copd affects > 65 million people worldwide and is characterized by inflammation , airway obstruction , and worsening in lung function that is not fully reversible.14 the long - term management of patients with copd adds substantially to health care costs , economic burden , and poor quality of life of patients.5,6 although copd is a serious respiratory disease with an already high and still increasing morbidity and mortality , it is underdiagnosed and underrecognized in middle eastern countries , including saudi arabia.7 a recent study estimated the prevalence rate of copd in saudi arabia at 2.4% , similar to the prevalence rate in the entire middle east ( 3.6%).8 a saudi study among smokers older than 40 years of age reported that 14.2% had copd.9,10 this prevalence rate is comparable to rates in smoking populations in turkey.9,10 according to the saudi ministry of health ( moh ) , chest diseases were the fourth leading cause of death in saudi arabia in 2010.11 smoking is the main risk factor for the development and progression of copd.9 evidence suggests that the smoking rate is steadily increasing among saudis9 and is currently 27.9%.12 copd prevalence rates in saudi arabia are therefore expected to rise even further.9 other risk factors for developing copd in saudi arabia are outdoor air pollution , desert dust , wars ( eg , chemical weapons ) , and childhood respiratory infections.13 saudi arabia has a population of ~30 million people who live in 13 provinces , of which the eastern province is the largest ( with < 4 million inhabitants and 34 government hospitals).14 the eastern , central , and makkah provinces have the highest population and the highest number of training centers that provide specialized programs for physicians in saudi arabia.11 their health services therefore differ positively from the other ten provinces , for example , more hospitals , beds , health care providers , and funds.11 the number of physicians and nurses per 10,000 people in saudi arabia is estimated to be 11.6 and 28 , respectively,15 substantially lower than in some other middle east countries ( eg , kuwait : 18 and 37 per 10,000 and bahrain : 30 and 58 per 10,000 ) and in most developed countries ( eg , us : 27 and 98 per 10,000).15 this lack of health care providers may compromise health care in saudi arabia.15 to date , there are several national and international clinical copd management guidelines such as the recently published saudi initiative for chronic airway disease ( sicad ) guidelines and the internationally recognized and frequently updated global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) guidelines.7,16 the sicad guidelines panel has customized and simplified the gold guidelines based on the saudi setting.7,16 whereas copd guidelines are widely accessible , many physicians and pulmonologists are not aware of their existence or do not fully understand them.17 indeed , adherence to copd guidelines in clinical practice in most countries is not satisfactory.1721 this has been attributed to lack of awareness and time constraints of physicians and pulmonologists , as well as disagreement with the recommendations.17,18,22,23 the gold strategy recommends that hospitals should have specialized care such as respiratory departments and respiratory wards , qualified respiratory health care providers , and pulmonary rehabilitation programs in order to provide optimal care for patients with copd.16 in the present study , we have evaluated current care services for copd provided by government hospitals in the eastern province in saudi arabia . gaining knowledge regarding the current copd care provided allows the identification of existing service limitations in saudi arabia and in the middle east and northern africa countries . this is necessary before strategies can be developed that are aimed at further optimizing the quality of copd care in the middle east and northern africa countries such as saudi arabia . a cross - sectional study was conducted from april to august 2013 in the eastern province in saudi arabia . figure 1 shows the main areas in the eastern province in saudi arabia in which 22 government hospitals were included . the government hospitals included had to meet the following criteria : 1 ) general hospitals sponsored by the moh and ministry of higher education and 2 ) situated in the eastern province of saudi arabia . hospitals were excluded if they were 1 ) specialist hospitals ( eg , psychiatric , convalescent , and maternity and children s hospitals sponsored by the moh ) or 2 ) referral hospitals sponsored by the moh . one health care professional ( director of one of the departments of respiratory medicine , internal medicine , physiotherapy , psychiatry , nutrition , or nursing ) at each hospital was asked to complete our self - developed questionnaire evaluating hospital health care ( figure s1 ) within a week . the research protocol was approved by the southern adelaide clinical human research ethics committee , the institutional review board at moh in saudi arabia , and the institutional review board at king fahd hospital university in saudi arabia . the questionnaire ( figure s1 ) was written in english , the official language in saudi hospitals , and was based on an organizational survey created by