feldspathic porcelain , used in porcelain - fused - to - metal restoration , possesses several favorable physical properties including high flexural strength ( 60 to 70 mpa ) , high resistance to compression , resistance to wear , and aesthetic properties , which make it possible to imitate the color , reflectivity , and translucency of natural teeth . it also has a high resistance to dissolution in the oral cavity and possesses low thermal and electrical conductance.13 however , all kinds of porcelain , including feldspathic porcelain , are brittle and highly susceptible to breakage caused by , for example , extensive occlusal force , poor metal substructure design , flexural fatigue of the metal substructure , or insufficient porcelain thickness.4,5 consequently , after dental caries , porcelain fractures have been reported as the second most common reason for restoration replacement.4 dentists usually search for various methods of prolonging the service life of existing restorations , since restoration replacement can lead to further damage to teeth and additional costs for patients . repairing the fractured porcelain with resin composite is the most commonly used method for this task . resin composite is relatively inexpensive , easy to manipulate,6 and the properties of currently available resin composite materials are continuously being improved . etching with hydrofluoric ( hf ) acid is a well accepted pre - treatment for preparing porcelain surfaces for resin composite bonding.7 hf acid , at low concentrations , firstly assaults the leucite crystals ( k2oal2o34sio2 ) , the crystalline component of feldspathic porcelain , followed by undissolved feldspar silica . the next composition to counter is the glassy matrix or silica phase , followed by alumina , if impart.8,9 hf acid reacts selectively with the silica phase to form hexafluorosilicates in the rate of 0.44 micron / minute , creating a microretentive surface which facilitates the interlocking of the resin composite.8 hf acid is very effective in porcelain - surface etching . previous studies have shown that hf acid treatment produced statistically higher bond strengths did than other types of surface treatments.10,11 some studies have demonstrated that the bond strength between the resin composite and hf acid etched - porcelain is significantly increased by silanization.12,13 nonetheless , aida et al14 found no difference in bond strength , after silane application , between polished porcelains and those etched with hf acid . this corresponds with other studies15,16 in which the formation of a siloxane bond was shown to be more important than the micromechanical retention produced by etching . the suggested etching time for feldspathic porcelain with hf acid is 2 to 2.5 minutes.17 even though hf acid is an effective etching agent for porcelain surface treatment , it is considered a hazardous agent which can produce tissue rash and burn.18 hf acid diffuses into cells and kills them by disrupting their metabolism . when hf acid is spilled onto skin , it can cause burns , which often result in deep tissue necrosis . during the intra - oral use of hf acid for porcelain - surface treatment thus several studies have suggested that hf acid etching of ceramic surfaces is not an appropriated intraoral method for repairing fractured ceramic restorations.1922 for this reason , 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride ( apf ) gel , which is weaker than hf acid , is used as an alternative etchant.9,23 previous studies have reported that surface treatment of silanized feldspathic porcelain , for bonding with resin composite , with 9.5% hf acid for 424 to 525 minutes was comparable to treat with 1.23% apf gel for 10 minutes . another study by brentel et al13 demonstrated that etching unsilanized feldspathic porcelain with 10% hf acid was comparable to etch with 1.23% apf gel for 5 minutes . however , these studies have not revealed the scientific reason why these etching time of apf gel were used ; and 5 or 10 minutes etching with apf gel is relatively time consuming compared with hf acid etching . it would be more beneficial to the patient if the etching time of apf gel , which serves as a safe and effective substitute for etching porcelain surfaces , could be shortened . the present study aimed to investigate the effect of various apf gel etching time upon the shear bond strength of resin composite on feldspathic porcelain to achieve the optimal time , and to characterize the topographic changes of porcelain surfaces after the treatments . the null hypothesis test was that there was no difference in the shear bond strength of resin composite to feldspathic porcelain yielded from etching with apf gel and with hf for different periods of time . one hundred and fifty - six specimens were prepared according to the manufacturer s instruction . briefly , feldspathic porcelain powder ( vmk 95 , shade a3 dentin , vita zahnfabrik , bad sckingen , germany ) was mixed with deionized water and condensed into a round - shaped silicone mold ( provil , heraeus kulzer , wehrheim , germany ) , 15 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in height . the non - sintered mixture was left to dry for 2 minutes before being processed by heating to 600c for 6 minutes in a vacuum furnace ( tru - fire vpf , jelenko , armonk , ny , usa ) . the temperature was then increased by 38c / min to 960c , and held for 1 minute . feldspathic porcelain discs with less than 16% linear shrinkage after sintering ( as specified by ada / ansi specification no . 