In the United States, authority to regulate elections is shared by federal, state, and local officials. Congressional authority to regulate elections derives from various constitutional sources, depending on the type of election. In addition, Congress has passed legislation in major functional areas of the voting process, such as voter registration and prohibitions against discriminatory voting practices. However, responsibility for the administration of state and federal elections resides at the state level. States regulate various aspects of elections including, for example, registration procedures, absentee and early voting requirements, and Election Day procedures. Within each state, responsibility for managing, planning, and conducting elections is largely a local process, residing with about 10,300 local election jurisdictions nationwide. Some states have mandated statewide election administration guidelines and procedures that foster uniformity in the way their local jurisdictions conduct elections, whereas other states have guidelines that generally permit local election jurisdictions considerable autonomy and discretion in the way they run elections. The result is that elections can be administered differently across states and local jurisdictions. Unless states require otherwise, local jurisdictions generally have discretion over activities such as election officials’ training and, in most states, the selection and purchase of voting technology. Among other things, local election officials register eligible voters; educate voters on how to use voting technology; provide information on the candidates and ballot measures; recruit, train, organize, and mobilize poll workers; prepare and test voting equipment for use; and count ballots. The election process is composed of pre-election, Election Day, and post-election activities: Pre-election activities include providing opportunities for eligible individuals to register to vote, maintaining and updating the voter registration database, recruiting and training poll workers, selecting polling locations, preparing voting materials, testing equipment, qualifying candidates for office, and administering absentee and vote-by-mail voting processes. Election Day activities include opening and closing polling places, setting up voting machines and voting booths, checking in voters and verifying registration status, and providing opportunities for voters to mark and cast ballots. Post-election activities include securing equipment and ballots, transferring physical ballots or records of vote counts to a central location for counting, determining the outcome of the election, publishing unofficial results, certifying official election results, and performing recounts, if required. The election process relies on various assets—such as information technology systems, networks, equipment, and facilities. These assets can be broadly categorized as physical, cyber, and human components of the Election Infrastructure Subsector, as described in table 1. Physical, cyber, and human assets comprising the election infrastructure are susceptible to unintentional and intentional threats. As we have previously reported, unintentional, or nonadversarial, threat sources include equipment failures, software coding errors, or the accidental actions of employees (human errors). Threat sources also include natural disasters and other events that can cause failure within sectors on which the election infrastructure is dependent, such as power grid failures in the energy sector. Intentional, or adversarial, threats can involve targeted and untargeted attacks from a variety of sources, including criminal groups, hackers, disgruntled employees, foreign nations engaged in espionage and information warfare, and terrorists. These adversaries vary in terms of the capabilities of the actors, their willingness to act, and their motives, which can include seeking monetary gain or pursuing an economic, political, or military advantage. Appendix I lists general cybersecurity threat sources that can impact information technology systems that support the election infrastructure. Cyber adversaries may make use of various techniques, tactics, and practices—or exploits—to adversely affect an organization’s computers, software, or networks, or to intercept or steal valuable or sensitive information. These exploits are carried out through various conduits, including websites, email, wireless and cellular communications, internet protocols, portable media, and social media. Further, adversaries can leverage common computer software programs, such as Adobe Acrobat and Microsoft Office, to deliver a threat by embedding malware or other exploits within software files that can be activated when a user opens a file within its corresponding program. DHS and others have identified general cyber and physical threats that are applicable throughout the election process. For example, voting equipment may be susceptible to a supply chain attack in which the malicious actor may use the voting equipment vendor as a pathway to plant malware to modify or compromise ballot definition files before they reach the hands of election officials. Also, the absence of or lack of consistent physical access controls, auditable chain of custody procedures, or vendor installed countermeasures may allow malicious actors or well-placed insiders to manipulate voting equipment and ballots at any stage of the process through unauthorized physical access. In addition, there are certain physical and cyber threats that are applicable to individual assets and stages in the election process. Figure 1 provides examples of threats to various assets and stages in the election process. Additionally, DHS has analyzed and identified common cybersecurity vulnerabilities associated with enterprise networks and voter registration systems supporting election infrastructure that could apply to multiple assets at all stages of the election process. Such vulnerabilities include user susceptibility to malicious email, outdated software patches, the use of default system configurations, passwords that are weak or presented in clear text, and the use of operating systems with known weaknesses that have not been properly addressed. Presidential Policy Directive 21, issued in February 2013, shifted the nation’s focus from protecting critical infrastructure against terrorism to protecting and securing critical infrastructure and increasing its resilience against all hazards, including natural disasters, terrorism, and cyber incidents. The directive identified 16 critical infrastructure sectors and outlined roles and responsibilities for protecting these sectors. Further, the directive established sector specific agencies as the federal entities responsible for providing institutional knowledge and specialized expertise to facilitate or support federal, state, and local governments, as well as private sector entities, in protecting critical infrastructure. The National Infrastructure Protection Plan, updated by DHS in December 2013, further integrates