is no pulmonary infiltrate . i get the impression that the radiologist does nt know anything about heart configuration , volume and so on . ( cardiologist , m , 66 , fl ) radiologists should only describe what they know :  no comments on the quality and position of prostheses , as they are wrong most of the time .  ( orthopaedic surgeon , m , 38 , nl ) although radiologists may have a strong interest in the clinical side of medicine , their judgement should be based on the results of imaging procedures . i notice more and more often clinical diagnoses that can not be made on the basis of imaging alone . [  ] radiologists have to distinguish diagnosis from suspicion . ( pulmonologist , m , 34 , nl ) how about measurements ?  in case of a tumor , always measure ! the same in follow - up examinations , instead of talking about  further diminution    ( pediatrician , f , 49 , fl ) and :  measurements would be more instructive if the standard deviation would be given . liver too big for age is less informative than  liver volume too big , + 3.5 sd. ( neurologist , f , 36 , nl ) measurements too should be linked to specific images . radiology reports should be much shorter , schematic and concise , some of the respondents thought . so one can see in the wink of an eye where something abnormal was seen . reports should at least contain the clinical question , the examination technique , a description of the findings , a conclusion and sometimes advice . other tips : important findings should be highlighted .  providing digital images ( which are not compatible with our mac ! ) is a waste of time unless they specify which images we need to look at . ( gp , f , 50 , fl )  it would be interesting if the radiologist would use an arrow to indicate pathology like a hernia , a cyst on us  and especially in case of ct or mri   ( gp , f , 56 , fl ) the conclusion was considered an essential part of the report by many , especially gps . it was felt that the conclusion should only contain relevant results , and more specifically the answer to the clinical question . the use of templates to promote reporting consistency was advised by some but rejected by others . ready - to - use reports need to be avoided , they cause too many errors .  ( surgeon , m , 56 , fl )  no computer - generated reports in which just a few words have been changed . ( gp , f , 49 , fl ) the importance of applying guidelines and criteria for follow - up was emphasised . when evaluating scans in case of multiple sclerosis , use the barkhof criteria . ( neurologist , f , 36 , nl )  the contents need to comply with international guidelines written with the help of radiologists . in oncology , ( oncologist , m , 38 , nl ) several respondents objected to unusual abbreviations or eponyms 
 . it 's a nuisance having to call the radiologist to ask for an explanation . ( gp , f , 33 , fl ) what about the length of the report ? according to some , reports of simple examinations can consist of one or two words , but reports of complex examinations should be substantial . however , several thought that long and tedious radiology reports often cover up the radiologist s incompetence to answer the clinical question . and even when long reports are indicated , the conclusion should be short and clear . the idea that easy communication between clinician and radiologist is in the interest of the patient and can prevent vague conclusions came up several times . if the radiologist sees something unexpected , or if an examination fails or causes adverse effects , he / she must call the clinician . clinicians mentioned the need to look at the images themselves , so they can give feedback to the radiologist . the direct phone number of the reporting radiologist should always be present , so they can be contacted in case something is not clear . ( gp , m , 30 , fl ) and :  call centers are there for patients , not for doctors . ( internist , f , 50 , fl ) the report should also contain a schedule of the hours the radiologist can be reached directly . it was suggested that exceptionally complex examinations should be analysed together by radiologist and clinician . if a radiologist on call , e.g. a resident - in - training , has reported an examination orally , what has been said should be quoted in the report . if the final report contradicts these preliminary conclusions , that should be mentioned too . quite often a supervisor will add something to a report that was made during the night , with dramatic consequences for its conclusion . ( surgeon , m , 36 , nl ) if they have a choice , clinicians would rather work with radiologists they know and trust . some radiologists give very vague descriptions , but we most often know which ones do so . ( gp , f , 43 , fl ) radiologists do not have an easy job but in general they perform quite well , some clinicians thought . their s is a great contribution to our work and a strong support for what we do . if an examination has failed because the patient has moved or contrast medium administration was omitted , it is not enough to state this in the report . ( orthopedic surgeon , m , 38 , nl ) in the case of ercp examinations , the report often only refers to the results of endoscopy . imaging studies should be subjected to a double blind protocol , according to one respondent . reports can have an educational side :  good reports stimulate gps to study the images and can become a refresher course for their knowledge of anatomy .  ( gp , m , 64 , fl ) the flawless use of their mother tongue is dear to some clinicians . there is a need for terminological consistency :  standardization of terms like  bulging , ( gp , f , 50 , fl ) speech recognition is still a matter of dispute :  reports made using speech recognition are not corrected . . the result may be grammatically and semantically correct , but what about , for example , left  right mistakes , one colleague said . do radiologists make reports that fulfill the needs of the referring clinicians ? in our study , many referring clinicians saw radiologists as peers who , in the interests of the diagnostic outcome , are entitled to receive as much clinical information as necessary . in exchange , clinicians expected radiologists to amend preset imaging protocols if these were inadequate or incomplete . in the past , several studies have shown that the availability of clinical information and a pertinent examination question can indeed improve the diagnostic accuracy of the imaging process [ 3 , 4 ] . if the requested examination is totally unfit to answer the clinical question , the radiologist is to contact the referring clinician . in a recent retrospective study , 26% of ct and mri examination requests by primary care physicians were considered inappropriate . one respondent emphasised that handwritten clinical information should be readable . trying to decipher handwriting can be a frustrating task . calling the referring clinician is time - consuming , as is reading an inpatient s electronic record for clinical information . electronic examination requests may offer a solution , but this will not solve the problem of imperfect requests by gps , made while on a house call . these are often brief , if not minimal , and gps can be notoriously difficult to reach for additional information during office hours . however , as portable gp information systems are already widely available , online requests by gps may gradually replace ad hoc handwritten requests . non - technical abbreviations in a radiology report give an air of informality and imply that the radiologist was in a hurry ; technical abbreviations run the risk of not being understood . while they should be avoided as much as possible in radiology reports , abbreviations in examination requests can cause misunderstandings too , as well as a loss of precious time . radiologists serve several tens of departments , some of which may use the same abbreviations for different conditions . especially residents - in - training in rotating schedules may lack the experience to decipher all . therefore , if their departments can not provide a list of the abbreviations they use , clinicians ought to refrain from using them at all . as for the conclusion , the acr 2005 practice guideline for communication of diagnostic imaging findings states that unless the report is brief , each report should contain an  impression section ; a precise diagnosis should be given when possible ; a differential diagnosis should be provided when appropriate ; follow - up or additional diagnostic studies to clarify or confirm the impression should be suggested when appropriate ; and any significant patient reaction should be reported . standardised computer - generated template reports that satisfy these criteria are considered to conform to these guidelines . recently , the european society of radiology ( esr ) issued its own guidelines on good practice for radiological reporting . these state that it can be argued that concise , consistent ordering of the report both reduces variation among reports and makes it easier for referrers who become familiar with the format to assimilate information . the broad categories that esr identifies are clinical referral , technique , findings , conclusion and advice . for esr , further study is required before they fully support structured reporting ( sr ) . most of the acr and esr guidelines are reflected in the suggestions in our survey . radiologists are expected to be competent enough to produce a diagnosis or a suitably ordered differential diagnosis . vague conclusions are rejected by clinicians , as are other expressions of a perceived refusal to take responsibility . the supposition of one respondent that many clinicians only read the conclusion of the report was not supported in the quantitative part of the cover survey : only 2.4% of the clinicians entirely agreed with it , and just 20.7% partially , 23.1% in all . it is remarkable that none of the respondents suggested concrete measures to improve the quality and efficiency of the conclusion , such as putting the conclusion before the descriptive part or putting the most relevant parts of the conclusion first . this confirms our hypothesis that respondents mainly made suggestions based on their own daily experience . some suggestions were conflicting , e.g. concerning sr . in line with the results of quantitative surveys [ 2 , 9 , 10 ] , there seems to be a demand for easily accessible , neatly arranged reports . the use of templates was approved by some clinicians in this survey but questioned by others . while few suggestions are in favour of reporting in free text , the rigorous application of predetermined templates and a standard lexicon may be experienced as tedious and boring , and lacking an element of diversity , of entertainment . however , if international guidelines for the content of reports in specific areas of interest exist , such as in the follow - up of tumours , they should be routinely applied . supervision by radiologists of reports made by residents can be considered a form of second opinion , although it will seldom be double - blind . considering the lack of radiologists in many countries and the high cost involved , in most medical centers double reading will be restricted to random samples in the interest of quality control . suggestions that radiologists should refrain from mentioning a histological diagnosis may reflect a lack of familiarity with today s advanced imaging techniques . using a combination of magnetic resonance imaging , contrast - enhanced multislice ct and/or