during pregnancy , periodical hormonal , metabolic , hematologic , vascular , and immunological changes can be observed.1 pregnancy hormones may lead to an increase in fluid volume in many tissues of the body . ocular changes during pregnancy are related to adnexa of eye , anterior and posterior segment , and decreased intraocular pressure.2,3 ocular changes are usually temporary but occasionally permanent . changes may be associated with development of new ocular conditions or the exacerbation of preexisting conditions , especially diabetic retinopathy.4,5 optical coherence tomography ( oct ) is used daily in ophthalmology . with an axial resolution of 410 m , it is used to investigate the vitreoretinal surface for diagnosis , inspection , or follow - up of treatment processes . the increase of fluid in the body , especially in the last trimester , may cause an increase of retinal thickness . this paper investigates foveal and parafoveal retinal thickness in healthy pregnant women in their last trimester . this study included two groups : a study group , which included 40 healthy pregnant women in their last trimester ( 80 eyes ) , and a control group , which included 37 healthy nonpregnant women ( 74 eyes ) . all participants gave informed consent to the study , and the tenets of the declaration of helsinki were followed . a detailed history was taken in all cases , and visual acuity , intraocular pressure , refractive errors , and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer ( rnfl ) were measured . anterior and posterior segment were examined under slit lamp ( sl-8 , topcon medical systems , inc , tokyo , japan ) . inclusion criteria for the study group were : healthy pregnant women in their last trimester ; visual acuity 0.00 logmar without correction ; no refractive errors higher than 0.50 or + 0.50 d ; and no history of systemic disease , glaucoma , retinopathy , retinal therapy , or intraocular surgical intervention . inclusion criteria for the control group were : nonpregnant women ; visual acuity 0.00 logmar without correction ; and no history of systemic disease , glaucoma , retinopathy , retinal therapy , or intraocular surgical intervention . patients who had diabetes mellitus , uveitis , retinopathy , amblyopia , or visual acuity without correction less than 0.00 logmar , and were younger than 19 years or older than 45 years were excluded . foveal thickness at 1 mm , parafoveal thickness at 3 mm diameter , and rnfl ( peripapillary area ) were measured by oct ( rtvue-100 , optovue inc , fremont , ca ) after mydriasis with tropicamide ( alcon , inc , fort worth , tx ) drops 1% . findings were analyzed with statistical software ncss 2007 and pass 2008 ( ncss , kaysville , ut ) . the study evaluated data with descriptive statistical methods ( mean , standard deviation ) as well as quantitative parameters showing normal distribution comparisons between the two groups using student s t - test . in all statistical analyses , the study group included 80 eyes of 40 healthy pregnant women ( mean age 28.56  4.85 years ) and the control group included 74 eyes of 37 healthy nonpregnant women ( mean age 27.37  4.5 years ) . there was no statistical difference between the two groups in mean age , rnfl , and systolic and diastolic blood pressure ( tables 13 ) . mean intraocular pressure was 16.9  2.9 mmhg in the study group and 19.4  2.8 mmhg in the control group ( p < 0.001 ; table 4 ) . mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the study group were : foveal 236.12  27.28 m , upper quadrant 321.31  12.28 m , temporal quadrant 307.0  12.05 m , inferior quadrant 317.0  10.58 m , and nasal quadrant 313.62  14.51 m . mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the control group were : foveal 224.62  21.19 m , upper quadrant 311.62  12.71 m , temporal quadrant 296.87  13.78 m , inferior quadrant 305.43  13.25 m , and nasal quadrant 304.93 13.44 m . mean rnfl thickness was similar in both groups ( table 5 ) . the effects of pregnancy on the eye fall into three categories : ( 1 ) in general , healthy pregnant women accumulate 46 l fluid in the intra- and extracellular areas over the course of their pregnancy ; ( 2 ) physiologic changes in pressure , corneal sensitivity , increased corneal thickness , and in visual function can occur ; ( 3 ) pathologic conditions reported to develop central serous chorioretinopathy , hypertensive and vascular disorders , and uveal melanoma . pregnancy also can affect preexisting ocular conditions such as diabetic retinopathy , tumors , and immunological disorders.6 oct has been used for retinal examinations in pregnancy in many studies . the macula is especially affected by pregnancy even when healthy  for example , two studies reported infrequent central serous chorioretinopathy in the third trimester in healthy pregnant women.7,8 complications of pregnancy , especially preeclampsia , can lead to loss of vision but these often subside postpartum.9,10 during pregnancy and immediately after delivery , oct may provide information reflecting the relationship between the retina , subretinal space , and retinal pigment epithelium;11 it also used for distinguishing retinal edema from serous neurosensory detachment.12 oct has been used in diagnosis of serous neuroretinal detachments,11,13 to inspect rnfl in children whose mother smoked during pregnancy,14 to measure retinal thickness in the offspring of diabetic pregnancies,15 and in follow - up of therapy.16 detection and follow - up of diffuse intraretinal edema in preeclampsia was performed by oct.17 one study showed that mean threshold retinal sensitivity increased significantly in the third trimester . however , it decreased in the upper and lower temporal quadrant.16,18 pregnancy also affects retinal sensitivity,18 capillary blood flow,19,20 and intraocular pressure . this study showed that the mean intraocular pressure was lower in pregnant women , which is consistent with the literature.21,22 in this study , participants with glaucoma were excluded with measurement of intraocular pressure , visual field tests , and optic disc examination and foveal , parafoveal , and rnfl thickness in healthy pregnant women in their last trimester were compared with a control group . means of all measurements in foveal and parafoveal thickness were higher in pregnant women than a control group . however , the statistically significant difference in thickness was only found in upper , temporal , and inferior parafoveal areas . fluid volume in the body increases during pregnancy secondary to hormonal changes , for example corneal thickness increases during pregnancy . however , the increase of retinal thickness may be secondary to the increase and accumulation of intraretinal or intraretinal cellular fluid . further studies with a larger number of patients are required to confirm this difference .
purposethe inspection of foveal and parafoveal thickness in healthy pregnant women in the last trimester.materials and methodsthis study included 40 healthy pregnant women in their last trimester ( study group : 40 women , 80 eyes ) and 37 nonpregnant women ( control group : 37 women , 74 eyes ) . 
 visual acuity , intraocular pressure , slit lamp examination of anterior and posterior segments , and visual field examination with automated perimetry were performed in both groups . 
 foveal and parafoveal thickness in the four quadrants ( upper , nasal , temporal , and inferior parafoveal ) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer were measured by optical coherence tomography . 
 there were no systemic or ocular problems in either group . 
 findings were analyzed with statistical software . 
 a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.resultsmean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the study group were : foveal 236.12  27.28 m , upper quadrant 321.31  12.28 m , temporal quadrant 307.0  12.05 m , inferior quadrant 317.0  10.58 m , and nasal quadrant 313.62  14.51 m . mean foveal and parafoveal thicknesses in the control group were : foveal 224.62  21.19 m , upper quadrant 311.62  12.71 m , temporal quadrant 296.87  13.78 m , inferior quadrant 305.43 
 13.25 m , and nasal quadrant 304.93  13.44 m . mean retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses in the study and control group were 110  12.4 m and 108  13.1 m , respectively.conclusionmean retinal thickness in pregnant women was higher than control group in all measurements . 
 statistically significant difference in thickness was only found in upper , temporal , and inferior parafoveal areas .