critical infrastructure protection efforts between government and private sectors, among other things. It describes a voluntary partnership model as the primary means of coordinating government and private sector efforts to protect critical infrastructure. As part of the partnership structure, the designated sector-specific agencies serve as the lead coordinators for the security programs of their respective sectors. In accordance with the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, the National Protection and Programs Directorate within DHS was designated the sector-specific agency, or lead federal agency, for the Election Infrastructure Subsector. CISA subsequently assumed the role of sector-specific agency upon its establishment as the successor to the Directorate in November 2018. As the lead agency for the Election Infrastructure Subsector, CISA is responsible for coordinating partnership activities and information sharing and is the primary federal interface with the subsector’s stakeholders with respect to security. The Election Security Initiative, part of CISA’s National Risk Management Center, is responsible for managing the agency’s election subsector partnerships. To implement the voluntary partnership model, the subsector created two complementary coordinating councils—one for governments and one for private sector partners—to facilitate partnerships to support election infrastructure. Specifically, the Election Infrastructure Subsector Government Coordinating Council, created in October 2017, enables federal, state, and local governments to share information and collaborate on best practices to mitigate and counter threats to election infrastructure. The council is composed of 27 members, which include three voting members from the federal government—specifically one from DHS and two from the Election Assistance Commission (EAC)—and 24 from state and local governments. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), EAC, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) coordinate with each other, with CISA, and with state and local governments through the Election Infrastructure Subsector Government Coordinating Council. Additionally, the Subsector Coordinating Council was chartered in February 2018 and includes private sector entities whose services, systems, products, or technology are used by or on behalf of state or local governments in administrating the U.S. election process. The Election Infrastructure Subsector Specific Plan outlines actions that CISA, as the sector-specific agency, the Government Coordinating Council, and the Subsector Coordinating Council will take to support election infrastructure. Within the Department of Justice, the FBI supports the Election Infrastructure Subsector by countering foreign influence operations and collecting and processing threat information on election infrastructure. This effort is headed by the FBI’s Foreign Influence Task Force, which integrates the agency’s cyber, counterintelligence, counterterrorism, and criminal law enforcement resources to better understand threats posed by foreign influence operations. Among other things, the task force investigates cyber operations targeting election infrastructure or public officials, and covert influence operations designed to influence public opinion and sow division through disinformation and misinformation on social media. The FBI exchanges threat information with CISA and other federal partners to help states and local jurisdictions detect and prevent operations targeting the election infrastructure. Further, the EAC supports the Election Infrastructure Subsector by carrying out its responsibilities under the Help America Vote Act. Specifically, the EAC develops voluntary voting system guidelines and oversees the testing and certification of voting systems. Under the Help America Vote Act, the EAC works through the Technical Guidelines Development Committee to establish a set of principles, guidelines, and requirements specifying how voting systems are to meet standards of functionality, accessibility, and security. The EAC has also provided states with operational grants to replace voting systems. According to the Acting Executive Director of EAC, states also used the grants to increase the security of election systems, such as voter registration systems, and apply other cybersecurity enhancements. Additionally, the EAC and CISA have collaborated to develop select initiatives—such as web-based training for election officials—to expand outreach to states and local jurisdictions. NIST supports the Election Infrastructure Subsector by conducting research to develop and provide standards, tests, guidelines, best practices, and lab accreditation assistance that EAC and states and local jurisdictions may use at their discretion. The Director of NIST chairs the Technical Guidelines Development Committee. At the request of the Committee, the Director of NIST provides technical support for the Committee to carry out its duties, such as by participating in election and constituency working groups to provide technical leadership in support of the development of voluntary voting system guidelines. NIST also helps election officials identify and prioritize opportunities to improve their cybersecurity posture. For example, it established a joint working group with the Election Infrastructure Subsector Government Coordinating Council and Subsector Coordinating Council to develop a framework of cybersecurity practices tailored to elections. In doing so, NIST works with the election community to identify the resources and outcomes needed to ensure the security of the election infrastructure. As part of this effort, it receives feedback from states and local jurisdictions, as well as from CISA, through the Election Infrastructure Subsector Government Coordinating Council. DHS, through CISA, has taken steps to assist election officials in securing election infrastructure by providing services in three areas: regional support and assistance, education and awareness, and information sharing and analysis among federal, state, and local organizations. Appendix II provides a list of the services that CISA makes available to states and local election jurisdictions. Regional support and assistance. CISA employs personnel with cyber and physical security expertise in its 10 regional offices throughout the country. According to CISA, as of November 2019, these experts included 24 cybersecurity advisors and 100 protective security advisors who perform and coordinate security assessments for the 16 critical infrastructure sectors, including the Election Infrastructure Subsector. A single advisor may be responsible for performing and coordinating assessments for an entire state or region and across multiple critical infrastructure sectors. The cybersecurity advisors and protective security advisors consult with state and local election officials and identify services that CISA can provide on a voluntary, no cost basis. For example, according to CISA Election Security Initiative officials, cybersecurity