it is the third most common type of cancer in men in the netherlands ( 14% ) and the second most common type of cancer in women ( 13% ) . in 2008 in the netherlands , 12,127 new cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed . of these , 3,986 were rectal cancers . one fifth of patients with rectal cancer in the netherlands present with metastatic disease , and treatment is palliative for patients with non - resectable metastases . for years , 5-fluorouracil ( 5-fu ) based chemotherapy remained the cornerstone of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer . since 2000 , with the introduction of the new agents oxaliplatin and irinotecan and from 2005 with combination of chemotherapy with targeted therapy drugs , such as bevacizumab and cetuximab response rate and overall survival data further improved [ 511 ] . recently , we published population - based survival data of patients who presented with metastatic colon cancer at diagnosis in the period from 1990 to 2004 . remarkably , the survival of patients who did not receive palliative chemotherapy remained only 22  weeks . survival of patients receiving chemotherapy increased , however , from 54  weeks in the period 19901994 to 72  weeks in 20032004 . patients who presented with metastatic rectal cancer might differ from colon cancer with respect to ( presenting ) symptoms , treatment and biological behaviour . in this study we report the results of the population - based survival data of the patients who presented with metastatic rectal cancer in the period from 1992 until 2008 in the south of the netherlands . population - based data from the eindhoven cancer registry ( ecr ) was used , which is maintained by the comprehensive cancer centre south . the ecr records data on all patients newly diagnosed with cancer in the southern part of the netherlands , an area with 2.3 million inhabitants . the ecr is served by 10 community hospitals , six pathology departments , and two radiotherapy institutes . data on patient characteristics like gender , date of birth , and postal code and tumour characteristics like date of diagnosis , tumour type , histology , subsite , stage , and treatment are routinely extracted from the medical records by trained registrars . the quality of the data is consistent due to thorough training of the registration clerks and computerised consistency checks at regional and national level . all patients diagnosed with primary metastatic cancer of the rectum or rectosigmoid junction ( anatomical tumour location c19c20 , according to the international classification of diseases for oncology icd - o-3 ) from 1992 to 2008 in the registration area of the ecr were included ( n  =  1,319 ) . stage of the disease was defined according to tumour  lymph node  metastasis ( tnm ) classification . data on localisation of metastases were available on organ level , also in case of multiple locations in different organs . no information was available on the number of metastatic lesions within an organ , nor on the size of the metastatic lesions . chemotherapy ( yes versus no ) was defined as prescription of any chemotherapy at initial diagnosis and up to 6  months after . date of diagnosis was divided into three periods according to the availability of chemotherapy for metastatic rectal cancer patients : 19921999 ( period in which a relatively small part of patients with metastatic rectal cancer received chemotherapy ) , 20002004 ( main treatment remained 5-fu based therapy ) , and 20052008 ( combination therapy more generally used , also due to the cairo study , including increased use of targeted therapy drugs ) . radiotherapy was defined as radiotherapy directed at the primary tumour , or directed at metastases , where appropriate . surgery was defined as resection of the primary tumour , or as metastasectomy ( resection of metastases in any organ ) , where appropriate . prognostically relevant concomitant conditions are recorded from the medical records according to a slightly adapted version of the charlson index , on a routine basis since 1995 [ 17 , 18 ] . socio - economic status ( ses ) of the patient was defined at neighborhood level ( based on postal code of residence area , 17 households on average ) combining mean household income and mean value of the house / apartment . postal codes were assigned to one of 3 ses categories : low ( 1st3rd decile ) , intermediate ( 4th7th decile ) , and high ( 8th10th decile ) . for patients residing in nursing homes , a special ses category was assigned . differences in the receipt of chemotherapy between periods of diagnosis and between patient and tumour factors were tested for by means of a  test . a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify the independent influence of the aforementioned factors . follow - up of vital status