a 45-year - old g3p2 ( 57 kg and 156 cm ) was admitted for ovarian tumor resection . she had dull pain on the left lower abdomen for 3 months and a ct scan obtained at an outlying hospital suggested mature cystic teratomas on both ovaries . the family history was non - contributory and the medical history was benign , including the obstetric history , with the exception of a single episode of syncope about 1 year ago . headaches , palpitations , and chest discomfort began after the syncopal episode , therefore a brain mri , ecg , and 24-hour holter ecg were obtained , all of which showed normal findings . however , trans - thoracic echocardiography ( tte ) revealed mild pulmonary hypertension ( rv end - systolic pressure , 35 mmhg ; ra pressure , 5 mmhg ; pcwp , 8.76 mmhg ) , a slightly thickened mitral valve ( mv ) with mild mitral regurgitation ( mr ) , and an enlarged la with a clear membrane across the la . the systolic function of the left ventricle was normal ( lvef = 60% ) and there was no wall motion abnormality or visible thrombus ( fig . 1 ) . for further details , a trans - esophageal echocardiography ( tee ) and cardiac mri a membranous structure divided the la by two chambers and a 1.5-cm fenestration was noted on the infero - medial side of the membrane . the antero - inferior chamber ( distal chamber ) contained a la appendage and the orifice of the mitral valve , and the postero - superior chamber ( proximal chamber ) received blood from the pulmonary veins . continuous wave doppler tracing of the flow through the membrane showed a systolic wave reaching 0.97 m / s and a diastolic wave reaching 1.23 m / s . the mean pressure gradient across the membrane was 6.8 mmhg ; no other cardiac anomalies were noted ( fig . triatriatum sinister , the patient was advised to undergo cardiac surgery first , but she declined . because she had no other medical problems and symptoms suggestive of heart failure , a laparoscopic ovarian mass excision was planned . all pre - operative evaluations , such as ecg , chest x ray , and routine laboratory tests , were normal . the pre - operative vital signs of this asa class ii patient were stable , as follows : blood pressure ( bp ) , 140/90 mmhg ; heart rate ( hr ) , 80 beats / min ; and spo2 , 99% . glycopyrrolate ( 0.2 mg ) was injected intramuscularly for pre - medication and an ecg ( lead ii ) , nibp , spo2 , and bispectral index ( bis ) were monitored during anesthesia . after 5 minutes of a remifentanil infusion ( 0.20 g / kg / min ) , anesthesia was administered with 10 mg of etomidate and 50 mg of rocuronium bromide . intubation was performed with a 7.5-mm inner diameter endotracheal tube and anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and an equal mixture of o2 and n2o . the ventilator was set at a tidal volume ( vt ) of 500 ml and a respiration rate ( rr ) of 10 breaths / min . after preparation for surgery , co2 gas was insufflated via a laparoscope port and a pneumoperitoneum was made with a pressure of 10 mmhg . while in the 30 head - down position , the surgery was started and the ventilator setting was changed ( vt decreased to 450 ml ; rr increased to 12 - 14 breaths / min ) . the peak inspiratory pressure ( pip ) increased from 17 to 20 mmhg and the bp and hr increased slightly during the first 5 min after the co2 pneumoperitonium was established . remifentanil was titrated as follows during surgery ; bp , 105/70 - 140/90 mmhg ; hr , 65 - 90 beats / min ; spo2 , 100% ; etco2 , 31 - 32 mmhg ; and bis , 42 - 48 . crystalloids ( 600 ml ) were infused and the total urine output was 40 ml . after reversal of the muscle relaxant , the patient was extubated and referred to a post - anesthesia care unit . during the 30-min recovery , the bp was 110/80 - 140/92 , the hr was 80 - 95 beats / min , and the spo2 was 99% with 8l of o2 via face mask . post - operative pain was managed by a patient - controlled analgesia ( pca ) device with nalbuphine , and the patient was discharged after fully awakened from anesthesia . cor triatriatum , also known as triatrial heart , is a rare congenital cardiac malformation , the incidence of which has been reported from 0.1 - 0.4% of all congenital heart diseases . many theories for cor triatriatum sinister have been suggested ; however , the most widely accepted theory is that it results from a failure of incorporation of the common pulmonary vein into the left atrium during fetal life . this abnormality involves subdivision of the la by an oblique fibromuscular membrane that creates a proximal chamber receiving the pulmonary veins ( accessory la ) and a distal chamber that includes the left atrial appendage and mitral valve ( true la ) . most of these chambers are in communication with one or more openings in the membrane and depend upon the size and number of openings ; the hemodynamics vary from normal to mimicking ms . in most patients , the opening is severely restrictive and approximately 75% of those born with classical cor triatriatum ( without an escape route ) die in infancy . however , the presentation can be delayed if there is a larger opening in the diaphragm and/or the la communicates with the right atrium through an escape route , thus permitting partial decompression , such as a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect . cor triatriatum produces symptoms by causing pulmonary venous obstruction and pressure overloading on the right side of the heart . the most frequent initial symptoms in infants are respiratory distress , cyanosis , recurrent respiratory tract infections , and feeding difficulties , while older patients present with syncope , dyspnea , and hemoptysis . . the la progressively dilates due to pressure and volume overload , resulting in mitral regurgitation ( mr ) , atrial fibrillation ( af ) , and right heart failure ( rhf ) . in the case herein , the patient had classical cor triatriatum without a shunt or escape route ; however , she had a long symptom - free period because of the large membrane communication . there are few reports regarding the relationship between the exact fenestration size and disease progress ; however , by reviewing the literature , a 1.5-cm diameter membrane fenestration appears to be large and classified in group iii of loeffler 's