advisors and protective security advisors have promoted CISA services and assessments, such as an assessment of network security vulnerabilities and an assessment of risks associated with information and communication technology suppliers and service providers. In addition, protective security advisors have conducted physical inspections of the protections over facilities that store election-related equipment such as voting machines or poll books. Protective security advisors told us that they also provide a web-based tool that states or local jurisdictions can use to identify security gaps and preparedness across facilities. CISA officials stated that, although regional personnel promote cybersecurity and physical security services to election officials, personnel based at CISA headquarters conduct the more advanced cybersecurity assessments. For example, the Vulnerability Management Branch provides vulnerability scanning and risk and vulnerability assessments, while the Threat Hunting Branch responds to cyber incidents. In September 2019, officials from the Election Security Initiative told us that, based on the CISA Director’s guidance, the agency gives requests from election infrastructure stakeholders a higher level of priority than requests from the other sectors. The precise length of the wait for service depends on the type of service. For some services, such as vulnerability scanning, there is no wait time, according to CISA officials, because CISA can activate the service within 24 hours. Education and awareness. CISA disseminates educational materials to raise awareness of election security-related issues and services available to state and local election officials. For example, CISA provides a web- based training course to help election officials understand the principles of information technology management and has developed guidance to help states and localities adopt recommended information technology practices to improve their security posture. According to CISA, as of November 2019, 1,201 individuals had completed the online course. Further, CISA conducted two election infrastructure tabletop exercises known as “Tabletop the Vote” in August 2018 and June 2019 to help the Election Infrastructure Subsector community collaborate and identify best practices and areas for improvement in election-related cyber incident planning, identification, response, and recovery. The 2018 tabletop exercise included 44 states, the District of Columbia, 16 federal entities, the National Association of Secretaries of State, and the National Association of State Election Directors. According to CISA officials, the June 2019 exercise included 47 states, the District of Columbia, 15 federal entities, the National Association of Secretaries of State, the National Association of State Election Directors, the National Governors Association, and the National Conference of State Legislatures. CISA officials also noted that CISA personnel, including regional personnel, have presented at numerous national and state meetings of election officials, such as the Election Center’s annual conference in August 2019. In addition, as part of CISA’s Last Mile initiative, the agency collaborates with state and local election officials to create customized posters that highlight efforts to strengthen election security. The purpose of the posters is to describe the state’s or local jurisdiction’s election infrastructure assets and systems, characterize risks, and offer specific measures it should implement to mitigate those risks. Election officials can present the posters to voters, lawmakers, and their own personnel to bolster confidence in the security of their election systems. As of November 2019, CISA reported that it had delivered Last Mile posters to 19 states (including six states since the 2018 election) and 1,202 local election jurisdictions. Information sharing and analysis. CISA collects and analyzes election security-related information—such as threat indicators, incident alerts, and vulnerability data—and shares this information with election officials to help them assess cybersecurity controls, detect threats, and mitigate risks. To further this goal, CISA partnered with the Center for Internet Security and the Election Infrastructure Subsector Government Coordinating Council to create the Election Infrastructure Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EI-ISAC) in February 2018. State and local election offices can join the EI-ISAC at no cost and receive election-focused cyber defense tools and products. According to the Director of the EI-ISAC, as of November 2019, its members included 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 2,267 local jurisdictions. CISA officials stated that the EI-ISAC is the primary mechanism that CISA uses to exchange information throughout the election community. For example, the EI-ISAC produces a quarterly threat report to assist the election community in the analysis of active information security threats. From its inception through September 2019, the EI-ISAC had sent out 263 alerts to its members, including weekly, spotlight, and other emails, according to EI-ISAC officials. EI-ISAC officials added that CISA funds the EI-ISAC to, among other things, deploy an intrusion detection sensor in each state specifically for voter registration systems and other supporting infrastructure to detect malicious activity and provide network security alerts. CISA officials stated that the agency, in coordination with the EI-ISAC, analyzes data from these sensors to identify trends in threats and vulnerabilities across states and local jurisdictions. CISA also manages the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC), which receives reports of suspected malicious cyber activity from state and local officials, analyzes attempts to infiltrate election systems, and shares information about threats and vulnerabilities through the EI-ISAC. The NCCIC has also assisted election officials in responding to incidents, upon request. According to CISA officials, in fiscal years 2018 and 2019, NCCIC’s Hunt and Incident Response Teams provided services to 10 states and 16 local election jurisdictions, such as incident response activities and proactive reviews for malicious activity at the time of service. Table 2 identifies selected services that CISA provided to states and local jurisdictions in 2018 and 2019, as of November 6, 2019. State election officials with whom we spoke were generally satisfied with CISA’s support to secure their election infrastructure. Specifically, officials from seven of the eight states we contacted said that they were very satisfied with CISA’s election-related work, while officials from the eighth state said that they were somewhat satisfied. Officials from five states told us that their relationship with CISA had improved markedly since early 2017, when the elections subsector was established. For example, state officials said that CISA has made progress in this area. The Secretary of Homeland Security’s designation of elections as critical