of all patients was complete up to 1 january 2010 . in addition to passive follow - up via the hospitals , this information was actively obtained from the municipal personal records database . survival time was defined as the time from diagnosis to death or 1 january 2010 for the patients who were still alive . a log - rank test was carried out to evaluate significant differences between survival curves . a multivariable proportional hazards regression analysis was used to discriminate independent risk factors for death . to investigate the effect of treatment on any improvement in survival over time , a model including and a model excluding the various treatment options was built . sas / stat statistical software ( sas system 9.1 , sas institute , cary , nc ) was used for the analyses . the proportion of patients with rectal cancer diagnosed with synchronous metastases ( stage iv ) increased from 16% in 19921999 to 20% in 20052008 ( p  < 0.0001 ) ( table  1).table  1proportion of patients with rectal cancer diagnosed with synchronous metastases ( stage iv ) , as a proportion of stage i  iv patients diagnosed with rectal cancer between 1992 and 2008 in the south of the netherlands , by period of diagnosisperiod of diagnosisproportion m1 at diagnosis ( % ) 199219991620002004192005200820 test of difference in stage distribution between periods of diagnosis , p - value < 0.0001 proportion of patients with rectal cancer diagnosed with synchronous metastases ( stage iv ) , as a proportion of stage i  iv patients diagnosed with rectal cancer between 1992 and 2008 in the south of the netherlands , by period of diagnosis  test of difference in stage distribution between periods of diagnosis , p - value < 0.0001 overall , the proportion of patients treated with chemotherapy increased from 27% in 19921999 to 58% in 20052008 ( p  < 0.0001 ) ( table  2 ) . both among younger and older patients administration of chemotherapy increased , although large age - related differences remained . patients with a high socio - economic status ( ses ) and those without comorbidity more frequently received chemotherapy , as did male patients in the most recent period.table  2general characteristics including proportion of patients receiving chemotherapy ( ct)199219992000200420052008nct ( % ) nct ( % ) nct ( % ) overall415274564744858**age  < 70243372836125176  70 + 17212**17324**19736**gender  male261292814728162  female154241754616752*socio - economic status  low92211253912656  intermediate1693119050177858  high116301155612364  institutionalised2291718**110 * *  unknown16259221173comorbidity  none174341685415069  one comorbid condition116251354712758  two or more comorbid conditions62199834**13547 * *  unknown631955493653site of metastasis  liver only255292615023758  other160241954321158registered since 1993 ; patients diagnosed in 1992 designated to  unknown comorbidity test of difference in chemotherapy use between periods of diagnosis *  p - value  >  0.05 (  test of difference in chemotherapy use between values of one variable within the same period of diagnosis , excluding unknown category ) * *  p - value  >  0.01 (  test of difference in chemotherapy use between values of one variable within the same period of diagnosis , excluding unknown category ) general characteristics including proportion of patients receiving chemotherapy ( ct ) registered since 1993 ; patients diagnosed in 1992 designated to  unknown comorbidity  test of difference in chemotherapy use between periods of diagnosis *  p - value  >  0.05 (  test of difference in chemotherapy use between values of one variable within the same period of diagnosis , excluding unknown category ) * *  p - value  >  0.01 (  test of difference in chemotherapy use between values of one variable within the same period of diagnosis , excluding unknown category ) chemotherapy rates by year of diagnosis are depicted in fig .  1a , showing the apparent increase over time ( 61% in 2008 ) ( p  <  0.0001 ) . as can be seen in the same figure , resection rates of the primary tumour decreased from 65% in 1992 to 27% in 2008 ( p  >  0.0001 ) . metastasectomy rates increased until 1999 up to 9% , and remained relatively stable afterwards ( p  =  0.3 ) . in fig . radiotherapy rates directed at the primary tumour , not preceded or followed by a resection , also remained relatively constant over time , while pre- or postoperative radiotherapy rates increased up to 2002 , and declined after 2004 , coupled to the lower resection rates in these years ( p  <  0.0001).fig . 