69)26 were included in the study . the average final diameter of the test specimens was 13.28 mm ( 13.40 to 14.16 mm ) . the specimens were then polished ( model phoenix 4000 , buehler gmbh , dsseldorf , germany ) under running water using 600- and 1,200-grit silicon carbide paper ( 3 m espe , st . subsequently , they were embedded in autopolymerizing clear acrylic resin ( takilon , rodont srl , milan , italy ) , 20 mm in height and 30 mm in diameter . the surface treatments performed on each group were as follows : group c was the control group ( no treatment ) ; groups apf1 to apf10 were etched with 1.23% apf gel ( new age fluoride gel , pascal co. , bellevue , wa , usa ) ( ph 3.5  0.5 ) for 1 to 10 minutes , respectively ; and group hf2 was etched with 9.6% hf acid ( porcelain etch gel , pulpdent corp . , watertown , ma , usa ) for 2 minutes . all specimens in group hf2 and groups apf1 to apf10 were rinsed with water for 20 seconds and air - dried for 30 seconds . prior to bonding with resin composite , the porcelain specimens were treated with silane solution ( monobond - s , ivoclar vivadent ag , schaan , liechtenstein ) for 1 minute with a clean brush-1 layer was applied and then air - dried . a bonding agent ( adper scotchbond multi - purpose plus adhesive , 3 m espe ) was applied and light - polymerized with visible light ( 600 mw / cm at a wavelength of 400 to 500 nm ; translux ec , heraeus kulzer ) for 20 seconds . a thin plastic tube ( ap extrusion , salem , nh , usa ) with 3 mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness was positioned at the center of each porcelain specimen and the tube was held in place with plastic pliers fixed onto a metal lab stand . resin composite ( filtek z250 , 3 m espe ) was filled in the tube and light - polymerized for 40 seconds , and again for 40 seconds after the plastic tube had been cut with a blade and removed . this resin composite was selected because , as a hybrid , it has been used for anterior and posterior tooth restorations as well as porcelain repair.27,28 it also presented to have good overall performances including good wear resistance , esthetics , and flexural strength.29,30 subsequently , all porcelain specimens were stored in 100% humidity at 37c for 24 hours before testing . the shear bond strength of resin composite on the porcelain specimens was tested by using a single - bladed instron machine ( model 5583 , instron corp . , norwood , ma , usa ) at a crosshead speed of 0.2 mm / min31 ( figure 1 ) . the load at failure was recorded and converted to shear bond strength expressed in megapascals ( mpa ) , as a following formula : 
 shear bond strength = f/r2where f is a load force at fracture in newtons , and r is a radius of the resin composite cylinder in meters . the surfaces of the specimens were subsequently examined under a stereoscope ( model smz 1500 m , nikon instech , kanagawa , japan ) at 40 magnification , in order to determine the mode of failure . mode of failure was recorded by one observer as either adhesive ( between porcelain or resin composite and bonding agent ) , cohesive ( in the porcelain , resin composite or bonding agent ) or a combination of adhesive and cohesive fractures . to investigate the etched surface topography , 36 porcelain specimens  three from each group the specimens were rinsed with distilled water for 20 seconds , dried , and mounted onto aluminium stubs ( 13 mm diameter and 10 mm height ) . consequently , specimens were sputter - coated with a gold - palladium alloy ( spi - module sputter , spi supplies , west chester , pa , usa ) . observations were made under a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) ( model jsm-5800lv , jeol , tokyo , japan ) at 2000 magnification . a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to find differences between groups . tukey s honestly significant difference ( hsd ) test was used for post hoc comparisons ( =.05 ) . prior to bonding with resin composite , the porcelain specimens were treated with silane solution ( monobond - s , ivoclar vivadent ag , schaan , liechtenstein ) for 1 minute with a clean brush-1 layer was applied and then air - dried . a bonding agent ( adper scotchbond multi - purpose plus adhesive , 3 m espe ) was