infrastructure was initially controversial among state and local officials. For example, in February 2017, the National Association of Secretaries of State voted to oppose the designation of elections as critical infrastructure, citing the states’ constitutional authority to regulate elections. In addition, CISA officials told us that a lack of trust and communication between DHS and state and local election officials hindered initial efforts to establish the Election Infrastructure Subsector. However, officials from one state told us that, despite initial reservations about DHS’s role in election security, CISA has become a good partner over time. An official from another state expressed appreciation that CISA appears to be honestly and earnestly working to gain states’ trust. Officials representing the National Association of Secretaries of State and the National Association of State Election Directors also stated that CISA had worked to improve its relationships with state election officials. According to these officials, CISA has expanded outreach efforts by attending state association meetings and conferences to present information on CISA’s resources and the threat environment and has impressed election officials with the level of detail provided by CISA’s threat reporting. An official from the Election Center, which represents local election officials, stated that CISA officials attend every cybersecurity and critical infrastructure event hosted by the center. CISA officials stated that, while it is not possible to meet individually with all of the local election jurisdictions nationwide, it can engage with multiple local election jurisdictions at one time at these association conferences. Election officials from selected states and local jurisdictions cited various benefits from CISA’s support to election security. According to officials from six states, CISA’s involvement in election security has increased the officials’ understanding of the threat environment that the election community faces. They also said that CISA’s involvement has helped them to plan for cybersecurity threats and to prioritize their election security efforts. For example, officials from one state said that CISA recommended that the state set priorities and focus on risk assessments and network segmentation. In addition, election officials from five states spoke highly of CISA’s expertise and availability. The officials said, for example, that CISA regional and headquarters personnel were easy to get in touch with and knowledgeable about the election community. As a result, the officials said that they had better access to training opportunities and informal advice. Further, officials from each of the eight states spoke positively about the information that the officials received from the EI-ISAC. For example, state officials said that the EI-ISAC updated them regularly on election security incidents and vulnerabilities nationwide, allowing them to prepare for potential incidents. Officials also stated that the EI-ISAC presented the information in a way that was understandable to election administrators who may not have backgrounds in information technology. For example, in a monthly “spotlight” email, the EI-ISAC defines a key cybersecurity term and explains to the election officials why it should matter to them. One official told us that through membership in the EI-ISAC, the state has learned about election security best practices from other states, and other officials said that EI-ISAC allows them to maintain visibility of nationwide threats and other election security issues. Officials from one state said that their contacts through the EI-ISAC helped them to identify a point of contact at social media companies so that they could inform the companies about election-related misinformation being spread online. In addition, election officials from two states said that they have encouraged or required local election jurisdictions to enroll in the EI-ISAC. According to EI-ISAC officials, the number of local election jurisdictions enrolled in the EI-ISAC increased from 1,384 at the end of 2018 to 2,267 in November 2019, and included all three election jurisdictions that we contacted. Officials from two of the three local jurisdictions said that the EI-ISAC emails were valuable. For example, election officials from one local jurisdiction said that communication from the EI-ISAC is meaningful and targeted to bolster their election security efforts. Election officials from the other jurisdiction said that they use the EI-ISAC information to improve their continuity of operations plans. On the other hand, officials from the third local jurisdiction said that the information provided in EI- ISAC emails was too general and not specific enough to their circumstances. Election officials from five states also spoke positively of the EI-ISAC situational awareness chat rooms, which DHS hosted on its Homeland Security Information Network. These officials stated that they participated in and monitored the chat rooms on Election Day to maintain awareness of any emergent election security issues nationwide. For example, officials from one state said that the chat rooms helped them receive real time notification of issues in other states and possible solutions to those issues. In addition, as previously mentioned, one of CISA’s major efforts was the 3-day tabletop exercises held in August 2018 and June 2019, which state and local officials were able to attend remotely by video teleconference from sites around the country. Elections officials from five states said that the exercises conveyed important information and prompted thoughtful discussions among state and local officials. Election officials from four states said that the exercises helped them build relationships within their states, and election officials from three states also said the exercises helped to build relationships with federal agencies as well. In addition, officials from four states said that they conducted or were planning to conduct tabletop exercises modeled on CISA’s exercises. Election officials from three states said that CISA’s cybersecurity assistance has helped them to assure voters that elections in their states are secure or to promote election security efforts. For example, officials from one state said that, when they get questions from the public about election security, they tell voters that CISA’s assessments have shown that the state’s election systems are free of malicious code. Election officials from another state said that CISA officials’ outspokenness has created opportunities for state officials to discuss the importance of election security issues with local officials. Additionally, officials from five states told us they encourage local election officials to request election security services from CISA to increase the security posture of the local jurisdictions. Even though state and local election officials provided mostly positive feedback on DHS’s election security assistance, officials also identified two challenges linked to DHS’s