peptic ulcer disease is common in the general population , with a reported annual incidence of 0.03%0.19%,1 and a lifetime prevalence of approximately 5% in danish citizens aged 3060 years.2 studies of risk factors , incidence , and prognosis are therefore important and often based on data from registries.3 - 7 previous studies using register - based data from the us , canada , and uk have found positive predictive values ( ppvs ) of peptic ulcer diagnoses ranging from 57%100%.8 - 10 discharge diagnoses codes in the danish national patient registry ( dnpr ) generally have a high validity,11 but the validity of uncomplicated peptic ulcer diagnoses ( without bleeding or perforation ) is uncertain,12,13 and no previous studies have aimed to investigate the validity according to the location of the ulcer , ie , duodenal or gastric . the aim of this quality assessment study is to examine the validity of peptic ulcer diagnosis codes in the dnpr overall , and by location of ulcer , by examining gastroscopic records from a danish hospital . the danish civil registration system contains a unique 10-digit identifier for all danish citizens , given at birth or immigration . the identifier provides information on the birth - date and sex of each citizen and allows linkage of patients between health care databases including the dnpr and the aarhus endoscopy registry ( aer).14 the dnpr contains discharge diagnoses from all hospital admissions in denmark since 1977 , and from emergency room and hospital outpatient visits since 1995 . through 1993 , diagnoses were coded according to the international classification of diseases , 8 revision ( icd-8 ) , and thereafter the 10 revision ( icd-10 ) has been used . after each admission , up to 20 diagnoses codes are recorded , one as primary and additional ones as secondary , as well as surgical procedures performed , and the date of admission and discharge.11 endos - copies were recorded according to danish classification of surgical procedures from 1977 to 1995 , and since 1996 according to the nomesco ( nordic medico  statistical committee ) classification of surgical procedures.15 aer is a research database containing records of endoscopic procedures performed at aarhus university hospital ( auh ) in the period 19752007 . the registry covers all gastroscopies , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography , and colonoscopies performed in the outpatient clinic at auh . the registry comprises paper records with detailed descriptions of the endoscopic procedure and of findings of biopsies . we searched for all patients with a first - time ulcer diagnosis ( k25 and k26 ) at auh in the endoscopic outpatient clinic , registered between 01.01.1995 and 31.12.2006 . we excluded patients with previous diagnoses of peptic ulcer disease before the start of our inclusion period ( see supplementary materials for diagnosis codes ) . we then restricted the cohort to patients with at least one gastroscopic examination in relation to the contact leading to the ulcer diagnosis . we identified 382 patients with gastric ulcer and 271 patients with duodenal ulcer . among them , we randomly selected 100 patients with gastric ulcer , and 100 with duodenal ulcer using the sas ranuni function ( sas institute inc . , cary , nc , usa ) . we obtained information on the date of admission , and the type of diagnosis code ( primary or secondary ) . ulcer diagnosis codes were further categorized as acute or chronic , and as uncomplicated or complicated ( ie , bleeding or perforated ulcers ) . we considered the diagnosis confirmed if the endoscopist described gastric or duodenal ulcers , or ulcer cicatrices to indicate recent peptic ulcer disease.16 ulcers of the fundus , corpus , or antrum were considered as gastric , and ulcers in the pyloric canal or duodenum as duodenal . if both gastric and duodenal ulcers were described , we classified the ulcer as combined,16 and we considered the diagnosis code confirmed whether it was a code for gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer . if several gastroscopic examinations had been performed during the same admission , information from all the examinations was obtained . all gastroscopic records were thoroughly investigated by sv , who was blinded to the diagnosis codes recorded in the dnpr . in case of uncertainty about the true diagnosis , the endoscopic description was discussed with an experienced surgeon . according to danish law at the time the study was conducted , quality assessment studies such as this did not require informed consent to review patients medical records . the main