classification . although tte alone can diagnose most cases of cor triatriatum , tee has the advantage of better visualizing the la , the la appendage , the membrane , and the pulmonary veins , hence providing higher sensitivity . cardiac ct and mri provide better spatial resolution and superior tissue contrast compared with echocardiography . intra - operative tee was not used in this case because the pre - operative cardiac evaluation showed only mild ms physiology with a large membrane fenestration , mild mr , and mild pulmonary hypertension , which was in the near - normal range . intra - operative tee is recommended to those who are more affected as it provides information about real - time hemodynamic status . patients with obstructive symptoms at any age should undergo surgical correction or percutaneous balloon dilatation of the fenestrations . most younger patients need surgical intervention because they are more likely to have significant degrees of trans - membrane flow obstruction . however , adult onset cor triatriatum with minimal symptoms may not require surgical intervention , with conservative treatment sufficing . percutaneous balloon dilatation is less invasive than surgery ; however , subtle techniques and experience are required and long - term outcomes remain to be determined . in the case herein , close monitoring was required as related symptoms progressed , and surgery appeared to be needed at the critical point . as cor triatriatum presents with ms physiology , the main anesthetic goals are maintaining adequate left ventricular diastolic filling and optimizing right heart function . therefore , tachycardia , pulmonary hypertension , and right heart failure ( rhf ) should be avoided and sinus rhythm , good cardiac contractility , adequate intraventricular volume ( preload ) , and systemic vascular resistance ( svr ; afterload ) should be maintained . as tachycardia increases the la and pulmonary pressures , hypovolemia and vasodilation should be avoided and treated promptly with fluids and pure alpha agonists , especially in the induction period . however , excessive fluid administration in the setting of existing increased la pressure can lead to pulmonary edema and rhf , thus tight control of vascular tone and intravascular volume are necessary . beta adrenergic antagonists can be used to lower the hr and dobutamine or milrinone may be ideal to use in cases of rhf with pulmonary hypertension because it has both inotropic and pulmonary vasodilatory effects . all anesthetics should be titrated carefully to avoid excessive vasodilation and cardiac depression , therefore concomitant use of opioids are beneficial to a volatile agent alone . etomidate was used as an induction agent in this case because of its very stable hemodynamic profile ; etomidate does not induce tachycardia or hypotension , and maintains the svr . however , up to 80% of patients who were not pre - medicated with opioids experience myoclonus . remifentanil is known to reduce myoclonus induced by etomidate injection , and attenuates the increase in hr during intubation and surgical stress . remifentanil also has a minimally depressive action on the cardiovascular system and provides excellent analgesia , thus avoiding tachycardia and hypertension . myoclonus was not observed in this case and the hr and bp were maintained within acceptable ranges due to the remifentanil infusion . in patients showing ms physiology a sudden decrease in svr may follow , therefore severe hemodynamic compromise could occur . however , a successful case of spinal anesthesia in cor triatriatum was reported . if the obstruction is not severe , it can be a good alternative to general anesthesia , especially in patients with pulmonary edema or pulmonary hypertension . epidural anesthesia seems to be more feasible than spinal anesthesia because hemodynamic change occurs more slowly . however , when anticoagulants are used due to af , general anesthesia is preferred . in general anesthesia , pulmonary arterial pressure increases during the laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation , and adverse effects of positive - pressure ventilation on venous return could occur , ultimately leading to cardiac failure . moreover , n2o inhibits norepinephrine ( ne ) uptake by the lung and subsequent increases in plasma ne levels increase pulmonary vascular resistance ( pvr ) and pulmonary artery pressure . n2o inhibition of ne uptake by the lung may be more pronounced in patients with pulmonary hypertension with increased intrathoracic pressure due to the pneumoperitoneum . a pneumoperitoneum also causes an increase in svr , which may increase mr , and this probably contributes to a decrease in cardiac output . however , in our patient , general anesthesia was conducted with an intra - abdominal pressure maintained at < 10 mmhg by our request . n2o was used with the trendelenberg position ; however , the pip was maintained at < 20 mmhg by reducing the vt and increasing the rr . a hr at 65 - 90 beats / min was thought to be optimal because the patient presented herein had mixed lesions of ms and mr physiology , which offered both proper diastolic filling time and decreased regurgitation . although invasive monitors were not used in the current case , pcwp , cvp , and direct arterial monitoring devices are needed for major surgery with large fluid shifts or patients who are severely affected . in summary , general anesthesia was administered to a patient with cor triatriatum uneventfully without invasive monitors . however , careful hemodynamic management with invasive monitors and intra - operative tee are recommended for those patients who are severely affected .
a 45-year - old woman with cor triatriatum sinister was admitted for laparoscopic resection of an ovarian tumor . 
 her medical history was benign with the exception of a single episode of syncope one year ago . 
 a 1.5-cm membrane fenestration was found on echocardiography , but there were no other cardiac structural anomalies . 
 general anesthesia was established with etomidate , sevoflurane , and remifentanil ; no notable events occurred during the anesthesia . 
 as cor triatriatum shows a clinical picture of mitral stenosis ( ms ) , careful anesthetic management is required .