assistance efforts. First, officials from three states stated that it is challenging to find time to schedule election security services. For example, officials from one state said that their biggest challenge is to find time in their state’s election schedule for receiving CISA services because the state has seven to nine elections in off years (that is, years without congressional or presidential elections). Officials from another state said that they might have requested additional election services from CISA if the state had more time in its election calendar. However, none of the state officials with whom we spoke attributed this difficulty to CISA, as election calendars are outside of CISA’s control. In commenting on this challenge, CISA officials said that they have tried to accommodate states’ and local election jurisdictions’ needs, when possible. For example, CISA started offering remote penetration testing as an alternative to the risk and vulnerability assessment. The officials said that the two services are similar, but the remote penetration testing can be completed in fewer days and does not require CISA personnel to be physically present in the election offices. CISA officials told us that smaller jurisdictions sometimes prefer this option. Election officials also identified an additional challenge related to the intelligence briefings that were provided by DHS’s Office of Intelligence and Analysis for state and local officials with security clearances leading up to the 2018 elections. According to Office of Intelligence and Analysis officials, the briefings allowed state and local officials to become more informed about the national threat picture, which in turn, allowed them to adjust to the threat more effectively. Election officials from two states said that the intelligence briefings had provided helpful contextual information about cyber threats. However, election officials in two other states said that the briefings were not as useful as the election officials had hoped because the briefings only provided information that was already available publicly, and election officials from another state said that they learned about a significant election security issue possibly related to their state through news reports. For example, an election official from a different state said that the state learned about threats from the Department of Justice’s July 2018 indictment against foreign intelligence officers. CISA officials stated that they are aware of this issue and have been trying to improve the communication of intelligence information to state and local election officials. For example, at a October 2019 hearing of the House of Representatives Committee on Homeland Security, a CISA senior cybersecurity advisor testified that DHS has begun working with the Intelligence Community to rapidly declassify relevant intelligence or provide as much intelligence as possible, at the lowest classification level possible, to state and local election officials. CISA officials also told us that the agency has started working with cybersecurity intelligence firms to provide election security information to state and local officials without the need for national security clearances or travel to secure facilities. According to CISA officials, two cybersecurity intelligence firms provided webinars to election officials in September and October 2019. CISA officials said that these firms have sophisticated capabilities that they use to analyze information that is not classified. As a result, the cybersecurity intelligence firms can more easily share information with states and local election jurisdictions. CISA officials said that state and local officials will benefit from these briefings because they provide actionable threat information to election officials without requiring them to have security clearances or travel to secure facilities. According to DHS planning guidance, strategic-level planning provides a framework for guiding homeland security activities and generates the objectives and priorities, which influence the roles, responsibilities, and actions that are detailed in the operational-level plans. Further, subsequent operational-level plans are to identify the tasks and resources needed to execute strategic plans. Prior GAO work has shown that strategic and operations plans can help further define capabilities, including opportunities to leverage resources. Such plans can also provide a roadmap for addressing identified gaps and better position an agency and its components to work collaboratively and strategically with external partners, such as states and local jurisdictions. CISA has begun developing strategic and operations plans for assisting states and local jurisdictions in securing election infrastructure in preparation for the 2020 elections. Specifically, CISA has developed a draft strategic plan for securing election infrastructure, known as the #Protect2020 Strategic Plan. According to the draft, CISA intends for its strategic plan to be used to achieve the high-level goals and outcomes called for in the agency’s August 2019 Strategic Intent. The draft strategic plan focuses on four areas, also referred to as lines of effort: (1) protecting election infrastructure, (2) supporting political campaigns, (3) raising public awareness on foreign influence threats and building resilience, and (4) sharing intelligence and identifying threats. In addition, the draft strategic plan identifies several objectives for each line of effort. For example, it includes three objectives for the protecting election infrastructure line of effort: building stakeholder capacity to manage risks and handle adversaries, through activities such as creating incident response and communication plans and encouraging states to adopt and practice them; providing technology services to stakeholders to monitor and secure their networks, by promoting the use of CISA’s voluntary services and assessments, among other things; and facilitating information sharing between the federal government, private sector, and state and local partners by, among other things, hosting situational awareness chat rooms prior to, during, and after state and federal elections. As another example, the draft strategic plan identifies three objectives for the sharing intelligence and identifying threats line of effort: partnering with private sector firms and vendors to improve cyber threat intelligence, through activities such as developing threat indicators and warnings; cooperating across federal partners—including federal law enforcement and the Intelligence Community—by, among other things, advocating for the creation of a joint memorandum to consolidate and highlight current knowledge on election threat intelligence; and monitoring threat activity through actions such as using network monitoring capabilities to spot malicious activity and reveal key trends. In addition, CISA officials stated that the agency has begun developing a draft operations plan, known as the 2020 Election Security Operations Plan. This plan is to—in