the copd audit steering board.24 the original questionnaire has been used in europe and is valid for use worldwide;24 it has been modified to make it suitable for hospitals in saudi arabia . the adjusted questionnaire includes 34 open - ended and closed questions to evaluate care within hospital services in terms of their size , equipment status , staffing , treatment , and care provided for patients with copd . the items can be categorized into two parts : 1 ) general hospital information ( n=9 ) and 2 ) the ( respiratory ) department and copd care ( n=25).24 all data from the questionnaires were entered into the statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) version 19 ( ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) . all data from the questionnaires were entered into the statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) version 19 ( ibm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) . of the 34 government hospitals in the eastern province in saudi arabia , 22 met the predefined criteria and were included , whereas 12 were excluded because they were specialist hospitals ( psychiatric , women s and children s ; figure 2 ) . all 22 included participants were directors of the department of internal medicine ( for characteristics see table s1 ) , the majority was male ( n=19 ) , non - saudi ( n=15 ) , and internal medicine specialists ( n=12 ) . based on our data , ~4,387,000 people have access to the included government hospitals ( eastern area [ n=2,774,000 ] , al - ahsa area [ n=1,180,000 ] , and hafar al - batin area [ n=433,000 ] ) . table 1 provides a summary of the current care services provided by each hospital in the eastern province in saudi arabia in 2013 . five hospitals had 300 or more beds , whereas 13 had 50 or fewer beds . none of the hospitals had a respiratory department , but all had an internal medicine department and ward in which patients with copd could be admitted . five hospitals ( c , g , h , q , and u ) did not admit any patients with copd in 2012 . only three hospitals ( a , k , and o ) had a specific respiratory outpatient clinic available , whereas in the other 19 hospitals , patients with copd were referred to the outpatient clinic for internal medicine . two of these hospitals ( c and h ) referred patients with copd to the nearest hospital ( l ) due to a lack of facilities to treat patients with copd . only five hospitals had spirometry available , but in one hospital ( t ) , it was not used frequently because of insufficient time to do so . respiratory physicians ( n=1 ) , technicians ( n=13 ) , and therapists ( n=11 ) performed spirometry . there were eight hospitals with intensive care units ( icus ) , 12 that offered invasive mechanical ventilation for acidotic respiratory failure , and seven that offered noninvasive ventilation . none of the included hospitals offered pulmonary rehabilitation programs or supported discharge programs for patients with copd ( table 1 ) . only five hospitals had qualified respiratory physicians ( total : n=24 ) and 23 of these physicians worked in the eastern area ( n=16 ) and al - ahsa area ( n=7 ) , whereas only one was based in the hafar al - batin area . in 19 hospitals , patients with copd besides physicians , there were 29 respiratory therapists and three physiotherapists involved in copd care . there were no respiratory nurses , nurse practitioners ( only general nurses ) , mental health specialists , occupational therapists , or dieticians involved in copd care ( table s2 ) . table 2 compares gold guideline recommendations with the current care provided in the eastern province . the hospitals did not meet the gold recommendations in terms of having specialized care for patients with copd such as respiratory departments and respiratory wards , qualified respiratory health care providers , and pulmonary rehabilitation programs . only five hospitals had some services for copd management ( eg , respiratory physicians , spirometry , and icus ) . this study is the first to describe the current care services provided by government hospitals to patients with copd in the eastern province of saudi arabia . results show that there is a lack of hospital capacity for patients with copd and that there are limited numbers of specialized health care providers involved in copd care . in the eastern province , the overall number of beds available in government hospitals is relatively low compared to the total population that has access to these hospitals ( one bed per 1,387 people ) . according to the moh of saudi arabia , the average ratio for the whole of saudi arabia is one bed for 1,219 people,11 much lower than in most other countries ( switzerland [ one bed for 55 people ] and australia [ one bed for 126 people]).25 in order to increase the number of beds in saudi arabia , the moh has recently decided to establish more hospitals in the eastern province ( n=6 ) , which will add ~1,500 beds by the end of 2015.26 the gold guidelines recommend specialized care for respiratory diseases such as copd in order to ensure optimal care.16 respiratory specialists provide better care for respiratory patients than nonrespiratory medical specialists.27,28 whereas in europe , most hospitals have respiratory outpatient clinics and patients with copd