because of its initial discovery in d. suzukii traps in 2011 , z. indianus adults were also monitored in surveys for d. suzukii in various small fruit plantings in adams , york , dauphin , tioga , lehigh , clearfield , and centre counties in pennsylvania in 2012 . in adams county , cylindrical traps made of clear plastic deli cup ( 1 liter ) ( n  =  16 , n  =  4 per crop type ) , each containing approximately 200250  ml of apple cider vinegar ( acv ; 5% acidity ) as bait , were used for monitoring d. suzukii and z. indianus adults in raspberry , blackberry , grape , and tart cherry fields . the traps were checked weekly and acv was replaced in each trap at that time . all insect captures were filtered from the acv using a fine - mesh sieve funnel and stored in 70% ethyl alcohol for identification in the laboratory . insect specimens captured in d. suzukii acv traps during 2011 in adams county were also re - examined for the presence of z. indianus adults . all specimens were identified to species level and voucher specimens were sent to the pennsylvania department of agriculture ( pda)/usda and then on to united states department of agriculture - animal and plant health inspection service for confirmation . z. for each week , pairwise comparisons were done among all crops using tukey s honest significant differences post hoc test ( zar 1999 ) . in september and october 2012 , z. indianus adults were collected in pda grape and tomato commodity pest surveys in york and dauphin counties , pennsylvania . these captures were made with a plastic delta trap baited with european grapeberry moth , lobesia botrana ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) lure ( ( e , z)-7,9-dodecadien-1-yl acetate , bedoukian research , inc . , danbury , ct ) , a paper delta trap baited with tuta absoluta ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) lure(iscalure - tuta , isca technologies , inc . , riverside , ca ) , and bucket traps baited with spodoptera littoralis ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) lure ( ( z , e)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol , bedoukian research , inc . ) . after these initial discoveries of z. indianus , additional monitoring late in the growing season ( october ) of the same year , using deli cup style traps baited with acv or other lures ( such as red wine with acv ) in various small fruit plantings ( e.g. , blueberry , red and black raspberry , blackberry ) in tioga , lehigh , clearfield , and center counties in pennsylvania , found additional records of z. indianus . superbait  used in the monitoring traps consisted of 650  ml of water , 235  ml of fisheye merlot red wine ( imported from australia by fisheye winery , ripon , ca ) , 45  ml of unsulfured molasses ( brer rabbit , b&g foods , inc . , roseland , nj ) , and 22  ml of acv diluted with water to 5% acidity ( great value store brand , walmart stores , inc . , bentonville , ar ) . the first identification of z. indianus in pennsylvania was made by the pda on 5 october 2012 and was subsequently confirmed by usda . the specimen was from a pda grape commodity pest survey . 1 ) were discovered in adams county while monitoring for the more serious invasive fruit fly pest d. suzukii ( spotted wing drosophila ) , which was first found in adams county in july 2011 ( biddinger et  al . 2011 , 2012 ) . a re - examination of the spotted wing drosophila fruit fly samples saved from 2011 found many additional specimens of z. indianus which had not been identified at that time . during 2012 season , z. indianus adults were found in d. suzukii acv traps placed in raspberry , blackberry , grape , and tart cherry commercial fields . late seasonal capture of z. indianus adults in d. suzukii acv traps deployed in various small fruit crops is presented in fig . 2 . weekly capture of z. indianus was not significantly different ( p  >  0.05 , df  =  3 ) among the crops monitored in this study ( fig . the highest number of z. indianus adults peaked in acv traps during the second week of october , but quickly declined and no adults were captured during the first 2 wk of november ( fig . the late season captures of z. indianus during october in pennsylvania s climatic regime indicate its potential of becoming a pest and the possibility of rapid colonization in agroecosystems of pennsylvania . the unusually mild winter of 20112012 may have allowed z. indianus to survive , but the fact we found them also after the more typical winter of 20102011 means this similar trend in the weekly capture of z. indianus was found while conducting a co - operative survey of d. suzukii and other invasive fruit flies in various fruit crops in pennsylvania and maryland ( biddinger et  al . 1.zaprionus indianus ( adult specimens ) collected from acv traps in adams county , pennsylvania , during 2012 ( picture by d.j.b . ) . 2.mean seasonal weekly adult captures of zaprionus indianus , african fig fly , in acv traps in various fruit crops ( blackberry , raspberry , grape , and cherry ) in adams county , pennsylvania , during 2012 . zaprionus indianus ( adult specimens ) collected from acv traps in adams county , pennsylvania , during 2012 ( picture by d.j.b . ) . mean seasonal weekly adult captures of zaprionus indianus , african fig fly , in acv traps in various fruit crops ( blackberry , raspberry , grape , and cherry ) in adams county , pennsylvania , during 2012 . four specimens of z. indianus were collected in pda grape and tomato commodity pest surveys in york and dauphin counties . these captures were made with different traps and lures intend for monitoring l. 
 botrana , t. 