1trend in treatment of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases in the south of the netherlands , 19922006 . a chemotherapy and resection ( black line chemotherapy , grey line resection of primary tumour , dashed grey line metastasectomy ) . b radiotherapy ( black line radiotherapy without resection ( primary tumour ) , grey line pre- or postoperative radiotherapy ( primary tumour ) , dashed grey line radiotherapy ( metastases ) ) trend in treatment of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases in the south of the netherlands , 19922006 . a chemotherapy and resection ( black line chemotherapy , grey line resection of primary tumour , dashed grey line metastasectomy ) . b radiotherapy ( black line radiotherapy without resection ( primary tumour ) , grey line pre- or postoperative radiotherapy ( primary tumour ) , dashed grey line radiotherapy ( metastases ) ) crude overall survival rates improved between the first two periods , and remained stable in 20052008 ( fig .  2 ) . median survival increased from 38  weeks ( cl 3244 ) in 19921999 to 50  weeks in 20002005 ( cl 4559 ) , and to 53  weeks ( cl 4861 ) in 20052008 ( table  3 ) . median survival of patients receiving chemotherapy also showed an increasing trend until 20002004 without any further improvement afterwards , although confidence limits overlapped throughout the whole study period . for patients with metastases confined to the liver , an improving trend could be noted from 41  weeks in 19921999 to 67  weeks in 20002004 . median survival of patients who were not treated with chemotherapy remained dismal over time , at around 30  weeks . in table  4 2crude survival ( in weeks ) of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases in the south of the netherlands , by period of diagnosis . dashed grey line 19921999 , grey line 20002004 , black line 20052008table  3median survival ( in weeks ) of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases , according to receipt of chemotherapy , and separately for patients with metastases confined to the liver , by period of diagnosismedian survival in weeks ( cl)all patientspatients receiving chemotherapypatients with metastases confined to liverpatients not receiving chemotherapy1992199938 ( 3244)67 ( 5676)41 ( 3251)29 ( 2435)2000200450 ( 4559)79 ( 6591)67 ( 5780)33 ( 2739)2005200853 ( 4861)75 ( 6689)64 ( 5375)25 ( 1931)cl confidence limitstable  4median survival ( in weeks ) of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases , according to patient characteristics , by period of diagnosismedian survival in weeks ( cl)agegendersocio - economic statuscomorbidity<7070+malefemalelowinter - mediatehighnoneone comorbid conditiontwo comorbid conditions1992199946 ( 3957)28 ( 2135)36 ( 2845)39 ( 3248)38 ( 2945)41 ( 2951)40 ( 2757)45 ( 3635)33 ( 2551)33 ( 1940)2000200465 ( 5378)34 ( 2840)50 ( 4064)51 ( 4364)47 ( 3557)52 ( 4065)63 ( 4581)63 ( 4977)49 ( 3965)36 ( 2649)2005200873 ( 5989)34 ( 2742)62 ( 5372)42 ( 2951)51 ( 3761)56 ( 4769)60 ( 4871)71 ( 4991)53 ( 3666)49 ( 3758)cl confidence limits crude survival ( in weeks ) of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases in the south of the netherlands , by period of diagnosis . dashed grey line 19921999 , grey line 20002004 , black line 20052008 median survival ( in weeks ) of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases , according to receipt of chemotherapy , and separately for patients with metastases confined to the liver , by period of diagnosis median survival ( in weeks ) of patients with rectal cancer and synchronous metastases , according to patient characteristics , by period of diagnosis the improvement in median survival seen in table  3 seems to be largely caused by improved survival among patients aged 70 or younger ( from 46 to 73  weeks ) . remarkably , the increase in median survival was larger among males compared to females , especially in the most recent period ( median survival 20052008 : males 62 ( 5372 ) weeks ; females 42 ( 2951 ) weeks . in table  5 , after adjustment for all variables listed including not only various modes of treatment but also ses and anatomic sublocalisation , a lower risk of death could be observed for patients diagnosed in more recent years . furthermore , of prognostic value were age , presence of comorbidity , depth of penetration , nodal status , localisation of metastases , chemotherapy use , metastasectomy , and radiotherapy directed at the primary tumour . undergoing a resection of the primary tumour was of borderline statistical significance . although after inclusion of treatment variables ( model 2 ) the effect of period of diagnosis decreased somewhat compared to the model without adjustment for treatment ( model 1 ) , a significant effect of period of diagnosis remained , which means that other factors besides treatment were likely to be partly responsible for the decreased risk of death observed in more recent years , such as stage migration.table  5multivariable proportional hazards regression analyses for patients diagnosed with synchronous metastatic rectal cancer in the