there is limited information on the incidence of clinical signs , concurrent illness and treatment options for atrial fibrillation ( af ) in new world camelids ( nwc ) . a retrospective observational study of camelids diagnosed with af based on characteristic findings on electrocardiogram ( ecg ) . all animals had an irregularly irregular heart rhythm detected on physical examination and 4 cases had obtunded mentation on admission . three camelids were diagnosed with af secondary to oleander intoxication , 3 animals had underlying cardiovascular disease , 1 was diagnosed with lone af and 1 had af diagnosed on examination for a urethral obstruction . five of eight animals survived to discharge and nonsurvivors consisted of animals which died or were euthanized as a result of cardiovascular disease ( 2/8 ) or extracardiac disease unrelated to the af ( 1/8 ) . atrial fibrillation occurs in nwc in association with cardiovascular disease , extracardiac disease or as lone af . amiodarone and transthoracic cardioversion were attempted in one llama with lone af , but were unsuccessful .
backgroundthere is limited information on the incidence of clinical signs , concurrent illness and treatment options for atrial fibrillation ( af ) in new world camelids ( nwc).objectivedescribe clinical signs and outcome of af in nwc.animalseight new world camelids admitted with af.methodsa retrospective observational study of camelids diagnosed with af based on characteristic findings on electrocardiogram ( ecg).resultsall animals had an irregularly irregular heart rhythm detected on physical examination and 4 cases had obtunded mentation on admission . 
 three camelids were diagnosed with af secondary to oleander intoxication , 3 animals had underlying cardiovascular disease , 1 was diagnosed with lone af and 1 had af diagnosed on examination for a urethral obstruction . 
 five of eight animals survived to discharge and nonsurvivors consisted of animals which died or were euthanized as a result of cardiovascular disease ( 2/8 ) or extracardiac disease unrelated to the af ( 1/8).conclusions and clinical importanceatrial fibrillation occurs in nwc in association with cardiovascular disease , extracardiac disease or as lone af . 
 amiodarone and transthoracic cardioversion were attempted in one llama with lone af , but were unsuccessful . 
 atrial fibrillation was recorded in 0.1% of admissions .