According to Air Force officials, the Air Force has 82 HH-60G helicopters designated to meet its personnel recovery mission requirements. The remaining 14 HH-60Gs are designated for training and, development and testing. Figure 1 shows the Air Force’s inventory of HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters as of May 2018. The Air Combat Command is the lead command for personnel recovery helicopters and as such has responsibility for all requirements associated with the helicopters, and for program funding. Formal training of helicopter aircrews takes place at Kirtland and Nellis Air Force Bases. The formal training unit at Kirtland Air Force Base is the only integrated unit with both active and reserve component forces, but the unit’s helicopters are assigned to the active component. All other HH-60G Pave Hawk units consist solely of active or solely of reserve component forces. Figure 2 shows the locations and components of the HH-60G rescue squadrons. It also shows the numbers of helicopters at each location. It takes several years to fully train a helicopter pilot. Pilots spend about a year and half in their general introductory and specialized helicopter training. For Air Force HH-60 pilots, this initial qualification training occurs at Kirtland Air Force Base. Following that, the pilots continue their training at their assigned operational squadrons. According to weapons school officials, a few experienced HH-60 pilots are selected to attend the HH-60 weapons school at Nellis Air Force Base where the pilots assist in the development of tactics, techniques, and procedures for the HH-60 community. Figure 3 shows a typical training timeline for HH-60G pilots. The material condition of the Air Force’s HH-60G fleet has declined and maintenance challenges have increased, in part due to extensions beyond the initially designed service life of the helicopters. In November 2017, the Air Force’s HH-60Gs were about 5 percent below their desired “mission capable” rate of 75 percent, which refers to the material condition of a squadron’s possessed aircraft and their abilities to conduct their designed missions. Mission capable rates have shown some year- to-year fluctuations, without any clear trends. However, for each of the past 5 years, the helicopters’ mission capable rates have been below the Air Force’s goal, and for fiscal year 2017, 68 percent of the 96 helicopter fleet were mission capable. As the helicopters have aged, the amount of time spent conducting maintenance on them has increased. For example, according to Air Force officials, in fiscal year 2013 the fleet averaged about 21 maintenance manhours for every HH-60G flight hour. However, by fiscal year 2017, the maintenance time spent had increased to an average of more than 25 maintenance manhours for every flight hour. According to officials, the increased time conducting maintenance is a result of an aging helicopter that requires more intensive maintenance. Further, according to officials, in 2007 the average amount of time required to conduct more extensive depot-level maintenance was 233 days, but by fiscal year 2017 it was 332 days, more than a 40 percent increase. Air Force maintenance data for fiscal years 2013-2017 show that airframes, turboshaft engines, and flight controls (see fig. 4) were the HH-60G elements that failed most often. According to Air Force officials, these structural and major component failures can require time-consuming maintenance that negatively affects availability and mission capable rates. According to Air Force flight-hour data, the average flight hours across the HH-60G fleet have increased by nearly 20 percent from fiscal year 2013 through May 2018. Air Force officials stated that the HH-60G was initially designed to have a service life of approximately 6,000 flight hours. However, in May 2018, the fleet-wide average was approximately 7,100 flight hours, or about 18 percent more than their initial expected service life. Table 1 shows that, as of May 2018, HH-60G training aircraft averaged about 10,500 flight hours, while the primary mission and back up aircraft averaged about 6,600 flight hours. The Air Force’s two developmental and testing aircraft had an average of 5,500 flight hours. According to Air Force officials, this is because developmental and testing aircraft are flown to test specific aircraft elements and not on regular missions. As flight hours increase more maintenance is required and maintenance challenges increase, according to Air Force officials. According to Air Force officials, the Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule, which was included in the contract for the new helicopters, was designed to ensure that helicopters with the highest flying hours are generally replaced first. The officials told us that this is why the active component units, which have higher flying-hour averages, would begin receiving their new Combat Rescue Helicopters in fiscal year 2020. Based on the current Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule, the Air Force Reserve is scheduled to receive its new helicopters beginning in fiscal year 2026. The Air National Guard is scheduled to receive refurbished Operational Loss Replacement helicopters in fiscal year 2019 and the new Combat Rescue Helicopters beginning in fiscal year 2027. The last Combat Rescue