south of the netherlands , 19922008model 1 , not adjusted for treatmentmodel 2 , adjusted for treatmenthrp - valuehrp - valueperiod of diagnosis  199219991.8<0.00011.5<0.0001  200020041.30.00051.30.003  200520081.01.0age ( years )  < 701.01.0  70 + 1.4<0.00011.20.009gender  males1.01.0  females1.00.51.10.3comorbidity  no comorbidity1.01.0  one comorbid condition1.00.71.10.6  two or more comorbid conditions1.20.031.20.09depth of penetration , primary tumour t1,20.60.0040.60.004  t31.01.0  t41.20.011.40.0006nodal status  n00.70.00020.70.0002  n1,21.01.0localisation of metastases  liver only1.01.0  other0.90.0060.90.02chemotherapy use  no1.0  yes0.5<0.0001metastasectomy  no1.0  yes0.5<0.0001resection of primary tumour  no1.0 yes0.30.07radiotherapy directed at primary tumour  no1.0  yes0.7<0.0001radiotherapy directed at metastases  no1.0  yes1.20.2adjusted for all listed variables including socio - economic status and anatomic sublocalisation ( rectosigmoid junction vs. rectum)reference category multivariable proportional hazards regression analyses for patients diagnosed with synchronous metastatic rectal cancer in the south of the netherlands , 19922008 adjusted for all listed variables including socio - economic status and anatomic sublocalisation ( rectosigmoid junction vs. rectum ) in this population - based study we investigated the survival of patients presenting with metastatic rectal cancer in the south of the netherlands between 1992 and 2008 . the proportion of patients presenting with stage iv rectal cancer in the eindhoven cancer registry increased from 16% in the period 19921999 to 20% in the period 20052008 . the diagnostic work - up for rectal cancer has changed dramatically , with standard use of procedures like mri and/or endo - echography of the rectum and ct scan of thorax and abdomen to exclude metastasis . stage migration is important to consider when interpreting any stage specific improvements in cancer . of interest is that in our study , the overall survival in patients not receiving chemotherapy remained stable over time at about 30  weeks , which is longer in comparison to other published series in metastatic colorectal cancer , including our data on stage iv colon cancer showing survival of 22  weeks . this survival benefit in stage iv rectal cancer might be caused by a more early diagnosis of rectal cancer due to more alarming symptoms ( e.g. rectal bleeding , tenesmus , incomplete defecation ) and thus lower tumor load at time of diagnosis resulting in a prolonged survival . proximal colon cancer is usually related to the nucleotide instability pathway , as microsatellite instability ( msi ) and distal cancer are associated with special chromosomal instability ( cin ) . these differences might be partially explained by different embryological development and physiological circumstances . [ 13 , 21 , 22 ] also environmental factors such as diet and alcohol influence the development of tumors at different sites of the colorectum . the possible different biological behavior of rectal cancer might partly explain the lower effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy in non - metastatic rectal cancer . our study showed that the median overall survival of metastatic rectal cancer patients increased significantly from 38  weeks in the period 19921999 to 53  weeks in the period 20052008 . among patients receiving chemotherapy the use of palliative chemotherapy kept increasing until 2006 , and remained constant afterwards at 6065% . for patients older than 70  years there was a threefold increase from 12% to 36% between 19921999 and 20052008 . it can be speculated that this remarkable increase in the use of chemotherapy among older patients suggests that these patients are increasingly reasonably fit with limited tumor related symptoms . however , there may also be an increased awareness of the benefits of palliative chemotherapy by the oncologist , patient and family . for patients receiving chemotherapy since 2000 the median overall survival remained constant , despite the use of more and newer cytostatic drugs and biological therapies in recent years . this might partly be caused by the rather limited number of patients ( despite the population - based nature of our study ) , but might also indicate that at population level , patients with metastatic rectal cancer do not benefit from the availability of oxaliplatin and targeted therapies in addition to 5-fu - based treatment . it is possible that a relatively large proportion of the patients did not receive combination chemotherapy , but unfortunately , we only had data available on whether a patient received chemotherapy , not on the type or combinations of chemotherapy . among patients with metastases confined to the liver , median overall survival also seemed to level off after 