applied and light - polymerized with visible light ( 600 mw / cm at a wavelength of 400 to 500 nm ; translux ec , heraeus kulzer ) for 20 seconds . a thin plastic tube ( ap extrusion , salem , nh , usa ) with 3 mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness was positioned at the center of each porcelain specimen and the tube was held in place with plastic pliers fixed onto a metal lab stand . resin composite ( filtek z250 , 3 m espe ) was filled in the tube and light - polymerized for 40 seconds , and again for 40 seconds after the plastic tube had been cut with a blade and removed . this resin composite was selected because , as a hybrid , it has been used for anterior and posterior tooth restorations as well as porcelain repair.27,28 it also presented to have good overall performances including good wear resistance , esthetics , and flexural strength.29,30 subsequently , all porcelain specimens were stored in 100% humidity at 37c for 24 hours before testing . the shear bond strength of resin composite on the porcelain specimens was tested by using a single - bladed instron machine ( model 5583 , instron corp . , norwood , ma , usa ) at a crosshead speed of 0.2 mm / min31 ( figure 1 ) . the load at failure was recorded and converted to shear bond strength expressed in megapascals ( mpa ) , as a following formula : 
 shear bond strength = f/r2where f is a load force at fracture in newtons , and r is a radius of the resin composite cylinder in meters . the surfaces of the specimens were subsequently examined under a stereoscope ( model smz 1500 m , nikon instech , kanagawa , japan ) at 40 magnification , in order to determine the mode of failure . mode of failure was recorded by one observer as either adhesive ( between porcelain or resin composite and bonding agent ) , cohesive ( in the porcelain , resin composite or bonding agent ) or a combination of adhesive and cohesive fractures . to investigate the etched surface topography , 36 porcelain specimens  three from each group  were selected . the specimens were rinsed with distilled water for 20 seconds , dried , and mounted onto aluminium stubs ( 13 mm diameter and 10 mm height ) . consequently , specimens were sputter - coated with a gold - palladium alloy ( spi - module sputter , spi supplies , west chester , pa , usa ) . observations were made under a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) ( model jsm-5800lv , jeol , tokyo , japan ) at 2000 magnification . data were statistically analyzed . a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to find differences between groups . tukey s honestly significant difference ( hsd ) test was used for post hoc comparisons ( =.05 ) . results of the one - way anova revealed that the shear bond strength differed significantly between groups ( p<.001 ) . the mean values of the shear bond strength of resin composite on the porcelain at the fracture , as well as the results of multiple comparisons using tukey s hsd tests , are presented in table 2 . group hf2 showed the highest mean and standard deviation ( sd ) value of shear bond strength ( 18.01  1.55 mpa ) . these results did not statistically differ from those in the case of groups apf6 to apf10 ( p>.05 ) . the control group showed the lowest mean shear bond strength ( 6.48  1.19 mpa ) . overall , the shear bond strength yielded from the specimens etched with 1.23% apf gel increased as the etching time increased . there was a significant difference observed among groups apf1 to apf 3 , and groups apf4 to apf5 ( p>.05 ) . hf acid etching ( figure 2l ) produced obvious topographical alterations on the porcelain , in which irregular porous surfaces with numerous microundercuts were observed over the entire surface . all specimens treated with apf gel for various periods of time were similar to each other in surface topography , being multiple agglomerate structures and large irregular areas surrounded by multiple small pits ( figures 2b through 2k ) . the mode of failure of all specimens , evaluated under a stereoscope , was found to be adhesive failure at the porcelain and bonding agent interface . etching with hf acid or apf gel is a common procedure used to create a microretentive surface prior to repairing porcelain restorations with resin composite . in the present study , the results revealed that 1.23% apf gel etching for at least 6 minutes could be used as an alternative etchant to hf acid , which is considered to be a hazardous agent . interestingly , surface analyses of hf acid and apf gel etched porcelain have revealed the production of markedly different etching patterns . it produced only a few shallow pores and undercuts , whereas the samples etched with hf acid showed greater roughness and irregularity . these results supported the study by al edris et al,32 which showed no correlation between the surface roughness of porcelain and the bond strength of resin composite