ectopic pregnancy occurs in 1.5%2% of all pregnancies.1 four different management strategies for ectopic pregnancy may be considered : expectant management ( follow - up until decrease of human chorionic gonadotropin [ hcg ] rate ) , medical treatment , conservative surgery , and radical surgery . nonetheless , care for women with ectopic pregnancies remains a topic of debate , and no consensus or guidelines exist to clarify the choice between different treatments.2 activity of ectopic pregnancy ( allowing to differentiate between ectopic pregnancies that can benefit from a medical treatment and those requiring a surgical management ) is probably the major concept to decide the most appropriate treatment.3 this concept is well recognized and generally applied to determine which ectopic pregnancies could benefit from medical treatment . nonetheless , the definition of activity is also not consensual ; decision criteria are different from one study to another . even for initial rate of hcg , the decision thresholds are not the same between studies . earlier diagnosis and better access to care leads to the possibility of medical treatment in many cases . medical management for ectopic pregnancy is subject to substantial variations with different protocols and various routes of administration . regardless the protocol used , methotrexate is currently the medical treatment of choice for ectopic pregnancy . finally , the use of surgical management to recover is needed in 10%25% of cases after medical treatment with methotrexate.48 this risk of a rescue surgery is a main concern . recently , some studies suggested combining gefitinib and methotrexate to improve medical treatment and to decrease the need for reinjection and additional surgery.9,10 the aim of this review is to evaluate efficacy and safety of gefitinib in combination with methotrexate in different indications such as tubal and non - tubal ectopic pregnancy and also to report tolerance of this combination , the need for additional injection of methotrexate , and rates of additional surgery . tanaka et al reported the first use of methotrexate as medical treatment for ectopic pregnancy in 1982.11 methotrexate is an antimetabolite that acts by actively proliferating cells , including trophoblastic tissue . the dose of methotrexate used in ectopic pregnancy is 1 mg / kg or 50 mg / m . this treatment can be injected intramuscularly or directly into the ectopic pregnancy under sonographic guidance.12 some protocols advocate the use of a single injection with rescue injection if necessary , whereas other protocols recommend the use of two , three , or four systematic injections every other day.7,13,14 there are no studies comparing all these protocols for efficacy , rate of additional surgery , and safety ( rate of side effects ) . barnhart et al compared  single dose  and  multi - dose  protocols and concluded that  single dose a comparison to a two - dose regimen should be done.15 in all published studies , the rate of additional surgery to recover after methotrexate injection is 10%25%.48 reported side effects are minor and transient , mainly abdominal pain , asymptomatic elevation of liver enzyme , and in rare cases ( approximately 1% ) transient hepatitis has been reported.6 gefitinib is an orally administered egf ( epidermal growth factor ) receptor - tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in breast cancer and non - small - cell lung cancer.1618 it is a drug that selectively inhibits the tyrosine kinase domain of the egf receptor and blocks signal transduction pathways implicated in the proliferation and survival of cancer cells.19 normal human placenta expresses very high levels of egf receptor , more than 30 times higher than average tissue expression . it has the highest expression of egf receptor compared to all other non - malignant tissues.20 the presence of receptors in the placenta of an ectopic pregnancy has also been confirmed21 specifically on the outer membrane of the syncytiotrophoblast . preclinical studies were performed to evaluate combination of methotrexate and gefitinib compared to methotrexate alone and gefitinib alone for inhibition of placental cell growth . inhibition of placental cell growth by methotrexate alone is dose dependent and gefitinib alone had little effect on placental cell growth . this study also demonstrated that combination of methotrexate and gefitinib not only inhibited cell growth but also induced cell death.21 in in vivo studies on mice with subcutaneous human placental cells on one hand and intrauterine early pregnancy on the other hand , a dose dependent response to methotrexate alone was observed similarly to gefitinib alone , but not with in vitro models . the use of both treatments together significantly increased response compared to methotrexate alone or to gefitinib alone.21 twelve women with ectopic pregnancy were included in a phase i study treated with methotrexate ( 50 mg / m , intramuscularly ) and gefitinib ( 250 mg orally on day 1 for three women , three times on day 1 , 2 , and 3 for three women , and seven times on day 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 for six women ) . ten out of 12 women s ( 83% ) ectopic pregnancies resolved with the combination of methotrexate and gefitinib and one out of ten needed a rescue methotrexate injection . compared to 71 historic controls treated with methotrexate alone , hcg levels by day 4 