most authors have highlighted that psychiatric emergencies of children and adolescents are globally widespread and have estimated their exponential increase in the coming decades.13 several studies reported the difficulty in collecting specific information on this topic , and therefore , in formulating recommendations for psychiatric hospitalizations of pediatric patients.46 canadian and american studies have highlighted that the prevalence of mental illness among children and adolescents ranges between 15% and 20% , estimating an increase of 50% by 2020.1,7 currently , psychiatric visits for pediatric patients in emergency account for ~1.6% of all emergency room pediatric visits in the us and 1% in canada . in the us , among 100,000 admissions per year of patients , aged between six and 18 , 418 psychiatric admissions were recorded.811 the number of psychiatric emergency consultations of pediatric patients has significantly increased in europe also,1214 in particular in italy,15 where an increase of 38% in psychiatric visits in emergency room has been recorded from 2001 to 200416 for the following causes : conduct disorders , substance and alcohol abuse , severe anxiety disorders , and eating disorders.17 self- or hetero - aggressive behavior is one of the most frequent reasons for psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents , probably because it can be difficult to control in family or community environments.1820 the aggressive behavior can be related to many different psychiatric disorders , such as conduct , psychotic , bipolar , and eating disorders , or can represent an extreme reaction to difficult environmental situations.2123 among risk factors , maternal drug and alcohol abuse during pregnancy as well as growth disorders during late fetal period and birth injuries is often correlated with early development of aggressive behavior in children.16 many neuropsychological deficits in executive functions , such as self - regulation , inhibitory control , abstract reasoning , problem - solving , sustained attention - organization , and work planning , have been evidenced as important predictors of violent behavior in childhood.16 negative family atmosphere , characterized by poor affect and unstable relationships , which induce insecure attachment of children , could be related to the development of aggressiveness.16,24 most studies have reported that domestic violence , parental abandonment , and physical / sexual abuse represent important triggers for aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence.16,24,25 in particular , children who suffered from incest , sexual abuse , or physical abuse can be more vulnerable to early psychosis.23,26,27 a negative and hostile school environment can contribute to the development of aggressive behavior , especially in those children who are victims of bullying.16 also , some socioeconomic factors , which induce social maladjustment , can increase the need for psychiatric emergency consultations.16 children and adolescents who belong to families of second- and third - generation immigrants can be more vulnerable individuals , frequently requiring acute psychiatric intervention at emergency departments.21,22 in adolescents , the use of alcohol and drugs could be related to both aggressive and suicidal behaviors.15,2730 during adolescence , some mental disorders can become more evident due to this critical phase of transition . as indicated by all guidelines , it is important to diagnose psychiatric disorders at their onset in order to begin treatment as soon as possible , since psychiatric disorders which begin in adolescence rarely have spontaneous remission.31 a recent review has put in evidence that first onset of mental disorders usually occurs in childhood or adolescence , although treatment typically does not occur until a number of years later.31 another author has more recently confirmed that adult mental health disorders most frequently begin by adolescence.31,32 there are many shared criteria of appropriateness concerning psychiatric hospitalizations of adolescents.3337 one of the best known classifications of adolescent psychiatric emergencies , which has been developed by edelsohn and gomez,37 divides the appropriateness of admission into four groups : 1 ) potential threat to life and/or to others ; 2 ) state of high distress that requires urgent action , without an urgent threat to life ; 3 ) serious conditions that require prompt but not immediate intervention ; 4 ) similar to the american academy of child and adolescent psychiatry,33 the guidelines of the royal college of psychiatrists35 indicate the need for psychiatric admission in the following situations : acute clinical situation which can not be managed in outpatient care settings and destructive behavior toward himself or others . the guidelines for acute psychiatric hospitalization of children from the american psychiatric association34 indicate the following eleven clinical situations : severe disorders in acute phase ; all debut psychiatric disorders ; major depressive disorder ; suicide attempts ; intoxication and/or withdrawal in addiction disorders ; untreatable eating disorders with severe risk to life ; severe psychosomatic disorders ; obsessive  compulsive or phobia disorders which induce disabling conditions ; other conditions of chronic disability , like mental retardation or cognitive impairment , with impulsivity and state of agitation ; personality disorders with anxiety and maladaptation ; and posttraumatic stress disorders . in italy , the childhood and adolescence neuro - psychiatry service ( canps ) delivers multidisciplinary treatment programs in out- and inpatient care settings for children and adolescents with psychiatric