Helicopters are scheduled to be fielded to all three components in fiscal year 2029. Figure 5 shows the timeline for the transition to the new Combat Rescue Helicopters. On average, the active component helicopters had about 2,000 more flight hours per helicopter than the reserve component helicopters, in May 2018, as shown in figure 6. Specifically, the active component helicopters had on average 7,700 flight-hours, while the reserve component helicopters averaged 5,800 flight hours. The active component helicopters in figure 6 include the Kirtland training helicopters, which averaged about 10,600 flight hours per helicopter. According to Air Force officials, due in part to the high number of flight hours per aircraft, Kirtland is one of the first squadrons scheduled to receive the new Combat Rescue Helicopters. Specifically, Kirtland is scheduled to begin receiving its new helicopters in fiscal year 2020. Among the reserve component, the Air National Guard helicopters have an average of about 6,200 flight hours while the Air Force Reserve helicopters have an average of about 5,500 flight-hours per aircraft. However, the Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule shows that the Air National Guard squadrons are last to receive the new Combat Rescue Helicopters. According to Air Force officials, to address the later fielding of the new Combat Rescue Helicopters to the Air National Guard, beginning in fiscal year 2019 the Air Force is replacing all of the Air National Guard’s helicopters with refurbished Army helicopters. These helicopters will be upgraded to the Air Force’s HH-60G configuration and will each have 3,000 or fewer flight hours. These refurbished helicopters are commonly referred to as the Operational Loss Replacement helicopters. According to Air Force officials the Operational Loss Replacement helicopters are expected to increase squadron helicopter reliability and are expected to reduce unscheduled maintenance until the Air National Guard squadrons receive their new Combat Rescue Helicopters. Due to the Air Force fielding schedule for the Combat Rescue Helicopters, the Air Force may face a challenge in supporting formal training for its reserve component squadrons during fiscal years 2025 through 2028. The rescue squadrons at Kirtland and Nellis Air Force Bases conduct all formal HH-60G training, and by fiscal year 2025, are scheduled to transition to providing formal training for the new Combat Rescue Helicopters. Specifically, these formal training units are scheduled to completely transition to the Combat Rescue Helicopter and will have divested all of their legacy HH-60G aircraft, as shown in figure 7. However, other squadrons will continue to fly the HH-60G aircraft after fiscal year 2025. Specifically, seven rescue squadrons will fly the legacy HH-60Gs in fiscal year 2025, and some will continue flying the HH-60Gs until fiscal year 2028 and so will continue to need formal training to fly that helicopter throughout that period. According to the Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule shown in figure 8, the reserve component squadrons will receive most of their Combat Rescue Helicopters between fiscal years 2026 through 2028. The Air National Guard squadrons will not receive their primary mission Combat Rescue Helicopters until fiscal year 2028. This is 3 years after the formal training units at Kirtland and Nellis will have stopped training students on the legacy HH-60Gs. The Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard did not concur with the Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule. Reserve Component officials said they did not concur, in part, because the Air Force did not coordinate the fielding schedule prior to the contract’s approval in 2014. However, according to Headquarters Air Force officials, the Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule was coordinated with and approved by all components prior to the 2014 contract being approved. Further, Air Force officials stated they plan to maintain the fielding schedule because changing it would require the renegotiation of the contract and would likely result in increased costs and possibly a delay in delivery of the new helicopters. The Combat Rescue Helicopter contract was developed as a fixed-price contract. According to Air Force officials, as part of this fixed- price contract, specific terms such as base locations and order of delivery were predetermined. According to Air Force officials, while the Combat Rescue Helicopter contract does allow for some variation in the quantity of helicopters procured each year, there is no location and order variation permitted without the renegotiation of price. According to the Air Force, any changes outside the included variation of the number of aircraft to be purchased in a given year (i.e. change in the order or location of the bases) would negate the firm-fixed prices in the year where the change occurred, and in all the remaining years of the contract. Specifically, if changes are made to the order or location of the bases, potential contract line items that could increase include base level spares, readiness spares packages, support equipment, interim supply support and field support representatives for both aircraft and training systems. According to Air Force officials, fielding schedule changes could also