2000 . a possible explanation for the improved survival of patients with metastases confined to the liver compared to the 1990  s may be an improved outcome after liver resection [ 23 , 24 ] , and an increased proportion of patients becoming eligible for curative liver resection after neoadjuvant chemotherapy [ 2527 ] . the fact that survival tended to decrease over time among patients who did not receive chemotherapy can be explained by the large increase in chemotherapy administration rates , leaving behind the patients who are most frail , or have the most widespread disease . younger patients ( < 70  years ) accounted almost fully for the observed increases in survival of the total group . interestingly , males showed a much larger improvement in most recent years compared to females . this may be partly explained by a lower chemotherapy administration rate among females ; we are not aware of gender - related differences in effectiveness of modern chemotherapy regimens . after adjustment for patient- and tumour factors , a more recent period of diagnosis after additional adjustment for relevant treatment modalities such as chemotherapy , a more recent period of diagnosis was still associated with a lower hazard ratio . this means that other factors such as stage migration played an important part , which is not unexpected in view of the growing proportion of patients being diagnosed with metastatic disease . this means that an increasing proportion of patients is probably diagnosed with smaller and/or fewer metastatic lesions due to increasingly more effective imaging techniques . these patients , who tended to be wrongfully diagnosed as m0 patients in the past , have a better prognosis solely based on the less widespread extent of disease . unfortunately , no on the size and number of metastatic lesions without lesions information was available in our study . also the hazard ratios of specific treatment modalities have to be interpreted with caution , in view of the retrospective nature of this study ; it is likely that selection of fitter patients for a certain treatment (  confounding by indication ) has biased the results . for example , chemotherapy was associated with a hazard ratio of 0.5 , but this figure is biased in the context of a retrospective , non - randomised study as ours . our data show that with the increased use of chemotherapy and probably stage migration there was a decrease in local treatment with surgery , radiotherapy , or the combination of both therapies . some authors have pled in favour of primary systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic rectal cancer and suggest that surgery and radiotherapy should be reserved for patients presenting with resectable metastatic disease or severe symptoms of bowel obstruction [ 2830 ] . from our retrospective data , it is not possible to draw conclusions on any beneficial or harmful effect of the decreased resection rates of the primary tumour . in conclusion , the results of this population - based study among patients with metastatic rectal cancer showed a relatively long median survival of patients without systemic treatment . the administration of chemotherapy increased from 5% in 1992 to 61% in 2008 , together with a reduction in the use of surgery and radiotherapy , while median survival improved from 38 to 53  weeks .
we analysed population - based treatment and survival data of patients who presented with metastatic rectal cancer . 
 all patients diagnosed with primary synchronous metastatic rectal cancer between 1992 and 2008 in the eindhoven cancer registry area were included . 
 date of diagnosis was divided into three periods ( 19921999 , 20002004 , 20052008 ) according to the availability of chemotherapy type . 
 we assessed treatment patterns and overall survival according to period of diagnosis . 
 the proportion of patients diagnosed with stage iv disease increased from 16% in 19921999 to 20% in 20052008 ( p 
 <  0.0001 ) . 
 chemotherapy use increased from 5% in 1992 to 61% in 2008 ( p  <  0.0001 ) . 
 resection rates of the primary tumour decreased from 65% in 1992 to 27% in 2008 ( p  <  0.0001 ) , while metastasectomy rates remained constant since 1999 ( 9% ) . 
 median survival increased from 38  weeks ( 95% confidence interval ( ci ) 3244 ) in 19921999 to 53  weeks ( 95% ci 4861 ) in 20052008 . among patients not receiving chemotherapy median survival remained approximately 30  weeks . 
 multivariable analysis confirmed the lower risk of death among patients diagnosed in more recent years . increased use of chemotherapy went together with improved median survival among patients with metastatic rectal cancer in the last two decades . 
 stage migration as an effect of more effective imaging procedures is likely to be partly responsible for this improved survival .