spontaneous exercise increases the life span of tumor - bearing mice by counteracting muscle wasting and tumor growth . in turn , neuromodulation counteracts muscle atrophy , proving that muscle homeostasis needs contraction . in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying these phenomena , our research group used a training protocol for mice carrying out spontaneous exercise . we wanted to replicate the experimental model originally used at the sapienza university of rome in a different laboratory at paris 6 university . in the present paper we report the strange occurrence of not being able to replicate the experiment in other laboratories and we speculate that the small genetic differences in the inbred mice used in the two different laboratories can account for this discrepancy . the amount of exercise done was measured by a tachometer ( like the ones usually employed on bikes , yielding data such as distance run , average speed etc . ) we and other authors showed that mice run between 4 and 8 km / d . in order to analyze spontaneous physical activity in mice running on a wheel in the paris laboratory , we ordered mice ( female , balb / c of the same age as those used in rome ) and tachometers ( the same catalogue number and vendor than in rome ) ; we also purchased two kinds of wheels , slightly different from those in rome : one was in blue plastic , with a continuous surface for running ( closed wheel ) ; the other was black , metallic and had a ladder for running ( open wheel ) . was it possible that the wheel type could affect mouse running behavior ? the measurements after the first 24 hours were encouraging on one hand - the two types of wheel made no difference - but on the other , depressing , since in both cases the mice ran for only 0.5 km - far less than expected ( see exp . 1 on jan 16 ; table 1 ) . on the following days the data indicated that the mice were not running at all ( see exp . 1 on jan 17 ; table 1 ) . the result was hopelessly invariable : less than 0.5 km of running per day , or no running at all ( see exp . 2 on jan 30 ; table 1 ) . again , we could not measure any running activity on the second day of the experiment , in sharp contrast with the first day , when we observed scarce , but measurable running activity ( exp . 2 on jan 31 ; table 1 ) . of course , one after the other , we excluded the variables which could affect mouse behavior : the room , the position of the cage in the room , the type of cage , the environmental enrichment ( data not shown ) . but why were the french mice so lazy ? looking for external advice , we described the whole story to a colleague of physiology . when showing him the two types of wheel we noticed a long streak of faeces stuck onto the internal surface of the closed wheel . the lumps were too numerous and regularly dropped - right in the middle of the wheel and along its whole circumference - to be the result of hazard . the mice had spent time on that wheel going all around it , defecating while running . on the contrary with the open wheel this phenomenon had not been observed , since the faeces had been dropped through the ladder onto the litter . so the mice ran but the tachometer measured no activity . by looking again at the data sheet , we realized the tachometer in paris had , at the time , an energy saving mechanism switching to standby after 30 minutes of inactivity . since the device was supposed to be installed on a bike and turned on again by the biker at any new ride , the mice , apparently , had just jumped on the wheel and started running while the tachometer was simply still off . we purchased an older , more primitive tachometer model , which allowed intermittent recordings by remaining always on , and we started the experiments all over again . we recorded mouse activity , but most of the mice still did not run and even the runners were doing just a couple of km / day ( see exp . 3 on feb 8 ; table 1 ) . after a couple of days , we again tested the recording capacity of the tachometers ; in addition , we tested the environment too , moving the cages from the animal facility to the laboratory ( and making sure to restart the tachometer when needed , see exp . 3 on feb 10 ; table 1 ) . the vendor of the mice we were using in paris was different from the vendor we had in rome . even though balb / c ( the  bagg albino  ) mice are an inbred strain and should be nearly identical the one to the other in genotype , we started hypothesizing that differences could exists between the two balb / c mouse colonies purchased in the two countries . what came out is that the vendor in rome sells a sub - strain called balb / c anncrl ( from : andervont in 1935 , to nih in 1951 from andervont at f72 , to charles river in 1974 from nih ) , while the paris vendor sells either the sub - strain we were using , balb / c j ( from : redonated back to jackson laboratory by j. paul scott in 1947 ) or the balb / c byj ( from : donated to jackson labs by bailey j in 1974 ) . when comparing the running behavior of the three sub - strains we obtained striking results ( table 2 ) . while 94% of the anncrl mice ran , when hosted in a wheel equipped cage , only 72% and 38% of runners in addition , anncrl runners covered at least 5 km / d , while the lazier j mice , even when willing to run , covered only 3.7 km / d . the raw data reported in table 1 and 2 can be useful for classes , in which guided observations and data interpretation and analysis can be supported by a simulation of real laboratory experiences . based on our findings , the probability that a mouse may perform spontaneous exercise , such as data on mouse running behavior are available from the jackson laboratories   and further figures on differences among strains and sub - strains have also been published . we find it quite surprising that such a significant difference exists in mouse behavior , when comparing different sub - strains of the same inbred strain . nonetheless , we think that fine genetic differences among the three balb / c sub - strains are the most likely explanation underlying this phenomenon . genetic mutations and , more likely , a genetic drift could have occurred in relatively small mouse populations which were isolated in different countries over a period of over 80 years . as a matter of fact , inbred strains evolve very quickly and show elevated genetic divergence , with the distribution of alleles among them being neither simple nor random . in addition , physical activity elicits adaptive responses and gene - environment interactions may affect adaptive capacities as typically seen in inbred strains . in conclusion , diversity among inbred mouse sub - strains significantly affects the choice a mouse sub - strain for experimental procedures , especially when they involve exercise training . it also has economic fallouts : depending on which sub - strain is used there is a significant risk of wasting resources . different sub - strains have different prices , so the delicate choice of a given sub - strain should be made after a careful calculation of costs vs benefits taking into account that , in order to have runner mice , a laboratory must order the right sub - strain even if the mice are all inbred balb / c . we believe that the scientific community would benefit from additional studies on inbred mouse behavior and feel that some contradictory findings may be explained by a detailed analysis of the differences in the animal model used .
invited letter to the editor . 
 physical activity has multiple beneficial effects in the physiology and pathology of the organism . 
 in particular , we and other groups have shown that running counteracts cancer cachexia in both humans and rodents . 
 the latter are prone to exercise in wheel - equipped cages even at advanced stages of cachexia . 
 however , when we wanted to replicate the experimental model routinely used at the university of rome in a different laboratory ( i.e. at paris 6 university ) , we had to struggle with puzzling results due to unpredicted mouse behavior . 
 here we report the experience and offer the explanation underlying these apparently irreproducible results . 
 the original data are currently used for teaching purposes in undergraduate student classes of biological sciences .