and by day 7 after treatment among women treated with combination treatment were significantly lower ( p<0.05 ) and median recovery time was 11 days shorter in this group ( p=0.02).10 a phase ii open multi - center clinical trial has been conducted to evaluate efficacy of a combination of gefitinib ( 250 mg orally , daily for 7 days ) and methotrexate ( 50 mg / m , intramuscularly ) in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy . the study protocol was published in 2013 ; results should be readily available.9 for non - tubal ectopic pregnancy , horne et al published a case series of non - tubal ectopic pregnancies treated with methotrexate and gefitinib . eight women were included in this study , five with interstitial ectopic pregnancies and three with cesarean scar ectopic pregnancies . no surgical treatment was required and five women out of eight required a second methotrexate injection ( three of them because of a significant rise in serum hcg between days 1 and 4 ; the two others because serum hcg had not fallen more than 15% between days 4 and 7).22 in a phase i study comparing 12 women treated with the combination of methotrexate and gefitinib to 71 historic controls treated with methotrexate alone , toxicity reported with combination treatment was acneiform rash in 67% of cases and diarrhea in 42%.10 they were always transient and are known side effects of gefitinib previously described in lung cancer.23 no clinical or biochemical evidence of serious side effects ( eg , renal , hepatic , pulmonary , or hematologic toxicity ) was recorded.10 horne et al have reported the same side effects in addition to dizziness with combination of methotrexate and gefitinib in non - tubal ectopic pregnancy.22 these results have yet to be confirmed in a phase ii trial ; the protocol of such study has already been published , results are expected.9 these preliminary results are very promising but need to be explored further before wide distribution . however , if efficacy of medical treatment improves with this combination , indications could expand . the major point of interest of this combination is the increase in success of medical treatment alone , the diminution of rescue injection of methotrexate , the reduction of healing time , and the cost saving that could be generated . reduction in healing time avoids the need for repeat hcg blood samples until recovery ; increased success of medical treatment alone limits hospitalization and surgery ; and diminution of rescue injection of methotrexate also reduces costs . other points should be explored such as evaluation of combination of in situ methotrexate and gefitinib . a retrospective study suggests a superiority of intramuscular route.12 this route might also be enhanced by gefitinib . systematic postoperative injection of methotrexate has also been debated because of its efficacy weighed against the risk of side effects.2426 as gefitinib seems to be well tolerated , it should be interesting to use it after conservative surgery ( salpingotomy ) to avoid persistent trophoblasts . another real challenge is to improve medical management of non - tubal ectopic pregnancy , which presents an important hemorrhagic risk . the preliminary results of horne et al about the use of methotrexate and gefitinib in the management of non - tubal ectopic pregnancy are very encouraging and should be developed to enable use in clinical practice.22 rates of subsequent fertility after medical management and conservative surgery seem to be similar according to a randomized trial,6 but the combination of methotrexate and gefitinib should not only be evaluated comparing medical treatment with methotrexate but also with conservative surgery . finally , choriocarcinoma might be another medical condition that could be treated with the combination of both drugs . combination of gefitinib and methotrexate might be the future for medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy . however , phase ii and phase iii studies have to be conducted before large utilization . for other indications , such as non - tubal ectopic pregnancy or choriocarcinoma ,
medical management for ectopic pregnancy is subject to substantial variations with different protocols and various routes of administration . regardless 
 the protocol used , methotrexate is currently the medical treatment of choice for ectopic pregnancy . 
 the risk of a rescue surgery is a main concern . 
 recently , some studies suggested combining gefitinib and methotrexate to improve medical treatment and to decrease the need for reinjection and for additional surgery . 
 gefitinib is an orally administered egf receptor - tyrosine kinase inhibitor . for tubal ectopic pregnancy , 
 median recovery time was shorter after combination treatment with gefitinib and methotrexate . 
 toxicity reported with combination treatment was acneiform rash in 67% of cases and diarrhea in 42% . 
 they were always transient and are known side effects of gefitinib previously described in lung cancer . 
 these preliminary results are very promising but need to be explored further before wide distribution . for ectopic pregnancy 
 , combining treatment seems to be interesting but results of the first randomized trial have to be evaluated first . for other indications , such as non - tubal ectopic pregnancy or choriocarcinoma , 
 randomized studies are needed before wide use of the combination in current practice .