conjunction with the strategic plan—describe key organizational functions, processes, and resources employed to carry out the agency’s efforts in support of elections in 2020. CISA officials stated, as of November 2019, that the agency intended to finalize the strategic and operations plans by January 2020. However, as of January 2020, CISA’s plans were not yet complete. According to a CISA official, the plans were not finalized due to an ongoing reorganization within CISA and limited staffing resources within the Election Security Initiative. While CISA has drafted the strategic plan, the agency has not yet completed a draft of its operations plan. CISA officials have noted the importance of the operations plan to help ensure the agency is adequately prepared to support election officials in securing election infrastructure in advance of elections, which begin with presidential primaries in February 2020, as well as subsequent primaries leading up to the November 2020 general election. Further, CISA’s operations plan may not fully address the four lines of effort outlined in its strategic plan when finalized. Specifically, according to CISA officials, the operations plan is expected to identify organizational functions, processes, and resources for certain elements of two of the strategic plan’s lines of effort—protecting election infrastructure and sharing intelligence and identifying threats. However, agency officials did not identify the extent to which the operations plan would address all of the objectives from these lines of effort in the strategic plan. CISA officials also stated that the agency is unlikely to develop additional operations plans for the other two lines of effort—providing security assistance to political campaigns, and raising public awareness on foreign influence threats and building resilience. The officials stated that, given the limited amount of time remaining before election preparation activities commence, the agency decided to prioritize developing a plan for the first line of effort that addresses the primary customers of the agency’s election services. In the absence of completed strategic and operations plans, a CISA official in one region stated in October 2019 that the region is moving forward with its own strategy for assisting states and local jurisdictions because the 2020 election cycle is scheduled to start with state primary elections in the region in March 2020. The lack of finalized plans can affect CISA’s achievement of higher-level objectives that take time to accomplish, such as building stakeholder capacity and public awareness. Until CISA finalizes its strategic and operations plans for supporting elections in 2020 and ensures that the operations plan fully addresses all of the aspects of its strategic plan, CISA will not be well-positioned to execute a nationwide strategy for securing election infrastructure prior to the start of 2020 election activities. DHS’s National Infrastructure Protection Plan, which provides strategic direction for national, critical infrastructure protection efforts, calls for sector-specific agencies to coordinate lessons learned and corrective actions and rapidly incorporate them to improve future efforts. Further, GAO’s Standards for Internal Control calls for management to document corrective action plans to remediate internal control deficiencies in a timely manner following the reporting and evaluation of issues. CISA has identified various challenges related to its election assistance efforts; however, the agency has not yet documented plans that address them. Following the 2018 midterm elections, CISA and the RAND Corporation conducted two reviews of CISA’s efforts supporting the elections, in order to inform strategic planning and strengthen future operations. The first review, conducted by the RAND Corporation under a contract with DHS, assessed election security operations that CISA undertook from January 2017 through the November 2018 midterm elections. The review relied upon input from DHS personnel, the EI- ISAC, associations representing state election officials, and election system vendors to identify lessons learned from CISA’s activities to assist in securing election infrastructure. In the second review, CISA conducted an after action review covering its efforts to assist in securing election infrastructure from September 2018 to December 2018, based on input from personnel within DHS and its federal partners who participated in the agency’s election security operations. Both reviews identified various challenges that CISA needed to address in its planning for 2020. For example, the RAND review cited challenges related to the services and threat briefings CISA provided to states and local jurisdictions. The review noted, among other things, that CISA: lacked an approach for prioritizing its activities based on election security risks, which could limit the agency’s ability to dedicate increased attention and resources to the jurisdictions with the highest risk; did not adequately tailor services, which could have made it more difficult to meet the resource and time constraints of customers such as local election jurisdictions; and did not always provide actionable recommendations in DHS classified threat briefings or make unclassified versions of the briefings available, which may have hindered election officials’ ability to effectively communicate with information technology and other personnel in their agencies who did not have clearances. Additionally, the CISA after action report identified a number of internal operational challenges associated with its election-related efforts in 2018. For example, the report cited: a lack of understanding by CISA headquarters staff of the roles and functions of regional field staff, which led to redundant requests for information from headquarters staff to regional staff; the lack of a single agency-wide platform to maintain an awareness of election threats, which resulted in confusion among CISA personnel about which threat information was accurate and current; and the inability of CISA personnel supporting election security operations to access social media websites from situational awareness rooms, which hindered their collection and analysis of threat information. Further, both reviews cited challenges regarding CISA’s ability to manage incident information and provide Election Day incident response capabilities in the event of a compromise. For example, with regards to the 2018 election, the reviews noted: few capabilities that CISA field staff could quickly provide on Election Day, which could limit the agency’s timeliness in mitigating or responding to an incident; a lack of clarity regarding CISA’s incident response capabilities in the event of a compromise that exhausts state and local resources, which may limit knowledge about agency capabilities that are available; and a lack of outreach and situational reporting on incidents, threats, and trends on Election Day from headquarters to regional staff following the closure of the polls on the East Coast, which