outcome of the study was ppv of peptic ulcer diagnoses , defined as the proportion of patients with a peptic ulcer discharge diagnosis in the dnpr who had ulcer disease confirmed by endoscopy . we stratified ulcers by location ( gastric or duodenal ) , complication ( uncomplicated or complicated ulcer ) , time of diagnosis ( 19951998 , 19992002 , 20032006 ) , and type of diagnosis ( primary or secondary ) . data were analyzed with stata software ( version 13.0 ; statacorp lp , college station , tx , usa ) . the danish civil registration system contains a unique 10-digit identifier for all danish citizens , given at birth or immigration . the identifier provides information on the birth - date and sex of each citizen and allows linkage of patients between health care databases including the dnpr and the aarhus endoscopy registry ( aer).14 the dnpr contains discharge diagnoses from all hospital admissions in denmark since 1977 , and from emergency room and hospital outpatient visits since 1995 . through 1993 , diagnoses were coded according to the international classification of diseases , 8 revision ( icd-8 ) , and thereafter the 10 revision ( icd-10 ) has been used . after each admission , up to 20 diagnoses codes are recorded , one as primary and additional ones as secondary , as well as surgical procedures performed , and the date of admission and discharge.11 endos - copies were recorded according to danish classification of surgical procedures from 1977 to 1995 , and since 1996 according to the nomesco ( nordic medico  statistical committee ) classification of surgical procedures.15 aer is a research database containing records of endoscopic procedures performed at aarhus university hospital ( auh ) in the period 19752007 . the registry covers all gastroscopies , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography , and colonoscopies performed in the outpatient clinic at auh . the registry comprises paper records with detailed descriptions of the endoscopic procedure and of findings of biopsies . we searched for all patients with a first - time ulcer diagnosis ( k25 and k26 ) at auh in the endoscopic outpatient clinic , registered between 01.01.1995 and 31.12.2006 . we excluded patients with previous diagnoses of peptic ulcer disease before the start of our inclusion period ( see supplementary materials for diagnosis codes ) . we then restricted the cohort to patients with at least one gastroscopic examination in relation to the contact leading to the ulcer diagnosis . we identified 382 patients with gastric ulcer and 271 patients with duodenal ulcer . among them , we randomly selected 100 patients with gastric ulcer , and 100 with duodenal ulcer using the sas ranuni function ( sas institute inc . , cary , nc , usa ) . we obtained information on the date of admission , and the type of diagnosis code ( primary or secondary ) . ulcer diagnosis codes were further categorized as acute or chronic , and as uncomplicated or complicated ( ie , bleeding or perforated ulcers ) . we considered the diagnosis confirmed if the endoscopist described gastric or duodenal ulcers , or ulcer cicatrices to indicate recent peptic ulcer disease.16 ulcers of the fundus , corpus , or antrum were considered as gastric , and ulcers in the pyloric canal or duodenum as duodenal . if both gastric and duodenal ulcers were described , we classified the ulcer as combined,16 and we considered the diagnosis code confirmed whether it was a code for gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer . if several gastroscopic examinations had been performed during the same admission , information from all the examinations was obtained . all gastroscopic records were thoroughly investigated by sv , who was blinded to the diagnosis codes recorded in the dnpr . in case of uncertainty about the true diagnosis , the endoscopic description was discussed with an experienced surgeon . according to danish law at the time the study was conducted , quality assessment studies such as this did not require informed consent to review patients medical records . the main outcome of the study was ppv of peptic ulcer diagnoses , defined as the proportion of patients with a peptic ulcer discharge diagnosis in the dnpr who had ulcer disease confirmed by endoscopy . we stratified ulcers by location ( gastric or duodenal ) , complication ( uncomplicated or complicated ulcer ) , time of diagnosis ( 19951998 , 19992002 , 20032006 ) , and type of diagnosis ( primary or secondary ) . data were analyzed with stata software ( version 13.0 ; statacorp lp , college station , tx , usa ) . we located and reviewed the