put at risk the ability to provide timely funding for the military construction projects necessary to house new simulators at the rescue squadrons’ bases. These officials stated that the current Combat Rescue Helicopter fixed-price contract is ahead of schedule and within budget, as of June 2018. Air Force officials said they expect to have new helicopters by March 2020, 3 months ahead of schedule. They also said that if changes are made to the order of deliveries under the contract, the contract would have to be renegotiated which would, in turn, likely slow the delivery of the new helicopters and increase contract costs. Air Force officials acknowledge that based on the current fielding schedule there is a potential training gap that will occur in fiscal years 2025 through 2028 when the formal training units will no longer have any HH-60Gs available to train the reserve component. As of June 2018, Air Force officials told us that the Air Force was considering a number of options to address future training issues, including the following: The Air Force would provide legacy HH-60G helicopters, for a limited time, to the Air National Guard squadron at Kirtland Air Force Base. This would allow the Air National Guard to continue providing initial and requalification training on the legacy HH-60G helicopters for several years after the active component portion of the formal training unit at Kirtland Air Force Base has divested its legacy HH-60G helicopters. The Air Force would require personnel that have completed training on the Combat Rescue Helicopter at Kirtland Air Force Base to then receive additional training for the legacy platform at their home stations if their squadrons are still flying the HH-60Gs. We provided a draft of this report to DOD for review and comment. DOD told us that they had no comments on the draft report. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of the Air Force. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at http://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact me at (202) 512-3489 or at pendletonj@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are listed in appendix II. Following disagreements over the Air Force’s proposals to reduce aircraft and Air National Guard end strength, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 established the National Commission on the Structure of the Air Force. The act required the commission to conduct a study to determine whether, and how, the Air Force structure should be modified to best fulfill mission requirements in a manner consistent with available resources. In January 2014, the commission issued its final report, which included 42 recommendations. The Air Force agreed with 41 of the 42 commission’s recommendations. The recommendations varied in size, scope, and duration, and they focused on a range of topics from personnel policies and systems to determining the appropriate balance between the active and reserve component. However, as we reported in 2016 many of the recommendations were interrelated and the Air Force grouped the recommendations into various lines of effort and assigned senior officials responsibility for tracking the implementation of each line of effort. The “Total Force Continuum” has half (21) of the commission’s 42 recommendations. Recommendation 11 is part of this line of effort and it states: As the Air Force acquires new equipment, force integration plans should adhere to the principle of proportional and concurrent fielding across the components. This means that, in advance of full integration, new equipment will arrive at Air Reserve Component units simultaneously with its arrival at Active Component units in the proportional share of each component. As the Air Force Reserve and Active Component become fully integrated, the Air Force should ensure that the Air National Guard receives new technology concurrent with the integrated units. The Air Force should no longer recapitalize by cascading equipment from the Active Component to the Reserve Components. In accordance with Section 1055 of the Carl Levin and Howard P. “Buck” McKeon National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2015, the Air Force provided the congressional defense committees with annual responses to the commission’s recommendations. In its initial response, the Air Force stated that it was embracing the commission’s intent and viewed the recommendations as a holistic approach to improving the service. With regard to recommendation 11, the Air Force stated that it agreed in principle with the recommendation and would make every attempt to concurrently and proportionally equip all components to be the most capable force within today’s constrained resources. In its 2017 response, the Air Force cited the Combat Rescue Helicopters as one of the examples of how it is implementing recommendation 11. Specifically, the Air Force reported that its future fielding of the CRH shows the Air Force’s commitment to concurrent and proportional fielding of equipment amongst its components. Headquarters, Air Force officials elaborated on this response in response to our request for clarification, stating that the Air Force was replacing all its personnel recovery helicopters—for both its active and reserve component units—under a single contract and that it would not cascade any of its active component helicopters to its reserve component units. As of August 2017, the Air Force stated it had completed its review of recommendation 11 and it updated its Air Force Policy Directive 10-3, Operational Utilization of the Air Reserve Component Forces in November 2017, to better reflect the intent of the recommendation. In addition to the contact named above, Michael Ferren, Assistant Director; Vincent Buquicchio; Mae Jones; Leigh Ann Sheffield; Mike Silver; and Nicole Volchko made key contributions to this report.