hindered CISA’s coordination of such information with state and local officials. While CISA identified challenges related to its prior efforts, it has not developed plans to address them. According to a CISA official, the agency does not intend to develop a separate plan addressing how it will remediate the identified challenges in the RAND report. Rather, CISA officials noted that the agency plans to address the challenges from that report in the strategic plan and operations plan that it is developing. In addition, the officials noted that CISA may address challenges through other actions that the agency expects to take, such as hiring additional staff. However, CISA’s draft strategic plan, as of November 2019, had only addressed three challenges from the RAND report—countering the threat of disinformation, clarifying how CISA is to support political campaigns, and prioritizing outreach to local jurisdictions. The extent to which the strategic plan, when finalized, will address the other outstanding challenges remains unclear. In addition, the extent to which the operations plan will document how the agency is to address challenges in the RAND report remains uncertain as the operations plan has not yet been completed. Further, CISA has not documented how the agency is to address challenges in the RAND report through other actions that it expects to take before the 2020 elections. Similarly, CISA officials stated that the agency intends to address a subset of the challenges from CISA’s after action report in its anticipated operations plan. However, the extent to which the operations plan will document how the agency is to address challenges in the after action report remains unclear, given that the operations plan has not yet been completed. Without documented plans that address prior challenges, CISA will not be well-positioned to effectively address the challenges identified in prior reviews. This includes addressing how CISA will coordinate among its personnel and provide accurate threat information and other capabilities that address the needs of the election infrastructure community in the remaining months ahead of the 2020 elections. With primary elections beginning in February 2020 and culminating in the general election in November 2020, CISA has limited time remaining to help states and local election jurisdictions protect their election infrastructure in advance of these elections. State and local election officials that we contacted have been generally satisfied with CISA’s election security efforts. However, CISA’s unfinished planning means the agency may be limited in its ability to execute a nationwide strategy for securing election infrastructure. In particular, the #Protect2020 Strategic Plan’s higher-level objectives—such as building stakeholder capacity and public awareness—necessarily take time to accomplish. In addition, CISA has not fully assessed and documented how it will address challenges identified in prior assessments, which limits the ability of CISA to address these challenges in its current efforts. We are making three recommendations to the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency: The CISA Director should urgently finalize the strategic plan and the supporting operations plan for securing election infrastructure for the upcoming elections. (Recommendation 1) The CISA Director should ensure that the operations plan fully addresses all lines of effort in the strategic plan for securing election infrastructure for the upcoming elections. (Recommendation 2) The CISA Director should document how the agency intends to address challenges identified in its prior election assistance efforts and incorporate appropriate remedial actions into the agency’s 2020 planning. (Recommendation 3) DHS provided written comments on a draft of this report, which are reprinted in appendix III. In its comments, the department concurred with all three of our recommendations and identified actions that it plans to take to implement each of the recommendations. For example, the department stated that CISA intends to finalize its strategic and operations plans by February 14, 2020. The department noted that these plans are to provide a strategic overview and operational framework in support of the primaries and the general election in 2020. Further, the department stated that the operations plan, when finalized, is to address all lines of effort in the strategic plan. In addition, the department noted that both the strategic and operations plans are to further document DHS’s plans to address challenges identified during the 2017-2018 election cycle. If implemented effectively, the actions that DHS plans to take in response to the recommendations should address the weaknesses that we identified during our review. DHS and CISA officials also provided technical comments, which we incorporated, as appropriate. We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional committees, the Acting Secretary of Homeland Security, the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, and other interested parties. In addition, the report is available at no charge on the GAO website at https://www.gao.gov. If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please contact Vijay A. D’Souza, Director, Information Technology and Cybersecurity, at (202) 512-6240 or dsouzav@gao.gov or Rebecca Gambler, Director, Homeland Security and Justice, at (202) 512-8777 or gamblerr@gao.gov. Contact points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made major contributions to this report are listed in appendix IV. The election process relies on various assets—such as information technology systems, networks, equipment, and facilities—that can be broadly categorized as physical, cyber, and human components of the Election Infrastructure Subsector. The assets and components of the election infrastructure are susceptible to a variety of unintentional, or nonadversarial, and intentional, or adversarial, threats. The table below identifies sources of cybersecurity threats to election infrastructure. The Department of Homeland Security, through the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), has taken steps to assist state and local election officials in securing election infrastructure by providing a variety of services on a voluntary, no cost basis. These services include cybersecurity assessments, detection and prevention activities, and information sharing. The table below identifies voluntary services that CISA offers to states and local election jurisdictions. In addition to the contacts named above, Josh Leiling (Assistant Director), Tom Jessor (Assistant Director), Torrey Hardee (Analyst-in-Charge), Roger Bracy, Rebecca Eyler, Richard Hung, Amanda Miller, Heidi Nielson, Monica Perez-Nelson, Jeff Tessin, Eric Warren, and Haley Weller made significant contributions to this report.