are seen by respiratory physicians,24 our data show a lack of respiratory inpatient and outpatient clinics and of respiratory physicians . the latter may lead to suboptimal management and provision of care for patients with chronic diseases , especially respiratory diseases.29 although the number of respiratory physicians has increased slightly over the last 2 years in the eastern province,11 the total number of saudi respiratory physicians is still low.11 this small number of saudi physicians is a serious challenge for the moh . non - saudi physicians are likely to have less capacity and ongoing commitment to enhancing the quality of care and systems of management for ( respiratory ) patients because of their limited stay in saudi arabia.15 in order to reduce shortages of saudi physicians , the government could provide more training incentives for local people to study medicine and then to specialize in respiratory medicine . offering high - quality education in saudi arabia and sending students to developed countries for additional education may be useful ways to stimulate this change . existing national and international copd guidelines recommend that spirometry should be used to confirm the diagnosis of copd.6,7,16,30 our data show that only 22.7% of hospitals had spirometry available in contrast to almost all hospitals in europe.24 according to the gold guidelines , spirometry should not only be used for diagnosis but also to determine the disease severity , to differentiate between asthma and copd , and to help monitor disease progression.16 studies have shown that misdiagnoses between asthma and copd frequently exist in saudi arabia , which may lead to incorrect treatment and unnecessary deterioration.31,32 increasing awareness of the importance of spirometry use and training in the conduct and interpretation of spirometry have proven to drive uptake of spirometry.33 our data reveal that a lack of icus , invasive mechanical ventilation , and noninvasive ventilation for acidotic respiratory failure is another challenge for the moh in saudi arabia . the presence of icus is important in order to provide optimal rescue care for patients with copd , suffering from acute respiratory failure during exacerbations and requiring ventilation support.16,31 a cohort study conducted in saudi arabia reported that 33% of the patients with copd admitted to icu were mechanically ventilated.31 patients who are admitted to icu or to the care of a well - staffed respiratory ward and receive early noninvasive ventilation have an increased chance of surviving.16,31,3436 this has become a standard of care in american and european hospitals24 but is not yet available in the eastern province . pulmonary rehabilitation has proven to be effective treatment in patients with copd.16,37 our data show that pulmonary rehabilitation programs were not available in the included hospitals , and to our best knowledge , only one military hospital is currently offering pulmonary rehabilitation in saudi arabia ( central province).7,38 the number of patients with copd who can access pulmonary rehabilitation in saudi arabia is therefore extremely low , especially compared to countries such as the united kingdom in which 88% of hospitals offer pulmonary rehabilitation programs.24 barriers for setting up pulmonary rehabilitation programs in the eastern province should be investigated , so that implementation of these programs can be facilitated . our results show that only limited disciplines were involved in copd care , whereas there is strong evidence that management of patients with copd is better if a multidisciplinary team is involved.6,16,37,39 this lack of specialized health care providers can be explained by low awareness levels of physicians regarding management of respiratory patients in general and/or lack of knowledge regarding the multidisciplinary approach . short courses regarding copd management , copd seminars , and in - service education could increase awareness of the benefits of multidisciplinary involvement and increase referral rates.40 results show that most nurses involved in copd care had general roles , and there was a lack of respiratory nurses . it is rare in saudi arabia for the level of education of nurses to extend to bachelor level.41,42 increasing the education of nurses to bachelor level41,43 and specific training in respiratory diseases is therefore recommended . the eastern , central , and makkah provinces have higher number of hospitals , beds , health care providers , and funds compared to the other ten provinces in saudi arabia.11 the fact that the health care services for patients with copd in the eastern province , a global hub for chemical industries and most of the oil production,14 are far from optimal supports the view that copd care in government hospitals in the rest of saudi arabia and perhaps in nearby countries in the region may also be suboptimal or even worse.21 based on a study performed by the moh in 2013 , it was decided to give extra attention to chronic diseases that have high prevalence rates among saudis ( eg , obesity , hypertension , diabetes , and high cholesterol).44 regrettably , respiratory diseases , the fourth leading cause of death in saudi arabia,11,44 were not considered a priority.11,44 