Since the 1980s, the Air Force has used its HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters to conduct life-saving missions, including for personnel recovery and medical evacuations. The aging HH-60G inventory has shrunk over the years as a result of mishaps. As the inventory was declining, the Air Force began efforts to replace its fleet with the new Combat Rescue Helicopter. The National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2018 includes a provision for GAO to review HH-60G replacement programs. This report examines: (1) the maintenance condition and service life of the Air Force's HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters; (2) the Air Force's schedule for fielding the new Combat Rescue Helicopter in the active and reserve components; and (3) any training challenges the Air Force has identified related to this schedule. GAO analyzed flight hour and availability data and contracts and fielding schedule for new and refurbished personnel recovery helicopters for the Air Force. GAO also analyzed documentation, and interviewed officials from the Air Force Headquarters, the Air Force major commands, including the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve, and training and test and evaluation units to discuss challenges the Air Force expects to face as it fields its new helicopters. The material condition of the Air Forces' aging HH-60G fleet has declined and maintenance challenges have increased, in part due to extensions beyond the designed service life of the helicopters. About 68 percent of the 96-helicopter fleet were mission-capable as of fiscal year 2017, below the Air Force desired mission-capable rate of 75 percent. The fleet is experiencing maintenance challenges. For example, the helicopters undergoing depot-level maintenance spent an average of 332 days undergoing such maintenance in fiscal year 2017 compared with 233 days in fiscal year 2007, more than a 40-percent increase. Air Force officials attribute these challenges to the helicopters exceeding their initially planned service life. Currently, available helicopters across the fleet average about 7,100 flight hours about 18 percent more than their initial expected service life of 6,000 hours. According to Air Force officials, the schedule for fielding the new Combat Rescue Helicopters generally prioritizes the replacement of helicopters with the highest number of flight hours; as a result, the active component is scheduled to begin receiving its new helicopters in fiscal year 2020, 6 years before the reserve component. In May 2018, the Air Force's active component HH-60Gs averaged about 2,000 more flight hours per helicopter than the reserve component. Under the fielding schedule, the Air National Guard squadrons are to receive new Combat Rescue Helicopters beginning in 2027, at the end of the fielding period. According to officials, in the meantime, to address aging helicopters in the Air National Guard, the Guard is scheduled to receive refurbished Army helicopters beginning in 2019. According to Air Force officials, these helicopters will have 3,000 or fewer flight hours and will be upgraded to the Air Force's HH-60G configuration. The Air Force officials explained that these helicopters are expected to increase reliability rates, reduce the need for unscheduled maintenance, and bridge the gap until the Air National Guard receives the new Combat Rescue Helicopters. Due to the Air Force fielding schedule for the Combat Rescue Helicopters, the Air Force may face a challenge in supporting formal training for reserve component squadrons in fiscal year 2025 through 2028. The training squadrons at Kirtland and Nellis Air Force Bases conduct all formal HH-60G training for both the active and reserve components. By 2025, these training squadrons are scheduled to be completely transitioned to the new Combat Rescue Helicopters. Given the fielding schedule, the training squadrons will not have any legacy HH-60Gs for formal training for the reserve component. However, some squadrons in the reserve component are scheduled to continue flying HH-60Gs until 2028 and will still need formal training. Air Force reserve component officials did not concur with the new Combat Rescue Helicopter fielding schedule. However, Air Force officials said that they plan to maintain their fielding schedule because changing it would require renegotiation of the contract, likely increase costs, and possibly delay delivery of the new helicopters. Air Force officials acknowledged this potential training issue and told GAO that the Air Force was considering options to address it; including retaining some legacy HH-60Gs at a training squadron to provide training during any gap period. GAO is not making any recommendations in this report. GAO requested comments from the DOD, but none were provided.