In January 2017, the Secretary of Homeland Security designated election infrastructure as a critical infrastructure subsector. The designation allowed DHS to prioritize assistance to state and local election officials to protect key election assets, including voter registration databases and voting equipment. The Conference Report (H. Rep. No. 116-9) accompanying the 2019 Consolidated Appropriations Act included a provision for GAO to examine how DHS is implementing key responsibilities to help protect the election infrastructure and the reported benefits and challenges of such efforts. This report addresses (1) DHS's election security efforts and selected election officials' perspectives on them, and (2) DHS's planning for the 2020 elections. GAO reviewed DHS's strategies, plans, and services provided to election officials. GAO also interviewed DHS officials, representatives of the EI-ISAC, a DHS-funded center responsible for sharing threat information nationwide, and election officials from eight states and three local jurisdictions. GAO selected the states and local jurisdictions to provide geographic diversity and variation in election administration, among other factors. The results from these states and localities are not generalizable, but provide insight into election officials' perspectives on DHS's efforts. Since the 2017 designation of election infrastructure as critical infrastructure, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), through its Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), has assisted state and local election officials in securing election infrastructure through regional support and assistance, education, and information sharing. Such efforts help state and local election officials protect various election assets from threats (see figure). In August 2019, the CISA Director identified election security as one of the agency's top five operational priorities. CISA security advisors, who are located throughout the country, consult with state and local election officials and identify voluntary, no cost services that CISA can provide. According to CISA, as of November 2019, 24 cybersecurity advisors and 100 protective security advisors perform and coordinate cyber and physical security assessments for the 16 critical infrastructure sectors, including the Election Infrastructure Subsector. Technical teams at CISA headquarters generally provide the services, once requested. To further assist state and local election officials, CISA conducted two exercises simulating real-world events and risks facing election infrastructure in August 2018 and June 2019. According to CISA, the 2019 exercise included 47 states and the District of Columbia. In addition, CISA has funded the Election Infrastructure Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EI-ISAC). According to CISA officials, the EI-ISAC is the primary mechanism for exchanging information about threats and vulnerabilities throughout the election community. The EI-ISAC director reported that, as of November 2019, its members included 50 states, the District of Columbia, and 2,267 local election jurisdictions, an increase from 1,384 local jurisdictions that were members in 2018. As a result of its efforts, CISA has provided a variety of services to states and local election jurisdictions in the past 2 years (see table). State election officials with whom GAO spoke were generally satisfied with CISA's support to secure their election infrastructure. Specifically, officials from seven of the eight states GAO contacted said that they were very satisfied with CISA's election-related work. Also, officials from each of the eight states spoke positively about the information that they received from the EI-ISAC. Further, officials from five states told GAO that their relationship with CISA had improved markedly since 2017 and spoke highly of CISA's expertise and availability. To guide its support to states and local election jurisdictions for the 2020 elections, CISA reported that it is developing strategic and operations plans. CISA intended to finalize them by January 2020, but has faced challenges in its planning efforts due to a reorganization within CISA, among other things. In the absence of completed plans, CISA is not well-positioned to execute a nationwide strategy for securing election infrastructure prior to the start of the 2020 election cycle. Further, CISA's operations plan may not fully address all aspects outlined in its strategic plan, when finalized. Specifically, according to CISA officials, the operations plan is expected to identify organizational functions, processes, and resources for certain elements of two of the four strategic plan's lines of effort—protecting election infrastructure, and sharing intelligence and identifying threats. CISA officials stated that CISA was unlikely to develop additional operations plans for the other two lines of effort—providing security assistance to political campaigns, and raising public awareness on foreign influence threats and building resilience. Moreover, CISA has not developed plans for how it will address challenges, such as concerns about incident response, identified in two reviews—one conducted by CISA and the other done by an external entity under contract—of the agency's 2018 election security assistance. Challenges that the reviews identified include: inadequate tailoring of services, which could have made it more difficult for CISA to meet the resource and time constraints of customers such as local election jurisdictions; not always providing actionable recommendations in DHS classified threat briefings or making unclassified versions of the briefings available, which may have hindered election officials' ability to effectively communicate with information technology and other personnel in their agencies who did not have clearances; the inability of CISA personnel supporting election security operations to access social media websites from situational awareness rooms, which hindered their collection and analysis of threat information; few capabilities that CISA field staff could quickly provide on Election Day, which could limit the agency's timeliness in responding to an incident; and a lack of clarity regarding CISA's incident response capabilities in the event of a compromise that exhausts state and local resources, which may limit knowledge about agency capabilities that are available. Although CISA officials said that the challenges identified in the reviews have informed their strategic and operational planning, without finalized plans it is unknown whether CISA will address these challenges. GAO is making three recommendations to the CISA Director to (1) urgently finalize the strategic plan and the supporting operations plan for securing election infrastructure for the upcoming elections, (2) ensure that the operations plan fully addresses all lines of effort in the strategic plan for securing election infrastructure for the upcoming elections, and (3) document how the agency intends to address challenges identified in its prior election assistance efforts and incorporate appropriate remedial actions into the agency's 2020 planning. DHS concurred with all three recommendations and provided estimated dates for implementing each of them.