endoscopic records of 182 ( 91% ) patients , 93 patients with gastric and 89 patients with duodenal ulcers ( table 1 ) . the remaining 18 patients without an endoscopic record were left out of the analyses , but the characteristics of all 200 sampled patients are listed in table 1 . among the 182 included patients the median age at peptic ulcer diagnosis was 60 years ( interquartile range : 4871 years ) , and more men ( 57% ) than women ( 43% ) were examined . according to the dnpr , 71 patients ( 39% ) had acute ulcers , 57 ( 31% ) had chronic ulcers , and 54 ( 30% ) had unspecified ulcers , whereas only one patient had a complicated ulcer ( table 1 ) . in total , 174 of 182 patients diagnosed with peptic ulcer had endoscopically confirmed ulcer disease , corresponding to a ppv of 95.6% ( 91.598.1 ) ( table 2 ) . the ppv of gastric ulcer diagnoses was 90.3% ( 82.495.5 ) , and the ppv of duodenal ulcer diagnosis was 94.4% ( 87.498.2 ) . the validity of peptic ulcer diagnoses was constant over time , and primary diagnoses were highly valid ( 96.5% [ 92.698.7 ] ) . the ppv of the ten secondary diagnoses was imprecisely estimated ( 80.0% [ 44.497.5 ] ) ( table 2 ) . among the confirmed peptic ulcers , we found ulcer cicatrices indicating recent peptic ulcer disease in ten patients ( 5.5% ) ( table s1 ) . the eight patients ( 4.4% ) with no peptic ulcer disease had gastritis ( n=7 ) and esophagitis ( n=1 ) ( table s1 ) . we located and reviewed the endoscopic records of 182 ( 91% ) patients , 93 patients with gastric and 89 patients with duodenal ulcers ( table 1 ) . the remaining 18 patients without an endoscopic record were left out of the analyses , but the characteristics of all 200 sampled patients are listed in table 1 . among the 182 included patients the median age at peptic ulcer diagnosis was 60 years ( interquartile range : 4871 years ) , and more men ( 57% ) than women ( 43% ) were examined . according to the dnpr , 71 patients ( 39% ) had acute ulcers , 57 ( 31% ) had chronic ulcers , and 54 ( 30% ) had unspecified ulcers , whereas only one patient had a complicated ulcer ( table 1 ) . in total , 174 of 182 patients diagnosed with peptic ulcer had endoscopically confirmed ulcer disease , corresponding to a ppv of 95.6% ( 91.598.1 ) ( table 2 ) . the ppv of gastric ulcer diagnoses was 90.3% ( 82.495.5 ) , and the ppv of duodenal ulcer diagnosis was 94.4% ( 87.498.2 ) . the validity of peptic ulcer diagnoses was constant over time , and primary diagnoses were highly valid ( 96.5% [ 92.698.7 ] ) . the ppv of the ten secondary diagnoses was imprecisely estimated ( 80.0% [ 44.497.5 ] ) ( table 2 ) . among the confirmed peptic ulcers , we found ulcer cicatrices indicating recent peptic ulcer disease in ten patients ( 5.5% ) ( table s1 ) . the eight patients ( 4.4% ) with no peptic ulcer disease had gastritis ( n=7 ) and esophagitis ( n=1 ) ( table s1 ) . we found outpatient peptic ulcer diagnosis codes in the dnpr to be highly valid in terms of presence and location of the ulcer . a minor part of the ulcer diagnoses covered ulcer cicatrices and no active ulcer disease . a study from canada found ppvs of hospital - based peptic ulcer diagnoses ranging from 57% to 70%,8 which is substantially lower than our estimates , possibly caused by differences in study populations or quality of registries . also , a study from the us reported ppvs of 61%66%,9 but they did not restrict inclusion to patients who were examined endoscopically , and diagnoses were only confirmed in case of active ulcer disease . in agreement with our findings , peptic ulcer disease diagnoses from a uk primary health care database , were confirmed endoscopically or visually during surgical procedures among 92%100% of patients.10 while the ppv of a given condition depends on its prevalence in the study population , the 1-year ulcer prevalence is comparable in the uk and denmark and therefore unlikely to explain the difference in ppv.1 two previous studies reported the validity of ulcer diagnoses in the dnpr . the first was designed to examine incidence and mortality rates in patients with complicated and uncomplicated peptic ulcers . it reported ppvs of uncomplicated gastric ulcer ( 75% ) and uncomplicated duodenal ulcer ( 71%),12 but the inclusion criteria and criteria for confirmation of ulcers were not reported . the second study reported an overall ppv of ulcer disease of 98% , but they did not report confirmation criteria , nor did they validate the diagnoses by location.13 our study has several strengths . in denmark , we have universal and equal access to health care services , which