problems.38 among the italian regions , the allocation of resources for canps is insufficient overall to ensure the dissemination and consolidation of out- and inpatient care services , according to a national report.3943 from 2008 to 2012 , in italy , the psychiatric admissions of adolescent patients presented an increase of 12% , but only a third of children or adolescents were hospitalized in canps facilities.44,45 the aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between acute psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents and selected demographic and clinical variables , in order to highlight risk factors for psychiatric emergencies . this retrospective research was conducted in the acute psychiatric ward service of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment ( spdt ) , located in the general hospital , nuovo ospedale civile santagostino estense of modena , and in the residential facility for adolescents ,  the medlar  , located in an accredited private hospital ( villa igea ) in modena . the canps in modena , which is part of mental health department ( az - usl - modena ) , is composed of a multi - professional team divided into five areas of treatment : neurology , psychiatry , neuropsychology , autism , and mental retardation . since 2010 , two beds have been available for patients aged from 14 to 18 in a separate part of the public psychiatric ward spdt of modena , where patients can be hospitalized after consultation in emergency department . the local guidelines indicate that after a brief hospitalization in spdt , patients can be transferred to the psychiatric facility for adolescents in modena ,  the medlar  . it is an accredited facility which accommodates eight patients aged from 14 to 18 years , suffering from major emotional disorders and/or behavioral alterations that can not be treated in outpatient setting . the multi - professional staff of  the medlar  is directly connected with the referring therapeutics of canps and provides clinical intervention of short individual and family psychotherapy , rehabilitative activities , educational interventions , and drug treatments , tailored to the needs of patients and their families . in particular , the first week s stay at  the medlar  is dedicated to observation of the patient with afterwards , patients start structured programs aimed at the recognition of personal issues and disorder awareness , and in the meantime , at the regaining of adequate physical and cognitive performances . many activities with the purposes described earlier are developed : music laboratory , biofeedback , theater performance ( acting and set design ) , group and pet therapy , gardening , art workshop , and mindfulness . at discharge , the patient is sent back home or to a community with the consultation of both his general physician and referring psychiatrist of canps , in order to maintain an uninterrupted treatment . it was constituted by all adolescent patients ( n=101 , age range 1418 years ) who accounted for acute hospitalizations ( n=140 ) in spdt and were successively transferred to  the medlar the start of study period was determined by the availability of two beds for adolescent patients ( age range 1418 years ) in a separate part of the acute psychiatric ward spdt of modena , for voluntary and involuntary admissions . we collected this sample from the ward electronic medical record database . from clinical charts , we extracted demographic and anamnestic characteristics of our adolescent patients ( table 1 ) and all the available clinical variables related to our sample s hospitalizations in spdt and in  the medlar  ( table 2 ) . the psychiatric diagnoses were in accordance with the international classification of diseases , 9th revision , clinical modification , italian version of 2007,46 used in spdt . we calculated absolute frequency and percentages for categorical variables , and mean and standard deviation ( sd ) for continuous variables . we evaluated the association between each variable and the sex of our adolescent patients by using the chi2 test for categorical data and student s t - test for continuous data . in our study , we considered the  age of psychiatric disorder onset  as dependent variable and applied the single and multiple linear regression to correlate it to the demographic , anamnestic , and clinical variables selected . the coefficient of regression and the respective 95% confidence interval were calculated for each variable category . data were analyzed by using the statistical software stata version 12.47 the parents or legal guardians of our patients gave us informed consent at the beginning of hospitalizations in both spdt and  the medlar  . this study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the declaration of helsinki ( world medical association declaration of helsinki , 1964 ) and good clinical practice and was not sponsored by any pharmaceutical company . this retrospective research was conducted in the acute psychiatric ward service of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment ( spdt ) , located in the general hospital , nuovo ospedale civile santagostino estense of modena , and in the residential facility for adolescents ,  the medlar  , located in an accredited private hospital ( villa igea ) in modena . the canps in modena , which is part of mental health department ( az - usl - modena ) , is composed of a multi - professional team divided into five areas of treatment : neurology , psychiatry , neuropsychology , autism , and mental retardation . since 2010 , two beds have been available for patients aged from 14 to 18 in a separate part of the public psychiatric ward spdt of modena , where patients can be hospitalized after