unfortunately , although most people with respiratory diseases are first seen by general practitioners , studies show that primary care services do not address the respiratory needs of community ambulatory patients , including spirometry . the majority of people with respiratory diseases therefore are seen in government hospitals.45 given that our study results reveal that services and treatments for patients with copd are suboptimal , there are grounds for expecting the moh to provide higher priority for care and management of respiratory diseases , and thereby avoid extra health problems . in this study , we have not included all hospitals in the eastern province , only the hospitals that are under the responsibility of the moh and ministry of higher education and that all saudi citizens have thus free access to.11 a small percentage of the population ( < 17% ) visit other specialized government hospitals that are not under the responsibility of the moh or the ministry of higher education such ( eg , military ) and ~38% of the saudi population visit private hospitals.11 we are not aware of the existence of respiratory hospitals in the eastern province in saudi arabia . in our study , we could have chosen to use a structured interview method to obtain more detailed data . however , this would likely have led to the inclusion of fewer directors because of a time constraint . we did not include military , private , or specialized hospitals , which may have more specialized care for patients with copd , but only targeted government hospitals because every person has access to them . finally , we have provided results per hospital , and by doing this we have given equal importance to hospitals regardless of their size . current services for patients with copd provided by government hospitals in the eastern province of saudi arabia fall short of gold strategy recommendations because of a lack of hospital capacity , respiratory - specific services , and specialized health care providers involved in copd care . increasing the awareness and knowledge regarding optimal copd management by health care providers may improve the quality of copd management . direct support for saudi people to study medicine and nursing both within their own country and in developed countries would also assist . finally , models of health financing that enable funding of essential services such as pulmonary rehabilitation and icus are urgently needed . organizational questionnaire used to evaluate care within hospital services for patients with respiratory diseases such as copd . notes : this material has not been reviewed by european respiratory society prior to release ; therefore the european respiratory society may not be responsible for any errors , omissions or inaccuracies , or for any consequences arising there from , in the content . adapted and reproduced with permission of the european respiratory society : an international comparison of copd care in copd care in europe . results of the first european copd audit . published by european respiratory society . first edition 2012 . characteristics of the directors of department of internal medicine ( n=22 ) summary of the current health care providers involved in copd care in hospital in the eastern province notes : a to v refers to a different specific hospital . * patients with copd were referred to the nearest hospital ( hospital l ) . * * the remaining patients were seen by general physicians .
backgroundcopd is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide . 
 the prevalence rate of copd in the general saudi population is estimated to be 2.4% and 14.2% among smokers . 
 not much is known about current health care services for patients with copd in saudi arabia . 
 the objective of this study was to determine the current care services for patients with copd provided by government hospitals in the eastern province of saudi arabia.methodsa cross - sectional study was conducted in the eastern province of saudi arabia . 
 directors of the department of internal medicine from all 22 general government hospitals that are under the responsibility of the ministry of health or the ministry of higher education in this region were asked to participate . 
 data were collected using a questionnaire.resultsthe study results indicated that there are limited hospital facilities for patients with copd : no respiratory departments in any of the included hospitals , no spirometry in 77.3% of the hospitals , no intensive care units in 63.7% of the hospitals , and no pulmonary rehabilitation program in any of the hospitals . among the included 
 22 hospitals , 24 respiratory physicians , 29 respiratory therapists , and three physiotherapists were involved in copd care.conclusionin conclusion , current care services provided by government hospitals in the eastern province of saudi arabia for patients with copd do not meet international recommendations for copd management . increased awareness , knowledge , and implementation of copd guidelines by health care providers 
 will most probably improve copd management in saudi arabia . 
 in addition , the government could improve dissemination of information about copd management through national programs and by offering specific education regarding respiratory diseases .