minimizes the risk of referral and selection bias , and dnpr is generally of high completeness and quality.11 the reviewer of the endoscopic records was blinded to the location of ulcer according to the dnpr , minimizing the risk of observer bias.17 our study has several potential limitations . we had access to endoscopic records only from one gastroenterology department at a university hospital , and we restricted inclusion to endoscopically examined patients . possibly , some patients are diagnosed with peptic ulcer in the dnpr without gastroscopic confirmation , which is why the high ppv we found may not be applied to all diagnoses recorded in the dnpr.11 in addition , because our sample only included patients diagnosed at an endoscopic outpatient clinic , the frequency of complicated ulcers was low . future studies need to investigate the validity of complicated peptic ulcer diagnosis codes , as well as any potential differences in quality of coding between specialist and non - specialist clinics . finally , we conclude that outpatient diagnosis codes of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease in the dnpr are highly valid for patients examined with gastroscopy . we found a high ppv of peptic ulcer diagnoses including localization as gastric or duodenal . the high ppvs indicate that the diagnoses have high specificity and are suitable for research purposes . hospital code : 7003 ( aarhus district general hospital , nrrebrogade 44 , 8000 aarhus c , denmark ) . we included patients with the following international classification of diseases , 10 revision ( icd-10 ) peptic ulcer diagnoses : all peptic ulcers ( k25 or k26 ) . specifically gastric ulcers ( k25 ) and duodenal ulcers ( k26 ) . specifically uncomplicated ulcers ( k25.3 , k25.7 , k25.9 , k26.3 , k26.7 , k26.9 ) and complicated ulcers ( k25.0 , k25.1 , k25.2 , k25.4 , k25.5 , k25.6 , k26.0 , k26.1 , k26.2 , k26.4 , k26.5 , k26.6 ) . we used the following icd-8 diagnosis codes to exclude patients with an ulcer diagnosis before 01.01.1995 : 531 gastric ulcer , 532 duodenal ulcer , 533 peptic ulcer site unspecified , 534 gastrojejunal ulcer . description of endoscopic findings among 182 patients with a diagnosis code of gastric or duodenal ulcer hospital code : 7003 ( aarhus district general hospital , nrrebrogade 44 , 8000 aarhus c , denmark ) . we included patients with the following international classification of diseases , 10 revision ( icd-10 ) peptic ulcer diagnoses : all peptic ulcers ( k25 or k26 ) . specifically gastric ulcers ( k25 ) and duodenal ulcers ( k26 ) . specifically uncomplicated ulcers ( k25.3 , k25.7 , k25.9 , k26.3 , k26.7 , k26.9 ) and complicated ulcers ( k25.0 , k25.1 , k25.2 , k25.4 , k25.5 , k25.6 , k26.0 , k26.1 , k26.2 , k26.4 , k26.5 , k26.6 ) . we used the following icd-8 diagnosis codes to exclude patients with an ulcer diagnosis before 01.01.1995 : 531 gastric ulcer , 532 duodenal ulcer , 533 peptic ulcer site unspecified , 534 gastrojejunal ulcer . description of endoscopic findings among 182 patients with a diagnosis code of gastric or duodenal ulcer
backgrounddiagnoses of peptic ulcer are registered in the danish national patient registry ( dnpr ) for administrative as well as research purposes , but it is unknown whether the coding validity depends on the location of the ulcer.objectiveto validate the international classification of diseases , 10th revision diagnosis codes of peptic ulcer in the dnpr by estimating positive predictive values ( ppvs ) for gastric and duodenal ulcer diagnoses.methodswe identified all patients registered with a hospital discharge diagnosis of peptic ulcer from aarhus university hospital , denmark , in 19952006 . among them , we randomly selected 200 who had an outpatient gastroscopy at the time of ulcer diagnosis . 
 we reviewed the findings from these gastroscopies to confirm the presence of peptic ulcer and its location . 
 we calculated ppvs and corresponding 95% confidence intervals ( cis ) of gastric and duodenal ulcer diagnoses , using descriptions from the gastroscopic examinations as standard reference.resultsin total , 182 records ( 91% ) were available for review . 
 the overall ppv of peptic ulcer diagnoses in dnpr was 95.6% ( 95% ci 91.598.1 ) , with ppvs of 90.3% ( 95% ci 82.495.5 ) for gastric ulcer diagnoses , and 94.4% ( 95% ci 87.498.2 ) for duodenal ulcer diagnoses . 
 ppvs were constant over time.conclusionthe ppv of uncomplicated peptic ulcer diagnoses in the dnpr is high , and the location of the ulcers is registered correctly in most cases , indicating that the diagnoses are useful for research purposes .