consultation in emergency department . the local guidelines indicate that after a brief hospitalization in spdt , patients can be transferred to the psychiatric facility for adolescents in modena ,  the medlar  . it is an accredited facility which accommodates eight patients aged from 14 to 18 years , suffering from major emotional disorders and/or behavioral alterations that can not be treated in outpatient setting . the multi - professional staff of  the medlar  is directly connected with the referring therapeutics of canps and provides clinical intervention of short individual and family psychotherapy , rehabilitative activities , educational interventions , and drug treatments , tailored to the needs of patients and their families . in particular , the first week s stay at  the medlar  is dedicated to observation of the patient with  low stimulation  activities . afterwards , patients start structured programs aimed at the recognition of personal issues and disorder awareness , and in the meantime , at the regaining of adequate physical and cognitive performances . many activities with the purposes described earlier are developed : music laboratory , biofeedback , theater performance ( acting and set design ) , group and pet therapy , gardening , art workshop , and mindfulness . at discharge , the patient is sent back home or to a community with the consultation of both his general physician and referring psychiatrist of canps , in order to maintain an uninterrupted treatment . it was constituted by all adolescent patients ( n=101 , age range 1418 years ) who accounted for acute hospitalizations ( n=140 ) in spdt and were successively transferred to  the medlar the start of study period was determined by the availability of two beds for adolescent patients ( age range 1418 years ) in a separate part of the acute psychiatric ward spdt of modena , for voluntary and involuntary admissions . from clinical charts , we extracted demographic and anamnestic characteristics of our adolescent patients ( table 1 ) and all the available clinical variables related to our sample s hospitalizations in spdt and in  the medlar the psychiatric diagnoses were in accordance with the international classification of diseases , 9th revision , clinical modification , italian version of 2007,46 used in spdt . we calculated absolute frequency and percentages for categorical variables , and mean and standard deviation ( sd ) for continuous variables . we evaluated the association between each variable and the sex of our adolescent patients by using the chi2 test for categorical data and student s t - test for continuous data . in our study , we considered the  age of psychiatric disorder onset  as dependent variable and applied the single and multiple linear regression to correlate it to the demographic , anamnestic , and clinical variables selected . the coefficient of regression and the respective 95% confidence interval were calculated for each variable category . the parents or legal guardians of our patients gave us informed consent at the beginning of hospitalizations in both spdt and  the medlar  . this study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the declaration of helsinki ( world medical association declaration of helsinki , 1964 ) and good clinical practice and was not sponsored by any pharmaceutical company . our sample of patients was composed of 56 males and 45 females ( n=101 ) , with an average age slightly < 16 years ( 15.991.77 sd ) , which did not differ statistically significantly between the two sexes ( table 3 ) . only 39% of our patients lived in a family composed of both biological italian parents , whereas the remaining cases presented family situations of separated parents ( 17% ) , adoptive family ( 4% ) , immigrant parents ( 23% ) , or orphanages and/or abandoned ( 18% ) , with a statistically significant difference between males and females ( table 3 ) . the majority of our sample did not report any parental disorder , which , if occurred , was mostly represented by psychiatric illness ( 21% ) ( table 3 ) . fifty - one percent of our patients had experienced abandonment , economic failure , social maladjustment , and other stressful events , whereas only a minority of them ( 12.75% ) had suffered from physical and/or sexual abuse ( table 3 ) . the majority ( 89% ) of our patients presented normal intellective level according to range for age ( table 3 ) . concerning school attendance and performance , we have found a statistically significant difference between males , who presented poorer school performance , and females , who more often interrupted their schooling ( table 3 ) . the onset age of psychiatric disorders was just > 13 years ( on average 13.892.63 sd ) , and the period of psychiatric treatment by canps was ~2 years on average ( table 3 ) . among the demographic variables and medical history of our patients , parental psychiatric illness was the only variable that presented a negative statistically significant correlation with the age of mental disorder onset in both the regression models ( table 4 ) . our patients had 140 admissions to the spdt of nuovo ospedale civile santagostino estense during the observation period ( 1.39 hospitalization per patient on average ) . the most frequent reason for admission to spdt was represented by aggressive behavior , followed by suicide risk , acute psychotic decompensation , substance abuse , depressive state , psychosocial emergencies , and running away from home ( figure 1 ) . the reasons for hospitalizations statistically significantly differed between males and females : early aggressive behavior was the most frequent cause for males , whereas suicide risk constituted the most frequent motivation for females ( pearson chi2 = 22.73 , p=0.002 ; table 5 and figure 1 ) . the majority of patients ( 75.37% ) were admitted to the spdt after emergency department consultation and were voluntarily hospitalized ( 83.57% ) , whereas 53.38% did not present a good therapeutic compliance ( table 5 ) . during the observation period , the number of hospitalizations in spdt progressively increased up to fivefold at the end of the observation period , with a transfer rate to  the medlar  of > 60% during the last year ( figure 2 ) . the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis at discharge from the spdt was represented by  conduct disorder  , followed by ( table 6 and figure 3 ) , with a statistically significant difference between males , who most frequently suffered from  conduct disorder  , and females , who more often presented  adjustment disorder the addiction disorders were more frequent in males ( 25.93% ) than females ( 10.17% ) , and the most frequent substance of abuse was cannabinoids , also associated with other substances ( 32% of our sample ) ( table 6 ) . our sample had a low frequency of organic comorbidity ( 18.55% ) , with no statistically significant differences by sex ( table 6 ) . the clinical variables related to stays at  the medlar  differed from those of spdt hospitalizations for many features as provided by local guidelines : more prolonged period of hospitalization , more rehabilitation activities for all patients , lower level of aggressiveness , different pharmacological therapies , and destinations at discharge ( table 7 ) . from  the medlar  , patients more frequently were sent home , with the support of the day hospital of canps and regular visits by referring specialists of canps , whereas , from spdt , patients more frequently were transferred to  another ward or facility  , in particular to  the medlar  ( table 7 ) . both in spdt and  the medlar  , mild and severe aggressive behavior was recorded with higher frequency in spdt compared to that recorded in the facility ( table 7 ) . at discharge , only a minority of patients were not prescribed a drug therapy , whereas in most cases , poly - pharmacy was administered ( table 7 ) . our study has revealed that the use of psychiatric hospitalization for adolescents has gradually but greatly increased since the availability of hospital beds in the acute psychiatric ward ( spdt ) and in the protected facility (  the medlar  ) . this result , although limited to a single town area , is in line with literature data which highlight the increase of psychiatric treatments in adolescents.3,21 in this regard , we have to emphasize that the availability of hospital beds dedicated to adolescents could have in itself increased the demand for hospitalization , indirectly shaping the treatment modality . therefore , we can not affirm whether the observed increase of adolescent psychiatric treatments represents an epidemiologic trend of adolescent psychiatric disorders or rather an enhanced opportunity for treating adolescent patients with psychiatric problems . our sample , although limited in number , was homogeneous for sex and age distribution and representative of our social environment . among the demographics and medical histories , parental psychiatric illness was the only variable negatively related , in a statistically significant way , to the onset age of childhood mental disorders . this result shows that a family context with mental disorder can lead to an increased vulnerability for psychiatric illness in children and adolescents , which tends to occur earlier , suggesting strong parent conditioning on the development of childhood mental disorders . in any case , our data , which overlap most studies , can not specify if this correlation is based on genetic or environmental factors or both . regarding family context , only 39% of our patients lived with both biological italian parents , whereas the others lived with only one divorced parent , adoptive family , or immigrant family , or in institutions because they were abandoned or orphans . these data are in line with all the literature results , which highlight that early family changes , such as divorces or immigration , are potential risk factors for the development of a mental disorder in children.31,32 about half of our patients reported in their histories stressful early life events , such as abandonment , economic difficulties , social exclusion , and physical and/or sexual abuse , although with lower percentages than other reports in the literature.36 nevertheless , the high - impact emotional situations , as we reported , could represent such traumatic stress events as to condition the development of mental disorders , as observed by other authors.32,48 despite their disadvantageous conditions , the adherence of our patients to treatments , as our high rate of voluntary treatments highlighted , was apparently good in comparison to another report.4 the majority of our patients had a normal intellective level , but , despite this , only 6% presented regular school performance . in most cases , in particular , with a statistically significant difference between sexes , males presented the worst school performance , whereas females more often interrupted school attendance . our data suggest that a severe psychiatric condition , such as those suffered by our patients , could have a significant negative impact on school performance , regardless of cognitive level . moreover , we have to underline that disadvantaged social conditions or stressful family context , such as those highlighted in our sample , could be unfavorable conditions for school attendance . the main cause of spdt hospitalization was represented by aggressive behavior , mainly for males , followed by the risk of suicide , more frequent in females . this result overlaps the sex difference reported by most studies which highlighted higher rates of suicide attempts in adolescent females.9,1215,49 regarding the sex difference , we observed that the diagnosis of conduct disorder with aggressive and impulsive behavior was prevalent in males , whereas in females , maladjustment reaction with depressive mood and anxiety disorders was the most frequent diagnosis at discharge . our results indirectly are in line with other studies which highlight a correlation between male sex and aggressiveness due to testosterone hormonal profile , although this relationship might represent an  oversimplification  of a complex human behavior , such as aggressiveness.50,51 although substance abuse was prevalent in males , representing for them a frequent reason for hospitalization , we have not observed any statistically significant sex difference . in males and females , cannabinoids use , single or in combination with other substances , was the most common abuse . in both spdt and  the medlar  , we recorded mild and severe aggressive behavior of patients admitted , without any sex difference , with a rate almost double in spdt in comparison to the residential facility . the difference between the two structures could be related to the acute phase of the patients admitted to the spdt , successively transferred in subacute phase to  the medlar  for continuation of care . in line with the local guidelines , all patients in the sample had brief hospitalizations in spdt , which were continued in more than half of the cases in the medlar  . in this facility , they were hospitalized longer with more structured psychotherapeutic and rehabilitative programs extended to all patients admitted . the psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents is an increasing worldwide phenomenon , described only in few studies and still little studied , especially in italy , where the literature on this topic is very poor . our study , which puts in evidence similar trend in psychiatric hospitalizations of adolescents , contributes to analyze this issue . the main limits of this study consist of its retrospective design , limited to only one local health area , with a sample not sufficiently large to permit definitive and generalized conclusions . the analysis of our anamnestic data revealed some important elements , such as the negative statistically significant correlation between parental psychiatric illness and onset age of mental disorders , as well as the high frequency of stressful early life events in the history of our patients . concerning the sex difference , we evidenced that the aggressive behavior in males , mainly suffered from conduct disorders , and suicide attempt in females , were the most frequent reasons for hospitalization , confirming the clinical observation of different sex vulnerability . more studies are needed to explore the relationship between the risk factors and the onset of psychiatric illness in children . more attention is necessary to correctly implement health programs for acute situations in order to permit early treatments for young patients , ensuring that they have as normal a development as possible . we conclude by saying that , even in the case of the adolescent patients , psychiatric treatment must be not only pharmacological but also relational and rehabilitative .
backgroundpsychiatric emergencies of children and adolescents have greatly increased during the last years , but this phenomenon has not been studied in detail . the aim of this study was to analyze the correlation between acute psychiatric hospitalizations of adolescents and selected variables to highlight risk factors for psychiatric emergencies.methodsthis retrospective research was conducted in the acute psychiatric public ward , service of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment ( spdt ) , and in the residential facility for adolescents ,  the medlar  , located in modena . 
 the sample was constituted by all adolescent patients ( n=101 , age range 1418 ) who had acute hospitalizations ( n=140 ) in spdt and had been successively transferred to  the medlar  ( n=83 ) , from february 2 , 2010 to january 31 , 2015 . from clinical charts , we extracted demographic and anamnestic characteristics of patients and clinical variables related to hospitalizations . 
 data were statistically analyzed.resultssixty-one percent of our patients lived with one divorced parent , with adoptive or immigrant family , or in institutions ; 51% had experienced stressful events during childhood ; 81% had a normal intellective level , but only 6% presented regular school performance . 
 parental psychiatric illness was negatively related , in a statistically significantly way , with onset age of adolescent mental disorders ( coefficient 2.28 , 95% confidence interval [ ci ] : 3.53 to 1.01 , p<0.001 , single linear regression ; odds ratio : 4.39 , 95% ci : 1.4313.47 , p<0.010 , single logistic regression ) . 
 the most frequent reasons for admission were aggressive behavior in males and suicide risk in females ( p=0.002 ) . 
 the most frequent psychiatric diagnosis at spdt discharge was  conduct disorder 
 , more frequent in males , followed by  adjustment disorder  , more frequent in females ( p=0.001 ) . in spdt , the adolescent hospitalizations progressively increased fivefold at the end of the observation period.conclusionour results overlap the worldwide trend of increasing adolescent psychiatric hospitalizations , suggest risk factors like parental psychiatric illness and early life stressful events , and highlight the different prevalence of aggressiveness and suicide in males and females .