 absoluta , and s. littoralis . in york county , z. indianus was recorded in three trap locations ( 40.010167n76.610919w , 40.010718n76.611333w , and 39.790702n76.695272w ) , while in dauphin county , it was found in only one trap location ( 40.248073n76.770494w ) . there were no repeat captures of z. indianus adults in any individual trap location . in addition to captures in adams , dauphin and york counties , z. indianus adults were also found in traps deployed to monitor d. suzukii in several other locations / counties in pennsylvania late in the 2012 growing season . in tioga county ( northeastern pennsylvania bordering new york ) , deli cup style traps baited with acv were deployed in a commercial blueberry planting and nearby wild black raspberry and wild blackberry bushes . z. indianus adults were found in all 3 fruit species in very low numbers ( 2 , 1 , and 1 , respectively ) in traps collected on 11 three z. indianus adults were also caught in deli cup style traps baited with acv in lehigh county ( southeastern pennsylvania ) in grapes . these samples were collected on 29 october 2012 and had also been deployed for 2 wk . thirty - four z. indianus adults were caught in an experiment in clearfield county , pennsylvania ( central pennsylvania ) that was intended to compare differences in bait attractiveness to d. suzukii . deli cup style traps were deployed in a patch of wild blackberries ( rubus allegheniensis ) in clearfield county , pennsylvania , growing in a former pasture surrounded by a mixed species woods ( primarily prunus serotina , acer rubrum , robinia pseudoacacia , and picea abies ) . four blocks of traps used to test various baits were deployed in a randomized complete block design . at least three times as many z. indianus adults were caught in a 60:40 mixture of merlot red wine : acv than in other baits ( acv , acv  +  white grape juice , or superbait ; eaton 2012 ) tested . five z. indianus adults were also caught in centre county , pennsylvania , in an identical experiment that was conducted in high tunnels of red raspberries with four blocks , and traps were deployed on 24 october 2012 and collected on 31 october 2012 . although the numbers were too low to detect significant differences , red wine and acv again numerically attracted the most z. indianus adults . z. indianus is a polyphagous species , which is known to infest fruits of over 70 plant species in its native african region ( lachaise and tsacas 1983 ) . similarly in florida ( usa ) , it has been reported from different host plants , and had been reared on fruits of many tropical and subtropical fruits such as loquat , guava , oranges , palm , longan , cashew , pomegranate , and grape ( steck 2005 , van der linde et  al . z. indianus had also been reared on some temperate fruits such as apricot and cherries ( al - jboory and katbeh - bader 2012 ) . unlike d. suzukii , the female z. indianus adults are unable to insert eggs into the fruit surface ; in general , z. indianus oviposit on the surface of previously damaged fruit ( tidon et  al . 2003 , steck 2005 ) . in its primary host ( fig , ficus carica ) , z. indianus adult females are known to deposit eggs on the ostiole of fresh fruits from where maggots enter the soft and fleshy internal part of the fruit ( vilela et  al . it has been reported to damage up to 50% of the fig fruit ( vilela 1999 ) . the united states is ranked sixth in the world with over 38,000 tons of fig production ( faostat 2009 ) . z. indianus had been reported from several fig producing states , including california , which contributes 98% of the total fig production in the united states ( united states department of agriculture - national agricultural statistics service 2012 ) . however , in pennsylvania , fig is a minor specialty crop , but can be grown in high tunnels from late spring to fall ( orzolek et  al . z. indianus may establish as a primary fig pest in pennsylvania and the mid - atlantic region where cold - tolerant and other varieties of fig are currently sold commercially or are being developed for production . in addition to its primary host , z. indianus has been reported to infest ripened peaches in brazil ( santos et  al . 2003 ) . peach production in pennsylvania is ranked fifth nationally with 17,690 tons of production in 2011 valued at $ 23.5 million ( united states department of agriculture -national agricultural statistics service 2012 ) . currently , several species of pests infest peaches in pennsylvania s fruit - growing region ( hull et  al . 2009a , b ; hull and joshi 2011a , b ) . this invasive species could become another pest in peaches , mainly in  you - pick  orchards with tree ripen fruits and orchards with peach fruits with split pits growth deformities or from previous injuries . in commercial peach orchards , however , z. indianus is unlikely to be a significant pest , as peaches are commercially picked very green and the peach pubescence should provide some protection from such a small fly . however , smooth - skinned nectarines and plums which are picked closer to maturity for sale at road - side stands could be more vulnerable to z. indianus and should be monitored in the future . most at risk from z. indianus could be wine grapes or juice grapes , which often have low levels of damaged berries from other insects or diseases at harvest and are valued at $ 26.7 million in pennsylvania in 2011 ( united states department of agriculture - national agricultural statistics service 2012 ) . other small fruits such as blackberry and raspberry , already damaged by d. suzukii or other pests , could also be at risk of infestation by z. indianus for the same reason .
zaprionus indianus ( gupta ) ( diptera : drosophilidae ) , an invasive vinegar fly , was found for the first time in adams county , pennsylvania , in 2011 . 
 it was found in a commercial tart cherry orchard using apple cider vinegar ( acv ) traps that were monitoring another invasive vinegar fly , the spotted wing drosophila , drosophila suzukii ( matsumura ) ( diptera : drosophilidae ) . 
 coincidentally , the first record of d. suzukii found in pennsylvania was also found in this same cherry orchard only 3 months earlier as part of a spotted wing drosophila survey effort in raspberry , blackberry , grape , and tart cherry in adams county . 
 these same crops plus blueberry and tomato were monitored again in 2012 . in this article 
 , adult z. indianus captures in acv traps and other traps deployed in the aforementioned crops during 2012 season are presented and the economic importance of z. indianus is discussed .