contrast - enhanced ultrasound , it is perfectly possible to characterise , for example , a number of soft tissue tumours . radiologists have to communicate about this more effectively , which can be done by actively engaging in continuing medical education initiatives for both gps and specialists . it would indeed be practical if the report would mention explicitly how and where the radiologist can be reached . on the other hand , mentioning phone numbers in reports carries the risk of patients using the same communication lines . although some authors believe that reporting in the future will imply direct communication between radiologists and patients , in the interest of efficiency and privacy the two tracks need to remain separate . efficient communication lines between radiologists and clinicians also imply reciprocity . especially in large institutions with many residents - in - training , the direct phone number or the pager of the referring physician should be on every request . another important element is that clinicians apparently want to know where exactly abnormal findings can be seen . while digital imaging should have made such markings much easier ( and less messy ) , their application seems to have largely faded away . radiologists should consider readopting a modern version of the old habit . despite a clear demand for more on behalf of some gps , the radiology report is there to provide adequate and accessible diagnostic information , not to replace a refresher course on radioanatomy . in the course of the last decade , several authors have published quantitative results of surveys among referring clinicians on the radiology report [ 2 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 ] . such quantitative research can demonstrate the relative weight of predetermined expressions within the research population . that is why when designing the cover study we reserved space for suggestions in free text . open questions lead to open answers . freed from the chains of preset forms and phrases , some respondents in our survey tended to stray off the subject . many suggestions therefore had less to do with the radiology report as such , and more to do with communication between radiologists and clinicians in a broader sense . topics presented in the quantitative part of the cover survey may have had some influence on the spontaneous suggestions made afterwards . this could have been avoided by putting the suggestions section first , but we were afraid that too many potential participants would have dropped out if the survey had started with open questions . one can not expect respondents to express an overarching view of the radiology report in a few lines . most likely , they will express views that spring to mind most easily , maybe due to their emotional value or to recent personal experiences . some of these suggestions may reflect local circumstances with little or no significance elsewhere , and suggestions from different respondents may even be conflicting . therefore , we believe that they can contribute to a better insight into the ideas and emotions of referring clinicians and have to be taken into account when rethinking the report . the fact that a considerable number of respondents of the cover trial , 233 out of 735 ( 31.7% ) , made concrete suggestions for its improvement certainly shows that radiologists need to look critically at their end product . the most frequent suggestions however pertained to the position of the radiologist as a well - informed clinical specialist , and this implies an engagement from both sides . how can the report , and in a broader sense the communication between radiologists and referring clinicians , be improved ? there seems to be a need for well - structured , concise but complete reports without verbosity . both radiologists and clinicians should be more easily available to one another for consultation . in specific situations such as follow - up of solid tumours we do not pretend to provide the definitive answer to all questions concerning the quality of the radiology report . however , although the spontaneous suggestions in this study were erratic and sometimes contradictory , they do give an overview of the ideas as well as the emotions of these clients of the radiology department . we therefore believe it is highly advisable to take them into account when developing new ways of reporting .
objectiveto investigate what referring clinicians suggest when asked how the quality of radiology reports can be improved.methodsat the end of the questionnaire of the cover survey , a bi - national quantitative survey on the radiology report among referring physicians , clinical specialists and general practitioners were able to freely enter suggestions with regard to improving the quality of the report . 
 these suggestions were isolated from the quantitative results . 
 subjects and themes were identified , examined , ordered , counted , compared and analysed.resultsof a total of 3,884 invitations to participate , we received 735 response forms from clinicians ( 18.9% ) , 233 ( 31.7% ) of which contained suggestions . 
 issues mentioned most frequently were the need for clinical information and a clinical question , for a conclusion , structuring , communicating directly with the clinician , completeness , integrating images or referring to images , mentioning relevant findings outside of the clinical question , mentioning a diagnosis or suitable differential diagnosis , and concise reporting.conclusionalthough these spontaneous suggestions are erratic and sometimes contradictory , they summarise the ideas as well as the emotions of these clients of the radiology department . therefore it is advisable to take them into account when developing new ways of reporting .