to the etched porcelain . nevertheless , the results in this present study seemed to imply that roughness of the etched porcelain surface , to a certain extent , should influence shear bond strength because only groups apf6 to apf10 provided a comparable bond strength to group hf2 . sem photomicrographs , in visual observations , also appear as if roughness increasing is a function of etching time . these present findings suggest the hypothesis that shear bond strength , to some degree , is determined not only by surface roughness but also by other factors . a factor that could possibly affect bond strength is silanization . it has been shown that silane treatment significantly increases bond strength especially when the porcelain has been previously etched with hf acid.13,24 silanization has also been shown in several studies to be an even more important step than acid etching.1416 these findings may explain the level of shear bond strength ( 6.48  1.18 mpa ) observed in the control group ( no surface treatment ) in the present study . surface roughness and silanization were also possible reasons for ascribing that roughnesses of feldspathic porcelain after apf gel etching for 5 minutes or less did not achieve appropriate conditions , even when combined with silane treatment . in this present study , a considerably high shear bond strengths between resin composite and porcelain was found in all groups , which corresponded with the findings of previous studies.13,24,25 in a study by brentel et al,13 in which different etchants were used , and tested on microtensile bond strength , results showed that etching unsilanized feldspathic porcelain with 10% hf acid for 1 minute was comparable to etching with 1.23% apf gel for 5 minutes . meanwhile for silanized feldspathic porcelain , hf acid produced a significantly greater bond strength than did apf gel . the present study seemed to confirm by scientific investigation that when etching with 1.23% apf gel for an extended period of time up to 6 minutes , the shear bond strength result was favorable to etching with 9.6% hf acid for 2 minutes . even though the most significant finding of this present study was that apf gel could be used as an alternative etchant , an in vitro study can not exactly reproduce the environment of the oral cavity . the presence of water , proteins , and minerals , and differences in ph levels and temperature changes can affect the bond strength of resin composite on porcelains . furthermore , several porcelain surface treatments other than silanization and acid etching are used clinically . these include roughening with a diamond rotary cutting instrument , treating with airborne - particle abrasion , and presently , laser irradiation . in this present study , only silane coupling treatment and acid etching were performed in order to exclude any effects of other preparations . additionally , the present study demonstrated the results of only one type of porcelain and resin composite ( vita vmk95 and filtek z250 with adper scotchbond multi - purpose plus adhesive ) . therefore , it should not be presumed that other types of porcelain and resin composite would demonstrate the same patterns of surface topography or bond strength . within the limitations of this in vitro study , the values of bond strength between resin composite and feldspathic porcelains , yielded from 1.23% apf gel etching for 6 to 10 minutes , were not statistically different from 9.6% hf acid etching for 2 minutes . therefore , apf gel might be used as a safe alternative etchant to hf acid .
objectives : this in vitro study evaluated the shear bond strength ( sbs ) of resin composite to feldspathic porcelain after acidulated phosphate fluoride ( apf ) gel treatment over different periods of time.methods:one hundred and fifty - six feldspathic specimens were divided into 12 groups . 
 group c received no treatment ( control group ) . 
 groups apf1 through apf10 , ten experimental groups , were treated with 1.23% apf gel . 
 each group obtained 1 to 10 minutes of etching time in 1 minute increments , respectively . 
 group hf2 was treated with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid ( hf ) for 2 minutes . 
 all specimens were then bonded to a resin composite cylinder using adper scotchbond multi - purpose ( 3 m espe ) after silane ( monobond - s , ivoclar vivadent ag ) application . 
 specimens were stored at 37c for 24 hours before the sbs was performed and were recorded in mpa at fracture . 
 data were analyzed using one - way anova and tukey s test ( =.05).results : hf etching yielded the highest sbs ( 18.0  1.5 mpa ) , which was not significantly different from apf gel etching for 6 to 10 minutes ( 16.0  2.1 to 17.2  1.6 mpa ) ( p>.05).conclusions : apf gel etching for 6 minutes might be used as an alternative etchant to hf acid for bonding resin composite to silanized feldspathic porcelain .